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+  <div class="section" id="kaleidoscope-implementing-a-parser-and-ast">
+<h1>2. Kaleidoscope: Implementing a Parser and AST<a class="headerlink" href="#kaleidoscope-implementing-a-parser-and-ast" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#chapter-2-introduction" id="id2">Chapter 2 Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-abstract-syntax-tree-ast" id="id3">The Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parser-basics" id="id4">Parser Basics</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-expression-parsing" id="id5">Basic Expression Parsing</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#binary-expression-parsing" id="id6">Binary Expression Parsing</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parsing-the-rest" id="id7">Parsing the Rest</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-driver" id="id8">The Driver</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#conclusions" id="id9">Conclusions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#full-code-listing" id="id10">Full Code Listing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="chapter-2-introduction">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">2.1. Chapter 2 Introduction</a><a class="headerlink" href="#chapter-2-introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Welcome to Chapter 2 of the “<a class="reference external" href="index.html">Implementing a language with
+LLVM</a>” tutorial. This chapter shows you how to use the
+lexer, built in <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl1.html">Chapter 1</a>, to build a full
+<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsing">parser</a> for our Kaleidoscope
+language. Once we have a parser, we’ll define and build an <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree">Abstract
+Syntax Tree</a> (AST).</p>
+<p>The parser we will build uses a combination of <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_descent_parser">Recursive Descent
+Parsing</a> and
+<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator-precedence_parser">Operator-Precedence
+Parsing</a> to
+parse the Kaleidoscope language (the latter for binary expressions and
+the former for everything else). Before we get to parsing though, lets
+talk about the output of the parser: the Abstract Syntax Tree.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-abstract-syntax-tree-ast">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">2.2. The Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-abstract-syntax-tree-ast" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The AST for a program captures its behavior in such a way that it is
+easy for later stages of the compiler (e.g. code generation) to
+interpret. We basically want one object for each construct in the
+language, and the AST should closely model the language. In
+Kaleidoscope, we have expressions, a prototype, and a function object.
+We’ll start with expressions first:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="o">~</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">NumberExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The code above shows the definition of the base ExprAST class and one
+subclass which we use for numeric literals. The important thing to note
+about this code is that the NumberExprAST class captures the numeric
+value of the literal as an instance variable. This allows later phases
+of the compiler to know what the stored numeric value is.</p>
+<p>Right now we only create the AST, so there are no useful accessor
+methods on them. It would be very easy to add a virtual method to pretty
+print the code, for example. Here are the other expression AST node
+definitions that we’ll use in the basic form of the Kaleidoscope
+language:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">VariableExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">BinaryExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">op</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CallExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This is all (intentionally) rather straight-forward: variables capture
+the variable name, binary operators capture their opcode (e.g. ‘+’), and
+calls capture a function name as well as a list of any argument
+expressions. One thing that is nice about our AST is that it captures
+the language features without talking about the syntax of the language.
+Note that there is no discussion about precedence of binary operators,
+lexical structure, etc.</p>
+<p>For our basic language, these are all of the expression nodes we’ll
+define. Because it doesn’t have conditional control flow, it isn’t
+Turing-complete; we’ll fix that in a later installment. The two things
+we need next are a way to talk about the interface to a function, and a
+way to talk about functions themselves:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,</span>
+<span class="c1">/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number</span>
+<span class="c1">/// of arguments the function takes).</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FunctionAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In Kaleidoscope, functions are typed with just a count of their
+arguments. Since all values are double precision floating point, the
+type of each argument doesn’t need to be stored anywhere. In a more
+aggressive and realistic language, the “ExprAST” class would probably
+have a type field.</p>
+<p>With this scaffolding, we can now talk about parsing expressions and
+function bodies in Kaleidoscope.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="parser-basics">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">2.3. Parser Basics</a><a class="headerlink" href="#parser-basics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Now that we have an AST to build, we need to define the parser code to
+build it. The idea here is that we want to parse something like “x+y”
+(which is returned as three tokens by the lexer) into an AST that could
+be generated with calls like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">X</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"x"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"y"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In order to do this, we’ll start by defining some basic helper routines:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current</span>
+<span class="c1">/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the</span>
+<span class="c1">/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This implements a simple token buffer around the lexer. This allows us
+to look one token ahead at what the lexer is returning. Every function
+in our parser will assume that CurTok is the current token that needs to
+be parsed.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.</span>
+<span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Error: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;}</span>
+<span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Error</span></tt> routines are simple helper routines that our parser will
+use to handle errors. The error recovery in our parser will not be the
+best and is not particular user-friendly, but it will be enough for our
+tutorial. These routines make it easier to handle errors in routines
+that have various return types: they always return null.</p>
+<p>With these basic helper functions, we can implement the first piece of
+our grammar: numeric literals.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="basic-expression-parsing">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">2.4. Basic Expression Parsing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#basic-expression-parsing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>We start with numeric literals, because they are the simplest to
+process. For each production in our grammar, we’ll define a function
+which parses that production. For numeric literals, we have:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// numberexpr ::= number</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// consume the number</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Result</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This routine is very simple: it expects to be called when the current
+token is a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tok_number</span></tt> token. It takes the current number value,
+creates a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NumberExprAST</span></tt> node, advances the lexer to the next token,
+and finally returns.</p>
+<p>There are some interesting aspects to this. The most important one is
+that this routine eats all of the tokens that correspond to the
+production and returns the lexer buffer with the next token (which is
+not part of the grammar production) ready to go. This is a fairly
+standard way to go for recursive descent parsers. For a better example,
+the parenthesis operator is defined like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat (.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">V</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected ')'"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat ).</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This function illustrates a number of interesting things about the
+parser:</p>
+<p>1) It shows how we use the Error routines. When called, this function
+expects that the current token is a ‘(‘ token, but after parsing the
+subexpression, it is possible that there is no ‘)’ waiting. For example,
+if the user types in “(4 x” instead of “(4)”, the parser should emit an
+error. Because errors can occur, the parser needs a way to indicate that
+they happened: in our parser, we return null on an error.</p>
+<p>2) Another interesting aspect of this function is that it uses recursion
+by calling <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ParseExpression</span></tt> (we will soon see that
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ParseExpression</span></tt> can call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ParseParenExpr</span></tt>). This is powerful
+because it allows us to handle recursive grammars, and keeps each
+production very simple. Note that parentheses do not cause construction
+of AST nodes themselves. While we could do it this way, the most
+important role of parentheses are to guide the parser and provide
+grouping. Once the parser constructs the AST, parentheses are not
+needed.</p>
+<p>The next simple production is for handling variable references and
+function calls:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// Simple variable ref.</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Call.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat (</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Arg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' or ',' in argument list"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Eat the ')'.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This routine follows the same style as the other routines. (It expects
+to be called if the current token is a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tok_identifier</span></tt> token). It
+also has recursion and error handling. One interesting aspect of this is
+that it uses <em>look-ahead</em> to determine if the current identifier is a
+stand alone variable reference or if it is a function call expression.
+It handles this by checking to see if the token after the identifier is
+a ‘(‘ token, constructing either a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">VariableExprAST</span></tt> or
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CallExprAST</span></tt> node as appropriate.</p>
+<p>Now that we have all of our simple expression-parsing logic in place, we
+can define a helper function to wrap it together into one entry point.
+We call this class of expressions “primary” expressions, for reasons
+that will become more clear <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl6.html#unary">later in the
+tutorial</a>. In order to parse an arbitrary
+primary expression, we need to determine what sort of expression it is:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// primary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= numberexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= parenexpr</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unknown token when expecting an expression"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span>:     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'('</span>:            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now that you see the definition of this function, it is more obvious why
+we can assume the state of CurTok in the various functions. This uses
+look-ahead to determine which sort of expression is being inspected, and
+then parses it with a function call.</p>
+<p>Now that basic expressions are handled, we need to handle binary
+expressions. They are a bit more complex.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="binary-expression-parsing">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">2.5. Binary Expression Parsing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#binary-expression-parsing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Binary expressions are significantly harder to parse because they are
+often ambiguous. For example, when given the string “x+y*z”, the parser
+can choose to parse it as either “(x+y)*z” or “x+(y*z)”. With common
+definitions from mathematics, we expect the later parse, because “*”
+(multiplication) has higher <em>precedence</em> than “+” (addition).</p>
+<p>There are many ways to handle this, but an elegant and efficient way is
+to use <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator-precedence_parser">Operator-Precedence
+Parsing</a>.
+This parsing technique uses the precedence of binary operators to guide
+recursion. To start with, we need a table of precedences:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is</span>
+<span class="c1">/// defined.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make sure it's a declared binop.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Install standard binary operators.</span>
+  <span class="c1">// 1 is lowest precedence.</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'<'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'-'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'*'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// highest.</span>
+  <span class="p">...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For the basic form of Kaleidoscope, we will only support 4 binary
+operators (this can obviously be extended by you, our brave and intrepid
+reader). The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GetTokPrecedence</span></tt> function returns the precedence for
+the current token, or -1 if the token is not a binary operator. Having a
+map makes it easy to add new operators and makes it clear that the
+algorithm doesn’t depend on the specific operators involved, but it
+would be easy enough to eliminate the map and do the comparisons in the
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GetTokPrecedence</span></tt> function. (Or just use a fixed-size array).</p>
+<p>With the helper above defined, we can now start parsing binary
+expressions. The basic idea of operator precedence parsing is to break
+down an expression with potentially ambiguous binary operators into
+pieces. Consider ,for example, the expression “a+b+(c+d)*e*f+g”.
+Operator precedence parsing considers this as a stream of primary
+expressions separated by binary operators. As such, it will first parse
+the leading primary expression “a”, then it will see the pairs [+, b]
+[+, (c+d)] [*, e] [*, f] and [+, g]. Note that because parentheses are
+primary expressions, the binary expression parser doesn’t need to worry
+about nested subexpressions like (c+d) at all.</p>
+<p>To start, an expression is a primary expression potentially followed by
+a sequence of [binop,primaryexpr] pairs:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// expression</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= primary binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ParseBinOpRHS</span></tt> is the function that parses the sequence of pairs for
+us. It takes a precedence and a pointer to an expression for the part
+that has been parsed so far. Note that “x” is a perfectly valid
+expression: As such, “binoprhs” is allowed to be empty, in which case it
+returns the expression that is passed into it. In our example above, the
+code passes the expression for “a” into <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ParseBinOpRHS</span></tt> and the
+current token is “+”.</p>
+<p>The precedence value passed into <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ParseBinOpRHS</span></tt> indicates the
+<em>minimal operator precedence</em> that the function is allowed to eat. For
+example, if the current pair stream is [+, x] and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ParseBinOpRHS</span></tt> is
+passed in a precedence of 40, it will not consume any tokens (because
+the precedence of ‘+’ is only 20). With this in mind, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ParseBinOpRHS</span></tt>
+starts with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ('+' primary)*</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// If this is a binop, find its precedence.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,</span>
+    <span class="c1">// consume it, otherwise we are done.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code gets the precedence of the current token and checks to see if
+if is too low. Because we defined invalid tokens to have a precedence of
+-1, this check implicitly knows that the pair-stream ends when the token
+stream runs out of binary operators. If this check succeeds, we know
+that the token is a binary operator and that it will be included in this
+expression:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Okay, we know this is a binop.</span>
+<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">BinOp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat binop</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Parse the primary expression after the binary operator.</span>
+<span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As such, this code eats (and remembers) the binary operator and then
+parses the primary expression that follows. This builds up the whole
+pair, the first of which is [+, b] for the running example.</p>
+<p>Now that we parsed the left-hand side of an expression and one pair of
+the RHS sequence, we have to decide which way the expression associates.
+In particular, we could have “(a+b) binop unparsed” or “a + (b binop
+unparsed)”. To determine this, we look ahead at “binop” to determine its
+precedence and compare it to BinOp’s precedence (which is ‘+’ in this
+case):</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let</span>
+<span class="c1">// the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.</span>
+<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If the precedence of the binop to the right of “RHS” is lower or equal
+to the precedence of our current operator, then we know that the
+parentheses associate as “(a+b) binop ...”. In our example, the current
+operator is “+” and the next operator is “+”, we know that they have the
+same precedence. In this case we’ll create the AST node for “a+b”, and
+then continue parsing:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre>      <span class="p">...</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">body</span> <span class="n">omitted</span> <span class="p">...</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Merge LHS/RHS.</span>
+    <span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BinOp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>  <span class="c1">// loop around to the top of the while loop.</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In our example above, this will turn “a+b+” into “(a+b)” and execute the
+next iteration of the loop, with “+” as the current token. The code
+above will eat, remember, and parse “(c+d)” as the primary expression,
+which makes the current pair equal to [+, (c+d)]. It will then evaluate
+the ‘if’ conditional above with “*” as the binop to the right of the
+primary. In this case, the precedence of “*” is higher than the
+precedence of “+” so the if condition will be entered.</p>
+<p>The critical question left here is “how can the if condition parse the
+right hand side in full”? In particular, to build the AST correctly for
+our example, it needs to get all of “(c+d)*e*f” as the RHS expression
+variable. The code to do this is surprisingly simple (code from the
+above two blocks duplicated for context):</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre>    <span class="c1">// If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let</span>
+    <span class="c1">// the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Merge LHS/RHS.</span>
+    <span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BinOp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>  <span class="c1">// loop around to the top of the while loop.</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>At this point, we know that the binary operator to the RHS of our
+primary has higher precedence than the binop we are currently parsing.
+As such, we know that any sequence of pairs whose operators are all
+higher precedence than “+” should be parsed together and returned as
+“RHS”. To do this, we recursively invoke the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ParseBinOpRHS</span></tt> function
+specifying “TokPrec+1” as the minimum precedence required for it to
+continue. In our example above, this will cause it to return the AST
+node for “(c+d)*e*f” as RHS, which is then set as the RHS of the ‘+’
+expression.</p>
+<p>Finally, on the next iteration of the while loop, the “+g” piece is
+parsed and added to the AST. With this little bit of code (14
+non-trivial lines), we correctly handle fully general binary expression
+parsing in a very elegant way. This was a whirlwind tour of this code,
+and it is somewhat subtle. I recommend running through it with a few
+tough examples to see how it works.</p>
+<p>This wraps up handling of expressions. At this point, we can point the
+parser at an arbitrary token stream and build an expression from it,
+stopping at the first token that is not part of the expression. Next up
+we need to handle function definitions, etc.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="parsing-the-rest">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">2.6. Parsing the Rest</a><a class="headerlink" href="#parsing-the-rest" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The next thing missing is handling of function prototypes. In
+Kaleidoscope, these are used both for ‘extern’ function declarations as
+well as function body definitions. The code to do this is
+straight-forward and not very interesting (once you’ve survived
+expressions):</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// prototype</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= id '(' id* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected function name in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected '(' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Read the list of argument names.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// success.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat ')'.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Given this, a function definition is very simple, just a prototype plus
+an expression to implement the body:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat def.</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In addition, we support ‘extern’ to declare functions like ‘sin’ and
+‘cos’ as well as to support forward declaration of user functions. These
+‘extern’s are just prototypes with no body:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// external ::= 'extern' prototype</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat extern.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, we’ll also let the user type in arbitrary top-level expressions
+and evaluate them on the fly. We will handle this by defining anonymous
+nullary (zero argument) functions for them:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// toplevelexpr ::= expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Make an anonymous proto.</span>
+    <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now that we have all the pieces, let’s build a little driver that will
+let us actually <em>execute</em> this code we’ve built!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-driver">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">2.7. The Driver</a><a class="headerlink" href="#the-driver" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The driver for this simply invokes all of the parsing pieces with a
+top-level dispatch loop. There isn’t much interesting here, so I’ll just
+include the top-level loop. See <a class="reference external" href="#code">below</a> for full code in the
+“Top-Level Parsing” section.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">MainLoop</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span>:    <span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">';'</span>:        <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// ignore top-level semicolons.</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span>:    <span class="n">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span>: <span class="n">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="nl">default:</span>         <span class="n">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The most interesting part of this is that we ignore top-level
+semicolons. Why is this, you ask? The basic reason is that if you type
+“4 + 5” at the command line, the parser doesn’t know whether that is the
+end of what you will type or not. For example, on the next line you
+could type “def foo...” in which case 4+5 is the end of a top-level
+expression. Alternatively you could type “* 6”, which would continue
+the expression. Having top-level semicolons allows you to type “4+5;”,
+and the parser will know you are done.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="conclusions">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">2.8. Conclusions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#conclusions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>With just under 400 lines of commented code (240 lines of non-comment,
+non-blank code), we fully defined our minimal language, including a
+lexer, parser, and AST builder. With this done, the executable will
+validate Kaleidoscope code and tell us if it is grammatically invalid.
+For example, here is a sample interaction:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ ./a.out
+ready> def foo(x y) x+foo(y, 4.0);
+Parsed a function definition.
+ready> def foo(x y) x+y y;
+Parsed a function definition.
+Parsed a top-level expr
+ready> def foo(x y) x+y );
+Parsed a function definition.
+Error: unknown token when expecting an expression
+ready> extern sin(a);
+ready> Parsed an extern
+ready> ^D
+$
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>There is a lot of room for extension here. You can define new AST nodes,
+extend the language in many ways, etc. In the <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl3.html">next
+installment</a>, we will describe how to generate LLVM
+Intermediate Representation (IR) from the AST.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="full-code-listing">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">2.9. Full Code Listing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#full-code-listing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Here is the complete code listing for this and the previous chapter.
+Note that it is fully self-contained: you don’t need LLVM or any
+external libraries at all for this. (Besides the C and C++ standard
+libraries, of course.) To build this, just compile with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Compile</span>
+clang++ -g -O3 toy.cpp
+<span class="c"># Run</span>
+./a.out
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here is the code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">#include <cctype></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cstdio></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cstdlib></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <map></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <string></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <vector></span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Lexer</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one</span>
+<span class="c1">// of these for known things.</span>
+<span class="k">enum</span> <span class="n">Token</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_eof</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// commands</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_def</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// primary</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_identifier</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_identifier</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">;</span>              <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_number</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">gettok</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sc">' '</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Skip any whitespace.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*</span>
+    <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">())))</span>
+      <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"def"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"extern"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>   <span class="c1">// Number: [0-9.]+</span>
+    <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">NumStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">strtod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'#'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Comment until end of line.</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\n'</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\r'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="c1">/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="o">~</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">NumberExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">VariableExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">BinaryExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">op</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CallExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,</span>
+<span class="c1">/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number</span>
+<span class="c1">/// of arguments the function takes).</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FunctionAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+<span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// end anonymous namespace</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Parser</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current</span>
+<span class="c1">/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the</span>
+<span class="c1">/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is</span>
+<span class="c1">/// defined.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// Make sure it's a declared binop.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.</span>
+<span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Error: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;}</span>
+<span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// Simple variable ref.</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// Call.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat (</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Arg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' or ',' in argument list"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Eat the ')'.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// numberexpr ::= number</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// consume the number</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Result</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat (.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">V</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected ')'"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat ).</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// primary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= numberexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= parenexpr</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unknown token when expecting an expression"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span>:     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'('</span>:            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ('+' primary)*</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// If this is a binop, find its precedence.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,</span>
+    <span class="c1">// consume it, otherwise we are done.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// Okay, we know this is a binop.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">BinOp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat binop</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// Parse the primary expression after the binary operator.</span>
+    <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let</span>
+    <span class="c1">// the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// Merge LHS/RHS.</span>
+    <span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BinOp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// expression</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= primary binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// prototype</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= id '(' id* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected function name in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected '(' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// success.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat ')'.</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat def.</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// toplevelexpr ::= expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Make an anonymous proto.</span>
+    <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// external ::= 'extern' prototype</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat extern.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Top-Level parsing</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Parsed a function definition.</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Parsed an extern</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Parsed a top-level expr</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">MainLoop</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span>:    <span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">';'</span>:        <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// ignore top-level semicolons.</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span>:    <span class="n">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span>: <span class="n">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="nl">default:</span>         <span class="n">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Main driver code.</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Install standard binary operators.</span>
+  <span class="c1">// 1 is lowest precedence.</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'<'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'-'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'*'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// highest.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Prime the first token.</span>
+  <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Run the main "interpreter loop" now.</span>
+  <span class="n">MainLoop</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="LangImpl3.html">Next: Implementing Code Generation to LLVM IR</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="kaleidoscope-code-generation-to-llvm-ir">
+<h1>3. Kaleidoscope: Code generation to LLVM IR<a class="headerlink" href="#kaleidoscope-code-generation-to-llvm-ir" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#chapter-3-introduction" id="id1">Chapter 3 Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#code-generation-setup" id="id2">Code Generation Setup</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#expression-code-generation" id="id3">Expression Code Generation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#function-code-generation" id="id4">Function Code Generation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#driver-changes-and-closing-thoughts" id="id5">Driver Changes and Closing Thoughts</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#full-code-listing" id="id6">Full Code Listing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="chapter-3-introduction">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">3.1. Chapter 3 Introduction</a><a class="headerlink" href="#chapter-3-introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Welcome to Chapter 3 of the “<a class="reference external" href="index.html">Implementing a language with
+LLVM</a>” tutorial. This chapter shows you how to transform
+the <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl2.html">Abstract Syntax Tree</a>, built in Chapter 2, into
+LLVM IR. This will teach you a little bit about how LLVM does things, as
+well as demonstrate how easy it is to use. It’s much more work to build
+a lexer and parser than it is to generate LLVM IR code. :)</p>
+<p><strong>Please note</strong>: the code in this chapter and later require LLVM 2.2 or
+later. LLVM 2.1 and before will not work with it. Also note that you
+need to use a version of this tutorial that matches your LLVM release:
+If you are using an official LLVM release, use the version of the
+documentation included with your release or on the <a class="reference external" href="http://llvm.org/releases/">llvm.org releases
+page</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="code-generation-setup">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">3.2. Code Generation Setup</a><a class="headerlink" href="#code-generation-setup" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In order to generate LLVM IR, we want some simple setup to get started.
+First we define virtual code generation (codegen) methods in each AST
+class:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="o">~</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">NumberExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The Codegen() method says to emit IR for that AST node along with all
+the things it depends on, and they all return an LLVM Value object.
+“Value” is the class used to represent a “<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">Static Single Assignment
+(SSA)</a>
+register” or “SSA value” in LLVM. The most distinct aspect of SSA values
+is that their value is computed as the related instruction executes, and
+it does not get a new value until (and if) the instruction re-executes.
+In other words, there is no way to “change” an SSA value. For more
+information, please read up on <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">Static Single
+Assignment</a>
+- the concepts are really quite natural once you grok them.</p>
+<p>Note that instead of adding virtual methods to the ExprAST class
+hierarchy, it could also make sense to use a <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern">visitor
+pattern</a> or some other
+way to model this. Again, this tutorial won’t dwell on good software
+engineering practices: for our purposes, adding a virtual method is
+simplest.</p>
+<p>The second thing we want is an “Error” method like we used for the
+parser, which will be used to report errors found during code generation
+(for example, use of an undeclared parameter):</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">Module</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">IRBuilder</span><span class="o"><></span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Value</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The static variables will be used during code generation. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TheModule</span></tt>
+is the LLVM construct that contains all of the functions and global
+variables in a chunk of code. In many ways, it is the top-level
+structure that the LLVM IR uses to contain code.</p>
+<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Builder</span></tt> object is a helper object that makes it easy to generate
+LLVM instructions. Instances of the
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">`IRBuilder</span></tt> <<a class="reference external" href="http://llvm.org/doxygen/IRBuilder_8h-source.html">http://llvm.org/doxygen/IRBuilder_8h-source.html</a>>`_
+class template keep track of the current place to insert instructions
+and has methods to create new instructions.</p>
+<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NamedValues</span></tt> map keeps track of which values are defined in the
+current scope and what their LLVM representation is. (In other words, it
+is a symbol table for the code). In this form of Kaleidoscope, the only
+things that can be referenced are function parameters. As such, function
+parameters will be in this map when generating code for their function
+body.</p>
+<p>With these basics in place, we can start talking about how to generate
+code for each expression. Note that this assumes that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Builder</span></tt>
+has been set up to generate code <em>into</em> something. For now, we’ll assume
+that this has already been done, and we’ll just use it to emit code.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="expression-code-generation">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">3.3. Expression Code Generation</a><a class="headerlink" href="#expression-code-generation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Generating LLVM code for expression nodes is very straightforward: less
+than 45 lines of commented code for all four of our expression nodes.
+First we’ll do numeric literals:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the LLVM IR, numeric constants are represented with the
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ConstantFP</span></tt> class, which holds the numeric value in an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">APFloat</span></tt>
+internally (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">APFloat</span></tt> has the capability of holding floating point
+constants of Arbitrary Precision). This code basically just creates
+and returns a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ConstantFP</span></tt>. Note that in the LLVM IR that constants
+are all uniqued together and shared. For this reason, the API uses the
+“foo::get(...)” idiom instead of “new foo(..)” or “foo::Create(..)”.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look this variable up in the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown variable name"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>References to variables are also quite simple using LLVM. In the simple
+version of Kaleidoscope, we assume that the variable has already been
+emitted somewhere and its value is available. In practice, the only
+values that can be in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NamedValues</span></tt> map are function arguments.
+This code simply checks to see that the specified name is in the map (if
+not, an unknown variable is being referenced) and returns the value for
+it. In future chapters, we’ll add support for <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl5.html#for">loop induction
+variables</a> in the symbol table, and for <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl7.html#localvars">local
+variables</a>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'+'</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"addtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'-'</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFSub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"subtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'*'</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFMul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"multmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'<'</span>:
+    <span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpULT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"cmptmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateUIToFP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span>
+                                <span class="s">"booltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nf">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"invalid binary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Binary operators start to get more interesting. The basic idea here is
+that we recursively emit code for the left-hand side of the expression,
+then the right-hand side, then we compute the result of the binary
+expression. In this code, we do a simple switch on the opcode to create
+the right LLVM instruction.</p>
+<p>In the example above, the LLVM builder class is starting to show its
+value. IRBuilder knows where to insert the newly created instruction,
+all you have to do is specify what instruction to create (e.g. with
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CreateFAdd</span></tt>), which operands to use (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">L</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">R</span></tt> here) and
+optionally provide a name for the generated instruction.</p>
+<p>One nice thing about LLVM is that the name is just a hint. For instance,
+if the code above emits multiple “addtmp” variables, LLVM will
+automatically provide each one with an increasing, unique numeric
+suffix. Local value names for instructions are purely optional, but it
+makes it much easier to read the IR dumps.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#instref">LLVM instructions</a> are constrained by strict
+rules: for example, the Left and Right operators of an <a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#i_add">add
+instruction</a> must have the same type, and the
+result type of the add must match the operand types. Because all values
+in Kaleidoscope are doubles, this makes for very simple code for add,
+sub and mul.</p>
+<p>On the other hand, LLVM specifies that the <a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#i_fcmp">fcmp
+instruction</a> always returns an ‘i1’ value (a
+one bit integer). The problem with this is that Kaleidoscope wants the
+value to be a 0.0 or 1.0 value. In order to get these semantics, we
+combine the fcmp instruction with a <a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#i_uitofp">uitofp
+instruction</a>. This instruction converts its
+input integer into a floating point value by treating the input as an
+unsigned value. In contrast, if we used the <a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#i_sitofp">sitofp
+instruction</a>, the Kaleidoscope ‘<’ operator
+would return 0.0 and -1.0, depending on the input value.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look up the name in the global module table.</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown function referenced"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If argument mismatch error.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Incorrect # arguments passed"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">back</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"calltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Code generation for function calls is quite straightforward with LLVM.
+The code above initially does a function name lookup in the LLVM
+Module’s symbol table. Recall that the LLVM Module is the container that
+holds all of the functions we are JIT’ing. By giving each function the
+same name as what the user specifies, we can use the LLVM symbol table
+to resolve function names for us.</p>
+<p>Once we have the function to call, we recursively codegen each argument
+that is to be passed in, and create an LLVM <a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#i_call">call
+instruction</a>. Note that LLVM uses the native C
+calling conventions by default, allowing these calls to also call into
+standard library functions like “sin” and “cos”, with no additional
+effort.</p>
+<p>This wraps up our handling of the four basic expressions that we have so
+far in Kaleidoscope. Feel free to go in and add some more. For example,
+by browsing the <a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html">LLVM language reference</a> you’ll find
+several other interesting instructions that are really easy to plug into
+our basic framework.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="function-code-generation">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">3.4. Function Code Generation</a><a class="headerlink" href="#function-code-generation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Code generation for prototypes and functions must handle a number of
+details, which make their code less beautiful than expression code
+generation, but allows us to illustrate some important points. First,
+lets talk about code generation for prototypes: they are used both for
+function bodies and external function declarations. The code starts
+with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Make the function type:  double(double,double) etc.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+                             <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionType</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FunctionType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span>
+                                       <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">false</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ExternalLinkage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code packs a lot of power into a few lines. Note first that this
+function returns a “Function*” instead of a “Value*”. Because a
+“prototype” really talks about the external interface for a function
+(not the value computed by an expression), it makes sense for it to
+return the LLVM Function it corresponds to when codegen’d.</p>
+<p>The call to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionType::get</span></tt> creates the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionType</span></tt> that
+should be used for a given Prototype. Since all function arguments in
+Kaleidoscope are of type double, the first line creates a vector of “N”
+LLVM double types. It then uses the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Functiontype::get</span></tt> method to
+create a function type that takes “N” doubles as arguments, returns one
+double as a result, and that is not vararg (the false parameter
+indicates this). Note that Types in LLVM are uniqued just like Constants
+are, so you don’t “new” a type, you “get” it.</p>
+<p>The final line above actually creates the function that the prototype
+will correspond to. This indicates the type, linkage and name to use, as
+well as which module to insert into. “<a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#linkage">external
+linkage</a>” means that the function may be
+defined outside the current module and/or that it is callable by
+functions outside the module. The Name passed in is the name the user
+specified: since “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TheModule</span></tt>” is specified, this name is registered
+in “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TheModule</span></tt>“s symbol table, which is used by the function call
+code above.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'.  If it has a</span>
+<span class="c1">// body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.</span>
+  <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The Module symbol table works just like the Function symbol table when
+it comes to name conflicts: if a new function is created with a name
+that was previously added to the symbol table, the new function will get
+implicitly renamed when added to the Module. The code above exploits
+this fact to determine if there was a previous definition of this
+function.</p>
+<p>In Kaleidoscope, I choose to allow redefinitions of functions in two
+cases: first, we want to allow ‘extern’ing a function more than once, as
+long as the prototypes for the externs match (since all arguments have
+the same type, we just have to check that the number of arguments
+match). Second, we want to allow ‘extern’ing a function and then
+defining a body for it. This is useful when defining mutually recursive
+functions.</p>
+<p>In order to implement this, the code above first checks to see if there
+is a collision on the name of the function. If so, it deletes the
+function we just created (by calling <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eraseFromParent</span></tt>) and then
+calling <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getFunction</span></tt> to get the existing function with the specified
+name. Note that many APIs in LLVM have “erase” forms and “remove” forms.
+The “remove” form unlinks the object from its parent (e.g. a Function
+from a Module) and returns it. The “erase” form unlinks the object and
+then deletes it.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre>  <span class="c1">// If F already has a body, reject this.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">empty</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If F took a different number of args, reject.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function with different # args"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In order to verify the logic above, we first check to see if the
+pre-existing function is “empty”. In this case, empty means that it has
+no basic blocks in it, which means it has no body. If it has no body, it
+is a forward declaration. Since we don’t allow anything after a full
+definition of the function, the code rejects this case. If the previous
+reference to a function was an ‘extern’, we simply verify that the
+number of arguments for that definition and this one match up. If not,
+we emit an error.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre>  <span class="c1">// Set names for all arguments.</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">arg_iterator</span> <span class="n">AI</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_begin</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span>
+       <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">AI</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">setName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Add arguments to variable symbol table.</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The last bit of code for prototypes loops over all of the arguments in
+the function, setting the name of the LLVM Argument objects to match,
+and registering the arguments in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NamedValues</span></tt> map for future use
+by the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">VariableExprAST</span></tt> AST node. Once this is set up, it returns the
+Function object to the caller. Note that we don’t check for conflicting
+argument names here (e.g. “extern foo(a b a)”). Doing so would be very
+straight-forward with the mechanics we have already used above.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Code generation for function definitions starts out simply enough: we
+just codegen the prototype (Proto) and verify that it is ok. We then
+clear out the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NamedValues</span></tt> map to make sure that there isn’t anything
+in it from the last function we compiled. Code generation of the
+prototype ensures that there is an LLVM Function object that is ready to
+go for us.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Create a new basic block to start insertion into.</span>
+<span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"entry"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RetVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now we get to the point where the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Builder</span></tt> is set up. The first line
+creates a new <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_block">basic block</a>
+(named “entry”), which is inserted into <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TheFunction</span></tt>. The second line
+then tells the builder that new instructions should be inserted into the
+end of the new basic block. Basic blocks in LLVM are an important part
+of functions that define the <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flow_graph">Control Flow
+Graph</a>. Since we
+don’t have any control flow, our functions will only contain one block
+at this point. We’ll fix this in <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl5.html">Chapter 5</a> :).</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RetVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Finish off the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateRet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RetVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.</span>
+  <span class="n">verifyFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once the insertion point is set up, we call the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CodeGen()</span></tt> method for
+the root expression of the function. If no error happens, this emits
+code to compute the expression into the entry block and returns the
+value that was computed. Assuming no error, we then create an LLVM <a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#i_ret">ret
+instruction</a>, which completes the function.
+Once the function is built, we call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">verifyFunction</span></tt>, which is
+provided by LLVM. This function does a variety of consistency checks on
+the generated code, to determine if our compiler is doing everything
+right. Using this is important: it can catch a lot of bugs. Once the
+function is finished and validated, we return it.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre>  <span class="c1">// Error reading body, remove function.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The only piece left here is handling of the error case. For simplicity,
+we handle this by merely deleting the function we produced with the
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eraseFromParent</span></tt> method. This allows the user to redefine a function
+that they incorrectly typed in before: if we didn’t delete it, it would
+live in the symbol table, with a body, preventing future redefinition.</p>
+<p>This code does have a bug, though. Since the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrototypeAST::Codegen</span></tt>
+can return a previously defined forward declaration, our code can
+actually delete a forward declaration. There are a number of ways to fix
+this bug, see what you can come up with! Here is a testcase:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>extern foo(a b);     # ok, defines foo.
+def foo(a b) c;      # error, 'c' is invalid.
+def bar() foo(1, 2); # error, unknown function "foo"
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="driver-changes-and-closing-thoughts">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">3.5. Driver Changes and Closing Thoughts</a><a class="headerlink" href="#driver-changes-and-closing-thoughts" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>For now, code generation to LLVM doesn’t really get us much, except that
+we can look at the pretty IR calls. The sample code inserts calls to
+Codegen into the “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HandleDefinition</span></tt>”, “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HandleExtern</span></tt>” etc
+functions, and then dumps out the LLVM IR. This gives a nice way to look
+at the LLVM IR for simple functions. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> 4+5;
+Read top-level expression:
+define double @0() {
+entry:
+  ret double 9.000000e+00
+}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note how the parser turns the top-level expression into anonymous
+functions for us. This will be handy when we add <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl4.html#jit">JIT
+support</a> in the next chapter. Also note that the
+code is very literally transcribed, no optimizations are being performed
+except simple constant folding done by IRBuilder. We will <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl4.html#trivialconstfold">add
+optimizations</a> explicitly in the next
+chapter.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> def foo(a b) a*a + 2*a*b + b*b;
+Read function definition:
+define double @foo(double %a, double %b) {
+entry:
+  %multmp = fmul double %a, %a
+  %multmp1 = fmul double 2.000000e+00, %a
+  %multmp2 = fmul double %multmp1, %b
+  %addtmp = fadd double %multmp, %multmp2
+  %multmp3 = fmul double %b, %b
+  %addtmp4 = fadd double %addtmp, %multmp3
+  ret double %addtmp4
+}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This shows some simple arithmetic. Notice the striking similarity to the
+LLVM builder calls that we use to create the instructions.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> def bar(a) foo(a, 4.0) + bar(31337);
+Read function definition:
+define double @bar(double %a) {
+entry:
+  %calltmp = call double @foo(double %a, double 4.000000e+00)
+  %calltmp1 = call double @bar(double 3.133700e+04)
+  %addtmp = fadd double %calltmp, %calltmp1
+  ret double %addtmp
+}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This shows some function calls. Note that this function will take a long
+time to execute if you call it. In the future we’ll add conditional
+control flow to actually make recursion useful :).</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> extern cos(x);
+Read extern:
+declare double @cos(double)
+
+ready> cos(1.234);
+Read top-level expression:
+define double @1() {
+entry:
+  %calltmp = call double @cos(double 1.234000e+00)
+  ret double %calltmp
+}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This shows an extern for the libm “cos” function, and a call to it.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> ^D
+; ModuleID = 'my cool jit'
+
+define double @0() {
+entry:
+  %addtmp = fadd double 4.000000e+00, 5.000000e+00
+  ret double %addtmp
+}
+
+define double @foo(double %a, double %b) {
+entry:
+  %multmp = fmul double %a, %a
+  %multmp1 = fmul double 2.000000e+00, %a
+  %multmp2 = fmul double %multmp1, %b
+  %addtmp = fadd double %multmp, %multmp2
+  %multmp3 = fmul double %b, %b
+  %addtmp4 = fadd double %addtmp, %multmp3
+  ret double %addtmp4
+}
+
+define double @bar(double %a) {
+entry:
+  %calltmp = call double @foo(double %a, double 4.000000e+00)
+  %calltmp1 = call double @bar(double 3.133700e+04)
+  %addtmp = fadd double %calltmp, %calltmp1
+  ret double %addtmp
+}
+
+declare double @cos(double)
+
+define double @1() {
+entry:
+  %calltmp = call double @cos(double 1.234000e+00)
+  ret double %calltmp
+}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you quit the current demo, it dumps out the IR for the entire
+module generated. Here you can see the big picture with all the
+functions referencing each other.</p>
+<p>This wraps up the third chapter of the Kaleidoscope tutorial. Up next,
+we’ll describe how to <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl4.html">add JIT codegen and optimizer
+support</a> to this so we can actually start running
+code!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="full-code-listing">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">3.6. Full Code Listing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#full-code-listing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Here is the complete code listing for our running example, enhanced with
+the LLVM code generator. Because this uses the LLVM libraries, we need
+to link them in. To do this, we use the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://llvm.org/cmds/llvm-config.html">llvm-config</a> tool to inform
+our makefile/command line about which options to use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Compile</span>
+clang++ -g -O3 toy.cpp <span class="sb">`</span>llvm-config --cxxflags --ldflags --system-libs --libs core<span class="sb">`</span> -o toy
+<span class="c"># Run</span>
+./toy
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here is the code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/Verifier.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cctype></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cstdio></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <map></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <string></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <vector></span>
+<span class="k">using</span> <span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="n">llvm</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Lexer</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one</span>
+<span class="c1">// of these for known things.</span>
+<span class="k">enum</span> <span class="n">Token</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_eof</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// commands</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_def</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// primary</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_identifier</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_identifier</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">;</span>              <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_number</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">gettok</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sc">' '</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Skip any whitespace.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*</span>
+    <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">())))</span>
+      <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"def"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"extern"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>   <span class="c1">// Number: [0-9.]+</span>
+    <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">NumStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">strtod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'#'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Comment until end of line.</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\n'</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\r'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="c1">/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="o">~</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">NumberExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">VariableExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">BinaryExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">op</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span> 
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CallExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,</span>
+<span class="c1">/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number</span>
+<span class="c1">/// of arguments the function takes).</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FunctionAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+<span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// end anonymous namespace</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Parser</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current</span>
+<span class="c1">/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the</span>
+<span class="c1">/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is</span>
+<span class="c1">/// defined.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// Make sure it's a declared binop.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.</span>
+<span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Error: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;}</span>
+<span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// Simple variable ref.</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// Call.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat (</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Arg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' or ',' in argument list"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Eat the ')'.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// numberexpr ::= number</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// consume the number</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Result</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat (.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">V</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected ')'"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat ).</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// primary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= numberexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= parenexpr</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unknown token when expecting an expression"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span>:     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'('</span>:            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ('+' primary)*</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// If this is a binop, find its precedence.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,</span>
+    <span class="c1">// consume it, otherwise we are done.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// Okay, we know this is a binop.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">BinOp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat binop</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// Parse the primary expression after the binary operator.</span>
+    <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let</span>
+    <span class="c1">// the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// Merge LHS/RHS.</span>
+    <span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BinOp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// expression</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= primary binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// prototype</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= id '(' id* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected function name in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected '(' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// success.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat ')'.</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat def.</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// toplevelexpr ::= expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Make an anonymous proto.</span>
+    <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// external ::= 'extern' prototype</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat extern.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Code Generation</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">Module</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">IRBuilder</span><span class="o"><></span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Value</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look this variable up in the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown variable name"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'+'</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"addtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'-'</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFSub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"subtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'*'</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFMul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"multmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'<'</span>:
+    <span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpULT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"cmptmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateUIToFP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span>
+                                <span class="s">"booltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nf">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"invalid binary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look up the name in the global module table.</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown function referenced"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// If argument mismatch error.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Incorrect # arguments passed"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">back</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"calltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Make the function type:  double(double,double) etc.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+                             <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionType</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FunctionType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span>
+                                       <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">false</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ExternalLinkage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'.  If it has a</span>
+  <span class="c1">// body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.</span>
+    <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// If F already has a body, reject this.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">empty</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// If F took a different number of args, reject.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function with different # args"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// Set names for all arguments.</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">arg_iterator</span> <span class="n">AI</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_begin</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span>
+       <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">AI</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">setName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+    
+    <span class="c1">// Add arguments to variable symbol table.</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// Create a new basic block to start insertion into.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"entry"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RetVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Finish off the function.</span>
+    <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateRet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RetVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.</span>
+    <span class="n">verifyFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  
+  <span class="c1">// Error reading body, remove function.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="n">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Read function definition:"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">LF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="n">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">P</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">P</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Read extern: "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="n">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Read top-level expression:"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">LF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="n">MainLoop</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span>:    <span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">';'</span>:        <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// ignore top-level semicolons.</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span>:    <span class="n">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span>: <span class="n">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="nl">default:</span>         <span class="n">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.</span>
+<span class="k">extern</span> <span class="s">"C"</span> 
+<span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">putchard</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">putchar</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Main driver code.</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">LLVMContext</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">Context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Install standard binary operators.</span>
+  <span class="c1">// 1 is lowest precedence.</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'<'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'-'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'*'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// highest.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Prime the first token.</span>
+  <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make the module, which holds all the code.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">Module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"my cool jit"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Context</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Run the main "interpreter loop" now.</span>
+  <span class="n">MainLoop</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Print out all of the generated code.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="LangImpl4.html">Next: Adding JIT and Optimizer Support</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="kaleidoscope-adding-jit-and-optimizer-support">
+<h1>4. Kaleidoscope: Adding JIT and Optimizer Support<a class="headerlink" href="#kaleidoscope-adding-jit-and-optimizer-support" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#chapter-4-introduction" id="id1">Chapter 4 Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#trivial-constant-folding" id="id2">Trivial Constant Folding</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#llvm-optimization-passes" id="id3">LLVM Optimization Passes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-a-jit-compiler" id="id4">Adding a JIT Compiler</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#full-code-listing" id="id5">Full Code Listing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="chapter-4-introduction">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">4.1. Chapter 4 Introduction</a><a class="headerlink" href="#chapter-4-introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Welcome to Chapter 4 of the “<a class="reference external" href="index.html">Implementing a language with
+LLVM</a>” tutorial. Chapters 1-3 described the implementation
+of a simple language and added support for generating LLVM IR. This
+chapter describes two new techniques: adding optimizer support to your
+language, and adding JIT compiler support. These additions will
+demonstrate how to get nice, efficient code for the Kaleidoscope
+language.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="trivial-constant-folding">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">4.2. Trivial Constant Folding</a><a class="headerlink" href="#trivial-constant-folding" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Our demonstration for Chapter 3 is elegant and easy to extend.
+Unfortunately, it does not produce wonderful code. The IRBuilder,
+however, does give us obvious optimizations when compiling simple code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> def test(x) 1+2+x;
+Read function definition:
+define double @test(double %x) {
+entry:
+        %addtmp = fadd double 3.000000e+00, %x
+        ret double %addtmp
+}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code is not a literal transcription of the AST built by parsing the
+input. That would be:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> def test(x) 1+2+x;
+Read function definition:
+define double @test(double %x) {
+entry:
+        %addtmp = fadd double 2.000000e+00, 1.000000e+00
+        %addtmp1 = fadd double %addtmp, %x
+        ret double %addtmp1
+}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Constant folding, as seen above, in particular, is a very common and
+very important optimization: so much so that many language implementors
+implement constant folding support in their AST representation.</p>
+<p>With LLVM, you don’t need this support in the AST. Since all calls to
+build LLVM IR go through the LLVM IR builder, the builder itself checked
+to see if there was a constant folding opportunity when you call it. If
+so, it just does the constant fold and return the constant instead of
+creating an instruction.</p>
+<p>Well, that was easy :). In practice, we recommend always using
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IRBuilder</span></tt> when generating code like this. It has no “syntactic
+overhead” for its use (you don’t have to uglify your compiler with
+constant checks everywhere) and it can dramatically reduce the amount of
+LLVM IR that is generated in some cases (particular for languages with a
+macro preprocessor or that use a lot of constants).</p>
+<p>On the other hand, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IRBuilder</span></tt> is limited by the fact that it does
+all of its analysis inline with the code as it is built. If you take a
+slightly more complex example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> def test(x) (1+2+x)*(x+(1+2));
+ready> Read function definition:
+define double @test(double %x) {
+entry:
+        %addtmp = fadd double 3.000000e+00, %x
+        %addtmp1 = fadd double %x, 3.000000e+00
+        %multmp = fmul double %addtmp, %addtmp1
+        ret double %multmp
+}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In this case, the LHS and RHS of the multiplication are the same value.
+We’d really like to see this generate “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tmp</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">x+3;</span> <span class="pre">result</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">tmp*tmp;</span></tt>”
+instead of computing “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x+3</span></tt>” twice.</p>
+<p>Unfortunately, no amount of local analysis will be able to detect and
+correct this. This requires two transformations: reassociation of
+expressions (to make the add’s lexically identical) and Common
+Subexpression Elimination (CSE) to delete the redundant add instruction.
+Fortunately, LLVM provides a broad range of optimizations that you can
+use, in the form of “passes”.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="llvm-optimization-passes">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">4.3. LLVM Optimization Passes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#llvm-optimization-passes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>LLVM provides many optimization passes, which do many different sorts of
+things and have different tradeoffs. Unlike other systems, LLVM doesn’t
+hold to the mistaken notion that one set of optimizations is right for
+all languages and for all situations. LLVM allows a compiler implementor
+to make complete decisions about what optimizations to use, in which
+order, and in what situation.</p>
+<p>As a concrete example, LLVM supports both “whole module” passes, which
+look across as large of body of code as they can (often a whole file,
+but if run at link time, this can be a substantial portion of the whole
+program). It also supports and includes “per-function” passes which just
+operate on a single function at a time, without looking at other
+functions. For more information on passes and how they are run, see the
+<a class="reference external" href="../WritingAnLLVMPass.html">How to Write a Pass</a> document and the
+<a class="reference external" href="../Passes.html">List of LLVM Passes</a>.</p>
+<p>For Kaleidoscope, we are currently generating functions on the fly, one
+at a time, as the user types them in. We aren’t shooting for the
+ultimate optimization experience in this setting, but we also want to
+catch the easy and quick stuff where possible. As such, we will choose
+to run a few per-function optimizations as the user types the function
+in. If we wanted to make a “static Kaleidoscope compiler”, we would use
+exactly the code we have now, except that we would defer running the
+optimizer until the entire file has been parsed.</p>
+<p>In order to get per-function optimizations going, we need to set up a
+<a class="reference external" href="../WritingAnLLVMPass.html#passmanager">FunctionPassManager</a> to hold
+and organize the LLVM optimizations that we want to run. Once we have
+that, we can add a set of optimizations to run. The code looks like
+this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">FunctionPassManager</span> <span class="nf">OurFPM</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Set up the optimizer pipeline.  Start with registering info about how the</span>
+<span class="c1">// target lays out data structures.</span>
+<span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">DataLayout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getDataLayout</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+<span class="c1">// Provide basic AliasAnalysis support for GVN.</span>
+<span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createBasicAliasAnalysisPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="c1">// Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.</span>
+<span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createInstructionCombiningPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="c1">// Reassociate expressions.</span>
+<span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createReassociatePass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="c1">// Eliminate Common SubExpressions.</span>
+<span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createGVNPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="c1">// Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable blocks, etc).</span>
+<span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createCFGSimplificationPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+
+<span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">doInitialization</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Set the global so the code gen can use this.</span>
+<span class="n">TheFPM</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Run the main "interpreter loop" now.</span>
+<span class="n">MainLoop</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code defines a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionPassManager</span></tt>, “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OurFPM</span></tt>”. It requires a
+pointer to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Module</span></tt> to construct itself. Once it is set up, we use
+a series of “add” calls to add a bunch of LLVM passes. The first pass is
+basically boilerplate, it adds a pass so that later optimizations know
+how the data structures in the program are laid out. The
+“<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TheExecutionEngine</span></tt>” variable is related to the JIT, which we will
+get to in the next section.</p>
+<p>In this case, we choose to add 4 optimization passes. The passes we
+chose here are a pretty standard set of “cleanup” optimizations that are
+useful for a wide variety of code. I won’t delve into what they do but,
+believe me, they are a good starting place :).</p>
+<p>Once the PassManager is set up, we need to make use of it. We do this by
+running it after our newly created function is constructed (in
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionAST::Codegen</span></tt>), but before it is returned to the client:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RetVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Finish off the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateRet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RetVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.</span>
+  <span class="n">verifyFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Optimize the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFPM</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As you can see, this is pretty straightforward. The
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionPassManager</span></tt> optimizes and updates the LLVM Function* in
+place, improving (hopefully) its body. With this in place, we can try
+our test above again:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> def test(x) (1+2+x)*(x+(1+2));
+ready> Read function definition:
+define double @test(double %x) {
+entry:
+        %addtmp = fadd double %x, 3.000000e+00
+        %multmp = fmul double %addtmp, %addtmp
+        ret double %multmp
+}
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As expected, we now get our nicely optimized code, saving a floating
+point add instruction from every execution of this function.</p>
+<p>LLVM provides a wide variety of optimizations that can be used in
+certain circumstances. Some <a class="reference external" href="../Passes.html">documentation about the various
+passes</a> is available, but it isn’t very complete.
+Another good source of ideas can come from looking at the passes that
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Clang</span></tt> runs to get started. The “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">opt</span></tt>” tool allows you to
+experiment with passes from the command line, so you can see if they do
+anything.</p>
+<p>Now that we have reasonable code coming out of our front-end, lets talk
+about executing it!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adding-a-jit-compiler">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">4.4. Adding a JIT Compiler</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adding-a-jit-compiler" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Code that is available in LLVM IR can have a wide variety of tools
+applied to it. For example, you can run optimizations on it (as we did
+above), you can dump it out in textual or binary forms, you can compile
+the code to an assembly file (.s) for some target, or you can JIT
+compile it. The nice thing about the LLVM IR representation is that it
+is the “common currency” between many different parts of the compiler.</p>
+<p>In this section, we’ll add JIT compiler support to our interpreter. The
+basic idea that we want for Kaleidoscope is to have the user enter
+function bodies as they do now, but immediately evaluate the top-level
+expressions they type in. For example, if they type in “1 + 2;”, we
+should evaluate and print out 3. If they define a function, they should
+be able to call it from the command line.</p>
+<p>In order to do this, we first declare and initialize the JIT. This is
+done by adding a global variable and a call in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExecutionEngine</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="p">..</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Create the JIT.  This takes ownership of the module.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">EngineBuilder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">..</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This creates an abstract “Execution Engine” which can be either a JIT
+compiler or the LLVM interpreter. LLVM will automatically pick a JIT
+compiler for you if one is available for your platform, otherwise it
+will fall back to the interpreter.</p>
+<p>Once the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ExecutionEngine</span></tt> is created, the JIT is ready to be used.
+There are a variety of APIs that are useful, but the simplest one is the
+“<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getPointerToFunction(F)</span></tt>” method. This method JIT compiles the
+specified LLVM Function and returns a function pointer to the generated
+machine code. In our case, this means that we can change the code that
+parses a top-level expression to look like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">LF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// Dump the function for exposition purposes.</span>
+
+      <span class="c1">// JIT the function, returning a function pointer.</span>
+      <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FPtr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getPointerToFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LF</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="c1">// Cast it to the right type (takes no arguments, returns a double) so we</span>
+      <span class="c1">// can call it as a native function.</span>
+      <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FP</span><span class="p">)()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)())(</span><span class="kt">intptr_t</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">FPtr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Evaluated to %f</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FP</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Recall that we compile top-level expressions into a self-contained LLVM
+function that takes no arguments and returns the computed double.
+Because the LLVM JIT compiler matches the native platform ABI, this
+means that you can just cast the result pointer to a function pointer of
+that type and call it directly. This means, there is no difference
+between JIT compiled code and native machine code that is statically
+linked into your application.</p>
+<p>With just these two changes, lets see how Kaleidoscope works now!</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> 4+5;
+Read top-level expression:
+define double @0() {
+entry:
+  ret double 9.000000e+00
+}
+
+Evaluated to 9.000000
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Well this looks like it is basically working. The dump of the function
+shows the “no argument function that always returns double” that we
+synthesize for each top-level expression that is typed in. This
+demonstrates very basic functionality, but can we do more?</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> def testfunc(x y) x + y*2;
+Read function definition:
+define double @testfunc(double %x, double %y) {
+entry:
+  %multmp = fmul double %y, 2.000000e+00
+  %addtmp = fadd double %multmp, %x
+  ret double %addtmp
+}
+
+ready> testfunc(4, 10);
+Read top-level expression:
+define double @1() {
+entry:
+  %calltmp = call double @testfunc(double 4.000000e+00, double 1.000000e+01)
+  ret double %calltmp
+}
+
+Evaluated to 24.000000
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This illustrates that we can now call user code, but there is something
+a bit subtle going on here. Note that we only invoke the JIT on the
+anonymous functions that <em>call testfunc</em>, but we never invoked it on
+<em>testfunc</em> itself. What actually happened here is that the JIT scanned
+for all non-JIT’d functions transitively called from the anonymous
+function and compiled all of them before returning from
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getPointerToFunction()</span></tt>.</p>
+<p>The JIT provides a number of other more advanced interfaces for things
+like freeing allocated machine code, rejit’ing functions to update them,
+etc. However, even with this simple code, we get some surprisingly
+powerful capabilities - check this out (I removed the dump of the
+anonymous functions, you should get the idea by now :) :</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> extern sin(x);
+Read extern:
+declare double @sin(double)
+
+ready> extern cos(x);
+Read extern:
+declare double @cos(double)
+
+ready> sin(1.0);
+Read top-level expression:
+define double @2() {
+entry:
+  ret double 0x3FEAED548F090CEE
+}
+
+Evaluated to 0.841471
+
+ready> def foo(x) sin(x)*sin(x) + cos(x)*cos(x);
+Read function definition:
+define double @foo(double %x) {
+entry:
+  %calltmp = call double @sin(double %x)
+  %multmp = fmul double %calltmp, %calltmp
+  %calltmp2 = call double @cos(double %x)
+  %multmp4 = fmul double %calltmp2, %calltmp2
+  %addtmp = fadd double %multmp, %multmp4
+  ret double %addtmp
+}
+
+ready> foo(4.0);
+Read top-level expression:
+define double @3() {
+entry:
+  %calltmp = call double @foo(double 4.000000e+00)
+  ret double %calltmp
+}
+
+Evaluated to 1.000000
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Whoa, how does the JIT know about sin and cos? The answer is
+surprisingly simple: in this example, the JIT started execution of a
+function and got to a function call. It realized that the function was
+not yet JIT compiled and invoked the standard set of routines to resolve
+the function. In this case, there is no body defined for the function,
+so the JIT ended up calling “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dlsym("sin")</span></tt>” on the Kaleidoscope
+process itself. Since “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sin</span></tt>” is defined within the JIT’s address
+space, it simply patches up calls in the module to call the libm version
+of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sin</span></tt> directly.</p>
+<p>The LLVM JIT provides a number of interfaces (look in the
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ExecutionEngine.h</span></tt> file) for controlling how unknown functions get
+resolved. It allows you to establish explicit mappings between IR
+objects and addresses (useful for LLVM global variables that you want to
+map to static tables, for example), allows you to dynamically decide on
+the fly based on the function name, and even allows you to have the JIT
+compile functions lazily the first time they’re called.</p>
+<p>One interesting application of this is that we can now extend the
+language by writing arbitrary C++ code to implement operations. For
+example, if we add:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.</span>
+<span class="k">extern</span> <span class="s">"C"</span>
+<span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">putchard</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">putchar</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now we can produce simple output to the console by using things like:
+“<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extern</span> <span class="pre">putchard(x);</span> <span class="pre">putchard(120);</span></tt>”, which prints a lowercase ‘x’
+on the console (120 is the ASCII code for ‘x’). Similar code could be
+used to implement file I/O, console input, and many other capabilities
+in Kaleidoscope.</p>
+<p>This completes the JIT and optimizer chapter of the Kaleidoscope
+tutorial. At this point, we can compile a non-Turing-complete
+programming language, optimize and JIT compile it in a user-driven way.
+Next up we’ll look into <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl5.html">extending the language with control flow
+constructs</a>, tackling some interesting LLVM IR issues
+along the way.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="full-code-listing">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">4.5. Full Code Listing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#full-code-listing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Here is the complete code listing for our running example, enhanced with
+the LLVM JIT and optimizer. To build this example, use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Compile</span>
+clang++ -g toy.cpp <span class="sb">`</span>llvm-config --cxxflags --ldflags --system-libs --libs core mcjit native<span class="sb">`</span> -O3 -o toy
+<span class="c"># Run</span>
+./toy
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you are compiling this on Linux, make sure to add the “-rdynamic”
+option as well. This makes sure that the external functions are resolved
+properly at runtime.</p>
+<p>Here is the code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">#include "llvm/Analysis/Passes.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/MCJIT.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/SectionMemoryManager.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/Verifier.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/PassManager.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cctype></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cstdio></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <map></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <string></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <vector></span>
+<span class="k">using</span> <span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="n">llvm</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Lexer</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one</span>
+<span class="c1">// of these for known things.</span>
+<span class="k">enum</span> <span class="n">Token</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_eof</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// commands</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_def</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_extern</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// primary</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_identifier</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_number</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_identifier</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">;</span>             <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_number</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">gettok</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sc">' '</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Skip any whitespace.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*</span>
+    <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">())))</span>
+      <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"def"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"extern"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// Number: [0-9.]+</span>
+    <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">NumStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">strtod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'#'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Comment until end of line.</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span>
+      <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\n'</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\r'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="c1">/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="o">~</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">NumberExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">VariableExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">BinaryExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">op</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CallExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,</span>
+<span class="c1">/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number</span>
+<span class="c1">/// of arguments the function takes).</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FunctionAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+<span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// end anonymous namespace</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Parser</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current</span>
+<span class="c1">/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the</span>
+<span class="c1">/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is</span>
+<span class="c1">/// defined.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make sure it's a declared binop.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.</span>
+<span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Error: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// Simple variable ref.</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Call.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat (</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Arg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' or ',' in argument list"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Eat the ')'.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// numberexpr ::= number</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// consume the number</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Result</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat (.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">V</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected ')'"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat ).</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// primary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= numberexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= parenexpr</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unknown token when expecting an expression"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'('</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ('+' primary)*</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// If this is a binop, find its precedence.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,</span>
+    <span class="c1">// consume it, otherwise we are done.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Okay, we know this is a binop.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">BinOp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat binop</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Parse the primary expression after the binary operator.</span>
+    <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let</span>
+    <span class="c1">// the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Merge LHS/RHS.</span>
+    <span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BinOp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// expression</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= primary binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// prototype</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= id '(' id* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected function name in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected '(' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// success.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat ')'.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat def.</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// toplevelexpr ::= expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Make an anonymous proto.</span>
+    <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// external ::= 'extern' prototype</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat extern.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Code Generation</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">Module</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">IRBuilder</span><span class="o"><></span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionPassManager</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFPM</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look this variable up in the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown variable name"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'+'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"addtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'-'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFSub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"subtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'*'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFMul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"multmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'<'</span>:
+    <span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpULT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"cmptmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateUIToFP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span>
+                                <span class="s">"booltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nf">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"invalid binary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look up the name in the global module table.</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown function referenced"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If argument mismatch error.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Incorrect # arguments passed"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">back</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"calltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Make the function type:  double(double,double) etc.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Type</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+                              <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionType</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FT</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">FunctionType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">false</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ExternalLinkage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'.  If it has a</span>
+  <span class="c1">// body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.</span>
+    <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If F already has a body, reject this.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">empty</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If F took a different number of args, reject.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function with different # args"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set names for all arguments.</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">arg_iterator</span> <span class="n">AI</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_begin</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span>
+       <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">AI</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">setName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Add arguments to variable symbol table.</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create a new basic block to start insertion into.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"entry"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RetVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Finish off the function.</span>
+    <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateRet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RetVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.</span>
+    <span class="n">verifyFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Optimize the function.</span>
+    <span class="n">TheFPM</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Error reading body, remove function.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExecutionEngine</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Read function definition:"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">LF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">P</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">P</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Read extern: "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">finalizeObject</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="c1">// JIT the function, returning a function pointer.</span>
+      <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FPtr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getPointerToFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LF</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="c1">// Cast it to the right type (takes no arguments, returns a double) so we</span>
+      <span class="c1">// can call it as a native function.</span>
+      <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FP</span><span class="p">)()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)())(</span><span class="kt">intptr_t</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">FPtr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Evaluated to %f</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FP</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">MainLoop</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span>:
+      <span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">';'</span>:
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// ignore top-level semicolons.</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span>:
+      <span class="n">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span>:
+      <span class="n">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="nl">default:</span>
+      <span class="n">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.</span>
+<span class="k">extern</span> <span class="s">"C"</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">putchard</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">putchar</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Main driver code.</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTarget</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTargetAsmPrinter</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTargetAsmParser</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">LLVMContext</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">Context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Install standard binary operators.</span>
+  <span class="c1">// 1 is lowest precedence.</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'<'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'-'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'*'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// highest.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Prime the first token.</span>
+  <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make the module, which holds all the code.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">unique_ptr</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Owner</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_unique</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"my cool jit"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Context</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Owner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create the JIT.  This takes ownership of the module.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">EngineBuilder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Owner</span><span class="p">))</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">setErrorStr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">)</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">setMCJITMemoryManager</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">llvm</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_unique</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">SectionMemoryManager</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">())</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Could not create ExecutionEngine: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">FunctionPassManager</span> <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set up the optimizer pipeline.  Start with registering info about how the</span>
+  <span class="c1">// target lays out data structures.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">setDataLayout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getDataLayout</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">DataLayoutPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Provide basic AliasAnalysis support for GVN.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createBasicAliasAnalysisPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createInstructionCombiningPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Reassociate expressions.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createReassociatePass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Eliminate Common SubExpressions.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createGVNPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable blocks, etc).</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createCFGSimplificationPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">doInitialization</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set the global so the code gen can use this.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFPM</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Run the main "interpreter loop" now.</span>
+  <span class="n">MainLoop</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">TheFPM</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Print out all of the generated code.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="LangImpl5.html">Next: Extending the language: control flow</a></p>
+</div>
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+  <div class="section" id="kaleidoscope-extending-the-language-control-flow">
+<h1>5. Kaleidoscope: Extending the Language: Control Flow<a class="headerlink" href="#kaleidoscope-extending-the-language-control-flow" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#chapter-5-introduction" id="id1">Chapter 5 Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#if-then-else" id="id2">If/Then/Else</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#lexer-extensions-for-if-then-else" id="id3">Lexer Extensions for If/Then/Else</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ast-extensions-for-if-then-else" id="id4">AST Extensions for If/Then/Else</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parser-extensions-for-if-then-else" id="id5">Parser Extensions for If/Then/Else</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#llvm-ir-for-if-then-else" id="id6">LLVM IR for If/Then/Else</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#code-generation-for-if-then-else" id="id7">Code Generation for If/Then/Else</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#for-loop-expression" id="id8">‘for’ Loop Expression</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#lexer-extensions-for-the-for-loop" id="id9">Lexer Extensions for the ‘for’ Loop</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ast-extensions-for-the-for-loop" id="id10">AST Extensions for the ‘for’ Loop</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parser-extensions-for-the-for-loop" id="id11">Parser Extensions for the ‘for’ Loop</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#llvm-ir-for-the-for-loop" id="id12">LLVM IR for the ‘for’ Loop</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#code-generation-for-the-for-loop" id="id13">Code Generation for the ‘for’ Loop</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#full-code-listing" id="id14">Full Code Listing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="chapter-5-introduction">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">5.1. Chapter 5 Introduction</a><a class="headerlink" href="#chapter-5-introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Welcome to Chapter 5 of the “<a class="reference external" href="index.html">Implementing a language with
+LLVM</a>” tutorial. Parts 1-4 described the implementation of
+the simple Kaleidoscope language and included support for generating
+LLVM IR, followed by optimizations and a JIT compiler. Unfortunately, as
+presented, Kaleidoscope is mostly useless: it has no control flow other
+than call and return. This means that you can’t have conditional
+branches in the code, significantly limiting its power. In this episode
+of “build that compiler”, we’ll extend Kaleidoscope to have an
+if/then/else expression plus a simple ‘for’ loop.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="if-then-else">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">5.2. If/Then/Else</a><a class="headerlink" href="#if-then-else" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Extending Kaleidoscope to support if/then/else is quite straightforward.
+It basically requires adding support for this “new” concept to the
+lexer, parser, AST, and LLVM code emitter. This example is nice, because
+it shows how easy it is to “grow” a language over time, incrementally
+extending it as new ideas are discovered.</p>
+<p>Before we get going on “how” we add this extension, lets talk about
+“what” we want. The basic idea is that we want to be able to write this
+sort of thing:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>def fib(x)
+  if x < 3 then
+    1
+  else
+    fib(x-1)+fib(x-2);
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In Kaleidoscope, every construct is an expression: there are no
+statements. As such, the if/then/else expression needs to return a value
+like any other. Since we’re using a mostly functional form, we’ll have
+it evaluate its conditional, then return the ‘then’ or ‘else’ value
+based on how the condition was resolved. This is very similar to the C
+”?:” expression.</p>
+<p>The semantics of the if/then/else expression is that it evaluates the
+condition to a boolean equality value: 0.0 is considered to be false and
+everything else is considered to be true. If the condition is true, the
+first subexpression is evaluated and returned, if the condition is
+false, the second subexpression is evaluated and returned. Since
+Kaleidoscope allows side-effects, this behavior is important to nail
+down.</p>
+<p>Now that we know what we “want”, lets break this down into its
+constituent pieces.</p>
+<div class="section" id="lexer-extensions-for-if-then-else">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">5.2.1. Lexer Extensions for If/Then/Else</a><a class="headerlink" href="#lexer-extensions-for-if-then-else" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The lexer extensions are straightforward. First we add new enum values
+for the relevant tokens:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// control</span>
+<span class="n">tok_if</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tok_then</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tok_else</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once we have that, we recognize the new keywords in the lexer. This is
+pretty simple stuff:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">...</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"def"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"extern"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"if"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_if</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"then"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_then</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"else"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_else</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="ast-extensions-for-if-then-else">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">5.2.2. AST Extensions for If/Then/Else</a><a class="headerlink" href="#ast-extensions-for-if-then-else" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To represent the new expression we add a new AST node for it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// IfExprAST - Expression class for if/then/else.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">IfExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_else</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cond</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_else</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The AST node just has pointers to the various subexpressions.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="parser-extensions-for-if-then-else">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">5.2.3. Parser Extensions for If/Then/Else</a><a class="headerlink" href="#parser-extensions-for-if-then-else" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Now that we have the relevant tokens coming from the lexer and we have
+the AST node to build, our parsing logic is relatively straightforward.
+First we define a new parsing function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// ifexpr ::= 'if' expression 'then' expression 'else' expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseIfExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat the if.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// condition.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Cond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_then</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected then"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat the then</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Then</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Then</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_else</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected else"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Else</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Next we hook it up as a primary expression:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unknown token when expecting an expression"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span>:     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'('</span>:            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_if</span>:         <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIfExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="llvm-ir-for-if-then-else">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">5.2.4. LLVM IR for If/Then/Else</a><a class="headerlink" href="#llvm-ir-for-if-then-else" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Now that we have it parsing and building the AST, the final piece is
+adding LLVM code generation support. This is the most interesting part
+of the if/then/else example, because this is where it starts to
+introduce new concepts. All of the code above has been thoroughly
+described in previous chapters.</p>
+<p>To motivate the code we want to produce, lets take a look at a simple
+example. Consider:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>extern foo();
+extern bar();
+def baz(x) if x then foo() else bar();
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you disable optimizations, the code you’ll (soon) get from
+Kaleidoscope looks like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-llvm"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">declare</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="k">declare</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@bar</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="k">define</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@baz</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">entry:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%ifcond</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fcmp</span> <span class="k">one</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">0.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%ifcond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%else</span>
+
+<span class="nl">then:</span>       <span class="c">; preds = %entry</span>
+  <span class="nv">%calltmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">call</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%ifcont</span>
+
+<span class="nl">else:</span>       <span class="c">; preds = %entry</span>
+  <span class="nv">%calltmp1</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">call</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@bar</span><span class="p">()</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%ifcont</span>
+
+<span class="nl">ifcont:</span>     <span class="c">; preds = %else, %then</span>
+  <span class="nv">%iftmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">phi</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="nv">%calltmp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%then</span> <span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="nv">%calltmp1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%else</span> <span class="p">]</span>
+  <span class="k">ret</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%iftmp</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To visualize the control flow graph, you can use a nifty feature of the
+LLVM ‘<a class="reference external" href="http://llvm.org/cmds/opt.html">opt</a>‘ tool. If you put this LLVM
+IR into “t.ll” and run “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">llvm-as</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">t.ll</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">opt</span> <span class="pre">-analyze</span> <span class="pre">-view-cfg</span></tt>”, <a class="reference external" href="../ProgrammersManual.html#ViewGraph">a
+window will pop up</a> and you’ll
+see this graph:</p>
+<div class="figure align-center">
+<img alt="Example CFG" src="../_images/LangImpl5-cfg.png" />
+<p class="caption">Example CFG</p>
+</div>
+<p>Another way to get this is to call “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">F->viewCFG()</span></tt>” or
+“<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">F->viewCFGOnly()</span></tt>” (where F is a “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Function*</span></tt>”) either by
+inserting actual calls into the code and recompiling or by calling these
+in the debugger. LLVM has many nice features for visualizing various
+graphs.</p>
+<p>Getting back to the generated code, it is fairly simple: the entry block
+evaluates the conditional expression (“x” in our case here) and compares
+the result to 0.0 with the “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcmp</span> <span class="pre">one</span></tt>” instruction (‘one’ is “Ordered
+and Not Equal”). Based on the result of this expression, the code jumps
+to either the “then” or “else” blocks, which contain the expressions for
+the true/false cases.</p>
+<p>Once the then/else blocks are finished executing, they both branch back
+to the ‘ifcont’ block to execute the code that happens after the
+if/then/else. In this case the only thing left to do is to return to the
+caller of the function. The question then becomes: how does the code
+know which expression to return?</p>
+<p>The answer to this question involves an important SSA operation: the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">Phi
+operation</a>.
+If you’re not familiar with SSA, <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">the wikipedia
+article</a>
+is a good introduction and there are various other introductions to it
+available on your favorite search engine. The short version is that
+“execution” of the Phi operation requires “remembering” which block
+control came from. The Phi operation takes on the value corresponding to
+the input control block. In this case, if control comes in from the
+“then” block, it gets the value of “calltmp”. If control comes from the
+“else” block, it gets the value of “calltmp1”.</p>
+<p>At this point, you are probably starting to think “Oh no! This means my
+simple and elegant front-end will have to start generating SSA form in
+order to use LLVM!”. Fortunately, this is not the case, and we strongly
+advise <em>not</em> implementing an SSA construction algorithm in your
+front-end unless there is an amazingly good reason to do so. In
+practice, there are two sorts of values that float around in code
+written for your average imperative programming language that might need
+Phi nodes:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Code that involves user variables: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">1;</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">1;</span></tt></li>
+<li>Values that are implicit in the structure of your AST, such as the
+Phi node in this case.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>In <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl7.html">Chapter 7</a> of this tutorial (“mutable variables”),
+we’ll talk about #1 in depth. For now, just believe me that you don’t
+need SSA construction to handle this case. For #2, you have the choice
+of using the techniques that we will describe for #1, or you can insert
+Phi nodes directly, if convenient. In this case, it is really really
+easy to generate the Phi node, so we choose to do it directly.</p>
+<p>Okay, enough of the motivation and overview, lets generate code!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="code-generation-for-if-then-else">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">5.2.5. Code Generation for If/Then/Else</a><a class="headerlink" href="#code-generation-for-if-then-else" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In order to generate code for this, we implement the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Codegen</span></tt> method
+for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IfExprAST</span></tt>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Cond</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.</span>
+  <span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpONE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CondV</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                              <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">)),</span>
+                                <span class="s">"ifcond"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code is straightforward and similar to what we saw before. We emit
+the expression for the condition, then compare that value to zero to get
+a truth value as a 1-bit (bool) value.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Create blocks for the then and else cases.  Insert the 'then' block at the</span>
+<span class="c1">// end of the function.</span>
+<span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ThenBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"then"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"else"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"ifcont"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCondBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CondV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code creates the basic blocks that are related to the if/then/else
+statement, and correspond directly to the blocks in the example above.
+The first line gets the current Function object that is being built. It
+gets this by asking the builder for the current BasicBlock, and asking
+that block for its “parent” (the function it is currently embedded
+into).</p>
+<p>Once it has that, it creates three blocks. Note that it passes
+“TheFunction” into the constructor for the “then” block. This causes the
+constructor to automatically insert the new block into the end of the
+specified function. The other two blocks are created, but aren’t yet
+inserted into the function.</p>
+<p>Once the blocks are created, we can emit the conditional branch that
+chooses between them. Note that creating new blocks does not implicitly
+affect the IRBuilder, so it is still inserting into the block that the
+condition went into. Also note that it is creating a branch to the
+“then” block and the “else” block, even though the “else” block isn’t
+inserted into the function yet. This is all ok: it is the standard way
+that LLVM supports forward references.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Emit then value.</span>
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ThenV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Codegen of 'Then' can change the current block, update ThenBB for the PHI.</span>
+<span class="n">ThenBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>After the conditional branch is inserted, we move the builder to start
+inserting into the “then” block. Strictly speaking, this call moves the
+insertion point to be at the end of the specified block. However, since
+the “then” block is empty, it also starts out by inserting at the
+beginning of the block. :)</p>
+<p>Once the insertion point is set, we recursively codegen the “then”
+expression from the AST. To finish off the “then” block, we create an
+unconditional branch to the merge block. One interesting (and very
+important) aspect of the LLVM IR is that it <a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#functionstructure">requires all basic blocks
+to be “terminated”</a> with a <a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#terminators">control
+flow instruction</a> such as return or
+branch. This means that all control flow, <em>including fall throughs</em> must
+be made explicit in the LLVM IR. If you violate this rule, the verifier
+will emit an error.</p>
+<p>The final line here is quite subtle, but is very important. The basic
+issue is that when we create the Phi node in the merge block, we need to
+set up the block/value pairs that indicate how the Phi will work.
+Importantly, the Phi node expects to have an entry for each predecessor
+of the block in the CFG. Why then, are we getting the current block when
+we just set it to ThenBB 5 lines above? The problem is that the “Then”
+expression may actually itself change the block that the Builder is
+emitting into if, for example, it contains a nested “if/then/else”
+expression. Because calling Codegen recursively could arbitrarily change
+the notion of the current block, we are required to get an up-to-date
+value for code that will set up the Phi node.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Emit else block.</span>
+<span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getBasicBlockList</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ElseV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="c1">// Codegen of 'Else' can change the current block, update ElseBB for the PHI.</span>
+<span class="n">ElseBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Code generation for the ‘else’ block is basically identical to codegen
+for the ‘then’ block. The only significant difference is the first line,
+which adds the ‘else’ block to the function. Recall previously that the
+‘else’ block was created, but not added to the function. Now that the
+‘then’ and ‘else’ blocks are emitted, we can finish up with the merge
+code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre>  <span class="c1">// Emit merge block.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getBasicBlockList</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">PHINode</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PN</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreatePHI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                  <span class="s">"iftmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">PN</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">PN</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">PN</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first two lines here are now familiar: the first adds the “merge”
+block to the Function object (it was previously floating, like the else
+block above). The second block changes the insertion point so that newly
+created code will go into the “merge” block. Once that is done, we need
+to create the PHI node and set up the block/value pairs for the PHI.</p>
+<p>Finally, the CodeGen function returns the phi node as the value computed
+by the if/then/else expression. In our example above, this returned
+value will feed into the code for the top-level function, which will
+create the return instruction.</p>
+<p>Overall, we now have the ability to execute conditional code in
+Kaleidoscope. With this extension, Kaleidoscope is a fairly complete
+language that can calculate a wide variety of numeric functions. Next up
+we’ll add another useful expression that is familiar from non-functional
+languages...</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="for-loop-expression">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">5.3. ‘for’ Loop Expression</a><a class="headerlink" href="#for-loop-expression" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Now that we know how to add basic control flow constructs to the
+language, we have the tools to add more powerful things. Lets add
+something more aggressive, a ‘for’ expression:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>extern putchard(char)
+def printstar(n)
+  for i = 1, i < n, 1.0 in
+    putchard(42);  # ascii 42 = '*'
+
+# print 100 '*' characters
+printstar(100);
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This expression defines a new variable (“i” in this case) which iterates
+from a starting value, while the condition (“i < n” in this case) is
+true, incrementing by an optional step value (“1.0” in this case). If
+the step value is omitted, it defaults to 1.0. While the loop is true,
+it executes its body expression. Because we don’t have anything better
+to return, we’ll just define the loop as always returning 0.0. In the
+future when we have mutable variables, it will get more useful.</p>
+<p>As before, lets talk about the changes that we need to Kaleidoscope to
+support this.</p>
+<div class="section" id="lexer-extensions-for-the-for-loop">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">5.3.1. Lexer Extensions for the ‘for’ Loop</a><a class="headerlink" href="#lexer-extensions-for-the-for-loop" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The lexer extensions are the same sort of thing as for if/then/else:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">...</span> <span class="n">in</span> <span class="k">enum</span> <span class="n">Token</span> <span class="p">...</span>
+<span class="c1">// control</span>
+<span class="n">tok_if</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tok_then</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tok_else</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="n">tok_for</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span>
+
+<span class="p">...</span> <span class="n">in</span> <span class="n">gettok</span> <span class="p">...</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"def"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"extern"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"if"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_if</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"then"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_then</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"else"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_else</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"for"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_for</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"in"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="ast-extensions-for-the-for-loop">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">5.3.2. AST Extensions for the ‘for’ Loop</a><a class="headerlink" href="#ast-extensions-for-the-for-loop" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The AST node is just as simple. It basically boils down to capturing the
+variable name and the constituent expressions in the node.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// ForExprAST - Expression class for for/in.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ForExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">End</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">varname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">varname</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="parser-extensions-for-the-for-loop">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">5.3.3. Parser Extensions for the ‘for’ Loop</a><a class="headerlink" href="#parser-extensions-for-the-for-loop" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The parser code is also fairly standard. The only interesting thing here
+is handling of the optional step value. The parser code handles it by
+checking to see if the second comma is present. If not, it sets the step
+value to null in the AST node:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// forexpr ::= 'for' identifier '=' expr ',' expr (',' expr)? 'in' expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseForExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat the for.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected identifier after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'='</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected '=' after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat '='.</span>
+
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Start</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected ',' after for start value"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">End</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">End</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// The step value is optional.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected 'in' after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat 'in'.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="llvm-ir-for-the-for-loop">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">5.3.4. LLVM IR for the ‘for’ Loop</a><a class="headerlink" href="#llvm-ir-for-the-for-loop" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Now we get to the good part: the LLVM IR we want to generate for this
+thing. With the simple example above, we get this LLVM IR (note that
+this dump is generated with optimizations disabled for clarity):</p>
+<div class="highlight-llvm"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">declare</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@putchard</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="k">define</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@printstar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">entry:</span>
+  <span class="c">; initial value = 1.0 (inlined into phi)</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%loop</span>
+
+<span class="nl">loop:</span>       <span class="c">; preds = %loop, %entry</span>
+  <span class="nv">%i</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">phi</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="m">1.000000e+00</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%entry</span> <span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="nv">%nextvar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%loop</span> <span class="p">]</span>
+  <span class="c">; body</span>
+  <span class="nv">%calltmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">call</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@putchard</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="m">4.200000e+01</span><span class="p">)</span>
+  <span class="c">; increment</span>
+  <span class="nv">%nextvar</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fadd</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">1.000000e+00</span>
+
+  <span class="c">; termination test</span>
+  <span class="nv">%cmptmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fcmp</span> <span class="k">ult</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%n</span>
+  <span class="nv">%booltmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">uitofp</span> <span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%cmptmp</span> <span class="k">to</span> <span class="kt">double</span>
+  <span class="nv">%loopcond</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fcmp</span> <span class="k">one</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%booltmp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">0.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%loopcond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%loop</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%afterloop</span>
+
+<span class="nl">afterloop:</span>      <span class="c">; preds = %loop</span>
+  <span class="c">; loop always returns 0.0</span>
+  <span class="k">ret</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="m">0.000000e+00</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This loop contains all the same constructs we saw before: a phi node,
+several expressions, and some basic blocks. Lets see how this fits
+together.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="code-generation-for-the-for-loop">
+<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">5.3.5. Code Generation for the ‘for’ Loop</a><a class="headerlink" href="#code-generation-for-the-for-loop" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The first part of Codegen is very simple: we just output the start
+expression for the loop value:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Emit the start code first, without 'variable' in scope.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">StartVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StartVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With this out of the way, the next step is to set up the LLVM basic
+block for the start of the loop body. In the case above, the whole loop
+body is one block, but remember that the body code itself could consist
+of multiple blocks (e.g. if it contains an if/then/else or a for/in
+expression).</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Make the new basic block for the loop header, inserting after current</span>
+<span class="c1">// block.</span>
+<span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PreheaderBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"loop"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Insert an explicit fall through from the current block to the LoopBB.</span>
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code is similar to what we saw for if/then/else. Because we will
+need it to create the Phi node, we remember the block that falls through
+into the loop. Once we have that, we create the actual block that starts
+the loop and create an unconditional branch for the fall-through between
+the two blocks.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Start insertion in LoopBB.</span>
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Start the PHI node with an entry for Start.</span>
+<span class="n">PHINode</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreatePHI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="n">Variable</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StartVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PreheaderBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now that the “preheader” for the loop is set up, we switch to emitting
+code for the loop body. To begin with, we move the insertion point and
+create the PHI node for the loop induction variable. Since we already
+know the incoming value for the starting value, we add it to the Phi
+node. Note that the Phi will eventually get a second value for the
+backedge, but we can’t set it up yet (because it doesn’t exist!).</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Within the loop, the variable is defined equal to the PHI node.  If it</span>
+<span class="c1">// shadows an existing variable, we have to restore it, so save it now.</span>
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">OldVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Emit the body of the loop.  This, like any other expr, can change the</span>
+<span class="c1">// current BB.  Note that we ignore the value computed by the body, but don't</span>
+<span class="c1">// allow an error.</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now the code starts to get more interesting. Our ‘for’ loop introduces a
+new variable to the symbol table. This means that our symbol table can
+now contain either function arguments or loop variables. To handle this,
+before we codegen the body of the loop, we add the loop variable as the
+current value for its name. Note that it is possible that there is a
+variable of the same name in the outer scope. It would be easy to make
+this an error (emit an error and return null if there is already an
+entry for VarName) but we choose to allow shadowing of variables. In
+order to handle this correctly, we remember the Value that we are
+potentially shadowing in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OldVal</span></tt> (which will be null if there is no
+shadowed variable).</p>
+<p>Once the loop variable is set into the symbol table, the code
+recursively codegen’s the body. This allows the body to use the loop
+variable: any references to it will naturally find it in the symbol
+table.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Emit the step value.</span>
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">StepVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// If not specified, use 1.0.</span>
+  <span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">NextVar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">StepVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"nextvar"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now that the body is emitted, we compute the next value of the iteration
+variable by adding the step value, or 1.0 if it isn’t present.
+‘<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NextVar</span></tt>‘ will be the value of the loop variable on the next
+iteration of the loop.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Compute the end condition.</span>
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.</span>
+<span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpONE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                            <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">)),</span>
+                                <span class="s">"loopcond"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, we evaluate the exit value of the loop, to determine whether
+the loop should exit. This mirrors the condition evaluation for the
+if/then/else statement.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Create the "after loop" block and insert it.</span>
+<span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LoopEndBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">AfterBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"afterloop"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Insert the conditional branch into the end of LoopEndBB.</span>
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCondBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">AfterBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Any new code will be inserted in AfterBB.</span>
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">AfterBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With the code for the body of the loop complete, we just need to finish
+up the control flow for it. This code remembers the end block (for the
+phi node), then creates the block for the loop exit (“afterloop”). Based
+on the value of the exit condition, it creates a conditional branch that
+chooses between executing the loop again and exiting the loop. Any
+future code is emitted in the “afterloop” block, so it sets the
+insertion position to it.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre>  <span class="c1">// Add a new entry to the PHI node for the backedge.</span>
+  <span class="n">Variable</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NextVar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LoopEndBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Restore the unshadowed variable.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OldVal</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">OldVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">else</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">erase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// for expr always returns 0.0.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Constant</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getNullValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The final code handles various cleanups: now that we have the “NextVar”
+value, we can add the incoming value to the loop PHI node. After that,
+we remove the loop variable from the symbol table, so that it isn’t in
+scope after the for loop. Finally, code generation of the for loop
+always returns 0.0, so that is what we return from
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ForExprAST::Codegen</span></tt>.</p>
+<p>With this, we conclude the “adding control flow to Kaleidoscope” chapter
+of the tutorial. In this chapter we added two control flow constructs,
+and used them to motivate a couple of aspects of the LLVM IR that are
+important for front-end implementors to know. In the next chapter of our
+saga, we will get a bit crazier and add <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl6.html">user-defined
+operators</a> to our poor innocent language.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="full-code-listing">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">5.4. Full Code Listing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#full-code-listing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Here is the complete code listing for our running example, enhanced with
+the if/then/else and for expressions.. To build this example, use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Compile</span>
+clang++ -g toy.cpp <span class="sb">`</span>llvm-config --cxxflags --ldflags --system-libs --libs core mcjit native<span class="sb">`</span> -O3 -o toy
+<span class="c"># Run</span>
+./toy
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here is the code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">#include "llvm/Analysis/Passes.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/MCJIT.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/SectionMemoryManager.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/Verifier.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/PassManager.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cctype></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cstdio></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <map></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <string></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <vector></span>
+<span class="k">using</span> <span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="n">llvm</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Lexer</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one</span>
+<span class="c1">// of these for known things.</span>
+<span class="k">enum</span> <span class="n">Token</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_eof</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// commands</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_def</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_extern</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// primary</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_identifier</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_number</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// control</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_if</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_then</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_else</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_for</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_in</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_identifier</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">;</span>             <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_number</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">gettok</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sc">' '</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Skip any whitespace.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*</span>
+    <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">())))</span>
+      <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"def"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"extern"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"if"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_if</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"then"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_then</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"else"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_else</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"for"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_for</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"in"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// Number: [0-9.]+</span>
+    <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">NumStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">strtod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'#'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Comment until end of line.</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span>
+      <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\n'</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\r'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="c1">/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="o">~</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">NumberExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">VariableExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">BinaryExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">op</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CallExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// IfExprAST - Expression class for if/then/else.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">IfExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_else</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cond</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_else</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// ForExprAST - Expression class for for/in.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ForExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">End</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">varname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">varname</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,</span>
+<span class="c1">/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number</span>
+<span class="c1">/// of arguments the function takes).</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FunctionAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+<span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// end anonymous namespace</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Parser</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current</span>
+<span class="c1">/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the</span>
+<span class="c1">/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is</span>
+<span class="c1">/// defined.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make sure it's a declared binop.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.</span>
+<span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Error: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// Simple variable ref.</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Call.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat (</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Arg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' or ',' in argument list"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Eat the ')'.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// numberexpr ::= number</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// consume the number</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Result</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat (.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">V</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected ')'"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat ).</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// ifexpr ::= 'if' expression 'then' expression 'else' expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseIfExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the if.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// condition.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Cond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_then</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected then"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the then</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Then</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Then</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_else</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected else"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Else</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// forexpr ::= 'for' identifier '=' expr ',' expr (',' expr)? 'in' expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseForExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the for.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected identifier after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'='</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected '=' after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat '='.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Start</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected ',' after for start value"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">End</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">End</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// The step value is optional.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected 'in' after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat 'in'.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// primary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= numberexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= parenexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ifexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= forexpr</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unknown token when expecting an expression"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'('</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_if</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIfExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_for</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseForExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ('+' primary)*</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// If this is a binop, find its precedence.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,</span>
+    <span class="c1">// consume it, otherwise we are done.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Okay, we know this is a binop.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">BinOp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat binop</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Parse the primary expression after the binary operator.</span>
+    <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let</span>
+    <span class="c1">// the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Merge LHS/RHS.</span>
+    <span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BinOp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// expression</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= primary binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// prototype</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= id '(' id* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected function name in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected '(' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// success.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat ')'.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat def.</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// toplevelexpr ::= expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Make an anonymous proto.</span>
+    <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// external ::= 'extern' prototype</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat extern.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Code Generation</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">Module</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">IRBuilder</span><span class="o"><></span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionPassManager</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFPM</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look this variable up in the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown variable name"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'+'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"addtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'-'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFSub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"subtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'*'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFMul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"multmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'<'</span>:
+    <span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpULT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"cmptmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateUIToFP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span>
+                                <span class="s">"booltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nf">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"invalid binary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look up the name in the global module table.</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown function referenced"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If argument mismatch error.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Incorrect # arguments passed"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">back</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"calltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Cond</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.</span>
+  <span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpONE</span><span class="p">(</span>
+      <span class="n">CondV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="s">"ifcond"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create blocks for the then and else cases.  Insert the 'then' block at the</span>
+  <span class="c1">// end of the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ThenBB</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"then"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"else"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"ifcont"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCondBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CondV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit then value.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ThenV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Codegen of 'Then' can change the current block, update ThenBB for the PHI.</span>
+  <span class="n">ThenBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit else block.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getBasicBlockList</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ElseV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Codegen of 'Else' can change the current block, update ElseBB for the PHI.</span>
+  <span class="n">ElseBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit merge block.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getBasicBlockList</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">PHINode</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PN</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreatePHI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"iftmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">PN</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">PN</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">PN</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Output this as:</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   ...</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   start = startexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   goto loop</span>
+  <span class="c1">// loop:</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   variable = phi [start, loopheader], [nextvariable, loopend]</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   ...</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   bodyexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   ...</span>
+  <span class="c1">// loopend:</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   step = stepexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   nextvariable = variable + step</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   endcond = endexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   br endcond, loop, endloop</span>
+  <span class="c1">// outloop:</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit the start code first, without 'variable' in scope.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">StartVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StartVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make the new basic block for the loop header, inserting after current</span>
+  <span class="c1">// block.</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PreheaderBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"loop"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Insert an explicit fall through from the current block to the LoopBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Start insertion in LoopBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Start the PHI node with an entry for Start.</span>
+  <span class="n">PHINode</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreatePHI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span>
+                                        <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="n">Variable</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StartVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PreheaderBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Within the loop, the variable is defined equal to the PHI node.  If it</span>
+  <span class="c1">// shadows an existing variable, we have to restore it, so save it now.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">OldVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit the body of the loop.  This, like any other expr, can change the</span>
+  <span class="c1">// current BB.  Note that we ignore the value computed by the body, but don't</span>
+  <span class="c1">// allow an error.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit the step value.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">StepVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// If not specified, use 1.0.</span>
+    <span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">));</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">NextVar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">StepVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"nextvar"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Compute the end condition.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.</span>
+  <span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpONE</span><span class="p">(</span>
+      <span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="s">"loopcond"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create the "after loop" block and insert it.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LoopEndBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">AfterBB</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"afterloop"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Insert the conditional branch into the end of LoopEndBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCondBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">AfterBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Any new code will be inserted in AfterBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">AfterBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Add a new entry to the PHI node for the backedge.</span>
+  <span class="n">Variable</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NextVar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LoopEndBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Restore the unshadowed variable.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OldVal</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">OldVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">else</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">erase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// for expr always returns 0.0.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Constant</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getNullValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Make the function type:  double(double,double) etc.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Type</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+                              <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionType</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FT</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">FunctionType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">false</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ExternalLinkage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'.  If it has a</span>
+  <span class="c1">// body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.</span>
+    <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If F already has a body, reject this.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">empty</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If F took a different number of args, reject.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function with different # args"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set names for all arguments.</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">arg_iterator</span> <span class="n">AI</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_begin</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span>
+       <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">AI</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">setName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Add arguments to variable symbol table.</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create a new basic block to start insertion into.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"entry"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RetVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Finish off the function.</span>
+    <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateRet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RetVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.</span>
+    <span class="n">verifyFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Optimize the function.</span>
+    <span class="n">TheFPM</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Error reading body, remove function.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExecutionEngine</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Read function definition:"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">LF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">P</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">P</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Read extern: "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">finalizeObject</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="c1">// JIT the function, returning a function pointer.</span>
+      <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FPtr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getPointerToFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LF</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="c1">// Cast it to the right type (takes no arguments, returns a double) so we</span>
+      <span class="c1">// can call it as a native function.</span>
+      <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FP</span><span class="p">)()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)())(</span><span class="kt">intptr_t</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">FPtr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Evaluated to %f</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FP</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">MainLoop</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span>:
+      <span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">';'</span>:
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// ignore top-level semicolons.</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span>:
+      <span class="n">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span>:
+      <span class="n">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="nl">default:</span>
+      <span class="n">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.</span>
+<span class="k">extern</span> <span class="s">"C"</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">putchard</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">putchar</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Main driver code.</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTarget</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTargetAsmPrinter</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTargetAsmParser</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">LLVMContext</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">Context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Install standard binary operators.</span>
+  <span class="c1">// 1 is lowest precedence.</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'<'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'-'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'*'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// highest.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Prime the first token.</span>
+  <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make the module, which holds all the code.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">unique_ptr</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Owner</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_unique</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"my cool jit"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Context</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Owner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create the JIT.  This takes ownership of the module.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">EngineBuilder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Owner</span><span class="p">))</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">setErrorStr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">)</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">setMCJITMemoryManager</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">llvm</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_unique</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">SectionMemoryManager</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">())</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Could not create ExecutionEngine: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">FunctionPassManager</span> <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set up the optimizer pipeline.  Start with registering info about how the</span>
+  <span class="c1">// target lays out data structures.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">setDataLayout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getDataLayout</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">DataLayoutPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Provide basic AliasAnalysis support for GVN.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createBasicAliasAnalysisPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createInstructionCombiningPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Reassociate expressions.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createReassociatePass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Eliminate Common SubExpressions.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createGVNPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable blocks, etc).</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createCFGSimplificationPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">doInitialization</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set the global so the code gen can use this.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFPM</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Run the main "interpreter loop" now.</span>
+  <span class="n">MainLoop</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">TheFPM</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Print out all of the generated code.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="LangImpl6.html">Next: Extending the language: user-defined operators</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
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+  <div class="section" id="kaleidoscope-extending-the-language-user-defined-operators">
+<h1>6. Kaleidoscope: Extending the Language: User-defined Operators<a class="headerlink" href="#kaleidoscope-extending-the-language-user-defined-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#chapter-6-introduction" id="id1">Chapter 6 Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-defined-operators-the-idea" id="id2">User-defined Operators: the Idea</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-defined-binary-operators" id="id3">User-defined Binary Operators</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-defined-unary-operators" id="id4">User-defined Unary Operators</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#kicking-the-tires" id="id5">Kicking the Tires</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#full-code-listing" id="id6">Full Code Listing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="chapter-6-introduction">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">6.1. Chapter 6 Introduction</a><a class="headerlink" href="#chapter-6-introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Welcome to Chapter 6 of the “<a class="reference external" href="index.html">Implementing a language with
+LLVM</a>” tutorial. At this point in our tutorial, we now
+have a fully functional language that is fairly minimal, but also
+useful. There is still one big problem with it, however. Our language
+doesn’t have many useful operators (like division, logical negation, or
+even any comparisons besides less-than).</p>
+<p>This chapter of the tutorial takes a wild digression into adding
+user-defined operators to the simple and beautiful Kaleidoscope
+language. This digression now gives us a simple and ugly language in
+some ways, but also a powerful one at the same time. One of the great
+things about creating your own language is that you get to decide what
+is good or bad. In this tutorial we’ll assume that it is okay to use
+this as a way to show some interesting parsing techniques.</p>
+<p>At the end of this tutorial, we’ll run through an example Kaleidoscope
+application that <a class="reference external" href="#example">renders the Mandelbrot set</a>. This gives an
+example of what you can build with Kaleidoscope and its feature set.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="user-defined-operators-the-idea">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">6.2. User-defined Operators: the Idea</a><a class="headerlink" href="#user-defined-operators-the-idea" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The “operator overloading” that we will add to Kaleidoscope is more
+general than languages like C++. In C++, you are only allowed to
+redefine existing operators: you can’t programatically change the
+grammar, introduce new operators, change precedence levels, etc. In this
+chapter, we will add this capability to Kaleidoscope, which will let the
+user round out the set of operators that are supported.</p>
+<p>The point of going into user-defined operators in a tutorial like this
+is to show the power and flexibility of using a hand-written parser.
+Thus far, the parser we have been implementing uses recursive descent
+for most parts of the grammar and operator precedence parsing for the
+expressions. See <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl2.html">Chapter 2</a> for details. Without
+using operator precedence parsing, it would be very difficult to allow
+the programmer to introduce new operators into the grammar: the grammar
+is dynamically extensible as the JIT runs.</p>
+<p>The two specific features we’ll add are programmable unary operators
+(right now, Kaleidoscope has no unary operators at all) as well as
+binary operators. An example of this is:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Logical unary not.
+def unary!(v)
+  if v then
+    0
+  else
+    1;
+
+# Define > with the same precedence as <.
+def binary> 10 (LHS RHS)
+  RHS < LHS;
+
+# Binary "logical or", (note that it does not "short circuit")
+def binary| 5 (LHS RHS)
+  if LHS then
+    1
+  else if RHS then
+    1
+  else
+    0;
+
+# Define = with slightly lower precedence than relationals.
+def binary= 9 (LHS RHS)
+  !(LHS < RHS | LHS > RHS);
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Many languages aspire to being able to implement their standard runtime
+library in the language itself. In Kaleidoscope, we can implement
+significant parts of the language in the library!</p>
+<p>We will break down implementation of these features into two parts:
+implementing support for user-defined binary operators and adding unary
+operators.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="user-defined-binary-operators">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">6.3. User-defined Binary Operators</a><a class="headerlink" href="#user-defined-binary-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Adding support for user-defined binary operators is pretty simple with
+our current framework. We’ll first add support for the unary/binary
+keywords:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">enum</span> <span class="n">Token</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="p">...</span>
+  <span class="c1">// operators</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_binary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tok_unary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">12</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"for"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_for</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"in"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"binary"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_binary</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"unary"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_unary</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This just adds lexer support for the unary and binary keywords, like we
+did in <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl5.html#iflexer">previous chapters</a>. One nice thing
+about our current AST, is that we represent binary operators with full
+generalisation by using their ASCII code as the opcode. For our extended
+operators, we’ll use this same representation, so we don’t need any new
+AST or parser support.</p>
+<p>On the other hand, we have to be able to represent the definitions of
+these new operators, in the “def binary| 5” part of the function
+definition. In our grammar so far, the “name” for the function
+definition is parsed as the “prototype” production and into the
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrototypeAST</span></tt> AST node. To represent our new user-defined operators
+as prototypes, we have to extend the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PrototypeAST</span></tt> AST node like
+this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,</span>
+<span class="c1">/// which captures its argument names as well as if it is an operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Precedence</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// Precedence if a binary op.</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span>
+               <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isoperator</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">false</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">prec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+  <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isoperator</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Precedence</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isUnaryOp</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isBinaryOp</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">getOperatorName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isUnaryOp</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">isBinaryOp</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">getBinaryPrecedence</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Precedence</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Basically, in addition to knowing a name for the prototype, we now keep
+track of whether it was an operator, and if it was, what precedence
+level the operator is at. The precedence is only used for binary
+operators (as you’ll see below, it just doesn’t apply for unary
+operators). Now that we have a way to represent the prototype for a
+user-defined operator, we need to parse it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// prototype</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= id '(' id* ')'</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= binary LETTER number? (id, id)</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// 0 = identifier, 1 = unary, 2 = binary.</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">BinaryPrecedence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected function name in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>:
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_binary</span>:
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected binary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"binary"</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Read the precedence if present.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Invalid precedecnce: must be 1..100"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">BinaryPrecedence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected '(' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// success.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat ')'.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Verify right number of names for operator.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Kind</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Invalid number of operands for operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">BinaryPrecedence</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This is all fairly straightforward parsing code, and we have already
+seen a lot of similar code in the past. One interesting part about the
+code above is the couple lines that set up <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FnName</span></tt> for binary
+operators. This builds names like “binary@” for a newly defined “@”
+operator. This then takes advantage of the fact that symbol names in the
+LLVM symbol table are allowed to have any character in them, including
+embedded nul characters.</p>
+<p>The next interesting thing to add, is codegen support for these binary
+operators. Given our current structure, this is a simple addition of a
+default case for our existing binary operator node:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'+'</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"addtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'-'</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFSub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"subtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'*'</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFMul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"multmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'<'</span>:
+    <span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpULT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"cmptmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateUIToFP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span>
+                                <span class="s">"booltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If it wasn't a builtin binary operator, it must be a user defined one. Emit</span>
+  <span class="c1">// a call to it.</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"binary"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="s">"binary operator not found!"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Ops</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span> <span class="p">};</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Ops</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"binop"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As you can see above, the new code is actually really simple. It just
+does a lookup for the appropriate operator in the symbol table and
+generates a function call to it. Since user-defined operators are just
+built as normal functions (because the “prototype” boils down to a
+function with the right name) everything falls into place.</p>
+<p>The final piece of code we are missing, is a bit of top-level magic:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If this is an operator, install it.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">isBinaryOp</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getOperatorName</span><span class="p">()]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getBinaryPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create a new basic block to start insertion into.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"entry"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RetVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="p">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Basically, before codegening a function, if it is a user-defined
+operator, we register it in the precedence table. This allows the binary
+operator parsing logic we already have in place to handle it. Since we
+are working on a fully-general operator precedence parser, this is all
+we need to do to “extend the grammar”.</p>
+<p>Now we have useful user-defined binary operators. This builds a lot on
+the previous framework we built for other operators. Adding unary
+operators is a bit more challenging, because we don’t have any framework
+for it yet - lets see what it takes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="user-defined-unary-operators">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">6.4. User-defined Unary Operators</a><a class="headerlink" href="#user-defined-unary-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Since we don’t currently support unary operators in the Kaleidoscope
+language, we’ll need to add everything to support them. Above, we added
+simple support for the ‘unary’ keyword to the lexer. In addition to
+that, we need an AST node:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// UnaryExprAST - Expression class for a unary operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UnaryExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">Opcode</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Operand</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">UnaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">opcode</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">operand</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Opcode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">opcode</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Operand</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">operand</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This AST node is very simple and obvious by now. It directly mirrors the
+binary operator AST node, except that it only has one child. With this,
+we need to add the parsing logic. Parsing a unary operator is pretty
+simple: we’ll add a new function to do it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// unary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= primary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= '!' unary</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// If the current token is not an operator, it must be a primary expr.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'('</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If this is a unary operator, read it.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">Opc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Operand</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">UnaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Opc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Operand</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The grammar we add is pretty straightforward here. If we see a unary
+operator when parsing a primary operator, we eat the operator as a
+prefix and parse the remaining piece as another unary operator. This
+allows us to handle multiple unary operators (e.g. ”!!x”). Note that
+unary operators can’t have ambiguous parses like binary operators can,
+so there is no need for precedence information.</p>
+<p>The problem with this function, is that we need to call ParseUnary from
+somewhere. To do this, we change previous callers of ParsePrimary to
+call ParseUnary instead:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ('+' unary)*</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="p">...</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Parse the unary expression after the binary operator.</span>
+    <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="c1">/// expression</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= unary binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With these two simple changes, we are now able to parse unary operators
+and build the AST for them. Next up, we need to add parser support for
+prototypes, to parse the unary operator prototype. We extend the binary
+operator code above with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// prototype</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= id '(' id* ')'</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= binary LETTER number? (id, id)</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= unary LETTER (id)</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="c1">// 0 = identifier, 1 = unary, 2 = binary.</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">BinaryPrecedence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected function name in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>:
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_unary</span>:
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected unary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"unary"</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_binary</span>:
+    <span class="p">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As with binary operators, we name unary operators with a name that
+includes the operator character. This assists us at code generation
+time. Speaking of, the final piece we need to add is codegen support for
+unary operators. It looks like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">UnaryExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">OperandV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Operand</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OperandV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unary"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">Opcode</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown unary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OperandV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"unop"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code is similar to, but simpler than, the code for binary
+operators. It is simpler primarily because it doesn’t need to handle any
+predefined operators.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="kicking-the-tires">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">6.5. Kicking the Tires</a><a class="headerlink" href="#kicking-the-tires" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>It is somewhat hard to believe, but with a few simple extensions we’ve
+covered in the last chapters, we have grown a real-ish language. With
+this, we can do a lot of interesting things, including I/O, math, and a
+bunch of other things. For example, we can now add a nice sequencing
+operator (printd is defined to print out the specified value and a
+newline):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> extern printd(x);
+Read extern:
+declare double @printd(double)
+
+ready> def binary : 1 (x y) 0;  # Low-precedence operator that ignores operands.
+..
+ready> printd(123) : printd(456) : printd(789);
+123.000000
+456.000000
+789.000000
+Evaluated to 0.000000
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can also define a bunch of other “primitive” operations, such as:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Logical unary not.
+def unary!(v)
+  if v then
+    0
+  else
+    1;
+
+# Unary negate.
+def unary-(v)
+  0-v;
+
+# Define > with the same precedence as <.
+def binary> 10 (LHS RHS)
+  RHS < LHS;
+
+# Binary logical or, which does not short circuit.
+def binary| 5 (LHS RHS)
+  if LHS then
+    1
+  else if RHS then
+    1
+  else
+    0;
+
+# Binary logical and, which does not short circuit.
+def binary& 6 (LHS RHS)
+  if !LHS then
+    0
+  else
+    !!RHS;
+
+# Define = with slightly lower precedence than relationals.
+def binary = 9 (LHS RHS)
+  !(LHS < RHS | LHS > RHS);
+
+# Define ':' for sequencing: as a low-precedence operator that ignores operands
+# and just returns the RHS.
+def binary : 1 (x y) y;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Given the previous if/then/else support, we can also define interesting
+functions for I/O. For example, the following prints out a character
+whose “density” reflects the value passed in: the lower the value, the
+denser the character:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready>
+
+extern putchard(char)
+def printdensity(d)
+  if d > 8 then
+    putchard(32)  # ' '
+  else if d > 4 then
+    putchard(46)  # '.'
+  else if d > 2 then
+    putchard(43)  # '+'
+  else
+    putchard(42); # '*'
+...
+ready> printdensity(1): printdensity(2): printdensity(3):
+       printdensity(4): printdensity(5): printdensity(9):
+       putchard(10);
+**++.
+Evaluated to 0.000000
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Based on these simple primitive operations, we can start to define more
+interesting things. For example, here’s a little function that solves
+for the number of iterations it takes a function in the complex plane to
+converge:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Determine whether the specific location diverges.
+# Solve for z = z^2 + c in the complex plane.
+def mandleconverger(real imag iters creal cimag)
+  if iters > 255 | (real*real + imag*imag > 4) then
+    iters
+  else
+    mandleconverger(real*real - imag*imag + creal,
+                    2*real*imag + cimag,
+                    iters+1, creal, cimag);
+
+# Return the number of iterations required for the iteration to escape
+def mandleconverge(real imag)
+  mandleconverger(real, imag, 0, real, imag);
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">z2</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">c</span></tt>” function is a beautiful little creature that is
+the basis for computation of the <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set">Mandelbrot
+Set</a>. Our
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mandelconverge</span></tt> function returns the number of iterations that it
+takes for a complex orbit to escape, saturating to 255. This is not a
+very useful function by itself, but if you plot its value over a
+two-dimensional plane, you can see the Mandelbrot set. Given that we are
+limited to using putchard here, our amazing graphical output is limited,
+but we can whip together something using the density plotter above:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Compute and plot the mandlebrot set with the specified 2 dimensional range
+# info.
+def mandelhelp(xmin xmax xstep   ymin ymax ystep)
+  for y = ymin, y < ymax, ystep in (
+    (for x = xmin, x < xmax, xstep in
+       printdensity(mandleconverge(x,y)))
+    : putchard(10)
+  )
+
+# mandel - This is a convenient helper function for plotting the mandelbrot set
+# from the specified position with the specified Magnification.
+def mandel(realstart imagstart realmag imagmag)
+  mandelhelp(realstart, realstart+realmag*78, realmag,
+             imagstart, imagstart+imagmag*40, imagmag);
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Given this, we can try plotting out the mandlebrot set! Lets try it out:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ready> mandel(-2.3, -1.3, 0.05, 0.07);
+*******************************+++++++++++*************************************
+*************************+++++++++++++++++++++++*******************************
+**********************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++****************************
+*******************+++++++++++++++++++++.. ...++++++++*************************
+*****************++++++++++++++++++++++.... ...+++++++++***********************
+***************+++++++++++++++++++++++.....   ...+++++++++*********************
+**************+++++++++++++++++++++++....     ....+++++++++********************
+*************++++++++++++++++++++++......      .....++++++++*******************
+************+++++++++++++++++++++.......       .......+++++++******************
+***********+++++++++++++++++++....                ... .+++++++*****************
+**********+++++++++++++++++.......                     .+++++++****************
+*********++++++++++++++...........                    ...+++++++***************
+********++++++++++++............                      ...++++++++**************
+********++++++++++... ..........                        .++++++++**************
+*******+++++++++.....                                   .+++++++++*************
+*******++++++++......                                  ..+++++++++*************
+*******++++++.......                                   ..+++++++++*************
+*******+++++......                                     ..+++++++++*************
+*******.... ....                                      ...+++++++++*************
+*******.... .                                         ...+++++++++*************
+*******+++++......                                    ...+++++++++*************
+*******++++++.......                                   ..+++++++++*************
+*******++++++++......                                   .+++++++++*************
+*******+++++++++.....                                  ..+++++++++*************
+********++++++++++... ..........                        .++++++++**************
+********++++++++++++............                      ...++++++++**************
+*********++++++++++++++..........                     ...+++++++***************
+**********++++++++++++++++........                     .+++++++****************
+**********++++++++++++++++++++....                ... ..+++++++****************
+***********++++++++++++++++++++++.......       .......++++++++*****************
+************+++++++++++++++++++++++......      ......++++++++******************
+**************+++++++++++++++++++++++....      ....++++++++********************
+***************+++++++++++++++++++++++.....   ...+++++++++*********************
+*****************++++++++++++++++++++++....  ...++++++++***********************
+*******************+++++++++++++++++++++......++++++++*************************
+*********************++++++++++++++++++++++.++++++++***************************
+*************************+++++++++++++++++++++++*******************************
+******************************+++++++++++++************************************
+*******************************************************************************
+*******************************************************************************
+*******************************************************************************
+Evaluated to 0.000000
+ready> mandel(-2, -1, 0.02, 0.04);
+**************************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+***********************++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+*********************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.
+*******************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...
+*****************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.....
+***************++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++........
+**************++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...........
+************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..............
+***********++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++........        .
+**********++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.............
+********+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..................
+*******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.......................
+******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...........................
+*****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++............................
+*****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...............................
+****++++++++++++++++++++++++++......   .........................
+***++++++++++++++++++++++++.........     ......    ...........
+***++++++++++++++++++++++............
+**+++++++++++++++++++++..............
+**+++++++++++++++++++................
+*++++++++++++++++++.................
+*++++++++++++++++............ ...
+*++++++++++++++..............
+*+++....++++................
+*..........  ...........
+*
+*..........  ...........
+*+++....++++................
+*++++++++++++++..............
+*++++++++++++++++............ ...
+*++++++++++++++++++.................
+**+++++++++++++++++++................
+**+++++++++++++++++++++..............
+***++++++++++++++++++++++............
+***++++++++++++++++++++++++.........     ......    ...........
+****++++++++++++++++++++++++++......   .........................
+*****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...............................
+*****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++............................
+******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...........................
+*******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.......................
+********+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..................
+Evaluated to 0.000000
+ready> mandel(-0.9, -1.4, 0.02, 0.03);
+*******************************************************************************
+*******************************************************************************
+*******************************************************************************
+**********+++++++++++++++++++++************************************************
+*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++***************************************
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++**********************************
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*****************************
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*************************
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++**********************
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.........++++++++++++++++++*******************
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++....   ......+++++++++++++++++++****************
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.......  ........+++++++++++++++++++**************
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++........   ........++++++++++++++++++++************
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.........     ..  ...+++++++++++++++++++++**********
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++...........        ....++++++++++++++++++++++********
+++++++++++++++++++++++++.............       .......++++++++++++++++++++++******
++++++++++++++++++++++++.............        ........+++++++++++++++++++++++****
+++++++++++++++++++++++...........           ..........++++++++++++++++++++++***
+++++++++++++++++++++...........                .........++++++++++++++++++++++*
+++++++++++++++++++............                  ...........++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++...............                 .............++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++.................                 ...............++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++..................                  .................++++++++++++++
++++++++++..................                      .................+++++++++++++
+++++++........        .                               .........  ..++++++++++++
+++............                                         ......    ....++++++++++
+..............                                                    ...++++++++++
+..............                                                    ....+++++++++
+..............                                                    .....++++++++
+.............                                                    ......++++++++
+...........                                                     .......++++++++
+.........                                                       ........+++++++
+.........                                                       ........+++++++
+.........                                                           ....+++++++
+........                                                             ...+++++++
+.......                                                              ...+++++++
+                                                                    ....+++++++
+                                                                   .....+++++++
+                                                                    ....+++++++
+                                                                    ....+++++++
+                                                                    ....+++++++
+Evaluated to 0.000000
+ready> ^D
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>At this point, you may be starting to realize that Kaleidoscope is a
+real and powerful language. It may not be self-similar :), but it can be
+used to plot things that are!</p>
+<p>With this, we conclude the “adding user-defined operators” chapter of
+the tutorial. We have successfully augmented our language, adding the
+ability to extend the language in the library, and we have shown how
+this can be used to build a simple but interesting end-user application
+in Kaleidoscope. At this point, Kaleidoscope can build a variety of
+applications that are functional and can call functions with
+side-effects, but it can’t actually define and mutate a variable itself.</p>
+<p>Strikingly, variable mutation is an important feature of some languages,
+and it is not at all obvious how to <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl7.html">add support for mutable
+variables</a> without having to add an “SSA construction”
+phase to your front-end. In the next chapter, we will describe how you
+can add variable mutation without building SSA in your front-end.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="full-code-listing">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">6.6. Full Code Listing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#full-code-listing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Here is the complete code listing for our running example, enhanced with
+the if/then/else and for expressions.. To build this example, use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Compile</span>
+clang++ -g toy.cpp <span class="sb">`</span>llvm-config --cxxflags --ldflags --system-libs --libs core mcjit native<span class="sb">`</span> -O3 -o toy
+<span class="c"># Run</span>
+./toy
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>On some platforms, you will need to specify -rdynamic or
+-Wl,–export-dynamic when linking. This ensures that symbols defined in
+the main executable are exported to the dynamic linker and so are
+available for symbol resolution at run time. This is not needed if you
+compile your support code into a shared library, although doing that
+will cause problems on Windows.</p>
+<p>Here is the code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">#include "llvm/Analysis/Passes.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/MCJIT.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/SectionMemoryManager.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/Verifier.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/PassManager.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cctype></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cstdio></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <map></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <string></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <vector></span>
+<span class="k">using</span> <span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="n">llvm</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Lexer</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one</span>
+<span class="c1">// of these for known things.</span>
+<span class="k">enum</span> <span class="n">Token</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_eof</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// commands</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_def</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_extern</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// primary</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_identifier</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_number</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// control</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_if</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_then</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_else</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_for</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_in</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// operators</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_binary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_unary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">12</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_identifier</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">;</span>             <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_number</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">gettok</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sc">' '</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Skip any whitespace.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*</span>
+    <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">())))</span>
+      <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"def"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"extern"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"if"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_if</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"then"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_then</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"else"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_else</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"for"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_for</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"in"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"binary"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_binary</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"unary"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_unary</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// Number: [0-9.]+</span>
+    <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">NumStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">strtod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'#'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Comment until end of line.</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span>
+      <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\n'</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\r'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="c1">/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="o">~</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">NumberExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">VariableExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// UnaryExprAST - Expression class for a unary operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UnaryExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">Opcode</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Operand</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">UnaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">opcode</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">operand</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Opcode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">opcode</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Operand</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">operand</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">BinaryExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">op</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CallExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// IfExprAST - Expression class for if/then/else.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">IfExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_else</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cond</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_else</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// ForExprAST - Expression class for for/in.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ForExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">End</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">varname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">varname</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,</span>
+<span class="c1">/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number</span>
+<span class="c1">/// of arguments the function takes), as well as if it is an operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Precedence</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// Precedence if a binary op.</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span>
+               <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isoperator</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">false</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">prec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isoperator</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Precedence</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isUnaryOp</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isBinaryOp</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">getOperatorName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isUnaryOp</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">isBinaryOp</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">getBinaryPrecedence</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Precedence</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FunctionAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+<span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// end anonymous namespace</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Parser</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current</span>
+<span class="c1">/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the</span>
+<span class="c1">/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is</span>
+<span class="c1">/// defined.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make sure it's a declared binop.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.</span>
+<span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Error: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// Simple variable ref.</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Call.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat (</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Arg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' or ',' in argument list"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Eat the ')'.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// numberexpr ::= number</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// consume the number</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Result</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat (.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">V</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected ')'"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat ).</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// ifexpr ::= 'if' expression 'then' expression 'else' expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseIfExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the if.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// condition.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Cond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_then</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected then"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the then</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Then</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Then</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_else</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected else"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Else</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// forexpr ::= 'for' identifier '=' expr ',' expr (',' expr)? 'in' expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseForExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the for.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected identifier after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'='</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected '=' after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat '='.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Start</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected ',' after for start value"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">End</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">End</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// The step value is optional.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected 'in' after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat 'in'.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// primary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= numberexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= parenexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ifexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= forexpr</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unknown token when expecting an expression"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'('</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_if</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIfExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_for</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseForExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// unary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= primary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= '!' unary</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// If the current token is not an operator, it must be a primary expr.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'('</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If this is a unary operator, read it.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">Opc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Operand</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">UnaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Opc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Operand</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ('+' unary)*</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// If this is a binop, find its precedence.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,</span>
+    <span class="c1">// consume it, otherwise we are done.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Okay, we know this is a binop.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">BinOp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat binop</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Parse the unary expression after the binary operator.</span>
+    <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let</span>
+    <span class="c1">// the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Merge LHS/RHS.</span>
+    <span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BinOp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// expression</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= unary binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// prototype</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= id '(' id* ')'</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= binary LETTER number? (id, id)</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= unary LETTER (id)</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// 0 = identifier, 1 = unary, 2 = binary.</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">BinaryPrecedence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected function name in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>:
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_unary</span>:
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected unary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"unary"</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_binary</span>:
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected binary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"binary"</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Read the precedence if present.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Invalid precedecnce: must be 1..100"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">BinaryPrecedence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected '(' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// success.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat ')'.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Verify right number of names for operator.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Kind</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Invalid number of operands for operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">BinaryPrecedence</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat def.</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// toplevelexpr ::= expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Make an anonymous proto.</span>
+    <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// external ::= 'extern' prototype</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat extern.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Code Generation</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">Module</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">IRBuilder</span><span class="o"><></span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionPassManager</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFPM</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look this variable up in the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">?</span> <span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown variable name"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">UnaryExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">OperandV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Operand</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OperandV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unary"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">Opcode</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown unary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OperandV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"unop"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'+'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"addtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'-'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFSub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"subtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'*'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFMul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"multmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'<'</span>:
+    <span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpULT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"cmptmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateUIToFP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span>
+                                <span class="s">"booltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If it wasn't a builtin binary operator, it must be a user defined one. Emit</span>
+  <span class="c1">// a call to it.</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"binary"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="s">"binary operator not found!"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Ops</span><span class="p">[]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span> <span class="p">};</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Ops</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"binop"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look up the name in the global module table.</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown function referenced"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If argument mismatch error.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Incorrect # arguments passed"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">back</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"calltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Cond</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.</span>
+  <span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpONE</span><span class="p">(</span>
+      <span class="n">CondV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="s">"ifcond"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create blocks for the then and else cases.  Insert the 'then' block at the</span>
+  <span class="c1">// end of the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ThenBB</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"then"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"else"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"ifcont"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCondBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CondV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit then value.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ThenV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Codegen of 'Then' can change the current block, update ThenBB for the PHI.</span>
+  <span class="n">ThenBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit else block.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getBasicBlockList</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ElseV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Codegen of 'Else' can change the current block, update ElseBB for the PHI.</span>
+  <span class="n">ElseBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit merge block.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getBasicBlockList</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">PHINode</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PN</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreatePHI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"iftmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">PN</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">PN</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">PN</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Output this as:</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   ...</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   start = startexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   goto loop</span>
+  <span class="c1">// loop:</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   variable = phi [start, loopheader], [nextvariable, loopend]</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   ...</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   bodyexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   ...</span>
+  <span class="c1">// loopend:</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   step = stepexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   nextvariable = variable + step</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   endcond = endexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   br endcond, loop, endloop</span>
+  <span class="c1">// outloop:</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit the start code first, without 'variable' in scope.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">StartVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StartVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make the new basic block for the loop header, inserting after current</span>
+  <span class="c1">// block.</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PreheaderBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"loop"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Insert an explicit fall through from the current block to the LoopBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Start insertion in LoopBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Start the PHI node with an entry for Start.</span>
+  <span class="n">PHINode</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreatePHI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span>
+                                        <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="n">Variable</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StartVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PreheaderBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Within the loop, the variable is defined equal to the PHI node.  If it</span>
+  <span class="c1">// shadows an existing variable, we have to restore it, so save it now.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">OldVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit the body of the loop.  This, like any other expr, can change the</span>
+  <span class="c1">// current BB.  Note that we ignore the value computed by the body, but don't</span>
+  <span class="c1">// allow an error.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit the step value.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">StepVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// If not specified, use 1.0.</span>
+    <span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">));</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">NextVar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">StepVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"nextvar"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Compute the end condition.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.</span>
+  <span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpONE</span><span class="p">(</span>
+      <span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="s">"loopcond"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create the "after loop" block and insert it.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LoopEndBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">AfterBB</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"afterloop"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Insert the conditional branch into the end of LoopEndBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCondBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">AfterBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Any new code will be inserted in AfterBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">AfterBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Add a new entry to the PHI node for the backedge.</span>
+  <span class="n">Variable</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NextVar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LoopEndBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Restore the unshadowed variable.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OldVal</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">OldVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">else</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">erase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// for expr always returns 0.0.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Constant</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getNullValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Make the function type:  double(double,double) etc.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Type</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+                              <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionType</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FT</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">FunctionType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">false</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ExternalLinkage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'.  If it has a</span>
+  <span class="c1">// body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.</span>
+    <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If F already has a body, reject this.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">empty</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If F took a different number of args, reject.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function with different # args"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set names for all arguments.</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">arg_iterator</span> <span class="n">AI</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_begin</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span>
+       <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">AI</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">setName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Add arguments to variable symbol table.</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If this is an operator, install it.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">isBinaryOp</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getOperatorName</span><span class="p">()]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getBinaryPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create a new basic block to start insertion into.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"entry"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RetVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Finish off the function.</span>
+    <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateRet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RetVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.</span>
+    <span class="n">verifyFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Optimize the function.</span>
+    <span class="n">TheFPM</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Error reading body, remove function.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">isBinaryOp</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">erase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getOperatorName</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExecutionEngine</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Read function definition:"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">LF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">P</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">P</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Read extern: "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">finalizeObject</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="c1">// JIT the function, returning a function pointer.</span>
+      <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FPtr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getPointerToFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LF</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="c1">// Cast it to the right type (takes no arguments, returns a double) so we</span>
+      <span class="c1">// can call it as a native function.</span>
+      <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FP</span><span class="p">)()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)())(</span><span class="kt">intptr_t</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">FPtr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Evaluated to %f</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FP</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">MainLoop</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span>:
+      <span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">';'</span>:
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// ignore top-level semicolons.</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span>:
+      <span class="n">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span>:
+      <span class="n">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="nl">default:</span>
+      <span class="n">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.</span>
+<span class="k">extern</span> <span class="s">"C"</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">putchard</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">putchar</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// printd - printf that takes a double prints it as "%f\n", returning 0.</span>
+<span class="k">extern</span> <span class="s">"C"</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">printd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"%f</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Main driver code.</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTarget</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTargetAsmPrinter</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTargetAsmParser</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">LLVMContext</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">Context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Install standard binary operators.</span>
+  <span class="c1">// 1 is lowest precedence.</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'<'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'-'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'*'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// highest.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Prime the first token.</span>
+  <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make the module, which holds all the code.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">unique_ptr</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Owner</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_unique</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"my cool jit"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Context</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Owner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create the JIT.  This takes ownership of the module.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">EngineBuilder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Owner</span><span class="p">))</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">setErrorStr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">)</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">setMCJITMemoryManager</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">llvm</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_unique</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">SectionMemoryManager</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">())</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Could not create ExecutionEngine: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">FunctionPassManager</span> <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set up the optimizer pipeline.  Start with registering info about how the</span>
+  <span class="c1">// target lays out data structures.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">setDataLayout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getDataLayout</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">DataLayoutPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Provide basic AliasAnalysis support for GVN.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createBasicAliasAnalysisPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createInstructionCombiningPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Reassociate expressions.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createReassociatePass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Eliminate Common SubExpressions.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createGVNPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable blocks, etc).</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createCFGSimplificationPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">doInitialization</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set the global so the code gen can use this.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFPM</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Run the main "interpreter loop" now.</span>
+  <span class="n">MainLoop</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">TheFPM</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Print out all of the generated code.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="LangImpl7.html">Next: Extending the language: mutable variables / SSA
+construction</a></p>
+</div>
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+  <div class="section" id="kaleidoscope-extending-the-language-mutable-variables">
+<h1>7. Kaleidoscope: Extending the Language: Mutable Variables<a class="headerlink" href="#kaleidoscope-extending-the-language-mutable-variables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#chapter-7-introduction" id="id2">Chapter 7 Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#why-is-this-a-hard-problem" id="id3">Why is this a hard problem?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#memory-in-llvm" id="id4">Memory in LLVM</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mutable-variables-in-kaleidoscope" id="id5">Mutable Variables in Kaleidoscope</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adjusting-existing-variables-for-mutation" id="id6">Adjusting Existing Variables for Mutation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#new-assignment-operator" id="id7">New Assignment Operator</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-defined-local-variables" id="id8">User-defined Local Variables</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1" id="id9">Full Code Listing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="chapter-7-introduction">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">7.1. Chapter 7 Introduction</a><a class="headerlink" href="#chapter-7-introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Welcome to Chapter 7 of the “<a class="reference external" href="index.html">Implementing a language with
+LLVM</a>” tutorial. In chapters 1 through 6, we’ve built a
+very respectable, albeit simple, <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming">functional programming
+language</a>. In our
+journey, we learned some parsing techniques, how to build and represent
+an AST, how to build LLVM IR, and how to optimize the resultant code as
+well as JIT compile it.</p>
+<p>While Kaleidoscope is interesting as a functional language, the fact
+that it is functional makes it “too easy” to generate LLVM IR for it. In
+particular, a functional language makes it very easy to build LLVM IR
+directly in <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">SSA
+form</a>.
+Since LLVM requires that the input code be in SSA form, this is a very
+nice property and it is often unclear to newcomers how to generate code
+for an imperative language with mutable variables.</p>
+<p>The short (and happy) summary of this chapter is that there is no need
+for your front-end to build SSA form: LLVM provides highly tuned and
+well tested support for this, though the way it works is a bit
+unexpected for some.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="why-is-this-a-hard-problem">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">7.2. Why is this a hard problem?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#why-is-this-a-hard-problem" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To understand why mutable variables cause complexities in SSA
+construction, consider this extremely simple C example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">G</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">H</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">_Bool</span> <span class="n">Condition</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Condition</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">X</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">G</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">else</span>
+    <span class="n">X</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">H</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In this case, we have the variable “X”, whose value depends on the path
+executed in the program. Because there are two different possible values
+for X before the return instruction, a PHI node is inserted to merge the
+two values. The LLVM IR that we want for this example looks like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-llvm"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">@G</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">weak</span> <span class="k">global</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="m">0</span>   <span class="c">; type of @G is i32*</span>
+<span class="vg">@H</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">weak</span> <span class="k">global</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="m">0</span>   <span class="c">; type of @H is i32*</span>
+
+<span class="k">define</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="vg">@test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%Condition</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">entry:</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%Condition</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%cond_true</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%cond_false</span>
+
+<span class="nl">cond_true:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%X.0</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="k">i32</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="vg">@G</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%cond_next</span>
+
+<span class="nl">cond_false:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%X.1</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="k">i32</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="vg">@H</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%cond_next</span>
+
+<span class="nl">cond_next:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%X.2</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">phi</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="nv">%X.1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%cond_false</span> <span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="nv">%X.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%cond_true</span> <span class="p">]</span>
+  <span class="k">ret</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="nv">%X.2</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In this example, the loads from the G and H global variables are
+explicit in the LLVM IR, and they live in the then/else branches of the
+if statement (cond_true/cond_false). In order to merge the incoming
+values, the X.2 phi node in the cond_next block selects the right value
+to use based on where control flow is coming from: if control flow comes
+from the cond_false block, X.2 gets the value of X.1. Alternatively, if
+control flow comes from cond_true, it gets the value of X.0. The intent
+of this chapter is not to explain the details of SSA form. For more
+information, see one of the many <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">online
+references</a>.</p>
+<p>The question for this article is “who places the phi nodes when lowering
+assignments to mutable variables?”. The issue here is that LLVM
+<em>requires</em> that its IR be in SSA form: there is no “non-ssa” mode for
+it. However, SSA construction requires non-trivial algorithms and data
+structures, so it is inconvenient and wasteful for every front-end to
+have to reproduce this logic.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="memory-in-llvm">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">7.3. Memory in LLVM</a><a class="headerlink" href="#memory-in-llvm" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The ‘trick’ here is that while LLVM does require all register values to
+be in SSA form, it does not require (or permit) memory objects to be in
+SSA form. In the example above, note that the loads from G and H are
+direct accesses to G and H: they are not renamed or versioned. This
+differs from some other compiler systems, which do try to version memory
+objects. In LLVM, instead of encoding dataflow analysis of memory into
+the LLVM IR, it is handled with <a class="reference external" href="../WritingAnLLVMPass.html">Analysis
+Passes</a> which are computed on demand.</p>
+<p>With this in mind, the high-level idea is that we want to make a stack
+variable (which lives in memory, because it is on the stack) for each
+mutable object in a function. To take advantage of this trick, we need
+to talk about how LLVM represents stack variables.</p>
+<p>In LLVM, all memory accesses are explicit with load/store instructions,
+and it is carefully designed not to have (or need) an “address-of”
+operator. Notice how the type of the @G/@H global variables is actually
+“i32*” even though the variable is defined as “i32”. What this means is
+that @G defines <em>space</em> for an i32 in the global data area, but its
+<em>name</em> actually refers to the address for that space. Stack variables
+work the same way, except that instead of being declared with global
+variable definitions, they are declared with the <a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#i_alloca">LLVM alloca
+instruction</a>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-llvm"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">define</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="vg">@example</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">entry:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%X</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">alloca</span> <span class="k">i32</span>           <span class="c">; type of %X is i32*.</span>
+  <span class="p">...</span>
+  <span class="nv">%tmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="k">i32</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="nv">%X</span>       <span class="c">; load the stack value %X from the stack.</span>
+  <span class="nv">%tmp2</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">add</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="nv">%tmp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">1</span>   <span class="c">; increment it</span>
+  <span class="k">store</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="nv">%tmp2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">i32</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="nv">%X</span>  <span class="c">; store it back</span>
+  <span class="p">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code shows an example of how you can declare and manipulate a stack
+variable in the LLVM IR. Stack memory allocated with the alloca
+instruction is fully general: you can pass the address of the stack slot
+to functions, you can store it in other variables, etc. In our example
+above, we could rewrite the example to use the alloca technique to avoid
+using a PHI node:</p>
+<div class="highlight-llvm"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="vg">@G</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">weak</span> <span class="k">global</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="m">0</span>   <span class="c">; type of @G is i32*</span>
+<span class="vg">@H</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">weak</span> <span class="k">global</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="m">0</span>   <span class="c">; type of @H is i32*</span>
+
+<span class="k">define</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="vg">@test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%Condition</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">entry:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%X</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">alloca</span> <span class="k">i32</span>           <span class="c">; type of %X is i32*.</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%Condition</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%cond_true</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%cond_false</span>
+
+<span class="nl">cond_true:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%X.0</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="k">i32</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="vg">@G</span>
+  <span class="k">store</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="nv">%X.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">i32</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="nv">%X</span>   <span class="c">; Update X</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%cond_next</span>
+
+<span class="nl">cond_false:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%X.1</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="k">i32</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="vg">@H</span>
+  <span class="k">store</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="nv">%X.1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">i32</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="nv">%X</span>   <span class="c">; Update X</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%cond_next</span>
+
+<span class="nl">cond_next:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%X.2</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="k">i32</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="nv">%X</span>       <span class="c">; Read X</span>
+  <span class="k">ret</span> <span class="k">i32</span> <span class="nv">%X.2</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With this, we have discovered a way to handle arbitrary mutable
+variables without the need to create Phi nodes at all:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Each mutable variable becomes a stack allocation.</li>
+<li>Each read of the variable becomes a load from the stack.</li>
+<li>Each update of the variable becomes a store to the stack.</li>
+<li>Taking the address of a variable just uses the stack address
+directly.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>While this solution has solved our immediate problem, it introduced
+another one: we have now apparently introduced a lot of stack traffic
+for very simple and common operations, a major performance problem.
+Fortunately for us, the LLVM optimizer has a highly-tuned optimization
+pass named “mem2reg” that handles this case, promoting allocas like this
+into SSA registers, inserting Phi nodes as appropriate. If you run this
+example through the pass, for example, you’ll get:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>llvm-as < example.ll | opt -mem2reg | llvm-dis
+ at G <span class="o">=</span> weak global i32 0
+ at H <span class="o">=</span> weak global i32 0
+
+define i32 @test<span class="o">(</span>i1 %Condition<span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">{</span>
+entry:
+  br i1 %Condition, label %cond_true, label %cond_false
+
+cond_true:
+  %X.0 <span class="o">=</span> load i32* @G
+  br label %cond_next
+
+cond_false:
+  %X.1 <span class="o">=</span> load i32* @H
+  br label %cond_next
+
+cond_next:
+  %X.01 <span class="o">=</span> phi i32 <span class="o">[</span> %X.1, %cond_false <span class="o">]</span>, <span class="o">[</span> %X.0, %cond_true <span class="o">]</span>
+  ret i32 %X.01
+<span class="o">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The mem2reg pass implements the standard “iterated dominance frontier”
+algorithm for constructing SSA form and has a number of optimizations
+that speed up (very common) degenerate cases. The mem2reg optimization
+pass is the answer to dealing with mutable variables, and we highly
+recommend that you depend on it. Note that mem2reg only works on
+variables in certain circumstances:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>mem2reg is alloca-driven: it looks for allocas and if it can handle
+them, it promotes them. It does not apply to global variables or heap
+allocations.</li>
+<li>mem2reg only looks for alloca instructions in the entry block of the
+function. Being in the entry block guarantees that the alloca is only
+executed once, which makes analysis simpler.</li>
+<li>mem2reg only promotes allocas whose uses are direct loads and stores.
+If the address of the stack object is passed to a function, or if any
+funny pointer arithmetic is involved, the alloca will not be
+promoted.</li>
+<li>mem2reg only works on allocas of <a class="reference external" href="../LangRef.html#t_classifications">first
+class</a> values (such as pointers,
+scalars and vectors), and only if the array size of the allocation is
+1 (or missing in the .ll file). mem2reg is not capable of promoting
+structs or arrays to registers. Note that the “scalarrepl” pass is
+more powerful and can promote structs, “unions”, and arrays in many
+cases.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>All of these properties are easy to satisfy for most imperative
+languages, and we’ll illustrate it below with Kaleidoscope. The final
+question you may be asking is: should I bother with this nonsense for my
+front-end? Wouldn’t it be better if I just did SSA construction
+directly, avoiding use of the mem2reg optimization pass? In short, we
+strongly recommend that you use this technique for building SSA form,
+unless there is an extremely good reason not to. Using this technique
+is:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Proven and well tested: clang uses this technique
+for local mutable variables. As such, the most common clients of LLVM
+are using this to handle a bulk of their variables. You can be sure
+that bugs are found fast and fixed early.</li>
+<li>Extremely Fast: mem2reg has a number of special cases that make it
+fast in common cases as well as fully general. For example, it has
+fast-paths for variables that are only used in a single block,
+variables that only have one assignment point, good heuristics to
+avoid insertion of unneeded phi nodes, etc.</li>
+<li>Needed for debug info generation: <a class="reference external" href="../SourceLevelDebugging.html">Debug information in
+LLVM</a> relies on having the address of
+the variable exposed so that debug info can be attached to it. This
+technique dovetails very naturally with this style of debug info.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>If nothing else, this makes it much easier to get your front-end up and
+running, and is very simple to implement. Lets extend Kaleidoscope with
+mutable variables now!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mutable-variables-in-kaleidoscope">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">7.4. Mutable Variables in Kaleidoscope</a><a class="headerlink" href="#mutable-variables-in-kaleidoscope" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Now that we know the sort of problem we want to tackle, lets see what
+this looks like in the context of our little Kaleidoscope language.
+We’re going to add two features:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>The ability to mutate variables with the ‘=’ operator.</li>
+<li>The ability to define new variables.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>While the first item is really what this is about, we only have
+variables for incoming arguments as well as for induction variables, and
+redefining those only goes so far :). Also, the ability to define new
+variables is a useful thing regardless of whether you will be mutating
+them. Here’s a motivating example that shows how we could use these:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Define ':' for sequencing: as a low-precedence operator that ignores operands
+# and just returns the RHS.
+def binary : 1 (x y) y;
+
+# Recursive fib, we could do this before.
+def fib(x)
+  if (x < 3) then
+    1
+  else
+    fib(x-1)+fib(x-2);
+
+# Iterative fib.
+def fibi(x)
+  var a = 1, b = 1, c in
+  (for i = 3, i < x in
+     c = a + b :
+     a = b :
+     b = c) :
+  b;
+
+# Call it.
+fibi(10);
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In order to mutate variables, we have to change our existing variables
+to use the “alloca trick”. Once we have that, we’ll add our new
+operator, then extend Kaleidoscope to support new variable definitions.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="adjusting-existing-variables-for-mutation">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">7.5. Adjusting Existing Variables for Mutation</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adjusting-existing-variables-for-mutation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The symbol table in Kaleidoscope is managed at code generation time by
+the ‘<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NamedValues</span></tt>‘ map. This map currently keeps track of the LLVM
+“Value*” that holds the double value for the named variable. In order
+to support mutation, we need to change this slightly, so that it
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NamedValues</span></tt> holds the <em>memory location</em> of the variable in question.
+Note that this change is a refactoring: it changes the structure of the
+code, but does not (by itself) change the behavior of the compiler. All
+of these changes are isolated in the Kaleidoscope code generator.</p>
+<p>At this point in Kaleidoscope’s development, it only supports variables
+for two things: incoming arguments to functions and the induction
+variable of ‘for’ loops. For consistency, we’ll allow mutation of these
+variables in addition to other user-defined variables. This means that
+these will both need memory locations.</p>
+<p>To start our transformation of Kaleidoscope, we’ll change the
+NamedValues map so that it maps to AllocaInst* instead of Value*. Once
+we do this, the C++ compiler will tell us what parts of the code we need
+to update:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">AllocaInst</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Also, since we will need to create these alloca’s, we’ll use a helper
+function that ensures that the allocas are created in the entry block of
+the function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// CreateEntryBlockAlloca - Create an alloca instruction in the entry block of</span>
+<span class="c1">/// the function.  This is used for mutable variables etc.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">CreateEntryBlockAlloca</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                          <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">IRBuilder</span><span class="o"><></span> <span class="n">TmpB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getEntryBlock</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+                 <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getEntryBlock</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">begin</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TmpB</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateAlloca</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                           <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This funny looking code creates an IRBuilder object that is pointing at
+the first instruction (.begin()) of the entry block. It then creates an
+alloca with the expected name and returns it. Because all values in
+Kaleidoscope are doubles, there is no need to pass in a type to use.</p>
+<p>With this in place, the first functionality change we want to make is to
+variable references. In our new scheme, variables live on the stack, so
+code generating a reference to them actually needs to produce a load
+from the stack slot:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look this variable up in the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown variable name"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Load the value.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateLoad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">V</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As you can see, this is pretty straightforward. Now we need to update
+the things that define the variables to set up the alloca. We’ll start
+with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ForExprAST::Codegen</span></tt> (see the <a class="reference external" href="#code">full code listing</a> for
+the unabridged code):</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Create an alloca for the variable in the entry block.</span>
+<span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Alloca</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CreateEntryBlockAlloca</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit the start code first, without 'variable' in scope.</span>
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">StartVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StartVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Store the value into the alloca.</span>
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StartVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Compute the end condition.</span>
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// Reload, increment, and restore the alloca.  This handles the case where</span>
+<span class="c1">// the body of the loop mutates the variable.</span>
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CurVar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateLoad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">NextVar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurVar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">StepVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"nextvar"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NextVar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This code is virtually identical to the code <a class="reference external" href="LangImpl5.html#forcodegen">before we allowed mutable
+variables</a>. The big difference is that we
+no longer have to construct a PHI node, and we use load/store to access
+the variable as needed.</p>
+<p>To support mutable argument variables, we need to also make allocas for
+them. The code for this is also pretty simple:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// CreateArgumentAllocas - Create an alloca for each argument and register the</span>
+<span class="c1">/// argument in the symbol table so that references to it will succeed.</span>
+<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">CreateArgumentAllocas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">arg_iterator</span> <span class="n">AI</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_begin</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Create an alloca for this variable.</span>
+    <span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Alloca</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CreateEntryBlockAlloca</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Store the initial value into the alloca.</span>
+    <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Add arguments to variable symbol table.</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For each argument, we make an alloca, store the input value to the
+function into the alloca, and register the alloca as the memory location
+for the argument. This method gets invoked by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionAST::Codegen</span></tt>
+right after it sets up the entry block for the function.</p>
+<p>The final missing piece is adding the mem2reg pass, which allows us to
+get good codegen once again:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Set up the optimizer pipeline.  Start with registering info about how the</span>
+<span class="c1">// target lays out data structures.</span>
+<span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">DataLayout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getDataLayout</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+<span class="c1">// Promote allocas to registers.</span>
+<span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createPromoteMemoryToRegisterPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="c1">// Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.</span>
+<span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createInstructionCombiningPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="c1">// Reassociate expressions.</span>
+<span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createReassociatePass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>It is interesting to see what the code looks like before and after the
+mem2reg optimization runs. For example, this is the before/after code
+for our recursive fib function. Before the optimization:</p>
+<div class="highlight-llvm"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">define</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">entry:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%x1</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">alloca</span> <span class="kt">double</span>
+  <span class="k">store</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">double</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="nv">%x1</span>
+  <span class="nv">%x2</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="kt">double</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="nv">%x1</span>
+  <span class="nv">%cmptmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fcmp</span> <span class="k">ult</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">3.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="nv">%booltmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">uitofp</span> <span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%cmptmp</span> <span class="k">to</span> <span class="kt">double</span>
+  <span class="nv">%ifcond</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fcmp</span> <span class="k">one</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%booltmp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">0.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%ifcond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%else</span>
+
+<span class="nl">then:</span>       <span class="c">; preds = %entry</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%ifcont</span>
+
+<span class="nl">else:</span>       <span class="c">; preds = %entry</span>
+  <span class="nv">%x3</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="kt">double</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="nv">%x1</span>
+  <span class="nv">%subtmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fsub</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">1.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="nv">%calltmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">call</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%subtmp</span><span class="p">)</span>
+  <span class="nv">%x4</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="kt">double</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="nv">%x1</span>
+  <span class="nv">%subtmp5</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fsub</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">2.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="nv">%calltmp6</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">call</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%subtmp5</span><span class="p">)</span>
+  <span class="nv">%addtmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fadd</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%calltmp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%calltmp6</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%ifcont</span>
+
+<span class="nl">ifcont:</span>     <span class="c">; preds = %else, %then</span>
+  <span class="nv">%iftmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">phi</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="m">1.000000e+00</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%then</span> <span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="nv">%addtmp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%else</span> <span class="p">]</span>
+  <span class="k">ret</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%iftmp</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here there is only one variable (x, the input argument) but you can
+still see the extremely simple-minded code generation strategy we are
+using. In the entry block, an alloca is created, and the initial input
+value is stored into it. Each reference to the variable does a reload
+from the stack. Also, note that we didn’t modify the if/then/else
+expression, so it still inserts a PHI node. While we could make an
+alloca for it, it is actually easier to create a PHI node for it, so we
+still just make the PHI.</p>
+<p>Here is the code after the mem2reg pass runs:</p>
+<div class="highlight-llvm"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">define</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">entry:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%cmptmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fcmp</span> <span class="k">ult</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">3.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="nv">%booltmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">uitofp</span> <span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%cmptmp</span> <span class="k">to</span> <span class="kt">double</span>
+  <span class="nv">%ifcond</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fcmp</span> <span class="k">one</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%booltmp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">0.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%ifcond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%else</span>
+
+<span class="nl">then:</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%ifcont</span>
+
+<span class="nl">else:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%subtmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fsub</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">1.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="nv">%calltmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">call</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%subtmp</span><span class="p">)</span>
+  <span class="nv">%subtmp5</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fsub</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">2.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="nv">%calltmp6</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">call</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%subtmp5</span><span class="p">)</span>
+  <span class="nv">%addtmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fadd</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%calltmp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%calltmp6</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%ifcont</span>
+
+<span class="nl">ifcont:</span>     <span class="c">; preds = %else, %then</span>
+  <span class="nv">%iftmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">phi</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="m">1.000000e+00</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%then</span> <span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="nv">%addtmp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%else</span> <span class="p">]</span>
+  <span class="k">ret</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%iftmp</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This is a trivial case for mem2reg, since there are no redefinitions of
+the variable. The point of showing this is to calm your tension about
+inserting such blatent inefficiencies :).</p>
+<p>After the rest of the optimizers run, we get:</p>
+<div class="highlight-llvm"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">define</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">entry:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%cmptmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fcmp</span> <span class="k">ult</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">3.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="nv">%booltmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">uitofp</span> <span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%cmptmp</span> <span class="k">to</span> <span class="kt">double</span>
+  <span class="nv">%ifcond</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fcmp</span> <span class="k">ueq</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%booltmp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">0.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="k">br</span> <span class="k">i1</span> <span class="nv">%ifcond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%else</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">label</span> <span class="nv">%ifcont</span>
+
+<span class="nl">else:</span>
+  <span class="nv">%subtmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fsub</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">1.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="nv">%calltmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">call</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%subtmp</span><span class="p">)</span>
+  <span class="nv">%subtmp5</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fsub</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">2.000000e+00</span>
+  <span class="nv">%calltmp6</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">call</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="vg">@fib</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%subtmp5</span><span class="p">)</span>
+  <span class="nv">%addtmp</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">fadd</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%calltmp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">%calltmp6</span>
+  <span class="k">ret</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="nv">%addtmp</span>
+
+<span class="nl">ifcont:</span>
+  <span class="k">ret</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="m">1.000000e+00</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here we see that the simplifycfg pass decided to clone the return
+instruction into the end of the ‘else’ block. This allowed it to
+eliminate some branches and the PHI node.</p>
+<p>Now that all symbol table references are updated to use stack variables,
+we’ll add the assignment operator.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="new-assignment-operator">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">7.6. New Assignment Operator</a><a class="headerlink" href="#new-assignment-operator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>With our current framework, adding a new assignment operator is really
+simple. We will parse it just like any other binary operator, but handle
+it internally (instead of allowing the user to define it). The first
+step is to set a precedence:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Install standard binary operators.</span>
+  <span class="c1">// 1 is lowest precedence.</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'='</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'<'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'-'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now that the parser knows the precedence of the binary operator, it
+takes care of all the parsing and AST generation. We just need to
+implement codegen for the assignment operator. This looks like:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Special case '=' because we don't want to emit the LHS as an expression.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Op</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'='</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Assignment requires the LHS to be an identifier.</span>
+    <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHSE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">dynamic_cast</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">LHSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"destination of '=' must be a variable"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Unlike the rest of the binary operators, our assignment operator doesn’t
+follow the “emit LHS, emit RHS, do computation” model. As such, it is
+handled as a special case before the other binary operators are handled.
+The other strange thing is that it requires the LHS to be a variable. It
+is invalid to have “(x+1) = expr” - only things like “x = expr” are
+allowed.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre>  <span class="c1">// Codegen the RHS.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Val</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Look up the name.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">LHSE</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getName</span><span class="p">()];</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Variable</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown variable name"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once we have the variable, codegen’ing the assignment is
+straightforward: we emit the RHS of the assignment, create a store, and
+return the computed value. Returning a value allows for chained
+assignments like “X = (Y = Z)”.</p>
+<p>Now that we have an assignment operator, we can mutate loop variables
+and arguments. For example, we can now run code like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Function to print a double.
+extern printd(x);
+
+# Define ':' for sequencing: as a low-precedence operator that ignores operands
+# and just returns the RHS.
+def binary : 1 (x y) y;
+
+def test(x)
+  printd(x) :
+  x = 4 :
+  printd(x);
+
+test(123);
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When run, this example prints “123” and then “4”, showing that we did
+actually mutate the value! Okay, we have now officially implemented our
+goal: getting this to work requires SSA construction in the general
+case. However, to be really useful, we want the ability to define our
+own local variables, lets add this next!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="user-defined-local-variables">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">7.7. User-defined Local Variables</a><a class="headerlink" href="#user-defined-local-variables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Adding var/in is just like any other other extensions we made to
+Kaleidoscope: we extend the lexer, the parser, the AST and the code
+generator. The first step for adding our new ‘var/in’ construct is to
+extend the lexer. As before, this is pretty trivial, the code looks like
+this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">enum</span> <span class="n">Token</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="p">...</span>
+  <span class="c1">// var definition</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">13</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"in"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"binary"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_binary</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"unary"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_unary</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"var"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_var</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The next step is to define the AST node that we will construct. For
+var/in, it looks like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// VarExprAST - Expression class for var/in</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">VarExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">pair</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">VarExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">pair</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">varnames</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span>
+  <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">varnames</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>var/in allows a list of names to be defined all at once, and each name
+can optionally have an initializer value. As such, we capture this
+information in the VarNames vector. Also, var/in has a body, this body
+is allowed to access the variables defined by the var/in.</p>
+<p>With this in place, we can define the parser pieces. The first thing we
+do is add it as a primary expression:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// primary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= numberexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= parenexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ifexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= forexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= varexpr</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unknown token when expecting an expression"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>: <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span>:     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'('</span>:            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_if</span>:         <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIfExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_for</span>:        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseForExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_var</span>:        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseVarExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Next we define ParseVarExpr:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">/// varexpr ::= 'var' identifier ('=' expression)?</span>
+<span class="c1">//                    (',' identifier ('=' expression)?)* 'in' expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseVarExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat the var.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">pair</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// At least one variable name is required.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected identifier after var"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The first part of this code parses the list of identifier/expr pairs
+into the local <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">VarNames</span></tt> vector.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Read the optional initializer.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Init</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'='</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the '='.</span>
+
+    <span class="n">Init</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Init</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_pair</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Init</span><span class="p">));</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// End of var list, exit loop.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the ','.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected identifier list after var"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once all the variables are parsed, we then parse the body and create the
+AST node:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre>  <span class="c1">// At this point, we have to have 'in'.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected 'in' keyword after 'var'"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>  <span class="c1">// eat 'in'.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nf">VarExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Now that we can parse and represent the code, we need to support
+emission of LLVM IR for it. This code starts out with:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">VarExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">OldBindings</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Register all variables and emit their initializer.</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">VarName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Init</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Basically it loops over all the variables, installing them one at a
+time. For each variable we put into the symbol table, we remember the
+previous value that we replace in OldBindings.</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre>  <span class="c1">// Emit the initializer before adding the variable to scope, this prevents</span>
+  <span class="c1">// the initializer from referencing the variable itself, and permits stuff</span>
+  <span class="c1">// like this:</span>
+  <span class="c1">//  var a = 1 in</span>
+  <span class="c1">//    var a = a in ...   # refers to outer 'a'.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">InitVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Init</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">InitVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Init</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">InitVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// If not specified, use 0.0.</span>
+    <span class="n">InitVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">));</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Alloca</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CreateEntryBlockAlloca</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">InitVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Remember the old variable binding so that we can restore the binding when</span>
+  <span class="c1">// we unrecurse.</span>
+  <span class="n">OldBindings</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Remember this binding.</span>
+  <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>There are more comments here than code. The basic idea is that we emit
+the initializer, create the alloca, then update the symbol table to
+point to it. Once all the variables are installed in the symbol table,
+we evaluate the body of the var/in expression:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c1">// Codegen the body, now that all vars are in scope.</span>
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BodyVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BodyVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Finally, before returning, we restore the previous variable bindings:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre>  <span class="c1">// Pop all our variables from scope.</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">OldBindings</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">];</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Return the body computation.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">BodyVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The end result of all of this is that we get properly scoped variable
+definitions, and we even (trivially) allow mutation of them :).</p>
+<p>With this, we completed what we set out to do. Our nice iterative fib
+example from the intro compiles and runs just fine. The mem2reg pass
+optimizes all of our stack variables into SSA registers, inserting PHI
+nodes where needed, and our front-end remains simple: no “iterated
+dominance frontier” computation anywhere in sight.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">7.8. Full Code Listing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Here is the complete code listing for our running example, enhanced with
+mutable variables and var/in support. To build this example, use:</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Compile</span>
+clang++ -g toy.cpp <span class="sb">`</span>llvm-config --cxxflags --ldflags --system-libs --libs core mcjit native<span class="sb">`</span> -O3 -o toy
+<span class="c"># Run</span>
+./toy
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Here is the code:</p>
+<div class="highlight-c++"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">#include "llvm/Analysis/Passes.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/MCJIT.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/SectionMemoryManager.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/IR/Verifier.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/PassManager.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"</span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cctype></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <cstdio></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <map></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <string></span>
+<span class="cp">#include <vector></span>
+<span class="k">using</span> <span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="n">llvm</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Lexer</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one</span>
+<span class="c1">// of these for known things.</span>
+<span class="k">enum</span> <span class="n">Token</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_eof</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// commands</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_def</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_extern</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// primary</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_identifier</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_number</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// control</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_if</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_then</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_else</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_for</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_in</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// operators</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_binary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">,</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_unary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// var definition</span>
+  <span class="n">tok_var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">13</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_identifier</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">;</span>             <span class="c1">// Filled in if tok_number</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">gettok</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sc">' '</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Skip any whitespace.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*</span>
+    <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">())))</span>
+      <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"def"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"extern"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"if"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_if</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"then"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_then</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"else"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_else</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"for"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_for</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"in"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"binary"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_binary</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"unary"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_unary</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"var"</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_var</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// Number: [0-9.]+</span>
+    <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">NumStr</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'.'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">strtod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumStr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'#'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Comment until end of line.</span>
+    <span class="k">do</span>
+      <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\n'</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'\r'</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LastChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">LastChar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ThisChar</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="c1">/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="o">~</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">NumberExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">VariableExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">getName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// UnaryExprAST - Expression class for a unary operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UnaryExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">Opcode</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Operand</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">UnaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">opcode</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">operand</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Opcode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">opcode</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Operand</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">operand</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">BinaryExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">op</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lhs</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CallExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">callee</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// IfExprAST - Expression class for if/then/else.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">IfExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_else</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cond</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">then</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_else</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// ForExprAST - Expression class for for/in.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ForExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">End</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">varname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">varname</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// VarExprAST - Expression class for var/in</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">VarExprAST</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">pair</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">VarExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">pair</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">varnames</span><span class="p">,</span>
+             <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">varnames</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">virtual</span> <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,</span>
+<span class="c1">/// which captures its argument names as well as if it is an operator.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Precedence</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// Precedence if a binary op.</span>
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span>
+               <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isoperator</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">false</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">prec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isoperator</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Precedence</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isUnaryOp</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">isBinaryOp</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">isOperator</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">getOperatorName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isUnaryOp</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">isBinaryOp</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">getBinaryPrecedence</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Precedence</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">CreateArgumentAllocas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.</span>
+<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FunctionAST</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="nl">public:</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+<span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// end anonymous namespace</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Parser</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current</span>
+<span class="c1">/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the</span>
+<span class="c1">/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gettok</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is</span>
+<span class="c1">/// defined.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make sure it's a declared binop.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.</span>
+<span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Error: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// Simple variable ref.</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Call.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat (</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Arg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Arg</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' or ',' in argument list"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Eat the ')'.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// numberexpr ::= number</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// consume the number</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Result</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat (.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">V</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected ')'"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat ).</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// ifexpr ::= 'if' expression 'then' expression 'else' expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseIfExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the if.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// condition.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Cond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_then</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected then"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the then</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Then</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Then</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_else</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected else"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Else</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Cond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// forexpr ::= 'for' identifier '=' expr ',' expr (',' expr)? 'in' expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseForExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the for.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected identifier after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">IdName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'='</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected '=' after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat '='.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Start</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected ',' after for start value"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">End</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">End</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// The step value is optional.</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Step</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected 'in' after for"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat 'in'.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// varexpr ::= 'var' identifier ('=' expression)?</span>
+<span class="c1">//                    (',' identifier ('=' expression)?)* 'in' expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseVarExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the var.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">pair</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// At least one variable name is required.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected identifier after var"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat identifier.</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Read the optional initializer.</span>
+    <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Init</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'='</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the '='.</span>
+
+      <span class="n">Init</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Init</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+    <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_pair</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Init</span><span class="p">));</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// End of var list, exit loop.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat the ','.</span>
+
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected identifier list after var"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// At this point, we have to have 'in'.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">tok_in</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected 'in' keyword after 'var'"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat 'in'.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Body</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">VarExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// primary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= identifierexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= numberexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= parenexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ifexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= forexpr</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= varexpr</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unknown token when expecting an expression"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIdentifierExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseNumberExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'('</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseParenExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_if</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseIfExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_for</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseForExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_var</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseVarExpr</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// unary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= primary</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= '!' unary</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// If the current token is not an operator, it must be a primary expr.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'('</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">','</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParsePrimary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If this is a unary operator, read it.</span>
+  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">Opc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Operand</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">UnaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Opc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Operand</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= ('+' unary)*</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// If this is a binop, find its precedence.</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,</span>
+    <span class="c1">// consume it, otherwise we are done.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">ExprPrec</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Okay, we know this is a binop.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">BinOp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat binop</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Parse the unary expression after the binary operator.</span>
+    <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let</span>
+    <span class="c1">// the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.</span>
+    <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GetTokPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">NextPrec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TokPrec</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RHS</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Merge LHS/RHS.</span>
+    <span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BinOp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// expression</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= unary binoprhs</span>
+<span class="c1">///</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseUnary</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParseBinOpRHS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// prototype</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= id '(' id* ')'</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= binary LETTER number? (id, id)</span>
+<span class="c1">///   ::= unary LETTER (id)</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// 0 = identifier, 1 = unary, 2 = binary.</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">BinaryPrecedence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected function name in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span>:
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_unary</span>:
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected unary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"unary"</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_binary</span>:
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">))</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected binary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"binary"</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">FnName</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Read the precedence if present.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">tok_number</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">NumVal</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Invalid precedecnce: must be 1..100"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">BinaryPrecedence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">NumVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">'('</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected '(' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">tok_identifier</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IdentifierStr</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Expected ')' in prototype"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// success.</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat ')'.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Verify right number of names for operator.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Kind</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Invalid number of operands for operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FnName</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgNames</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Kind</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">BinaryPrecedence</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat def.</span>
+  <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// toplevelexpr ::= expression</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">E</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExpression</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Make an anonymous proto.</span>
+    <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Proto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// external ::= 'extern' prototype</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// eat extern.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ParsePrototype</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Code Generation</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">Module</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">IRBuilder</span><span class="o"><></span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">FunctionPassManager</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFPM</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Str</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CreateEntryBlockAlloca - Create an alloca instruction in the entry block of</span>
+<span class="c1">/// the function.  This is used for mutable variables etc.</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">CreateEntryBlockAlloca</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                                          <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">IRBuilder</span><span class="o"><></span> <span class="n">TmpB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getEntryBlock</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+                   <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getEntryBlock</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">begin</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TmpB</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateAlloca</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+                           <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">NumberExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">VariableExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look this variable up in the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown variable name"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Load the value.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateLoad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">V</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">UnaryExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">OperandV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Operand</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OperandV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unary"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">Opcode</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown unary operator"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OperandV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"unop"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BinaryExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Special case '=' because we don't want to emit the LHS as an expression.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Op</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sc">'='</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Assignment requires the LHS to be an identifier.</span>
+    <span class="n">VariableExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LHSE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">dynamic_cast</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">VariableExprAST</span> <span class="o">*></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LHS</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">LHSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"destination of '=' must be a variable"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Codegen the RHS.</span>
+    <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Val</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Look up the name.</span>
+    <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">LHSE</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getName</span><span class="p">()];</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Variable</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown variable name"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Val</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RHS</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">R</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'+'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"addtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'-'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFSub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"subtmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'*'</span>:
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFMul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"multmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">'<'</span>:
+    <span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpULT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"cmptmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateUIToFP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span>
+                                <span class="s">"booltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="nl">default:</span>
+    <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If it wasn't a builtin binary operator, it must be a user defined one. Emit</span>
+  <span class="c1">// a call to it.</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"binary"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">Op</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="s">"binary operator not found!"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Ops</span><span class="p">[]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">L</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">R</span> <span class="p">};</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Ops</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"binop"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CallExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Look up the name in the global module table.</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Callee</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Unknown function referenced"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If argument mismatch error.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ErrorV</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Incorrect # arguments passed"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">back</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CalleeF</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ArgsV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"calltmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">IfExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Cond</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.</span>
+  <span class="n">CondV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpONE</span><span class="p">(</span>
+      <span class="n">CondV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="s">"ifcond"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create blocks for the then and else cases.  Insert the 'then' block at the</span>
+  <span class="c1">// end of the function.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ThenBB</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"then"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"else"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"ifcont"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCondBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CondV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit then value.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ThenV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Then</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Codegen of 'Then' can change the current block, update ThenBB for the PHI.</span>
+  <span class="n">ThenBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit else block.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getBasicBlockList</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ElseV</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Else</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseV</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Codegen of 'Else' can change the current block, update ElseBB for the PHI.</span>
+  <span class="n">ElseBB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit merge block.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getBasicBlockList</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MergeBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">PHINode</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PN</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreatePHI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"iftmp"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">PN</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ThenV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ThenBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">PN</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">addIncoming</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ElseV</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ElseBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">PN</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ForExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Output this as:</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   var = alloca double</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   ...</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   start = startexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   store start -> var</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   goto loop</span>
+  <span class="c1">// loop:</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   ...</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   bodyexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   ...</span>
+  <span class="c1">// loopend:</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   step = stepexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   endcond = endexpr</span>
+  <span class="c1">//</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   curvar = load var</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   nextvar = curvar + step</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   store nextvar -> var</span>
+  <span class="c1">//   br endcond, loop, endloop</span>
+  <span class="c1">// outloop:</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create an alloca for the variable in the entry block.</span>
+  <span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Alloca</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CreateEntryBlockAlloca</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit the start code first, without 'variable' in scope.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">StartVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Start</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StartVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Store the value into the alloca.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StartVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make the new basic block for the loop header, inserting after current</span>
+  <span class="c1">// block.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"loop"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Insert an explicit fall through from the current block to the LoopBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Start insertion in LoopBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Within the loop, the variable is defined equal to the PHI node.  If it</span>
+  <span class="c1">// shadows an existing variable, we have to restore it, so save it now.</span>
+  <span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">OldVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">];</span>
+  <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit the body of the loop.  This, like any other expr, can change the</span>
+  <span class="c1">// current BB.  Note that we ignore the value computed by the body, but don't</span>
+  <span class="c1">// allow an error.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Emit the step value.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">StepVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Step</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Step</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// If not specified, use 1.0.</span>
+    <span class="n">StepVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">));</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Compute the end condition.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">End</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Reload, increment, and restore the alloca.  This handles the case where</span>
+  <span class="c1">// the body of the loop mutates the variable.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">CurVar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateLoad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">NextVar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurVar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">StepVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"nextvar"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NextVar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.</span>
+  <span class="n">EndCond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateFCmpONE</span><span class="p">(</span>
+      <span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="s">"loopcond"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create the "after loop" block and insert it.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">AfterBB</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"afterloop"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Insert the conditional branch into the end of LoopEndBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateCondBr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EndCond</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LoopBB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">AfterBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Any new code will be inserted in AfterBB.</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">AfterBB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Restore the unshadowed variable.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OldVal</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">OldVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">else</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">erase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// for expr always returns 0.0.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Constant</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getNullValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">VarExprAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">OldBindings</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInsertBlock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Register all variables and emit their initializer.</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">VarName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="n">ExprAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Init</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Emit the initializer before adding the variable to scope, this prevents</span>
+    <span class="c1">// the initializer from referencing the variable itself, and permits stuff</span>
+    <span class="c1">// like this:</span>
+    <span class="c1">//  var a = 1 in</span>
+    <span class="c1">//    var a = a in ...   # refers to outer 'a'.</span>
+    <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">InitVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Init</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">InitVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Init</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">InitVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// If not specified, use 0.0.</span>
+      <span class="n">InitVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ConstantFP</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">APFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">));</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+    <span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Alloca</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CreateEntryBlockAlloca</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">InitVal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Remember the old variable binding so that we can restore the binding when</span>
+    <span class="c1">// we unrecurse.</span>
+    <span class="n">OldBindings</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Remember this binding.</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarName</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Codegen the body, now that all vars are in scope.</span>
+  <span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BodyVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BodyVal</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Pop all our variables from scope.</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">VarNames</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">OldBindings</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">];</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Return the body computation.</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">BodyVal</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Make the function type:  double(double,double) etc.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Type</span> <span class="o">*></span> <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+                              <span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()));</span>
+  <span class="n">FunctionType</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FT</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">FunctionType</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">getDoubleTy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="n">Doubles</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">false</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ExternalLinkage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'.  If it has a</span>
+  <span class="c1">// body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.</span>
+    <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If F already has a body, reject this.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">empty</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// If F took a different number of args, reject.</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">ErrorF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"redefinition of function with different # args"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set names for all arguments.</span>
+  <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">arg_iterator</span> <span class="n">AI</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_begin</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span>
+       <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">AI</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">setName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// CreateArgumentAllocas - Create an alloca for each argument and register the</span>
+<span class="c1">/// argument in the symbol table so that references to it will succeed.</span>
+<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="n">PrototypeAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">CreateArgumentAllocas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">arg_iterator</span> <span class="n">AI</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">arg_begin</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="n">Idx</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Create an alloca for this variable.</span>
+    <span class="n">AllocaInst</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Alloca</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CreateEntryBlockAlloca</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Store the initial value into the alloca.</span>
+    <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">AI</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Add arguments to variable symbol table.</span>
+    <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Idx</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Alloca</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">NamedValues</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// If this is an operator, install it.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">isBinaryOp</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getOperatorName</span><span class="p">()]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getBinaryPrecedence</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create a new basic block to start insertion into.</span>
+  <span class="n">BasicBlock</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">BB</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BasicBlock</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s">"entry"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetInsertPoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BB</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Add all arguments to the symbol table and create their allocas.</span>
+  <span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">CreateArgumentAllocas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Value</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">RetVal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Body</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Finish off the function.</span>
+    <span class="n">Builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateRet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RetVal</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.</span>
+    <span class="n">verifyFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="c1">// Optimize the function.</span>
+    <span class="n">TheFPM</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Error reading body, remove function.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFunction</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">eraseFromParent</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">isBinaryOp</span><span class="p">())</span>
+    <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">erase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Proto</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getOperatorName</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">ExecutionEngine</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseDefinition</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Read function definition:"</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">LF</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PrototypeAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">P</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseExtern</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">P</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Read extern: "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+      <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionAST</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">F</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ParseTopLevelExpr</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Function</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">LF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">Codegen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+      <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">finalizeObject</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="c1">// JIT the function, returning a function pointer.</span>
+      <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FPtr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getPointerToFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LF</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+      <span class="c1">// Cast it to the right type (takes no arguments, returns a double) so we</span>
+      <span class="c1">// can call it as a native function.</span>
+      <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">FP</span><span class="p">)()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)())(</span><span class="kt">intptr_t</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">FPtr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+      <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Evaluated to %f</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FP</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="c1">// Skip token for error recovery.</span>
+    <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'</span>
+<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">MainLoop</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+    <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CurTok</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_eof</span>:
+      <span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="sc">';'</span>:
+      <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// ignore top-level semicolons.</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_def</span>:
+      <span class="n">HandleDefinition</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">tok_extern</span>:
+      <span class="n">HandleExtern</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="nl">default:</span>
+      <span class="n">HandleTopLevelExpression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+    <span class="p">}</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.</span>
+<span class="k">extern</span> <span class="s">"C"</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">putchard</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">putchar</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">/// printd - printf that takes a double prints it as "%f\n", returning 0.</span>
+<span class="k">extern</span> <span class="s">"C"</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">printd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"%f</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+<span class="c1">// Main driver code.</span>
+<span class="c1">//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//</span>
+
+<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTarget</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTargetAsmPrinter</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">InitializeNativeTargetAsmParser</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="n">LLVMContext</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">Context</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getGlobalContext</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Install standard binary operators.</span>
+  <span class="c1">// 1 is lowest precedence.</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'='</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'<'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'+'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'-'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">BinopPrecedence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sc">'*'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// highest.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Prime the first token.</span>
+  <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"ready> "</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">getNextToken</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Make the module, which holds all the code.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">unique_ptr</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">Owner</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_unique</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"my cool jit"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Context</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Owner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Create the JIT.  This takes ownership of the module.</span>
+  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">;</span>
+  <span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span> <span class="o">=</span>
+      <span class="n">EngineBuilder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Owner</span><span class="p">))</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">setErrorStr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">)</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">setMCJITMemoryManager</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">llvm</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_unique</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">SectionMemoryManager</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">())</span>
+          <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">();</span>
+  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+    <span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Could not create ExecutionEngine: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ErrStr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span>
+    <span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+  <span class="p">}</span>
+
+  <span class="n">FunctionPassManager</span> <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set up the optimizer pipeline.  Start with registering info about how the</span>
+  <span class="c1">// target lays out data structures.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">setDataLayout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TheExecutionEngine</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">getDataLayout</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">DataLayoutPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Provide basic AliasAnalysis support for GVN.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createBasicAliasAnalysisPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Promote allocas to registers.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createPromoteMemoryToRegisterPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createInstructionCombiningPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Reassociate expressions.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createReassociatePass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Eliminate Common SubExpressions.</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createGVNPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+  <span class="c1">// Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable blocks, etc).</span>
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">createCFGSimplificationPass</span><span class="p">());</span>
+
+  <span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">doInitialization</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Set the global so the code gen can use this.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheFPM</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">OurFPM</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Run the main "interpreter loop" now.</span>
+  <span class="n">MainLoop</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="n">TheFPM</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+
+  <span class="c1">// Print out all of the generated code.</span>
+  <span class="n">TheModule</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">();</span>
+
+  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="LangImpl8.html">Next: Conclusion and other useful LLVM tidbits</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related">
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