[llvm] 0915825 - [ThinLTO] Allow usage of all hardware threads in the system

Hans Wennborg via llvm-commits llvm-commits at lists.llvm.org
Mon Apr 6 09:52:23 PDT 2020


This broke some LLD ThinLTO tests in 32-bit Windows builds. Can you take a look?

I wonder if it's simply running out of the 32-bit address space when
running so many threads (I have a lot of cores on my machine)..

See the example output below:

C:\src\llvm.monorepo>ninja -C build.32 lld opt llvm-nm && python
build.32\bin\llvm-lit.py -v lld\test\COFF\thinlto.ll
ninja: Entering directory `build.32'
ninja: no work to do.
llvm-lit.py: C:/src/llvm.monorepo/llvm\utils\lit\lit\llvm\config.py:342:
note: using ld.lld: c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\ld.lld.exe
llvm-lit.py: C:/src/llvm.monorepo/llvm\utils\lit\lit\llvm\config.py:342:
note: using lld-link: c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe
llvm-lit.py: C:/src/llvm.monorepo/llvm\utils\lit\lit\llvm\config.py:342:
note: using ld64.lld: c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\ld64.lld.exe
llvm-lit.py: C:/src/llvm.monorepo/llvm\utils\lit\lit\llvm\config.py:342:
note: using wasm-ld: c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\wasm-ld.exe
-- Testing: 1 tests, 1 workers --
FAIL: lld :: COFF/thinlto.ll (1 of 1)
******************** TEST 'lld :: COFF/thinlto.ll' FAILED ********************
Script:
--
: 'RUN: at line 2';   rm -fr
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto
: 'RUN: at line 3';   mkdir
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto
: 'RUN: at line 4';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\opt.exe
-thinlto-bc -o C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF\thinlto.ll
: 'RUN: at line 5';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\opt.exe
-thinlto-bc -o C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF/Inputs/lto-dep.ll
: 'RUN: at line 6';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe
/lldsavetemps /out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe
/entry:main /subsystem:console
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj
: 'RUN: at line 7';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\llvm-nm.exe
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe1.lto.obj
| c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\filecheck.exe
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF\thinlto.ll
: 'RUN: at line 10';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe
/lldsavetemps /out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe
/entry:main /subsystem:console
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj
/opt:lldltojobs=1
: 'RUN: at line 11';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\llvm-nm.exe
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe1.lto.obj
| c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\filecheck.exe
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF\thinlto.ll
: 'RUN: at line 12';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe
/lldsavetemps /out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe
/entry:main /subsystem:console
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj
/opt:lldltojobs=all
: 'RUN: at line 13';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\llvm-nm.exe
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe1.lto.obj
| c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\filecheck.exe
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF\thinlto.ll
: 'RUN: at line 14';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe
/lldsavetemps /out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe
/entry:main /subsystem:console
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj
/opt:lldltojobs=1000
: 'RUN: at line 15';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\llvm-nm.exe
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe1.lto.obj
| c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\filecheck.exe
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF\thinlto.ll
: 'RUN: at line 16';   not
c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe /lldsavetemps
/out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe
/entry:main /subsystem:console
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj
/opt:lldltojobs=foo 2>&1 |
c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\filecheck.exe
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF\thinlto.ll --check-prefix=BAD-JOBS
: 'RUN: at line 21';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe
/lib C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj
/out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output\thinlto.ll.tmp.lib
: 'RUN: at line 22';   c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe
/lldsavetemps /out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output\thinlto.ll.tmp.exe
/entry:main /subsystem:console
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output\thinlto.ll.tmp.lib
--
Exit Code: -529697949

Command Output (stdout):
--
$ ":" "RUN: at line 2"
$ "rm" "-fr" "C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto"
$ ":" "RUN: at line 3"
$ "mkdir" "C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto"
$ ":" "RUN: at line 4"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\opt.exe" "-thinlto-bc" "-o"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF\thinlto.ll"
$ ":" "RUN: at line 5"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\opt.exe" "-thinlto-bc" "-o"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF/Inputs/lto-dep.ll"
$ ":" "RUN: at line 6"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe" "/lldsavetemps"
"/out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe"
"/entry:main" "/subsystem:console"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj"
$ ":" "RUN: at line 7"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\llvm-nm.exe"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe1.lto.obj"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\filecheck.exe"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF\thinlto.ll"
$ ":" "RUN: at line 10"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe" "/lldsavetemps"
"/out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe"
"/entry:main" "/subsystem:console"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj"
"/opt:lldltojobs=1"
$ ":" "RUN: at line 11"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\llvm-nm.exe"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe1.lto.obj"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\filecheck.exe"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF\thinlto.ll"
$ ":" "RUN: at line 12"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe" "/lldsavetemps"
"/out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe"
"/entry:main" "/subsystem:console"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj"
"/opt:lldltojobs=all"
$ ":" "RUN: at line 13"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\llvm-nm.exe"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe1.lto.obj"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\filecheck.exe"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\lld\test\COFF\thinlto.ll"
$ ":" "RUN: at line 14"
$ "c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe" "/lldsavetemps"
"/out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe"
"/entry:main" "/subsystem:console"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj"
"C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj"
"/opt:lldltojobs=1000"
# command stderr:
PLEASE submit a bug report to https://bugs.llvm.org/ and include the
crash backtrace.
Stack dump:
0.      Program arguments:
c:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\bin\lld-link.exe /lldsavetemps
/out:C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.exe
/entry:main /subsystem:console
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/main.obj
C:\src\llvm.monorepo\build.32\tools\lld\test\COFF\Output/thinlto/foo.obj
/opt:lldltojobs=1000
0x73F647B2 (0xE06D7363 0x00000001 0x00000003 0x04FEE500),
RaiseException() + 0x62 bytes(s)
0x72CC7A36 (0x04FEE524 0x6AA43570 0x004ED908 0x004B7A50),
_CxxThrowException() + 0x66 bytes(s)
0x6AA183F6 (0x00000006 0x004B7A40 0x04FEE680 0x004B7A40),
?_Throw_Cpp_error at std@@YAXH at Z() + 0x36 bytes(s)
0x02BA8A79 (0x000003E8 0x00000001 0x004B7A40 0x04FEE680)
0x01E86C79 (0x00000188 0x00000190 0x0046035C 0x04FEE664)
0x7740CFB7 (0x04FEE680 0x00000000 0x00000188 0x00000000),
RtlAllocateHeap() + 0x307 bytes(s)
0x741CF1F6 (0x00000188 0x004B6DD8 0x01E85E3D 0x00000000),
_malloc_base() + 0x26 bytes(s)
0x02B83056 (0x00000000 0x00000000 0x004935D8 0x02BF3280)
0x01E85E3D (0x00000000 0x00000000 0x04FEE6FC 0x02B83077)
0x741CDAE8 (0x00000000 0x04FEE6D8 0x01E922FE 0x00000000), free() + 0x18 bytes(s)
0x02B83077 (0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x004935D8)
0x01E922FE (0x04FEE760 0x004B6DB4 0x004B69B0 0x004B6DD8)

error: command failed with exit status: 0xe06d7363

--

On Fri, Mar 27, 2020 at 3:21 PM Alexandre Ganea via llvm-commits
<llvm-commits at lists.llvm.org> wrote:
>
>
> Author: Alexandre Ganea
> Date: 2020-03-27T10:20:58-04:00
> New Revision: 09158252f777c2e2f06a86b154c44abcbcf9bb74
>
> URL: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/09158252f777c2e2f06a86b154c44abcbcf9bb74
> DIFF: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/09158252f777c2e2f06a86b154c44abcbcf9bb74.diff
>
> LOG: [ThinLTO] Allow usage of all hardware threads in the system
>
> Before this patch, it wasn't possible to extend the ThinLTO threads to all SMT/CMT threads in the system. Only one thread per core was allowed, instructed by usage of llvm::heavyweight_hardware_concurrency() in the ThinLTO code. Any number passed to the LLD flag /opt:lldltojobs=..., or any other ThinLTO-specific flag, was previously interpreted in the context of llvm::heavyweight_hardware_concurrency(), which means SMT disabled.
>
> One can now say in LLD:
> /opt:lldltojobs=0 -- Use one std::thread / hardware core in the system (no SMT). Default value if flag not specified.
> /opt:lldltojobs=N -- Limit usage to N threads, regardless of usage of heavyweight_hardware_concurrency().
> /opt:lldltojobs=all -- Use all hardware threads in the system. Equivalent to /opt:lldltojobs=$(nproc) on Linux and /opt:lldltojobs=%NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS% on Windows. When an affinity mask is set for the process, threads will be created only for the cores selected by the mask.
>
> When N > number-of-hardware-threads-in-the-system, the threads in the thread pool will be dispatched equally on all CPU sockets (tested only on Windows).
> When N <= number-of-hardware-threads-on-a-CPU-socket, the threads will remain on the CPU socket where the process started (only on Windows).
>
> Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D75153
>
> Added:
>
>
> Modified:
>     clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.cpp
>     clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.h
>     clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Darwin.cpp
>     lld/COFF/Config.h
>     lld/COFF/Driver.cpp
>     lld/COFF/LTO.cpp
>     lld/ELF/Config.h
>     lld/ELF/Driver.cpp
>     lld/ELF/LTO.cpp
>     lld/test/COFF/thinlto.ll
>     lld/test/ELF/basic.s
>     lld/test/ELF/lto/thinlto.ll
>     lld/test/wasm/lto/thinlto.ll
>     lld/wasm/Config.h
>     lld/wasm/Driver.cpp
>     lld/wasm/LTO.cpp
>     llvm/include/llvm/LTO/LTO.h
>     llvm/include/llvm/Support/Threading.h
>     llvm/lib/LTO/LTO.cpp
>     llvm/lib/Support/Threading.cpp
>     llvm/lib/Support/Unix/Threading.inc
>     llvm/lib/Support/Windows/Threading.inc
>     llvm/tools/gold/gold-plugin.cpp
>     llvm/tools/llvm-lto2/llvm-lto2.cpp
>
> Removed:
>
>
>
> ################################################################################
> diff  --git a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.cpp b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.cpp
> index 51b2e5f3c34d..303ced52454c 100644
> --- a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.cpp
> +++ b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.cpp
> @@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
>  #include "llvm/Support/Program.h"
>  #include "llvm/Support/ScopedPrinter.h"
>  #include "llvm/Support/TargetParser.h"
> +#include "llvm/Support/Threading.h"
>  #include "llvm/Support/VirtualFileSystem.h"
>  #include "llvm/Support/YAMLParser.h"
>
> @@ -338,14 +339,14 @@ std::string tools::getCPUName(const ArgList &Args, const llvm::Triple &T,
>    }
>  }
>
> -unsigned tools::getLTOParallelism(const ArgList &Args, const Driver &D) {
> -  unsigned Parallelism = 0;
> +llvm::StringRef tools::getLTOParallelism(const ArgList &Args, const Driver &D) {
>    Arg *LtoJobsArg = Args.getLastArg(options::OPT_flto_jobs_EQ);
> -  if (LtoJobsArg &&
> -      StringRef(LtoJobsArg->getValue()).getAsInteger(10, Parallelism))
> -    D.Diag(diag::err_drv_invalid_int_value) << LtoJobsArg->getAsString(Args)
> -                                            << LtoJobsArg->getValue();
> -  return Parallelism;
> +  if (!LtoJobsArg)
> +    return {};
> +  if (!llvm::get_threadpool_strategy(LtoJobsArg->getValue()))
> +    D.Diag(diag::err_drv_invalid_int_value)
> +        << LtoJobsArg->getAsString(Args) << LtoJobsArg->getValue();
> +  return LtoJobsArg->getValue();
>  }
>
>  // CloudABI uses -ffunction-sections and -fdata-sections by default.
> @@ -410,7 +411,8 @@ void tools::addLTOOptions(const ToolChain &ToolChain, const ArgList &Args,
>    if (IsThinLTO)
>      CmdArgs.push_back("-plugin-opt=thinlto");
>
> -  if (unsigned Parallelism = getLTOParallelism(Args, ToolChain.getDriver()))
> +  StringRef Parallelism = getLTOParallelism(Args, ToolChain.getDriver());
> +  if (!Parallelism.empty())
>      CmdArgs.push_back(
>          Args.MakeArgString("-plugin-opt=jobs=" + Twine(Parallelism)));
>
>
> diff  --git a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.h b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.h
> index 984f3ee98af1..c94b2b828c9b 100644
> --- a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.h
> +++ b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/CommonArgs.h
> @@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ llvm::opt::Arg *getLastProfileSampleUseArg(const llvm::opt::ArgList &Args);
>
>  bool isObjCAutoRefCount(const llvm::opt::ArgList &Args);
>
> -unsigned getLTOParallelism(const llvm::opt::ArgList &Args, const Driver &D);
> +llvm::StringRef getLTOParallelism(const llvm::opt::ArgList &Args,
> +                                  const Driver &D);
>
>  bool areOptimizationsEnabled(const llvm::opt::ArgList &Args);
>
>
> diff  --git a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Darwin.cpp b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Darwin.cpp
> index d1aec649cdc7..451d0d206d07 100644
> --- a/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Darwin.cpp
> +++ b/clang/lib/Driver/ToolChains/Darwin.cpp
> @@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
>  #include "llvm/Support/Path.h"
>  #include "llvm/Support/ScopedPrinter.h"
>  #include "llvm/Support/TargetParser.h"
> +#include "llvm/Support/Threading.h"
>  #include "llvm/Support/VirtualFileSystem.h"
>  #include <cstdlib> // ::getenv
>
> @@ -605,10 +606,12 @@ void darwin::Linker::ConstructJob(Compilation &C, const JobAction &JA,
>
>    getMachOToolChain().addProfileRTLibs(Args, CmdArgs);
>
> -  if (unsigned Parallelism =
> -          getLTOParallelism(Args, getToolChain().getDriver())) {
> +  StringRef Parallelism = getLTOParallelism(Args, getToolChain().getDriver());
> +  if (!Parallelism.empty()) {
>      CmdArgs.push_back("-mllvm");
> -    CmdArgs.push_back(Args.MakeArgString("-threads=" + Twine(Parallelism)));
> +    unsigned NumThreads =
> +        llvm::get_threadpool_strategy(Parallelism)->compute_thread_count();
> +    CmdArgs.push_back(Args.MakeArgString("-threads=" + Twine(NumThreads)));
>    }
>
>    if (getToolChain().ShouldLinkCXXStdlib(Args))
>
> diff  --git a/lld/COFF/Config.h b/lld/COFF/Config.h
> index e376ea51f133..93b732ea6821 100644
> --- a/lld/COFF/Config.h
> +++ b/lld/COFF/Config.h
> @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ struct Configuration {
>    unsigned ltoo = 2;
>
>    // Used for /opt:lldltojobs=N
> -  unsigned thinLTOJobs = 0;
> +  std::string thinLTOJobs;
>    // Used for /opt:lldltopartitions=N
>    unsigned ltoPartitions = 1;
>
>
> diff  --git a/lld/COFF/Driver.cpp b/lld/COFF/Driver.cpp
> index 8b3ba1cdf24b..7d99f798a322 100644
> --- a/lld/COFF/Driver.cpp
> +++ b/lld/COFF/Driver.cpp
> @@ -1417,9 +1417,9 @@ void LinkerDriver::link(ArrayRef<const char *> argsArr) {
>            error("/opt:lldlto: invalid optimization level: " + optLevel);
>        } else if (s.startswith("lldltojobs=")) {
>          StringRef jobs = s.substr(11);
> -        if (jobs.getAsInteger(10, config->thinLTOJobs) ||
> -            config->thinLTOJobs == 0)
> +        if (!get_threadpool_strategy(jobs))
>            error("/opt:lldltojobs: invalid job count: " + jobs);
> +        config->thinLTOJobs = jobs.str();
>        } else if (s.startswith("lldltopartitions=")) {
>          StringRef n = s.substr(17);
>          if (n.getAsInteger(10, config->ltoPartitions) ||
>
> diff  --git a/lld/COFF/LTO.cpp b/lld/COFF/LTO.cpp
> index 247331b16928..94906e500593 100644
> --- a/lld/COFF/LTO.cpp
> +++ b/lld/COFF/LTO.cpp
> @@ -101,8 +101,9 @@ BitcodeCompiler::BitcodeCompiler() {
>          std::string(config->thinLTOPrefixReplace.first),
>          std::string(config->thinLTOPrefixReplace.second),
>          config->thinLTOEmitImportsFiles, indexFile.get(), OnIndexWrite);
> -  } else if (config->thinLTOJobs != 0) {
> -    backend = lto::createInProcessThinBackend(config->thinLTOJobs);
> +  } else {
> +    backend = lto::createInProcessThinBackend(
> +        llvm::heavyweight_hardware_concurrency(config->thinLTOJobs));
>    }
>
>    ltoObj = std::make_unique<lto::LTO>(createConfig(), backend,
>
> diff  --git a/lld/ELF/Config.h b/lld/ELF/Config.h
> index 9f9f0d696f63..0263708634cb 100644
> --- a/lld/ELF/Config.h
> +++ b/lld/ELF/Config.h
> @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ struct Configuration {
>    unsigned ltoPartitions;
>    unsigned ltoo;
>    unsigned optimize;
> -  unsigned thinLTOJobs;
> +  StringRef thinLTOJobs;
>    unsigned timeTraceGranularity;
>    int32_t splitStackAdjustSize;
>
>
> diff  --git a/lld/ELF/Driver.cpp b/lld/ELF/Driver.cpp
> index f9a1340e25d3..95276cd33420 100644
> --- a/lld/ELF/Driver.cpp
> +++ b/lld/ELF/Driver.cpp
> @@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ static void readConfigs(opt::InputArgList &args) {
>    config->thinLTOIndexOnly = args.hasArg(OPT_thinlto_index_only) ||
>                               args.hasArg(OPT_thinlto_index_only_eq);
>    config->thinLTOIndexOnlyArg = args.getLastArgValue(OPT_thinlto_index_only_eq);
> -  config->thinLTOJobs = args::getInteger(args, OPT_thinlto_jobs, -1u);
> +  config->thinLTOJobs = args.getLastArgValue(OPT_thinlto_jobs);
>    config->thinLTOObjectSuffixReplace =
>        getOldNewOptions(args, OPT_thinlto_object_suffix_replace_eq);
>    config->thinLTOPrefixReplace =
> @@ -1040,8 +1040,8 @@ static void readConfigs(opt::InputArgList &args) {
>      error("invalid optimization level for LTO: " + Twine(config->ltoo));
>    if (config->ltoPartitions == 0)
>      error("--lto-partitions: number of threads must be > 0");
> -  if (config->thinLTOJobs == 0)
> -    error("--thinlto-jobs: number of threads must be > 0");
> +  if (!get_threadpool_strategy(config->thinLTOJobs))
> +    error("--thinlto-jobs: invalid job count: " + config->thinLTOJobs);
>
>    if (config->splitStackAdjustSize < 0)
>      error("--split-stack-adjust-size: size must be >= 0");
>
> diff  --git a/lld/ELF/LTO.cpp b/lld/ELF/LTO.cpp
> index ba943283706a..f4e04a82f0c2 100644
> --- a/lld/ELF/LTO.cpp
> +++ b/lld/ELF/LTO.cpp
> @@ -146,8 +146,9 @@ BitcodeCompiler::BitcodeCompiler() {
>          std::string(config->thinLTOPrefixReplace.first),
>          std::string(config->thinLTOPrefixReplace.second),
>          config->thinLTOEmitImportsFiles, indexFile.get(), onIndexWrite);
> -  } else if (config->thinLTOJobs != -1U) {
> -    backend = lto::createInProcessThinBackend(config->thinLTOJobs);
> +  } else {
> +    backend = lto::createInProcessThinBackend(
> +        llvm::heavyweight_hardware_concurrency(config->thinLTOJobs));
>    }
>
>    ltoObj = std::make_unique<lto::LTO>(createConfig(), backend,
>
> diff  --git a/lld/test/COFF/thinlto.ll b/lld/test/COFF/thinlto.ll
> index 517be330c710..a8390721cc42 100644
> --- a/lld/test/COFF/thinlto.ll
> +++ b/lld/test/COFF/thinlto.ll
> @@ -6,6 +6,16 @@
>  ; RUN: lld-link /lldsavetemps /out:%T/thinlto/main.exe /entry:main /subsystem:console %T/thinlto/main.obj %T/thinlto/foo.obj
>  ; RUN: llvm-nm %T/thinlto/main.exe1.lto.obj | FileCheck %s
>
> +; Test various possible options for /opt:lldltojobs
> +; RUN: lld-link /lldsavetemps /out:%T/thinlto/main.exe /entry:main /subsystem:console %T/thinlto/main.obj %T/thinlto/foo.obj /opt:lldltojobs=1
> +; RUN: llvm-nm %T/thinlto/main.exe1.lto.obj | FileCheck %s
> +; RUN: lld-link /lldsavetemps /out:%T/thinlto/main.exe /entry:main /subsystem:console %T/thinlto/main.obj %T/thinlto/foo.obj /opt:lldltojobs=all
> +; RUN: llvm-nm %T/thinlto/main.exe1.lto.obj | FileCheck %s
> +; RUN: lld-link /lldsavetemps /out:%T/thinlto/main.exe /entry:main /subsystem:console %T/thinlto/main.obj %T/thinlto/foo.obj /opt:lldltojobs=1000
> +; RUN: llvm-nm %T/thinlto/main.exe1.lto.obj | FileCheck %s
> +; RUN: not lld-link /lldsavetemps /out:%T/thinlto/main.exe /entry:main /subsystem:console %T/thinlto/main.obj %T/thinlto/foo.obj /opt:lldltojobs=foo 2>&1 | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=BAD-JOBS
> +; BAD-JOBS: error: /opt:lldltojobs: invalid job count: foo
> +
>  ; This command will store full path to foo.obj in the archive %t.lib
>  ; Check that /lldsavetemps is still usable in such case.
>  ; RUN: lld-link /lib %T/thinlto/foo.obj /out:%t.lib
>
> diff  --git a/lld/test/ELF/basic.s b/lld/test/ELF/basic.s
> index b0509a2dc123..5300c6efa2ef 100644
> --- a/lld/test/ELF/basic.s
> +++ b/lld/test/ELF/basic.s
> @@ -249,9 +249,21 @@ _start:
>  # RUN: not ld.lld %t --plugin-opt=lto-partitions=0 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=NOTHREADS %s
>  # NOTHREADS: --lto-partitions: number of threads must be > 0
>
> -# RUN: not ld.lld %t --thinlto-jobs=0 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=NOTHREADSTHIN %s
> -# RUN: not ld.lld %t --plugin-opt=jobs=0 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=NOTHREADSTHIN %s
> -# NOTHREADSTHIN: --thinlto-jobs: number of threads must be > 0
> +# RUN: ld.lld %t --thinlto-jobs=0 -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=THREADSTHIN %s
> +# RUN: ld.lld %t --thinlto-jobs=1 -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=THREADSTHIN %s
> +# RUN: ld.lld %t --thinlto-jobs=2 -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=THREADSTHIN %s
> +# RUN: ld.lld %t --thinlto-jobs=all -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=THREADSTHIN %s
> +# RUN: ld.lld %t --thinlto-jobs=1000 -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=THREADSTHIN %s
> +# THREADSTHIN: basic.s.tmp
> +# RUN: not ld.lld %t --thinlto-jobs=foo -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=BADTHREADSTHIN %s
> +# BADTHREADSTHIN: error: --thinlto-jobs: invalid job count: foo
> +
> +# RUN: ld.lld %t --plugin-opt=jobs=0 -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=THREADSTHIN %s
> +# RUN: ld.lld %t --plugin-opt=jobs=1 -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=THREADSTHIN %s
> +# RUN: ld.lld %t --plugin-opt=jobs=2 -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=THREADSTHIN %s
> +# RUN: ld.lld %t --plugin-opt=jobs=all -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=THREADSTHIN %s
> +# RUN: ld.lld %t --plugin-opt=jobs=1000 -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=THREADSTHIN %s
> +# RUN: not ld.lld %t --plugin-opt=jobs=foo -verbose 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=BADTHREADSTHIN %s
>
>  # RUN: not ld.lld %t -z ifunc-noplt -z text 2>&1 | FileCheck --check-prefix=NOIFUNCPLTNOTEXTREL %s
>  # NOIFUNCPLTNOTEXTREL: -z text and -z ifunc-noplt may not be used together
>
> diff  --git a/lld/test/ELF/lto/thinlto.ll b/lld/test/ELF/lto/thinlto.ll
> index 2a7ffb90f6ff..ce37433f0bf4 100644
> --- a/lld/test/ELF/lto/thinlto.ll
> +++ b/lld/test/ELF/lto/thinlto.ll
> @@ -16,8 +16,25 @@
>  ; RUN: llvm-nm %t31.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM1
>  ; RUN: llvm-nm %t32.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM2
>
> -; Then check without --thinlto-jobs (which currently default to hardware_concurrency)
> -; RUN: ld.lld -shared %t1.o %t2.o -o %t3
> +; Test with all threads, on all cores, on all CPU sockets
> +; RUN: rm -f %t31.lto.o %t32.lto.o
> +; RUN: ld.lld -save-temps --thinlto-jobs=all -shared %t1.o %t2.o -o %t3
> +; RUN: llvm-nm %t31.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM1
> +; RUN: llvm-nm %t32.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM2
> +
> +; Test with many more threads than the system has
> +; RUN: rm -f %t31.lto.o %t32.lto.o
> +; RUN: ld.lld -save-temps --thinlto-jobs=1000 -shared %t1.o %t2.o -o %t3
> +; RUN: llvm-nm %t31.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM1
> +; RUN: llvm-nm %t32.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM2
> +
> +; Test with a bad value
> +; RUN: rm -f %t31.lto.o %t32.lto.o
> +; RUN: not ld.lld -save-temps --thinlto-jobs=foo -shared %t1.o %t2.o -o %t3 2>&1 | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=BAD-JOBS
> +; BAD-JOBS: error: --thinlto-jobs: invalid job count: foo
> +
> +; Then check without --thinlto-jobs (which currently defaults to heavyweight_hardware_concurrency, meanning one thread per hardware core -- not SMT)
> +; RUN: ld.lld -shared -save-temps %t1.o %t2.o -o %t3
>  ; RUN: llvm-nm %t31.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM1
>  ; RUN: llvm-nm %t32.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM2
>
>
> diff  --git a/lld/test/wasm/lto/thinlto.ll b/lld/test/wasm/lto/thinlto.ll
> index 062da1a33b89..460452905597 100644
> --- a/lld/test/wasm/lto/thinlto.ll
> +++ b/lld/test/wasm/lto/thinlto.ll
> @@ -14,8 +14,26 @@
>  ; RUN: llvm-nm %t31.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM1
>  ; RUN: llvm-nm %t32.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM2
>
> -; Check without --thinlto-jobs (which currently default to hardware_concurrency)
> -; RUN: wasm-ld -r %t1.o %t2.o -o %t3
> +; Test with all threads, on all cores, on all CPU sockets
> +; RUN: rm -f %t31.lto.o %t32.lto.o
> +; RUN: wasm-ld -r -save-temps --thinlto-jobs=all %t1.o %t2.o -o %t3
> +; RUN: llvm-nm %t31.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM1
> +; RUN: llvm-nm %t32.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM2
> +
> +; Test with many more threads than the system has
> +; RUN: rm -f %t31.lto.o %t32.lto.o
> +; RUN: wasm-ld -r -save-temps --thinlto-jobs=1000 %t1.o %t2.o -o %t3
> +; RUN: llvm-nm %t31.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM1
> +; RUN: llvm-nm %t32.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM2
> +
> +; Test with a bad value
> +; RUN: rm -f %t31.lto.o %t32.lto.o
> +; RUN: not wasm-ld -r -save-temps --thinlto-jobs=foo %t1.o %t2.o -o %t3 2>&1 | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=BAD-JOBS
> +; BAD-JOBS: error: --thinlto-jobs: invalid job count: foo
> +
> +; Check without --thinlto-jobs (which currently defaults to heavyweight_hardware_concurrency, meanning one thread per hardware core -- not SMT)
> +; RUN: rm -f %t31.lto.o %t32.lto.o
> +; RUN: wasm-ld -r -save-temps %t1.o %t2.o -o %t3
>  ; RUN: llvm-nm %t31.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM1
>  ; RUN: llvm-nm %t32.lto.o | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=NM2
>
>
> diff  --git a/lld/wasm/Config.h b/lld/wasm/Config.h
> index 3b3f2daf576c..b396bda93d58 100644
> --- a/lld/wasm/Config.h
> +++ b/lld/wasm/Config.h
> @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ struct Configuration {
>    unsigned ltoPartitions;
>    unsigned ltoo;
>    unsigned optimize;
> -  unsigned thinLTOJobs;
> +  llvm::StringRef thinLTOJobs;
>
>    llvm::StringRef entry;
>    llvm::StringRef outputFile;
>
> diff  --git a/lld/wasm/Driver.cpp b/lld/wasm/Driver.cpp
> index 73b330ae1470..b38e980004ad 100644
> --- a/lld/wasm/Driver.cpp
> +++ b/lld/wasm/Driver.cpp
> @@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ static void readConfigs(opt::InputArgList &args) {
>    config->thinLTOCachePolicy = CHECK(
>        parseCachePruningPolicy(args.getLastArgValue(OPT_thinlto_cache_policy)),
>        "--thinlto-cache-policy: invalid cache policy");
> -  config->thinLTOJobs = args::getInteger(args, OPT_thinlto_jobs, -1u);
> +  config->thinLTOJobs = args.getLastArgValue(OPT_thinlto_jobs);
>    errorHandler().verbose = args.hasArg(OPT_verbose);
>    LLVM_DEBUG(errorHandler().verbose = true);
>    threadsEnabled = args.hasFlag(OPT_threads, OPT_no_threads, true);
> @@ -415,8 +415,8 @@ static void checkOptions(opt::InputArgList &args) {
>      error("invalid optimization level for LTO: " + Twine(config->ltoo));
>    if (config->ltoPartitions == 0)
>      error("--lto-partitions: number of threads must be > 0");
> -  if (config->thinLTOJobs == 0)
> -    error("--thinlto-jobs: number of threads must be > 0");
> +  if (!get_threadpool_strategy(config->thinLTOJobs))
> +    error("--thinlto-jobs: invalid job count: " + config->thinLTOJobs);
>
>    if (config->pie && config->shared)
>      error("-shared and -pie may not be used together");
>
> diff  --git a/lld/wasm/LTO.cpp b/lld/wasm/LTO.cpp
> index 0b7d8cb12d0e..28b62022f29f 100644
> --- a/lld/wasm/LTO.cpp
> +++ b/lld/wasm/LTO.cpp
> @@ -63,10 +63,8 @@ static std::unique_ptr<lto::LTO> createLTO() {
>    if (config->saveTemps)
>      checkError(c.addSaveTemps(config->outputFile.str() + ".",
>                                /*UseInputModulePath*/ true));
> -
> -  lto::ThinBackend backend;
> -  if (config->thinLTOJobs != -1U)
> -    backend = lto::createInProcessThinBackend(config->thinLTOJobs);
> +  lto::ThinBackend backend = lto::createInProcessThinBackend(
> +      llvm::heavyweight_hardware_concurrency(config->thinLTOJobs));
>    return std::make_unique<lto::LTO>(std::move(c), backend,
>                                       config->ltoPartitions);
>  }
>
> diff  --git a/llvm/include/llvm/LTO/LTO.h b/llvm/include/llvm/LTO/LTO.h
> index df2853345682..e93439819415 100644
> --- a/llvm/include/llvm/LTO/LTO.h
> +++ b/llvm/include/llvm/LTO/LTO.h
> @@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ using ThinBackend = std::function<std::unique_ptr<ThinBackendProc>(
>
>  /// This ThinBackend runs the individual backend jobs in-process.
>  /// The default value means to use one job per hardware core (not hyper-thread).
> -ThinBackend createInProcessThinBackend(unsigned ParallelismLevel = 0);
> +ThinBackend createInProcessThinBackend(ThreadPoolStrategy Parallelism);
>
>  /// This ThinBackend writes individual module indexes to files, instead of
>  /// running the individual backend jobs. This backend is for distributed builds
>
> diff  --git a/llvm/include/llvm/Support/Threading.h b/llvm/include/llvm/Support/Threading.h
> index 24a0789e0964..f133c790ad96 100644
> --- a/llvm/include/llvm/Support/Threading.h
> +++ b/llvm/include/llvm/Support/Threading.h
> @@ -166,8 +166,20 @@ void llvm_execute_on_thread_async(
>      /// sockets. \p ThreadPoolNum represents a number bounded by [0,
>      /// compute_thread_count()).
>      void apply_thread_strategy(unsigned ThreadPoolNum) const;
> +
> +    /// Finds the CPU socket where a thread should go. Returns 'None' if the
> +    /// thread shall remain on the actual CPU socket.
> +    Optional<unsigned> compute_cpu_socket(unsigned ThreadPoolNum) const;
>    };
>
> +  /// Build a strategy from a number of threads as a string provided in \p Num.
> +  /// When Num is above the max number of threads specified by the \p Default
> +  /// strategy, we attempt to equally allocate the threads on all CPU sockets.
> +  /// "0" or an empty string will return the \p Default strategy.
> +  /// "all" for using all hardware threads.
> +  Optional<ThreadPoolStrategy>
> +  get_threadpool_strategy(StringRef Num, ThreadPoolStrategy Default = {});
> +
>    /// Returns a thread strategy for tasks requiring significant memory or other
>    /// resources. To be used for workloads where hardware_concurrency() proves to
>    /// be less efficient. Avoid this strategy if doing lots of I/O. Currently
> @@ -182,6 +194,18 @@ void llvm_execute_on_thread_async(
>      return S;
>    }
>
> +  /// Like heavyweight_hardware_concurrency() above, but builds a strategy
> +  /// based on the rules described for get_threadpool_strategy().
> +  /// If \p Num is invalid, returns a default strategy where one thread per
> +  /// hardware core is used.
> +  inline ThreadPoolStrategy heavyweight_hardware_concurrency(StringRef Num) {
> +    Optional<ThreadPoolStrategy> S =
> +        get_threadpool_strategy(Num, heavyweight_hardware_concurrency());
> +    if (S)
> +      return *S;
> +    return heavyweight_hardware_concurrency();
> +  }
> +
>    /// Returns a default thread strategy where all available hardware ressources
>    /// are to be used, except for those initially excluded by an affinity mask.
>    /// This function takes affinity into consideration. Returns 1 when LLVM is
>
> diff  --git a/llvm/lib/LTO/LTO.cpp b/llvm/lib/LTO/LTO.cpp
> index f8affcb20cef..f652bd628770 100644
> --- a/llvm/lib/LTO/LTO.cpp
> +++ b/llvm/lib/LTO/LTO.cpp
> @@ -477,7 +477,8 @@ LTO::RegularLTOState::RegularLTOState(unsigned ParallelCodeGenParallelismLevel,
>  LTO::ThinLTOState::ThinLTOState(ThinBackend Backend)
>      : Backend(Backend), CombinedIndex(/*HaveGVs*/ false) {
>    if (!Backend)
> -    this->Backend = createInProcessThinBackend();
> +    this->Backend =
> +        createInProcessThinBackend(llvm::heavyweight_hardware_concurrency());
>  }
>
>  LTO::LTO(Config Conf, ThinBackend Backend,
> @@ -1090,13 +1091,12 @@ class InProcessThinBackend : public ThinBackendProc {
>  public:
>    InProcessThinBackend(
>        const Config &Conf, ModuleSummaryIndex &CombinedIndex,
> -      unsigned ThinLTOParallelismLevel,
> +      ThreadPoolStrategy ThinLTOParallelism,
>        const StringMap<GVSummaryMapTy> &ModuleToDefinedGVSummaries,
>        AddStreamFn AddStream, NativeObjectCache Cache)
>        : ThinBackendProc(Conf, CombinedIndex, ModuleToDefinedGVSummaries),
> -        BackendThreadPool(
> -            heavyweight_hardware_concurrency(ThinLTOParallelismLevel)),
> -        AddStream(std::move(AddStream)), Cache(std::move(Cache)) {
> +        BackendThreadPool(ThinLTOParallelism), AddStream(std::move(AddStream)),
> +        Cache(std::move(Cache)) {
>      for (auto &Name : CombinedIndex.cfiFunctionDefs())
>        CfiFunctionDefs.insert(
>            GlobalValue::getGUID(GlobalValue::dropLLVMManglingEscape(Name)));
> @@ -1192,13 +1192,13 @@ class InProcessThinBackend : public ThinBackendProc {
>  };
>  } // end anonymous namespace
>
> -ThinBackend lto::createInProcessThinBackend(unsigned ParallelismLevel) {
> +ThinBackend lto::createInProcessThinBackend(ThreadPoolStrategy Parallelism) {
>    return [=](const Config &Conf, ModuleSummaryIndex &CombinedIndex,
>               const StringMap<GVSummaryMapTy> &ModuleToDefinedGVSummaries,
>               AddStreamFn AddStream, NativeObjectCache Cache) {
>      return std::make_unique<InProcessThinBackend>(
> -        Conf, CombinedIndex, ParallelismLevel, ModuleToDefinedGVSummaries,
> -        AddStream, Cache);
> +        Conf, CombinedIndex, Parallelism, ModuleToDefinedGVSummaries, AddStream,
> +        Cache);
>    };
>  }
>
>
> diff  --git a/llvm/lib/Support/Threading.cpp b/llvm/lib/Support/Threading.cpp
> index de5adaddd9d3..39de05892981 100644
> --- a/llvm/lib/Support/Threading.cpp
> +++ b/llvm/lib/Support/Threading.cpp
> @@ -84,16 +84,34 @@ void llvm::llvm_execute_on_thread_async(
>  int computeHostNumHardwareThreads();
>
>  unsigned llvm::ThreadPoolStrategy::compute_thread_count() const {
> +  if (ThreadsRequested > 0)
> +    return ThreadsRequested;
> +
>    int MaxThreadCount = UseHyperThreads ? computeHostNumHardwareThreads()
>                                         : sys::getHostNumPhysicalCores();
>    if (MaxThreadCount <= 0)
>      MaxThreadCount = 1;
> +  return MaxThreadCount;
> +}
>
> -  // No need to create more threads than there are hardware threads, it would
> -  // uselessly induce more context-switching and cache eviction.
> -  if (!ThreadsRequested || ThreadsRequested > (unsigned)MaxThreadCount)
> -    return MaxThreadCount;
> -  return ThreadsRequested;
> +Optional<ThreadPoolStrategy>
> +llvm::get_threadpool_strategy(StringRef Num, ThreadPoolStrategy Default) {
> +  if (Num == "all")
> +    return llvm::hardware_concurrency();
> +  if (Num.empty())
> +    return Default;
> +  unsigned V;
> +  if (Num.getAsInteger(10, V))
> +    return None; // malformed 'Num' value
> +  if (V == 0)
> +    return Default;
> +
> +  // Do not take the Default into account. This effectively disables
> +  // heavyweight_hardware_concurrency() if the user asks for any number of
> +  // threads on the cmd-line.
> +  ThreadPoolStrategy S = llvm::hardware_concurrency();
> +  S.ThreadsRequested = V;
> +  return S;
>  }
>
>  namespace {
>
> diff  --git a/llvm/lib/Support/Unix/Threading.inc b/llvm/lib/Support/Unix/Threading.inc
> index 8cacaa83e961..307a24469144 100644
> --- a/llvm/lib/Support/Unix/Threading.inc
> +++ b/llvm/lib/Support/Unix/Threading.inc
> @@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ SetThreadPriorityResult llvm::set_thread_priority(ThreadPriority Priority) {
>  int computeHostNumHardwareThreads() {
>  #if defined(HAVE_SCHED_GETAFFINITY) && defined(HAVE_CPU_COUNT)
>    cpu_set_t Set;
> -  if (sched_getaffinity(0, sizeof(Set), &Set))
> +  if (sched_getaffinity(0, sizeof(Set), &Set) == 0)
>      return CPU_COUNT(&Set);
>  #endif
>    // Guard against std::thread::hardware_concurrency() returning 0.
>
> diff  --git a/llvm/lib/Support/Windows/Threading.inc b/llvm/lib/Support/Windows/Threading.inc
> index 50c94068b395..296e87b77695 100644
> --- a/llvm/lib/Support/Windows/Threading.inc
> +++ b/llvm/lib/Support/Windows/Threading.inc
> @@ -131,6 +131,10 @@ struct ProcessorGroup {
>    unsigned UsableThreads;
>    unsigned ThreadsPerCore;
>    uint64_t Affinity;
> +
> +  unsigned useableCores() const {
> +    return std::max(1U, UsableThreads / ThreadsPerCore);
> +  }
>  };
>
>  template <typename F>
> @@ -232,33 +236,41 @@ int computeHostNumHardwareThreads() {
>    return Threads;
>  }
>
> -// Assign the current thread to a more appropriate CPU socket or CPU group
> -void llvm::ThreadPoolStrategy::apply_thread_strategy(
> -    unsigned ThreadPoolNum) const {
> +// Finds the proper CPU socket where a thread number should go. Returns 'None'
> +// if the thread shall remain on the actual CPU socket.
> +Optional<unsigned>
> +llvm::ThreadPoolStrategy::compute_cpu_socket(unsigned ThreadPoolNum) const {
>    ArrayRef<ProcessorGroup> Groups = getProcessorGroups();
> +  // Only one CPU socket in the system or process affinity was set, no need to
> +  // move the thread(s) to another CPU socket.
> +  if (Groups.size() <= 1)
> +    return None;
> +
> +  // We ask for less threads than there are hardware threads per CPU socket, no
> +  // need to dispatch threads to other CPU sockets.
> +  unsigned MaxThreadsPerSocket =
> +      UseHyperThreads ? Groups[0].UsableThreads : Groups[0].useableCores();
> +  if (compute_thread_count() <= MaxThreadsPerSocket)
> +    return None;
>
>    assert(ThreadPoolNum < compute_thread_count() &&
>           "The thread index is not within thread strategy's range!");
>
> -  // In this mode, the ThreadNumber represents the core number, not the
> -  // hyper-thread number. Assumes all NUMA groups have the same amount of
> -  // hyper-threads.
> -  if (!UseHyperThreads)
> -    ThreadPoolNum *= Groups[0].ThreadsPerCore;
> -
> -  unsigned ThreadRangeStart = 0;
> -  for (unsigned I = 0; I < Groups.size(); ++I) {
> -    const ProcessorGroup &G = Groups[I];
> -    if (ThreadPoolNum >= ThreadRangeStart &&
> -        ThreadPoolNum < ThreadRangeStart + G.UsableThreads) {
> -
> -      GROUP_AFFINITY Affinity{};
> -      Affinity.Group = G.ID;
> -      Affinity.Mask = G.Affinity;
> -      SetThreadGroupAffinity(GetCurrentThread(), &Affinity, nullptr);
> -    }
> -    ThreadRangeStart += G.UsableThreads;
> -  }
> +  // Assumes the same number of hardware threads per CPU socket.
> +  return (ThreadPoolNum * Groups.size()) / compute_thread_count();
> +}
> +
> +// Assign the current thread to a more appropriate CPU socket or CPU group
> +void llvm::ThreadPoolStrategy::apply_thread_strategy(
> +    unsigned ThreadPoolNum) const {
> +  Optional<unsigned> Socket = compute_cpu_socket(ThreadPoolNum);
> +  if (!Socket)
> +    return;
> +  ArrayRef<ProcessorGroup> Groups = getProcessorGroups();
> +  GROUP_AFFINITY Affinity{};
> +  Affinity.Group = Groups[*Socket].ID;
> +  Affinity.Mask = Groups[*Socket].Affinity;
> +  SetThreadGroupAffinity(GetCurrentThread(), &Affinity, nullptr);
>  }
>
>  llvm::BitVector llvm::get_thread_affinity_mask() {
>
> diff  --git a/llvm/tools/gold/gold-plugin.cpp b/llvm/tools/gold/gold-plugin.cpp
> index 2db571617181..383f972b8636 100644
> --- a/llvm/tools/gold/gold-plugin.cpp
> +++ b/llvm/tools/gold/gold-plugin.cpp
> @@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
>  #include "llvm/Support/MemoryBuffer.h"
>  #include "llvm/Support/Path.h"
>  #include "llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h"
> +#include "llvm/Support/Threading.h"
>  #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
>  #include <list>
>  #include <map>
> @@ -134,11 +135,9 @@ namespace options {
>    };
>    static OutputType TheOutputType = OT_NORMAL;
>    static unsigned OptLevel = 2;
> -  // Default parallelism of 0 used to indicate that user did not specify.
> -  // Actual parallelism default value depends on implementation.
>    // Currently only affects ThinLTO, where the default is the max cores in the
> -  // system.
> -  static unsigned Parallelism = 0;
> +  // system. See llvm::get_threadpool_strategy() for acceptable values.
> +  static std::string Parallelism;
>    // Default regular LTO codegen parallelism (number of partitions).
>    static unsigned ParallelCodeGenParallelismLevel = 1;
>  #ifdef NDEBUG
> @@ -272,8 +271,10 @@ namespace options {
>          message(LDPL_FATAL, "Optimization level must be between 0 and 3");
>        OptLevel = opt[1] - '0';
>      } else if (opt.startswith("jobs=")) {
> -      if (StringRef(opt_ + 5).getAsInteger(10, Parallelism))
> -        message(LDPL_FATAL, "Invalid parallelism level: %s", opt_ + 5);
> +      StringRef Num(opt_ + 5);
> +      if (!get_threadpool_strategy(Num))
> +        message(LDPL_FATAL, "Invalid parallelism level: %s", Num.data());
> +      Parallelism = Num;
>      } else if (opt.startswith("lto-partitions=")) {
>        if (opt.substr(strlen("lto-partitions="))
>                .getAsInteger(10, ParallelCodeGenParallelismLevel))
> @@ -877,14 +878,15 @@ static std::unique_ptr<LTO> createLTO(IndexWriteCallback OnIndexWrite,
>    Conf.PTO.LoopVectorization = options::OptLevel > 1;
>    Conf.PTO.SLPVectorization = options::OptLevel > 1;
>
> -  if (options::Parallelism)
> -    Backend = createInProcessThinBackend(options::Parallelism);
>    if (options::thinlto_index_only) {
>      std::string OldPrefix, NewPrefix;
>      getThinLTOOldAndNewPrefix(OldPrefix, NewPrefix);
>      Backend = createWriteIndexesThinBackend(OldPrefix, NewPrefix,
>                                              options::thinlto_emit_imports_files,
>                                              LinkedObjectsFile, OnIndexWrite);
> +  } else {
> +    Backend = createInProcessThinBackend(
> +        llvm::heavyweight_hardware_concurrency(options::Parallelism));
>    }
>
>    Conf.OverrideTriple = options::triple;
>
> diff  --git a/llvm/tools/llvm-lto2/llvm-lto2.cpp b/llvm/tools/llvm-lto2/llvm-lto2.cpp
> index dda596be0ce6..6d78082f980e 100644
> --- a/llvm/tools/llvm-lto2/llvm-lto2.cpp
> +++ b/llvm/tools/llvm-lto2/llvm-lto2.cpp
> @@ -68,9 +68,10 @@ static cl::opt<bool>
>                                         "distributed backend case"));
>
>  // Default to using all available threads in the system, but using only one
> -// thread per core, as indicated by the usage of
> -// heavyweight_hardware_concurrency() in the InProcessThinBackend constructor.
> -static cl::opt<int> Threads("thinlto-threads", cl::init(0));
> +// thread per core (no SMT).
> +// Use -thinlto-threads=all to use hardware_concurrency() instead, which means
> +// to use all hardware threads or cores in the system.
> +static cl::opt<std::string> Threads("thinlto-threads");
>
>  static cl::list<std::string> SymbolResolutions(
>      "r",
> @@ -286,7 +287,8 @@ static int run(int argc, char **argv) {
>                                              /* LinkedObjectsFile */ nullptr,
>                                              /* OnWrite */ {});
>    else
> -    Backend = createInProcessThinBackend(Threads);
> +    Backend = createInProcessThinBackend(
> +        llvm::heavyweight_hardware_concurrency(Threads));
>    LTO Lto(std::move(Conf), std::move(Backend));
>
>    bool HasErrors = false;
>
>
>
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