[libc] [llvm] [libc][math] Refactor acos implementation to header-only in src/__support/math folder. (PR #148409)

via llvm-commits llvm-commits at lists.llvm.org
Sat Jul 12 22:06:21 PDT 2025


llvmbot wrote:


<!--LLVM PR SUMMARY COMMENT-->

@llvm/pr-subscribers-libc

Author: Muhammad Bassiouni (bassiounix)

<details>
<summary>Changes</summary>

Part of #<!-- -->147386

in preparation for: https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-make-clang-builtin-math-functions-constexpr-with-llvm-libc-to-support-c-23-constexpr-math-functions/86450

Please merge #<!-- -->148408 first

@<!-- -->lntue

---

Patch is 199.40 KiB, truncated to 20.00 KiB below, full version: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/148409.diff


45 Files Affected:

- (modified) libc/shared/math.h (+8) 
- (added) libc/shared/math/acos.h (+23) 
- (added) libc/shared/math/exp.h (+23) 
- (added) libc/shared/math/exp10.h (+23) 
- (added) libc/shared/math/exp10f.h (+24) 
- (added) libc/shared/math/exp10f16.h (+29) 
- (added) libc/shared/math/ldexpf.h (+23) 
- (added) libc/shared/math/ldexpf128.h (+29) 
- (added) libc/shared/math/ldexpf16.h (+31) 
- (modified) libc/src/__support/FPUtil/double_double.h (+2-2) 
- (modified) libc/src/__support/math/CMakeLists.txt (+183) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/acos.h (+285) 
- (renamed) libc/src/__support/math/asin_utils.h (+17-17) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/exp.h (+448) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/exp10.h (+505) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/exp10_float16_constants.h (+43) 
- (renamed) libc/src/__support/math/exp10f.h (+8-9) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/exp10f16.h (+141) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/exp10f16_utils.h (+64) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/exp10f_utils.h (+171) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/exp_constants.h (+174) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/exp_utils.h (+72) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/ldexpf.h (+28) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/ldexpf128.h (+34) 
- (added) libc/src/__support/math/ldexpf16.h (+34) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/CMakeLists.txt (+20-107) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/acos.cpp (+2-264) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/asin.cpp (+1-1) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/atanhf.cpp (+1) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/common_constants.cpp (-157) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/common_constants.h (+1-6) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/coshf.cpp (+1-1) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/exp.cpp (+2-427) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/exp10.cpp (+2-483) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/exp10f.cpp (+3-4) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/exp10f16.cpp (+2-120) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/exp10m1f16.cpp (+1-1) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/explogxf.h (+3-208) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/expxf16.h (+1-55) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/ldexpf.cpp (+2-4) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/ldexpf128.cpp (+3-4) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/ldexpf16.cpp (+3-4) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/powf.cpp (+2-5) 
- (modified) libc/src/math/generic/sinhf.cpp (+1) 
- (modified) utils/bazel/llvm-project-overlay/libc/BUILD.bazel (+218-49) 


``````````diff
diff --git a/libc/shared/math.h b/libc/shared/math.h
index e2950e075a81d..8dcfaf0352339 100644
--- a/libc/shared/math.h
+++ b/libc/shared/math.h
@@ -11,10 +11,18 @@
 
 #include "libc_common.h"
 
+#include "math/acos.h"
+#include "math/exp.h"
+#include "math/exp10.h"
+#include "math/exp10f.h"
+#include "math/exp10f16.h"
 #include "math/expf.h"
 #include "math/expf16.h"
 #include "math/frexpf.h"
 #include "math/frexpf128.h"
 #include "math/frexpf16.h"
+#include "math/ldexpf.h"
+#include "math/ldexpf128.h"
+#include "math/ldexpf16.h"
 
 #endif // LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_H
diff --git a/libc/shared/math/acos.h b/libc/shared/math/acos.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..73c6b512e16f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/shared/math/acos.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//===-- Shared acos function ------------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_ACOS_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_ACOS_H
+
+#include "shared/libc_common.h"
+#include "src/__support/math/acos.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+namespace shared {
+
+using math::acos;
+
+} // namespace shared
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
+
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_ACOS_H
diff --git a/libc/shared/math/exp.h b/libc/shared/math/exp.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7cdd6331e613a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/shared/math/exp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//===-- Shared exp function -------------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP_H
+
+#include "shared/libc_common.h"
+#include "src/__support/math/exp.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+namespace shared {
+
+using math::exp;
+
+} // namespace shared
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
+
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP_H
diff --git a/libc/shared/math/exp10.h b/libc/shared/math/exp10.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..3d36d9103705f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/shared/math/exp10.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//===-- Shared exp10 function -----------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP10_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP10_H
+
+#include "shared/libc_common.h"
+#include "src/__support/math/exp10.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+namespace shared {
+
+using math::exp10;
+
+} // namespace shared
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
+
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP10_H
diff --git a/libc/shared/math/exp10f.h b/libc/shared/math/exp10f.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..556e78ab3b7a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/shared/math/exp10f.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//===-- Shared exp10f function -----------------------------------*- C++
+//-*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP10F_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP10F_H
+
+#include "shared/libc_common.h"
+#include "src/__support/math/exp10f.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+namespace shared {
+
+using math::exp10f;
+
+} // namespace shared
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
+
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP10F_H
diff --git a/libc/shared/math/exp10f16.h b/libc/shared/math/exp10f16.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..8acdbdb7c70a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/shared/math/exp10f16.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//===-- Shared exp10f16 function --------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP10F_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP10F_H
+
+#include "include/llvm-libc-macros/float16-macros.h"
+
+#ifdef LIBC_TYPES_HAS_FLOAT16
+
+#include "shared/libc_common.h"
+#include "src/__support/math/exp10f16.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+namespace shared {
+
+using math::exp10f16;
+
+} // namespace shared
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
+
+#endif // LIBC_TYPES_HAS_FLOAT16
+
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_EXP10F_H
diff --git a/libc/shared/math/ldexpf.h b/libc/shared/math/ldexpf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..497933c47321f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/shared/math/ldexpf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//===-- Shared ldexpf function ----------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_LDEXPF_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_LDEXPF_H
+
+#include "shared/libc_common.h"
+#include "src/__support/math/ldexpf.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+namespace shared {
+
+using math::ldexpf;
+
+} // namespace shared
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
+
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_LDEXPF_H
diff --git a/libc/shared/math/ldexpf128.h b/libc/shared/math/ldexpf128.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d4066beb809c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/shared/math/ldexpf128.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//===-- Shared ldexpf128 function -------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_LDEXPF128_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_LDEXPF128_H
+
+#include "include/llvm-libc-types/float128.h"
+
+#ifdef LIBC_TYPES_HAS_FLOAT128
+
+#include "shared/libc_common.h"
+#include "src/__support/math/ldexpf128.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+namespace shared {
+
+using math::ldexpf128;
+
+} // namespace shared
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
+
+#endif // LIBC_TYPES_HAS_FLOAT128
+
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_LDEXPF128_H
diff --git a/libc/shared/math/ldexpf16.h b/libc/shared/math/ldexpf16.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..d4e39c449943e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/shared/math/ldexpf16.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===-- Shared ldexpf16 function --------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_ldexpf16_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_ldexpf16_H
+
+#include "include/llvm-libc-macros/float16-macros.h"
+
+#ifdef LIBC_TYPES_HAS_FLOAT16
+
+#include "shared/libc_common.h"
+#include "src/__support/math/ldexpf16.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+
+namespace shared {
+
+using math::ldexpf16;
+
+} // namespace shared
+
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
+
+#endif // LIBC_TYPES_HAS_FLOAT16
+
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SHARED_MATH_ldexpf16_H
diff --git a/libc/src/__support/FPUtil/double_double.h b/libc/src/__support/FPUtil/double_double.h
index c27885aadc028..8e54e845de493 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/FPUtil/double_double.h
+++ b/libc/src/__support/FPUtil/double_double.h
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ LIBC_INLINE DoubleDouble quick_mult(double a, const DoubleDouble &b) {
 }
 
 template <size_t SPLIT_B = 27>
-LIBC_INLINE DoubleDouble quick_mult(const DoubleDouble &a,
-                                    const DoubleDouble &b) {
+LIBC_INLINE constexpr DoubleDouble quick_mult(const DoubleDouble &a,
+                                              const DoubleDouble &b) {
   DoubleDouble r = exact_mult<double, SPLIT_B>(a.hi, b.hi);
   double t1 = multiply_add(a.hi, b.lo, r.lo);
   double t2 = multiply_add(a.lo, b.hi, t1);
diff --git a/libc/src/__support/math/CMakeLists.txt b/libc/src/__support/math/CMakeLists.txt
index 0baf12a26a9d5..4a29c2975d523 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/math/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/libc/src/__support/math/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+add_header_library(
+  acos
+  HDRS
+    acos.h
+  DEPENDS
+    .asin_utils
+    libc.src.__support.math.asin_utils
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.double_double
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.dyadic_float
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fenv_impl
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fp_bits
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.multiply_add
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.polyeval
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.sqrt
+    libc.src.__support.macros.optimization
+    libc.src.__support.macros.properties.types
+    libc.src.__support.macros.properties.cpu_features
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  asin_utils
+  HDRS
+    asin_utils.h
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.integer_literals
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.double_double
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.dyadic_float
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.multiply_add
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.nearest_integer
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.polyeval
+    libc.src.__support.macros.optimization
+)
+
 add_header_library(
   exp_float_constants
   HDRS
@@ -82,3 +115,153 @@ add_header_library(
   DEPENDS
     libc.src.__support.FPUtil.manipulation_functions
 )
+
+add_header_library(
+  ldexpf128
+  HDRS
+    ldexpf128.h
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.macros.properties.types
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.manipulation_functions
+    libc.include.llvm-libc-types.float128
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  ldexpf16
+  HDRS
+    ldexpf16.h
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.macros.properties.types
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.manipulation_functions
+    libc.include.llvm-libc-macros.float16_macros
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  ldexpf
+  HDRS
+    ldexpf.h
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.manipulation_functions
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  exp_constants
+  HDRS
+    exp_constants.h
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.triple_double
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  exp_utils
+  HDRS
+    exp_utils.h
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.CPP.optional
+    libc.src.__support.CPP.bit
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fp_bits
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  exp
+  HDRS
+    exp.h
+  DEPENDS
+    .exp_constants
+    .exp_utils
+    libc.src.__support.CPP.bit
+    libc.src.__support.CPP.optional
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.dyadic_float
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fenv_impl
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fp_bits
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.multiply_add
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.nearest_integer
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.polyeval
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.rounding_mode
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.triple_double
+    libc.src.__support.integer_literals
+    libc.src.__support.macros.optimization
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  exp10
+  HDRS
+    exp10.h
+  DEPENDS
+    .exp_constants
+    .exp_utils
+    libc.src.__support.CPP.bit
+    libc.src.__support.CPP.optional
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.dyadic_float
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fenv_impl
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fp_bits
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.multiply_add
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.nearest_integer
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.polyeval
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.rounding_mode
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.triple_double
+    libc.src.__support.integer_literals
+    libc.src.__support.macros.optimization
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  exp10f_utils
+  HDRS
+    exp10f_utils.h
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.basic_operations
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fenv_impl
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.multiply_add
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.nearest_integer
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.polyeval
+    libc.src.__support.common
+    libc.src.__support.math.exp_utils
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  exp10f
+  HDRS
+    exp10f.h
+  DEPENDS
+    .exp10f_utils
+    libc.src.__support.macros.config
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fenv_impl
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fp_bits
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.multiply_add
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.rounding_mode
+    libc.src.__support.macros.optimization
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  exp10_float16_constants
+  HDRS
+    exp10_float16_constants.h
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.CPP.array
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  exp10f16_utils
+  HDRS
+    exp10f16_utils.h
+  DEPENDS
+    .expf16_utils
+    .exp10_float16_constants
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fp_bits
+)
+
+add_header_library(
+  exp10f16
+  HDRS
+    exp10f16.h
+  DEPENDS
+    .exp10f16_utils
+    libc.src.__support.FPUtil.fp_bits
+    src.__support.FPUtil.FEnvImpl
+    src.__support.FPUtil.FPBits
+    src.__support.FPUtil.cast
+    src.__support.FPUtil.rounding_mode
+    src.__support.FPUtil.except_value_utils
+    src.__support.macros.optimization
+    src.__support.macros.properties.cpu_features
+)
diff --git a/libc/src/__support/math/acos.h b/libc/src/__support/math/acos.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a7287f11aa302
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/src/__support/math/acos.h
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+//===-- Implementation header for acos --------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_MATH_ACOS_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_MATH_ACOS_H
+
+#include "asin_utils.h"
+#include "src/__support/FPUtil/FEnvImpl.h"
+#include "src/__support/FPUtil/FPBits.h"
+#include "src/__support/FPUtil/double_double.h"
+#include "src/__support/FPUtil/dyadic_float.h"
+#include "src/__support/FPUtil/multiply_add.h"
+#include "src/__support/FPUtil/sqrt.h"
+#include "src/__support/macros/config.h"
+#include "src/__support/macros/optimization.h"            // LIBC_UNLIKELY
+#include "src/__support/macros/properties/cpu_features.h" // LIBC_TARGET_CPU_HAS_FMA
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+
+namespace math {
+
+using DoubleDouble = fputil::DoubleDouble;
+using Float128 = fputil::DyadicFloat<128>;
+
+static constexpr double acos(double x) {
+  using FPBits = fputil::FPBits<double>;
+
+  FPBits xbits(x);
+  int x_exp = xbits.get_biased_exponent();
+
+  // |x| < 0.5.
+  if (x_exp < FPBits::EXP_BIAS - 1) {
+    // |x| < 2^-55.
+    if (LIBC_UNLIKELY(x_exp < FPBits::EXP_BIAS - 55)) {
+      // When |x| < 2^-55, acos(x) = pi/2
+#if defined(LIBC_MATH_HAS_SKIP_ACCURATE_PASS)
+      return PI_OVER_TWO.hi;
+#else
+      // Force the evaluation and prevent constant propagation so that it
+      // is rounded correctly for FE_UPWARD rounding mode.
+      return (xbits.abs().get_val() + 0x1.0p-160) + PI_OVER_TWO.hi;
+#endif // LIBC_MATH_HAS_SKIP_ACCURATE_PASS
+    }
+
+#ifdef LIBC_MATH_HAS_SKIP_ACCURATE_PASS
+    // acos(x) = pi/2 - asin(x)
+    //         = pi/2 - x * P(x^2)
+    double p = asin_eval(x * x);
+    return PI_OVER_TWO.hi + fputil::multiply_add(-x, p, PI_OVER_TWO.lo);
+#else
+    unsigned idx = 0;
+    DoubleDouble x_sq = fputil::exact_mult(x, x);
+    double err = xbits.abs().get_val() * 0x1.0p-51;
+    // Polynomial approximation:
+    //   p ~ asin(x)/x
+    DoubleDouble p = asin_eval(x_sq, idx, err);
+    // asin(x) ~ x * p
+    DoubleDouble r0 = fputil::exact_mult(x, p.hi);
+    // acos(x) = pi/2 - asin(x)
+    //         ~ pi/2 - x * p
+    //         = pi/2 - x * (p.hi + p.lo)
+    double r_hi = fputil::multiply_add(-x, p.hi, PI_OVER_TWO.hi);
+    // Use Dekker's 2SUM algorithm to compute the lower part.
+    double r_lo = ((PI_OVER_TWO.hi - r_hi) - r0.hi) - r0.lo;
+    r_lo = fputil::multiply_add(-x, p.lo, r_lo + PI_OVER_TWO.lo);
+
+    // Ziv's accuracy test.
+
+    double r_upper = r_hi + (r_lo + err);
+    double r_lower = r_hi + (r_lo - err);
+
+    if (LIBC_LIKELY(r_upper == r_lower))
+      return r_upper;
+
+    // Ziv's accuracy test failed, perform 128-bit calculation.
+
+    // Recalculate mod 1/64.
+    idx = static_cast<unsigned>(fputil::nearest_integer(x_sq.hi * 0x1.0p6));
+
+    // Get x^2 - idx/64 exactly.  When FMA is available, double-double
+    // multiplication will be correct for all rounding modes.  Otherwise we use
+    // Float128 directly.
+    Float128 x_f128(x);
+
+#ifdef LIBC_TARGET_CPU_HAS_FMA_DOUBLE
+    // u = x^2 - idx/64
+    Float128 u_hi(
+        fputil::multiply_add(static_cast<double>(idx), -0x1.0p-6, x_sq.hi));
+    Float128 u = fputil::quick_add(u_hi, Float128(x_sq.lo));
+#else
+    Float128 x_sq_f128 = fputil::quick_mul(x_f128, x_f128);
+    Float128 u = fputil::quick_add(
+        x_sq_f128, Float128(static_cast<double>(idx) * (-0x1.0p-6)));
+#endif // LIBC_TARGET_CPU_HAS_FMA_DOUBLE
+
+    Float128 p_f128 = asin_eval(u, idx);
+    // Flip the sign of x_f128 to perform subtraction.
+    x_f128.sign = x_f128.sign.negate();
+    Float128 r =
+        fputil::quick_add(PI_OVER_TWO_F128, fputil::quick_mul(x_f128, p_f128));
+
+    return static_cast<double>(r);
+#endif // LIBC_MATH_HAS_SKIP_ACCURATE_PASS
+  }
+  // |x| >= 0.5
+
+  double x_abs = xbits.abs().get_val();
+
+  // Maintaining the sign:
+  constexpr double SIGN[2] = {1.0, -1.0};
+  double x_sign = SIGN[xbits.is_neg()];
+  // |x| >= 1
+  if (LIBC_UNLIKELY(x_exp >= FPBits::EXP_BIAS)) {
+    // x = +-1, asin(x) = +- pi/2
+    if (x_abs == 1.0) {
+      // x = 1, acos(x) = 0,
+      // x = -1, acos(x) = pi
+      return x == 1.0 ? 0.0 : fputil::multiply_add(-x_sign, PI.hi, PI.lo);
+    }
+    // |x| > 1, return NaN.
+    if (xbits.is_quiet_nan())
+      return x;
+
+    // Set domain error for non-NaN input.
+    if (!xbits.is_nan())
+      fputil::set_errno_if_required(EDOM);
+
+    fputil::raise_except_if_required(FE_INVALID);
+    return FPBits::quiet_nan().get_val();
+  }
+
+  // When |x| >= 0.5, we perform range reduction as follow:
+  //
+  // When 0.5 <= x < 1, let:
+  //   y = acos(x)
+  // We will use the double angle formula:
+  //   cos(2y) = 1 - 2 sin^2(y)
+  // and the complement angle identity:
+  //   x = cos(y) = 1 - 2 sin^2 (y/2)
+  // So:
+  //   sin(y/2) = sqrt( (1 - x)/2 )
+  // And hence:
+  //   y/2 = asin( sqrt( (1 - x)/2 ) )
+  // Equivalently:
+  //   acos(x) = y = 2 * asin( sqrt( (1 - x)/2 ) )
+  // Let u = (1 - x)/2, then:
+  //   acos(x) = 2 * asin( sqrt(u) )
+  // Moreover, since 0.5 <= x < 1:
+  //   0 < u <= 1/4, and 0 < sqrt(u) <= 0.5,
+  // And hence we can reuse the same polynomial approximation of asin(x) when
+  // |x| <= 0.5:
+  //   acos(x) ~ 2 * sqrt(u) * P(u).
+  //
+  // When -1 < x <= -0.5, we reduce to the previous case using the formula:
+  //   acos(x) = pi - acos(-x)
+  //           = pi - 2 * asin ( sqrt( (1 + x)/2 ) )
+  //           ~ pi - 2 * sqrt(u) * P(u),
+  // where u = (1 - |x|)/2.
+
+  // u = (1 - |x|)/2
+  double u = fputil::multiply_add(x_abs, -0.5, 0.5);
+  // v_hi + v_lo ~ sqrt(u).
+  // Let:
+  //   h = u - v_hi^2 = (sqrt(u) - v_hi) * (sqrt(u) + v_hi)
+  // Then:
+  //   sqrt(u) = v_hi + h / (sqrt(u) + v_hi)
+  //            ~ v_hi + h / (2 * v_hi)
+  // So we can use:
+  //   v_lo = h / (2 * v_hi).
+  double v_hi = fputil::sqrt<double>(u);
+
+#ifdef LIBC_MATH_HAS_SKIP_ACCURATE_PASS
+  constexpr DoubleDouble CONST_TERM[2] = {{0.0, 0.0}, PI};
+  DoubleDouble const_term = CONST_TERM[xbits.is_neg()];
+
+  double p = asin_eval(u);
+  double scale = x_sign * 2.0 * v_hi;
+  double r = const_term.hi + fputil::multiply_add(scale, p, const_term.lo);
+  return r;
+#else
+
+#ifdef LIBC_TARGET_CPU_HAS_FMA_...
[truncated]

``````````

</details>


https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/148409


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