[libcxx-commits] [libcxx] [libc++] Correct `optional<T&>` implementation (PR #174537)

William Tran-Viet via libcxx-commits libcxx-commits at lists.llvm.org
Tue Jan 6 12:32:29 PST 2026


https://github.com/smallp-o-p updated https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/174537

>From bb5ca98ecfd8edf0fa9e6b13776960e1cddc7629 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Mon, 5 Jan 2026 15:36:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1/7] Fix optional<T&>

---
 libcxx/include/optional                       | 277 +++++++++++++++---
 .../ref_constructs_from_temporary.verify.cpp  |  35 ++-
 2 files changed, 252 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/include/optional b/libcxx/include/optional
index 568c86556d156..487cfa1e7ce6e 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/optional
+++ b/libcxx/include/optional
@@ -510,8 +510,6 @@ struct __optional_storage_base<_Tp, true> {
 
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type& __get() const& noexcept { return *__value_; }
 
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type&& __get() const&& noexcept { return std::forward<value_type>(*__value_); }
-
   template <class _UArg>
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __construct(_UArg&& __val) {
     _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(!has_value(), "__construct called for engaged __optional_storage");
@@ -909,38 +907,61 @@ public:
       : __base(in_place, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
 
   template <class _Up = _Tp, enable_if_t<_CheckOptionalArgsCtor<_Up>::template __enable_implicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional(_Up&& __v) : __base(in_place, std::forward<_Up>(__v)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional(_Up&& __v)
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+      noexcept(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up>)
+#    endif
+      : __base(in_place, std::forward<_Up>(__v)) {
+  }
 
   template <class _Up                                                                        = remove_cv_t<_Tp>,
             enable_if_t<_CheckOptionalArgsCtor<_Up>::template __enable_explicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit optional(_Up&& __v) : __base(in_place, std::forward<_Up>(__v)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit optional(_Up&& __v)
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+      noexcept(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up>)
+#    endif
+      : __base(in_place, std::forward<_Up>(__v)) {
+  }
 
   // LWG2756: conditionally explicit conversion from const optional<_Up>&
   template <class _Up, enable_if_t<_CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up const&>::template __enable_implicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 optional(const optional<_Up>& __v) {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 optional(const optional<_Up>& __v)
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+      noexcept(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up&>)
+#    endif
+  {
     this->__construct_from(__v);
   }
   template <class _Up, enable_if_t<_CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up const&>::template __enable_explicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit optional(const optional<_Up>& __v) {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit optional(const optional<_Up>& __v)
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+      noexcept(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up&>)
+#    endif
+  {
     this->__construct_from(__v);
   }
 
   // LWG2756: conditionally explicit conversion from optional<_Up>&&
   template <class _Up, enable_if_t<_CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up&&>::template __enable_implicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 optional(optional<_Up>&& __v) {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 optional(optional<_Up>&& __v)
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+      noexcept(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up>)
+#    endif
+  {
     this->__construct_from(std::move(__v));
   }
   template <class _Up, enable_if_t<_CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up&&>::template __enable_explicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit optional(optional<_Up>&& __v) {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit optional(optional<_Up>&& __v)
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+      noexcept(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up>)
+#    endif
+  {
     this->__construct_from(std::move(__v));
   }
 
-  // deleted optional<T&> constructors
+  // deleted optional<T&> constructors and additional optional<T&> constructors
 #    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
-  template <class _Up, class... _Args, enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>, int> = 0>
-    requires __libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up>
-  explicit optional(in_place_t, initializer_list<_Up>, _Args&&...) = delete;
-
+  // optional(U&&)
   template <class _Up = _Tp, enable_if_t<_CheckOptionalArgsCtor<_Up>::template __enable_implicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
     requires __libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up>
   optional(_Up&&) = delete;
@@ -950,6 +971,21 @@ public:
     requires __libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up>
   explicit optional(_Up&&) = delete;
 
+  // optional(optional<U>& rhs)
+  template <class _Up>
+    requires(!__libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up>) && (!__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>::value) &&
+            (!is_same_v<_Tp&, _Up>) && is_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up&>
+  constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_Up&, _Tp&>)
+      optional(optional<_Up>& __rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up&>) {
+    this->__construct_from(__rhs);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+    requires __libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up> && (!__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>::value) &&
+                 (!is_same_v<_Tp&, _Up>) && is_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up&>
+  constexpr explicit optional(optional<_Up>& __rhs) noexcept = delete;
+
+  // optional(const optional<U>&)
   template <class _Up, enable_if_t<_CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up const&>::template __enable_implicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
     requires __libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up>
   optional(const optional<_Up>&) = delete;
@@ -958,6 +994,7 @@ public:
     requires __libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up>
   explicit optional(const optional<_Up>&) = delete;
 
+  // optional(optional<U>&&)
   template <class _Up, enable_if_t<_CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up&&>::template __enable_implicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
     requires __libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up>
   optional(optional<_Up>&&) = delete;
@@ -965,6 +1002,20 @@ public:
   template <class _Up, enable_if_t<_CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up&&>::template __enable_explicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
     requires __libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up>
   explicit optional(optional<_Up>&&) = delete;
+
+  // optional(const optional<U>&&)
+  template <class _Up>
+    requires(!__libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up>) && (!__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>::value) &&
+            (!is_same_v<_Tp&, _Up>) && is_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit(!is_convertible_v<const _Up, _Tp&>)
+      optional(const optional<_Up>&& __v) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp&, const _Up>) {
+    this->__construct_from(std::move(__v));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+    requires __libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up> && (!__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>::value) &&
+                 (!is_same_v<_Tp&, _Up>) && is_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 optional(const optional<_Up>&& __v) noexcept = delete;
 #    endif
 
 #    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
@@ -1013,8 +1064,12 @@ public:
     return *this;
   }
 
-  template <class... _Args, enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>, int> = 0>
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+  template <class... _Args, enable_if_t<__is_constructible_for_optional_v<_Tp, _Args...>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& emplace(_Args&&... __args)
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+      noexcept(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>)
+#    endif
+  {
     reset();
     this->__construct(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
     return this->__get();
@@ -1022,20 +1077,19 @@ public:
 
   template <class _Up,
             class... _Args,
-            enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>
-#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
-                            && !reference_constructs_from_temporary_v<_Tp&, _Up>
-#    endif
-                        ,
-                        int> = 0>
+            enable_if_t<__is_constructible_for_optional_initializer_list_v<_Tp, _Up, _Args...>, int> = 0>
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& emplace(initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) {
     reset();
     this->__construct(__il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
     return this->__get();
   }
 
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
-  swap(optional& __opt) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp>) {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(optional& __opt) noexcept(
+      (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp>)
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+      || is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>
+#    endif
+  ) {
     if (this->has_value() == __opt.has_value()) {
       if (this->has_value())
         this->__swap(__opt);
@@ -1050,32 +1104,56 @@ public:
     }
   }
 
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<_Tp const> operator->() const noexcept {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<_Tp const> operator->() const noexcept
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#    endif
+  {
     _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator-> called on a disengaged value");
     return std::addressof(this->__get());
   }
 
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<_Tp> operator->() noexcept {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<_Tp> operator->() noexcept
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#    endif
+  {
     _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator-> called on a disengaged value");
     return std::addressof(this->__get());
   }
 
-  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp& operator*() const& noexcept {
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp& operator*() const& noexcept
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#    endif
+  {
     _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator* called on a disengaged value");
     return this->__get();
   }
 
-  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& operator*() & noexcept {
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& operator*() & noexcept
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#    endif
+  {
     _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator* called on a disengaged value");
     return this->__get();
   }
 
-  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp&& operator*() && noexcept {
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp&& operator*() && noexcept
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#    endif
+  {
     _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator* called on a disengaged value");
     return std::move(this->__get());
   }
 
-  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp&& operator*() const&& noexcept {
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp&& operator*() const&& noexcept
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#    endif
+  {
     _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator* called on a disengaged value");
     return std::move(this->__get());
   }
@@ -1085,25 +1163,41 @@ public:
   using __base::__get;
   using __base::has_value;
 
-  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp const& value() const& {
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp const& value() const&
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#    endif
+  {
     if (!this->has_value())
       std::__throw_bad_optional_access();
     return this->__get();
   }
 
-  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& value() & {
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& value() &
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#    endif
+  {
     if (!this->has_value())
       std::__throw_bad_optional_access();
     return this->__get();
   }
 
-  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp&& value() && {
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp&& value() &&
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+      requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#    endif
+  {
     if (!this->has_value())
       std::__throw_bad_optional_access();
     return std::move(this->__get());
   }
 
-  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp const&& value() const&& {
+      [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp const&& value() const&&
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+        requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#    endif
+  {
     if (!this->has_value())
       std::__throw_bad_optional_access();
     return std::move(this->__get());
@@ -1111,8 +1205,7 @@ public:
 
   template <class _Up = remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
 #    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
-    requires(!(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_function_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>) &&
-             !(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_array_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>))
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
 #    endif
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp value_or(_Up&& __v) const& {
     static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>, "optional<T>::value_or: T must be copy constructible");
@@ -1130,19 +1223,11 @@ public:
     return this->has_value() ? std::move(this->__get()) : static_cast<_Tp>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
   }
 
-#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
-  template <class _Up = remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
-    requires(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> &&
-             !(is_function_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>> || is_array_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>))
-  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp value_or(_Up&& __v) && {
-    static_assert(is_move_constructible_v<_Tp>, "optional<T>::value_or: T must be move constructible");
-    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, _Tp>, "optional<T>::value_or: U must be convertible to T");
-    return this->has_value() ? this->__get() : static_cast<_Tp>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
-  }
-#    endif
-
 #    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
   template <class _Func>
+#      if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#      endif
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) & {
     using _Up = invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&>;
     static_assert(__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value,
@@ -1153,6 +1238,9 @@ public:
   }
 
   template <class _Func>
+#      if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#      endif
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) const& {
     using _Up = invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Tp&>;
     static_assert(__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value,
@@ -1163,6 +1251,9 @@ public:
   }
 
   template <class _Func>
+#      if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#      endif
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) && {
     using _Up = invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&&>;
     static_assert(__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value,
@@ -1173,6 +1264,9 @@ public:
   }
 
   template <class _Func>
+#      if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#      endif
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) const&& {
     using _Up = invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Tp&&>;
     static_assert(__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value,
@@ -1183,6 +1277,9 @@ public:
   }
 
   template <class _Func>
+#      if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#      endif
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) & {
     using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&>>;
     static_assert(!is_array_v<_Up>, "Result of f(value()) should not be an Array");
@@ -1195,6 +1292,9 @@ public:
   }
 
   template <class _Func>
+#      if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#      endif
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) const& {
     using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Tp&>>;
     static_assert(!is_array_v<_Up>, "Result of f(value()) should not be an Array");
@@ -1207,6 +1307,9 @@ public:
   }
 
   template <class _Func>
+#      if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#      endif
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) && {
     using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&&>>;
     static_assert(!is_array_v<_Up>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should not be an Array");
@@ -1219,8 +1322,11 @@ public:
   }
 
   template <class _Func>
+#      if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#      endif
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) const&& {
-    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Tp&&>>;
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Tp&&>>;
     static_assert(!is_array_v<_Up>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should not be an Array");
     static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, in_place_t>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should not be std::in_place_t");
     static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, nullopt_t>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should not be std::nullopt_t");
@@ -1233,6 +1339,9 @@ public:
   template <invocable _Func>
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional or_else(_Func&& __f) const&
     requires is_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>
+#      if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+             && (!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#      endif
   {
     static_assert(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>, optional>,
                   "Result of f() should be the same type as this optional");
@@ -1244,6 +1353,9 @@ public:
   template <invocable _Func>
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional or_else(_Func&& __f) &&
     requires is_move_constructible_v<_Tp>
+#      if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+             && (!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#      endif
   {
     static_assert(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>, optional>,
                   "Result of f() should be the same type as this optional");
@@ -1254,6 +1366,77 @@ public:
 #    endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
 
   using __base::reset;
+
+// optional<T&> overloads
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<_Tp> operator->() const noexcept
+    requires(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator-> called on a disengaged value");
+    return std::addressof(this->__get());
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& operator*() const noexcept
+    requires(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator* called on a disengaged value");
+    return this->__get();
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& value() const
+    requires(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+  {
+    if (!this->has_value())
+      std::__throw_bad_optional_access();
+    return this->__get();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up = remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>
+    requires(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_object_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>> &&
+             !is_array_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decay_t<_Tp> value_or(_Up&& __v) const {
+    using _X = remove_cvref_t<_Tp>;
+    static_assert(is_constructible_v<_X, _Tp&>, "optional<T&>::value_or: remove_cv_t<T> must be constructible");
+    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, _X>, "optional<T&>::value_or: U must be convertible to remove_cv_t<T>");
+    return this->has_value() ? this->__get() : static_cast<_X>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) const {
+    using _Up = invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value,
+                  "Result of f(value()) must be a specialization of std::optional");
+    if (*this)
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), value());
+    return remove_cvref_t<_Up>();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional<remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&>>>
+  transform(_Func&& __f) const {
+    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<_Tp>;
+    static_assert(!is_array_v<_Up>, "Result of f(value()) should not be an Array");
+    static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, in_place_t>, "Result of f(value()) should not be std::in_place_t");
+    static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, nullopt_t>, "Result of f(value()) should not be std::nullopt_t");
+    static_assert(is_object_v<_Up>, "Result of f(value()) should be an object type");
+    if (*this)
+      return optional<_Up>(__optional_construct_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), value());
+    return optional<_Up>();
+  }
+
+  template <invocable _Func>
+    requires(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional or_else(_Func&& __f) const {
+    static_assert(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>, optional>,
+                  "Result of f() should be the same type as this optional");
+    if (*this)
+      return *this;
+    return std::forward<_Func>(__f)();
+  }
+#    endif
 };
 
 template <class _Tp>
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_constructs_from_temporary.verify.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_constructs_from_temporary.verify.cpp
index 01b241ffbe79b..b59aa8051b39e 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_constructs_from_temporary.verify.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_constructs_from_temporary.verify.cpp
@@ -8,7 +8,13 @@
 
 // REQUIRES: std-at-least-c++26
 
-// optional
+// <optional>
+
+// optional(U&& u) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<T&, U>);
+// optional(optional<U>& rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<T&, U&>);
+// optional(const optional<U>& rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<T&, const U&>);
+// optional(optional<U>&& rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<T&, U>);
+// optional(const optional<U>&& rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<T&, const U>);
 
 #include <optional>
 #include <utility>
@@ -20,16 +26,19 @@ struct X {
 };
 
 int main(int, char**) {
-  const std::optional<int> _co(1);
-  std::optional<int> _o(1);
-
-  // expected-error-re@*:* 8 {{call to deleted constructor of 'std::optional<{{.*}}>'}}
-  std::optional<const int&> o1{1};                     // optional(U&&)
-  std::optional<const int&> o2{std::optional<int>(1)}; // optional(optional<U>&&)
-  std::optional<const int&> o3{_co};                   // optional(const optional<U>&)
-  std::optional<const int&> o4{_o};                    // optional(optional<U>&)
-  std::optional<const X&> o5{1};                       // optional(U&&)
-  std::optional<const X&> o6{std::optional<int>(1)};   // optional(optional<U>&&)
-  std::optional<const X&> o7{_co};                     // optional(const optional<U>&)
-  std::optional<const X&> o8{_o};                      // optional(optional<U>&)
+  const std::optional<int> co(1);
+  std::optional<int> o0(1);
+
+  // expected-error-re@*:* 10 {{call to deleted constructor of 'std::optional<{{.*}}>'}}
+  std::optional<const int&> o1{1};             // optional(U&&)
+  std::optional<const int&> o2{o0};            // optional(optional<U>&)
+  std::optional<const int&> o3{co};            // optional(const optional<U>&)
+  std::optional<const int&> o4{std::move(o0)}; // optional(optional<U>&&&)
+  std::optional<const int&> o5{std::move(co)}; // optional(optional<U>&&&)
+
+  std::optional<const X&> o6{1};              // optional(U&&)
+  std::optional<const X&> o7{o0};             // optional(optional<U>&)
+  std::optional<const X&> o8(co);             // optional(const optional<U>&)
+  std::optional<const X&> o9{std::move(o0)};  // optional(optional<U>&&)
+  std::optional<const X&> o10{std::move(co)}; // optional(const optional<U>&&)
 }

>From 14f8afe5f92f380ee9b713c26ffdf1500cf05ff5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2026 01:24:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2/7] Tests

---
 .../value_or.compile.pass.cpp                 |  4 +-
 .../optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp        | 27 ++++---
 .../optional.monadic/or_else.pass.cpp         | 17 ++++
 .../optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp       | 14 ++--
 .../assign_value.pass.cpp                     | 26 ++++--
 .../emplace.compile.fail.cpp                  | 26 ++++++
 .../optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp   |  1 +
 .../optional.object.assign/nullopt_t.pass.cpp | 11 +++
 .../optional.object.ctor/U.pass.cpp           | 41 +++++++++-
 .../const_optional_U.pass.cpp                 | 48 +++++++++++
 .../optional.object.ctor/in_place_t.pass.cpp  | 21 ++++-
 .../optional.object.ctor/move.pass.cpp        | 32 +++++---
 .../optional.object.ctor/optional_U.pass.cpp  | 52 ++++++++++++
 .../optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp        |  1 +
 .../optional.object.observe/bool.pass.cpp     | 34 +++++++-
 .../dereference.pass.cpp                      | 37 ++++++++-
 .../dereference_const.pass.cpp                | 81 ++++++++++++-------
 .../dereference_const_rvalue.pass.cpp         | 43 +++++++++-
 .../dereference_rvalue.pass.cpp               | 43 +++++++++-
 .../has_value.pass.cpp                        |  8 +-
 .../optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp |  7 +-
 .../op_arrow_const.pass.cpp                   |  7 +-
 .../value_const.pass.cpp                      | 44 +++++++++-
 .../value_const_rvalue.pass.cpp               | 44 +++++++++-
 .../optional.object.observe/value_or.pass.cpp |  4 +-
 25 files changed, 582 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.compile.fail.cpp

diff --git a/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
index 25df0dd6c1936..1071184561dc1 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ concept has_value_or = requires(Opt opt, T&& t) {
 };
 
 static_assert(has_value_or<std::optional<int>, int>);
-static_assert(has_value_or<std::optional<int&>, int&>);
-static_assert(has_value_or<std::optional<const int&>, const int&>);
+static_assert(has_value_or<std::optional<int&>, int>);
+static_assert(has_value_or<std::optional<const int&>, int>);
 static_assert(!has_value_or<std::optional<int (&)[1]>&&, int (&)[1]>);
 static_assert(!has_value_or<std::optional<int (&)()>&&, int (&)()>);
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
index 810283a4bc80e..93bbd74cd8678 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <concepts>
 #include <optional>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
@@ -260,8 +261,9 @@ constexpr bool test() {
 
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
 constexpr bool test_ref() {
-  // Test & overload
-  {
+  // Test "overloads", only the const (no ref-qualifier) and_then() should be called
+
+  { // &
     // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
     {
       int j = 42;
@@ -276,21 +278,21 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     {
       int j = 42;
       std::optional<int&> i{j};
+      auto& io = i;
       RefQual l{};
       NORefQual nl{};
-      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = i.and_then(l);
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = io.and_then(l);
 
       assert(r == 1);
-      assert(i.and_then(nl) == std::nullopt);
+      assert(io.and_then(nl) == std::nullopt);
     }
   }
 
-  // Test const& overload
-  {
+  { // const&
     // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
     {
       int j = 42;
-      std::optional<const int&> i{j};
+      const std::optional<const int&> i{j};
       std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = i.and_then(CLVal{});
 
       assert(r == 1);
@@ -309,7 +311,8 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
       assert(i.and_then(nl) == std::nullopt);
     }
   }
-  // Test && overload
+
+  // &&
   {
     //With & qualifier on F's operator()
     {
@@ -318,11 +321,11 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
       std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = i.and_then(RVRefQual{});
 
       assert(r == 1);
-      assert(i.and_then(NORVRefQual{}) == std::nullopt);
+      assert(std::move(i).and_then(NORVRefQual{}) == std::nullopt);
     }
   }
 
-  // Test const&& overload
+  // const&&
   {
     //With & qualifier on F's operator()
     {
@@ -330,10 +333,10 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
       const std::optional<int&> i{j};
       const RVCRefQual l{};
       const NORVCRefQual nl{};
-      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = i.and_then(std::move(l));
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = std::move(i).and_then(std::move(l));
 
       assert(r == 1);
-      assert(i.and_then(std::move(nl)) == std::nullopt);
+      assert(std::move(i).and_then(std::move(nl)) == std::nullopt);
     }
   }
   return true;
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/or_else.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/or_else.pass.cpp
index 0c330e30055a2..326013cd6557f 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/or_else.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/or_else.pass.cpp
@@ -75,6 +75,13 @@ constexpr bool test() {
     });
     assert(opt == j);
   }
+
+  {
+    int i = 2;
+    const std::optional<int&> opt;
+    assert(opt.or_else([&] { return std::optional<int&>{i}; }) == i);
+  }
+
   {
     int i = 2;
     std::optional<int&> opt;
@@ -87,6 +94,16 @@ constexpr bool test() {
     });
     assert(opt == j);
   }
+
+  {
+    int i                         = 2;
+    const std::optional<int&> opt = i;
+    assert(std::move(opt).or_else([] {
+      assert(false);
+      return std::optional<int&>{};
+    }) == i);
+  }
+
 #endif
 
   return true;
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
index 36939f0b6b62e..57bdbaadca5de 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
@@ -204,6 +204,8 @@ constexpr bool test() {
 
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
 constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  // Test that no matter the ref qualifier on the object .transform() is invoked on, only the added
+  // const (no ref-qualifier) overload is used
   {
     std::optional<int&> opt1;
     std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) opt1r = opt1.transform([](int i) { return i + 2; });
@@ -218,7 +220,7 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
 
     assert(*o2 == 44);
   }
-  // Test & overload
+  // &
   {
     // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
     {
@@ -244,7 +246,7 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
     {
       int i = 42;
-      std::optional<const int&> opt{i};
+      const std::optional<const int&> opt{i};
       std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = std::as_const(opt).transform(CLVal{});
 
       assert(*o3 == 1);
@@ -266,8 +268,8 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
     {
       int i = 42;
-      std::optional<int> opt{i};
-      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = std::move(opt).transform(RVal{});
+      std::optional<int&> opt{i};
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = std::move(opt).transform(LVal{});
 
       assert(*o3 == 1);
     }
@@ -286,9 +288,9 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     //With & qualifier on F's operator()
     {
       int i = 42;
-      std::optional<int&> opt{i};
+      const std::optional<int&> opt{i};
       const RVCRefQual rvc{};
-      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = opt.transform(std::move(rvc));
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = std::move(opt).transform(std::move(rvc));
       assert(*o3 == 1);
     }
   }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp
index ddb9ffc4bf80c..1923c0ed07d33 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <memory>
 
+#include "copy_move_types.h"
 #include "test_macros.h"
 #include "archetypes.h"
 
@@ -252,9 +253,9 @@ constexpr T pr38638(T v)
 
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
 
-template <typename T, std::remove_reference_t<T> _Val>
-constexpr void test_with_ref() {
-  T t{_Val};
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool test_with_ref(std::decay_t<T> val) {
+  T t{val};
   { // to empty
     optional<T&> opt;
     opt = t;
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ constexpr void test_with_ref() {
   }
   // test two objects, make sure that the optional only changes what it holds a reference to
   {
-    T t2{_Val};
+    T t2{val};
     optional<T&> opt{t};
     opt = t2;
 
@@ -299,6 +300,20 @@ constexpr void test_with_ref() {
     assert(std::addressof(*opt) == std::addressof(j));
     assert(*opt == 2);
   }
+
+  { // test that no copy is made when assigning
+    TracedCopyMove t1{};
+    TracedCopyMove t2{};
+
+    optional<TracedCopyMove&> o(t1);
+
+    o = t2;
+    assert(std::addressof(*o) == &t2);
+    assert(o->constCopy == 0);
+    assert(o->nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  return true;
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -333,7 +348,8 @@ int main(int, char**)
     static_assert(pr38638(3) == 5, "");
 
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
-    test_with_ref<int, 3>();
+    assert(test_with_ref<int>(3));
+    static_assert(test_with_ref<int>(3));
 #endif
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.compile.fail.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.compile.fail.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..bcd06517b9885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.compile.fail.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// REQUIRES: std-at-least-c++26
+// <optional>
+
+// template <class... Args> T& optional<T&>::emplace(Arg& arg);
+// Ensure that emplace isn't found if reference_constructs_From_temporary_v == true
+#include <optional>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+struct X {};
+void test() {
+  int i = 1;
+  std::optional<X&> f{};
+  static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<X&, int>);
+  f.emplace(i); // is_constructible<_Tp&, U> == false
+
+  std::optional<const int&> t{};
+  t.emplace(1); // reference_constructs_from_temporary_v == false
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp
index 629e315add4d9..3321d55ec5869 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp
@@ -231,6 +231,7 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     auto& v = opt.emplace(t);
     static_assert(std::is_same_v<T&, decltype(v)>);
     assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == true);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt.emplace(t));
     assert(*opt == t);
     assert(&v == &*opt);
     assert(&t == &*opt);
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/nullopt_t.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/nullopt_t.pass.cpp
index 9d0843b7338df..e85c0c435aa37 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/nullopt_t.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/nullopt_t.pass.cpp
@@ -61,6 +61,17 @@ TEST_CONSTEXPR_CXX20 bool test()
         assert(state == State::destroyed);
         assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == false);
     }
+
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+      int i = 0;
+      optional<int&> o{i};
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(o = std::nullopt);
+      o = std::nullopt;
+      assert(!o.has_value());
+      assert(static_cast<bool>(o) == false);
+    }
+#endif
     return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/U.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/U.pass.cpp
index 1e951ebdf1d74..091e0ef00d2d4 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/U.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/U.pass.cpp
@@ -149,9 +149,48 @@ void test_explicit() {
 #endif
 }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+struct Throws {
+  int val = 42;
+  bool b  = false;
+  constexpr Throws() {};
+  operator int&() {
+    if (b) {
+      TEST_THROW(1);
+    }
+    return val;
+  }
+};
+
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  {
+    int i = 0;
+    std::optional<int&> o(i);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(std::optional<int&>(i));
+    assert(o.has_value());
+    assert(&(*o) == &i);
+    assert(*o == 0);
+    assert(o.value() == 0);
+  }
+
+#  ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  {
+    using T = Throws;
+    T t{};
+    ASSERT_NOT_NOEXCEPT(std::optional<int&>(t));
+    // TODO: There doesn't seem to be a usable type which can actually make the ctor not noexcept
+  }
+#  endif
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 int main(int, char**) {
   test_implicit();
   test_explicit();
-
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+  assert(test_ref());
+  static_assert(test_ref());
+#endif
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/const_optional_U.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/const_optional_U.pass.cpp
index 70fd76ec6ed0b..376ece0f820ab 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/const_optional_U.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/const_optional_U.pass.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 // template <class U>
 //   optional(const optional<U>& rhs);
+//optional<T&>: optional(const optional<U>&& rhs);
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <optional>
@@ -86,6 +87,53 @@ constexpr bool test_all() {
   return true;
 }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  // optional(const optional<U>&)
+  {
+    int i = 1;
+    const std::optional<int&> o1{i};
+    const std::optional<int&> o2{o1};
+
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(std::optional<int&>(o2));
+    assert(o2.has_value());
+    assert(&(*o1) == &(*o2));
+    assert(*o1 == i);
+    assert(*o2 == i);
+  }
+
+  {
+    const std::optional<int&> o1;
+    const std::optional<int&> o2{o1};
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(std::optional<int&>(o2));
+    assert(!o2.has_value());
+  }
+
+  // optional(optional<U>&&)
+  {
+    int i = 1;
+    const std::optional<int&> o1{i};
+    const std::optional<int&> o2{std::move(o1)};
+
+    // trivial move constructor should just copy the reference
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(std::optional<int&>(std::move(o2)));
+    assert(o2.has_value());
+    assert(&(*o1) == &(*o2));
+    assert(*o1 == i);
+    assert(*o2 == i);
+  }
+
+  {
+    const std::optional<int&> o1;
+    const std::optional<int&> o2{std::move(o1)};
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(std::optional<int&>(o2));
+    assert(!o2.has_value());
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 int main(int, char**) {
   test_all<int, short>();
   test_all<X, int>();
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/in_place_t.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/in_place_t.pass.cpp
index c8bdfc78225fa..c3b498e56a5a1 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/in_place_t.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/in_place_t.pass.cpp
@@ -78,6 +78,23 @@ constexpr bool test_ref_initializer_list() {
 
   return true;
 }
+
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  { // optional(in_place_t, _Arg&&)
+    Y y{1, 2};
+    optional<Y&> xo(in_place, y);
+
+    Y x2{1, 2};
+
+    assert(*xo == x2);
+    assert(&(*xo) == &y);
+  }
+
+  assert(test_ref_initializer_list());
+  static_assert(test_ref_initializer_list());
+
+  return true;
+}
 #endif
 
 int main(int, char**) {
@@ -148,8 +165,8 @@ int main(int, char**) {
 #endif
 
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
-  test_ref_initializer_list();
-  static_assert(test_ref_initializer_list());
+  test_ref();
+  static_assert(test_ref());
 #endif
 
   return 0;
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/move.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/move.pass.cpp
index 583debcaac650..bb36283a5e3ea 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/move.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/move.pass.cpp
@@ -78,26 +78,34 @@ void test_reference_extension() {
   T::reset();
   {
     T t;
-    T::reset_constructors();
-    test_ref<T&>();
-    test_ref<T&>(t);
+    {
+      T::reset_constructors();
+      test_ref<T&>();
+      test_ref<T&>(t);
+      assert(T::alive == 1);
+      assert(T::constructed == 0);
+      assert(T::assigned == 0);
+      assert(T::destroyed == 0);
+    } // destroying the optional<T&> doesn't destroy the underlying T
     assert(T::alive == 1);
-    assert(T::constructed == 0);
-    assert(T::assigned == 0);
     assert(T::destroyed == 0);
   }
   assert(T::destroyed == 1);
   assert(T::alive == 0);
   {
     T t;
-    const T& ct = t;
-    T::reset_constructors();
-    test_ref<T const&>();
-    test_ref<T const&>(t);
-    test_ref<T const&>(ct);
+    {
+      const T& ct = t;
+      T::reset_constructors();
+      test_ref<T const&>();
+      test_ref<T const&>(t);
+      test_ref<T const&>(ct);
+      assert(T::alive == 1);
+      assert(T::constructed == 0);
+      assert(T::assigned == 0);
+      assert(T::destroyed == 0);
+    }
     assert(T::alive == 1);
-    assert(T::constructed == 0);
-    assert(T::assigned == 0);
     assert(T::destroyed == 0);
   }
   assert(T::alive == 0);
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/optional_U.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/optional_U.pass.cpp
index 709b106c800a6..743f0661f380f 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/optional_U.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/optional_U.pass.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 // template <class U>
 //   optional(optional<U>&& rhs);
 
+// optional<T&>: optional(optional<U>& rhs)
+
 #include <cassert>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
@@ -68,6 +70,52 @@ TEST_CONSTEXPR_CXX20 bool test_all() {
   return true;
 }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  // optional(optional<U>&)
+  {
+    int i = 1;
+    std::optional<int&> o1{i};
+    std::optional<int&> o2{o1};
+
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(std::optional<int&>(o2));
+    assert(o2.has_value());
+    assert(&(*o1) == &(*o2));
+    assert(*o1 == i);
+    assert(*o2 == i);
+  }
+
+  {
+    std::optional<int&> o1;
+    std::optional<int&> o2{o1};
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(std::optional<int&>(o2));
+    assert(!o2.has_value());
+  }
+  // optional(optional<U>&&)
+  {
+    int i = 1;
+    std::optional<int&> o1{i};
+    std::optional<int&> o2{std::move(o1)};
+
+    // trivial move constructor should just copy the reference
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(std::optional<int&>(o2));
+    assert(o2.has_value());
+    assert(&(*o1) == &(*o2));
+    assert(*o1 == i);
+    assert(*o2 == i);
+  }
+
+  {
+    std::optional<int&> o1;
+    std::optional<int&> o2{std::move(o1)};
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(std::optional<int&>(o2));
+    assert(!o2.has_value());
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 int main(int, char**) {
   test_all<short, int>();
   test_all<int, X>();
@@ -86,5 +134,9 @@ int main(int, char**) {
 
   static_assert(!(std::is_constructible<optional<X>, optional<Z>>::value), "");
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+  assert(test_ref());
+  static_assert(test_ref());
+#endif
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp
index e23e481f6a05d..a7ae22861d32e 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
       optional<X&> opt(x);
       X::dtor_called = false;
       opt.reset();
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt.reset());
       assert(X::dtor_called == false);
       assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == false);
     }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/bool.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/bool.pass.cpp
index 684f18ff3df20..ccc6dea8a111a 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/bool.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/bool.pass.cpp
@@ -10,13 +10,36 @@
 // <optional>
 
 // constexpr explicit optional<T>::operator bool() const noexcept;
+// constexpr explicit optional<T&>::operator bool() const noexcept;
 
+#include <cassert>
 #include <optional>
 #include <type_traits>
-#include <cassert>
 
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  {
+    std::optional<int&> opt;
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(bool(opt));
+    assert(!opt);
+    static_assert(!std::is_convertible<std::optional<int&>, bool>::value, "");
+  }
+  {
+    int i = 1;
+    std::optional<int&> opt(i);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(bool(opt));
+    assert(opt);
+    static_assert(!std::is_convertible<std::optional<int&>, bool>::value, "");
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+#endif
+
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     using std::optional;
@@ -34,5 +57,12 @@ int main(int, char**)
         static_assert(opt, "");
     }
 
-  return 0;
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+      assert(test_ref());
+      static_assert(test_ref());
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference.pass.cpp
index 6c1bf8aa15a8d..6084cc11ff031 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference.pass.cpp
@@ -11,10 +11,11 @@
 
 // constexpr T& optional<T>::operator*() &;
 
-#include <optional>
-#include <type_traits>
 #include <cassert>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 
+#include "copy_move_types.h"
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
 using std::optional;
@@ -39,6 +40,38 @@ test()
     return (*opt).test();
 }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  {
+    TracedCopyMove x{};
+    std::optional<TracedCopyMove&> opt(x);
+    static_assert(noexcept(*opt));
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(*opt) == std::addressof(x));
+    assert(x.constMove == 0);
+    assert(x.nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert(x.constCopy == 0);
+    assert(x.nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    TracedCopyMove x{};
+    std::optional<const TracedCopyMove&> opt(x);
+    static_assert(noexcept(*opt));
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), const TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(*opt) == std::addressof(x));
+    assert(x.constMove == 0);
+    assert(x.nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert(x.constCopy == 0);
+    assert(x.nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     {
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
index c15d4e4af74cc..ff69126030c6d 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
@@ -11,10 +11,11 @@
 
 // constexpr const T& optional<T>::operator*() const &;
 
-#include <optional>
-#include <type_traits>
 #include <cassert>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 
+#include "copy_move_types.h"
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
 using std::optional;
@@ -32,40 +33,60 @@ struct Y
     int test() const {return 2;}
 };
 
-int main(int, char**)
-{
-    {
-        const optional<X> opt; ((void)opt);
-        ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), X const&);
-        ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
-    }
-    {
-        constexpr optional<X> opt(X{});
-        static_assert((*opt).test() == 3, "");
-    }
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
-    {
-      X x{};
-      const optional<X&> opt{x};
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), X&);
-      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
-    }
-    {
-      X x{};
-      const optional<const X&> opt{x};
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), const X&);
-      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
-    }
-    {
-      static constexpr X x{};
-      constexpr optional<const X&> opt(x);
-      static_assert((*opt).test() == 3);
-    }
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  using T = TracedCopyMove;
+  {
+    T x{};
+    const std::optional<T&> opt(x);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(*opt) == std::addressof(x));
+    assert((*opt).constMove == 0);
+    assert((*opt).nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert((*opt).constCopy == 0);
+    assert((*opt).nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    T x{};
+    const std::optional<const T&> opt(x);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), const TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(*opt) == std::addressof(x));
+    assert((*opt).constMove == 0);
+    assert((*opt).nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert((*opt).constCopy == 0);
+    assert((*opt).nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
 #endif
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    const optional<X> opt;
+    ((void)opt);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), X const&);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
+  }
+  {
+    constexpr optional<X> opt(X{});
+    static_assert((*opt).test() == 3, "");
+  }
     {
         constexpr optional<Y> opt(Y{});
         assert((*opt).test() == 2);
     }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    assert(test_ref());
+    static_assert(test_ref());
+#endif
+
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const_rvalue.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const_rvalue.pass.cpp
index 646857fdc0465..64ef7a55c7c97 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const_rvalue.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const_rvalue.pass.cpp
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
 
 // constexpr T&& optional<T>::operator*() const &&;
 
-#include <optional>
-#include <type_traits>
 #include <cassert>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <utility>
 
+#include "copy_move_types.h"
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
 using std::optional;
@@ -32,6 +34,38 @@ struct Y
     int test() const && {return 2;}
 };
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  { // const&&
+    TracedCopyMove x{};
+    const std::optional<TracedCopyMove&> opt(x);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*std::move(opt));
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*std::move(opt)), TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(*(std::move(opt))) == std::addressof(x));
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).constMove == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).constCopy == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    TracedCopyMove x{};
+    const std::optional<const TracedCopyMove&> opt(x);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*std::move(opt));
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*std::move(opt)), const TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(*(std::move(opt))) == std::addressof(x));
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).constMove == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).constCopy == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     {
@@ -48,5 +82,10 @@ int main(int, char**)
         assert((*std::move(opt)).test() == 2);
     }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    assert(test_ref());
+    static_assert(test_ref());
+#endif
+
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_rvalue.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_rvalue.pass.cpp
index 16bf2e4336c69..0206eb668d155 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_rvalue.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_rvalue.pass.cpp
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
 
 // constexpr T&& optional<T>::operator*() &&;
 
-#include <optional>
-#include <type_traits>
 #include <cassert>
+#include <optional>
 
+#include "copy_move_types.h"
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
 using std::optional;
@@ -39,6 +39,40 @@ test()
     return (*std::move(opt)).test();
 }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  // ensure underlying value isn't moved from
+  {
+    TracedCopyMove x{};
+    std::optional<TracedCopyMove&> opt(x);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*std::move(opt));
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*std::move(opt)), TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(*std::move(opt)) == std::addressof(x));
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).constMove == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).constCopy == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    TracedCopyMove x{};
+    std::optional<const TracedCopyMove&> opt(x);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*std::move(opt));
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*std::move(opt)), const TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(*std::move(opt)) == std::addressof(x));
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).constMove == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).constCopy == 0);
+    assert((*std::move(opt)).nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+#endif
+
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     {
@@ -52,5 +86,10 @@ int main(int, char**)
     }
     static_assert(test() == 7, "");
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    assert(test_ref());
+    static_assert(test_ref());
+#endif
+
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/has_value.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/has_value.pass.cpp
index 9873a767cfbe6..d8c424fc41c74 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/has_value.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/has_value.pass.cpp
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@
 
 // constexpr bool optional<T>::has_value() const noexcept;
 
-#include <optional>
-#include <type_traits>
 #include <cassert>
+#include <optional>
 
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
@@ -37,8 +36,13 @@ int main(int, char**)
     {
       static constexpr int i = 0;
       constexpr optional<const int&> opt{i};
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt.has_value());
       static_assert(opt.has_value());
     }
+    {
+      constexpr optional<const int&> opt{};
+      static_assert(!opt.has_value());
+    }
 #endif
 
     return 0;
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp
index 96d22743ac7fe..bb050f20debe1 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 
 // constexpr T* optional<T>::operator->();
 
-#include <optional>
-#include <type_traits>
 #include <cassert>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
@@ -53,17 +53,20 @@ int main(int, char**)
       std::optional<X&> opt(x);
       ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt.operator->()), X*);
       ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt.operator->());
+      assert(opt.operator->() == std::addressof(x));
     }
     {
       X x{};
       std::optional<const X&> opt(x);
       ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt.operator->()), const X*);
       ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt.operator->());
+      assert(opt.operator->() == std::addressof(x));
     }
     {
       X x{};
       optional<X&> opt{x};
       assert(opt->test() == 3);
+      assert(opt.operator->() == std::addressof(x));
     }
     {
       X x{};
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow_const.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow_const.pass.cpp
index e9694fd6d9640..0461a04b85d45 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow_const.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow_const.pass.cpp
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 
 // constexpr const T* optional<T>::operator->() const;
 
-#include <optional>
-#include <type_traits>
 #include <cassert>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
@@ -60,17 +60,20 @@ int main(int, char**)
       const std::optional<X&> opt(x);
       ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt.operator->()), X*);
       ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt.operator->());
+      assert(opt.operator->() == std::addressof(x));
     }
     {
       X x{};
       const std::optional<const X&> opt(x);
       ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt.operator->()), const X*);
       ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt.operator->());
+      assert(opt.operator->() == std::addressof(x));
     }
     {
       static constexpr Z z{};
       constexpr optional<const Z&> opt(z);
       static_assert(opt->test() == 1);
+      static_assert(opt.operator->() == std::addressof(z));
     }
 #endif
 
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_const.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_const.pass.cpp
index ea62f76d4082a..3bd1342bf935d 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_const.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_const.pass.cpp
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@
 
 // constexpr const T& optional<T>::value() const &;
 
-#include <optional>
-#include <type_traits>
 #include <cassert>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 
+#include "copy_move_types.h"
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
 using std::optional;
@@ -33,6 +34,38 @@ struct X
     int test() && {return 6;}
 };
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  {
+    TracedCopyMove x{};
+    const std::optional<TracedCopyMove&> opt(x);
+    ASSERT_NOT_NOEXCEPT(opt.value());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt.value()), TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(opt.value()) == std::addressof(x));
+    assert(opt->constMove == 0);
+    assert(opt->nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert(opt->constCopy == 0);
+    assert(opt->nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    TracedCopyMove x{};
+    const std::optional<const TracedCopyMove&> opt(x);
+    ASSERT_NOT_NOEXCEPT(opt.value());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt.value()), const TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(opt.value()) == std::addressof(x));
+    assert(opt->constMove == 0);
+    assert(opt->nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert(opt->constCopy == 0);
+    assert(opt->nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     {
@@ -62,5 +95,10 @@ int main(int, char**)
     }
 #endif
 
-  return 0;
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    assert(test_ref());
+    static_assert(test_ref());
+#endif
+
+    return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_const_rvalue.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_const_rvalue.pass.cpp
index 49dbe4e58b57d..3893995ac198b 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_const_rvalue.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_const_rvalue.pass.cpp
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@
 
 // constexpr const T& optional<T>::value() const &&;
 
+#include <cassert>
 #include <optional>
 #include <type_traits>
-#include <cassert>
 
+#include "copy_move_types.h"
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
 using std::optional;
@@ -33,6 +34,40 @@ struct X
     int test() && {return 6;}
 };
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  {
+    TracedCopyMove x{};
+    const std::optional<TracedCopyMove&> opt(x);
+    ASSERT_NOT_NOEXCEPT(std::move(opt).value());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::move(opt).value()), TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(std::move(opt).value()) == std::addressof(x));
+    auto& val = std::move(opt).value();
+    assert(val.constMove == 0);
+    assert(val.nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert(val.constCopy == 0);
+    assert(val.nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    TracedCopyMove x{};
+    const std::optional<const TracedCopyMove&> opt(x);
+    ASSERT_NOT_NOEXCEPT(std::move(opt).value());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::move(opt).value()), const TracedCopyMove&);
+
+    assert(std::addressof(std::move(opt).value()) == std::addressof(x));
+    auto& val = std::move(opt).value();
+    assert(val.constMove == 0);
+    assert(val.nonConstMove == 0);
+    assert(val.constCopy == 0);
+    assert(val.nonConstCopy == 0);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     {
@@ -61,6 +96,9 @@ int main(int, char**)
         }
     }
 #endif
-
-  return 0;
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    assert(test_ref());
+    static_assert(test_ref());
+#endif
+    return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.pass.cpp
index 66890ff9c9b91..f4ad896ed9816 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.pass.cpp
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ constexpr int test()
     {
       int y = 2;
       optional<int&> opt;
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::move(opt).value_or(y)), int);
       assert(std::move(opt).value_or(y) == 2);
       assert(!opt);
     }
@@ -93,7 +94,8 @@ constexpr int test()
 
 int main(int, char**)
 {
-    static_assert(test() == 0);
+  assert(test() == 0);
+  static_assert(test() == 0);
 
   return 0;
 }

>From 4128dccd4660db0e1a38077a4cc7cfea390fbc4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2026 01:47:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3/7] Modify copy_move_types.h to not fail if included in tests
 <C++23

---
 libcxx/test/support/copy_move_types.h | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/test/support/copy_move_types.h b/libcxx/test/support/copy_move_types.h
index dec8d94cac379..aa62eea97b4a3 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/support/copy_move_types.h
+++ b/libcxx/test/support/copy_move_types.h
@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@
 #include "test_allocator.h"
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <tuple>
+#include "test_macros.h"
 
 // Types that can be used to test copy/move operations
-
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 23
 struct MutableCopy {
   int val;
   bool alloc_constructed{false};
@@ -342,4 +343,6 @@ struct TracedAssignment {
     return *this;
   }
 };
+
+#endif // TEST_STD_VER >= 23
 #endif

>From da9ec1d4709085ef2a81603f35414d4cbc55ac12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2026 02:11:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 4/7] Formatting + missing _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI

---
 libcxx/include/optional                                |  8 ++++----
 .../optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/include/optional b/libcxx/include/optional
index 487cfa1e7ce6e..6e209207307df 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/optional
+++ b/libcxx/include/optional
@@ -975,7 +975,7 @@ public:
   template <class _Up>
     requires(!__libcpp_opt_ref_ctor_deleted<_Up>) && (!__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>::value) &&
             (!is_same_v<_Tp&, _Up>) && is_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up&>
-  constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_Up&, _Tp&>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_Up&, _Tp&>)
       optional(optional<_Up>& __rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp&, _Up&>) {
     this->__construct_from(__rhs);
   }
@@ -1185,7 +1185,7 @@ public:
 
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp&& value() &&
 #    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
-      requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
 #    endif
   {
     if (!this->has_value())
@@ -1193,9 +1193,9 @@ public:
     return std::move(this->__get());
   }
 
-      [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp const&& value() const&&
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp const&& value() const&&
 #    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
-        requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
 #    endif
   {
     if (!this->has_value())
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
index ff69126030c6d..8108af78e5109 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
@@ -78,15 +78,15 @@ int main(int, char**) {
     constexpr optional<X> opt(X{});
     static_assert((*opt).test() == 3, "");
   }
-    {
-        constexpr optional<Y> opt(Y{});
-        assert((*opt).test() == 2);
-    }
+  {
+    constexpr optional<Y> opt(Y{});
+    assert((*opt).test() == 2);
+  }
 
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
     assert(test_ref());
     static_assert(test_ref());
 #endif
 
-    return 0;
+  return 0;
 }

>From ea55289fe6e0ceda39e40135b6c382253a404180 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2026 02:19:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 5/7] More formatting

---
 .../optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp        | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
index 8108af78e5109..e0a83b5744451 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ int main(int, char**) {
   }
 
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
-    assert(test_ref());
-    static_assert(test_ref());
+  assert(test_ref());
+  static_assert(test_ref());
 #endif
 
   return 0;

>From 9f50ee9546c50a554b3ffb47a9dffcb550abad1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2026 15:31:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 6/7] Fix transform(), remove using in value_or

---
 libcxx/include/optional | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/include/optional b/libcxx/include/optional
index 6e209207307df..26bb8b00d5adc 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/optional
+++ b/libcxx/include/optional
@@ -1396,10 +1396,9 @@ public:
     requires(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_object_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>> &&
              !is_array_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>)
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decay_t<_Tp> value_or(_Up&& __v) const {
-    using _X = remove_cvref_t<_Tp>;
-    static_assert(is_constructible_v<_X, _Tp&>, "optional<T&>::value_or: remove_cv_t<T> must be constructible");
-    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, _X>, "optional<T&>::value_or: U must be convertible to remove_cv_t<T>");
-    return this->has_value() ? this->__get() : static_cast<_X>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
+    static_assert(is_constructible_v<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>, _Tp&>, "optional<T&>::value_or: remove_cv_t<T> must be constructible");
+    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>, "optional<T&>::value_or: U must be convertible to remove_cv_t<T>");
+    return this->has_value() ? this->__get() : static_cast<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
   }
 
   template <class _Func>
@@ -1417,7 +1416,7 @@ public:
     requires(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
   [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional<remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&>>>
   transform(_Func&& __f) const {
-    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<_Tp>;
+    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&>>;
     static_assert(!is_array_v<_Up>, "Result of f(value()) should not be an Array");
     static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, in_place_t>, "Result of f(value()) should not be std::in_place_t");
     static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, nullopt_t>, "Result of f(value()) should not be std::nullopt_t");

>From 1a065f7920c4e978f3a1c0270c806879a5b77836 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2026 15:32:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 7/7] Add transform, swap tests

---
 .../optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp       | 10 +++++
 .../optional.object.swap/swap.pass.cpp        | 45 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+)

diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
index 57bdbaadca5de..964991fe6ae95 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
@@ -220,6 +220,16 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
 
     assert(*o2 == 44);
   }
+
+  {
+    int i = 42;
+    float k = 4.0f;
+    std::optional<int&> opt{i};
+    std::same_as<std::optional<float>> decltype(auto) o2 =
+        opt.transform([&](int&) { return k; });
+    assert(*o2 == 4.0f);
+  }
+
   // &
   {
     // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.swap/swap.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.swap/swap.pass.cpp
index a82ca615e0c8c..afc1617affe3a 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.swap/swap.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.swap/swap.pass.cpp
@@ -397,6 +397,51 @@ int main(int, char**)
         assert(static_cast<bool>(opt2) == true);
         assert(*opt2 == 2);
     }
+
+#  if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+      Z z{1};
+      optional<Z&> opt1{z};
+      optional<Z&> opt2;
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt1.swap(opt2));
+      assert(opt1);
+      assert(*opt1 == 1);
+      assert(&(*opt1) == &z);
+      assert(!opt2);
+
+      opt1.swap(opt2);
+      assert(*opt2 == 1);
+      assert(&(*opt2) == &z);
+      assert(opt2 && !opt1);
+    }
+
+    {
+      Z z1{1};
+      optional<Z&> opt1;
+      optional<Z&> opt2{z1};
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt1.swap(opt2));
+
+      opt1.swap(opt2);
+      assert(opt1 && !opt2);
+      assert(*opt1 == 1);
+      assert(&(*opt1) == &z1);
+    }
+
+    {
+      Z z1{1};
+      Z z2{2};
+      optional<Z&> opt1{z1};
+      optional<Z&> opt2{z2};
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt1.swap(opt2));
+
+      opt1.swap(opt2);
+      assert(opt1 && opt2);
+      assert(*opt1 == 2);
+      assert(*opt2 == 1);
+      assert(&(*opt1) == &z2);
+      assert(&(*opt2) == &z1);
+    }
+#  endif
 #endif
 
   return 0;



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