[libcxx-commits] [libcxx] [libc++] Implement P2988R12: `std::optional<T&>` (PR #155202)

William Tran-Viet via libcxx-commits libcxx-commits at lists.llvm.org
Wed Sep 24 20:53:01 PDT 2025


https://github.com/smallp-o-p updated https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/155202

>From 08a70ae1c0325071ac1cecf4dd57e6934758fe45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 18:15:37 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 01/13] Update documentation

---
 libcxx/docs/FeatureTestMacroTable.rst                  | 2 ++
 libcxx/docs/ReleaseNotes/22.rst                        | 6 +++---
 libcxx/docs/Status/Cxx2cPapers.csv                     | 2 +-
 libcxx/utils/generate_feature_test_macro_components.py | 1 +
 4 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/docs/FeatureTestMacroTable.rst b/libcxx/docs/FeatureTestMacroTable.rst
index 358889d8dbc37..c10fc4c365407 100644
--- a/libcxx/docs/FeatureTestMacroTable.rst
+++ b/libcxx/docs/FeatureTestMacroTable.rst
@@ -480,6 +480,8 @@ Status
     ---------------------------------------------------------- -----------------
     ``__cpp_lib_not_fn``                                       ``202306L``
     ---------------------------------------------------------- -----------------
+    ``__cpp_lib_optional``                                     ``202506L``
+    ---------------------------------------------------------- -----------------
     ``__cpp_lib_optional_range_support``                       ``202406L``
     ---------------------------------------------------------- -----------------
     ``__cpp_lib_out_ptr``                                      ``202311L``
diff --git a/libcxx/docs/ReleaseNotes/22.rst b/libcxx/docs/ReleaseNotes/22.rst
index 509ead64ee525..5c3b575886a4f 100644
--- a/libcxx/docs/ReleaseNotes/22.rst
+++ b/libcxx/docs/ReleaseNotes/22.rst
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ What's New in Libc++ 22.0.0?
 Implemented Papers
 ------------------
 
-- P2321R2: ``zip`` (`Github <https://llvm.org/PR105169>`__) (The paper is partially implemented. ``zip_transform_view``
-  is implemented in this release)
-- P3168R2: Give ``std::optional`` Range Support (`Github <https://llvm.org/PR105430>`__)
+- P2321R2: ``zip`` (`Github <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/105169>`__) (The paper is partially implemented. ``zip_transform_view`` is implemented in this release)
+- P2988R12: ``std::optional<T&>`` (`Github <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/148131>`__)
+- P3168R2: Give ``std::optional`` Range Support (`Github <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/105430>`__)
 
 Improvements and New Features
 -----------------------------
diff --git a/libcxx/docs/Status/Cxx2cPapers.csv b/libcxx/docs/Status/Cxx2cPapers.csv
index f873d16808afe..b143d4133fa5b 100644
--- a/libcxx/docs/Status/Cxx2cPapers.csv
+++ b/libcxx/docs/Status/Cxx2cPapers.csv
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
 "`P3293R3 <https://wg21.link/P3293R3>`__","Splicing a base class subobject","2025-06 (Sofia)","","","`#148125 <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/148125>`__",""
 "`P3491R3 <https://wg21.link/P3491R3>`__","``define_static_{string,object,array}``","2025-06 (Sofia)","","","`#148126 <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/148126>`__",""
 "`P3096R12 <https://wg21.link/P3096R12>`__","Function Parameter Reflection in Reflection for C++26","2025-06 (Sofia)","","","`#148127 <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/148127>`__",""
-"`P2988R12 <https://wg21.link/P2988R12>`__","``std::optional<T&>``","2025-06 (Sofia)","","","`#148131 <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/148131>`__",""
+"`P2988R12 <https://wg21.link/P2988R12>`__","``std::optional<T&>``","2025-06 (Sofia)","|Complete|","22","`#148131 <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/148131>`__",""
 "`P3348R4 <https://wg21.link/P3348R4>`__","C++26 should refer to C23 not C17","2025-06 (Sofia)","","","`#148133 <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/148133>`__",""
 "`P3037R6 <https://wg21.link/P3037R6>`__","``constexpr`` ``std::shared_ptr`` and friends","2025-06 (Sofia)","","","`#148135 <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/148135>`__",""
 "`P3284R4 <https://wg21.link/P3284R4>`__","``write_env`` and ``unstoppable`` Sender Adaptors","2025-06 (Sofia)","","","`#148136 <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/148136>`__",""
diff --git a/libcxx/utils/generate_feature_test_macro_components.py b/libcxx/utils/generate_feature_test_macro_components.py
index c1e579c775746..acee825e067c4 100644
--- a/libcxx/utils/generate_feature_test_macro_components.py
+++ b/libcxx/utils/generate_feature_test_macro_components.py
@@ -1005,6 +1005,7 @@ def add_version_header(tc):
                 "c++17": 201606,
                 "c++20": 202106,  # P2231R1 Missing constexpr in std::optional and std::variant
                 "c++23": 202110,  # P0798R8 Monadic operations for std::optional + LWG3621 Remove feature-test macro __cpp_lib_monadic_optional
+                "c++26": 202506   # P2988R12: std::optional<T&>
             },
             "headers": ["optional"],
         },

>From bb37110a81f73c7c34a15cb71855e26b94103bb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 19:46:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 02/13] Update optional to allow T&, disable iterator and
 value_or for T(&)() and T(&)[]

---
 libcxx/include/__iterator/wrap_iter.h |   4 +-
 libcxx/include/optional               | 125 ++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/include/__iterator/wrap_iter.h b/libcxx/include/__iterator/wrap_iter.h
index 7610586ddecbb..8e5c7388812d3 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/__iterator/wrap_iter.h
+++ b/libcxx/include/__iterator/wrap_iter.h
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ class __wrap_iter {
   friend class span;
   template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
   friend struct array;
-  template <class _Tp>
-  friend class optional;
+  template <class _Tp, class>
+  friend struct __optional_iterator;
 };
 
 template <class _Iter1>
diff --git a/libcxx/include/optional b/libcxx/include/optional
index ef1bfd3ec44c0..2c94a4a34da8c 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/optional
+++ b/libcxx/include/optional
@@ -412,9 +412,6 @@ struct __optional_storage_base : __optional_destruct_base<_Tp> {
   }
 };
 
-// optional<T&> is currently required to be ill-formed. However, it may
-// be allowed in the future. For this reason, it has already been implemented
-// to ensure we can make the change in an ABI-compatible manner.
 template <class _Tp>
 struct __optional_storage_base<_Tp, true> {
   using value_type                 = _Tp;
@@ -607,19 +604,19 @@ struct __is_std_optional : false_type {};
 template <class _Tp>
 struct __is_std_optional<optional<_Tp>> : true_type {};
 
-template <class _Tp>
-class _LIBCPP_DECLSPEC_EMPTY_BASES optional
-    : private __optional_move_assign_base<_Tp>,
-      private __optional_sfinae_ctor_base_t<_Tp>,
-      private __optional_sfinae_assign_base_t<_Tp> {
-  using __base _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __optional_move_assign_base<_Tp>;
+template <class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __optional_iterator {};
 
-  using __pointer _LIBCPP_NODEBUG       = std::add_pointer_t<_Tp>;
-  using __const_pointer _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = std::add_pointer_t<const _Tp>;
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __optional_iterator<
+    _Tp,
+    enable_if_t<!(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_function_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>) &&
+                !(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_array_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>)> > {
+private:
+  using __pointer _LIBCPP_NODEBUG       = std::add_pointer_t<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>;
+  using __const_pointer _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = std::add_pointer_t<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>>;
 
 public:
-  using value_type = _Tp;
-
 #    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
 #      ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_OPTIONAL
   using iterator       = __bounded_iter<__wrap_iter<__pointer>>;
@@ -628,18 +625,66 @@ public:
   using iterator       = __wrap_iter<__pointer>;
   using const_iterator = __wrap_iter<__const_pointer>;
 #      endif
+
+  // [optional.iterators], iterator support
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator begin() noexcept {
+    auto& derived_self = static_cast<optional<_Tp>&>(*this);
+#      ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_OPTIONAL
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(
+        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get())),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get())),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get()) + (derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
+#      else
+    return iterator(std::addressof(derived_self.__get()));
+#      endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept {
+    auto& derived_self = static_cast<const optional<_Tp>&>(*this);
+#      ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_OPTIONAL
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(
+        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get())),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get())),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get()) + (derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
+#      else
+    return const_iterator(std::addressof(derived_self.__get()));
+#      endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator end() noexcept {
+    return begin() + (static_cast<optional<_Tp>&>(*this).has_value() ? 1 : 0);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept {
+    return begin() + (static_cast<const optional<_Tp>&>(*this).has_value() ? 1 : 0);
+  }
 #    endif
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_DECLSPEC_EMPTY_BASES optional
+    : private __optional_move_assign_base<_Tp>,
+      private __optional_sfinae_ctor_base_t<_Tp>,
+      private __optional_sfinae_assign_base_t<_Tp>,
+      public __optional_iterator<_Tp> {
+  using __base _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __optional_move_assign_base<_Tp>;
+
+public:
+  using value_type = _Tp;
+
   using __trivially_relocatable _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
       conditional_t<__libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_Tp>::value, optional, void>;
   using __replaceable _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = conditional_t<__is_replaceable_v<_Tp>, optional, void>;
 
 private:
-  // Disable the reference extension using this static assert.
   static_assert(!is_same_v<__remove_cvref_t<value_type>, in_place_t>,
                 "instantiation of optional with in_place_t is ill-formed");
   static_assert(!is_same_v<__remove_cvref_t<value_type>, nullopt_t>,
                 "instantiation of optional with nullopt_t is ill-formed");
-  static_assert(!is_reference_v<value_type>, "instantiation of optional with a reference type is ill-formed");
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  static_assert(!is_rvalue_reference_v<_Tp>, "instantiation of optional with an rvalue reference type is ill-formed");
+#    else
+  static_assert(!is_reference_v<_Tp>, "instantiation of optional with a reference type is ill-formed");
+#    endif
   static_assert(is_destructible_v<value_type>, "instantiation of optional with a non-destructible type is ill-formed");
   static_assert(!is_array_v<value_type>, "instantiation of optional with an array type is ill-formed");
 
@@ -833,34 +878,6 @@ public:
     }
   }
 
-#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
-  // [optional.iterators], iterator support
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator begin() noexcept {
-#      ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_OPTIONAL
-    return std::__make_bounded_iter(
-        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(this->__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(this->__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(this->__get()) + (this->has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
-#      else
-    return iterator(std::addressof(this->__get()));
-#      endif
-  }
-
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept {
-#      ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_OPTIONAL
-    return std::__make_bounded_iter(
-        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(this->__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(this->__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(this->__get()) + (this->has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
-#      else
-    return const_iterator(std::addressof(this->__get()));
-#      endif
-  }
-
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator end() noexcept { return begin() + (this->has_value() ? 1 : 0); }
-  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept { return begin() + (this->has_value() ? 1 : 0); }
-#    endif
-
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<value_type const> operator->() const noexcept {
     _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator-> called on a disengaged value");
     return std::addressof(this->__get());
@@ -920,20 +937,38 @@ public:
     return std::move(this->__get());
   }
 
-  template <class _Up = remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
+  template <class _Up = remove_cv_t<_Tp> = remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_function_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>) &&
+             !(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_array_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>))
+#    endif
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type value_or(_Up&& __v) const& {
     static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<value_type>, "optional<T>::value_or: T must be copy constructible");
     static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, value_type>, "optional<T>::value_or: U must be convertible to T");
     return this->has_value() ? this->__get() : static_cast<value_type>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
   }
 
-  template <class _Up = remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
+  template <class _Up = remove_cv_t<_Tp> = remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+    requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
+#    endif
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type value_or(_Up&& __v) && {
     static_assert(is_move_constructible_v<value_type>, "optional<T>::value_or: T must be move constructible");
     static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, value_type>, "optional<T>::value_or: U must be convertible to T");
     return this->has_value() ? std::move(this->__get()) : static_cast<value_type>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
   }
 
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  template <class _Up = remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
+    requires(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> &&
+             !(is_function_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>> || is_array_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>))
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type value_or(_Up&& __v) && {
+    static_assert(is_move_constructible_v<value_type>, "optional<T>::value_or: T must be move constructible");
+    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, value_type>, "optional<T>::value_or: U must be convertible to T");
+    return this->has_value() ? this->__get() : static_cast<value_type>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
+  }
+#    endif
+
 #    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
   template <class _Func>
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) & {

>From 0828f8612c1579b679b6ef5d4b635b1e827381c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Sat, 23 Aug 2025 00:51:45 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 03/13] Augment tests

---
 .../iterator.compile.pass.cpp                 |   9 +-
 .../value_or.compile.pass.cpp                 |  27 ++++
 .../optional/optional.iterator/begin.pass.cpp |   7 +-
 .../optional/optional.iterator/end.pass.cpp   |   8 +-
 .../optional.iterator/iterator.pass.cpp       |  27 ++--
 .../optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp        |  80 +++++++++++
 .../optional.monadic/or_else.pass.cpp         |  26 ++++
 .../optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp       | 128 ++++++++++++++++--
 .../assign_value.pass.cpp                     |  36 ++++-
 .../optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp   |  25 +++-
 .../optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp      |   4 +
 .../optional.object.ctor/ref_t.pass.cpp       |  40 ++++++
 .../optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp        |   6 +
 .../optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp        |  11 ++
 .../dereference.pass.cpp                      |  14 +-
 .../dereference_const.pass.cpp                |  19 +++
 .../has_value.pass.cpp                        |   9 +-
 .../optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp |  25 ++++
 .../op_arrow_const.pass.cpp                   |  19 +++
 .../optional.object.observe/value.pass.cpp    |   8 ++
 .../optional.object.observe/value_or.pass.cpp |   8 ++
 .../value_or_const.pass.cpp                   |   8 +-
 ...al_requires_destructible_object.verify.cpp |  13 +-
 23 files changed, 519 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_t.pass.cpp

diff --git a/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.compile.pass.cpp
index 3cdd7553e2e5d..472049a91a8d1 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.compile.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@ concept has_iterator_aliases = requires {
 
 static_assert(has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<int>>);
 static_assert(has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<const int>>);
-
-// TODO: Uncomment these once P2988R12 is implemented, as they would be testing optional<T&>
-
-// static_assert(!has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<int (&)[]>>);
-// static_assert(!has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<void (&)(int, char)>>);
+static_assert(has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<int&>>);
+static_assert(has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<const int&>>);
+static_assert(!has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<int(&)[1]>>);
+static_assert(!has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<int(&)()>>);
diff --git a/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..298e2f6f55d4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// REQUIRES: std-at-least-c++26
+
+// <optional>
+
+// template <class U> T optional<T>::value_or(U&&);
+
+#include <optional>
+
+template <typename Opt, typename T>
+concept has_value_or = requires(Opt opt, T&& t) {
+  { opt.value_or(t) } -> std::same_as<T>;
+};
+
+static_assert(has_value_or<std::optional<int>, int>);
+static_assert(has_value_or<std::optional<int&>, int&>);
+static_assert(has_value_or<std::optional<const int&>, const int&>);
+static_assert(!has_value_or<std::optional<int(&)[1]>&&, int(&)[1]>);
+static_assert(!has_value_or<std::optional<int(&)()>&&, int(&)()>);
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/begin.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/begin.pass.cpp
index df95a8df3793f..81234525923a1 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/begin.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/begin.pass.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
 
 template <typename T>
 constexpr bool test() {
-  std::optional<T> opt{T{}};
+  std::remove_reference_t<T> t = std::remove_reference_t<T>{};
+  std::optional<T> opt{t};
 
   { // begin() is marked noexcept
     static_assert(noexcept(opt.begin()));
@@ -53,6 +54,10 @@ constexpr bool tests() {
   assert(test<char>());
   assert(test<const int>());
   assert(test<const char>());
+  assert(test<int&>());
+  assert(test<char&>());
+  assert(test<const int&>());
+  assert(test<const char&>());
   return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/end.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/end.pass.cpp
index 966c3e7441880..c62c9fc7746d6 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/end.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/end.pass.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <iterator>
 #include <optional>
 #include <ranges>
+#include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
 template <typename T>
@@ -41,7 +42,8 @@ constexpr bool test() {
     assert(it2 == std::as_const(disengaged).end());
   }
 
-  std::optional<T> engaged{T{}};
+  std::remove_reference_t<T> t = std::remove_reference_t<T>{};
+  std::optional<T> engaged{t};
 
   { // end() != begin() if the optional is engaged
     auto it  = engaged.end();
@@ -62,6 +64,10 @@ constexpr bool tests() {
   assert(test<char>());
   assert(test<const int>());
   assert(test<const char>());
+  assert(test<int&>());
+  assert(test<char&>());
+  assert(test<const int&>());
+  assert(test<const char&>());
 
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.pass.cpp
index 1203290a0290a..34d0d6b135564 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.pass.cpp
@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
-template <typename T, T __val>
+template <typename T, std::remove_reference_t<T> __val>
 constexpr bool test() {
-  std::optional<T> opt{__val};
+  std::remove_reference_t<T> v{__val};
+  std::optional<T> opt{v};
 
   { // Dereferencing an iterator of an engaged optional will return the same value that the optional holds.
     auto it  = opt.begin();
@@ -41,13 +42,14 @@ constexpr bool test() {
     assert(std::random_access_iterator<decltype(it2)>);
   }
 
-  { // const_iterator::value_type == std::remove_cv_t<T>, const_iterator::reference == const T&, iterator::value_type = std::remove_cv_t<T>, iterator::reference == T&
+  { // const_iterator::value_type == std::remove_cvref_t<T>, const_iterator::reference == const T&, iterator::value_type = std::remove_cvref_t<T>, iterator::reference == T&
+    // std::remove_cv_t is impossible for optional<T&>
     auto it  = opt.begin();
     auto it2 = std::as_const(opt).begin();
-    assert((std::is_same_v<typename decltype(it)::value_type, std::remove_cv_t<T>>));
-    assert((std::is_same_v<typename decltype(it)::reference, T&>));
-    assert((std::is_same_v<typename decltype(it2)::value_type, std::remove_cv_t<T>>));
-    assert((std::is_same_v<typename decltype(it2)::reference, const T&>));
+    assert((std::is_same_v<typename decltype(it)::value_type, std::remove_cvref_t<T>>));
+    assert((std::is_same_v<typename decltype(it)::reference, std::remove_reference_t<T>&>));
+    assert((std::is_same_v<typename decltype(it2)::value_type, std::remove_cvref_t<T>>));
+    assert((std::is_same_v<typename decltype(it2)::reference, const std::remove_reference_t<T>&>));
   }
 
   { // std::ranges::size for an engaged optional<T> == 1, disengaged optional<T> == 0
@@ -68,13 +70,13 @@ constexpr bool test() {
   // An optional with value that is reset will have a begin() == end(), then when it is reassigned a value,
   // begin() != end(), and *begin() will contain the new value.
   {
-    std::optional<T> val{__val};
+    std::optional<T> val{v};
     assert(val.begin() != val.end());
     val.reset();
     assert(val.begin() == val.end());
-    val.emplace(__val);
+    val.emplace(v);
     assert(val.begin() != val.end());
-    assert(*(val.begin()) == __val);
+    assert(*(val.begin()) == v);
   }
 
   return true;
@@ -86,6 +88,11 @@ constexpr bool tests() {
   assert((test<bool, true>()));
   assert((test<const int, 2>()));
   assert((test<const char, 'b'>()));
+  assert((test<int&, 1>()));
+  assert((test<char&, 'a'>()));
+  assert((test<bool&, true>()));
+  assert((test<const int&, 2>()));
+  assert((test<const char&, 'b'>()));
 
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
index 97305d976e066..3d945e437151e 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
@@ -257,8 +257,88 @@ constexpr bool test() {
   return true;
 }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  // Test & overload
+  {
+    // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int j = 42;
+      std::optional<int&> i{j};
+      assert(i.and_then(LVal{}) == 1);
+      assert(i.and_then(NOLVal{}) == std::nullopt);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(LVal{})), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+
+    //With & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int j = 42;
+      std::optional<int&> i{j};
+      RefQual l{};
+      assert(i.and_then(l) == 1);
+      NORefQual nl{};
+      assert(i.and_then(nl) == std::nullopt);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(l)), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Test const& overload
+  {
+    // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int j = 42;
+      std::optional<const int&> i{j};
+      assert(i.and_then(CLVal{}) == 1);
+      assert(i.and_then(NOCLVal{}) == std::nullopt);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(CLVal{})), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+
+    //With & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int j = 42;
+      const std::optional<int&> i{j};
+      const CRefQual l{};
+      assert(i.and_then(l) == 1);
+      const NOCRefQual nl{};
+      assert(i.and_then(nl) == std::nullopt);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(l)), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Test && overload
+  {
+
+    //With & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int j = 42;
+      std::optional<int&> i{j};
+      assert(i.and_then(RVRefQual{}) == 1);
+      assert(i.and_then(NORVRefQual{}) == std::nullopt);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(RVRefQual{})), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Test const&& overload
+  {
+    //With & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int j = 42;
+      const std::optional<int&> i{j};
+      const RVCRefQual l{};
+      assert(i.and_then(std::move(l)) == 1);
+      const NORVCRefQual nl{};
+      assert(i.and_then(std::move(nl)) == std::nullopt);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(std::move(l))), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+#endif
+
 int main(int, char**) {
   test();
   static_assert(test());
+  test_ref();
+  static_assert(test_ref());
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/or_else.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/or_else.pass.cpp
index ccc94ab9be2cb..de0a67c1579ee 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/or_else.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/or_else.pass.cpp
@@ -62,6 +62,32 @@ constexpr bool test() {
       return std::optional<MoveOnly>{};
     });
   }
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+  {
+    int i = 2;
+    std::optional<int&> opt;
+    assert(opt.or_else([&] { return std::optional<int&>{i}; }) == i);
+    int j = 3;
+    opt   = j;
+    opt.or_else([] {
+      assert(false);
+      return std::optional<int&>{};
+    });
+    assert(opt == j);
+  }
+  {
+    int i = 2;
+    std::optional<int&> opt;
+    assert(std::move(opt).or_else([&] { return std::optional<int&>{i}; }) == i);
+    int j = 3;
+    opt   = j;
+    std::move(opt).or_else([] {
+      assert(false);
+      return std::optional<int&>{};
+    });
+    assert(opt == j);
+  }
+#endif
 
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
index 0a151517b101c..0d14ceb3bda8c 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
@@ -19,60 +19,61 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <optional>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
 
 struct LVal {
   constexpr int operator()(int&) { return 1; }
-  int operator()(const int&) = delete;
-  int operator()(int&&) = delete;
+  int operator()(const int&)  = delete;
+  int operator()(int&&)       = delete;
   int operator()(const int&&) = delete;
 };
 
 struct CLVal {
   int operator()(int&) = delete;
   constexpr int operator()(const int&) { return 1; }
-  int operator()(int&&) = delete;
+  int operator()(int&&)       = delete;
   int operator()(const int&&) = delete;
 };
 
 struct RVal {
-  int operator()(int&) = delete;
+  int operator()(int&)       = delete;
   int operator()(const int&) = delete;
   constexpr int operator()(int&&) { return 1; }
   int operator()(const int&&) = delete;
 };
 
 struct CRVal {
-  int operator()(int&) = delete;
+  int operator()(int&)       = delete;
   int operator()(const int&) = delete;
-  int operator()(int&&) = delete;
+  int operator()(int&&)      = delete;
   constexpr int operator()(const int&&) { return 1; }
 };
 
 struct RefQual {
   constexpr int operator()(int) & { return 1; }
-  int operator()(int) const& = delete;
-  int operator()(int) && = delete;
+  int operator()(int) const&  = delete;
+  int operator()(int) &&      = delete;
   int operator()(int) const&& = delete;
 };
 
 struct CRefQual {
   int operator()(int) & = delete;
   constexpr int operator()(int) const& { return 1; }
-  int operator()(int) && = delete;
+  int operator()(int) &&      = delete;
   int operator()(int) const&& = delete;
 };
 
 struct RVRefQual {
-  int operator()(int) & = delete;
+  int operator()(int) &      = delete;
   int operator()(int) const& = delete;
   constexpr int operator()(int) && { return 1; }
   int operator()(int) const&& = delete;
 };
 
 struct RVCRefQual {
-  int operator()(int) & = delete;
+  int operator()(int) &      = delete;
   int operator()(int) const& = delete;
-  int operator()(int) && = delete;
+  int operator()(int) &&     = delete;
   constexpr int operator()(int) const&& { return 1; }
 };
 
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ struct NoCopy {
 };
 
 struct NoMove {
-  NoMove() = default;
+  NoMove()         = default;
   NoMove(NoMove&&) = delete;
   NoMove operator()(const NoCopy&&) { return NoMove{}; }
 };
@@ -200,8 +201,109 @@ constexpr bool test() {
   return true;
 }
 
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+  {
+    std::optional<int&> opt1;
+    auto opt1r = opt1.transform([](int i) { return i + 2; });
+    assert(!opt1);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt1r), std::optional<int>);
+  }
+
+  {
+    int i = 42;
+    std::optional<int&> opt{i};
+    auto o2 = opt.transform([](int j) { return j + 2; });
+    assert(*o2 == 44);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o2), std::optional<int>);
+  }
+  // Test & overload
+  {
+    // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int i = 42;
+      std::optional<int&> opt{i};
+      auto o3 = opt.transform(LVal{});
+      assert(*o3 == 1);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+
+    //With & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int i = 42;
+      std::optional<int&> opt{i};
+      RefQual l{};
+      auto o3 = opt.transform(l);
+      assert(*o3 == 1);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+  }
+  // const& overload
+  { 
+    // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int i = 42;
+      std::optional<const int&> opt{i};
+      auto o3 = std::as_const(opt).transform(CLVal{});
+      assert(*o3 == 1);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+
+    //With & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int i = 42;
+      const std::optional<int&> opt{i};
+      const CRefQual l{};
+      auto o3 = opt.transform(l);
+      assert(*o3 == 1);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Test && overload
+  {
+    // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int i = 42;
+      std::optional<int> opt{i};
+      auto o3 = std::move(opt).transform(RVal{});
+      assert(*o3 == 1);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+
+    //With & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int i = 42;
+      std::optional<int&> opt{i};
+      auto o3 = std::move(opt).transform(RVRefQual{});
+      assert(*o3 == 1);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // const&& overload
+  {
+    //With & qualifier on F's operator()
+    {
+      int i = 42;
+      std::optional<int&> opt{i};
+      const RVCRefQual rvc{};
+      auto o3 = opt.transform(std::move(rvc));
+      assert(*o3 == 1);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    std::optional<int&> o6 = std::nullopt;
+    auto o6r               = o6.transform([](int) { return 42; });
+    assert(!o6r);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
 int main(int, char**) {
   test();
   static_assert(test());
+  test_ref();
+  static_assert(test_ref());
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp
index eaca111b72dca..d633f91dc6fa5 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp
@@ -250,6 +250,37 @@ constexpr T pr38638(T v)
   return *o + 2;
 }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+
+template <typename T, std::remove_reference_t<T> _Val>
+constexpr void test_with_ref() {
+  T t{_Val};
+  { // to empty
+    optional<T&> opt;
+    opt = t;
+    assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == true);
+    assert(*opt == t);
+  }
+  { // to existing
+    optional<T&> opt{t};
+    opt = t;
+    assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == true);
+    assert(*opt == t);
+  }
+  { // test default argument
+    optional<T&> opt;
+    opt = {t};
+    assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == true);
+    assert(*opt == t);
+  }
+  { // test default argument
+    optional<T&> opt{t};
+    opt = {};
+    assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == false);
+  }
+}
+#endif 
+
 
 int main(int, char**)
 {
@@ -281,5 +312,8 @@ int main(int, char**)
 
     static_assert(pr38638(3) == 5, "");
 
-  return 0;
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    test_with_ref<int, 3>();
+#endif
+    return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp
index 245d8ff3d2146..1c921f74946ec 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp
@@ -221,6 +221,24 @@ TEST_CONSTEXPR_CXX20 bool test_empty_emplace() {
   return true;
 }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+template <class T, std::remove_reference_t<T> _Val>
+constexpr bool test_ref() {
+    using Opt = std::optional<T&>;
+    T t{_Val};
+    {
+        Opt opt;
+        auto & v = opt.emplace(t);
+        static_assert(std::is_same_v<T&, decltype(v)>, "");
+        assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == true);
+        assert(*opt == t);
+        assert(&v == &*opt);
+        assert(&t == &*opt);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+#endif 
+
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     {
@@ -291,6 +309,11 @@ int main(int, char**)
         }
     }
 #endif
-
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    static_assert(test_ref<int, 1>());
+    static_assert(test_ref<double, 15.0>());
+    assert((test_ref<int, 1>()));
+    assert((test_ref<double, 15.0>()));
+#endif 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp
index 775d2bde7d13d..a484a26f45c0d 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,11 @@ struct NonDestructible { ~NonDestructible() = delete; };
 int main(int, char**)
 {
     {
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    std::optional<int&&> opt2;         // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with an rvalue reference type is ill-formed}}
+#else     
     std::optional<char &> o1;          // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with a reference type is ill-formed}}
+#endif 
     std::optional<NonDestructible> o2; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with a non-destructible type is ill-formed}}
     std::optional<char[20]> o3;        // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with an array type is ill-formed}}
     }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_t.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_t.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e3d225a8201bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_t.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// REQUIRES: std-at-least-c++26
+
+// <optional>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <optional>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+template <typename RefType, std::remove_reference_t<RefType> _Val>
+constexpr bool test() {
+  std::remove_reference_t<RefType> item{_Val};
+  std::optional<RefType> opt{item};
+
+  {
+    assert(*opt == item);
+    assert(&(*opt) == &item);
+  }
+  {
+    assert(*std::as_const(opt) == item);  
+    assert(&(*std::as_const(opt)) == &item);  
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  static_assert((test<int&, 1>()));
+  static_assert((test<double&, 1.0>()));
+  assert((test<int&, 1>()));
+  assert((test<double&, 1.0>()));
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp
index c0044276ea9ad..cb9f757c2cc9b 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp
@@ -65,5 +65,11 @@ int main(int, char**)
         assert(X::dtor_called == true);
     }
 
+    {
+        typedef int& T;
+        static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value, "");
+        static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<optional<T>>::value, "");
+    }
+
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp
index 7029b37cbecd7..e633e3f1d8f37 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp
@@ -69,5 +69,16 @@ int main(int, char**)
         X::dtor_called = false;
     }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+      X x{};
+      optional<X&> opt(x);
+      X::dtor_called = false;
+      opt.reset();
+      assert(X::dtor_called == false);
+      assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == false);
+    }
+#endif 
+
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference.pass.cpp
index 49b4d21a28066..6c1bf8aa15a8d 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference.pass.cpp
@@ -50,7 +50,19 @@ int main(int, char**)
         optional<X> opt(X{});
         assert((*opt).test() == 4);
     }
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+      X x{};
+      optional<X&> opt(x);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), X&);
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
+    }
+    {
+      X x{};
+      optional<X&> opt(x);
+      assert((*opt).test() == 4);
+    }
+#endif
     static_assert(test() == 7, "");
-
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
index ff86d9534faf6..cbeb0c9e288e1 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
@@ -43,6 +43,25 @@ int main(int, char**)
         constexpr optional<X> opt(X{});
         static_assert((*opt).test() == 3, "");
     }
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+        X x{};
+        const optional<X&> opt{x};
+        ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), X&);
+        ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
+    }
+    {
+        X x{};
+        const optional<const X&> opt{x};
+        ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), const X&);
+        ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
+    }
+    {
+        static constexpr X x{};
+        constexpr optional<const X&> opt(x);
+        static_assert((*opt).test() == 3, "");
+    }
+#endif
     {
         constexpr optional<Y> opt(Y{});
         assert((*opt).test() == 2);
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/has_value.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/has_value.pass.cpp
index 6998e023022c5..038de500070fb 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/has_value.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/has_value.pass.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,13 @@ int main(int, char**)
         constexpr optional<int> opt(0);
         static_assert(opt.has_value(), "");
     }
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+      static constexpr int i = 0;
+      constexpr optional<const int&> opt{i};
+      static_assert(opt.has_value(), "");
+    }
+#endif
 
-  return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp
index 2b5fba546ef42..ab5998feede3e 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ using std::optional;
 struct X
 {
     int test() noexcept {return 3;}
+    int test() const noexcept {return 3;}
 };
 
 struct Y
@@ -47,6 +48,30 @@ int main(int, char**)
         optional<X> opt(X{});
         assert(opt->test() == 3);
     }
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+      X x{};
+      std::optional<X&> opt(x);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt.operator->()), X*);
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt.operator->());
+    }
+    {
+      X x{};
+      std::optional<const X&> opt(x);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt.operator->()), const X*);
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt.operator->());
+    }
+    {
+      X x{};
+      optional<X&> opt{x};
+      assert(opt->test() == 3);
+    }
+    {
+      X x{};
+      optional<const X&> opt{x};
+      assert(opt->test() == 3);
+    }
+#endif
     {
         static_assert(test() == 3, "");
     }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow_const.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow_const.pass.cpp
index d8ce932bd7810..5154679cb6435 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow_const.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow_const.pass.cpp
@@ -54,6 +54,25 @@ int main(int, char**)
         constexpr optional<Z> opt(Z{});
         static_assert(opt->test() == 1, "");
     }
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+      X x{};
+      const std::optional<X&> opt(x);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt.operator->()), X*);
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt.operator->());
+    }
+    {
+      X x{};
+      const std::optional<const X&> opt(x);
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt.operator->()), const X*);
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(opt.operator->());
+    }
+    {
+      static constexpr Z z{};
+      constexpr optional<const Z&> opt(z);
+      static_assert(opt->test() == 1, "");
+    }
+#endif
 
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value.pass.cpp
index 781784c6806a4..22b74f5512d53 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value.pass.cpp
@@ -56,6 +56,14 @@ int main(int, char**)
         opt.emplace();
         assert(opt.value().test() == 4);
     }
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+      X x;
+      optional<X&> opt{x};
+      ASSERT_NOT_NOEXCEPT(opt.value());
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt.value()), X&);
+    }
+#endif
 #ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
     {
         optional<X> opt;
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.pass.cpp
index 8c063ae1a799c..66890ff9c9b91 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.pass.cpp
@@ -80,6 +80,14 @@ constexpr int test()
       assert((std::move(opt).value_or({2, 3}) == Z{2, 3}));
       assert(!opt);
     }
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+      int y = 2;
+      optional<int&> opt;
+      assert(std::move(opt).value_or(y) == 2);
+      assert(!opt);
+    }
+#endif
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or_const.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or_const.pass.cpp
index ec42890a3b995..133e993aadeb0 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or_const.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or_const.pass.cpp
@@ -79,6 +79,12 @@ int main(int, char**)
       const optional<X> opt;
       assert(opt.value_or({Y(3)}) == 4);
     }
-
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+    {
+        X y{3};
+        const optional<X&> opt;
+        assert(opt.value_or(y) == 3);
+    }
+#endif 
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional_requires_destructible_object.verify.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional_requires_destructible_object.verify.cpp
index a96c3c648f939..d226695d3109f 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional_requires_destructible_object.verify.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional_requires_destructible_object.verify.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 
 #include <optional>
 
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
 using std::optional;
 
 struct X
@@ -25,9 +27,14 @@ int main(int, char**)
 {
     using std::optional;
     {
-        // expected-error-re at optional:* 2 {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with a reference type is ill-formed}}
-        optional<int&> opt1;
-        optional<int&&> opt2;
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
+      // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with an rvalue reference type is ill-formed}}
+      optional<int&&> opt2;
+#else
+      // expected-error-re at optional:* 2 {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with a reference type is ill-formed}}
+      optional<int&> opt1;
+      optional<int&&> opt2;
+#endif
     }
     {
         // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with a non-destructible type is ill-formed}}

>From ffa3d0ca1ee5a7770c0d4c9883bf8a4863860044 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 23:29:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 04/13] formatting

---
 libcxx/include/optional | 21 +++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/include/optional b/libcxx/include/optional
index 2c94a4a34da8c..d0db97f0660d9 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/optional
+++ b/libcxx/include/optional
@@ -628,26 +628,27 @@ public:
 
   // [optional.iterators], iterator support
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator begin() noexcept {
-    auto& derived_self = static_cast<optional<_Tp>&>(*this);
+    auto& __derived_self = static_cast<optional<_Tp>&>(*this);
 #      ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_OPTIONAL
     return std::__make_bounded_iter(
-        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get()) + (derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
+        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get())),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get())),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get()) + (__derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
 #      else
-    return iterator(std::addressof(derived_self.__get()));
+    return iterator(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get()));
 #      endif
   }
 
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept {
-    auto& derived_self = static_cast<const optional<_Tp>&>(*this);
+    auto& __derived_self = static_cast<const optional<_Tp>&>(*this);
 #      ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_OPTIONAL
     return std::__make_bounded_iter(
-        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(derived_self.__get()) + (derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
+        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get())),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get())),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(
+            std::addressof(__derived_self.__get()) + (__derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
 #      else
-    return const_iterator(std::addressof(derived_self.__get()));
+    return const_iterator(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get()));
 #      endif
   }
 

>From fb85642b9c4a9c3db02b1fd5ffbcf127c695f022 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:03:37 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 05/13] Forgot to gate a test

---
 .../optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp      | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp
index cb9f757c2cc9b..f9744ae0cbd84 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 
 // ~optional();
 
+#include <cassert>
 #include <optional>
 #include <type_traits>
-#include <cassert>
 
 #include "test_macros.h"
 
@@ -64,12 +64,12 @@ int main(int, char**)
         }
         assert(X::dtor_called == true);
     }
-
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
     {
         typedef int& T;
         static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value, "");
         static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<optional<T>>::value, "");
     }
-
+#endif 
   return 0;
 }

>From a3fee25656fef59dd19106d8e54dd8141e99b897 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:32:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 06/13] Update generated files

---
 libcxx/include/version                                       | 5 ++++-
 .../support.limits.general/optional.version.compile.pass.cpp | 4 ++--
 .../support.limits.general/version.version.compile.pass.cpp  | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/include/version b/libcxx/include/version
index 16917a3bd9ddd..11d2ce33d876c 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/version
+++ b/libcxx/include/version
@@ -184,7 +184,8 @@ __cpp_lib_nonmember_container_access                    201411L <array> <deque>
 __cpp_lib_not_fn                                        202306L <functional>
                                                         201603L // C++17
 __cpp_lib_null_iterators                                201304L <iterator>
-__cpp_lib_optional                                      202110L <optional>
+__cpp_lib_optional                                      202506L <optional>
+                                                        202110L // C++23
                                                         202106L // C++20
                                                         201606L // C++17
 __cpp_lib_optional_range_support                        202406L <optional>
@@ -585,6 +586,8 @@ __cpp_lib_void_t                                        201411L <type_traits>
 # define __cpp_lib_mdspan                               202406L
 # undef  __cpp_lib_not_fn
 # define __cpp_lib_not_fn                               202306L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_optional
+# define __cpp_lib_optional                             202506L
 # define __cpp_lib_optional_range_support               202406L
 # undef  __cpp_lib_out_ptr
 # define __cpp_lib_out_ptr                              202311L
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/language.support/support.limits/support.limits.general/optional.version.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/language.support/support.limits/support.limits.general/optional.version.compile.pass.cpp
index aca6290f5a4bf..c4e652979a4e6 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/language.support/support.limits/support.limits.general/optional.version.compile.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/language.support/support.limits/support.limits.general/optional.version.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@
 #  ifndef __cpp_lib_optional
 #    error "__cpp_lib_optional should be defined in c++26"
 #  endif
-#  if __cpp_lib_optional != 202110L
-#    error "__cpp_lib_optional should have the value 202110L in c++26"
+#  if __cpp_lib_optional != 202506L
+#    error "__cpp_lib_optional should have the value 202506L in c++26"
 #  endif
 
 #  ifndef __cpp_lib_optional_range_support
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/language.support/support.limits/support.limits.general/version.version.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/language.support/support.limits/support.limits.general/version.version.compile.pass.cpp
index cde2f258b7732..031cf20766279 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/language.support/support.limits/support.limits.general/version.version.compile.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/language.support/support.limits/support.limits.general/version.version.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -7433,8 +7433,8 @@
 #  ifndef __cpp_lib_optional
 #    error "__cpp_lib_optional should be defined in c++26"
 #  endif
-#  if __cpp_lib_optional != 202110L
-#    error "__cpp_lib_optional should have the value 202110L in c++26"
+#  if __cpp_lib_optional != 202506L
+#    error "__cpp_lib_optional should have the value 202506L in c++26"
 #  endif
 
 #  ifndef __cpp_lib_optional_range_support

>From 846429ea7ab3d4823a699b0c0bb926eac5d17834 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:41:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 07/13] Formatting

---
 .../iterator.compile.pass.cpp                 |  4 +--
 .../value_or.compile.pass.cpp                 |  4 +--
 .../optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp        |  1 -
 .../optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp       |  2 +-
 .../assign_value.pass.cpp                     |  3 +-
 .../optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp   | 30 +++++++++----------
 .../optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp      | 24 ++++++++-------
 .../optional.object.ctor/ref_t.pass.cpp       |  4 +--
 .../optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp        | 10 +++----
 .../optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp        |  4 +--
 .../dereference_const.pass.cpp                | 22 +++++++-------
 .../optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp |  7 ++---
 .../value_or_const.pass.cpp                   | 10 +++----
 13 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.compile.pass.cpp
index 472049a91a8d1..b604579e43557 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.compile.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.iterator/iterator.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -25,5 +25,5 @@ static_assert(has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<int>>);
 static_assert(has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<const int>>);
 static_assert(has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<int&>>);
 static_assert(has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<const int&>>);
-static_assert(!has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<int(&)[1]>>);
-static_assert(!has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<int(&)()>>);
+static_assert(!has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<int (&)[1]>>);
+static_assert(!has_iterator_aliases<std::optional<int (&)()>>);
diff --git a/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
index 298e2f6f55d4d..7c2c9bc2360c5 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@ concept has_value_or = requires(Opt opt, T&& t) {
 static_assert(has_value_or<std::optional<int>, int>);
 static_assert(has_value_or<std::optional<int&>, int&>);
 static_assert(has_value_or<std::optional<const int&>, const int&>);
-static_assert(!has_value_or<std::optional<int(&)[1]>&&, int(&)[1]>);
-static_assert(!has_value_or<std::optional<int(&)()>&&, int(&)()>);
+static_assert(!has_value_or<std::optional<int (&)[1]>&&, int (&)[1]>);
+static_assert(!has_value_or<std::optional<int (&)()>&&, int (&)()>);
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
index 3d945e437151e..310ae1609faed 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
@@ -304,7 +304,6 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
       ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(l)), std::optional<int>);
     }
   }
-
   // Test && overload
   {
 
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
index 0d14ceb3bda8c..2faf58f798553 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     }
   }
   // const& overload
-  { 
+  {
     // Without & qualifier on F's operator()
     {
       int i = 42;
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp
index d633f91dc6fa5..dda461e89e48e 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/assign_value.pass.cpp
@@ -279,8 +279,7 @@ constexpr void test_with_ref() {
     assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == false);
   }
 }
-#endif 
-
+#endif
 
 int main(int, char**)
 {
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp
index 1c921f74946ec..69709a07616a4 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.assign/emplace.pass.cpp
@@ -224,20 +224,20 @@ TEST_CONSTEXPR_CXX20 bool test_empty_emplace() {
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
 template <class T, std::remove_reference_t<T> _Val>
 constexpr bool test_ref() {
-    using Opt = std::optional<T&>;
-    T t{_Val};
-    {
-        Opt opt;
-        auto & v = opt.emplace(t);
-        static_assert(std::is_same_v<T&, decltype(v)>, "");
-        assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == true);
-        assert(*opt == t);
-        assert(&v == &*opt);
-        assert(&t == &*opt);
-    }
-    return true;
+  using Opt = std::optional<T&>;
+  T t{_Val};
+  {
+    Opt opt;
+    auto& v = opt.emplace(t);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<T&, decltype(v)>, "");
+    assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == true);
+    assert(*opt == t);
+    assert(&v == &*opt);
+    assert(&t == &*opt);
+  }
+  return true;
 }
-#endif 
+#endif
 
 int main(int, char**)
 {
@@ -314,6 +314,6 @@ int main(int, char**)
     static_assert(test_ref<double, 15.0>());
     assert((test_ref<int, 1>()));
     assert((test_ref<double, 15.0>()));
-#endif 
-  return 0;
+#endif
+    return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp
index a484a26f45c0d..ccbd24f6d8808 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp
@@ -23,17 +23,21 @@ struct NonDestructible { ~NonDestructible() = delete; };
 
 int main(int, char**)
 {
-    {
+  {
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
-    std::optional<int&&> opt2;         // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with an rvalue reference type is ill-formed}}
-#else     
-    std::optional<char &> o1;          // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with a reference type is ill-formed}}
-#endif 
-    std::optional<NonDestructible> o2; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with a non-destructible type is ill-formed}}
-    std::optional<char[20]> o3;        // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with an array type is ill-formed}}
-    }
-
-    {
+    std::optional<int&&>
+        opt2; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with an rvalue reference type is ill-formed}}
+#else
+    std::optional<char&>
+        o1; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with a reference type is ill-formed}}
+#endif
+    std::optional<NonDestructible>
+        o2; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with a non-destructible type is ill-formed}}
+    std::optional<char[20]>
+        o3; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with an array type is ill-formed}}
+  }
+
+  {
     std::optional<               std::in_place_t> o1; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with in_place_t is ill-formed}}
     std::optional<const          std::in_place_t> o2; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with in_place_t is ill-formed}}
     std::optional<      volatile std::in_place_t> o3; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with in_place_t is ill-formed}}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_t.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_t.pass.cpp
index e3d225a8201bc..3ef41f6784615 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_t.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ref_t.pass.cpp
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ constexpr bool test() {
     assert(&(*opt) == &item);
   }
   {
-    assert(*std::as_const(opt) == item);  
-    assert(&(*std::as_const(opt)) == &item);  
+    assert(*std::as_const(opt) == item);
+    assert(&(*std::as_const(opt)) == &item);
   }
 
   return true;
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp
index f9744ae0cbd84..a14e2dc21649a 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.dtor/dtor.pass.cpp
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ int main(int, char**)
     }
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
     {
-        typedef int& T;
-        static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value, "");
-        static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<optional<T>>::value, "");
+      typedef int& T;
+      static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value, "");
+      static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<optional<T>>::value, "");
     }
-#endif 
-  return 0;
+#endif
+    return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp
index e633e3f1d8f37..e23e481f6a05d 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.mod/reset.pass.cpp
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
       assert(X::dtor_called == false);
       assert(static_cast<bool>(opt) == false);
     }
-#endif 
+#endif
 
-  return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
index cbeb0c9e288e1..d2ebafbc3adbb 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/dereference_const.pass.cpp
@@ -45,21 +45,21 @@ int main(int, char**)
     }
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
     {
-        X x{};
-        const optional<X&> opt{x};
-        ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), X&);
-        ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
+      X x{};
+      const optional<X&> opt{x};
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), X&);
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
     }
     {
-        X x{};
-        const optional<const X&> opt{x};
-        ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), const X&);
-        ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
+      X x{};
+      const optional<const X&> opt{x};
+      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(*opt), const X&);
+      ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(*opt);
     }
     {
-        static constexpr X x{};
-        constexpr optional<const X&> opt(x);
-        static_assert((*opt).test() == 3, "");
+      static constexpr X x{};
+      constexpr optional<const X&> opt(x);
+      static_assert((*opt).test() == 3, "");
     }
 #endif
     {
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp
index ab5998feede3e..96d22743ac7fe 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/op_arrow.pass.cpp
@@ -19,10 +19,9 @@
 
 using std::optional;
 
-struct X
-{
-    int test() noexcept {return 3;}
-    int test() const noexcept {return 3;}
+struct X {
+  int test() noexcept { return 3; }
+  int test() const noexcept { return 3; }
 };
 
 struct Y
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or_const.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or_const.pass.cpp
index 133e993aadeb0..6bd308b405605 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or_const.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or_const.pass.cpp
@@ -81,10 +81,10 @@ int main(int, char**)
     }
 #if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
     {
-        X y{3};
-        const optional<X&> opt;
-        assert(opt.value_or(y) == 3);
+      X y{3};
+      const optional<X&> opt;
+      assert(opt.value_or(y) == 3);
     }
-#endif 
-  return 0;
+#endif
+    return 0;
 }

>From 5cee3e44be0339e1faf1d669d226e7f9860b966f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 00:00:50 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 08/13] Remove nullptr dereference in iterator

---
 libcxx/include/optional | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/include/optional b/libcxx/include/optional
index d0db97f0660d9..309f09a6f028a 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/optional
+++ b/libcxx/include/optional
@@ -629,26 +629,39 @@ public:
   // [optional.iterators], iterator support
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator begin() noexcept {
     auto& __derived_self = static_cast<optional<_Tp>&>(*this);
+    auto __ptr = [&__derived_self]() {
+      if constexpr (is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>) {        
+        return __derived_self.has_value() ? std::addressof(__derived_self.__get()) : nullptr;
+      }
+      return std::addressof(__derived_self.__get());
+    }();
+
 #      ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_OPTIONAL
     return std::__make_bounded_iter(
-        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get()) + (__derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
+        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(__ptr),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(__ptr),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(__ptr) + (__derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
 #      else
-    return iterator(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get()));
+    return iterator(__ptr);
 #      endif
   }
 
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept {
     auto& __derived_self = static_cast<const optional<_Tp>&>(*this);
+    auto* __ptr          = [&__derived_self]() {
+      if constexpr (is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>) {
+        return __derived_self.has_value() ? std::addressof(__derived_self.__get()) : nullptr;
+      }
+      return std::addressof(__derived_self.__get());
+    }();
+
 #      ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_OPTIONAL
     return std::__make_bounded_iter(
-        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get())),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(
-            std::addressof(__derived_self.__get()) + (__derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
+        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(__ptr),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(__ptr),
+        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(__ptr) + (__derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
 #      else
-    return const_iterator(std::addressof(__derived_self.__get()));
+    return const_iterator(__ptr);
 #      endif
   }
 

>From a5cded6b0804c373c8430fe8dfa16f03cd242656 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 18:58:44 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 09/13] Left in an extraneous paren

---
 libcxx/include/optional | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/include/optional b/libcxx/include/optional
index 309f09a6f028a..5020b9074017c 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/optional
+++ b/libcxx/include/optional
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ public:
     return std::__make_bounded_iter(
         std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(__ptr),
         std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(__ptr),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(__ptr) + (__derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
+        std::__wrap_iter<__pointer>(__ptr) + (__derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0));
 #      else
     return iterator(__ptr);
 #      endif
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ public:
     return std::__make_bounded_iter(
         std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(__ptr),
         std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(__ptr),
-        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(__ptr) + (__derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0)));
+        std::__wrap_iter<__const_pointer>(__ptr) + (__derived_self.has_value() ? 1 : 0));
 #      else
     return const_iterator(__ptr);
 #      endif

>From f27f4a6738e9d8bb3f3206a67af3f9e6dacd909f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Wed, 24 Sep 2025 19:04:30 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 10/13] Python formatting

---
 libcxx/utils/generate_feature_test_macro_components.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/utils/generate_feature_test_macro_components.py b/libcxx/utils/generate_feature_test_macro_components.py
index acee825e067c4..2405a38055c6f 100644
--- a/libcxx/utils/generate_feature_test_macro_components.py
+++ b/libcxx/utils/generate_feature_test_macro_components.py
@@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ def add_version_header(tc):
                 "c++17": 201606,
                 "c++20": 202106,  # P2231R1 Missing constexpr in std::optional and std::variant
                 "c++23": 202110,  # P0798R8 Monadic operations for std::optional + LWG3621 Remove feature-test macro __cpp_lib_monadic_optional
-                "c++26": 202506   # P2988R12: std::optional<T&>
+                "c++26": 202506,  # P2988R12: std::optional<T&>
             },
             "headers": ["optional"],
         },

>From 6638fbcacc823c7dfb2052866eddeb1416acbbcb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Wed, 24 Sep 2025 19:08:36 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 11/13] Fix merge oops

---
 libcxx/include/optional | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/include/optional b/libcxx/include/optional
index 5020b9074017c..7559ce691b64a 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/optional
+++ b/libcxx/include/optional
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ public:
     return std::move(this->__get());
   }
 
-  template <class _Up = remove_cv_t<_Tp> = remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
+  template <class _Up = remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
 #    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
     requires(!(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_function_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>) &&
              !(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> && is_array_v<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>>))
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ public:
     return this->has_value() ? this->__get() : static_cast<value_type>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
   }
 
-  template <class _Up = remove_cv_t<_Tp> = remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
+  template <class _Up = remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
 #    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
     requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>)
 #    endif

>From dc7f0973dd7c98d9c4e0edafd2e99ee6c8362c3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Wed, 24 Sep 2025 19:21:26 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 12/13] Formatting and include

---
 libcxx/include/optional                                       | 4 ++--
 .../optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp         | 1 +
 .../std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp | 1 -
 .../optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp      | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/include/optional b/libcxx/include/optional
index 7559ce691b64a..d3ccf788755a8 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/optional
+++ b/libcxx/include/optional
@@ -629,8 +629,8 @@ public:
   // [optional.iterators], iterator support
   _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator begin() noexcept {
     auto& __derived_self = static_cast<optional<_Tp>&>(*this);
-    auto __ptr = [&__derived_self]() {
-      if constexpr (is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>) {        
+    auto __ptr           = [&__derived_self]() {
+      if constexpr (is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>) {
         return __derived_self.has_value() ? std::addressof(__derived_self.__get()) : nullptr;
       }
       return std::addressof(__derived_self.__get());
diff --git a/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
index 7c2c9bc2360c5..25df0dd6c1936 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/libcxx/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.observe/value_or.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 // template <class U> T optional<T>::value_or(U&&);
 
+#include <concepts>
 #include <optional>
 
 template <typename Opt, typename T>
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
index 310ae1609faed..1630fadc7e381 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
@@ -306,7 +306,6 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
   }
   // Test && overload
   {
-
     //With & qualifier on F's operator()
     {
       int j = 42;
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp
index ccbd24f6d8808..c5281783d4350 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.object/optional.object.ctor/ctor.verify.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ int main(int, char**)
     std::optional<const          std::in_place_t> o2; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with in_place_t is ill-formed}}
     std::optional<      volatile std::in_place_t> o3; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with in_place_t is ill-formed}}
     std::optional<const volatile std::in_place_t> o4; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with in_place_t is ill-formed}}
-    }
+  }
 
     {
     std::optional<               std::nullopt_t> o1; // expected-error-re at optional:* {{static assertion failed{{.*}}instantiation of optional with nullopt_t is ill-formed}}

>From a5e5e0915810a140ac2e1bf945dcf8adb43f9b91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: William Tran-Viet <wtranviet at proton.me>
Date: Wed, 24 Sep 2025 23:52:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 13/13] Gate ref tests, use std::same_as suggestion

---
 .../optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp        | 33 ++++++++++------
 .../optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp       | 39 ++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
index 1630fadc7e381..133eed4a606bb 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/and_then.pass.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 // template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&&) const&&;
 
 #include <cassert>
+#include <concepts>
 #include <optional>
 
 #include "test_macros.h"
@@ -265,9 +266,10 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     {
       int j = 42;
       std::optional<int&> i{j};
-      assert(i.and_then(LVal{}) == 1);
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = i.and_then(LVal{});
+
+      assert(r == 1);
       assert(i.and_then(NOLVal{}) == std::nullopt);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(LVal{})), std::optional<int>);
     }
 
     //With & qualifier on F's operator()
@@ -275,10 +277,11 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
       int j = 42;
       std::optional<int&> i{j};
       RefQual l{};
-      assert(i.and_then(l) == 1);
       NORefQual nl{};
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = i.and_then(l);
+
+      assert(r == 1);
       assert(i.and_then(nl) == std::nullopt);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(l)), std::optional<int>);
     }
   }
 
@@ -288,9 +291,10 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     {
       int j = 42;
       std::optional<const int&> i{j};
-      assert(i.and_then(CLVal{}) == 1);
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = i.and_then(CLVal{});
+
+      assert(r == 1);
       assert(i.and_then(NOCLVal{}) == std::nullopt);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(CLVal{})), std::optional<int>);
     }
 
     //With & qualifier on F's operator()
@@ -298,10 +302,11 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
       int j = 42;
       const std::optional<int&> i{j};
       const CRefQual l{};
-      assert(i.and_then(l) == 1);
       const NOCRefQual nl{};
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = i.and_then(l);
+
+      assert(r == 1);
       assert(i.and_then(nl) == std::nullopt);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(l)), std::optional<int>);
     }
   }
   // Test && overload
@@ -310,9 +315,10 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     {
       int j = 42;
       std::optional<int&> i{j};
-      assert(i.and_then(RVRefQual{}) == 1);
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = i.and_then(RVRefQual{});
+
+      assert(r == 1);
       assert(i.and_then(NORVRefQual{}) == std::nullopt);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(RVRefQual{})), std::optional<int>);
     }
   }
 
@@ -323,10 +329,11 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
       int j = 42;
       const std::optional<int&> i{j};
       const RVCRefQual l{};
-      assert(i.and_then(std::move(l)) == 1);
       const NORVCRefQual nl{};
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) r = i.and_then(std::move(l));
+
+      assert(r == 1);
       assert(i.and_then(std::move(nl)) == std::nullopt);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i.and_then(std::move(l))), std::optional<int>);
     }
   }
   return true;
@@ -336,7 +343,9 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
 int main(int, char**) {
   test();
   static_assert(test());
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
   test_ref();
   static_assert(test_ref());
+#endif
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
index 2faf58f798553..5081261bce797 100644
--- a/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/utilities/optional/optional.monadic/transform.pass.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 #include "test_macros.h"
 #include <cassert>
+#include <concepts>
 #include <optional>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
@@ -201,20 +202,21 @@ constexpr bool test() {
   return true;
 }
 
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
 constexpr bool test_ref() {
   {
     std::optional<int&> opt1;
-    auto opt1r = opt1.transform([](int i) { return i + 2; });
+    std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) opt1r = opt1.transform([](int i) { return i + 2; });
     assert(!opt1);
-    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(opt1r), std::optional<int>);
+    assert(!opt1r);
   }
 
   {
     int i = 42;
     std::optional<int&> opt{i};
-    auto o2 = opt.transform([](int j) { return j + 2; });
+    std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o2 = opt.transform([](int i) { return i + 2; });
+
     assert(*o2 == 44);
-    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o2), std::optional<int>);
   }
   // Test & overload
   {
@@ -222,9 +224,9 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     {
       int i = 42;
       std::optional<int&> opt{i};
-      auto o3 = opt.transform(LVal{});
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = opt.transform(LVal{});
+
       assert(*o3 == 1);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
     }
 
     //With & qualifier on F's operator()
@@ -232,9 +234,9 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
       int i = 42;
       std::optional<int&> opt{i};
       RefQual l{};
-      auto o3 = opt.transform(l);
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = opt.transform(l);
+
       assert(*o3 == 1);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
     }
   }
   // const& overload
@@ -243,9 +245,9 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     {
       int i = 42;
       std::optional<const int&> opt{i};
-      auto o3 = std::as_const(opt).transform(CLVal{});
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = std::as_const(opt).transform(CLVal{});
+
       assert(*o3 == 1);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
     }
 
     //With & qualifier on F's operator()
@@ -253,9 +255,9 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
       int i = 42;
       const std::optional<int&> opt{i};
       const CRefQual l{};
-      auto o3 = opt.transform(l);
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = opt.transform(l);
+
       assert(*o3 == 1);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
     }
   }
 
@@ -265,18 +267,17 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
     {
       int i = 42;
       std::optional<int> opt{i};
-      auto o3 = std::move(opt).transform(RVal{});
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = std::move(opt).transform(RVal{});
+
       assert(*o3 == 1);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
     }
 
     //With & qualifier on F's operator()
     {
       int i = 42;
       std::optional<int&> opt{i};
-      auto o3 = std::move(opt).transform(RVRefQual{});
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = std::move(opt).transform(RVRefQual{});
       assert(*o3 == 1);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
     }
   }
 
@@ -287,9 +288,8 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
       int i = 42;
       std::optional<int&> opt{i};
       const RVCRefQual rvc{};
-      auto o3 = opt.transform(std::move(rvc));
+      std::same_as<std::optional<int>> decltype(auto) o3 = opt.transform(std::move(rvc));
       assert(*o3 == 1);
-      ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(o3), std::optional<int>);
     }
   }
   {
@@ -299,11 +299,14 @@ constexpr bool test_ref() {
   }
   return true;
 }
+#endif
 
 int main(int, char**) {
   test();
   static_assert(test());
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 26
   test_ref();
   static_assert(test_ref());
+#endif
   return 0;
 }



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