[llvm-dev] Code coverage BoF - notes and updates

Wed Oct 25 14:45:30 PDT 2017

Hi
I’m interested in implementing the solution for the header problem described in (1.) to emit coverage mappings to a side file and unique them when generating coverage reports. As you also mentioned this would require modifying the build workflow. Can you explain how do you suggest changing the build workflow? I tried objcopy-ing the profile data sections from the “.o” files and relinking them again them again but that caused the (just to see if it is possible) but the output raw profile data was not written into.

I’m open to trying any suggestion.

Thanks
A

From: llvm-dev <llvm-dev-bounces at lists.llvm.org> on behalf of Vedant Kumar via llvm-dev <llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org>
Reply-To: Vedant Kumar <vsk at apple.com>
Date: Tuesday, October 24, 2017 at 1:25 PM
To: llvm-dev <llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org>
Subject: [llvm-dev] Code coverage BoF - notes and updates

Hello,

Our goals for the code coverage BoF (10/19) were to find areas where we can improve the coverage tooling, and to learn more about how coverage is used. I'd like to thank all of the attendees for their input and for making the BoF productive. Special thanks to Mandeep Grang, who volunteered as a mic runner at the last minute.

In this email I'll share my (rough) notes and outline some future plans. Please feel free to ask for clarifications or to add your own notes.

Here are the slides from the BoF:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vS-rV02j1zhPq9Y6AtcUkbZW2c7Q5YYuQ6FPxN-aYiKwrw6c8DU3zW_RYeJlWPMZ5-S6hgz_CIcL8Gd/pub?start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000&slide=id.p

1. The header problem

Coverage instrumentation overhead is roughly quadratic in the number of translation units in a project. The problem is that coverage mappings for template instantiations and static inline functions from headers are pulled into every TU. This bloats the profile metadata sections (which can slow down profile I/O), results in large binaries, and causes long link times (or link failures).

We could solve this problem by maintaining an external coverage database and discarding duplicate coverage mappings from the DB. Another idea is to emit coverage mappings to a side file and unique them when generating coverage reports. Both ideas require changes to the build workflow.

A third option is to emit named coverage mappings with linkonce_odr linkage (for languages with an ODR). This would be a format-breaking change but it wouldn't affect the build workflow. My plan is to try and evaluate this idea in the coming week.

2. HTML report quality

There seems to be widespread interest in improving the quality of coverage reports. We need volunteers to work on this and would love your help! Here are some desired features:

* Search and filtering for coverage summaries
* Collapsing parts of a coverage summary by subdirectory
* Automatically generating a top 10 list of code regions which need better coverage
* Searching via complex queries (e.g: 'give me uncovered regions in covered lines', or 'give me uncovered regions after a call')
* Generating coverage deltas between two profiles, and identifying coverage regressions in a patch/commit
* Simplified tracking of coverage trends over time

There is some consensus that this functionality should not be built on top of the existing llvm-cov C++ codebase. It might be better to develop these features in a language more amenable to rapid prototyping and interoperation with popular web application frameworks (perhaps Python). To facilitate this, llvm-cov gained support for exporting all of its data to JSON (see CoverageExporterJson.cpp<https://github.com/llvm-mirror/llvm/blob/master/tools/llvm-cov/CoverageExporterJson.cpp>). If you are interested in working on these features, I would be happy to work with you on design issues and on code review.

3. Optimizing profile counter placement

From Eli's notes:

I remember we also spent some time discussing the counter intrinsics, and whether we could produce a different set of intrinsics in the frontend, and produce the counters later in the pipeline to avoid duplicate counters.   I didn't completely follow that discussion; I haven't spent much time looking at the counter intrinsics or how they're lowered.

Just to recap: the frontend emits calls to the llvm.instrprof_increment intrinsic to implement counter updates. Each increment intrinsic is passed a function name and a counter index (there's a mapping between AST nodes and counter indices). The intrinsics are lowered in the InstrProfiling pass. During lowering, an array of uint64_t counters is created for each function, and the intrinsic calls are replaced by a load-add-store pattern.

Frontend counter updates can look highly redundant because of inlining. It's common to see single basic blocks with tens of distinct counter updates, most of which are redundant. One potential solution is to create a minimal set of profile counter updates after the inliner runs, and to map these counters back to AST nodes (https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=33500). This is the most promising approach we know of to cut down on counter updates, but I don't have a precise idea of how it would work. Here's a rough sketch of a solution:

* Have the frontend emit 'virtual' llvm.instrprof_increment intrinsics. These will eventually be discarded during lowering.
* Run an early inlining step, then run the IR PGO pass.
* In the lowering step, emit a section into the object which describes how to map the real counter updates to the virtual ones. I don't have a clear idea of how to build or encode this mapping.
* Teach llvm-profdata how to reconstruct an indexed profile which the frontend can understand (i.e map the real counters back to the virtual ones). llvm-profdata would need to inspect the mapping section in the binary to accomplish this.

4. Optimizing profile counter updates

We had a few different suggestions to speed up profile counter updates:

* Make function counter arrays linkonce_odr when possible. This is similar to the solution from the first section ("The header problem"). I'll try to evaluate this idea in the coming week.
* Enable register promotion for counter updates which occur within loops. David Li has already done the work to enable this for IR PGO.
* Investigate the # of relocations emitted for counter updates. It might be cheaper to load the address of the function counter array once and index into it, instead of indexing into the global on each update.
* Use 32-bit counters. This would cut the size of the counters section in half and speed up profile I/O.
* Use 1-bit counters. This could be useful for those who are only interested in binary coverage. IMO there are other ideas we should try before compromising on report accuracy.
* Use saturating counters. IMO this isn't likely to be a win in common cases, but could increase compile time and code size.

5. Using coverage interactively while hacking on llvm

During the BoF I mentioned that it can be really useful to see coverage reporting interactively, as you're working on a patch. Here's a hacky way to do this:

* Build your code as you normally would (say, "ninja opt")
* Change the files you're interested in
* cd to your build directory and export CCC_OVERRIDE_OPTIONS="+-fcoverage-mapping +-fprofile-instr-generate=/tmp/opt_%m.profraw"
* Rebuild ("ninja opt" again). This will enable coverage instrumentation, but only for the files you've affected with your changes.
* Run a one-liner to generate a coverage report (http://clang.llvm.org/docs/SourceBasedCodeCoverage.html#creating-coverage-reports)

I like this approach because it means I don't have to maintain a separate, coverage-enabled build tree. It's an easy way to check that your patches have decent test coverage. If I want to disable coverage reporting I just need to unset CCC_OVERRIDE_OPTIONS and recompile.

6. C APIs for libCoverage

We didn't get a chance to discuss this in detail during the BoF, but I would like to upstream some C APIs to surface functionality from libCoverage. This will make it easier for IDEs and editors to display coverage information "in-line", right next to source code. Here's what that might look like:

https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/testing_with_xcode/chapters/07-code_coverage.html

If anyone has concerns about adding in these APIs, please let me know!

7. Making use of debug info

From Eli's notes:

It seemed like we got a lot of questions related to why we aren't using debug info. :) It might be possible to come up with some sort of hybrid which trades off runtime overhead for lower resolution, without completely throwing away regions like gcov does.  But it would be a big project, and the end result would still have a lot of the same problems as actual gcov in terms of the optimizer destroying necessary info.

To add to this: I think there are a lot of unanswered questions here. It's unclear how clang would decide to use debug info instead of regions, or how the different types of coverage counters would interact. I'm not very optimistic about this.

thanks,
vedant
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