[compiler-rt] 1dfa479 - [ORC-RT] Add ORC runtime error and expected types.

Lang Hames via llvm-commits llvm-commits at lists.llvm.org
Wed May 19 13:31:36 PDT 2021


Author: Lang Hames
Date: 2021-05-19T13:31:25-07:00
New Revision: 1dfa47910a2332a351ebc5236b4e2bfb3562c23b

URL: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/1dfa47910a2332a351ebc5236b4e2bfb3562c23b
DIFF: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/1dfa47910a2332a351ebc5236b4e2bfb3562c23b.diff

LOG: [ORC-RT] Add ORC runtime error and expected types.

These will be used for error propagation and handling in the ORC runtime.

The implementations of these types are cut-down versions of the error
support in llvm/Support/Error.h. Most advice on llvm::Error and llvm::Expected
(e.g. from the LLVM Programmer's manual) applies equally to __orc_rt::Error
and __orc_rt::Expected. The primary difference is the mechanism for testing
and handling error types: The ORC runtime uses a new 'error_cast' operation
to replace the handleErrors family of functions. See error_cast comments in
error.h.

Added: 
    compiler-rt/lib/orc/error.h
    compiler-rt/lib/orc/unittests/error_test.cpp

Modified: 
    compiler-rt/lib/orc/CMakeLists.txt
    compiler-rt/lib/orc/unittests/CMakeLists.txt

Removed: 
    


################################################################################
diff  --git a/compiler-rt/lib/orc/CMakeLists.txt b/compiler-rt/lib/orc/CMakeLists.txt
index 3c7d5876cd327..1f1136221621e 100644
--- a/compiler-rt/lib/orc/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/compiler-rt/lib/orc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ set(x86_64_SOURCES
 
 set(ORC_IMPL_HEADERS
 # Implementation headers will go here.
+  error.h
   extensible_rtti.h
 )
 

diff  --git a/compiler-rt/lib/orc/error.h b/compiler-rt/lib/orc/error.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..92ac5a884ac6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler-rt/lib/orc/error.h
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+//===-------- Error.h - Enforced error checking for ORC RT ------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef ORC_RT_ERROR_H
+#define ORC_RT_ERROR_H
+
+#include "compiler.h"
+#include "extensible_rtti.h"
+#include "stl_extras.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace __orc_rt {
+
+/// Base class for all errors.
+class ErrorInfoBase : public RTTIExtends<ErrorInfoBase, RTTIRoot> {
+public:
+  virtual std::string toString() const = 0;
+};
+
+/// Represents an environmental error.
+class ORC_RT_NODISCARD Error {
+
+  template <typename ErrT, typename... ArgTs>
+  friend Error make_error(ArgTs &&...Args);
+
+  friend Error repackage_error(std::unique_ptr<ErrorInfoBase>);
+
+  template <typename ErrT> friend std::unique_ptr<ErrT> error_cast(Error &);
+
+  template <typename T> friend class Expected;
+
+public:
+  /// Destroy this error. Aborts if error was not checked, or was checked but
+  /// not handled.
+  ~Error() { assertIsChecked(); }
+
+  Error(const Error &) = delete;
+  Error &operator=(const Error &) = delete;
+
+  /// Move-construct an error. The newly constructed error is considered
+  /// unchecked, even if the source error had been checked. The original error
+  /// becomes a checked success value.
+  Error(Error &&Other) {
+    setChecked(true);
+    *this = std::move(Other);
+  }
+
+  /// Move-assign an error value. The current error must represent success, you
+  /// you cannot overwrite an unhandled error. The current error is then
+  /// considered unchecked. The source error becomes a checked success value,
+  /// regardless of its original state.
+  Error &operator=(Error &&Other) {
+    // Don't allow overwriting of unchecked values.
+    assertIsChecked();
+    setPtr(Other.getPtr());
+
+    // This Error is unchecked, even if the source error was checked.
+    setChecked(false);
+
+    // Null out Other's payload and set its checked bit.
+    Other.setPtr(nullptr);
+    Other.setChecked(true);
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /// Create a success value.
+  static Error success() { return Error(); }
+
+  /// Error values convert to true for failure values, false otherwise.
+  explicit operator bool() {
+    setChecked(getPtr() == nullptr);
+    return getPtr() != nullptr;
+  }
+
+  /// Return true if this Error contains a failure value of the given type.
+  template <typename ErrT> bool isA() const {
+    return getPtr() && getPtr()->isA<ErrT>();
+  }
+
+private:
+  Error() = default;
+
+  Error(std::unique_ptr<ErrorInfoBase> ErrInfo) {
+    auto RawErrPtr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ErrInfo.release());
+    assert((RawErrPtr & 0x1) == 0 && "ErrorInfo is insufficiently aligned");
+    ErrPtr = RawErrPtr | 0x1;
+  }
+
+  void assertIsChecked() {
+    if (ORC_RT_UNLIKELY(!isChecked() || getPtr())) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Error must be checked prior to destruction.\n");
+      abort(); // Some sort of JIT program abort?
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename ErrT = ErrorInfoBase> ErrT *getPtr() const {
+    return reinterpret_cast<ErrT *>(ErrPtr & ~uintptr_t(1));
+  }
+
+  void setPtr(ErrorInfoBase *Ptr) {
+    ErrPtr = (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(Ptr) & ~uintptr_t(1)) | (ErrPtr & 1);
+  }
+
+  bool isChecked() const { return ErrPtr & 0x1; }
+
+  void setChecked(bool Checked) {
+    ErrPtr = (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ErrPtr) & ~uintptr_t(1)) | Checked;
+  }
+
+  template <typename ErrT = ErrorInfoBase> std::unique_ptr<ErrT> takePayload() {
+    static_assert(std::is_base_of<ErrorInfoBase, ErrT>::value,
+                  "ErrT is not an ErrorInfoBase subclass");
+    std::unique_ptr<ErrT> Tmp(getPtr<ErrT>());
+    setPtr(nullptr);
+    setChecked(true);
+    return Tmp;
+  }
+
+  uintptr_t ErrPtr = 0;
+};
+
+/// Construct an error of ErrT with the given arguments.
+template <typename ErrT, typename... ArgTs> Error make_error(ArgTs &&...Args) {
+  static_assert(std::is_base_of<ErrorInfoBase, ErrT>::value,
+                "ErrT is not an ErrorInfoBase subclass");
+  return Error(std::make_unique<ErrT>(std::forward<ArgTs>(Args)...));
+}
+
+/// Construct an error of ErrT using a std::unique_ptr<ErrorInfoBase>. The
+/// primary use-case for this is 're-packaging' errors after inspecting them
+/// using error_cast, hence the name.
+inline Error repackage_error(std::unique_ptr<ErrorInfoBase> EIB) {
+  return Error(std::move(EIB));
+}
+
+/// If the argument is an error of type ErrT then this function unpacks it
+/// and returns a std::unique_ptr<ErrT>. Otherwise returns a nullptr and
+/// leaves the error untouched. Common usage looks like:
+///
+/// \code{.cpp}
+///   if (Error E = foo()) {
+///     if (auto EV1 = error_cast<ErrorType1>(E)) {
+///       // use unwrapped EV1 value.
+///     } else if (EV2 = error_cast<ErrorType2>(E)) {
+///       // use unwrapped EV2 value.
+///     } ...
+///   }
+/// \endcode
+template <typename ErrT> std::unique_ptr<ErrT> error_cast(Error &Err) {
+  static_assert(std::is_base_of<ErrorInfoBase, ErrT>::value,
+                "ErrT is not an ErrorInfoBase subclass");
+  if (Err.isA<ErrT>())
+    return Err.takePayload<ErrT>();
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+/// Helper for Errors used as out-parameters.
+/// Sets the 'checked' flag on construction, resets it on destruction.
+class ErrorAsOutParameter {
+public:
+  ErrorAsOutParameter(Error *Err) : Err(Err) {
+    // Raise the checked bit if Err is success.
+    if (Err)
+      (void)!!*Err;
+  }
+
+  ~ErrorAsOutParameter() {
+    // Clear the checked bit.
+    if (Err && !*Err)
+      *Err = Error::success();
+  }
+
+private:
+  Error *Err;
+};
+
+template <typename T> class ORC_RT_NODISCARD Expected {
+
+  template <class OtherT> friend class Expected;
+
+  static constexpr bool IsRef = std::is_reference<T>::value;
+  using wrap = std::reference_wrapper<std::remove_reference_t<T>>;
+  using error_type = std::unique_ptr<ErrorInfoBase>;
+  using storage_type = std::conditional_t<IsRef, wrap, T>;
+  using value_type = T;
+
+  using reference = std::remove_reference_t<T> &;
+  using const_reference = const std::remove_reference_t<T> &;
+  using pointer = std::remove_reference_t<T> *;
+  using const_pointer = const std::remove_reference_t<T> *;
+
+public:
+  /// Create an Expected from a failure value.
+  Expected(Error Err) : HasError(true), Unchecked(true) {
+    assert(Err && "Cannot create Expected<T> from Error success value");
+    new (getErrorStorage()) error_type(Err.takePayload());
+  }
+
+  /// Create an Expected from a T value.
+  template <typename OtherT>
+  Expected(OtherT &&Val,
+           std::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<OtherT, T>::value> * = nullptr)
+      : HasError(false), Unchecked(true) {
+    new (getStorage()) storage_type(std::forward<OtherT>(Val));
+  }
+
+  /// Move-construct an Expected<T> from an Expected<OtherT>.
+  Expected(Expected &&Other) { moveConstruct(std::move(Other)); }
+
+  /// Move construct an Expected<T> value from an Expected<OtherT>, where OtherT
+  /// must be convertible to T.
+  template <class OtherT>
+  Expected(
+      Expected<OtherT> &&Other,
+      std::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<OtherT, T>::value> * = nullptr) {
+    moveConstruct(std::move(Other));
+  }
+
+  /// Move construct an Expected<T> value from an Expected<OtherT>, where OtherT
+  /// isn't convertible to T.
+  template <class OtherT>
+  explicit Expected(
+      Expected<OtherT> &&Other,
+      std::enable_if_t<!std::is_convertible<OtherT, T>::value> * = nullptr) {
+    moveConstruct(std::move(Other));
+  }
+
+  /// Move-assign from another Expected<T>.
+  Expected &operator=(Expected &&Other) {
+    moveAssign(std::move(Other));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /// Destroy an Expected<T>.
+  ~Expected() {
+    assertIsChecked();
+    if (!HasError)
+      getStorage()->~storage_type();
+    else
+      getErrorStorage()->~error_type();
+  }
+
+  /// Returns true if this Expected value is in a success state (holding a T),
+  /// and false if this Expected value is in a failure state.
+  explicit operator bool() {
+    Unchecked = HasError;
+    return !HasError;
+  }
+
+  /// Returns true if this Expected value holds an Error of type error_type.
+  template <typename ErrT> bool isFailureOfType() const {
+    return HasError && (*getErrorStorage())->template isFailureOfType<ErrT>();
+  }
+
+  /// Take ownership of the stored error.
+  ///
+  /// If this Expected value is in a success state (holding a T) then this
+  /// method is a no-op and returns Error::success.
+  ///
+  /// If thsi Expected value is in a failure state (holding an Error) then this
+  /// method returns the contained error and leaves this Expected in an
+  /// 'empty' state from which it may be safely destructed but not otherwise
+  /// accessed.
+  Error takeError() {
+    Unchecked = false;
+    return HasError ? Error(std::move(*getErrorStorage())) : Error::success();
+  }
+
+  /// Returns a pointer to the stored T value.
+  pointer operator->() {
+    assertIsChecked();
+    return toPointer(getStorage());
+  }
+
+  /// Returns a pointer to the stored T value.
+  const_pointer operator->() const {
+    assertIsChecked();
+    return toPointer(getStorage());
+  }
+
+  /// Returns a reference to the stored T value.
+  reference operator*() {
+    assertIsChecked();
+    return *getStorage();
+  }
+
+  /// Returns a reference to the stored T value.
+  const_reference operator*() const {
+    assertIsChecked();
+    return *getStorage();
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <class T1>
+  static bool compareThisIfSameType(const T1 &a, const T1 &b) {
+    return &a == &b;
+  }
+
+  template <class T1, class T2>
+  static bool compareThisIfSameType(const T1 &a, const T2 &b) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  template <class OtherT> void moveConstruct(Expected<OtherT> &&Other) {
+    HasError = Other.HasError;
+    Unchecked = true;
+    Other.Unchecked = false;
+
+    if (!HasError)
+      new (getStorage()) storage_type(std::move(*Other.getStorage()));
+    else
+      new (getErrorStorage()) error_type(std::move(*Other.getErrorStorage()));
+  }
+
+  template <class OtherT> void moveAssign(Expected<OtherT> &&Other) {
+    assertIsChecked();
+
+    if (compareThisIfSameType(*this, Other))
+      return;
+
+    this->~Expected();
+    new (this) Expected(std::move(Other));
+  }
+
+  pointer toPointer(pointer Val) { return Val; }
+
+  const_pointer toPointer(const_pointer Val) const { return Val; }
+
+  pointer toPointer(wrap *Val) { return &Val->get(); }
+
+  const_pointer toPointer(const wrap *Val) const { return &Val->get(); }
+
+  storage_type *getStorage() {
+    assert(!HasError && "Cannot get value when an error exists!");
+    return reinterpret_cast<storage_type *>(&TStorage);
+  }
+
+  const storage_type *getStorage() const {
+    assert(!HasError && "Cannot get value when an error exists!");
+    return reinterpret_cast<const storage_type *>(&TStorage);
+  }
+
+  error_type *getErrorStorage() {
+    assert(HasError && "Cannot get error when a value exists!");
+    return reinterpret_cast<error_type *>(&ErrorStorage);
+  }
+
+  const error_type *getErrorStorage() const {
+    assert(HasError && "Cannot get error when a value exists!");
+    return reinterpret_cast<const error_type *>(&ErrorStorage);
+  }
+
+  void assertIsChecked() {
+    if (ORC_RT_UNLIKELY(Unchecked)) {
+      fprintf(stderr,
+              "Expected<T> must be checked before access or destruction.\n");
+      abort();
+    }
+  }
+
+  union {
+    std::aligned_union_t<1, storage_type> TStorage;
+    std::aligned_union_t<1, error_type> ErrorStorage;
+  };
+
+  bool HasError : 1;
+  bool Unchecked : 1;
+};
+
+/// Consume an error without doing anything.
+inline void consumeError(Error Err) {
+  if (Err)
+    (void)error_cast<ErrorInfoBase>(Err);
+}
+
+/// Consumes success values. It is a programmatic error to call this function
+/// on a failure value.
+inline void cantFail(Error Err) {
+  assert(!Err && "cantFail called on failure value");
+  consumeError(std::move(Err));
+}
+
+/// Auto-unwrap an Expected<T> value in the success state. It is a programmatic
+/// error to call this function on a failure value.
+template <typename T> T cantFail(Expected<T> E) {
+  assert(E && "cantFail called on failure value");
+  consumeError(E.takeError());
+  return std::move(*E);
+}
+
+/// Auto-unwrap an Expected<T> value in the success state. It is a programmatic
+/// error to call this function on a failure value.
+template <typename T> T &cantFail(Expected<T &> E) {
+  assert(E && "cantFail called on failure value");
+  consumeError(E.takeError());
+  return *E;
+}
+
+/// Convert the given error to a string. The error value is consumed in the
+/// process.
+inline std::string toString(Error Err) {
+  if (auto EIB = error_cast<ErrorInfoBase>(Err))
+    return EIB->toString();
+  return {};
+}
+
+class StringError : public RTTIExtends<StringError, ErrorInfoBase> {
+public:
+  StringError(std::string ErrMsg) : ErrMsg(std::move(ErrMsg)) {}
+  std::string toString() const override { return ErrMsg; }
+
+private:
+  std::string ErrMsg;
+};
+
+} // end namespace __orc_rt
+
+#endif // ORC_RT_ERROR_H

diff  --git a/compiler-rt/lib/orc/unittests/CMakeLists.txt b/compiler-rt/lib/orc/unittests/CMakeLists.txt
index 1783a4a092ed7..2e2ac1016fd71 100644
--- a/compiler-rt/lib/orc/unittests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/compiler-rt/lib/orc/unittests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ macro(add_orc_unittest testname)
 endmacro()
 
 set(UNITTEST_SOURCES
+  error_test.cpp
   extensible_rtti_test.cpp
   orc_unit_test_main.cpp
   stl_extras_test.cpp

diff  --git a/compiler-rt/lib/orc/unittests/error_test.cpp b/compiler-rt/lib/orc/unittests/error_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..5251d788e01b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler-rt/lib/orc/unittests/error_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+//===-- error_test.cpp --sssssssss-----------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// This file is a part of the ORC runtime.
+//
+// Note:
+//   This unit test was adapted from
+//   llvm/unittests/Support/ExtensibleRTTITest.cpp
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "error.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+using namespace __orc_rt;
+
+namespace {
+
+class CustomError : public RTTIExtends<CustomError, ErrorInfoBase> {
+public:
+  CustomError(int V1) : V1(V1) {}
+  std::string toString() const override {
+    return "CustomError V1 = " + std::to_string(V1);
+  }
+  int getV1() const { return V1; }
+
+protected:
+  int V1;
+};
+
+class CustomSubError : public RTTIExtends<CustomSubError, CustomError> {
+public:
+  CustomSubError(int V1, std::string V2)
+      : RTTIExtends<CustomSubError, CustomError>(V1), V2(std::move(V2)) {}
+  std::string toString() const override {
+    return "CustomSubError V1 = " + std::to_string(V1) + ", " + V2;
+  }
+  const std::string &getV2() const { return V2; }
+
+protected:
+  std::string V2;
+};
+
+} // end anonymous namespace
+
+// Test that a checked success value doesn't cause any issues.
+TEST(Error, CheckedSuccess) {
+  Error E = Error::success();
+  EXPECT_FALSE(E) << "Unexpected error while testing Error 'Success'";
+}
+
+// Check that a consumed success value doesn't cause any issues.
+TEST(Error, ConsumeSuccess) { consumeError(Error::success()); }
+
+TEST(Error, ConsumeError) {
+  Error E = make_error<CustomError>(42);
+  if (E) {
+    consumeError(std::move(E));
+  } else
+    ADD_FAILURE() << "Error failure value should convert to true";
+}
+
+// Test that unchecked success values cause an abort.
+TEST(Error, UncheckedSuccess) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH({ Error E = Error::success(); },
+               "Error must be checked prior to destruction")
+      << "Unchecked Error Succes value did not cause abort()";
+}
+
+// Test that a checked but unhandled error causes an abort.
+TEST(Error, CheckedButUnhandledError) {
+  auto DropUnhandledError = []() {
+    Error E = make_error<CustomError>(42);
+    (void)!E;
+  };
+  EXPECT_DEATH(DropUnhandledError(),
+               "Error must be checked prior to destruction")
+      << "Unhandled Error failure value did not cause an abort()";
+}
+
+// Test that error_cast works as expected.
+TEST(Error, BasicErrorCast) {
+  {
+    // Check casting base error value to base error type.
+    auto E = make_error<CustomError>(42);
+    if (auto CSE = error_cast<CustomSubError>(E)) {
+      ADD_FAILURE() << "Derived cast incorrectly matched base error";
+    } else if (auto CE = error_cast<CustomError>(E)) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(CE->getV1(), 42) << "Unexpected wrapped value";
+    } else
+      ADD_FAILURE() << "Unexpected error value";
+  }
+
+  {
+    // Check casting derived error value to base error type.
+    auto E = make_error<CustomSubError>(42, "foo");
+    if (auto CE = error_cast<CustomError>(E)) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(CE->getV1(), 42) << "Unexpected wrapped value";
+    } else
+      ADD_FAILURE() << "Unexpected error value";
+  }
+
+  {
+    // Check casting derived error value to derived error type.
+    auto E = make_error<CustomSubError>(42, "foo");
+    if (auto CSE = error_cast<CustomSubError>(E)) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(CSE->getV1(), 42) << "Unexpected wrapped value";
+      EXPECT_EQ(CSE->getV2(), "foo") << "Unexpected wrapped value";
+    } else
+      ADD_FAILURE() << "Unexpected error value";
+  }
+}
+
+// ErrorAsOutParameter tester.
+static void errAsOutParamHelper(Error &Err) {
+  ErrorAsOutParameter ErrAsOutParam(&Err);
+  // Verify that checked flag is raised - assignment should not crash.
+  Err = Error::success();
+  // Raise the checked bit manually - caller should still have to test the
+  // error.
+  (void)!!Err;
+}
+
+// Test that ErrorAsOutParameter sets the checked flag on construction.
+TEST(Error, ErrorAsOutParameterChecked) {
+  Error E = Error::success();
+  errAsOutParamHelper(E);
+  (void)!!E;
+}
+
+// Test that ErrorAsOutParameter clears the checked flag on destruction.
+TEST(Error, ErrorAsOutParameterUnchecked) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(
+      {
+        Error E = Error::success();
+        errAsOutParamHelper(E);
+      },
+      "Error must be checked prior to destruction")
+      << "ErrorAsOutParameter did not clear the checked flag on destruction.";
+}
+
+// Check 'Error::isA<T>' method handling.
+TEST(Error, IsAHandling) {
+  // Check 'isA' handling.
+  Error E = make_error<CustomError>(42);
+  Error F = make_error<CustomSubError>(42, "foo");
+  Error G = Error::success();
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(E.isA<CustomError>());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(E.isA<CustomSubError>());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(F.isA<CustomError>());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(F.isA<CustomSubError>());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(G.isA<CustomError>());
+
+  consumeError(std::move(E));
+  consumeError(std::move(F));
+  consumeError(std::move(G));
+}
+
+TEST(Error, StringError) {
+  auto E = make_error<StringError>("foo");
+  if (auto SE = error_cast<StringError>(E)) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(SE->toString(), "foo") << "Unexpected StringError value";
+  } else
+    ADD_FAILURE() << "Expected StringError value";
+}
+
+// Test Checked Expected<T> in success mode.
+TEST(Error, CheckedExpectedInSuccessMode) {
+  Expected<int> A = 7;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(!!A) << "Expected with non-error value doesn't convert to 'true'";
+  // Access is safe in second test, since we checked the error in the first.
+  EXPECT_EQ(*A, 7) << "Incorrect Expected non-error value";
+}
+
+// Test Expected with reference type.
+TEST(Error, ExpectedWithReferenceType) {
+  int A = 7;
+  Expected<int &> B = A;
+  // 'Check' B.
+  (void)!!B;
+  int &C = *B;
+  EXPECT_EQ(&A, &C) << "Expected failed to propagate reference";
+}
+
+// Test Unchecked Expected<T> in success mode.
+// We expect this to blow up the same way Error would.
+// Test runs in debug mode only.
+TEST(Error, UncheckedExpectedInSuccessModeDestruction) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH({ Expected<int> A = 7; },
+               "Expected<T> must be checked before access or destruction.")
+      << "Unchecekd Expected<T> success value did not cause an abort().";
+}
+
+// Test Unchecked Expected<T> in success mode.
+// We expect this to blow up the same way Error would.
+// Test runs in debug mode only.
+TEST(Error, UncheckedExpectedInSuccessModeAccess) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(
+      {
+        Expected<int> A = 7;
+        *A;
+      },
+      "Expected<T> must be checked before access or destruction.")
+      << "Unchecekd Expected<T> success value did not cause an abort().";
+}
+
+// Test Unchecked Expected<T> in success mode.
+// We expect this to blow up the same way Error would.
+// Test runs in debug mode only.
+TEST(Error, UncheckedExpectedInSuccessModeAssignment) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(
+      {
+        Expected<int> A = 7;
+        A = 7;
+      },
+      "Expected<T> must be checked before access or destruction.")
+      << "Unchecekd Expected<T> success value did not cause an abort().";
+}
+
+// Test Expected<T> in failure mode.
+TEST(Error, ExpectedInFailureMode) {
+  Expected<int> A = make_error<CustomError>(42);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(!!A) << "Expected with error value doesn't convert to 'false'";
+  Error E = A.takeError();
+  EXPECT_TRUE(E.isA<CustomError>()) << "Incorrect Expected error value";
+  consumeError(std::move(E));
+}
+
+// Check that an Expected instance with an error value doesn't allow access to
+// operator*.
+// Test runs in debug mode only.
+TEST(Error, AccessExpectedInFailureMode) {
+  Expected<int> A = make_error<CustomError>(42);
+  EXPECT_DEATH(*A, "Expected<T> must be checked before access or destruction.")
+      << "Incorrect Expected error value";
+  consumeError(A.takeError());
+}
+
+// Check that an Expected instance with an error triggers an abort if
+// unhandled.
+// Test runs in debug mode only.
+TEST(Error, UnhandledExpectedInFailureMode) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH({ Expected<int> A = make_error<CustomError>(42); },
+               "Expected<T> must be checked before access or destruction.")
+      << "Unchecked Expected<T> failure value did not cause an abort()";
+}
+
+// Test covariance of Expected.
+TEST(Error, ExpectedCovariance) {
+  class B {};
+  class D : public B {};
+
+  Expected<B *> A1(Expected<D *>(nullptr));
+  // Check A1 by converting to bool before assigning to it.
+  (void)!!A1;
+  A1 = Expected<D *>(nullptr);
+  // Check A1 again before destruction.
+  (void)!!A1;
+
+  Expected<std::unique_ptr<B>> A2(Expected<std::unique_ptr<D>>(nullptr));
+  // Check A2 by converting to bool before assigning to it.
+  (void)!!A2;
+  A2 = Expected<std::unique_ptr<D>>(nullptr);
+  // Check A2 again before destruction.
+  (void)!!A2;
+}
+
+// Test that the ExitOnError utility works as expected.
+TEST(Error, CantFailSuccess) {
+  cantFail(Error::success());
+
+  int X = cantFail(Expected<int>(42));
+  EXPECT_EQ(X, 42) << "Expected value modified by cantFail";
+
+  int Dummy = 42;
+  int &Y = cantFail(Expected<int &>(Dummy));
+  EXPECT_EQ(&Dummy, &Y) << "Reference mangled by cantFail";
+}
+
+// Test that cantFail results in a crash if you pass it a failure value.
+TEST(Error, CantFailDeath) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(cantFail(make_error<StringError>("foo")),
+               "cantFail called on failure value")
+      << "cantFail(Error) did not cause an abort for failure value";
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH(cantFail(Expected<int>(make_error<StringError>("foo"))),
+               "cantFail called on failure value")
+      << "cantFail(Expected<int>) did not cause an abort for failure value";
+}


        


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