[llvm] Use DIExpression::foldConstantMath() at the result of an append() (PR #71719)

Shubham Sandeep Rastogi via llvm-commits llvm-commits at lists.llvm.org
Wed Nov 8 10:38:09 PST 2023


https://github.com/rastogishubham created https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/71719

This patch uses `DIExpression::foldConstantMath()` at the end of a `DIExpression::append()`. Which should help in reducing the size of DIExpressions that grow because of salvaging debug info

This is part of a stack of patches and comes after:
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/69768
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/71717
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/71718

>From 4f59a7651f4cabc61086f7fc256dd9028962b5b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Sandeep Rastogi <srastogi22 at apple.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Oct 2023 11:34:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] [NFC] Move DIExpressionCursor to DebugInfoMetadata.h

---
 llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h      | 61 +++++++++++++++++++
 llvm/lib/CodeGen/AsmPrinter/DwarfExpression.h | 61 -------------------
 2 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h b/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h
index b347664883fd9f2..86ee9f004cfd42b 100644
--- a/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h
+++ b/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h
@@ -3073,6 +3073,67 @@ template <> struct DenseMapInfo<DIExpression::FragmentInfo> {
   static bool isEqual(const FragInfo &A, const FragInfo &B) { return A == B; }
 };
 
+/// Holds a DIExpression and keeps track of how many operands have been consumed
+/// so far.
+class DIExpressionCursor {
+  DIExpression::expr_op_iterator Start, End;
+
+public:
+  DIExpressionCursor(const DIExpression *Expr) {
+    if (!Expr) {
+      assert(Start == End);
+      return;
+    }
+    Start = Expr->expr_op_begin();
+    End = Expr->expr_op_end();
+  }
+
+  DIExpressionCursor(ArrayRef<uint64_t> Expr)
+      : Start(Expr.begin()), End(Expr.end()) {}
+
+  DIExpressionCursor(const DIExpressionCursor &) = default;
+
+  /// Consume one operation.
+  std::optional<DIExpression::ExprOperand> take() {
+    if (Start == End)
+      return std::nullopt;
+    return *(Start++);
+  }
+
+  /// Consume N operations.
+  void consume(unsigned N) { std::advance(Start, N); }
+
+  /// Return the current operation.
+  std::optional<DIExpression::ExprOperand> peek() const {
+    if (Start == End)
+      return std::nullopt;
+    return *(Start);
+  }
+
+  /// Return the next operation.
+  std::optional<DIExpression::ExprOperand> peekNext() const {
+    if (Start == End)
+      return std::nullopt;
+
+    auto Next = Start.getNext();
+    if (Next == End)
+      return std::nullopt;
+
+    return *Next;
+  }
+
+  /// Determine whether there are any operations left in this expression.
+  operator bool() const { return Start != End; }
+
+  DIExpression::expr_op_iterator begin() const { return Start; }
+  DIExpression::expr_op_iterator end() const { return End; }
+
+  /// Retrieve the fragment information, if any.
+  std::optional<DIExpression::FragmentInfo> getFragmentInfo() const {
+    return DIExpression::getFragmentInfo(Start, End);
+  }
+};
+
 /// Global variables.
 ///
 /// TODO: Remove DisplayName.  It's always equal to Name.
diff --git a/llvm/lib/CodeGen/AsmPrinter/DwarfExpression.h b/llvm/lib/CodeGen/AsmPrinter/DwarfExpression.h
index 667a9efc6f6c04f..4daa78b15b8e298 100644
--- a/llvm/lib/CodeGen/AsmPrinter/DwarfExpression.h
+++ b/llvm/lib/CodeGen/AsmPrinter/DwarfExpression.h
@@ -31,67 +31,6 @@ class DIELoc;
 class TargetRegisterInfo;
 class MachineLocation;
 
-/// Holds a DIExpression and keeps track of how many operands have been consumed
-/// so far.
-class DIExpressionCursor {
-  DIExpression::expr_op_iterator Start, End;
-
-public:
-  DIExpressionCursor(const DIExpression *Expr) {
-    if (!Expr) {
-      assert(Start == End);
-      return;
-    }
-    Start = Expr->expr_op_begin();
-    End = Expr->expr_op_end();
-  }
-
-  DIExpressionCursor(ArrayRef<uint64_t> Expr)
-      : Start(Expr.begin()), End(Expr.end()) {}
-
-  DIExpressionCursor(const DIExpressionCursor &) = default;
-
-  /// Consume one operation.
-  std::optional<DIExpression::ExprOperand> take() {
-    if (Start == End)
-      return std::nullopt;
-    return *(Start++);
-  }
-
-  /// Consume N operations.
-  void consume(unsigned N) { std::advance(Start, N); }
-
-  /// Return the current operation.
-  std::optional<DIExpression::ExprOperand> peek() const {
-    if (Start == End)
-      return std::nullopt;
-    return *(Start);
-  }
-
-  /// Return the next operation.
-  std::optional<DIExpression::ExprOperand> peekNext() const {
-    if (Start == End)
-      return std::nullopt;
-
-    auto Next = Start.getNext();
-    if (Next == End)
-      return std::nullopt;
-
-    return *Next;
-  }
-
-  /// Determine whether there are any operations left in this expression.
-  operator bool() const { return Start != End; }
-
-  DIExpression::expr_op_iterator begin() const { return Start; }
-  DIExpression::expr_op_iterator end() const { return End; }
-
-  /// Retrieve the fragment information, if any.
-  std::optional<DIExpression::FragmentInfo> getFragmentInfo() const {
-    return DIExpression::getFragmentInfo(Start, End);
-  }
-};
-
 /// Base class containing the logic for constructing DWARF expressions
 /// independently of whether they are emitted into a DIE or into a .debug_loc
 /// entry.

>From dc8229d4ec54bb3b6d77d620c8d16805a2788bf1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Sandeep Rastogi <srastogi22 at apple.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 17:25:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Add functions peekNextN(unsigned) and
 assignNewExpr(ArrayRef<uint64_t>) to DIExpressionCursor

This commit adds two functions to the DIExpressionCursor class.

peekNextN(unsigned) works like peekNext, but lets you peek the next Nth
element

assignNewExpr(ArrayRef<uint64_t>) lets you assign a new expression to
the same DIExpressionCursor object
---
 llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+)

diff --git a/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h b/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h
index 86ee9f004cfd42b..5ea8d853e86c854 100644
--- a/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h
+++ b/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h
@@ -3044,6 +3044,8 @@ class DIExpression : public MDNode {
   /// expression and constant on failure.
   std::pair<DIExpression *, const ConstantInt *>
   constantFold(const ConstantInt *CI);
+
+  DIExpression *constantFold();
 };
 
 inline bool operator==(const DIExpression::FragmentInfo &A,
@@ -3122,6 +3124,25 @@ class DIExpressionCursor {
     return *Next;
   }
 
+  std::optional<DIExpression::ExprOperand> peekNextN(unsigned N) const {
+    if (Start == End)
+      return std::nullopt;
+    DIExpression::expr_op_iterator Nth = Start;
+    for (unsigned I = 0; I < N; I++) {
+      Nth = Nth.getNext();
+      if (Nth == End)
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return *Nth;
+  }
+
+  void assignNewExpr(ArrayRef<uint64_t> Expr) {
+    DIExpression::expr_op_iterator NewStart(Expr.begin());
+    DIExpression::expr_op_iterator NewEnd(Expr.end());
+    this->Start = NewStart;
+    this->End = NewEnd;
+  }
+
   /// Determine whether there are any operations left in this expression.
   operator bool() const { return Start != End; }
 

>From 003c0f633fcc6b18870f1ef89ecb5a38c68b5272 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Sandeep Rastogi <srastogi22 at apple.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 10:44:22 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] Introduce DIExpression::foldConstantMath()

DIExpressions can get very long and have a lot of redundant operations.
This function uses simple pattern matching to fold constant math that
can be evaluated at compile time.
---
 llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h |   5 +-
 llvm/lib/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.cpp        | 281 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 llvm/unittests/IR/MetadataTest.cpp       | 277 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 561 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h b/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h
index 5ea8d853e86c854..354ae48c3d676c1 100644
--- a/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h
+++ b/llvm/include/llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h
@@ -3045,7 +3045,10 @@ class DIExpression : public MDNode {
   std::pair<DIExpression *, const ConstantInt *>
   constantFold(const ConstantInt *CI);
 
-  DIExpression *constantFold();
+  /// Try to shorten an expression with constand math operations that can be
+  /// evaulated at compile time. Returns a new expression on success, or the old
+  /// expression if there is nothing to be reduced.
+  DIExpression *foldConstantMath();
 };
 
 inline bool operator==(const DIExpression::FragmentInfo &A,
diff --git a/llvm/lib/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.cpp b/llvm/lib/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.cpp
index f7f36129ec8557c..b73ffa3880fcc4a 100644
--- a/llvm/lib/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.cpp
+++ b/llvm/lib/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.cpp
@@ -1857,7 +1857,6 @@ DIExpression *DIExpression::append(const DIExpression *Expr,
     }
     Op.appendToVector(NewOps);
   }
-
   NewOps.append(Ops.begin(), Ops.end());
   auto *result = DIExpression::get(Expr->getContext(), NewOps);
   assert(result->isValid() && "concatenated expression is not valid");
@@ -1998,6 +1997,286 @@ DIExpression::constantFold(const ConstantInt *CI) {
           ConstantInt::get(getContext(), NewInt)};
 }
 
+static bool isConstOperation(uint64_t Op) {
+  return Op == dwarf::DW_OP_constu || Op == dwarf::DW_OP_consts;
+}
+
+static bool operationIsNoOp(uint64_t Op, uint64_t Val) {
+  switch (Op) {
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_plus:
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_minus:
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_shl:
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_shr:
+    return Val == 0;
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_mul:
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_div:
+    return Val == 1;
+  default:
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+static std::optional<uint64_t>
+foldOperationIfPossible(uint64_t Op, uint64_t Operand1, uint64_t Operand2) {
+  switch (Op) {
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_plus:
+    return Operand1 + Operand2;
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_minus:
+    return Operand1 - Operand2;
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_shl:
+    return Operand1 << Operand2;
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_shr:
+    return Operand1 >> Operand2;
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_mul:
+    return Operand1 * Operand2;
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_div:
+    return Operand1 / Operand2;
+  default:
+    return std::nullopt;
+  }
+}
+
+static bool operationsAreFoldableAndCommutative(uint64_t Op1, uint64_t Op2) {
+  if (Op1 != Op2)
+    return false;
+  switch (Op1) {
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_plus:
+  case dwarf::DW_OP_mul:
+    return true;
+  default:
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+static void moveCursorAndLocPos(DIExpressionCursor &Cursor, uint64_t &Loc,
+                                const DIExpression::ExprOperand &Op) {
+  Cursor.consume(1);
+  Loc = Loc + Op.getSize();
+}
+
+DIExpression *DIExpression::foldConstantMath() {
+
+  SmallVector<uint64_t, 8> WorkingOps;
+  WorkingOps.append(Elements.begin(), Elements.end());
+  uint64_t Loc = 0;
+  DIExpressionCursor Cursor(WorkingOps);
+
+  while (Loc < WorkingOps.size()) {
+
+    auto Op1 = Cursor.peek();
+    // Expression has no operations, exit
+    if (!Op1)
+      break;
+    auto Op1Raw = Op1->getOp();
+    auto Op1Arg = Op1->getArg(0);
+
+    // {DW_OP_plus_uconst, 0} -> {}
+    if (Op1Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst && Op1Arg == 0) {
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc, WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 2);
+      moveCursorAndLocPos(Cursor, Loc, *Op1);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (!isConstOperation(Op1Raw) && Op1Raw != dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst) {
+      // Early exit, all of the following patterns start with a constant value
+      moveCursorAndLocPos(Cursor, Loc, *Op1);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    auto Op2 = Cursor.peekNext();
+    // All following patterns require at least 2 Operations, exit
+    if (!Op2)
+      break;
+    auto Op2Raw = Op2->getOp();
+
+    // {DW_OP_const[u, s], 0, DW_OP_[plus, minus, shl, shr]} -> {}
+    // {DW_OP_const[u, s], 1, DW_OP_[mul, div]} -> {}
+    if (isConstOperation(Op1Raw) && operationIsNoOp(Op2Raw, Op1Arg)) {
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc, WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 3);
+      Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
+      Loc = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    auto Op2Arg = Op2->getArg(0);
+
+    // {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1, DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const2} ->
+    // {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1 + Const2}
+    if (Op1Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst &&
+        Op2Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst) {
+      auto Result = Op1Arg + Op2Arg;
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 2,
+                       WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 4);
+      WorkingOps[Loc + 1] = Result;
+      Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
+      Loc = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // {DW_OP_const[u, s], Const1, DW_OP_plus_uconst Const2} -> {DW_OP_constu,
+    // Const1 + Const2}
+    if (isConstOperation(Op1Raw) && Op2Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst) {
+      auto Result = Op1Arg + Op2Arg;
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 2,
+                       WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 4);
+      WorkingOps[Loc] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+      WorkingOps[Loc + 1] = Result;
+      Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
+      Loc = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    auto Op3 = Cursor.peekNextN(2);
+    // Op2 could still match a pattern, skip iteration
+    if (!Op3) {
+      moveCursorAndLocPos(Cursor, Loc, *Op1);
+      continue;
+    }
+    auto Op3Raw = Op3->getOp();
+
+    // {DW_OP_const[u, s], Const1, DW_OP_const[u, s], Const2, DW_OP_[plus,
+    // minus, mul, div, shl, shr] -> {DW_OP_constu, Const1 [+, -, *, /, <<, >>]
+    // Const2}
+    if (isConstOperation(Op1Raw) && isConstOperation(Op2Raw)) {
+      auto Result = foldOperationIfPossible(Op3Raw, Op1Arg, Op2Arg);
+      if (!Result) {
+        moveCursorAndLocPos(Cursor, Loc, *Op1);
+        continue;
+      }
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 2,
+                       WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 5);
+      WorkingOps[Loc] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+      WorkingOps[Loc + 1] = *Result;
+      Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
+      Loc = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1, DW_OP_const[u, s], Const1, DW_OP_plus} ->
+    // {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1 + Const2}
+    if (Op1Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst && isConstOperation(Op2Raw) &&
+        Op3Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus) {
+      auto Result = Op1Arg + Op2Arg;
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 2, WorkingOps.begin() + 5);
+      WorkingOps[Loc + 1] = Result;
+      Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
+      Loc = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    auto Op3Arg = Op3->getArg(0);
+    // {DW_OP_const[u, s], Const1, DW_OP_plus, DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const2} ->
+    // {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1 + Const2}
+    if (isConstOperation(Op1Raw) && Op2Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus &&
+        Op3Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst) {
+      auto Result = Op1Arg + Op3Arg;
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 2, WorkingOps.begin() + 5);
+      WorkingOps[Loc] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst;
+      WorkingOps[Loc + 1] = Result;
+      Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
+      Loc = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    auto Op4 = Cursor.peekNextN(3);
+    // Op2 and Op3 could still match a pattern, skip iteration
+    if (!Op4) {
+      moveCursorAndLocPos(Cursor, Loc, *Op1);
+      continue;
+    }
+    auto Op4Raw = Op4->getOp();
+
+    // {DW_OP_const[u, s], Const1, DW_OP_[plus, mul], Const2, DW_OP_[plus, mul]}
+    // -> {DW_OP_constu, Const1 [+, *] Const2, DW_OP_[plus, mul]}
+    if (isConstOperation(Op1Raw) && isConstOperation(Op3Raw) &&
+        operationsAreFoldableAndCommutative(Op2Raw, Op4Raw)) {
+      auto Result = foldOperationIfPossible(Op2Raw, Op1Arg, Op3Arg);
+      if (!Result)
+        llvm_unreachable(
+            "Something went very wrong here! This should always work");
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 3,
+                       WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 6);
+      WorkingOps[Loc] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+      WorkingOps[Loc + 1] = *Result;
+      Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
+      Loc = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+    auto Op5 = Cursor.peekNextN(4);
+    if (!Op5) {
+      moveCursorAndLocPos(Cursor, Loc, *Op1);
+      continue;
+    }
+    auto Op5Raw = Op5->getOp();
+    auto Op5Arg = Op5->getArg(0);
+
+    // {DW_OP_const[u, s], Const1, DW_OP_plus, DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg1, DW_OP_plus,
+    // DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const2} -> {DW_OP_constu, Const1 + Const2, DW_OP_plus,
+    // DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg1, DW_OP_plus}
+    if (isConstOperation(Op1Raw) && Op3Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg &&
+        Op5Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst && Op2Raw == Op4Raw &&
+        Op4Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus) {
+      auto Result = Op1Arg + Op5Arg;
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 6,
+                       WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 8);
+      WorkingOps[Loc] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+      WorkingOps[Loc + 1] = Result;
+      Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
+      Loc = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    auto Op4Arg = Op4->getArg(0);
+
+    // {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1, DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg1, DW_OP_plus,
+    // DW_OP_const[u, s], Const2, DW_OP_plus} -> {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1 +
+    // Const2, DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg1, DW_OP_plus}
+    if (Op1Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst && Op2Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg &&
+        Op3Raw == Op5Raw && Op3Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus &&
+        isConstOperation(Op4Raw)) {
+      auto Result = Op1Arg + Op4Arg;
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 5,
+                       WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 8);
+      WorkingOps[Loc + 1] = Result;
+      Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
+      Loc = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    auto Op6 = Cursor.peekNextN(5);
+    if (!Op6) {
+      moveCursorAndLocPos(Cursor, Loc, *Op1);
+      continue;
+    }
+    auto Op6Raw = Op6->getOp();
+    // {DW_OP_const[u, s], Const1, DW_OP_[plus, mul], DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg1,
+    // DW_OP_[plus, mul], DW_OP_const[u, s], Const2, DW_OP_[plus, mul]} ->
+    // {DW_OP_constu, Const1 [+, *] Const2, DW_OP_[plus, mul], DW_OP_LLVM_arg,
+    // Arg1, DW_OP_[plus, mul]}
+    if (isConstOperation(Op1Raw) && Op3Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg &&
+        isConstOperation(Op5Raw) &&
+        operationsAreFoldableAndCommutative(Op2Raw, Op4Raw) &&
+        operationsAreFoldableAndCommutative(Op4Raw, Op6Raw)) {
+      auto Result = foldOperationIfPossible(Op2Raw, Op1Arg, Op5Arg);
+      if (!Result)
+        llvm_unreachable(
+            "Something went very wrong here! This should always work");
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 6,
+                       WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 9);
+      WorkingOps[Loc] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+      WorkingOps[Loc + 1] = *Result;
+      Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
+      Loc = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    moveCursorAndLocPos(Cursor, Loc, *Op1);
+  }
+  auto *Result = DIExpression::get(getContext(), WorkingOps);
+  assert(Result->isValid() && "concatenated expression is not valid");
+  return Result;
+}
+
 uint64_t DIExpression::getNumLocationOperands() const {
   uint64_t Result = 0;
   for (auto ExprOp : expr_ops())
diff --git a/llvm/unittests/IR/MetadataTest.cpp b/llvm/unittests/IR/MetadataTest.cpp
index 1570631287b2a78..2326c5c2c78c630 100644
--- a/llvm/unittests/IR/MetadataTest.cpp
+++ b/llvm/unittests/IR/MetadataTest.cpp
@@ -3120,6 +3120,283 @@ TEST_F(DIExpressionTest, get) {
   EXPECT_EQ(N0WithPrependedOps, N2);
 }
 
+TEST_F(DIExpressionTest, Fold) {
+
+  // Remove a No-op DW_OP_plus_uconst from an expression.
+  SmallVector<uint64_t, 8> Ops = {dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst, 0};
+  auto *Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  auto *E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  SmallVector<uint64_t, 8> ResOps;
+  auto *ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Remove a No-op add from an expression.
+  Ops[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[1] = 0;
+  Ops.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus);
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Remove a No-op subtract from an expression.
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_minus;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Remove a No-op shift left from an expression.
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_shl;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Remove a No-op shift right from an expression.
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_shr;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Remove a No-op multiply from an expression.
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+  Ops[1] = 1;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Remove a No-op divide from an expression.
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_div;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test fold {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1, DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const2} ->
+  // {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1 + Const2}
+  Ops[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst;
+  Ops[1] = 2;
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst;
+  Ops.push_back(3);
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst);
+  ResOps.push_back(5);
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const2} -> {DW_OP_constu,
+  // Const1 + Const2}
+  Ops[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_plus} ->
+  // {DW_OP_constu, Const1 + Const2}
+  Ops[1] = 8;
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[3] = 2;
+  Ops.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus);
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  ResOps[1] = 10;
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_minus} ->
+  // {DW_OP_constu, Const1 - Const2}
+  Ops[4] = dwarf::DW_OP_minus;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  ResOps[1] = 6;
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_mul} ->
+  // {DW_OP_constu, Const1 * Const2}
+  Ops[4] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  ResOps[1] = 16;
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_div} ->
+  // {DW_OP_constu, Const1 / Const2}
+  Ops[4] = dwarf::DW_OP_div;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  ResOps[1] = 4;
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_shl} ->
+  // {DW_OP_constu, Const1 << Const2}
+  Ops[4] = dwarf::DW_OP_shl;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  ResOps[1] = 32;
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_shr} ->
+  // {DW_OP_constu, Const1 >> Const2}
+  Ops[4] = dwarf::DW_OP_shr;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  ResOps[1] = 2;
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1, DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_plus} ->
+  // {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1 + Const2}
+  Ops[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst;
+  Ops[1] = 8;
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[3] = 2;
+  Ops[4] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst;
+  ResOps[1] = 10;
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_plus, DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const2} ->
+  // {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1 + Const2}
+  Ops[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[1] = 8;
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus;
+  Ops[3] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst;
+  Ops[4] = 2;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_plus, DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_plus}
+  // -> {DW_OP_constu, Const1 + Const2, DW_OP_plus}
+  Ops[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[1] = 8;
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus;
+  Ops[3] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[4] = 2;
+  Ops.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus);
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  ResOps.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus);
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_mul, DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_mul} ->
+  // {DW_OP_constu, Const1 + Const2, DW_OP_mul}
+  Ops[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[1] = 8;
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+  Ops[3] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[4] = 2;
+  Ops[5] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[1] = 16;
+  ResOps[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1, DW_OP_plus, DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg,
+  // DW_OP_plus, DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_plus} -> {DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const1
+  // + Const2, DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg, DW_OP_plus}
+  Ops[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst;
+  Ops[1] = 8;
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg;
+  Ops[3] = 0;
+  Ops[4] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus;
+  Ops[5] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops.push_back(2);
+  Ops.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus);
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst;
+  ResOps[1] = 10;
+  ResOps[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg;
+  ResOps.push_back(0);
+  ResOps.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus);
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_plus, DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg, DW_OP_plus,
+  // DW_OP_plus_uconst, Const2} -> {DW_OP_constu, Const1 + Const2, DW_OP_plus,
+  // DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg, DW_OP_plus}
+  Ops[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[1] = 8;
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus;
+  Ops[3] = dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg;
+  Ops[4] = 0;
+  Ops[5] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus;
+  Ops[6] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst;
+  Ops[7] = 2;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  ResOps[1] = 10;
+  ResOps[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus;
+  ResOps[3] = dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg;
+  ResOps[4] = 0;
+  ResOps.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus);
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_plus, DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg, DW_OP_plus,
+  // DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_plus} -> {DW_OP_constu, Const1 + Const2,
+  // DW_OP_plus, DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg, DW_OP_plus}
+  Ops[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[1] = 8;
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus;
+  Ops[3] = dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg;
+  Ops[4] = 0;
+  Ops[5] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus;
+  Ops[6] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[7] = 2;
+  Ops.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus);
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+
+  // Test {DW_OP_constu, Const1, DW_OP_mul, DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg, DW_OP_mul,
+  // DW_OP_constu, Const2, DW_OP_mul} -> {DW_OP_constu, Const1 * Const2,
+  // DW_OP_mul, DW_OP_LLVM_arg, Arg, DW_OP_mul}
+  Ops[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[1] = 8;
+  Ops[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+  Ops[3] = dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg;
+  Ops[4] = 0;
+  Ops[5] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+  Ops[6] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+  Ops[7] = 2;
+  Ops[8] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+  Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+  E = Expr->foldConstantMath();
+  ResOps[1] = 16;
+  ResOps[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+  ResOps[5] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+  ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, ResOps);
+  EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
+}
+
 TEST_F(DIExpressionTest, isValid) {
 #define EXPECT_VALID(...)                                                      \
   do {                                                                         \

>From e37ff7f3fd8bde5a59f8831a8818666353063f6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Sandeep Rastogi <srastogi22 at apple.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Nov 2023 08:05:06 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] Use DIExpression:foldConstantMath() at the result of an
 append()

---
 llvm/lib/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.cpp             |  8 +-
 llvm/test/Bitcode/upgrade-dbg-addr.ll         |  2 +-
 .../MIR/AArch64/dbgcall-site-expr-chain.mir   |  4 +-
 llvm/unittests/IR/MetadataTest.cpp            | 86 +++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/llvm/lib/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.cpp b/llvm/lib/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.cpp
index b73ffa3880fcc4a..2dee2e5e5448555 100644
--- a/llvm/lib/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.cpp
+++ b/llvm/lib/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.cpp
@@ -1860,7 +1860,7 @@ DIExpression *DIExpression::append(const DIExpression *Expr,
   NewOps.append(Ops.begin(), Ops.end());
   auto *result = DIExpression::get(Expr->getContext(), NewOps);
   assert(result->isValid() && "concatenated expression is not valid");
-  return result;
+  return result->foldConstantMath();
 }
 
 DIExpression *DIExpression::appendToStack(const DIExpression *Expr,
@@ -2157,7 +2157,8 @@ DIExpression *DIExpression::foldConstantMath() {
     if (Op1Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst && isConstOperation(Op2Raw) &&
         Op3Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus) {
       auto Result = Op1Arg + Op2Arg;
-      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 2, WorkingOps.begin() + 5);
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 2,
+                       WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 5);
       WorkingOps[Loc + 1] = Result;
       Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
       Loc = 0;
@@ -2170,7 +2171,8 @@ DIExpression *DIExpression::foldConstantMath() {
     if (isConstOperation(Op1Raw) && Op2Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus &&
         Op3Raw == dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst) {
       auto Result = Op1Arg + Op3Arg;
-      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 2, WorkingOps.begin() + 5);
+      WorkingOps.erase(WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 2,
+                       WorkingOps.begin() + Loc + 5);
       WorkingOps[Loc] = dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst;
       WorkingOps[Loc + 1] = Result;
       Cursor.assignNewExpr(WorkingOps);
diff --git a/llvm/test/Bitcode/upgrade-dbg-addr.ll b/llvm/test/Bitcode/upgrade-dbg-addr.ll
index 40fd7db18948b57..1943c35b0059fb1 100644
--- a/llvm/test/Bitcode/upgrade-dbg-addr.ll
+++ b/llvm/test/Bitcode/upgrade-dbg-addr.ll
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ entry:
   %num.addr = alloca i32, align 4
   store i32 %num, ptr %num.addr, align 4
   ; CHECK-NOT: call void @llvm.dbg.addr
-  ; CHECK: call void @llvm.dbg.value(metadata ptr %num.addr, metadata ![[#]], metadata !DIExpression(DW_OP_plus_uconst, 0, DW_OP_deref))
+  ; CHECK: call void @llvm.dbg.value(metadata ptr %num.addr, metadata ![[#]], metadata !DIExpression(DW_OP_deref))
   call void @llvm.dbg.addr(metadata ptr %num.addr, metadata !16, metadata !DIExpression(DW_OP_plus_uconst, 0)), !dbg !17
   %0 = load i32, ptr %num.addr, align 4
   ret i32 %0
diff --git a/llvm/test/DebugInfo/MIR/AArch64/dbgcall-site-expr-chain.mir b/llvm/test/DebugInfo/MIR/AArch64/dbgcall-site-expr-chain.mir
index 3e2244f76c905e4..b32f7310537daf4 100644
--- a/llvm/test/DebugInfo/MIR/AArch64/dbgcall-site-expr-chain.mir
+++ b/llvm/test/DebugInfo/MIR/AArch64/dbgcall-site-expr-chain.mir
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ body:             |
 
 # CHECK: DW_TAG_GNU_call_site_parameter
 # CHECK-NEXT: DW_AT_location (DW_OP_reg2 W2)
-# CHECK-NEXT: DW_AT_GNU_call_site_value (DW_OP_breg19 W19+700, DW_OP_plus_uconst 0x9, DW_OP_plus_uconst 0x50)
+# CHECK-NEXT: DW_AT_GNU_call_site_value (DW_OP_breg19 W19+789)
 
 # CHECK: DW_TAG_GNU_call_site_parameter
 # CHECK-NEXT: DW_AT_location (DW_OP_reg1 W1)
@@ -113,4 +113,4 @@ body:             |
 
 # CHECK: DW_TAG_GNU_call_site_parameter
 # CHECK-NEXT: DW_AT_location (DW_OP_reg0 W0)
-# CHECK-NEXT: DW_AT_GNU_call_site_value (DW_OP_breg19 W19+100, DW_OP_plus_uconst 0x17)
+# CHECK-NEXT: DW_AT_GNU_call_site_value (DW_OP_breg19 W19+123)
diff --git a/llvm/unittests/IR/MetadataTest.cpp b/llvm/unittests/IR/MetadataTest.cpp
index 2326c5c2c78c630..f233d2ff5d25269 100644
--- a/llvm/unittests/IR/MetadataTest.cpp
+++ b/llvm/unittests/IR/MetadataTest.cpp
@@ -3397,6 +3397,92 @@ TEST_F(DIExpressionTest, Fold) {
   EXPECT_EQ(E, ResExpr);
 }
 
+TEST_F(DIExpressionTest, Append) {
+    // Test appending a {dwarf::DW_OP_constu, <const>, DW_OP_plus} to a DW_OP_plus expression
+    SmallVector<uint64_t, 8> Ops = {dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg, 0,
+                                    dwarf::DW_OP_constu, 2, dwarf::DW_OP_plus};
+    auto *Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+    SmallVector<uint64_t, 8> AppendOps = {dwarf::DW_OP_constu, 3,
+                                          dwarf::DW_OP_plus};
+    auto *AppendExpr = DIExpression::append(Expr, AppendOps);
+    SmallVector<uint64_t, 8> OpsRes = {
+        dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg, 0, dwarf::DW_OP_constu, 5, dwarf::DW_OP_plus};
+    auto *ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, OpsRes);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ResExpr, AppendExpr);
+
+    // Test appending a {dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst, <const>} to a DW_OP_plus
+    // expression uint64_t PlusUConstOps[] = {dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst, 3};
+    AppendOps.clear();
+    AppendOps.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst);
+    AppendOps.push_back(3);
+    AppendExpr = DIExpression::append(Expr, AppendOps);
+    OpsRes.clear();
+    OpsRes.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_LLVM_arg);
+    OpsRes.push_back(0);
+    OpsRes.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus_uconst);
+    OpsRes.push_back(5);
+    ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, OpsRes);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ResExpr, AppendExpr);
+
+    // Test appending a {dwarf::DW_OP_constu, 0, DW_OP_plus} to an expression
+    AppendOps[0] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+    AppendOps[1] = 0;
+    AppendOps.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus);
+    AppendExpr = DIExpression::append(Expr, AppendOps);
+    OpsRes[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_constu;
+    OpsRes[3] = Ops[3];
+    OpsRes.push_back(dwarf::DW_OP_plus);
+    ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, OpsRes);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ResExpr, AppendExpr);
+
+    // Test appending a {dwarf::DW_OP_constu, 0, DW_OP_minus} to an expression 
+    AppendOps[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_minus; 
+    AppendExpr = DIExpression::append(Expr, AppendOps); 
+    OpsRes[3] = Ops[3]; 
+    ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, OpsRes);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ResExpr, AppendExpr);
+
+    // Test appending a {dwarf::DW_OP_constu, 0, DW_OP_shl} to an expression
+    AppendOps[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_shl;
+    AppendExpr = DIExpression::append(Expr, AppendOps);
+    OpsRes[3] = Ops[3];
+    ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, OpsRes);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ResExpr, AppendExpr);
+
+    // Test appending a {dwarf::DW_OP_constu, 0, DW_OP_shr} to an expression
+    AppendOps[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_shr;
+    AppendExpr = DIExpression::append(Expr, AppendOps);
+    OpsRes[3] = Ops[3];
+    ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, OpsRes);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ResExpr, AppendExpr);
+
+    // Test appending a {dwarf::DW_OP_constu, <const>, DW_OP_mul} to a DW_OP_mul expression
+    Ops[4] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+    Expr = DIExpression::get(Context, Ops);
+    AppendOps[1] = 3;
+    AppendOps[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+    AppendExpr = DIExpression::append(Expr, AppendOps);
+    OpsRes[3] = 6;
+    OpsRes[4] = dwarf::DW_OP_mul;
+    ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, OpsRes);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ResExpr, AppendExpr);
+
+    // Test appending a {dwarf::DW_OP_constu, 1, DW_OP_mul} to an expression
+    AppendOps[1] = 1;
+    AppendExpr = DIExpression::append(Expr, AppendOps);
+    OpsRes[3] = Ops[3];
+    ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, OpsRes);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ResExpr, AppendExpr);
+
+    // Test appending a {dwarf::DW_OP_constu, 1, DW_OP_div} to an expression
+    AppendOps[1] = 1;
+    AppendOps[2] = dwarf::DW_OP_div;
+    AppendExpr = DIExpression::append(Expr, AppendOps);
+    OpsRes[3] = Ops[3];
+    ResExpr = DIExpression::get(Context, OpsRes);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ResExpr, AppendExpr);
+}
+
 TEST_F(DIExpressionTest, isValid) {
 #define EXPECT_VALID(...)                                                      \
   do {                                                                         \



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