[llvm-commits] CVS: llvm-www/pubs/2002-12-LattnerMSThesis-book.pdf 2002-12-LattnerMSThesis-book.ps 2002-12-LattnerMSThesis.html
Chris Lattner
lattner at cs.uiuc.edu
Sun Nov 16 13:37:02 PST 2003
Changes in directory llvm-www/pubs:
2002-12-LattnerMSThesis-book.pdf added (r1.1)
2002-12-LattnerMSThesis-book.ps added (r1.1)
2002-12-LattnerMSThesis.html updated: 1.4 -> 1.5
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Log message:
Add book form versions of the thesis, as the normal format is nasty nasty nasty
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Diffs of the changes: (+14369 -0)
Index: llvm-www/pubs/2002-12-LattnerMSThesis-book.pdf
Index: llvm-www/pubs/2002-12-LattnerMSThesis-book.ps
diff -c /dev/null llvm-www/pubs/2002-12-LattnerMSThesis-book.ps:1.1
*** /dev/null Sun Nov 16 13:36:17 2003
--- llvm-www/pubs/2002-12-LattnerMSThesis-book.ps Sun Nov 16 13:36:07 2003
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*** 0 ****
--- 1,14359 ----
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+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
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+ cleartomark
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+ %%EndFont
+ %%BeginFont: CMTT12
+ %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMTT12 1.0
+ %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:45:46
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
+ 11 dict begin
+ /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
+ /version (1.0) readonly def
+ /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
+ /FullName (CMTT12) readonly def
+ /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+ /Weight (Medium) readonly def
+ /ItalicAngle 0 def
+ /isFixedPitch true def
+ end readonly def
+ /FontName /CMTT12 def
+ /PaintType 0 def
+ /FontType 1 def
+ /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
+ /Encoding 256 array
+ 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
+ dup 97 /a put
+ dup 99 /c put
+ dup 101 /e put
+ dup 103 /g put
+ dup 108 /l put
+ dup 109 /m put
+ dup 110 /n put
+ dup 112 /p put
+ dup 114 /r put
+ dup 115 /s put
+ dup 116 /t put
+ readonly def
+ /FontBBox{-1 -234 524 695}readonly def
+ /UniqueXX 5000833 def
+ currentdict end
+ currentfile eexec
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+ %%BeginFont: CMMI10
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+ %%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:57
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
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+ %%EndFont
+ %%BeginFont: CMTT9
+ %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMTT9 1.0
+ %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:46:24
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
+ 11 dict begin
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+ /version (1.0) readonly def
+ /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
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+ /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+ /Weight (Medium) readonly def
+ /ItalicAngle 0 def
+ /isFixedPitch true def
+ end readonly def
+ /FontName /CMTT9 def
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+ /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
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+ readonly def
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+ currentdict end
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+ %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:02
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
+ 11 dict begin
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+ %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR8 1.0
+ %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:40
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
+ 11 dict begin
+ /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
+ /version (1.0) readonly def
+ /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
+ /FullName (CMR8) readonly def
+ /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+ /Weight (Medium) readonly def
+ /ItalicAngle 0 def
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+ end readonly def
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+ %%EndFont
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+ %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMBX12 1.0
+ %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:34:54
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
+ 11 dict begin
+ /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
+ /version (1.0) readonly def
+ /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
+ /FullName (CMBX12) readonly def
+ /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+ /Weight (Bold) readonly def
+ /ItalicAngle 0 def
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+ end readonly def
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+ currentdict end
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+ %%BeginFont: CMBX10
+ %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMBX10 1.00B
+ %%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:54:06
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
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+ /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
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+ %%CreationDate: 1992 Jul 23 21:20:25
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
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+ %%CreationDate: 1992 Apr 26 10:42:42
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
+ 11 dict begin
+ /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
+ /version (1.00B) readonly def
+ /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
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+ /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
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+ %%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:54:52
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+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
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+ %%BeginFont: CMTI10
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+ %%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:56:16
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
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+ cleartomark
+
+ %%EndFont
+ %%BeginFont: CMR12
+ %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR12 1.0
+ %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:38:05
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
+ 11 dict begin
+ /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
+ /version (1.0) readonly def
+ /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
+ /FullName (CMR12) readonly def
+ /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+ /Weight (Medium) readonly def
+ /ItalicAngle 0 def
+ /isFixedPitch false def
+ end readonly def
+ /FontName /CMR12 def
+ /PaintType 0 def
+ /FontType 1 def
+ /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
+ /Encoding 256 array
+ 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
+ dup 45 /hyphen put
+ dup 58 /colon put
+ dup 65 /A put
+ dup 67 /C put
+ dup 69 /E put
+ dup 70 /F put
+ dup 71 /G put
+ dup 72 /H put
+ dup 73 /I put
+ dup 76 /L put
+ dup 77 /M put
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+ dup 79 /O put
+ dup 80 /P put
+ dup 82 /R put
+ dup 83 /S put
+ dup 84 /T put
+ dup 85 /U put
+ dup 86 /V put
+ dup 90 /Z put
+ readonly def
+ /FontBBox{-34 -251 988 750}readonly def
+ /UniqueXX 5000794 def
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+ %%EndFont
+ %%BeginFont: CMSY10
+ %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY10 1.0
+ %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:20:57
+
+ % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
+
+ 11 dict begin
+ /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
+ /version (1.0) readonly def
+ /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
+ /FullName (CMSY10) readonly def
+ /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+ /Weight (Medium) readonly def
+ /ItalicAngle -14.035 def
+ /isFixedPitch false def
+ end readonly def
+ /FontName /CMSY10 def
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+ /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
+ /Encoding 256 array
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+ dup 3 /asteriskmath put
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+ dup 15 /bullet put
+ dup 33 /arrowright put
+ dup 50 /element put
+ dup 56 /universal put
+ dup 58 /logicalnot put
+ dup 59 /emptyset put
+ dup 102 /braceleft put
+ dup 103 /braceright put
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+ readonly def
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+ currentdict end
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+ b(d)42 b(Pr)-5 b(o)g(gr)g(amming)43 b(2)p Fw(,)386 5115
+ y(1961.)2104 5568 y(60)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ 4044 y(Cola)k(Bottling)i(Compan)m(y)-8 b(,)40 b(whic)m(h)d(pro)m(vided)
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+ (sometimes)g(late)199 4227 y(in)m(to)32 b(the)e(nigh)m(t.)2113
+ 5568 y(iv)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (3) 4
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 595.275591 788.031496 translate
+ 180 rotate
+ 1.000000 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 5 4 bop 199 423 a Ft(T)-19 b(able)77 b(of)g(Con)-6 b(ten)g(ts)199
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+ y(2.4.1)106 b(Gathering)31 b(Pro\014le)f(Information)g(at)i(Run)d(Time)
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+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ b(VM)30 b(co)s(de)h(after)f(lev)m(el)j(raising)62 b(.)46
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+ b Fw(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f
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+ f(.)h(.)g(.)84 b(37)336 3744 y(4.11)49 b(Source)30 b(for)g
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+ b(43)2100 5568 y(vii)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ b(W.)40 b(Amme,)i(N.)d(Dalton,)k(M.)d(F)-8 b(ranz,)43
+ b(and)38 b(J.)h(ery)-8 b(.)68 b(Safetsa:)59 b(A)39 b(t)m(yp)s(e)h(safe)
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+ (form.)48 b(In)32 b Fs(A)n(CM)h(2001)k(SIGPLAN)386 1107
+ y(Conf.)c(on)g(Pr)-5 b(o)g(g.)34 b(L)-5 b(ang.)33 b(Design)f(and)h
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+ (M.)e(Henzinger,)h(S.)f(Leung,)f(D.)i(Sites,)f(M.)h(V)-8
+ b(andev)m(o-)386 1544 y(orde,)34 b(C.)f(W)-8 b(aldspurger,)34
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+ (Alto,)386 1910 y(CA,)i(July)e(1997.)245 2165 y([3])46
+ b(L.)29 b(O.)g(Anderson.)37 b Fs(Pr)-5 b(o)g(gr)g(am)34
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+ b(pages)31 b(1{12,)i(2000.)245 3478 y([6])46 b(Thomas)31
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+ b(international)34 b(symp)-5 b(osium)33 b(on)e(Micr)-5
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+ 4099 y([7])46 b(Mic)m(hael)f(Burk)m(e)d(and)g(Linda)g(T)-8
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+ b(o)g(gr)g(amming)54 b(L)-5 b(anguages)53 b(and)f(Systems)h(\(TOPLAS\))
+ p Fw(,)386 4464 y(15\(3\):367{399,)36 b(1993.)245 4719
+ y([8])46 b(Brad)30 b(Calder,)g(P)m(eter)h(F)-8 b(eller,)31
+ b(and)f(Alan)g(Eustace.)40 b(V)-8 b(alue)31 b(pro\014ling.)39
+ b(In)29 b Fs(International)35 b(Symp)-5 b(osium)34 b(on)386
+ 4902 y(Micr)-5 b(o)g(ar)g(chite)g(ctur)g(e)p Fw(,)33
+ b(pages)e(259{269,)j(1997.)245 5157 y([9])46 b(Da)m(vid)d(Chase.)73
+ b(Implemen)m(tation)43 b(of)f(exception)h(handling,)h(P)m(art)e(I.)74
+ b Fs(The)43 b(Journal)h(of)f(C)g(L)-5 b(anguage)386 5340
+ y(T)e(r)i(anslation)p Fw(,)34 b(5\(4\):229{240,)h(June)30
+ b(1994.)2104 5568 y(57)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (6) 7
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 0.000000 0.000000 translate
+ 1.000000 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ m(wing,)i(it)e(seems)h(that)g(an)m(ything)g(is)f(p)s(ossible.)2104
+ 5568 y(56)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
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+ 90 rotate
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (7) 8
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 595.275591 788.031496 translate
+ 180 rotate
+ 1.000000 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
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+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
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+ closepath}put initclip
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+ 5310 y(maximal)d(p)s(erformance)f(while)h(pro)m(viding)f(imp)s(ortan)m
+ (t)g(high-lev)m(el)i(information)f(to)g(p)s(ost-link)g(optimizers.)2104
+ 5568 y(54)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 3 9 bop 427 91 a Fw(tions.)47 b(These)32 b(systems)h(t)m(ypically)h
+ (target)g(v)m(ery)f(lo)m(w-lev)m(el)i(transformations)e(suc)m(h)f(as)g
+ (in)m(terpro)s(cedural)427 274 y(register)f(allo)s(cation,)i(inlining,)
+ d(and)g(trace)i(construction.)310 531 y(2.)47 b Fn(V)-9
+ b(ery)35 b(High)g(Lev)m(el)30 b Fw(-)h(Abstract)g(Syn)m(tax)f(T)-8
+ b(rees)31 b(\(AST\))427 751 y(In)20 b(order)g(to)i(solv)m(e)h(this)d
+ (problem,)j(compiler)f(dev)m(elop)s(ers)f(in)m(v)m(en)m(ted)h(tec)m
+ (hniques)g(to)g(preserv)m(e)f(source-lev)m(el)427 934
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+ b(In)30 b(most)g(cases)h([19)r(,)f(4,)h(13)q(,)f(37)q(,)h(46)q(],)f
+ (this)g(is)h(implemen)m(ted)427 1117 y(b)m(y)k(writing)g(out)h(the)f
+ (high-lev)m(el)i(compiler)f(In)m(termediate)h(Represen)m(tation)f
+ (\(IR\))g(to)g(disk)f(at)h(compile)427 1300 y(time.)41
+ b(A)m(t)31 b(link)f(time,)h(the)f(link)m(er)h(reads)f(these)h
+ (serialized)g(v)m(ersions)f(of)h(the)f(program)g(AST,)g(com)m(bining)
+ 427 1482 y(them,)g(optimizing)i(them,)e(and)g(\014nally)g(p)s
+ (erforming)f(all)j(co)s(de)e(generation)i(at)f(link)f(time.)427
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+ (opti-)427 1885 y(mization)24 b(\(lac)m(k)i(of)d(high-lev)m(el)i
+ (information\),)h(but)d(at)h(a)g(high)f(cost.)39 b(Because)25
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+ (link)f(time,)h(an)m(y)g(c)m(hange)g(to)g(a)f(single)h(source)f(\014le)
+ g(requires)f(almost)i(complete)h(recompila-)427 2250
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+ (optimization.)199 3538 y(The)h(most)g(common)g(approac)m(h)g(is)g(to)g
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+ b(,)37 b(as)d(most)h(static)199 3720 y(compilers)j(do.)62
+ b(By)38 b(not)g(using)f(an)m(y)h(run-time)f(optimization)i(or)f
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+ (follo)m(ws:)310 4551 y(1.)47 b Fn(High)35 b(Lev)m(el)f(Language)h
+ (Virtual)g(Mac)m(hines)427 4771 y Fw(Run-time)43 b(optimization)j(and)d
+ (Just-In-Time)h(\(JIT\))f(compilation)j(are)e(v)m(ery)g(common)h(among)
+ f(the)427 4954 y(class)32 b(of)f(high-lev)m(el)i(language)g(Virtual)f
+ (Mac)m(hines)h(\(VMs\).)45 b(These)31 b(VMs)h(often)g(target)h(v)m(ery)
+ e(dynamic)427 5136 y(languages,)47 b(suc)m(h)42 b(as)i(SmallT)-8
+ b(alk)43 b([21)q(],)k(Self)c([44)q(],)j(Ja)m(v)-5 b(a)44
+ b([22)q(],)i(and)d(C#)f([32)q(],)k(and)c(use)h(a)g(mac)m(hine-)427
+ 5319 y(indep)s(enden)m(t)32 b(b)m(yte-co)s(de)j(input)d(whic)m(h)h
+ (enco)s(des)h(these)g(languages)h(at)f(a)g(v)m(ery)g(high-lev)m(el)h
+ (\(e\013ectiv)m(ely)2127 5568 y(3)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (9) 10
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 595.275591 788.031496 translate
+ 180 rotate
+ 1.000000 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 4 10 bop 427 91 a Fw(at)29 b(the)g(AST)f(lev)m(el\).)42
+ b(By)29 b(using)f(a)h(virtual)g(mac)m(hine)g(and)f(a)h(v)m
+ (ery-high-lev)m(el)j(input)27 b(program)i(represen-)427
+ 274 y(tation,)e(these)e(systems)f(are)h(able)g(to)h(pro)m(vide)e
+ (platform)h(p)s(ortabilit)m(y)g(and)f(securit)m(y)i(services)f(in)f
+ (addition)427 457 y(to)31 b(reasonable)g(p)s(erformance.)427
+ 672 y(Unfortunately)-8 b(,)28 b(a)f(high-lev)m(el)i(represen)m(tation)f
+ (presen)m(ts)e(the)h(same)h(problem)e(to)i(a)f(run-time)f(optimizer)427
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+ (can)427 1037 y(b)s(e)33 b(p)s(erformed)g(at)i(compile)g(time.)53
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+ (the)f(dynamic)427 1220 y(compiler)21 b(m)m(ust)g(sp)s(end)e(v)-5
+ b(aluable)21 b(run-time)g(cycles)h(p)s(erforming)d(m)m(undane)h
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+ (cycles)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(spared.)310 2198 y(2.)47 b Fn(Arc)m(hitecture)
+ 35 b(Lev)m(el)g(Virtual)f(Mac)m(hines)e Fw(and)d Fn(Dynamic)36
+ b(T)-9 b(ranslators)427 2413 y Fw(A)m(t)31 b(the)g(other)f(end)g(of)h
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+ 2778 y(or)37 b(dynamically)h(translate)g(mac)m(hine)g(co)s(de)g(b)s(et)
+ m(w)m(een)g(di\013eren)m(t)g(arc)m(hitectures)h([16)q(,)e(24)q(].)62
+ b(These)37 b(sys-)427 2961 y(tems)23 b(ha)m(v)m(e)h(dra)m(wbac)m(ks)f
+ (and)f(applications)i(similar)f(to)g(the)g(mac)m(hine)h(co)s(de)f(in)m
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+ (optimization,)32 b(whic)m(h)c(rely)g(on)h(highly)f(ac-)427
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+ (of)f(high-lev)m(el)i(restructuring)e(transformations.)199
+ 3637 y Fl(1.1.3)113 b(T)-9 b(raditional)38 b(Approac)m(hes)g(to)f
+ (Compile-time)i(Pro\014le-Driv)m(en)f(Optimization)199
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+ s(ortan)m(t)h(tec)m(hnique)h(whic)m(h)e(uses)g(the)h(estimated)h
+ (run-time)f(b)s(e-)199 4061 y(ha)m(vior)40 b(of)f(the)f(application)j
+ (to)e(impro)m(v)m(e)h(its)f(p)s(erformance)f(\(often)h(b)m(y)g
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+ (cess.)340 4609 y(The)f(\014rst)f(stage)i(of)f(compilation)h(compiles)g
+ (the)e(program,)h(but)f(inserts)h(pro\014ling)f(instrumen)m(tation)h
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+ (some)g(form)f(of)g(pro\014le)g(information)g(at)h(run-time.)85
+ b(The)45 b(second)199 4975 y(stage)c(links)f(these)g(instrumen)m(ted)f
+ (ob)5 b(ject)41 b(\014les)f(in)m(to)g(an)g(instrumen)m(ted)f
+ (executable.)71 b(The)39 b(third)g(stage)i(of)199 5157
+ y(pro\014le-driv)m(en)23 b(optimization)i(requires)e(the)g(dev)m(elop)s
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+ 199 5340 y(through)i(a)g(series)g(of)g(test)h(runs,)e(whic)m(h)h(are)g
+ (used)g(to)g(generate)i(the)e(pro\014le)f(information)i(for)e(the)i
+ (application.)2127 5568 y(4)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 53 59 bop 199 91 a Fw(sp)s(eci\014c)28 b(trees)g(to)g(mac)m(hine)g(sp)s
+ (eci\014c)f(co)s(de.)40 b(Optimizations)29 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(p)s
+ (erformed)f(at)i(the)g(\\appropriate")g(lev)m(el)199
+ 274 y(for)i(the)h(analysis)g(or)f(transformation.)340
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+ (erforms)e(in)m(terpro)s(cedural)h(optimization)i(on)f(a)g(high-lev)m
+ (el)h(AST)199 639 y(represen)m(tation,)36 b(deferring)d(most)h(of)g
+ (compilation)h(to)f(link-time.)52 b(Additionally)-8 b(,)36
+ b(the)e(strong)f(pro\014le-driv)m(en)199 822 y(optimization)45
+ b(framew)m(ork)e(dep)s(ends)f(on)g(the)i(traditional)g(\014v)m(e)f
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+ -5 b(ailable)47 b(for)d(decades,)49 b(p)s(erhaps)43 b(starting)i(with)g
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+ (de,)e(whic)m(h)2104 5568 y(53)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (10) 11
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 0.000000 0.000000 translate
+ 1.000000 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
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+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
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+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
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+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
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+ Fa(b)l(o)l(dy)g Fi(of)h(a)f(v)l(arargs)g(function)g(are)g(missing.)2104
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+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (14) 15
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 0.000000 0.000000 translate
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (15) 16
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 595.275591 788.031496 translate
+ 180 rotate
+ 1.000000 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
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+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
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+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ %%Page: (17) 18
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 595.275591 788.031496 translate
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ i(application)g(for)2104 5568 y(12)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
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+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ (explicit)i(allo)s(cation)199 2475 y(and)30 b(deallo)s(cation.)2104
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
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+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
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+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
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+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
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+ b(Virtual)h(Instruction)g(Set)199 3137 y Fw(The)40 b(LL)-10
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+ b(alues\).)40 b(The)29 b(virtual)g(registers)h(are)199
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+ (heap)h(\(with)199 4964 y(pro)s(cedures)38 b(b)s(eing)g(treated)h(as)g
+ (global)h(ob)5 b(jects\).)66 b(Ob)5 b(jects)39 b(on)f(the)h(stac)m(k)h
+ (and)e(heap)g(are)h(allo)s(cated)i(using)199 5147 y Fr(alloca)26
+ b Fw(and)h Fr(malloc)f Fw(instructions)i(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8
+ b(,)30 b(and)d(are)i(accessed)g(through)e(the)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)f(v)-5
+ b(alues)28 b(returned)199 5330 y(b)m(y)39 b(these)f(op)s(erations.)66
+ b(Stac)m(k)39 b(ob)5 b(jects)39 b(are)g(allo)s(cated)h(in)f(the)f(stac)
+ m(k)i(frame)e(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)h(function)f(and)2104
+ 5568 y(14)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 43 49 bop 427 91 a Fw(structure)28 b(in)m(to)i(the)f(called)g
+ (function.)40 b(If)29 b(the)g(function)f(has)h(not)g(already)g(b)s(een)
+ f(pro)s(cessed,)h(it)g(is)g(added)427 274 y(to)i(the)f(transformation)h
+ (w)m(ork-list.)286 486 y Fp(void)42 b(ProcessLists\(unsi)o(gn)o(ed)37
+ b(N\))43 b({)374 586 y(PoolDescriptor)37 b(L1PD,)42 b(L2PD,)f(P1PD,)h
+ (P2PD;)374 685 y(List)g(*L1,)f(*L2;)130 b(unsigned)40
+ b(i;)374 785 y(poolinit\(&L1PD,)d(sizeof\(List\)\);)374
+ 885 y(poolinit\(&L2PD,)g(sizeof\(List\)\);)374 984 y(poolinit\(&P1PD,)g
+ (sizeof\(Patient\)\))o(;)374 1084 y(poolinit\(&P2PD,)g
+ (sizeof\(Patient\)\))o(;)374 1283 y(L1)42 b(=)i(\(List*\)poolallo)o
+ (c\()o(&L1)o(PD)o(,)38 b(1\);)374 1383 y(L2)k(=)i(\(List*\)poolallo)o
+ (c\()o(&L2)o(PD)o(,)38 b(1\);)374 1582 y(/*)k(populate)f(lists)g(*/)374
+ 1682 y(for)h(\(i)h(=)g(0;)g(i)g(!=)g(N;)f(++i\))g({)461
+ 1781 y(addList_pa\(L1,)c(&L1PD,)j(poolalloc\(&P1PD)o(,)d(1\)\);)461
+ 1881 y(addList_pa\(L2,)g(&L2PD,)j(poolalloc\(&P2PD)o(,)d(1\)\);)374
+ 1980 y(})374 2080 y(useLists_pa\(L1,)f(&L1PD,)k(L2,)h(&L2PD\);)374
+ 2180 y(pooldestroy\(&L1)o(PD\))o(;)37 b(pooldestroy\(&L2PD)o(\);)374
+ 2279 y(pooldestroy\(&P1)o(PD\))o(;)g(pooldestroy\(&P2PD)o(\);)286
+ 2379 y(})1095 2575 y Fw(Figure)31 b(4.16:)43 b(Source)30
+ b(for)g(p)s(o)s(ol-allo)s(cated)i Fr(ProcessLists)340
+ 2864 y Fw(The)22 b(transformed)f Fr(ProcessLists)d Fw(function)k
+ (\(Figure)g(4.16\))i(allo)s(cates)g(four)d(memory)h(p)s(o)s(ols,)h(one)
+ f(for)g(eac)m(h)199 3046 y(data)30 b(structure)f(no)s(de)f(in)h(the)h
+ (t)m(w)m(o)g(disjoin)m(t)g(data)g(structures)e(in)h(it.)41
+ b(The)29 b Fr(addList)e Fw(function)i(is)g(transformed)199
+ 3229 y(similarly)-8 b(.)199 3602 y Fm(4.4)136 b(External)46
+ b(Uses)f(of)h(the)f(LL)-15 b(VM)43 b(Infrastructure)199
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+ m(e)h(man)m(y)e(pro)5 b(jects)32 b(use)f(it)h(in)f(a)h(short)f(amoun)m
+ (t)199 4423 y(of)i(time.)48 b(These)32 b(pro)5 b(jects)33
+ b(are)g(brie\015y)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w,)j(hi-ligh)m(ting)g(the)
+ f(features)g(of)f(LL)-10 b(VM)33 b(whic)m(h)f(mak)m(e)199
+ 4606 y(them)f(viable.)199 4916 y Fl(4.4.1)113 b(Ensuring)38
+ b(Co)s(de)f(Safet)m(y)i(without)e(Run)m(time)g(Chec)m(ks)199
+ 5157 y Fw(Ko)m(wshik,)k(Dh)m(urjati)e(and)f(Adv)m(e)h(describ)s(e)f(a)i
+ (language)g(called)g(Con)m(trol-C)f(whic)m(h)f(is)h(designed)g(to)g
+ (pro)m(vide)199 5340 y(co)s(de)27 b(safet)m(y)h(and)e(correctness)h
+ (guaran)m(tees)h Fs(entir)-5 b(ely)28 b Fw(through)e(static)i(analysis)
+ f([27)q(])g(\(as)g(opp)s(osed)f(to)i(run-time)2104 5568
+ y(43)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (20) 21
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 0.000000 0.000000 translate
+ 1.000000 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 42 48 bop 199 91 a Fl(4.3.3)113 b(T)-9 b(ransforming)38
+ b(F)-9 b(unction)38 b(Bo)s(dies)199 333 y Fw(Once)27
+ b(a)f(data)i(structure)d(is)i(selected)h(for)e(p)s(o)s(ol)g(allo)s
+ (cation,)k(the)c(ro)s(ot)h(function)f(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(mo)s(di\014ed)h
+ (to)h(allo)s(cate)199 515 y(p)s(o)s(ol)33 b(descriptors)f(represen)m
+ (ting)i(the)f(v)-5 b(arious)33 b(no)s(des)f(in)g(the)h(subgraph.)47
+ b(W)-8 b(e)34 b(insert)f(co)s(de)g(to)h(stac)m(k-allo)s(cate)199
+ 698 y(a)43 b(p)s(o)s(ol)f(descriptor,)j(initialize)f(the)f(p)s(o)s(ol)e
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+ (the)h(p)s(o)s(ol)199 881 y(descriptor)33 b(\(and)g(all)h(b)s(o)s(ok-k)
+ m(eeping)f(information)g(asso)s(ciated)i(with)d(the)i(memory)e(p)s(o)s
+ (ol\))h(at)h(the)f(exit)h(no)s(des)199 1063 y(of)d(the)f(function.)340
+ 1246 y(Once)f(the)g(p)s(o)s(ols)g(are)g(created,)i(the)e(b)s(o)s(dy)e
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+ (whic)m(h)f(ha)m(v)m(e)199 1429 y(access)e(to)g(the)f(data)g(structure)
+ f(b)s(eing)g(pro)s(cessed\))h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)h(transformed)e(to)j(use)
+ e Fr(poolalloc)e Fw(and)i Fr(poolfree)199 1612 y Fw(calls)42
+ b(instead)g(of)f Fr(malloc)e Fw(and)i Fr(free)e Fw(LL)-10
+ b(VM)41 b(instructions.)73 b(T)-8 b(o)41 b(do)g(this,)j(the)d(p)s(o)s
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+ b Fw(and)i Fr(poolfree)199 1977 y Fw(calls.)42 b(The)30
+ b(algorithm)h(is)g(sho)m(wn)f(in)g(Figure)g(4.15.)199
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+ b(n)p Fw(,)30 b(datastructure)g Ff(D)s(S)5 b Fw(\))295
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+ Ff(F)13 b(n)30 b Fv(2)g Ff(W)13 b(or)s(k)s(l)r(ist)391
+ 2512 y Fv(8)30 b Fw(instruction)g Ff(I)38 b Fv(2)30 b
+ Fw(Instructions\()p Ff(F)13 b(n)p Fw(\))487 2625 y(if)30
+ b(UsesDataStructure\()p Ff(I)7 b Fw(,)33 b Ff(D)s(S)5
+ b Fw(\))30 b(then)583 2738 y(if)g(IsMallo)s(cOrF)-8 b(ree\()p
+ Ff(I)7 b Fw(\))33 b(then)679 2851 y(Con)m(v)m(ertT)-8
+ b(oP)m(o)s(olF)g(unction\()p Ff(I)7 b Fw(,)34 b Ff(D)s(S)5
+ b Fw(\))583 2964 y(elseif)31 b(IsCall\()p Ff(I)7 b Fw(\))32
+ b(then)679 3077 y(AddP)m(o)s(olArgumen)m(ts\()p Ff(I)7
+ b Fw(,)31 b Ff(D)s(S)5 b Fw(\))679 3189 y Ff(W)13 b(or)s(k)s(l)r(ist)29
+ b Fw(=)h Ff(W)13 b(or)s(k)s(l)r(ist)1585 3125 y Fb(S)1684
+ 3189 y Fw(CalledF)-8 b(unction\()p Ff(I)7 b Fw(\))1200
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+ (is)f(empt)m(y)-8 b(.)49 b(Initially)34 b(the)f(w)m(ork-list)h(is)e
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+ (function)f(is)199 4315 y(transformed)g(according)h(to)g(the)g(follo)m
+ (wing)h(rules:)336 4598 y Fv(\017)46 b Fr(malloc)31 b
+ Fw(and)i Fr(free)f Fw(op)s(erations)i(referring)f(to)h(the)f(p)s(o)s
+ (ol)g(allo)s(cated)j(data)e(structure)e(are)i(c)m(hanged)g(in)m(to)427
+ 4780 y(calls)d(to)g(the)g Fr(poolalloc)d Fw(and)h Fr(poolfree)f
+ Fw(library)i(functions.)336 5038 y Fv(\017)46 b Fw(F)-8
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+ (to)i(the)f(data)g(structure)f(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t,)48
+ b(or)43 b(return)g(a)427 5220 y(p)s(oin)m(ter)26 b(that)i(is)e(part)h
+ (of)g(the)g(data)g(structure,)g(are)g(mo)s(di\014ed)f(to)h(pass)g(the)g
+ (p)s(o)s(ol)f(descriptor)h(of)g(the)f(data)2104 5568
+ y(42)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 15 21 bop 199 91 a Fw(are)39 b(automatically)i(freed)c(when)g(con)m
+ (trol)j(lea)m(v)m(es)g(the)e(function.)63 b(Heap)39 b(ob)5
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+ 274 y(using)29 b(a)h Fr(free)e Fw(instruction.)40 b(The)29
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+ (w.)340 639 y(Note)j(that)e(LL)-10 b(VM)33 b(is)g(a)g(virtual)g
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+ b(VM)32 b(virtual)f(instruction)h(set)g(is)f(a)h Fs(\014rst)i(class)g
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+ b(,)199 1370 y(and)30 b(in-memory)g(represen)m(tation.)42
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+ b(LL)-10 b(VM)32 b(includes)g(a)g(standard)g(and)199
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+ (retain)199 457 y(conserv)-5 b(ativ)m(e)35 b(correctness.)50
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+ y(set)e(mak)m(es)g(this)g(loss)f(of)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(information)h
+ (explicit.)340 822 y(F)-8 b(or)27 b(other)e(instructions)h(in)m(v)m
+ (olving)h(a)f(p)s(oin)m(ter-compatible)h(op)s(erand)d(or)h(result,)i
+ (the)f(lo)s(cal)h(analysis)f(phase)199 1005 y(sets)31
+ b(the)g(\\)p Fn(U)p Fw(nkno)m(wn")f(bit)h(and)f(collapse)h(the)g(no)s
+ (de)f(to)h(indicate)g(that)g(something)g(un)m(traceable)h(o)s(ccurred.)
+ 340 1187 y(The)j(\014nal)g(step)h(in)f(the)g(Lo)s(cal)h(graph)f
+ (construction)h(is)f(to)i(calculate)g(whic)m(h)e(data)h(structure)f(no)
+ s(des)g(are)199 1370 y(complete)25 b(and)d(whic)m(h)g(are)h
+ (incomplete.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)23 b(a)h(Lo)s(cal)f(graph,)h(an)m(y)g(no)s
+ (de)e(reac)m(hable)i(from)e(a)h(formal)g(argumen)m(t,)199
+ 1553 y(global,)32 b(passed)e(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(a)g(call)g
+ (site,)h(or)e(returned)f(b)m(y)i(a)f(call)i(site)f(is)g(mark)m(ed)f(as)
+ h(incomplete.)199 1863 y Fn(Bottom-Up)36 b(Analysis)f(Phase)199
+ 2104 y Fw(The)g(Bottom-Up)h(\(BU\))g(analysis)f(phase)g(creates)h(a)f
+ (graph)f(for)h(eac)m(h)h(function)e(in)h(the)g(program,)h(concisely)199
+ 2287 y(summarizing)j(the)g(total)i(e\013ect)f(of)f(calling)h(that)g
+ (function)e(\(imp)s(osed)h(aliases)h(and)e(mo)s(d/ref)h(information\))
+ 199 2469 y(without)30 b(an)m(y)g(calling)h(con)m(text)g(information.)41
+ b(It)30 b(computes)f(this)h(graph)f(b)m(y)g(cloning)i(the)e(Bottom-up)i
+ (graphs)199 2652 y(of)26 b(all)g Fs(known)f Fw(callees)j(in)m(to)e(the)
+ f(caller's)h(Lo)s(cal)g(graph,)g(merging)g(no)s(des)e(p)s(oin)m(ted)h
+ (to)h(b)m(y)f(corresp)s(onding)f(formal)199 2835 y(and)30
+ b(actual)i(argumen)m(ts.)340 3018 y(In)38 b(the)g(DS)g(graph)f
+ (represen)m(tation,)42 b(the)c(DSCallSite)h(list)g(main)m(tained)f(b)m
+ (y)g(eac)m(h)i(DS)d(graph)h(implicitly)199 3200 y(de\014nes)26
+ b(the)h(kno)m(wn)g(edges)g(of)h(the)f(call)h(graph.)39
+ b(The)27 b(Bottom-Up)h(analysis)g(phase)e(uses)h(T)-8
+ b(arjan's)27 b(linear-time)199 3383 y(algorithm)42 b(to)f(iden)m(tify)g
+ (Strongly)f(Connected)h(Comp)s(onen)m(ts)e(\(SCCs\))h(in)g(the)h(call)h
+ (graph)e(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)h(the)199 3566 y(DSCallSite)c(list.)54
+ b(T)-8 b(arjan's)35 b(algorithm)h(iden)m(ti\014es)f(SCCs)e(in)i(p)s
+ (ost-order,)g(directly)h(pro)m(viding)e(the)h(Bottom-)199
+ 3748 y(Up)f(order)g(that)h(this)f(phase)g(requires.)52
+ b(While)35 b(tra)m(v)m(ersing)g(the)g(call)g(graph)f(in)g(p)s
+ (ost-order,)h(the)f(Bottom-Up)199 3931 y(Analysis)39
+ b(phase)e(clones)i(eac)m(h)h(called)f(graph)e(in)m(to)j(its)e(caller,)k
+ (resolving)c(argumen)m(ts)h(and)e(eliminating)j(call)199
+ 4114 y(sites.)340 4296 y(Handling)22 b(function)f(p)s(oin)m(ters)h(and)
+ f(external)h(functions)g(requires)f(that)h(w)m(e)g(restrict)h(the)e(p)s
+ (ost-order)h(tra)m(v)m(er-)199 4479 y(sal)32 b(to)g(only)f(w)m(alk)h
+ (call-sites)i(whic)m(h)d(target)i(\\complete")g(no)s(des)e(\()p
+ Fv(x)p Fw(4.2.1\).)46 b(As)31 b(graphs)g(are)g(cloned)h(in)m(to)g
+ (their)199 4662 y(caller,)39 b(the)d(unresolv)m(ed)g(call)h(no)s(des)e
+ (will)i(b)s(e)e(copied)h(as)h(w)m(ell.)58 b(Suc)m(h)35
+ b(an)h(unresolv)m(ed)g(call)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(ecome)f(re-)199
+ 4844 y(solv)m(ed)d(\(b)s(ecause)f(the)g(function)g(passed)f(to)i(a)f
+ (function)f(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(argumen)m(t)h(b)s(ecomes)f(kno)m(wn\).)45
+ b(This)31 b(allo)m(ws)199 5027 y(the)39 b(indirect)f(call)i(to)f(b)s(e)
+ e(resolv)m(ed)i(b)m(y)g(inlining)f(the)g(callee's)j(BU)d(graph)g(in)m
+ (to)h(the)g(graph)f(of)g(the)g(function)199 5210 y(where)32
+ b(the)g(call)h(site)g(b)s(ecame)g(resolv)m(ed.)46 b(F)-8
+ b(or)33 b(example,)h(in)d(Figure)i(4.9,)h(the)e(indirect)g(call)i(site)
+ e(in)g Fr(do)p 3835 5210 29 4 v 34 w(all)f Fw(is)2104
+ 5568 y(36)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 21 27 bop 199 91 a Fw(for)36 b(op)s(erations)g(that)g(do)g(not)g(alter)
+ h(data)f(as)g(w)m(ell,)i(suc)m(h)e(as)g(con)m(v)m(erting)h(a)f(signed)g
+ (in)m(teger)h(to)g(an)e(unsigned)199 274 y(in)m(teger)d(of)f(the)f
+ (same)h(size.)340 457 y(Because)44 b(LL)-10 b(VM)42 b(is)g(in)m(tended)
+ g(as)g(a)h(general-purp)s(ose)f(lo)m(w-lev)m(el)j(instruction)d(set,)k
+ (it)c(m)m(ust)g(represen)m(t)199 639 y(b)s(oth)k(\\t)m(yp)s(e-safe")i
+ (and)d(\\t)m(yp)s(e-unsafe')i(programs)f(for)f(arbitrary)h(high-lev)m
+ (el)i(languages.)89 b(Nev)m(ertheless,)199 822 y(distinguishing)41
+ b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(safe)g(and)f(unsafe)g(op)s(erations)g(is)h(imp)s
+ (ortan)m(t)f(b)s(ecause)h(man)m(y)f(memory-orien)m(ted)199
+ 1005 y(optimizations)32 b(ma)m(y)f(only)g(b)s(e)f(legal)i(for)e(safe)h
+ (programs.)340 1187 y(W)-8 b(e)38 b(consider)e(an)g(LL)-10
+ b(VM)36 b(program)f(to)i(b)s(e)f Fs(typ)-5 b(e-safe)37
+ b Fw(if)f(no)f Fr(cast)g Fw(instruction)h(con)m(v)m(erts)i(a)e(non-p)s
+ (oin)m(ter)199 1370 y(t)m(yp)s(e)g(to)h(a)f(p)s(oin)m(ter)g(t)m(yp)s(e)
+ g(or)g(a)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(of)i(one)f(t)m(yp)s(e)g(to)h(a)f(p)s(oin)m
+ (ter)g(of)g(another)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(\(in)g(other)g(w)m(ords,)h(no)199
+ 1553 y(casts)26 b Fs(to)f Fw(a)g(p)s(oin)m(ter)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(are)g
+ (allo)m(w)m(ed\).)41 b(In)24 b(the)h(example)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)h(the)e
+ (last)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(cast)g(instructions)e(are)h(unsafe.)199
+ 1736 y(Suc)m(h)k(p)s(oin)m(ter)g(casts)h(are)f Fs(the)j(only)h(way)d
+ Fw(that)f(op)s(erations)h(of)f(the)h(second)f(t)m(yp)s(e)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m
+ (e)h(\(that)h(rein)m(tepret)e(data)199 1918 y(in)h(memory\))h(can)g(b)s
+ (e)e(enco)s(ded)h(in)g(LL)-10 b(VM.)340 2101 y(If)47
+ b(a)g(program)g(is)g(t)m(yp)s(e-safe)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h
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+ (dur-)199 2284 y(ing)37 b(imp)s(ortan)m(t)h(analyses)f(suc)m(h)g(as)g
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+ 1284 2433 y Fk(3)1324 2466 y Fw(.)72 b(If)41 b(a)g(program)f(is)h
+ (completely)i(t)m(yp)s(e-safe,)h(its)e(LL)-10 b(VM)40
+ b(co)s(de)h(can)g(use)g(the)199 2649 y Fr(getelementptr)29
+ b Fw(instruction)j(for)g(all)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)g(arithmetic,)h(without)e
+ (requiring)g(an)m(y)h(unsafe)e(casts.)48 b(F)-8 b(or)33
+ b(ex-)199 2832 y(ample,)e(giv)m(en)h(a)f(language)h(with)e(p)s(oin)m
+ (ter)h(arithmetic,)h(naiv)m(e)f(compilation)i(can)d(cause)i(t)m(yp)s(e)
+ e(violations.)43 b(F)-8 b(or)199 3014 y(example,)32 b(consider)e(the)g
+ (C)g(co)s(de)h(in)f(Figure)h(3.9:)438 3241 y Fr(int)47
+ b(*A)g(=)g(...,)g(*P)g(=)h(A;)438 3353 y(while)e(\(P)h(!=)h(A+Size\))d
+ ({)533 3466 y(*P)j(=)f(*P)g(+)h(1;)533 3579 y(++P;)620
+ b(/*)47 b(Pointer)f(arithmetic!)e(*/)438 3692 y(})1271
+ 3988 y Fw(Figure)31 b(3.9:)42 b(P)m(oin)m(ter)32 b(arithmetic)f
+ (example)g(in)g(C)340 4266 y(The)40 b(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(arithmetic)g(in)g
+ (the)f(last)h(statemen)m(t)i(could)d(b)s(e)g(compiled)h(initially)h(in)
+ m(to)f(the)g(snipp)s(et)e(of)199 4449 y(LL)-10 b(VM)31
+ b(co)s(de)f(in)g(Figure)h(3.10.)340 4631 y(The)24 b Fr(\045P2)e
+ Fw(cast)j(is)f(not)g(t)m(yp)s(e-safe,)i(b)s(ecause)e(an)f(arbitrary)h
+ (v)-5 b(alue)24 b(is)g(b)s(eing)f(cast)i(to)f(a)g(p)s(oin)m(ter,)i(and)
+ d(although)p 199 4707 1560 4 v 303 4760 a Fj(3)337 4792
+ y Fi(Note)k(that)g(programs)h(whic)n(h)e(ha)n(v)n(e)g(\\unde\014ned)g
+ (b)r(eha)n(vior",)i(e.g.,)g(b)n(y)e(accessing)i(memory)f(that)g(has)g
+ (b)r(een)f Fg(free)p Fi('d)i(or)f(using)199 4883 y(out-of-range)g(arra)
+ n(y)g(subscripts,)g(are)g(still)g(b)r(e)f(considered)h(\\t)n(yp)r
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+ 199 5066 y(ha)n(ving)k(to)f(detect)h(an)n(y)f(correctness)i(violations)
+ g(that)e(result)h(from)g(unde\014ned)e(b)r(eha)n(vior.)47
+ b(In)29 b(a)h(language)h(with)e(stricter)i(safet)n(y)199
+ 5157 y(requiremen)n(ts,)i(suc)n(h)e(as)h(Ja)n(v)l(a)g(or)g(F)-6
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+ (hec)n(ks)g(required)g(b)n(y)g(the)g(language)i(should)e(b)r(e)199
+ 5249 y(implemen)n(ted)j(with)h(explicit)g(LL)-9 b(VM)34
+ b(co)r(de)h(\(for)g(example,)i(conditional)f(branc)n(hes)e(on)g(the)g
+ (b)r(ounds)g(of)h(the)f(arra)n(y\))h(and)f(then)199 5340
+ y(optimized,)27 b(just)f(as)g(they)f(w)n(ould)h(b)r(e)f(in)h(the)f(lo)n
+ (w-lev)n(el)i(represen)n(tations)f(within)g(standard)g(static)g
+ (compilers.)2104 5568 y Fw(21)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (27) 28
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 595.275591 788.031496 translate
+ 180 rotate
+ 1.000000 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 22 28 bop 438 113 a Fr(\045tmp)94 b(=)48 b(cast)e(int*)h(\045P1)g(to)g
+ (long)190 b(;)47 b(Convert)f(pointer)g(to)h(integral)f(type)g(for)h
+ (add)438 226 y(\045tmp2)f(=)i(add)94 b(long)47 b(\045tmp,)f(4)382
+ b(;)47 b(Add)g(offset)f(to)h(integral)f(value)438 339
+ y(\045P2)142 b(=)48 b(cast)e(long)h(\045tmp2)f(to)i(int*)94
+ b(;)47 b(Convert)f(result)g(back)h(to)g(pointer)f(\(unsafe!\))1154
+ 634 y Fw(Figure)31 b(3.10:)42 b(P)m(oin)m(ter)32 b(arithmetic)f
+ (example)g(in)g(LL)-10 b(VM)199 909 y(in)26 b(this)f(case)i(the)f
+ (result)g(happ)s(ens)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)26
+ b(in)m(teger)i(p)s(oin)m(ter,)e(the)g(compiler)h(cannot)f(kno)m(w)g
+ (that)g(without)199 1092 y(further)d(analysis.)39 b(In)24
+ b(the)g(case)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)i(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)g(the)e
+ Fr(getelementptr)20 b Fw(instruction)k(can)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)g
+ (directly)199 1275 y(na)m(vigate)33 b(the)d(arra)m(y)h(in)f(a)h(t)m(yp)
+ s(e-safe)1492 1242 y Fk(4)1563 1275 y Fw(manner)e(\(Figure)j(3.11\).)
+ 438 1510 y Fr(\045P2)47 b(=)g(getelementptr)d(int*)j(\045P1,)g(long)f
+ (1)143 b(;)48 b(Get)f(pointer)e(to)j(next)e(integer)612
+ 1806 y Fw(Figure)31 b(3.11:)42 b(P)m(oin)m(ter)32 b(arithmetic)g
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+ 2085 y(In)33 b(practice,)k(man)m(y)d(C)f(programs)g(are)i(completely)g
+ (or)f(mostly)g(t)m(yp)s(e-safe)h(according)g(to)f(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)
+ h(def-)199 2268 y(inition,)43 b(and)c(most)i(unsafe)e(cast)i(op)s
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+ (through)g(simple)199 2451 y(transformations.)47 b(Nev)m(ertheless,)34
+ b(there)e(are)h(some)g(programs)e(whic)m(h)h(in)m(trinsically)i(m)m
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+ (address)f(of)g(a)h(memory-mapp)s(ed)f(hardw)m(are)199
+ 2816 y(device,)36 b(to)f(a)f(p)s(oin)m(ter\),)h(whic)m(h)f(cannot)g(b)s
+ (e)g(con)m(v)m(erted)h(to)g(use)e(the)h Fr(getelementptr)c
+ Fw(instruction.)52 b(In)33 b(these)199 2999 y(cases,)48
+ b(the)43 b Fr(cast)g Fw(instruction)g(in)g(LL)-10 b(VM)43
+ b(giv)m(es)i(critical)g(information)f(ab)s(out)f Fs(when)h
+ Fw(the)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h(system)f(is)199 3181 y(b)s(eing)c(violated,)44
+ b(impro)m(ving)39 b(analyses)h(and)f(allo)m(wing)i(for)e(straigh)m
+ (tforw)m(ard)h(determination)h(of)e(whether)g(a)199 3364
+ y(transformation)31 b(is)f Fs(safe)p Fw(.)199 3743 y
+ Fm(3.4)136 b(Explicit)46 b(Memory)f(Allo)t(cation)g(and)g(Uni\014ed)g
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+ (to)i(adequately)f(optimize)h(are)g(memory)e(b)s(ound)f(programs)h
+ (that)h(mak)m(e)199 4198 y(extensiv)m(e)27 b(use)e(of)g(complex)g(data)
+ h(structures)f(on)f(the)i(heap.)38 b(T)-8 b(o)26 b(b)s(etter)f(exp)s
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+ b(the)g(compiler,)g(w)m(e)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(added)f(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(memory)g
+ (allo)s(cation)i(instructions)e(to)h(the)g(instruction)f(set.)50
+ b(The)199 4564 y Fr(malloc)26 b Fw(instruction)h(allo)s(cates)i(one)f
+ (or)f(more)g(elemen)m(ts)i(of)e(a)g(sp)s(eci\014c)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h(on)f
+ (the)g(heap,)h(returning)e(a)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)199 4746 y(p)s(oin)m(ter)43
+ b(to)h(the)f(new)g(memory)-8 b(.)79 b(The)43 b Fr(free)f
+ Fw(instruction)h(releases)h(the)f(memory)g(allo)s(cated)j(through)c
+ (the)199 4929 y Fr(malloc)29 b Fw(instruction)946 4896
+ y Fk(5)985 4929 y Fw(.)41 b(The)30 b Fr(alloca)f Fw(instruction)h(is)h
+ (similar)f(to)i Fr(malloc)c Fw(except)k(that)f(it)g(allo)s(cates)h
+ (memory)p 199 5008 1560 4 v 303 5062 a Fj(4)337 5094
+ y Fi(This)27 b(example)f(also)h(sho)n(ws)f(an)g(instance)g(where)g(out)
+ g(of)g(range)g(arra)n(y)g(access)h(w)n(ould)f(not)g(and)f(could)h(not)f
+ (b)r(e)h(trapp)r(ed.)303 5153 y Fj(5)337 5185 y Fi(When)31
+ b(nativ)n(e)g(co)r(de)h(is)f(generated)h(for)g(a)f(program,)j
+ Fg(malloc)f Fi(and)e Fg(free)h Fi(instructions)f(are)h(con)n(v)n(erted)
+ e(to)i(the)f(appropriate)199 5276 y(nativ)n(e)26 b(function)f(calls,)j
+ (allo)n(wing)g(custom)e(memory)f(allo)r(cators)k(to)c(b)r(e)h(used.)
+ 2104 5568 y Fw(22)p eop
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+ 4300 y(Figure)41 b(4.4)h(includes)e(an)g(indirect)h(call)h(in)m(v)m
+ (oking)g(the)e(function)h(p)s(oin)m(ted)f(to)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(scalar)i
+ (FP)-8 b(,)41 b(with)f(no)199 4482 y(return)30 b(ob)5
+ b(ject)31 b(\(since)g Fr(*FP)e Fw(returns)g Fr(void)p
+ Fw(\))h(and)g(one)g(actual)i(argumen)m(t.)340 4665 y(Finally)-8
+ b(,)28 b(if)d(a)h(function)e(returns)g(a)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(t)m(yp)s(e,)
+ g(its)f(graph)g(represen)m(ts)g(the)g(returned)f(ob)5
+ b(ject)26 b(as)f(a)h(sp)s(ecial)199 4848 y(scalar)32
+ b(lab)s(eled)e(\\returning")h(with)f(an)g(edge)h(to)g(the)g(ob)5
+ b(ject)31 b(b)s(eing)f(returned.)2104 5568 y(33)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (30) 31
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 0.000000 0.000000 translate
+ 1.000000 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 32 38 bop 199 46 a Fd(typedef)38 b(struct)f(list)f({)g(struct)h(list)f
+ (*Next;)h(int)f(Data;)h(})e(list;)199 125 y(int)h(G)g(=)g(10;)199
+ 204 y(void)h(do_all\(list)h(*L1,)f(void)f(\(*FP\)\(int*\)\))j({)270
+ 283 y(do)d({)f(L2)h(=)g(phi\(L1,)h(L3\);)566 b(/*)36
+ b(SSA)g(phi)g(node)g(*/)446 362 y(FP\(&L2->Data\);)446
+ 440 y(L3)g(=)g(L2->Next;)270 519 y(})f(while\(L3\);)199
+ 598 y(})199 677 y(void)i(addG\(int)g(*X\))f({)g(\(*X\))g(+=)g(G;)g(})
+ 199 756 y(void)h(addGToList\(list)i(*L\))d({)g(do_all\(L,)i(addG\);)f
+ (})199 835 y(list)g(*makeList\(int)i(Num\))d({)270 914
+ y(list)g(*New)h(=)e(malloc\(sizeof\(list\)\);)270 993
+ y(New->Next)j(=)d(Num)h(?)g(makeList\(Num-1\))k(:)35
+ b(0;)270 1071 y(New->Data)j(=)d(Num;)i(return)g(New;)199
+ 1150 y(})199 1229 y(int)f(main\(\))h({)565 b(/*)36 b(X)g(&)f(Y)h(lists)
+ h(are)f(disjoint)h(*/)270 1308 y(list)f(*X)g(=)g(makeList\(10\);)270
+ 1387 y(list)g(*Y)g(=)g(makeList\(100\);)270 1466 y(addGToList\(X\);)270
+ 1545 y(addGToList\(Y\);)199 1624 y(})848 1919 y Fw(Figure)31
+ b(4.5:)42 b Fq(C)27 b(co)r(de,)h(in)g(SSA)g(form,)f(for)g(Data)h
+ (Structure)f(Analysis)g(example)199 2194 y Fn(S)p Fw(tac)m(k-allo)s
+ (cated,)40 b Fn(G)p Fw(lobal)35 b(\(corresp)s(onding)f(to)h(the)f(3)h
+ (t)m(yp)s(es)f(of)g(LL)-10 b(VM)34 b(memory)h(ob)5 b(jects\),)36
+ b(and)e Fn(U)p Fw(nkno)m(wn)199 2377 y(ob)5 b(jects.)71
+ b(Unkno)m(wn)39 b(memory)i(ob)5 b(jects)40 b(o)s(ccur)g(when)g(a)g
+ (constan)m(t)i(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)h(cast)g(to)g(a)f(p)s(oin)m(ter)g(v)
+ -5 b(alue)41 b(\(for)199 2560 y(example,)32 b(to)f(access)h(a)f
+ (memory-mapp)s(ed)e(hardw)m(are)i(device\),)h(or)e(when)g(unanalyzable)
+ h(address)f(arithmetic)199 2742 y(o)s(ccurs.)41 b(These)30
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+ 2925 y(Data)44 b(Structure)d(Analysis)h(trac)m(ks)g(the)g(DS)g(No)s(de)
+ f(p)s(oin)m(ted)h(to)g(b)m(y)g(eac)m(h)h(scalar)f(in)g(the)g(program.)
+ 74 b(A)199 3108 y Fr(ScalarMap)23 b Fw(maps)i(eac)m(h)h(p)s(oin)m
+ (ter-compatible)h(register)f(to)h(the)e(\(single\))i(no)s(de)d(it)i(ma)
+ m(y)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(to,)j(or)d(to)h(NULL.)199 3290 y(W)-8
+ b(e)35 b(denote)g(scalars)f(b)m(y)g(ellipses)h(in)e(our)h(diagrams)g
+ (\(e.g.,)j Fr(FP,)46 b(L1,)h(L2,)g(L3,)g(&L2->Data)32
+ b Fw(in)h(Figure)h(4.4\).)199 3473 y(Because)e(LL)-10
+ b(VM)30 b(uses)g(SSA)g(form)g(as)g(its)h(represen)m(tation,)h(this)e
+ (mapping)g(is)g(v)m(ery)h(simple)f(to)h(main)m(tain.)340
+ 3656 y(DS)c(Graphs)e(m)m(ust)i(correctly)g(represen)m(t)g(incomplete)g
+ (programs)f(where)g(some)h(functions)f(are)h(una)m(v)-5
+ b(ailable)199 3838 y(for)24 b(analysis.)40 b(T)-8 b(o)24
+ b(do)h(this)f(e\016cien)m(tly)-8 b(,)28 b(eac)m(h)d(no)s(de)f(in)g(the)
+ g(data)i(structure)d(graph)h(con)m(tains)i(a)e(bit)h(to)g(indicate)g
+ (if)199 4021 y(it)g(is)e(\\)p Fn(I)p Fw(ncomplete".)41
+ b(If)23 b(this)h(bit)g(is)f(set)i(for)e(a)i(no)s(de,)f(there)g(ma)m(y)h
+ (b)s(e)e(outgoing)i(edges)g(that)f(are)g(not)g(represen)m(ted)199
+ 4204 y(in)30 b(the)g(graph,)g(or)g(other)g(information)h(suc)m(h)e(as)i
+ (t)m(yp)s(e)f(or)g(mo)s(d/ref)f(information)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)g
+ (missing.)40 b(If)30 b(the)g(bit)199 4386 y(is)h(clear,)g(the)g(no)s
+ (de)f(is)g(fully)g(represen)m(ted.)340 4569 y(F)-8 b(or)38
+ b(example,)i(in)d(Figure)g(4.4)h(b)s(oth)f(memory)f(no)s(des)h(\(lab)s
+ (elled)h Fr(void)d Fw(and)i Fr(list)p Fw(\))f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g
+ Fn(I)e Fw(\015ag)i(set)199 4752 y(b)s(ecause)24 b(the)f(p)s(oin)m(ters)
+ g(from)g(formal)h(argumen)m(ts)f Fr(L1)g Fw(and)g Fr(FP)g
+ Fw(imply)g(that)g(those)h(no)s(des)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(mo)s(di\014ed)h
+ (out-)199 4934 y(side)j(the)g(con)m(text)h(of)f(the)g(curren)m(t)f
+ (function.)39 b(These)26 b Fn(I)f Fw(\015ags)h(will)g(b)s(e)f
+ (eliminated)i(later)f(using)f(in)m(terpro)s(cedural)199
+ 5117 y(analysis.)340 5300 y(Because)46 b(Data)g(Structure)d(Analysis)h
+ (trac)m(ks)h(whic)m(h)f(no)s(des)f(in)h(the)g(graph)g(ma)m(y)h(con)m
+ (tain)g(incomplete)2104 5568 y(32)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 25 31 bop 533 11 a Fr(...)533 124 y(\045Object)46 b(=)i(alloca)e
+ (\045Class)284 b(;)48 b(Stack)e(allocate)g(object)533
+ 237 y(;)i(...)f(call)f(constructor)f(on)i(\045Object)f(...)533
+ 350 y(invoke)g(void)h(\045func\(\))f(to)h(label)f(\045OkLabel)g(except)
+ g(label)g(\045ExceptionLabel)342 463 y(OkLabel:)533 576
+ y(;)i(...)f(execution)e(continues...)533 689 y(;)j(...)342
+ 802 y(ExceptionLabel:)533 915 y(;)g(...)f(call)f(destructor)f(on)j
+ (\045Object)d(...)533 1028 y(call)i(void)g(\045rethrow\(\))713
+ b(;)47 b(Rethrow)f(current)g(exception)1022 1436 y Fw(Figure)31
+ b(3.13:)42 b(LL)-10 b(VM)31 b(co)s(de)f(for)g(exception)i(handling)e
+ (example)199 1711 y(the)46 b Fr(invoke)e Fw(instruction)h(is)g(used)g
+ (to)h(unlo)s(c)m(k)f(lo)s(c)m(ks)i(that)f(are)f(acquired)h(through)f
+ (sync)m(hronized)g(blo)s(c)m(ks)199 1894 y(or)d(metho)s(ds.)73
+ b(In)41 b(an)m(y)h(language,)k(a)c Fr(catch)e Fw(clause)i(w)m(ould)f(b)
+ s(e)g(implemen)m(ted)h(in)f(terms)h(of)g(an)f(exception)199
+ 2076 y(destination.)340 2259 y(Although)32 b(w)m(e)g(curren)m(tly)g(do)
+ f(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(fron)m(t-end)f(that)h(uses)f(the)h(exception)h
+ (handling)e(supp)s(ort)e(built)199 2442 y(in)m(to)j(LL)-10
+ b(VM,)31 b(all)g(of)g(our)f(optimizations)i(and)e(transformations)h
+ (are)g(a)m(w)m(are)h(of)f(the)g(exceptional)h(con)m(trol)g(\015o)m(w)
+ 199 2625 y(edges)f(and)e(our)h(unit)g(tests)h(w)m(ork)f(as)g(designed.)
+ 41 b(W)-8 b(e)31 b(also)g(plan)f(to)h(implemen)m(t)f(the)h(C)e
+ Fr(setjmp)g Fw(and)g Fr(longjmp)199 2807 y Fw(calls)j(using)e(this)g
+ (facilit)m(y)-8 b(.)199 3186 y Fm(3.6)136 b(Plain-text,)46
+ b(Byteco)t(de,)g(and)e(In-memory)h(Represen)l(tations)199
+ 3459 y Fw(The)26 b(LL)-10 b(VM)27 b(virtual)g(instruction)g(set)g(is)g
+ (the)f(glue)i(that)f(uni\014es)e(the)i(system)g(design)g(describ)s(ed)e
+ (in)h(Chapter)h(2.)199 3641 y(As)g(suc)m(h,)h(the)f(e\013ectiv)m(eness)
+ i(and)d(ease)i(of)f(use)g(of)g(the)g(system)g(dep)s(ends)e(on)i(man)m
+ (y)g(asp)s(ects)g(of)g(the)g(instruction)199 3824 y(set)42
+ b(design.)72 b(An)40 b(imp)s(ortan)m(t)h(feature)h(of)f(the)g(LL)-10
+ b(VM)41 b(virtual)g(instruction)g(set)g(is)g(that)h(it)f(is)g(a)g
+ (\014rst)f(class)199 4007 y(language,)27 b(complete)f(with)d(a)i
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+ (included)g(in)h(this)g(do)s(cumen)m(t\),)199 4189 y(a)31
+ b(compressed)f(binary)g(format,)h(and)e(an)i(in-memory)f(format)h
+ (suitable)g(for)f(transformation.)340 4372 y(Being)25
+ b(able)g(to)f(con)m(v)m(ert)i(LL)-10 b(VM)24 b(co)s(de)g(b)s(et)m(w)m
+ (een)h(these)f(represen)m(tations)h(without)f(information)g(loss)g(mak)
+ m(es)199 4555 y(debugging)33 b(transformations)g(m)m(uc)m(h)f(simpler,)
+ h(allo)m(ws)h(test-cases)h(to)e(b)s(e)f(written)h(easily)-8
+ b(,)35 b(and)d(decreases)h(the)199 4738 y(amoun)m(t)e(of)g(time)g
+ (required)e(to)i(understand)e(the)h(in-memory)h(represen)m(tation.)2104
+ 5568 y(25)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (31) 32
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 595.275591 788.031496 translate
+ 180 rotate
+ 1.000000 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 26 32 bop 484 346 a Fo(4)940 244 y Ft(Optimizations)77
+ b(with)g(LL)-26 b(VM)199 842 y Fw(Lo)m(w-lev)m(el)38
+ b(represen)m(tations)f(are)f(notorious)f(for)h(b)s(eing)f(p)s(o)s(or)f
+ (hosts)i(for)f(high-lev)m(el)i(analyses)f(and)f(transfor-)199
+ 1024 y(mations.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(the)g(SGI)f(Pro64)h
+ (compiler[37)r(])g(in)m(termediate)h(represen)m(tation)g(\(WHIRL\))f
+ (con)m(tains)199 1207 y(no)c(less)h(than)e(5)i(di\013eren)m(t)f(lev)m
+ (els)i(of)e(the)g(represen)m(tation)h(in)f(order)g(to)g(p)s(erform)f
+ (optimizations)j(on)e(the)g(highest)199 1390 y(lev)m(el)42
+ b(p)s(ossible.)70 b(In)39 b(this)h(high-qualit)m(y)i(compiler,)h(all)e
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+ 199 1572 y(high-lev)m(el)32 b(represen)m(tation,)g(whic)m(h)e(is)h
+ (e\013ectiv)m(ely)i(a)e(language)g(neutral)g(Abstract)g(Syn)m(tax)f(T)
+ -8 b(ree.)340 1755 y(LL)e(VM)32 b(aims)f(to)h(enable)g(high-lev)m(el)h
+ (transformations)e(at)h(link)g(and)e(p)s(ost-link)i(time.)44
+ b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(man)m(y)f(reasons)199 1938 y(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)38
+ b(it)e(is)f(adv)-5 b(an)m(tageous)37 b(to)f(represen)m(t)f(co)s(de)g
+ (in)g(a)g(lo)m(w-lev)m(el)j(form.)54 b(This)35 b(c)m(hapter)g(describ)s
+ (es)g(sev)m(eral)199 2120 y(aggressiv)m(e)e(transformations)d(and)f
+ (analyses)i(that)g(are)f(p)s(erformed)f(on)h(the)g(LL)-10
+ b(VM)31 b(represen)m(tation,)g(sho)m(wing)199 2303 y(that)22
+ b(an)g(e\016cien)m(t)h(lo)m(w-lev)m(el)h(represen)m(tation,)h(enric)m
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+ (ork.)38 b(W)-8 b(e)199 2486 y(main)m(tain)32 b(that)f(a)g
+ Fs(low-level)i(r)-5 b(epr)g(esentation)p Fw(,)34 b(with)c
+ Fs(high-level)j(typ)-5 b(e)34 b(information)p Fw(,)f
+ Fn(can)e Fw(supp)s(ort)e(in)m(teresting)199 2668 y(high-lev)m(el)j
+ (transformations.)340 2851 y(Note)k(that)f(all)g(of)f(these)h(analyses)
+ g(and)f(optimizations)i(are)e(actually)i(implemen)m(ted)f(in)f(LL)-10
+ b(VM)34 b(and)g(are)199 3034 y(robust)c(enough)g(for)g(daily)h(use.)199
+ 3413 y Fm(4.1)136 b(Simple)45 b(Analyses)g(and)g(T)-11
+ b(ransformations)199 3685 y Fw(Because)33 b(LL)-10 b(VM)31
+ b(is)h(a)f(lo)m(w-lev)m(el)j(represen)m(tation,)f(it)f(is)f(w)m(ell)i
+ (suited)e(for)g(man)m(y)g(traditional)i(transformations)199
+ 3868 y(and)i(analyses)g(that)h(w)m(ork)f(on)g(three-address)g(co)s(de.)
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+ (b)s(een)199 4051 y(implemen)m(ted)e(for)e(this)h(thesis)g(and)f(are)i
+ (in)e(use)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(LL)-10 b(VM)33 b(compilers.)49
+ b(Some)33 b(of)g(the)g(more)g(in)m(teresting)199 4233
+ y(ones)e(include)f(the)g(follo)m(wing:)310 4516 y(1.)47
+ b Fn(T)-9 b(raditional)34 b(SSA)h(based)g(optimizations:)427
+ 4698 y Fw(Simple)28 b(Dead)i(Co)s(de)e(Elimination,)j(Aggressiv)m(e)f
+ (Dead)g(Co)s(de)f(Elimination,)h(Global)g(Common)f(Sub)s(ex-)427
+ 4881 y(pression)21 b(Elimination,)k(Induction)d(V)-8
+ b(ariable)23 b(Simpli\014cation,)i(Lo)s(op)d(In)m(v)-5
+ b(arian)m(t)23 b(Co)s(de)e(Motion,)26 b(Expres-)427 5064
+ y(sion)g(Reasso)s(ciation,)k(Simple)c(Constan)m(t)h(Propagation,)i
+ (Sparse)c(Conditional)j(Constan)m(t)f(Propagation,)427
+ 5247 y(V)-8 b(alue)31 b(Num)m(b)s(ering,)f(etc...)2104
+ 5568 y(26)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 31 37 bop 199 91 a Fn(Data)35 b(Structure)f(No)s(des)199
+ 333 y Fw(The)27 b(DS)h(Graph)e(is)i(a)g(partitioning)g(of)g(the)f(\(p)s
+ (oten)m(tially)j(un)m(b)s(ounded\))25 b(memory)i(ob)5
+ b(jects)28 b(created)h(during)d(the)199 515 y(dynamic)36
+ b(execution)h(of)f(the)g(program.)58 b(Eac)m(h)36 b(no)s(de)f(in)h(the)
+ g(graph)g(represen)m(ts)f(a)i(set)f(of)g(memory)g(ob)5
+ b(jects,)199 698 y(and)34 b(edges)h(represen)m(t)g Fs(may-p)-5
+ b(oint-to)37 b Fw(relationships.)53 b(Data)36 b(Structure)e(Analysis)h
+ (uses)f(a)h(uni\014cation-based)199 881 y(approac)m(h)27
+ b(to)h(heap)e(mo)s(deling)h(\(also)h(used)e(b)m(y)h(Steensgaard's)g(p)s
+ (oin)m(ts-to)h(analysis)f(algorithm)h([42)q(],)g(for)e(exam-)199
+ 1063 y(ple\).)40 b(F)-8 b(or)28 b(this)f(reason,)h(eac)m(h)g(\014eld)e
+ (in)h(eac)m(h)h(no)s(de)e(of)h(a)g(graph)g(can)g(only)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g
+ (to)g(a)g(single)h(destination)g(no)s(de.)199 1246 y(If)35
+ b(the)h(analysis)g(disco)m(v)m(ers)h(t)m(w)m(o)f(di\013eren)m(t)g(no)s
+ (des)f(that)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(p)s(oin)m(ted)g(to)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(same)
+ h(\014eld,)h(it)f(merges)199 1429 y(the)31 b(t)m(w)m(o)h(no)s(des)d
+ (together.)340 1612 y(Eac)m(h)41 b(no)s(de)f(is)g(capable)h(of)g
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+ (outgoing)g(edges,)j(i.e.,)g(the)199 1794 y(p)s(oin)m(ts-to)36
+ b(information)e(is)h Fs(\014eld-sensitive)p Fw(.)52 b(F)-8
+ b(or)35 b(example,)i(in)d(Figure)h(4.4,)h(the)f(no)s(de)e
+ Fr(list)h Fw(has)g(t)m(w)m(o)h(\014elds,)199 1977 y(with)h(outgoing)i
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+ 3197 y(describ)s(es)37 b(the)h(algorithm)g(used)f(to)h(construct)g(the)
+ g(data)g(structure)f(graphs.)61 b(More)38 b(detailed)h(information)199
+ 3380 y(can)31 b(b)s(e)f(found)f(in)h(the)g(original)i(pap)s(er)d
+ (describing)h(this)g(algorithm)i([28)q(].)199 3695 y
+ Fl(4.2.1)113 b(The)37 b(Data)h(Structure)f(Graph)199
+ 3936 y Fw(Data)27 b(Structure)d(Analysis)h(concisely)h(summarizes)f(a)g
+ (program's)g(memory)f(connectivit)m(y)j(patterns)e(and)f(com-)199
+ 4119 y(p)s(osition)34 b(b)m(y)g(building)f(a)i(Data)g(Structure)e
+ (Graph)g(\(DS)i(Graph\))e(for)h(eac)m(h)h(function)f(in)f(the)h
+ (program.)52 b(The)199 4302 y(graph)26 b(for)h(a)f(function)h(is)f
+ (comp)s(osed)g(of)h(three)g(pieces)g(of)g(information:)39
+ b(a)27 b(set)g(of)g(no)s(des)e(with)h(outgoing)i(edges,)199
+ 4484 y(a)i(mapping)f(of)h(scalars)h(in)e(the)h(function)f(to)h(no)s
+ (des)f(in)h(the)f(graph,)h(and)f(a)h(list)g(of)g(call)h(sites)f(in)g
+ (the)g(con)m(text)h(of)199 4667 y(the)g(graph.)40 b(These)30
+ b(are)h(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m(w,)i(in)f(turn.)340
+ 4850 y(Figure)j(4.4)h(sho)m(ws)e(a)h(DS)g(graph)f(for)g(the)h
+ Fr(do)p 1934 4850 29 4 v 34 w(all)f Fw(function)g(of)h(Figure)g(4.5)g
+ (\(computed)g(only)g(from)f(lo)s(cal)199 5033 y(information\).)42
+ b(W)-8 b(e)31 b(use)f(this)h(as)f(a)h(running)e(example)i(b)s(elo)m(w.)
+ 2104 5568 y(30)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 27 33 bop 310 91 a Fw(2.)47 b Fn(Con)m(trol)34 b(Flo)m(w)h(Graph)g
+ (based)g(optimizations)h(and)e(analyses:)427 274 y Fw(Critical)k(Edge)g
+ (Elimination,)i(v)-5 b(arious)37 b(forms)g(of)h(Dominator)h
+ (Information,)g(In)m(terv)-5 b(al)38 b(Construction,)427
+ 457 y(Natural)31 b(Lo)s(op)f(Construction,)g(Lo)s(op)g(Pre-header)h
+ (Insertion,)f(CF)m(G)h(Simpli\014cation,)g(etc)h(...)310
+ 702 y(3.)47 b Fn(In)m(terpro)s(cedural)35 b(analyses)g(and)g
+ (transformations:)427 885 y Fw(Call)43 b(Graph)f(Construction,)k(v)-5
+ b(arious)42 b(Alias)i(Analyses,)i(Global)e(Constan)m(t)f(Merging,)k(T)m
+ (yp)s(e)42 b(Safet)m(y)427 1068 y(Analysis,)30 b(Dead)i(Global)f
+ (Elimination)g(\(b)s(oth)f(global)i(v)-5 b(ariables)31
+ b(and)f(functions\),)g(Inlining,)g(etc)i(...)340 1315
+ y(In)h(addition)h(to)h(these)f(transformations,)h(LL)-10
+ b(VM)34 b(con)m(tains)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(in)m(trapro)s(cedural)f(passes,)g
+ (descriptions)199 1497 y(of)26 b(whic)m(h)f(will)h(help)g(illustrate)h
+ (ho)m(w)e(the)h(LL)-10 b(VM)26 b(system)g(w)m(orks)f(together.)41
+ b(These)25 b(relativ)m(ely)j(uncon)m(v)m(en)m(tional)199
+ 1680 y(passes)i(are)h(the)g(Instruction)f(Com)m(bining)g(and)g(Lev)m
+ (el)h(Raising)g(passes.)199 1990 y Fl(4.1.1)113 b(The)37
+ b(Instruction)g(Com)m(bining)i(P)m(ass)199 2231 y Fw(The)31
+ b(Instruction)f(Com)m(bining)g(P)m(ass)i(is)f(a)g(simple)g(w)m
+ (ork-list)g(driv)m(en)g(pass)f(that)i(op)s(erates)f(on)g(the)g(SSA)f
+ (graph)199 2414 y(of)37 b(a)g(function,)i(p)s(erforming)c(p)s(eephole)i
+ (optimizations.)61 b(Because)38 b(the)f(pass)g(op)s(erates)g(on)g(the)g
+ (SSA)e(graph,)199 2597 y(this)30 b(simple)f(p)s(eephole)h(optimizer)g
+ (is)g(able)g(to)g(p)s(erform)e(p)s(o)m(w)m(erful)i Fs(glob)-5
+ b(al)30 b Fw(optimizations.)43 b(The)29 b(pass)g(con)m(tains)199
+ 2779 y(man)m(y)k(iden)m(tities)i(suc)m(h)d(as)i(\\)p
+ Fr(add)47 b(X,0)g(=)g(X)p Fw(",)34 b(\\)p Fr(sub)47 b(X,X)g(=)g(0)p
+ Fw(",)34 b(\\)p Fr(and)48 b(X,-1)e(=)i(X)p Fw(",)33 b(\\)p
+ Fr(mod)47 b(X,1)g(=)h(0)p Fw(",)34 b(\\)p Fr(xor)199
+ 2962 y(X,X)47 b(=)h(0)p Fw(",)30 b(\\)p Fr(add)48 b(\(add)e(X,1\),1)g
+ (=)i(add)f(X,2)p Fw(",)30 b(\\)p Fr(shl)47 b(X,)h(64)f(=)g(0)p
+ Fw(",)31 b(\\)p Fr(phi)47 b(X,)g(X)h(=)f(X)p Fw(",)31
+ b(etc...)340 3145 y(The)c(instruction)g(com)m(bining)h(pass)f(also)h
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+ (when)199 3327 y(appropriate.)50 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(example,)h(if)e(an)g
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+ (canonical)h(form)d(has)199 3510 y(the)h(constan)m(t)h(as)f(the)f
+ (second)h(argumen)m(t.)48 b(Because)34 b(the)e(instruction)h(com)m
+ (bination)h(is)e(extremely)i(fast,)g(and)199 3693 y(b)s(ecause)28
+ b(is)f(can)h(dramatically)h(simplify)d(the)i(co)s(de,)g(man)m(y)g
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+ 3875 y(not)33 b(ha)m(v)m(e)g(trivial)g(cases)g(lik)m(e)h(these)f(to)f
+ (handle,)h(whic)m(h)f(simpli\014es)g(their)g(implemen)m(tation.)48
+ b(The)31 b(instruction)199 4058 y(com)m(bining)41 b(pass)f(also)h(tak)m
+ (es)h(the)e(place)h(of)g(a)f(simple)h(v)-5 b(alue)40
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+ 4241 y(eliminate)32 b(man)m(y)f(of)f(the)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32
+ b(expressions)e(that)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ering)e
+ (pass)h(w)m(ould)g(iden)m(tify)-8 b(.)199 4551 y Fl(4.1.2)113
+ b(The)37 b(Lev)m(el)i(Raise)f(P)m(ass)199 4792 y Fw(Most)25
+ b(existing)f(compilers)g(retain)h(v)m(ery)f(little)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f
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+ (from)d(a)199 4975 y(high-lev)m(el)28 b(co)s(de)e(represen)m(tation)i
+ (\(e.g.,)g(an)e(AST\))g(to)h(a)f(lo)m(w)m(er-lev)m(el)k(represen)m
+ (tation)d(used)e(for)h(optimizations.)199 5157 y(Because)44
+ b(re-targeting)h(existing)f(compilers)f(is)f(an)h(imp)s(ortan)m(t)f
+ (part)h(of)g(the)g(o)m(v)m(erall)h(LL)-10 b(VM)43 b(strategy)-8
+ b(,)48 b(w)m(e)199 5340 y(dev)m(elop)s(ed)31 b(the)g(\\lev)m(el)h
+ (raising")f(pass)f(to)h(cen)m(tralize)i(t)m(yp)s(e)e(information)f
+ (reconstruction.)2104 5568 y(27)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Page: (33) 34
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 595.275591 788.031496 translate
+ 180 rotate
+ 1.000000 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 -0.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ /showpage{}def/copypage{}def/erasepage{}def
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 28 34 bop 340 91 a Fw(With)28 b(the)g(lev)m(el)h(raising)f(pass,)g
+ (compiler)g(fron)m(t-ends)f(can)h(b)s(e)e(mo)s(di\014ed)h(to)h(simply)f
+ (generate)i Fs(le)-5 b(gal)28 b Fw(LL)-10 b(VM)199 274
+ y(co)s(de)29 b(that)g(is)f(simple)g(but)g(lo)m(w-lev)m(el)j(and)d(\\p)s
+ (o)s(orly-t)m(yp)s(ed")g(\(e.g.,)j(using)d(explicit)i(b)m(yte)e
+ (addressing)g(for)g(struc-)199 457 y(ture)k(\014eld)f(accesses\).)46
+ b(The)31 b(fron)m(t-end)g(can)h(use)f(the)g(lev)m(el)j(raising)d(pass)g
+ (to)i(reco)m(v)m(er)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(information)f(\(e.g.,)199
+ 639 y(direct)21 b(references)g(to)h(structure)e(\014elds,)i(using)f
+ (the)g Fr(getelementptr)c Fw(instruction)j(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)
+ i(3.3.1\).)199 822 y(In)27 b(this)h(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)30
+ b(the)e(program)f(analysis)i(required)e(to)h(reco)m(v)m(er)i(t)m(yp)s
+ (e)e(information)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(shared)g(b)m(y)h(man)m(y)f(pre-)199
+ 1005 y(existing)d(compiler)g(fron)m(t-ends)f(without)g(an)m(y)g(in)m
+ (tegration)i(problems:)37 b(it)23 b(is)g(simply)g(another)g(LL)-10
+ b(VM)23 b(to)h(LL)-10 b(VM)199 1187 y(transformation.)340
+ 1370 y(The)35 b(\\lev)m(el)j(raising")e(pass)f(eliminates)i
+ Fr(cast)d Fw(instructions)h(from)g(LL)-10 b(VM)35 b(co)s(de)h(using)f
+ (sev)m(eral)i(di\013eren)m(t)199 1553 y(strategies.)59
+ b(It)36 b(assumes)g(that)g(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(information)h(for)e
+ (function)h(in)m(terfaces)h(is)f(correct,)j(eliminating)e(as)199
+ 1736 y(man)m(y)29 b Fr(cast)f Fw(instructions)h(p)s(ossible.)39
+ b(W)-8 b(e)30 b(b)s(eliev)m(e)g(that)g(the)f(protot)m(yp)s(es)g(for)g
+ (functions)f(are)h(easily)h(accessible)199 1918 y(from)22
+ b(the)h(debug)f(information)h(main)m(tained)h(b)m(y)e(the)h(compiler)g
+ (and)f(lik)m(ely)j(to)e(b)s(e)f(correct,)k(ev)m(en)d(if)g(the)g
+ (compiler)199 2101 y(is)31 b(p)s(erforming)e(aggressiv)m(e)k
+ (optimizations.)43 b(Because)32 b(optimizations)g(ma)m(y)g(arbitrarily)
+ e(mo)s(dify)g(the)h(b)s(o)s(dy)e(of)199 2284 y(the)h(functions,)g(ho)m
+ (w)m(ev)m(er,)h(debug)e(information)i(is)e(more)h(di\016cult)g(to)h
+ (use)e(within)g(the)h(b)s(o)s(dy)e(of)i(the)g(function.)340
+ 2466 y(Figure)f(4.1)g(con)m(tains)g(C)e(co)s(de)h(whic)m(h)f(will)i(b)s
+ (e)e(used)g(to)h(demonstrate)h(the)f(transformations)f(made)h(b)m(y)g
+ (the)199 2649 y(lev)m(el)k(raising)f(pass:)438 2879 y
+ Fr(struct)46 b(S1)h({)1623 b(/*)47 b(pair)f(of)i(integers)d(*/)533
+ 2992 y(int)i(i,)g(j;)438 3105 y(};)438 3331 y(unsigned)e(foo\(struct)g
+ (S1)j(*s\))f({)533 3444 y(return)f(s->i*4)h(+)g(s->j;)1049
+ b(/*)47 b(access)f(the)h(two)g(fields)f(*/)438 3557 y(})1358
+ 3852 y Fw(Figure)31 b(4.1:)42 b(Lev)m(el-Raise)32 b(example)f(C)f(co)s
+ (de)340 4134 y(F)-8 b(rom)37 b(this)f(C)g(snipp)s(et,)h(the)f(LL)-10
+ b(VM)37 b(C)e(fron)m(t-end)i(outputs)e(the)i(LL)-10 b(VM)36
+ b(co)s(de)g(in)g(Figure)h(4.2,)i(whic)m(h)d(is)199 4317
+ y(correct,)30 b(but)e(p)s(o)s(orly-t)m(yp)s(ed.)39 b(In)27
+ b(this)h(example,)i(the)e(strength)g(reduction)g(of)g(the)g(m)m
+ (ultiply)h(w)m(as)f(done)g(b)m(y)g(the)199 4500 y(C)i(fron)m(t-end,)h
+ (not)f(b)m(y)h(LL)-10 b(VM.)340 4683 y(In)24 b(this)h(case,)i(the)e
+ (lev)m(el)h(raise)f(pass)f(\014rst)g(notices)i(that)f
+ Fr(\045cast215)e Fw(casts)i(a)g(structure)f(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(to)g(a)g(p)
+ s(oin)m(ter)199 4865 y(to)k(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)h(the)f(\014rst)g
+ (elemen)m(t)i(of)e(the)h(structure.)39 b(This)28 b Fr(cast)f
+ Fw(can)h(b)s(e)g(eliminated)h(b)m(y)g(simply)e(con)m(v)m(erting)199
+ 5048 y(the)35 b Fr(cast)f Fw(instruction)g(in)m(to)i(a)f
+ Fr(getelementptr)c Fw(instruction)j(of)h(the)g(\014rst)f(\014eld.)53
+ b(Similarly)-8 b(,)36 b Fr(\045s+4)e Fw(is)h(found)199
+ 5231 y(equal)40 b(to)g Fr(&s->j)p Fw(,)g(so)f Fr(cast217)f
+ Fw(can)h(b)s(e)g(raised)g(to)h(use)f(a)g(safe)h Fr(getelementptr)35
+ b Fw(instruction.)67 b(Figure)40 b(4.3)2104 5568 y(28)p
+ eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ userdict/PStoPSsaved save put
+ PStoPSmatrix setmatrix
+ 562.235294 396.000000 translate
+ 90 rotate
+ 0.647059 dup scale
+ userdict/PStoPSmatrix matrix currentmatrix put
+ userdict/PStoPSclip{0 0 moveto
+ 612.000000 0 rlineto 0 792.000000 rlineto -612.000000 0 rlineto
+ closepath}put initclip
+ PStoPSxform concat
+ 29 35 bop 438 113 a Fr(\045S1)47 b(=)g(type)g({)g(int,)g(int)g(})1431
+ b(;)48 b(typedef)e(information)438 339 y(;)h(Function)f(prototype)f
+ (information)g(preserved)g(from)i("debug")f(information)438
+ 452 y(uint)h("foo"\(\045S1*)e(\045s\))h({)533 565 y(\045cast215)g(=)h
+ (cast)g(\045S1*)g(\045s)g(to)g(int*)953 b(;)48 b(cast215)e(=)h(&s->i)
+ 533 677 y(\045reg109)f(=)i(load)e(int*)h(\045cast215)1095
+ b(;)48 b(Load)e(the)h(s->i)g(field)533 790 y(\045reg111)f(=)i(shl)f
+ (int)f(\045reg109,)g(ubyte)g(2)811 b(;)48 b(Multiply)d(by)j(4)533
+ 903 y(\045cast214)e(=)h(cast)g(\045S1*)g(\045s)g(to)g(ulong)905
+ b(;)48 b(Low-level)d(structure)533 1016 y(\045reg213)h(=)i(add)f(ulong)
+ f(4,)h(\045cast216)952 b(;)143 b(address)46 b(arithmetic)533
+ 1129 y(\045cast217)g(=)h(cast)g(ulong)f(\045reg213)g(to)h(int*)667
+ b(;)48 b(cast217)e(=)h(&s->j)533 1242 y(\045reg112)f(=)i(load)e(int*)h
+ (\045cast217)1095 b(;)48 b(Load)e(the)h(s->j)g(field)533
+ 1355 y(\045reg108)f(=)i(add)f(int)f(\045reg111,)g(\045reg112)809
+ b(;)48 b(Add)f(the)g(fields)533 1468 y(ret)g(int)g(\045reg108)1716
+ b(;)48 b(Return)e(result)438 1581 y(})1176 1876 y Fw(Figure)31
+ b(4.2:)42 b(Lev)m(el-Raise)32 b(example)f(ra)m(w)g(LL)-10
+ b(VM)30 b(co)s(de)199 2151 y(con)m(tains)i(the)e(co)s(de)h(after)g(the)
+ f(lev)m(el)j(raising)d(pass)g(has)g(impro)m(v)m(ed)h(it.)438
+ 2382 y Fr(\045S1)47 b(=)g(type)g({)g(int,)g(int)g(})1431
+ b(;)48 b(typedef)e(information)438 2607 y(int)h("foo"\(\045S1*)e
+ (\045s\))i({)533 2720 y(\045cast215)f(=)h(getelementptr)e(\045S1*)h
+ (\045s,)h(uint)g(0,)g(ubyte)f(0)95 b(;)48 b(cast215)e(=)h(&s->i)533
+ 2833 y(\045reg109)f(=)i(load)e(int*)h(\045cast215)1095
+ b(;)48 b(Load)e(the)h(s->i)g(field)533 2946 y(\045reg111)f(=)i(shl)f
+ (int)f(\045reg109,)g(ubyte)g(2)811 b(;)48 b(Multiply)d(by)j(4)533
+ 3059 y(\045cast217)e(=)h(getelementptr)e(\045S1*)h(\045s,)h(uint)g(0,)g
+ (ubyte)f(1)95 b(;)48 b(cast217)e(=)h(&s->j)533 3172 y(\045reg1121)f(=)h
+ (load)g(int*)g(\045cast217)1047 b(;)48 b(Load)e(the)h(s->j)g(field)533
+ 3285 y(\045reg108)f(=)i(add)f(int)f(\045reg111,)g(\045reg1121)761
+ b(;)48 b(Add)f(the)g(fields)533 3398 y(ret)g(int)g(\045reg108)1716
+ b(;)48 b(Return)e(result)438 3511 y(})905 3806 y Fw(Figure)31
+ b(4.3:)42 b(Lev)m(el-Raise)33 b(example)e(LL)-10 b(VM)30
+ b(co)s(de)h(after)g(lev)m(el)h(raising)340 4089 y(This)k(example)h(has)
+ g(b)s(een)f(pro)m(v)m(en)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(t)m(yp)s(e-safe,)j(despite)e
+ (the)g(fact)g(that)g(the)g(input)f(program)g(ha)m(v)m(e)199
+ 4271 y(v)m(ery)31 b(little)h(in)e(the)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(of)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f
+ (information.)199 4650 y Fm(4.2)136 b(Data)46 b(Structure)e(Analysis)
+ 199 4923 y Fw(Data)27 b(Structure)c(Analysis)i(w)m(as)g(the)g(\014rst)f
+ (completely)i(no)m(v)m(el)h(in)m(terpro)s(cedural)d(link-time)i
+ (analysis)f(dev)m(elop)s(ed)199 5105 y(in)h(the)h(LL)-10
+ b(VM)26 b(compiler)h(infrastructure)e([28)q(].)40 b(It)26
+ b(mak)m(es)h(extensiv)m(e)h(use)e(of)h(the)f(link-time)h(analysis)g
+ (and)f(t)m(yp)s(e)199 5288 y(information,)31 b(and)f(is)g(made)h(more)f
+ (precise)h(through)f(the)g(use)g(of)h(SSA)e(represen)m(tation.)2104
+ 5568 y(29)p eop
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ PStoPSsaved restore
+ %%Trailer
+ end
+ userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
+ %%EOF
Index: llvm-www/pubs/2002-12-LattnerMSThesis.html
diff -u llvm-www/pubs/2002-12-LattnerMSThesis.html:1.4 llvm-www/pubs/2002-12-LattnerMSThesis.html:1.5
--- llvm-www/pubs/2002-12-LattnerMSThesis.html:1.4 Tue Oct 21 19:26:00 2003
+++ llvm-www/pubs/2002-12-LattnerMSThesis.html Sun Nov 16 13:36:07 2003
@@ -65,6 +65,16 @@
Multi-Stage Optimization</a> (PS)</li>
<li><a href="2002-12-LattnerMSThesis.pdf">LLVM: An Infrastructure for
Multi-Stage Optimization</a> (PDF)</li>
+ <li><a href="2002-12-LattnerMSThesis-book.ps">LLVM: An Infrastructure for
+ Multi-Stage Optimization</a> "book form" (PS)</li>
+ <li><a href="2002-12-LattnerMSThesis-book.pdf">LLVM: An Infrastructure for
+ Multi-Stage Optimization</a> "book form" (PDF)</li>
+
+<p>
+ The "book form" is useful if you plan to print this out. Print the file out
+ double sided, fold it in half, and staple it in the middle of the page. It
+ dramatically reduces the number of pages of paper used.
+</p>
</ul>
<h2>BibTeX Entry:</h2>
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