[llvm-dev] Replication -O3 optimizations manually

Sat Aug 18 12:39:01 PDT 2018

Hi Stefano,
Thank you for the suggestions!
Actually, I tried to compile the same input file with and without -O3 at llc level, and I noticed no difference (the binary was the same), but I will double check it with a different input code.
I will also collapse step 3, 4, 5 as you suggested.

Thanks again!

Best regards
Emanuele Del Sozzo

From: Stefano Cherubin <stefano.cherubin at polimi.it>
Reply-To: Stefano Cherubin <stefano.cherubin at polimi.it>
Date: Saturday, August 18, 2018 at 12:34 PM
To: Emanuele Del Sozzo <Emanuele.DelSozzo at arm.com>
Cc: "llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org" <llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org>
Subject: Re: Re:Re: [llvm-dev] Replication -O3 optimizations manually

Hi Emanuele,

The first thing I would highlight in your compilation flow is the absence of any optimization level in the compilation step 3.
If your goal is to compare code and performance against clang -O3, you would probably need to add -O3 also to the llc command.

I honestly don't know on which other steps the optimization level of clang may impact.
If the difference, after the aforementioned fix is not negligible, I can suggest you to replace step 3,4,5 with a simpler
clang -O3 main.bc -o exe -lm

Best regards,

Stefano Cherubin

On Friday, 17 August 2018, 11:12:36 CEST, Emanuele Del Sozzo <Emanuele.DelSozzo at arm.com> wrote:

Hi Stefano,

first of all, thank you for your reply!

Here the compilation steps I am currently applying:
1) clang main.c -Xclang -disable-O0-optnone -fomit-frame-pointer -Xclang -vectorize-loops -Xclang -vectorize-slp -momit-leaf-frame-pointer -S -emit-llvm -o main.ll
2) opt main.ll $myPasses -o main.bc
3) llc main.bc -o main.s
4) clang -c main.s
5) clang main.o -lm -o exe -mno-relax-all

With respect to each step:

1) I use -disable-O0-optnone because I noticed that, when I do not use any -Olevel flag (I leave the default -O0), opt ignores most of the optimization passes I provide.

Moreover, using the following command:

clang file.c -xc -O3 -o /dev/null -###

I noticed that some clang activates some optimization flags (e.g. -vectorize-loops, -vectorize-slp), that, otherwise, are not enabled by -O0

2) $myPasses contains all the optimization passes extracted using this command:

llvm-as < /dev/null | opt -O3 -disable-output -debug-pass=Arguments

I also tried using the passes provided by this command:

clang -O3 -mllvm -debug-pass=Arguments file.c

but, as I said before, some of the optimization passes generate an error

5) -mno-relax-all comes again from the fact that -mrelax-all is enabled using -O0, while it is not using -O3.

I am currently measuring the performance in terms of execution time. I am using a suite of benchmarks that automatically provides the execution time of its benchmarks. In some cases, my execution times are close to the ones produced using -O3, while, in order cases, my results are definitely worse.

I also tried to compared the IR generated by step 2) against the one generated by the foloowing command:

clang main.c -S -emit-llvm

and, of course, they are different. I noticed that the latter also contains more metadata.

Am I missing any optimizations?

Thank you for your help!

Best regards

Emanuele Del Sozzo

________________________________
From: cszide <cszide at 163.com>
Sent: Friday, August 17, 2018 2:55:30 AM
To: Stefano Cherubin
Cc: llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org; Emanuele Del Sozzo
Subject: Re:Re: [llvm-dev] Replication -O3 optimizations manually

Hi, Stefano
I also have the problem as described by Emanuele. You say that clang schedules target-independent and target-dependent passes.
However, when I use lli to execute bitcode generated by opt with -O3 or with the same optimization passes as -O3, the performance are still different.
So, are there some special operations by -O3 option? I read the source code of opt, but I cannot find the reason.

Best regards
Zide

At 2018-08-16 22:13:14, "Stefano Cherubin via llvm-dev" <llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org> wrote:

Hello Emanuele,

When you provide the optimization level -O3 to the clang driver, it does not simply schedule a sequence of passes to be run on the intermediate representation.
Indeed, it schedules target-independent and target-dependent passes.
Moreover, IIRC, the optimization level is also used in the later stages of the code generation to apply target-dependent optimizations (i.e. vectorizer).

The most common use case when someone wants to test its own pass/work within the LLVM toolchain is the following
- use clang to generate a LLVM-IR file
- use opt to run your desired pass / pass sequence and output another LLVM-IR file
- use clang -O3 to compile to executable machine code

However, with this approach you will run the passes on the LLVM-IR twice.
There are use cases when this could invalidate your results.
As opt stops at LLVM-IR level, I would suggest you to use also other LLVM tools to run individually the backend stages / sequence of passes which cannot be run by opt (such as llc / llvm-mc).
An extensive list of tools/commands you can use is available at [0].
For your specific case, I would suggest you to have a look at this restricted schema [1].

Yet there is another way to get into even fine grain detail.
You can check which are the clang DriverActions you are running with a given command line. See [2].
From that point you can rebuild the exact whole sequence of commands that the clang driver triggers.

If you can provide more details about what is your use case (measure performance, pass development and testing, flag selection, phase ordering), we can suggest the most suitable approach.

Kind regards,

Stefano Cherubin

[0] http://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/
[1] https://github.com/skeru/LLVM-intro/blob/master/img/03/toolchain.pdf
[2] https://clang.llvm.org/docs/DriverInternals.html#driver-stages

On Thursday, 16 August 2018, 12:46:04 CEST, Emanuele Del Sozzo via llvm-dev <llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org<mailto:llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org>> wrote:

Hello llvm-dev,

my name is Emanuele and I am an intern in ARM. As part of the project I am doing here, I would like to manually replicate the optimizations that LLVM applies when I type -O3. In other words, I would like to know what are the compilation flags/passes that -O3 triggers.

I noticed that GCC reports, on its website, all the flags that are enforced by -O3 (https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Optimize-Options.html), but I wasn't able to find something similar within LLVM documentation. On the other hand, I found that this command displays all the optimization passes applied by opt when -O3 flag is on:

llvm-as < /dev/null | opt -O3 -disable-output -debug-pass=Arguments

I tried to apply the same optimization passes through opt, but, even though the performance are similar, the resulting binary is slower than the one generated using -O3 (also the binaries differ, of course).

Again, I found this other command that does something similar (it lists the sequence of optimization passes applied):

clang -O3 -mllvm -debug-pass=Arguments file.c

In this case, the performance are still different and some of the optimization passes listed in the last block of passes (e.g. -machinemoduleinfo, -stack-protector, etc.) are unknown to opt.

Said that, my question is: how can I find out what optimization passes/flags -O3 enforces in order to manually apply the same optimizations and have, hopefully, the same binary and performance?

I am currently using LLVM version 5.0.2.

Thank you for both your help and your time!

Best regards

Emanuele

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