[libcxx-commits] [libcxx] 67432f2 - [libc++][C++03] Copy the LLVM 19 headers (#108999)

via libcxx-commits libcxx-commits at lists.llvm.org
Tue Oct 1 13:57:56 PDT 2024


Author: Nikolas Klauser
Date: 2024-10-01T22:57:30+02:00
New Revision: 67432f20491a0fa6b05f8a3a91f88e26175453d6

URL: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/67432f20491a0fa6b05f8a3a91f88e26175453d6
DIFF: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/67432f20491a0fa6b05f8a3a91f88e26175453d6.diff

LOG: [libc++][C++03] Copy the LLVM 19 headers (#108999)

This is the first part of the "Freezing C++03 headers" proposal
explained in
https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-freezing-c-03-headers-in-libc/77319/58.

This patch mechanically copies the headers as of the LLVM 19.1 release
into a subdirectory of libc++ so that we can start using these headers
when building in C++03 mode. We are going to be backporting important
changes to that copy of the headers until the LLVM 21 release. After the
LLVM 21 release, only critical bugfixes will be fixed in the C++03 copy
of the headers.

This patch only performs a copy of the headers -- these headers are
still unused by the rest of the codebase.

Added: 
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/CMakeLists.txt
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/adjacent_find.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/all_of.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/any_of.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/binary_search.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/clamp.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/comp.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_backward.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_move_common.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_n.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/count.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/count_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/equal.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/equal_range.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fill.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fill_n.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_end.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_first_of.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_if_not.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_segment_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fold.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each_n.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each_segment.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/generate.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/generate_n.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/half_positive.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_found_result.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_fun_result.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_in_out_result.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_in_result.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_out_out_result.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_out_result.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/includes.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/inplace_merge.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_heap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_heap_until.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_partitioned.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_permutation.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_sorted.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_sorted_until.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/iter_swap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/iterator_operations.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lower_bound.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/make_heap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/make_projected.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/max.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/max_element.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/merge.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min_element.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min_max_result.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/minmax.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/minmax_element.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/mismatch.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/move.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/move_backward.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/next_permutation.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/none_of.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/nth_element.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partial_sort.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partial_sort_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition_point.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/pop_heap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/prev_permutation.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/pstl.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/push_heap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_adjacent_find.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_all_of.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_any_of.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_binary_search.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_clamp.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_contains.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_contains_subrange.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_backward.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_n.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_count.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_count_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_ends_with.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_equal.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_equal_range.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_fill.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_fill_n.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_end.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_first_of.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_if_not.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_last.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_for_each.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_for_each_n.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_generate.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_generate_n.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_includes.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_inplace_merge.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_heap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_heap_until.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_partitioned.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_permutation.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted_until.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_iterator_concept.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_lexicographical_compare.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_lower_bound.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_make_heap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_max.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_max_element.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_merge.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_min.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_min_element.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_minmax.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_minmax_element.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_mismatch.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_move.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_move_backward.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_next_permutation.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_none_of.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_nth_element.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition_point.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_pop_heap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_prev_permutation.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_push_heap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_reverse.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_reverse_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_rotate.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_rotate_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sample.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_search.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_search_n.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_difference.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_intersection.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_symmetric_difference.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_union.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_shuffle.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sort.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sort_heap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_stable_partition.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_stable_sort.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_starts_with.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_swap_ranges.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_transform.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_unique.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_unique_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_upper_bound.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_copy_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_copy_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/reverse.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/reverse_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/rotate.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/rotate_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sample.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/search.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/search_n.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_difference.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_intersection.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_symmetric_difference.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_union.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shift_left.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shift_right.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shuffle.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sift_down.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/simd_utils.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sort.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sort_heap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/stable_partition.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/stable_sort.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/swap_ranges.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/three_way_comp_ref_type.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/transform.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/uniform_random_bit_generator_adaptor.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unique.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unique_copy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unwrap_range.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/upper_bound.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__assert
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/aliases.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_base.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_flag.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_init.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_lock_free.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_ref.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_sync.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/check_memory_order.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/contention_t.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/fence.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/is_always_lock_free.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/kill_dependency.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/memory_order.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/to_gcc_order.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_cast.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_ceil.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_floor.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_log2.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_width.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/blsr.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/byteswap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/countl.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/countr.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/endian.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/has_single_bit.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/invert_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/popcount.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/rotate.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit_reference
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/chars_format.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/from_chars_integral.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/from_chars_result.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/tables.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_base_10.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_floating_point.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_integral.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_result.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/traits.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/calendar.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/concepts.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/convert_to_timespec.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/convert_to_tm.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/day.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/duration.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/exception.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/file_clock.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/formatter.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/hh_mm_ss.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/high_resolution_clock.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/leap_second.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/literals.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/local_info.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/month.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/month_weekday.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/monthday.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/ostream.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/parser_std_format_spec.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/statically_widen.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/steady_clock.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/sys_info.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/system_clock.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_point.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_zone.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_zone_link.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/tzdb.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/tzdb_list.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/weekday.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month_day.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month_weekday.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/zoned_time.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/common_comparison_category.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_partial_order_fallback.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_strong_order_fallback.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_three_way.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_three_way_result.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_weak_order_fallback.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/is_eq.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/ordering.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/partial_order.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/strong_order.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/synth_three_way.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/three_way_comparable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/weak_order.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/arithmetic.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/assignable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/boolean_testable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/class_or_enum.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/common_reference_with.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/common_with.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/constructible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/convertible_to.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/copyable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/derived_from.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/destructible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/different_from.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/equality_comparable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/invocable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/movable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/predicate.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/regular.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/relation.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/same_as.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/semiregular.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/swappable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/totally_ordered.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__condition_variable/condition_variable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__config
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__config_site.in
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/abi.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/availability.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/compiler.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/language.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/platform.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/coroutine_handle.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/coroutine_traits.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/noop_coroutine_handle.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/trivial_awaitables.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/randomize_range.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/sanitizers.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/strict_weak_ordering_check.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/exception.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/exception_ptr.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/nested_exception.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/operations.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/terminate.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/bad_expected_access.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/expected.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/unexpect.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/unexpected.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/copy_options.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_entry.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_iterator.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_options.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_status.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_time_type.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_type.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/filesystem_error.h
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    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tree
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/find_index.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/ignore.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/make_tuple_types.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/sfinae_helpers.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_element.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_indices.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like_ext.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like_no_subrange.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_size.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_types.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_const.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_cv.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_pointer.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_volatile.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/aligned_storage.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/aligned_union.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/alignment_of.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/can_extract_key.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/common_reference.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/common_type.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/conditional.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/conjunction.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/copy_cv.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/copy_cvref.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/datasizeof.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/decay.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/dependent_type.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/desugars_to.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/disjunction.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/enable_if.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/extent.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/has_unique_object_representation.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/has_virtual_destructor.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/integral_constant.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/invoke.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_abstract.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_aggregate.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_allocator.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_always_bitcastable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_array.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_assignable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_base_of.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_bounded_array.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_callable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_char_like_type.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_class.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_compound.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_const.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_constructible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_convertible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_core_convertible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_destructible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_empty.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_enum.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_equality_comparable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_final.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_floating_point.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_function.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_fundamental.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_implicitly_default_constructible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_integral.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_literal_type.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_member_pointer.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_convertible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_destructible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_null_pointer.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_object.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_pod.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_pointer.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_polymorphic.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_primary_template.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_reference.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_reference_wrapper.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_referenceable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_same.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_scalar.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_signed.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_signed_integer.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_specialization.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_standard_layout.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_swappable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivial.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unbounded_array.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_union.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unsigned.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unsigned_integer.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_valid_expansion.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_void.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_volatile.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/lazy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_32_64_or_128_bit.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_const_lvalue_ref.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_signed.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_unsigned.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/maybe_const.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/nat.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/negation.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/noexcept_move_assign_container.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/promote.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/rank.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_all_extents.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_const.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_const_ref.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_cv.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_cvref.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_extent.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_pointer.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_reference.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_volatile.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/result_of.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/strip_signature.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/type_identity.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/type_list.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/underlying_type.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/unwrap_ref.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/void_t.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__undef_macros
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/as_const.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/as_lvalue.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/auto_cast.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/cmp.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/convert_to_integral.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/declval.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/empty.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/exception_guard.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/exchange.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/forward.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/forward_like.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/in_place.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/integer_sequence.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/is_pointer_in_range.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/is_valid_range.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/move.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/no_destroy.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/pair.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/piecewise_construct.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/priority_tag.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/private_constructor_tag.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/rel_ops.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/small_buffer.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/swap.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/to_underlying.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/unreachable.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__variant/monostate.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/__verbose_abort
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/algorithm
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/any
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/array
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/atomic
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/barrier
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/bit
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/bitset
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cassert
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ccomplex
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cctype
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cerrno
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cfenv
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cfloat
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/charconv
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/chrono
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cinttypes
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ciso646
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/climits
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/clocale
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cmath
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/codecvt
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/compare
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/complex
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/complex.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/concepts
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/condition_variable
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/coroutine
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/csetjmp
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/csignal
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdarg
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdbool
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstddef
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdint
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdio
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdlib
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstring
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctgmath
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctime
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctype.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cuchar
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cwchar
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/cwctype
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/deque
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/errno.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/exception
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/execution
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/expected
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__config
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/aligned_tag.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/declaration.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/reference.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/scalar.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/simd.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/simd_mask.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/traits.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/utility.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/vec_ext.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/iterator
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/memory
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/propagate_const
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/simd
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/type_traits
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/utility
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/__hash
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/hash_map
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/hash_set
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/fenv.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/filesystem
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/float.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/format
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/forward_list
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/fstream
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/functional
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/future
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/initializer_list
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/inttypes.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/iomanip
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ios
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/iosfwd
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/iostream
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/istream
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/iterator
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/latch
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/limits
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/list
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/locale
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/locale.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/map
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/math.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/mdspan
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/memory
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/memory_resource
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/module.modulemap
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/mutex
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/new
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/numbers
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/numeric
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/optional
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ostream
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/print
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/queue
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/random
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ranges
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/ratio
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/regex
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/scoped_allocator
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/semaphore
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/set
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/shared_mutex
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/source_location
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/span
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/sstream
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/stack
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdatomic.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdbool.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/stddef.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdexcept
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdint.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdio.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdlib.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/stop_token
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/streambuf
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/string
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/string.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/string_view
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/strstream
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/syncstream
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/system_error
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/tgmath.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/thread
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/tuple
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/type_traits
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/typeindex
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/typeinfo
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/uchar.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/unordered_map
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/unordered_set
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/utility
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/valarray
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/variant
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/vector
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/version
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/wchar.h
    libcxx/include/__cxx03/wctype.h

Modified: 
    

Removed: 
    


################################################################################
diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/CMakeLists.txt b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..32579272858a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1092 @@
+set(files
+  __algorithm/adjacent_find.h
+  __algorithm/all_of.h
+  __algorithm/any_of.h
+  __algorithm/binary_search.h
+  __algorithm/clamp.h
+  __algorithm/comp.h
+  __algorithm/comp_ref_type.h
+  __algorithm/copy.h
+  __algorithm/copy_backward.h
+  __algorithm/copy_if.h
+  __algorithm/copy_move_common.h
+  __algorithm/copy_n.h
+  __algorithm/count.h
+  __algorithm/count_if.h
+  __algorithm/equal.h
+  __algorithm/equal_range.h
+  __algorithm/fill.h
+  __algorithm/fill_n.h
+  __algorithm/find.h
+  __algorithm/find_end.h
+  __algorithm/find_first_of.h
+  __algorithm/find_if.h
+  __algorithm/find_if_not.h
+  __algorithm/find_segment_if.h
+  __algorithm/fold.h
+  __algorithm/for_each.h
+  __algorithm/for_each_n.h
+  __algorithm/for_each_segment.h
+  __algorithm/generate.h
+  __algorithm/generate_n.h
+  __algorithm/half_positive.h
+  __algorithm/in_found_result.h
+  __algorithm/in_fun_result.h
+  __algorithm/in_in_out_result.h
+  __algorithm/in_in_result.h
+  __algorithm/in_out_out_result.h
+  __algorithm/in_out_result.h
+  __algorithm/includes.h
+  __algorithm/inplace_merge.h
+  __algorithm/is_heap.h
+  __algorithm/is_heap_until.h
+  __algorithm/is_partitioned.h
+  __algorithm/is_permutation.h
+  __algorithm/is_sorted.h
+  __algorithm/is_sorted_until.h
+  __algorithm/iter_swap.h
+  __algorithm/iterator_operations.h
+  __algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h
+  __algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h
+  __algorithm/lower_bound.h
+  __algorithm/make_heap.h
+  __algorithm/make_projected.h
+  __algorithm/max.h
+  __algorithm/max_element.h
+  __algorithm/merge.h
+  __algorithm/min.h
+  __algorithm/min_element.h
+  __algorithm/min_max_result.h
+  __algorithm/minmax.h
+  __algorithm/minmax_element.h
+  __algorithm/mismatch.h
+  __algorithm/move.h
+  __algorithm/move_backward.h
+  __algorithm/next_permutation.h
+  __algorithm/none_of.h
+  __algorithm/nth_element.h
+  __algorithm/partial_sort.h
+  __algorithm/partial_sort_copy.h
+  __algorithm/partition.h
+  __algorithm/partition_copy.h
+  __algorithm/partition_point.h
+  __algorithm/pop_heap.h
+  __algorithm/prev_permutation.h
+  __algorithm/pstl.h
+  __algorithm/push_heap.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_adjacent_find.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_all_of.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_any_of.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_binary_search.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_clamp.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_contains.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_contains_subrange.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_copy.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_copy_backward.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_copy_if.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_copy_n.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_count.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_count_if.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_ends_with.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_equal.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_equal_range.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_fill.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_fill_n.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_find.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_find_end.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_find_first_of.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_find_if.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_find_if_not.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_find_last.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_for_each.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_for_each_n.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_generate.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_generate_n.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_includes.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_inplace_merge.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_is_heap.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_is_heap_until.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_is_partitioned.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_is_permutation.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_is_sorted.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_is_sorted_until.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_iterator_concept.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_lexicographical_compare.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_lower_bound.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_make_heap.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_max.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_max_element.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_merge.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_min.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_min_element.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_minmax.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_minmax_element.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_mismatch.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_move.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_move_backward.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_next_permutation.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_none_of.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_nth_element.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_partial_sort.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_partial_sort_copy.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_partition.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_partition_copy.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_partition_point.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_pop_heap.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_prev_permutation.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_push_heap.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_remove.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_remove_copy.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_remove_copy_if.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_remove_if.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_replace.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_replace_copy.h
+  __algorithm/ranges_replace_copy_if.h
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+  __type_traits/is_array.h
+  __type_traits/is_assignable.h
+  __type_traits/is_base_of.h
+  __type_traits/is_bounded_array.h
+  __type_traits/is_callable.h
+  __type_traits/is_char_like_type.h
+  __type_traits/is_class.h
+  __type_traits/is_compound.h
+  __type_traits/is_const.h
+  __type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h
+  __type_traits/is_constructible.h
+  __type_traits/is_convertible.h
+  __type_traits/is_core_convertible.h
+  __type_traits/is_destructible.h
+  __type_traits/is_empty.h
+  __type_traits/is_enum.h
+  __type_traits/is_equality_comparable.h
+  __type_traits/is_execution_policy.h
+  __type_traits/is_final.h
+  __type_traits/is_floating_point.h
+  __type_traits/is_function.h
+  __type_traits/is_fundamental.h
+  __type_traits/is_implicitly_default_constructible.h
+  __type_traits/is_integral.h
+  __type_traits/is_literal_type.h
+  __type_traits/is_member_pointer.h
+  __type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h
+  __type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h
+  __type_traits/is_nothrow_convertible.h
+  __type_traits/is_nothrow_destructible.h
+  __type_traits/is_null_pointer.h
+  __type_traits/is_object.h
+  __type_traits/is_pod.h
+  __type_traits/is_pointer.h
+  __type_traits/is_polymorphic.h
+  __type_traits/is_primary_template.h
+  __type_traits/is_reference.h
+  __type_traits/is_reference_wrapper.h
+  __type_traits/is_referenceable.h
+  __type_traits/is_same.h
+  __type_traits/is_scalar.h
+  __type_traits/is_signed.h
+  __type_traits/is_signed_integer.h
+  __type_traits/is_specialization.h
+  __type_traits/is_standard_layout.h
+  __type_traits/is_swappable.h
+  __type_traits/is_trivial.h
+  __type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h
+  __type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h
+  __type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h
+  __type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h
+  __type_traits/is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable.h
+  __type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h
+  __type_traits/is_unbounded_array.h
+  __type_traits/is_union.h
+  __type_traits/is_unsigned.h
+  __type_traits/is_unsigned_integer.h
+  __type_traits/is_valid_expansion.h
+  __type_traits/is_void.h
+  __type_traits/is_volatile.h
+  __type_traits/lazy.h
+  __type_traits/make_32_64_or_128_bit.h
+  __type_traits/make_const_lvalue_ref.h
+  __type_traits/make_signed.h
+  __type_traits/make_unsigned.h
+  __type_traits/maybe_const.h
+  __type_traits/nat.h
+  __type_traits/negation.h
+  __type_traits/noexcept_move_assign_container.h
+  __type_traits/promote.h
+  __type_traits/rank.h
+  __type_traits/remove_all_extents.h
+  __type_traits/remove_const.h
+  __type_traits/remove_const_ref.h
+  __type_traits/remove_cv.h
+  __type_traits/remove_cvref.h
+  __type_traits/remove_extent.h
+  __type_traits/remove_pointer.h
+  __type_traits/remove_reference.h
+  __type_traits/remove_volatile.h
+  __type_traits/result_of.h
+  __type_traits/strip_signature.h
+  __type_traits/type_identity.h
+  __type_traits/type_list.h
+  __type_traits/underlying_type.h
+  __type_traits/unwrap_ref.h
+  __type_traits/void_t.h
+  __undef_macros
+  __utility/as_const.h
+  __utility/as_lvalue.h
+  __utility/auto_cast.h
+  __utility/cmp.h
+  __utility/convert_to_integral.h
+  __utility/declval.h
+  __utility/empty.h
+  __utility/exception_guard.h
+  __utility/exchange.h
+  __utility/forward.h
+  __utility/forward_like.h
+  __utility/in_place.h
+  __utility/integer_sequence.h
+  __utility/is_pointer_in_range.h
+  __utility/is_valid_range.h
+  __utility/move.h
+  __utility/no_destroy.h
+  __utility/pair.h
+  __utility/piecewise_construct.h
+  __utility/priority_tag.h
+  __utility/private_constructor_tag.h
+  __utility/rel_ops.h
+  __utility/small_buffer.h
+  __utility/swap.h
+  __utility/to_underlying.h
+  __utility/unreachable.h
+  __variant/monostate.h
+  __verbose_abort
+  algorithm
+  any
+  array
+  atomic
+  barrier
+  bit
+  bitset
+  cassert
+  ccomplex
+  cctype
+  cerrno
+  cfenv
+  cfloat
+  charconv
+  chrono
+  cinttypes
+  ciso646
+  climits
+  clocale
+  cmath
+  codecvt
+  compare
+  complex
+  complex.h
+  concepts
+  condition_variable
+  coroutine
+  csetjmp
+  csignal
+  cstdarg
+  cstdbool
+  cstddef
+  cstdint
+  cstdio
+  cstdlib
+  cstring
+  ctgmath
+  ctime
+  ctype.h
+  cuchar
+  cwchar
+  cwctype
+  deque
+  errno.h
+  exception
+  execution
+  expected
+  experimental/__config
+  experimental/__simd/aligned_tag.h
+  experimental/__simd/declaration.h
+  experimental/__simd/reference.h
+  experimental/__simd/scalar.h
+  experimental/__simd/simd.h
+  experimental/__simd/simd_mask.h
+  experimental/__simd/traits.h
+  experimental/__simd/utility.h
+  experimental/__simd/vec_ext.h
+  experimental/iterator
+  experimental/memory
+  experimental/propagate_const
+  experimental/simd
+  experimental/type_traits
+  experimental/utility
+  ext/__hash
+  ext/hash_map
+  ext/hash_set
+  fenv.h
+  filesystem
+  float.h
+  format
+  forward_list
+  fstream
+  functional
+  future
+  initializer_list
+  inttypes.h
+  iomanip
+  ios
+  iosfwd
+  iostream
+  istream
+  iterator
+  latch
+  limits
+  list
+  locale
+  locale.h
+  map
+  math.h
+  mdspan
+  memory
+  memory_resource
+  module.modulemap
+  mutex
+  new
+  numbers
+  numeric
+  optional
+  ostream
+  print
+  queue
+  random
+  ranges
+  ratio
+  regex
+  scoped_allocator
+  semaphore
+  set
+  shared_mutex
+  source_location
+  span
+  sstream
+  stack
+  stdatomic.h
+  stdbool.h
+  stddef.h
+  stdexcept
+  stdint.h
+  stdio.h
+  stdlib.h
+  stop_token
+  streambuf
+  string
+  string.h
+  string_view
+  strstream
+  syncstream
+  system_error
+  tgmath.h
+  thread
+  tuple
+  type_traits
+  typeindex
+  typeinfo
+  uchar.h
+  unordered_map
+  unordered_set
+  utility
+  valarray
+  variant
+  vector
+  version
+  wchar.h
+  wctype.h
+  )
+
+configure_file("__config_site.in" "${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_TARGET_DIR}/__config_site" @ONLY)
+configure_file("${LIBCXX_ASSERTION_HANDLER_FILE}" "${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_DIR}/__assertion_handler" COPYONLY)
+
+set(_all_includes "${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_TARGET_DIR}/__config_site"
+                  "${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_DIR}/__assertion_handler")
+foreach(f ${files})
+  set(src "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${f}")
+  set(dst "${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_DIR}/${f}")
+  add_custom_command(OUTPUT ${dst}
+    DEPENDS ${src}
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_
diff erent ${src} ${dst}
+    COMMENT "Copying CXX header ${f}")
+  list(APPEND _all_includes "${dst}")
+endforeach()
+
+# Generate the IWYU mapping. This depends on all header files but it's also considered as an
+# "include" for dependency tracking.
+add_custom_command(OUTPUT "${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_DIR}/libcxx.imp"
+  COMMAND "${Python3_EXECUTABLE}" "${LIBCXX_SOURCE_DIR}/utils/generate_iwyu_mapping.py" "-o" "${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_DIR}/libcxx.imp"
+  DEPENDS ${_all_includes}
+  COMMENT "Generate the mapping file for include-what-you-use"
+)
+list(APPEND _all_includes "${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_DIR}/libcxx.imp")
+
+add_custom_target(generate-cxx-headers ALL DEPENDS ${_all_includes})
+
+add_library(cxx-headers INTERFACE)
+target_link_libraries(cxx-headers INTERFACE libcxx-libc-headers libcxx-abi-headers)
+add_dependencies(cxx-headers generate-cxx-headers)
+# It's important that the arch directory be included first so that its header files
+# which interpose on the default include dir be included instead of the default ones.
+target_include_directories(cxx-headers INTERFACE ${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_TARGET_DIR}
+                                                 ${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_DIR})
+
+if (LIBCXX_INSTALL_HEADERS)
+  foreach(file ${files})
+    get_filename_component(dir ${file} DIRECTORY)
+    install(FILES ${file}
+      DESTINATION "${LIBCXX_INSTALL_INCLUDE_DIR}/${dir}"
+      COMPONENT cxx-headers
+      PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE GROUP_READ WORLD_READ
+    )
+  endforeach()
+
+  # Install the generated __config_site file to the per-target include dir.
+  install(FILES "${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_TARGET_DIR}/__config_site"
+    DESTINATION "${LIBCXX_INSTALL_INCLUDE_TARGET_DIR}"
+    PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE GROUP_READ WORLD_READ
+    COMPONENT cxx-headers)
+
+  # Install the generated __assertion_handler file to the generic include dir.
+  install(FILES "${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_DIR}/__assertion_handler"
+    DESTINATION "${LIBCXX_INSTALL_INCLUDE_DIR}"
+    PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE GROUP_READ WORLD_READ
+    COMPONENT cxx-headers)
+
+  # Install the generated IWYU file to the generic include dir.
+  install(FILES "${LIBCXX_GENERATED_INCLUDE_DIR}/libcxx.imp"
+    DESTINATION "${LIBCXX_INSTALL_INCLUDE_DIR}"
+    PERMISSIONS OWNER_READ OWNER_WRITE GROUP_READ WORLD_READ
+    COMPONENT cxx-headers)
+
+  if (NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
+    add_custom_target(install-cxx-headers
+                      DEPENDS cxx-headers
+                      COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}"
+                              -DCMAKE_INSTALL_COMPONENT=cxx-headers
+                              -P "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/cmake_install.cmake")
+    # Stripping is a no-op for headers
+    add_custom_target(install-cxx-headers-stripped DEPENDS install-cxx-headers)
+  endif()
+endif()

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/adjacent_find.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/adjacent_find.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6f15456e3a4d07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/adjacent_find.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ADJACENT_FIND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ADJACENT_FIND_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Iter
+__adjacent_find(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _BinaryPredicate&& __pred) {
+  if (__first == __last)
+    return __first;
+  _Iter __i = __first;
+  while (++__i != __last) {
+    if (__pred(*__first, *__i))
+      return __first;
+    __first = __i;
+  }
+  return __i;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+adjacent_find(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  return std::__adjacent_find(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+adjacent_find(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  return std::adjacent_find(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __equal_to());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ADJACENT_FIND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/all_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/all_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ec84eea7592966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/all_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ALL_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ALL_OF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+all_of(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (!__pred(*__first))
+      return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ALL_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/any_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/any_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b5ff778c4171dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/any_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ANY_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ANY_OF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+any_of(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (__pred(*__first))
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ANY_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/binary_search.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/binary_search.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6065fc37274dce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/binary_search.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_BINARY_SEARCH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_BINARY_SEARCH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lower_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+binary_search(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp) {
+  __first = std::lower_bound<_ForwardIterator, _Tp, __comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__first, __last, __value, __comp);
+  return __first != __last && !__comp(__value, *__first);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+binary_search(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) {
+  return std::binary_search(__first, __last, __value, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_BINARY_SEARCH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/clamp.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/clamp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1a5a3d0744be9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/clamp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_CLAMP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_CLAMP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
+[[nodiscard]] inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp&
+clamp(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __v,
+      _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __lo,
+      _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __hi,
+      _Compare __comp) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(!__comp(__hi, __lo), "Bad bounds passed to std::clamp");
+  return __comp(__v, __lo) ? __lo : __comp(__hi, __v) ? __hi : __v;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp&
+clamp(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __v,
+      _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __lo,
+      _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __hi) {
+  return std::clamp(__v, __lo, __hi, __less<>());
+}
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_CLAMP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/comp.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/comp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a0fa88d6d2acd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/comp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COMP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COMP_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/desugars_to.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct __equal_to {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T2& __y) const {
+    return __x == __y;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline const bool __desugars_to_v<__equal_tag, __equal_to, _Tp, _Up> = true;
+
+// The definition is required because __less is part of the ABI, but it's empty
+// because all comparisons should be transparent.
+template <class _T1 = void, class _T2 = _T1>
+struct __less {};
+
+template <>
+struct __less<void, void> {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool operator()(const _Tp& __lhs, const _Up& __rhs) const {
+    return __lhs < __rhs;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const bool __desugars_to_v<__less_tag, __less<>, _Tp, _Tp> = true;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COMP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c367fbb91ac282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COMP_REF_TYPE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COMP_REF_TYPE_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Compare>
+struct __debug_less {
+  _Compare& __comp_;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __debug_less(_Compare& __c) : __comp_(__c) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Up& __y) {
+    bool __r = __comp_(__x, __y);
+    if (__r)
+      __do_compare_assert(0, __y, __x);
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(_Tp& __x, _Up& __y) {
+    bool __r = __comp_(__x, __y);
+    if (__r)
+      __do_compare_assert(0, __y, __x);
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  template <class _LHS, class _RHS>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 inline
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI decltype((void)std::declval<_Compare&>()(std::declval<_LHS&>(), std::declval<_RHS&>()))
+      __do_compare_assert(int, _LHS& __l, _RHS& __r) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(!__comp_(__l, __r), "Comparator does not induce a strict weak ordering");
+    (void)__l;
+    (void)__r;
+  }
+
+  template <class _LHS, class _RHS>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __do_compare_assert(long, _LHS&, _RHS&) {}
+};
+
+// Pass the comparator by lvalue reference. Or in the debug mode, using a debugging wrapper that stores a reference.
+#if _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE == _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEBUG
+template <class _Comp>
+using __comp_ref_type = __debug_less<_Comp>;
+#else
+template <class _Comp>
+using __comp_ref_type = _Comp&;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COMP_REF_TYPE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0890b895f54092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_move_common.h>
+#include <__algorithm/for_each_segment.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/segmented_iterator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class, class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter> __copy(_InIter, _Sent, _OutIter);
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy>
+struct __copy_impl {
+  template <class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    while (__first != __last) {
+      *__result = *__first;
+      ++__first;
+      ++__result;
+    }
+
+    return std::make_pair(std::move(__first), std::move(__result));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+  struct _CopySegment {
+    using _Traits = __segmented_iterator_traits<_InIter>;
+
+    _OutIter& __result_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit _CopySegment(_OutIter& __result)
+        : __result_(__result) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+    operator()(typename _Traits::__local_iterator __lfirst, typename _Traits::__local_iterator __llast) {
+      __result_ = std::__copy<_AlgPolicy>(__lfirst, __llast, std::move(__result_)).second;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <class _InIter, class _OutIter, __enable_if_t<__is_segmented_iterator<_InIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _InIter __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    std::__for_each_segment(__first, __last, _CopySegment<_InIter, _OutIter>(__result));
+    return std::make_pair(__last, std::move(__result));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter,
+            class _OutIter,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_random_access_iterator_category<_InIter>::value &&
+                              !__is_segmented_iterator<_InIter>::value && __is_segmented_iterator<_OutIter>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _InIter __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    using _Traits = __segmented_iterator_traits<_OutIter>;
+    using _DiffT  = typename common_type<__iter_
diff _t<_InIter>, __iter_
diff _t<_OutIter> >::type;
+
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return std::make_pair(std::move(__first), std::move(__result));
+
+    auto __local_first      = _Traits::__local(__result);
+    auto __segment_iterator = _Traits::__segment(__result);
+    while (true) {
+      auto __local_last = _Traits::__end(__segment_iterator);
+      auto __size       = std::min<_DiffT>(__local_last - __local_first, __last - __first);
+      auto __iters      = std::__copy<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __first + __size, __local_first);
+      __first           = std::move(__iters.first);
+
+      if (__first == __last)
+        return std::make_pair(std::move(__first), _Traits::__compose(__segment_iterator, std::move(__iters.second)));
+
+      __local_first = _Traits::__begin(++__segment_iterator);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // At this point, the iterators have been unwrapped so any `contiguous_iterator` has been unwrapped to a pointer.
+  template <class _In, class _Out, __enable_if_t<__can_lower_copy_assignment_to_memmove<_In, _Out>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_In*, _Out*>
+  operator()(_In* __first, _In* __last, _Out* __result) const {
+    return std::__copy_trivial_impl(__first, __last, __result);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter>
+pair<_InIter, _OutIter> inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14
+__copy(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) {
+  return std::__copy_move_unwrap_iters<__copy_impl<_AlgPolicy> >(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result) {
+  return std::__copy<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __result).second;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_backward.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_backward.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..73dc846a975a44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_backward.h
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_BACKWARD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_BACKWARD_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_move_common.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/segmented_iterator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+__copy_backward(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result);
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy>
+struct __copy_backward_impl {
+  template <class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    auto __last_iter          = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first, __last);
+    auto __original_last_iter = __last_iter;
+
+    while (__first != __last_iter) {
+      *--__result = *--__last_iter;
+    }
+
+    return std::make_pair(std::move(__original_last_iter), std::move(__result));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter, class _OutIter, __enable_if_t<__is_segmented_iterator<_InIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _InIter __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    using _Traits = __segmented_iterator_traits<_InIter>;
+    auto __sfirst = _Traits::__segment(__first);
+    auto __slast  = _Traits::__segment(__last);
+    if (__sfirst == __slast) {
+      auto __iters =
+          std::__copy_backward<_AlgPolicy>(_Traits::__local(__first), _Traits::__local(__last), std::move(__result));
+      return std::make_pair(__last, __iters.second);
+    }
+
+    __result =
+        std::__copy_backward<_AlgPolicy>(_Traits::__begin(__slast), _Traits::__local(__last), std::move(__result))
+            .second;
+    --__slast;
+    while (__sfirst != __slast) {
+      __result =
+          std::__copy_backward<_AlgPolicy>(_Traits::__begin(__slast), _Traits::__end(__slast), std::move(__result))
+              .second;
+      --__slast;
+    }
+    __result = std::__copy_backward<_AlgPolicy>(_Traits::__local(__first), _Traits::__end(__slast), std::move(__result))
+                   .second;
+    return std::make_pair(__last, std::move(__result));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter,
+            class _OutIter,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_random_access_iterator_category<_InIter>::value &&
+                              !__is_segmented_iterator<_InIter>::value && __is_segmented_iterator<_OutIter>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _InIter __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    using _Traits           = __segmented_iterator_traits<_OutIter>;
+    auto __orig_last        = __last;
+    auto __segment_iterator = _Traits::__segment(__result);
+
+    // When the range contains no elements, __result might not be a valid iterator
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return std::make_pair(__first, __result);
+
+    auto __local_last = _Traits::__local(__result);
+    while (true) {
+      using _DiffT = typename common_type<__iter_
diff _t<_InIter>, __iter_
diff _t<_OutIter> >::type;
+
+      auto __local_first = _Traits::__begin(__segment_iterator);
+      auto __size        = std::min<_DiffT>(__local_last - __local_first, __last - __first);
+      auto __iter        = std::__copy_backward<_AlgPolicy>(__last - __size, __last, __local_last).second;
+      __last -= __size;
+
+      if (__first == __last)
+        return std::make_pair(std::move(__orig_last), _Traits::__compose(__segment_iterator, std::move(__iter)));
+      --__segment_iterator;
+      __local_last = _Traits::__end(__segment_iterator);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // At this point, the iterators have been unwrapped so any `contiguous_iterator` has been unwrapped to a pointer.
+  template <class _In, class _Out, __enable_if_t<__can_lower_copy_assignment_to_memmove<_In, _Out>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_In*, _Out*>
+  operator()(_In* __first, _In* __last, _Out* __result) const {
+    return std::__copy_backward_trivial_impl(__first, __last, __result);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _BidirectionalIterator1, class _Sentinel, class _BidirectionalIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_BidirectionalIterator1, _BidirectionalIterator2>
+__copy_backward(_BidirectionalIterator1 __first, _Sentinel __last, _BidirectionalIterator2 __result) {
+  return std::__copy_move_unwrap_iters<__copy_backward_impl<_AlgPolicy> >(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator1, class _BidirectionalIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _BidirectionalIterator2
+copy_backward(_BidirectionalIterator1 __first, _BidirectionalIterator1 __last, _BidirectionalIterator2 __result) {
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_constructible<_BidirectionalIterator1>::value &&
+                    std::is_copy_constructible<_BidirectionalIterator1>::value,
+                "Iterators must be copy constructible.");
+
+  return std::__copy_backward<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result)).second;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_BACKWARD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..228e4d22323e3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_IF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+copy_if(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _Predicate __pred) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    if (__pred(*__first)) {
+      *__result = *__first;
+      ++__result;
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_move_common.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_move_common.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8a98451a8f9653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_move_common.h
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_MOVE_COMMON_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_MOVE_COMMON_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_range.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__string/constexpr_c_functions.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_always_bitcastable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_volatile.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Type traits.
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+struct __can_lower_copy_assignment_to_memmove {
+  static const bool value =
+      // If the types are always bitcastable, it's valid to do a bitwise copy between them.
+      __is_always_bitcastable<_From, _To>::value &&
+      // Reject conversions that wouldn't be performed by the regular built-in assignment (e.g. between arrays).
+      is_trivially_assignable<_To&, const _From&>::value &&
+      // `memmove` doesn't accept `volatile` pointers, make sure the optimization SFINAEs away in that case.
+      !is_volatile<_From>::value && !is_volatile<_To>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+struct __can_lower_move_assignment_to_memmove {
+  static const bool value =
+      __is_always_bitcastable<_From, _To>::value && is_trivially_assignable<_To&, _From&&>::value &&
+      !is_volatile<_From>::value && !is_volatile<_To>::value;
+};
+
+// `memmove` algorithms implementation.
+
+template <class _In, class _Out>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_In*, _Out*>
+__copy_trivial_impl(_In* __first, _In* __last, _Out* __result) {
+  const size_t __n = static_cast<size_t>(__last - __first);
+
+  std::__constexpr_memmove(__result, __first, __element_count(__n));
+
+  return std::make_pair(__last, __result + __n);
+}
+
+template <class _In, class _Out>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_In*, _Out*>
+__copy_backward_trivial_impl(_In* __first, _In* __last, _Out* __result) {
+  const size_t __n = static_cast<size_t>(__last - __first);
+  __result -= __n;
+
+  std::__constexpr_memmove(__result, __first, __element_count(__n));
+
+  return std::make_pair(__last, __result);
+}
+
+// Iterator unwrapping and dispatching to the correct overload.
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+struct __can_rewrap
+    : integral_constant<bool, is_copy_constructible<_InIter>::value && is_copy_constructible<_OutIter>::value> {};
+
+template <class _Algorithm,
+          class _InIter,
+          class _Sent,
+          class _OutIter,
+          __enable_if_t<__can_rewrap<_InIter, _OutIter>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+__copy_move_unwrap_iters(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __out_first) {
+  auto __range  = std::__unwrap_range(__first, std::move(__last));
+  auto __result = _Algorithm()(std::move(__range.first), std::move(__range.second), std::__unwrap_iter(__out_first));
+  return std::make_pair(std::__rewrap_range<_Sent>(std::move(__first), std::move(__result.first)),
+                        std::__rewrap_iter(std::move(__out_first), std::move(__result.second)));
+}
+
+template <class _Algorithm,
+          class _InIter,
+          class _Sent,
+          class _OutIter,
+          __enable_if_t<!__can_rewrap<_InIter, _OutIter>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+__copy_move_unwrap_iters(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __out_first) {
+  return _Algorithm()(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__out_first));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_MOVE_COMMON_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_n.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f93f39203a7e3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/copy_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_N_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_N_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__utility/convert_to_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Size,
+          class _OutputIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value &&
+                            !__has_random_access_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+copy_n(_InputIterator __first, _Size __orig_n, _OutputIterator __result) {
+  typedef decltype(std::__convert_to_integral(__orig_n)) _IntegralSize;
+  _IntegralSize __n = __orig_n;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    *__result = *__first;
+    ++__result;
+    for (--__n; __n > 0; --__n) {
+      ++__first;
+      *__result = *__first;
+      ++__result;
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Size,
+          class _OutputIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_random_access_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+copy_n(_InputIterator __first, _Size __orig_n, _OutputIterator __result) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef decltype(std::__convert_to_integral(__orig_n)) _IntegralSize;
+  _IntegralSize __n = __orig_n;
+  return std::copy(__first, __first + 
diff erence_type(__n), __result);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COPY_N_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/count.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/count.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1cfe7f631ac1b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/count.h
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COUNT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COUNT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__bit/invert_if.h>
+#include <__bit/popcount.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__fwd/bit_reference.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// generic implementation
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Tp, class _Proj>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::template __
diff erence_type<_Iter>
+__count(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Tp& __value, _Proj& __proj) {
+  typename _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::template __
diff erence_type<_Iter> __r(0);
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (std::__invoke(__proj, *__first) == __value)
+      ++__r;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+// __bit_iterator implementation
+template <bool _ToCount, class _Cp, bool _IsConst>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst>::
diff erence_type
+__count_bool(__bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, typename _Cp::size_type __n) {
+  using _It             = __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst>;
+  using __storage_type  = typename _It::__storage_type;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _It::
diff erence_type;
+
+  const int __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+  
diff erence_type __r       = 0;
+  // do first partial word
+  if (__first.__ctz_ != 0) {
+    __storage_type __clz_f = static_cast<__storage_type>(__bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_);
+    __storage_type __dn    = std::min(__clz_f, __n);
+    __storage_type __m     = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+    __r                    = std::__libcpp_popcount(std::__invert_if<!_ToCount>(*__first.__seg_) & __m);
+    __n -= __dn;
+    ++__first.__seg_;
+  }
+  // do middle whole words
+  for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__first.__seg_, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+    __r += std::__libcpp_popcount(std::__invert_if<!_ToCount>(*__first.__seg_));
+  // do last partial word
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+    __r += std::__libcpp_popcount(std::__invert_if<!_ToCount>(*__first.__seg_) & __m);
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class, class _Cp, bool _IsConst, class _Tp, class _Proj, __enable_if_t<__is_identity<_Proj>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __iter_
diff _t<__bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> >
+__count(__bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __last, const _Tp& __value, _Proj&) {
+  if (__value)
+    return std::__count_bool<true>(__first, static_cast<typename _Cp::size_type>(__last - __first));
+  return std::__count_bool<false>(__first, static_cast<typename _Cp::size_type>(__last - __first));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __iter_
diff _t<_InputIterator>
+count(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) {
+  __identity __proj;
+  return std::__count<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __value, __proj);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COUNT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/count_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/count_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..25782069d03275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/count_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COUNT_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COUNT_IF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::
diff erence_type
+count_if(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::
diff erence_type __r(0);
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (__pred(*__first))
+      ++__r;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_COUNT_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/equal.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/equal.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bfc8f72f6eb195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/equal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_EQUAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_EQUAL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__string/constexpr_c_functions.h>
+#include <__type_traits/desugars_to.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_volatile.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __equal_iter_impl(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _BinaryPredicate& __pred) {
+  for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, (void)++__first2)
+    if (!__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+      return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Up,
+          class _BinaryPredicate,
+          __enable_if_t<__desugars_to_v<__equal_tag, _BinaryPredicate, _Tp, _Up> && !is_volatile<_Tp>::value &&
+                            !is_volatile<_Up>::value && __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable<_Tp, _Up>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+__equal_iter_impl(_Tp* __first1, _Tp* __last1, _Up* __first2, _BinaryPredicate&) {
+  return std::__constexpr_memcmp_equal(__first1, __first2, __element_count(__last1 - __first1));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+equal(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  return std::__equal_iter_impl(
+      std::__unwrap_iter(__first1), std::__unwrap_iter(__last1), std::__unwrap_iter(__first2), __pred);
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+equal(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2) {
+  return std::equal(__first1, __last1, __first2, __equal_to());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Sent2, class _Pred, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __equal_impl(
+    _Iter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _Iter2 __first2, _Sent2 __last2, _Pred& __comp, _Proj1& __proj1, _Proj2& __proj2) {
+  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) {
+    if (!std::__invoke(__comp, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__first1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__first2)))
+      return false;
+    ++__first1;
+    ++__first2;
+  }
+  return __first1 == __last1 && __first2 == __last2;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Up,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _Proj1,
+          class _Proj2,
+          __enable_if_t<__desugars_to_v<__equal_tag, _Pred, _Tp, _Up> && __is_identity<_Proj1>::value &&
+                            __is_identity<_Proj2>::value && !is_volatile<_Tp>::value && !is_volatile<_Up>::value &&
+                            __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable<_Tp, _Up>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+__equal_impl(_Tp* __first1, _Tp* __last1, _Up* __first2, _Up*, _Pred&, _Proj1&, _Proj2&) {
+  return std::__constexpr_memcmp_equal(__first1, __first2, __element_count(__last1 - __first1));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+equal(_InputIterator1 __first1,
+      _InputIterator1 __last1,
+      _InputIterator2 __first2,
+      _InputIterator2 __last2,
+      _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  if constexpr (__has_random_access_iterator_category<_InputIterator1>::value &&
+                __has_random_access_iterator_category<_InputIterator2>::value) {
+    if (std::distance(__first1, __last1) != std::distance(__first2, __last2))
+      return false;
+  }
+  __identity __proj;
+  return std::__equal_impl(
+      std::__unwrap_iter(__first1),
+      std::__unwrap_iter(__last1),
+      std::__unwrap_iter(__first2),
+      std::__unwrap_iter(__last2),
+      __pred,
+      __proj,
+      __proj);
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+equal(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2) {
+  return std::equal(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __equal_to());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_EQUAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/equal_range.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/equal_range.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..09bbf8f006021a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/equal_range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_EQUAL_RANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_EQUAL_RANGE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/half_positive.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lower_bound.h>
+#include <__algorithm/upper_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_callable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Tp, class _Proj>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_Iter, _Iter>
+__equal_range(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare&& __comp, _Proj&& __proj) {
+  auto __len  = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::distance(__first, __last);
+  _Iter __end = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first, __last);
+  while (__len != 0) {
+    auto __half_len = std::__half_positive(__len);
+    _Iter __mid     = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first, __half_len);
+    if (std::__invoke(__comp, std::__invoke(__proj, *__mid), __value)) {
+      __first = ++__mid;
+      __len -= __half_len + 1;
+    } else if (std::__invoke(__comp, __value, std::__invoke(__proj, *__mid))) {
+      __end = __mid;
+      __len = __half_len;
+    } else {
+      _Iter __mp1 = __mid;
+      return pair<_Iter, _Iter>(std::__lower_bound<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __mid, __value, __comp, __proj),
+                                std::__upper_bound<_AlgPolicy>(++__mp1, __end, __value, __comp, __proj));
+    }
+  }
+  return pair<_Iter, _Iter>(__first, __first);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+equal_range(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(__is_callable<_Compare, decltype(*__first), const _Tp&>::value, "The comparator has to be callable");
+  static_assert(is_copy_constructible<_ForwardIterator>::value, "Iterator has to be copy constructible");
+  return std::__equal_range<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first),
+      std::move(__last),
+      __value,
+      static_cast<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__comp),
+      std::__identity());
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+equal_range(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) {
+  return std::equal_range(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __value, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_EQUAL_RANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fill.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fill.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1ce3eadb013d05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fill.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FILL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FILL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/fill_n.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// fill isn't specialized for std::memset, because the compiler already optimizes the loop to a call to std::memset.
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__fill(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, forward_iterator_tag) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    *__first = __value;
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__fill(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, random_access_iterator_tag) {
+  std::fill_n(__first, __last - __first, __value);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+fill(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) {
+  std::__fill(__first, __last, __value, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FILL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fill_n.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fill_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f29633f88087f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fill_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FILL_N_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FILL_N_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/bit_reference.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/convert_to_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// fill_n isn't specialized for std::memset, because the compiler already optimizes the loop to a call to std::memset.
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+__fill_n(_OutputIterator __first, _Size __n, const _Tp& __value);
+
+template <bool _FillVal, class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__fill_n_bool(__bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __first, typename _Cp::size_type __n) {
+  using _It            = __bit_iterator<_Cp, false>;
+  using __storage_type = typename _It::__storage_type;
+
+  const int __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+  // do first partial word
+  if (__first.__ctz_ != 0) {
+    __storage_type __clz_f = static_cast<__storage_type>(__bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_);
+    __storage_type __dn    = std::min(__clz_f, __n);
+    __storage_type __m     = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+    if (_FillVal)
+      *__first.__seg_ |= __m;
+    else
+      *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+    __n -= __dn;
+    ++__first.__seg_;
+  }
+  // do middle whole words
+  __storage_type __nw = __n / __bits_per_word;
+  std::__fill_n(std::__to_address(__first.__seg_), __nw, _FillVal ? static_cast<__storage_type>(-1) : 0);
+  __n -= __nw * __bits_per_word;
+  // do last partial word
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __first.__seg_ += __nw;
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+    if (_FillVal)
+      *__first.__seg_ |= __m;
+    else
+      *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Cp, class _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator<_Cp, false>
+__fill_n(__bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __first, _Size __n, const bool& __value) {
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    if (__value)
+      std::__fill_n_bool<true>(__first, __n);
+    else
+      std::__fill_n_bool<false>(__first, __n);
+  }
+  return __first + __n;
+}
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+__fill_n(_OutputIterator __first, _Size __n, const _Tp& __value) {
+  for (; __n > 0; ++__first, (void)--__n)
+    *__first = __value;
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+fill_n(_OutputIterator __first, _Size __n, const _Tp& __value) {
+  return std::__fill_n(__first, std::__convert_to_integral(__n), __value);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FILL_N_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7f58dbb13a5776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find.h
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/find_segment_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__bit/countr.h>
+#include <__bit/invert_if.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__fwd/bit_reference.h>
+#include <__iterator/segmented_iterator.h>
+#include <__string/constexpr_c_functions.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_signed.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+#  include <cwchar>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// generic implementation
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Tp, class _Proj>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Iter
+__find(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Tp& __value, _Proj& __proj) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (std::__invoke(__proj, *__first) == __value)
+      break;
+  return __first;
+}
+
+// trivially equality comparable implementations
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Up,
+          class _Proj,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_identity<_Proj>::value && __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable<_Tp, _Up>::value &&
+                            sizeof(_Tp) == 1,
+                        int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp* __find(_Tp* __first, _Tp* __last, const _Up& __value, _Proj&) {
+  if (auto __ret = std::__constexpr_memchr(__first, __value, __last - __first))
+    return __ret;
+  return __last;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Up,
+          class _Proj,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_identity<_Proj>::value && __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable<_Tp, _Up>::value &&
+                            sizeof(_Tp) == sizeof(wchar_t) && _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp) >= _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(wchar_t),
+                        int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp* __find(_Tp* __first, _Tp* __last, const _Up& __value, _Proj&) {
+  if (auto __ret = std::__constexpr_wmemchr(__first, __value, __last - __first))
+    return __ret;
+  return __last;
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+// TODO: This should also be possible to get right with 
diff erent signedness
+// cast integral types to allow vectorization
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Up,
+          class _Proj,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_identity<_Proj>::value && !__libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable<_Tp, _Up>::value &&
+                            is_integral<_Tp>::value && is_integral<_Up>::value &&
+                            is_signed<_Tp>::value == is_signed<_Up>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp*
+__find(_Tp* __first, _Tp* __last, const _Up& __value, _Proj& __proj) {
+  if (__value < numeric_limits<_Tp>::min() || __value > numeric_limits<_Tp>::max())
+    return __last;
+  return std::__find(__first, __last, _Tp(__value), __proj);
+}
+
+// __bit_iterator implementation
+template <bool _ToFind, class _Cp, bool _IsConst>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst>
+__find_bool(__bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, typename _Cp::size_type __n) {
+  using _It            = __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst>;
+  using __storage_type = typename _It::__storage_type;
+
+  const int __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+  // do first partial word
+  if (__first.__ctz_ != 0) {
+    __storage_type __clz_f = static_cast<__storage_type>(__bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_);
+    __storage_type __dn    = std::min(__clz_f, __n);
+    __storage_type __m     = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+    __storage_type __b     = std::__invert_if<!_ToFind>(*__first.__seg_) & __m;
+    if (__b)
+      return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(std::__libcpp_ctz(__b)));
+    if (__n == __dn)
+      return __first + __n;
+    __n -= __dn;
+    ++__first.__seg_;
+  }
+  // do middle whole words
+  for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__first.__seg_, __n -= __bits_per_word) {
+    __storage_type __b = std::__invert_if<!_ToFind>(*__first.__seg_);
+    if (__b)
+      return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(std::__libcpp_ctz(__b)));
+  }
+  // do last partial word
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+    __storage_type __b = std::__invert_if<!_ToFind>(*__first.__seg_) & __m;
+    if (__b)
+      return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(std::__libcpp_ctz(__b)));
+  }
+  return _It(__first.__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(__n));
+}
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IsConst, class _Tp, class _Proj, __enable_if_t<__is_identity<_Proj>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst>
+__find(__bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __last, const _Tp& __value, _Proj&) {
+  if (static_cast<bool>(__value))
+    return std::__find_bool<true>(__first, static_cast<typename _Cp::size_type>(__last - __first));
+  return std::__find_bool<false>(__first, static_cast<typename _Cp::size_type>(__last - __first));
+}
+
+// segmented iterator implementation
+
+template <class>
+struct __find_segment;
+
+template <class _SegmentedIterator,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Proj,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_segmented_iterator<_SegmentedIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _SegmentedIterator
+__find(_SegmentedIterator __first, _SegmentedIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Proj& __proj) {
+  return std::__find_segment_if(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __find_segment<_Tp>(__value), __proj);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __find_segment {
+  const _Tp& __value_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __find_segment(const _Tp& __value) : __value_(__value) {}
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _InputIterator
+  operator()(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Proj& __proj) const {
+    return std::__find(__first, __last, __value_, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+// public API
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _InputIterator
+find(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) {
+  __identity __proj;
+  return std::__rewrap_iter(
+      __first, std::__find(std::__unwrap_iter(__first), std::__unwrap_iter(__last), __value, __proj));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_end.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_end.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7e08e7953534eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_end.h
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_END_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_END_OF_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/search.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template < class _AlgPolicy,
+           class _Iter1,
+           class _Sent1,
+           class _Iter2,
+           class _Sent2,
+           class _Pred,
+           class _Proj1,
+           class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Iter1, _Iter1> __find_end_impl(
+    _Iter1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __last1,
+    _Iter2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __last2,
+    _Pred& __pred,
+    _Proj1& __proj1,
+    _Proj2& __proj2,
+    forward_iterator_tag,
+    forward_iterator_tag) {
+  // modeled after search algorithm
+  _Iter1 __match_first = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first1, __last1); // __last1 is the "default" answer
+  _Iter1 __match_last  = __match_first;
+  if (__first2 == __last2)
+    return pair<_Iter1, _Iter1>(__match_last, __match_last);
+  while (true) {
+    while (true) {
+      if (__first1 == __last1) // if source exhausted return last correct answer (or __last1 if never found)
+        return pair<_Iter1, _Iter1>(__match_first, __match_last);
+      if (std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__first1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__first2)))
+        break;
+      ++__first1;
+    }
+    // *__first1 matches *__first2, now match elements after here
+    _Iter1 __m1 = __first1;
+    _Iter2 __m2 = __first2;
+    while (true) {
+      if (++__m2 == __last2) { // Pattern exhaused, record answer and search for another one
+        __match_first = __first1;
+        __match_last  = ++__m1;
+        ++__first1;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (++__m1 == __last1) // Source exhausted, return last answer
+        return pair<_Iter1, _Iter1>(__match_first, __match_last);
+      // mismatch, restart with a new __first
+      if (!std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__m1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__m2))) {
+        ++__first1;
+        break;
+      } // else there is a match, check next elements
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template < class _IterOps,
+           class _Pred,
+           class _Iter1,
+           class _Sent1,
+           class _Iter2,
+           class _Sent2,
+           class _Proj1,
+           class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Iter1 __find_end(
+    _Iter1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __sent1,
+    _Iter2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __sent2,
+    _Pred& __pred,
+    _Proj1& __proj1,
+    _Proj2& __proj2,
+    bidirectional_iterator_tag,
+    bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
+  auto __last1 = _IterOps::next(__first1, __sent1);
+  auto __last2 = _IterOps::next(__first2, __sent2);
+  // modeled after search algorithm (in reverse)
+  if (__first2 == __last2)
+    return __last1; // Everything matches an empty sequence
+  _Iter1 __l1 = __last1;
+  _Iter2 __l2 = __last2;
+  --__l2;
+  while (true) {
+    // Find last element in sequence 1 that matchs *(__last2-1), with a mininum of loop checks
+    while (true) {
+      if (__first1 == __l1) // return __last1 if no element matches *__first2
+        return __last1;
+      if (std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *--__l1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__l2)))
+        break;
+    }
+    // *__l1 matches *__l2, now match elements before here
+    _Iter1 __m1 = __l1;
+    _Iter2 __m2 = __l2;
+    while (true) {
+      if (__m2 == __first2) // If pattern exhausted, __m1 is the answer (works for 1 element pattern)
+        return __m1;
+      if (__m1 == __first1) // Otherwise if source exhaused, pattern not found
+        return __last1;
+
+      // if there is a mismatch, restart with a new __l1
+      if (!std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *--__m1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *--__m2))) {
+        break;
+      } // else there is a match, check next elements
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template < class _AlgPolicy,
+           class _Pred,
+           class _Iter1,
+           class _Sent1,
+           class _Iter2,
+           class _Sent2,
+           class _Proj1,
+           class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Iter1 __find_end(
+    _Iter1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __sent1,
+    _Iter2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __sent2,
+    _Pred& __pred,
+    _Proj1& __proj1,
+    _Proj2& __proj2,
+    random_access_iterator_tag,
+    random_access_iterator_tag) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_Iter1>::
diff erence_type _D1;
+  auto __last1 = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first1, __sent1);
+  auto __last2 = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first2, __sent2);
+  // Take advantage of knowing source and pattern lengths.  Stop short when source is smaller than pattern
+  auto __len2 = __last2 - __first2;
+  if (__len2 == 0)
+    return __last1;
+  auto __len1 = __last1 - __first1;
+  if (__len1 < __len2)
+    return __last1;
+  const _Iter1 __s = __first1 + _D1(__len2 - 1); // End of pattern match can't go before here
+  _Iter1 __l1      = __last1;
+  _Iter2 __l2      = __last2;
+  --__l2;
+  while (true) {
+    while (true) {
+      if (__s == __l1)
+        return __last1;
+      if (std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *--__l1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__l2)))
+        break;
+    }
+    _Iter1 __m1 = __l1;
+    _Iter2 __m2 = __l2;
+    while (true) {
+      if (__m2 == __first2)
+        return __m1;
+      // no need to check range on __m1 because __s guarantees we have enough source
+      if (!std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *--__m1), std::__invoke(*--__m2))) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _ForwardIterator1 __find_end_classic(
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+    _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+    _BinaryPredicate& __pred) {
+  auto __proj = __identity();
+  return std::__find_end_impl<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+             __first1,
+             __last1,
+             __first2,
+             __last2,
+             __pred,
+             __proj,
+             __proj,
+             typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator1>::iterator_category(),
+             typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator2>::iterator_category())
+      .first;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator1 find_end(
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+    _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+    _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  return std::__find_end_classic(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __pred);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator1
+find_end(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2) {
+  return std::find_end(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __equal_to());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_END_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_first_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_first_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6b99f562f8804e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_first_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_FIRST_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_FIRST_OF_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _ForwardIterator1 __find_first_of_ce(
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+    _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+    _BinaryPredicate&& __pred) {
+  for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1)
+    for (_ForwardIterator2 __j = __first2; __j != __last2; ++__j)
+      if (__pred(*__first1, *__j))
+        return __first1;
+  return __last1;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator1 find_first_of(
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+    _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+    _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  return std::__find_first_of_ce(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __pred);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator1 find_first_of(
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2) {
+  return std::__find_first_of_ce(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __equal_to());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_FIRST_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..22092d352b06e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_IF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _InputIterator
+find_if(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (__pred(*__first))
+      break;
+  return __first;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_if_not.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_if_not.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cc2001967f0c5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_if_not.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_IF_NOT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_IF_NOT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _InputIterator
+find_if_not(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (!__pred(*__first))
+      break;
+  return __first;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_IF_NOT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_segment_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_segment_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9d6064f3e283a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/find_segment_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_SEGMENT_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_SEGMENT_IF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/segmented_iterator.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// __find_segment_if is a utility function for optimizing iteration over segmented iterators linearly.
+// [__first, __last) has to be a segmented range. __pred is expected to take a range of local iterators and the __proj.
+// It returns an iterator to the first element that satisfies the predicate, or a one-past-the-end iterator if there was
+// no match. __proj may be anything that should be passed to __pred, but is expected to be a projection to support
+// ranges algorithms, or __identity for classic algorithms.
+
+template <class _SegmentedIterator, class _Pred, class _Proj>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _SegmentedIterator
+__find_segment_if(_SegmentedIterator __first, _SegmentedIterator __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+  using _Traits = __segmented_iterator_traits<_SegmentedIterator>;
+
+  auto __sfirst = _Traits::__segment(__first);
+  auto __slast  = _Traits::__segment(__last);
+
+  // We are in a single segment, so we might not be at the beginning or end
+  if (__sfirst == __slast)
+    return _Traits::__compose(__sfirst, __pred(_Traits::__local(__first), _Traits::__local(__last), __proj));
+
+  { // We have more than one segment. Iterate over the first segment, since we might not start at the beginning
+    auto __llast = _Traits::__end(__sfirst);
+    auto __liter = __pred(_Traits::__local(__first), __llast, __proj);
+    if (__liter != __llast)
+      return _Traits::__compose(__sfirst, __liter);
+  }
+  ++__sfirst;
+
+  // Iterate over the segments which are guaranteed to be completely in the range
+  while (__sfirst != __slast) {
+    auto __llast = _Traits::__end(__sfirst);
+    auto __liter = __pred(_Traits::__begin(__sfirst), _Traits::__end(__sfirst), __proj);
+    if (__liter != __llast)
+      return _Traits::__compose(__sfirst, __liter);
+    ++__sfirst;
+  }
+
+  // Iterate over the last segment
+  return _Traits::__compose(__sfirst, __pred(_Traits::__begin(__sfirst), _Traits::__local(__last), __proj));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FIND_SEGMENT_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fold.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fold.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..255658f5232499
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/fold.h
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOLD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOLD_H
+
+#include <__concepts/assignable.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#include <__concepts/movable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/reference_wrapper.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/invoke.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class _Ip, class _Tp>
+struct in_value_result {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Ip in;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Tp value;
+
+  template <class _I2, class _T2>
+    requires convertible_to<const _Ip&, _I2> && convertible_to<const _Tp&, _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_value_result<_I2, _T2>() const& {
+    return {in, value};
+  }
+
+  template <class _I2, class _T2>
+    requires convertible_to<_Ip, _I2> && convertible_to<_Tp, _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_value_result<_I2, _T2>() && {
+    return {std::move(in), std::move(value)};
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Tp>
+using fold_left_with_iter_result = in_value_result<_Ip, _Tp>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Tp, class _Ip, class _Rp, class _Up = decay_t<_Rp>>
+concept __indirectly_binary_left_foldable_impl =
+    convertible_to<_Rp, _Up> &&                    //
+    movable<_Tp> &&                                //
+    movable<_Up> &&                                //
+    convertible_to<_Tp, _Up> &&                    //
+    invocable<_Fp&, _Up, iter_reference_t<_Ip>> && //
+    assignable_from<_Up&, invoke_result_t<_Fp&, _Up, iter_reference_t<_Ip>>>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Tp, class _Ip>
+concept __indirectly_binary_left_foldable =
+    copy_constructible<_Fp> &&                     //
+    invocable<_Fp&, _Tp, iter_reference_t<_Ip>> && //
+    __indirectly_binary_left_foldable_impl<_Fp, _Tp, _Ip, invoke_result_t<_Fp&, _Tp, iter_reference_t<_Ip>>>;
+
+struct __fold_left_with_iter {
+  template <input_iterator _Ip, sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp, class _Tp, __indirectly_binary_left_foldable<_Tp, _Ip> _Fp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto operator()(_Ip __first, _Sp __last, _Tp __init, _Fp __f) {
+    using _Up = decay_t<invoke_result_t<_Fp&, _Tp, iter_reference_t<_Ip>>>;
+
+    if (__first == __last) {
+      return fold_left_with_iter_result<_Ip, _Up>{std::move(__first), _Up(std::move(__init))};
+    }
+
+    _Up __result = std::invoke(__f, std::move(__init), *__first);
+    for (++__first; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      __result = std::invoke(__f, std::move(__result), *__first);
+    }
+
+    return fold_left_with_iter_result<_Ip, _Up>{std::move(__first), std::move(__result)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Rp, class _Tp, __indirectly_binary_left_foldable<_Tp, iterator_t<_Rp>> _Fp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto operator()(_Rp&& __r, _Tp __init, _Fp __f) {
+    auto __result = operator()(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), std::move(__init), std::ref(__f));
+
+    using _Up = decay_t<invoke_result_t<_Fp&, _Tp, range_reference_t<_Rp>>>;
+    return fold_left_with_iter_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Rp>, _Up>{std::move(__result.in), std::move(__result.value)};
+  }
+};
+
+inline constexpr auto fold_left_with_iter = __fold_left_with_iter();
+
+struct __fold_left {
+  template <input_iterator _Ip, sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp, class _Tp, __indirectly_binary_left_foldable<_Tp, _Ip> _Fp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto operator()(_Ip __first, _Sp __last, _Tp __init, _Fp __f) {
+    return fold_left_with_iter(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__init), std::ref(__f)).value;
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Rp, class _Tp, __indirectly_binary_left_foldable<_Tp, iterator_t<_Rp>> _Fp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto operator()(_Rp&& __r, _Tp __init, _Fp __f) {
+    return fold_left_with_iter(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), std::move(__init), std::ref(__f)).value;
+  }
+};
+
+inline constexpr auto fold_left = __fold_left();
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOLD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..259e527f87f915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOR_EACH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOR_EACH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/for_each_segment.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/segmented_iterator.h>
+#include <__ranges/movable_box.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Function>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Function
+for_each(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Function __f) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __f(*__first);
+  return __f;
+}
+
+// __movable_box is available in C++20, but is actually a copyable-box, so optimization is only correct in C++23
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _SegmentedIterator, class _Function>
+  requires __is_segmented_iterator<_SegmentedIterator>::value
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Function
+for_each(_SegmentedIterator __first, _SegmentedIterator __last, _Function __func) {
+  ranges::__movable_box<_Function> __wrapped_func(in_place, std::move(__func));
+  std::__for_each_segment(__first, __last, [&](auto __lfirst, auto __llast) {
+    __wrapped_func =
+        ranges::__movable_box<_Function>(in_place, std::for_each(__lfirst, __llast, std::move(*__wrapped_func)));
+  });
+  return std::move(*__wrapped_func);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOR_EACH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each_n.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fce380b49df3e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOR_EACH_N_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOR_EACH_N_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/convert_to_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Size, class _Function>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _InputIterator
+for_each_n(_InputIterator __first, _Size __orig_n, _Function __f) {
+  typedef decltype(std::__convert_to_integral(__orig_n)) _IntegralSize;
+  _IntegralSize __n = __orig_n;
+  while (__n > 0) {
+    __f(*__first);
+    ++__first;
+    --__n;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOR_EACH_N_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each_segment.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each_segment.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..93aa8259b2f7f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/for_each_segment.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOR_EACH_SEGMENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOR_EACH_SEGMENT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/segmented_iterator.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// __for_each_segment is a utility function for optimizing iterating over segmented iterators linearly.
+// __first and __last are expected to be a segmented range. __func is expected to take a range of local iterators.
+// Anything that is returned from __func is ignored.
+
+template <class _SegmentedIterator, class _Functor>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__for_each_segment(_SegmentedIterator __first, _SegmentedIterator __last, _Functor __func) {
+  using _Traits = __segmented_iterator_traits<_SegmentedIterator>;
+
+  auto __sfirst = _Traits::__segment(__first);
+  auto __slast  = _Traits::__segment(__last);
+
+  // We are in a single segment, so we might not be at the beginning or end
+  if (__sfirst == __slast) {
+    __func(_Traits::__local(__first), _Traits::__local(__last));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // We have more than one segment. Iterate over the first segment, since we might not start at the beginning
+  __func(_Traits::__local(__first), _Traits::__end(__sfirst));
+  ++__sfirst;
+  // iterate over the segments which are guaranteed to be completely in the range
+  while (__sfirst != __slast) {
+    __func(_Traits::__begin(__sfirst), _Traits::__end(__sfirst));
+    ++__sfirst;
+  }
+  // iterate over the last segment
+  __func(_Traits::__begin(__sfirst), _Traits::__local(__last));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_FOR_EACH_SEGMENT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/generate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/generate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c95b527402f5db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/generate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_GENERATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_GENERATE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Generator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+generate(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Generator __gen) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    *__first = __gen();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_GENERATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/generate_n.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/generate_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f36403fd0f94a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/generate_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_GENERATE_N_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_GENERATE_N_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/convert_to_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _Size, class _Generator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+generate_n(_OutputIterator __first, _Size __orig_n, _Generator __gen) {
+  typedef decltype(std::__convert_to_integral(__orig_n)) _IntegralSize;
+  _IntegralSize __n = __orig_n;
+  for (; __n > 0; ++__first, (void)--__n)
+    *__first = __gen();
+  return __first;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_GENERATE_N_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/half_positive.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/half_positive.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ebda0da372369d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/half_positive.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_HALF_POSITIVE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_HALF_POSITIVE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Perform division by two quickly for positive integers (llvm.org/PR39129)
+
+template <typename _Integral, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Integral>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Integral __half_positive(_Integral __value) {
+  return static_cast<_Integral>(static_cast<__make_unsigned_t<_Integral> >(__value) / 2);
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Tp __half_positive(_Tp __value) {
+  return __value / 2;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_HALF_POSITIVE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_found_result.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_found_result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a67ae387974c0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_found_result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_FOUND_RESULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_FOUND_RESULT_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class _InIter1>
+struct in_found_result {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _InIter1 in;
+  bool found;
+
+  template <class _InIter2>
+    requires convertible_to<const _InIter1&, _InIter2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_found_result<_InIter2>() const& {
+    return {in, found};
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter2>
+    requires convertible_to<_InIter1, _InIter2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_found_result<_InIter2>() && {
+    return {std::move(in), found};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_FOUND_RESULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_fun_result.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_fun_result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a22069a9a8ddaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_fun_result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_FUN_RESULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_FUN_RESULT_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class _InIter1, class _Func1>
+struct in_fun_result {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _InIter1 in;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Func1 fun;
+
+  template <class _InIter2, class _Func2>
+    requires convertible_to<const _InIter1&, _InIter2> && convertible_to<const _Func1&, _Func2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_fun_result<_InIter2, _Func2>() const& {
+    return {in, fun};
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter2, class _Func2>
+    requires convertible_to<_InIter1, _InIter2> && convertible_to<_Func1, _Func2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_fun_result<_InIter2, _Func2>() && {
+    return {std::move(in), std::move(fun)};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_FUN_RESULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_in_out_result.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_in_out_result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ba0380b5c68147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_in_out_result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_IN_OUT_RESULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_IN_OUT_RESULT_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter1, class _InIter2, class _OutIter1>
+struct in_in_out_result {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _InIter1 in1;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _InIter2 in2;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _OutIter1 out;
+
+  template <class _InIter3, class _InIter4, class _OutIter2>
+    requires convertible_to<const _InIter1&, _InIter3> && convertible_to<const _InIter2&, _InIter4> &&
+             convertible_to<const _OutIter1&, _OutIter2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_in_out_result<_InIter3, _InIter4, _OutIter2>() const& {
+    return {in1, in2, out};
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter3, class _InIter4, class _OutIter2>
+    requires convertible_to<_InIter1, _InIter3> && convertible_to<_InIter2, _InIter4> &&
+             convertible_to<_OutIter1, _OutIter2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_in_out_result<_InIter3, _InIter4, _OutIter2>() && {
+    return {std::move(in1), std::move(in2), std::move(out)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_IN_OUT_RESULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_in_result.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_in_result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..994573fc70fd88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_in_result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_IN_RESULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_IN_RESULT_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter1, class _InIter2>
+struct in_in_result {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _InIter1 in1;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _InIter2 in2;
+
+  template <class _InIter3, class _InIter4>
+    requires convertible_to<const _InIter1&, _InIter3> && convertible_to<const _InIter2&, _InIter4>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_in_result<_InIter3, _InIter4>() const& {
+    return {in1, in2};
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter3, class _InIter4>
+    requires convertible_to<_InIter1, _InIter3> && convertible_to<_InIter2, _InIter4>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_in_result<_InIter3, _InIter4>() && {
+    return {std::move(in1), std::move(in2)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_IN_RESULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_out_out_result.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_out_out_result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8ceb452841a419
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_out_out_result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_OUT_OUT_RESULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_OUT_OUT_RESULT_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class _InIter1, class _OutIter1, class _OutIter2>
+struct in_out_out_result {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _InIter1 in;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _OutIter1 out1;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _OutIter2 out2;
+
+  template <class _InIter2, class _OutIter3, class _OutIter4>
+    requires convertible_to<const _InIter1&, _InIter2> && convertible_to<const _OutIter1&, _OutIter3> &&
+             convertible_to<const _OutIter2&, _OutIter4>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_out_out_result<_InIter2, _OutIter3, _OutIter4>() const& {
+    return {in, out1, out2};
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter2, class _OutIter3, class _OutIter4>
+    requires convertible_to<_InIter1, _InIter2> && convertible_to<_OutIter1, _OutIter3> &&
+             convertible_to<_OutIter2, _OutIter4>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_out_out_result<_InIter2, _OutIter3, _OutIter4>() && {
+    return {std::move(in), std::move(out1), std::move(out2)};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_OUT_OUT_RESULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_out_result.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_out_result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a7a986cf8e6c09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/in_out_result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_OUT_RESULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_OUT_RESULT_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter1, class _OutIter1>
+struct in_out_result {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _InIter1 in;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _OutIter1 out;
+
+  template <class _InIter2, class _OutIter2>
+    requires convertible_to<const _InIter1&, _InIter2> && convertible_to<const _OutIter1&, _OutIter2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_out_result<_InIter2, _OutIter2>() const& {
+    return {in, out};
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter2, class _OutIter2>
+    requires convertible_to<_InIter1, _InIter2> && convertible_to<_OutIter1, _OutIter2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator in_out_result<_InIter2, _OutIter2>() && {
+    return {std::move(in), std::move(out)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IN_OUT_RESULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/includes.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/includes.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..62af03c3742608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/includes.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_INCLUDES_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_INCLUDES_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_callable.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Sent2, class _Comp, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __includes(
+    _Iter1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __last1,
+    _Iter2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __last2,
+    _Comp&& __comp,
+    _Proj1&& __proj1,
+    _Proj2&& __proj2) {
+  for (; __first2 != __last2; ++__first1) {
+    if (__first1 == __last1 ||
+        std::__invoke(__comp, std::__invoke(__proj2, *__first2), std::__invoke(__proj1, *__first1)))
+      return false;
+    if (!std::__invoke(__comp, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__first1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__first2)))
+      ++__first2;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+includes(_InputIterator1 __first1,
+         _InputIterator1 __last1,
+         _InputIterator2 __first2,
+         _InputIterator2 __last2,
+         _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(
+      __is_callable<_Compare, decltype(*__first1), decltype(*__first2)>::value, "Comparator has to be callable");
+
+  return std::__includes(
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      static_cast<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__comp),
+      __identity(),
+      __identity());
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+includes(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2) {
+  return std::includes(std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_INCLUDES_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/inplace_merge.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/inplace_merge.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a6bcc66a2fa47a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/inplace_merge.h
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_INPLACE_MERGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_INPLACE_MERGE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lower_bound.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__algorithm/move.h>
+#include <__algorithm/rotate.h>
+#include <__algorithm/upper_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/destruct_n.h>
+#include <__memory/temporary_buffer.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Predicate>
+class __invert // invert the sense of a comparison
+{
+private:
+  _Predicate __p_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __invert() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __invert(_Predicate __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+
+  template <class _T1>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _T1& __x) {
+    return !__p_(__x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _T1& __x, const _T2& __y) {
+    return __p_(__y, __x);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _InputIterator1,
+          class _Sent1,
+          class _InputIterator2,
+          class _Sent2,
+          class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __half_inplace_merge(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __last2,
+    _OutputIterator __result,
+    _Compare&& __comp) {
+  for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__result) {
+    if (__first2 == __last2) {
+      std::__move<_AlgPolicy>(__first1, __last1, __result);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1)) {
+      *__result = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(__first2);
+      ++__first2;
+    } else {
+      *__result = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(__first1);
+      ++__first1;
+    }
+  }
+  // __first2 through __last2 are already in the right spot.
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __buffered_inplace_merge(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __first,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __middle,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+    _Compare&& __comp,
+    typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::
diff erence_type __len1,
+    typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::
diff erence_type __len2,
+    typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type* __buff) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  __destruct_n __d(0);
+  unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h2(__buff, __d);
+  if (__len1 <= __len2) {
+    value_type* __p = __buff;
+    for (_BidirectionalIterator __i = __first; __i != __middle;
+         __d.template __incr<value_type>(), (void)++__i, (void)++__p)
+      ::new ((void*)__p) value_type(_IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(__i));
+    std::__half_inplace_merge<_AlgPolicy>(__buff, __p, __middle, __last, __first, __comp);
+  } else {
+    value_type* __p = __buff;
+    for (_BidirectionalIterator __i = __middle; __i != __last;
+         __d.template __incr<value_type>(), (void)++__i, (void)++__p)
+      ::new ((void*)__p) value_type(_IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(__i));
+    typedef reverse_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator> _RBi;
+    typedef reverse_iterator<value_type*> _Rv;
+    typedef __invert<_Compare> _Inverted;
+    std::__half_inplace_merge<_AlgPolicy>(
+        _Rv(__p), _Rv(__buff), _RBi(__middle), _RBi(__first), _RBi(__last), _Inverted(__comp));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+void __inplace_merge(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __first,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __middle,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+    _Compare&& __comp,
+    typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::
diff erence_type __len1,
+    typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::
diff erence_type __len2,
+    typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type* __buff,
+    ptr
diff _t __buff_size) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  while (true) {
+    // if __middle == __last, we're done
+    if (__len2 == 0)
+      return;
+    if (__len1 <= __buff_size || __len2 <= __buff_size)
+      return std::__buffered_inplace_merge<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __middle, __last, __comp, __len1, __len2, __buff);
+    // shrink [__first, __middle) as much as possible (with no moves), returning if it shrinks to 0
+    for (; true; ++__first, (void)--__len1) {
+      if (__len1 == 0)
+        return;
+      if (__comp(*__middle, *__first))
+        break;
+    }
+    // __first < __middle < __last
+    // *__first > *__middle
+    // partition [__first, __m1) [__m1, __middle) [__middle, __m2) [__m2, __last) such that
+    //     all elements in:
+    //         [__first, __m1)  <= [__middle, __m2)
+    //         [__middle, __m2) <  [__m1, __middle)
+    //         [__m1, __middle) <= [__m2, __last)
+    //     and __m1 or __m2 is in the middle of its range
+    _BidirectionalIterator __m1; // "median" of [__first, __middle)
+    _BidirectionalIterator __m2; // "median" of [__middle, __last)
+    
diff erence_type __len11;     // distance(__first, __m1)
+    
diff erence_type __len21;     // distance(__middle, __m2)
+    // binary search smaller range
+    if (__len1 < __len2) { // __len >= 1, __len2 >= 2
+      __len21 = __len2 / 2;
+      __m2    = __middle;
+      _Ops::advance(__m2, __len21);
+      __m1    = std::__upper_bound<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __middle, *__m2, __comp, std::__identity());
+      __len11 = _Ops::distance(__first, __m1);
+    } else {
+      if (__len1 == 1) { // __len1 >= __len2 && __len2 > 0, therefore __len2 == 1
+                         // It is known *__first > *__middle
+        _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __middle);
+        return;
+      }
+      // __len1 >= 2, __len2 >= 1
+      __len11 = __len1 / 2;
+      __m1    = __first;
+      _Ops::advance(__m1, __len11);
+      __m2    = std::lower_bound(__middle, __last, *__m1, __comp);
+      __len21 = _Ops::distance(__middle, __m2);
+    }
+    
diff erence_type __len12 = __len1 - __len11; // distance(__m1, __middle)
+    
diff erence_type __len22 = __len2 - __len21; // distance(__m2, __last)
+    // [__first, __m1) [__m1, __middle) [__middle, __m2) [__m2, __last)
+    // swap middle two partitions
+    __middle = std::__rotate<_AlgPolicy>(__m1, __middle, __m2).first;
+    // __len12 and __len21 now have swapped meanings
+    // merge smaller range with recursive call and larger with tail recursion elimination
+    if (__len11 + __len21 < __len12 + __len22) {
+      std::__inplace_merge<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __m1, __middle, __comp, __len11, __len21, __buff, __buff_size);
+      __first  = __middle;
+      __middle = __m2;
+      __len1   = __len12;
+      __len2   = __len22;
+    } else {
+      std::__inplace_merge<_AlgPolicy>(__middle, __m2, __last, __comp, __len12, __len22, __buff, __buff_size);
+      __last   = __middle;
+      __middle = __m1;
+      __len1   = __len11;
+      __len2   = __len21;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __inplace_merge(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __middle, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Compare&& __comp) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  
diff erence_type __len1     = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::distance(__first, __middle);
+  
diff erence_type __len2     = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::distance(__middle, __last);
+  
diff erence_type __buf_size = std::min(__len1, __len2);
+  // TODO: Remove the use of std::get_temporary_buffer
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  pair<value_type*, ptr
diff _t> __buf = std::get_temporary_buffer<value_type>(__buf_size);
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  unique_ptr<value_type, __return_temporary_buffer> __h(__buf.first);
+  return std::__inplace_merge<_AlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), std::move(__last), __comp, __len1, __len2, __buf.first, __buf.second);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void inplace_merge(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __middle, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  std::__inplace_merge<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), std::move(__last), static_cast<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__comp));
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+inplace_merge(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __middle, _BidirectionalIterator __last) {
+  std::inplace_merge(std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), std::move(__last), __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_INPLACE_MERGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_heap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_heap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c589b804a5dc08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_heap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_HEAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_HEAP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/is_heap_until.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+is_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__is_heap_until(__first, __last, static_cast<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__comp)) == __last;
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+is_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  return std::is_heap(__first, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_HEAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_heap_until.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_heap_until.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a174f2453cfcc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_heap_until.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_HEAP_UNTIL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_HEAP_UNTIL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _RandomAccessIterator
+__is_heap_until(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare&& __comp) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  
diff erence_type __len      = __last - __first;
+  
diff erence_type __p        = 0;
+  
diff erence_type __c        = 1;
+  _RandomAccessIterator __pp = __first;
+  while (__c < __len) {
+    _RandomAccessIterator __cp = __first + __c;
+    if (__comp(*__pp, *__cp))
+      return __cp;
+    ++__c;
+    ++__cp;
+    if (__c == __len)
+      return __last;
+    if (__comp(*__pp, *__cp))
+      return __cp;
+    ++__p;
+    ++__pp;
+    __c = 2 * __p + 1;
+  }
+  return __last;
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _RandomAccessIterator
+is_heap_until(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__is_heap_until(__first, __last, static_cast<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__comp));
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _RandomAccessIterator
+is_heap_until(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  return std::__is_heap_until(__first, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_HEAP_UNTIL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_partitioned.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_partitioned.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1f7c8b0b267e75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_partitioned.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_PARTITIONED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_PARTITIONED_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+is_partitioned(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (!__pred(*__first))
+      break;
+  if (__first == __last)
+    return true;
+  ++__first;
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (__pred(*__first))
+      return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_PARTITIONED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_permutation.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_permutation.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2ddfb32a212bbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_permutation.h
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_PERMUTATION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_PERMUTATION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_callable.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Sent2, class = void>
+struct _ConstTimeDistance : false_type {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Sent2>
+struct _ConstTimeDistance<_Iter1,
+                          _Sent1,
+                          _Iter2,
+                          _Sent2,
+                          __enable_if_t< sized_sentinel_for<_Sent1, _Iter1> && sized_sentinel_for<_Sent2, _Iter2> >>
+    : true_type {};
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+struct _ConstTimeDistance<
+    _Iter1,
+    _Iter1,
+    _Iter2,
+    _Iter2,
+    __enable_if_t< is_same<typename iterator_traits<_Iter1>::iterator_category, random_access_iterator_tag>::value &&
+                   is_same<typename iterator_traits<_Iter2>::iterator_category, random_access_iterator_tag>::value > >
+    : true_type {};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// Internal functions
+
+// For each element in [f1, l1) see if there are the same number of equal elements in [f2, l2)
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Iter1,
+          class _Sent1,
+          class _Iter2,
+          class _Sent2,
+          class _Proj1,
+          class _Proj2,
+          class _Pred>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __is_permutation_impl(
+    _Iter1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __last1,
+    _Iter2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __last2,
+    _Pred&& __pred,
+    _Proj1&& __proj1,
+    _Proj2&& __proj2) {
+  using _D1 = __iter_
diff _t<_Iter1>;
+
+  for (auto __i = __first1; __i != __last1; ++__i) {
+    //  Have we already counted the number of *__i in [f1, l1)?
+    auto __match = __first1;
+    for (; __match != __i; ++__match) {
+      if (std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__match), std::__invoke(__proj1, *__i)))
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (__match == __i) {
+      // Count number of *__i in [f2, l2)
+      _D1 __c2 = 0;
+      for (auto __j = __first2; __j != __last2; ++__j) {
+        if (std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__i), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__j)))
+          ++__c2;
+      }
+      if (__c2 == 0)
+        return false;
+
+      // Count number of *__i in [__i, l1) (we can start with 1)
+      _D1 __c1 = 1;
+      for (auto __j = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__i); __j != __last1; ++__j) {
+        if (std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__i), std::__invoke(__proj1, *__j)))
+          ++__c1;
+      }
+      if (__c1 != __c2)
+        return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// 2+1 iterators, predicate. Not used by range algorithms.
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _Sentinel1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __is_permutation(
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _Sentinel1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _BinaryPredicate&& __pred) {
+  // Shorten sequences as much as possible by lopping of any equal prefix.
+  for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, (void)++__first2) {
+    if (!__pred(*__first1, *__first2))
+      break;
+  }
+
+  if (__first1 == __last1)
+    return true;
+
+  //  __first1 != __last1 && *__first1 != *__first2
+  using _D1 = __iter_
diff _t<_ForwardIterator1>;
+  _D1 __l1  = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::distance(__first1, __last1);
+  if (__l1 == _D1(1))
+    return false;
+  auto __last2 = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first2, __l1);
+
+  return std::__is_permutation_impl<_AlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      __pred,
+      __identity(),
+      __identity());
+}
+
+// 2+2 iterators, predicate, non-constant time `distance`.
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Iter1,
+          class _Sent1,
+          class _Iter2,
+          class _Sent2,
+          class _Proj1,
+          class _Proj2,
+          class _Pred>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __is_permutation(
+    _Iter1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __last1,
+    _Iter2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __last2,
+    _Pred&& __pred,
+    _Proj1&& __proj1,
+    _Proj2&& __proj2,
+    /*_ConstTimeDistance=*/false_type) {
+  // Shorten sequences as much as possible by lopping of any equal prefix.
+  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) {
+    if (!std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__first1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__first2)))
+      break;
+    ++__first1;
+    ++__first2;
+  }
+
+  if (__first1 == __last1)
+    return __first2 == __last2;
+  if (__first2 == __last2) // Second range is shorter
+    return false;
+
+  using _D1 = __iter_
diff _t<_Iter1>;
+  _D1 __l1  = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::distance(__first1, __last1);
+
+  using _D2 = __iter_
diff _t<_Iter2>;
+  _D2 __l2  = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::distance(__first2, __last2);
+  if (__l1 != __l2)
+    return false;
+
+  return std::__is_permutation_impl<_AlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+}
+
+// 2+2 iterators, predicate, specialization for constant-time `distance` call.
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Iter1,
+          class _Sent1,
+          class _Iter2,
+          class _Sent2,
+          class _Proj1,
+          class _Proj2,
+          class _Pred>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __is_permutation(
+    _Iter1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __last1,
+    _Iter2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __last2,
+    _Pred&& __pred,
+    _Proj1&& __proj1,
+    _Proj2&& __proj2,
+    /*_ConstTimeDistance=*/true_type) {
+  if (std::distance(__first1, __last1) != std::distance(__first2, __last2))
+    return false;
+  return std::__is_permutation<_AlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      __pred,
+      __proj1,
+      __proj2,
+      /*_ConstTimeDistance=*/false_type());
+}
+
+// 2+2 iterators, predicate
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Iter1,
+          class _Sent1,
+          class _Iter2,
+          class _Sent2,
+          class _Proj1,
+          class _Proj2,
+          class _Pred>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __is_permutation(
+    _Iter1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __last1,
+    _Iter2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __last2,
+    _Pred&& __pred,
+    _Proj1&& __proj1,
+    _Proj2&& __proj2) {
+  return std::__is_permutation<_AlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      __pred,
+      __proj1,
+      __proj2,
+      _ConstTimeDistance<_Iter1, _Sent1, _Iter2, _Sent2>());
+}
+
+// Public interface
+
+// 2+1 iterators, predicate
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool is_permutation(
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  static_assert(__is_callable<_BinaryPredicate, decltype(*__first1), decltype(*__first2)>::value,
+                "The predicate has to be callable");
+
+  return std::__is_permutation<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), __pred);
+}
+
+// 2+1 iterators
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+is_permutation(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2) {
+  return std::is_permutation(__first1, __last1, __first2, __equal_to());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+// 2+2 iterators
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool is_permutation(
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2) {
+  return std::__is_permutation<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      __equal_to(),
+      __identity(),
+      __identity());
+}
+
+// 2+2 iterators, predicate
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool is_permutation(
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+    _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+    _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  static_assert(__is_callable<_BinaryPredicate, decltype(*__first1), decltype(*__first2)>::value,
+                "The predicate has to be callable");
+
+  return std::__is_permutation<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      __pred,
+      __identity(),
+      __identity());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_PERMUTATION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_sorted.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_sorted.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3befb1ac9c26a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_sorted.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_SORTED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_SORTED_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/is_sorted_until.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+is_sorted(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__is_sorted_until<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__first, __last, __comp) == __last;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+is_sorted(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  return std::is_sorted(__first, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_SORTED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_sorted_until.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_sorted_until.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..53a49f00de31e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/is_sorted_until.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_SORTED_UNTIL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_SORTED_UNTIL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Compare, class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+__is_sorted_until(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+    while (++__i != __last) {
+      if (__comp(*__i, *__first))
+        return __i;
+      __first = __i;
+    }
+  }
+  return __last;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+is_sorted_until(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__is_sorted_until<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__first, __last, __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+is_sorted_until(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  return std::is_sorted_until(__first, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_IS_SORTED_UNTIL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/iter_swap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/iter_swap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a1412e5d8720be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/iter_swap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ITER_SWAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ITER_SWAP_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void iter_swap(_ForwardIterator1 __a, _ForwardIterator2 __b)
+    //                                  _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(swap(*__a, *__b)))
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(swap(*std::declval<_ForwardIterator1>(), *std::declval<_ForwardIterator2>()))) {
+  swap(*__a, *__b);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ITER_SWAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/iterator_operations.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/iterator_operations.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8ced989233bc48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/iterator_operations.h
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ITERATOR_OPERATIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ITERATOR_OPERATIONS_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_iterator_concept.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/prev.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy>
+struct _IterOps;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+struct _RangeAlgPolicy {};
+
+template <>
+struct _IterOps<_RangeAlgPolicy> {
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using __value_type = iter_value_t<_Iter>;
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using __iterator_category = ranges::__iterator_concept<_Iter>;
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using __
diff erence_type = iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>;
+
+  static constexpr auto advance      = ranges::advance;
+  static constexpr auto distance     = ranges::distance;
+  static constexpr auto __iter_move  = ranges::iter_move;
+  static constexpr auto iter_swap    = ranges::iter_swap;
+  static constexpr auto next         = ranges::next;
+  static constexpr auto prev         = ranges::prev;
+  static constexpr auto __advance_to = ranges::advance;
+};
+
+#endif
+
+struct _ClassicAlgPolicy {};
+
+template <>
+struct _IterOps<_ClassicAlgPolicy> {
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using __value_type = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type;
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using __iterator_category = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category;
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using __
diff erence_type = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::
diff erence_type;
+
+  // advance
+  template <class _Iter, class _Distance>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 static void advance(_Iter& __iter, _Distance __count) {
+    std::advance(__iter, __count);
+  }
+
+  // distance
+  template <class _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 static typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::
diff erence_type
+  distance(_Iter __first, _Iter __last) {
+    return std::distance(__first, __last);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using __deref_t = decltype(*std::declval<_Iter&>());
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using __move_t = decltype(std::move(*std::declval<_Iter&>()));
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 static void __validate_iter_reference() {
+    static_assert(
+        is_same<__deref_t<_Iter>, typename iterator_traits<__remove_cvref_t<_Iter> >::reference>::value,
+        "It looks like your iterator's `iterator_traits<It>::reference` does not match the return type of "
+        "dereferencing the iterator, i.e., calling `*it`. This is undefined behavior according to [input.iterators] "
+        "and can lead to dangling reference issues at runtime, so we are flagging this.");
+  }
+
+  // iter_move
+  template <class _Iter, __enable_if_t<is_reference<__deref_t<_Iter> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 static
+      // If the result of dereferencing `_Iter` is a reference type, deduce the result of calling `std::move` on it.
+      // Note that the C++03 mode doesn't support `decltype(auto)` as the return type.
+      __move_t<_Iter>
+      __iter_move(_Iter&& __i) {
+    __validate_iter_reference<_Iter>();
+
+    return std::move(*std::forward<_Iter>(__i));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter, __enable_if_t<!is_reference<__deref_t<_Iter> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 static
+      // If the result of dereferencing `_Iter` is a value type, deduce the return value of this function to also be a
+      // value -- otherwise, after `operator*` returns a temporary, this function would return a dangling reference to
+      // that temporary. Note that the C++03 mode doesn't support `auto` as the return type.
+      __deref_t<_Iter>
+      __iter_move(_Iter&& __i) {
+    __validate_iter_reference<_Iter>();
+
+    return *std::forward<_Iter>(__i);
+  }
+
+  // iter_swap
+  template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 static void iter_swap(_Iter1&& __a, _Iter2&& __b) {
+    std::iter_swap(std::forward<_Iter1>(__a), std::forward<_Iter2>(__b));
+  }
+
+  // next
+  template <class _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Iterator next(_Iterator, _Iterator __last) {
+    return __last;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __remove_cvref_t<_Iter>
+  next(_Iter&& __it, typename iterator_traits<__remove_cvref_t<_Iter> >::
diff erence_type __n = 1) {
+    return std::next(std::forward<_Iter>(__it), __n);
+  }
+
+  // prev
+  template <class _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __remove_cvref_t<_Iter>
+  prev(_Iter&& __iter, typename iterator_traits<__remove_cvref_t<_Iter> >::
diff erence_type __n = 1) {
+    return std::prev(std::forward<_Iter>(__iter), __n);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void __advance_to(_Iter& __first, _Iter __last) {
+    __first = __last;
+  }
+
+  // advance with sentinel, a la std::ranges::advance
+  template <class _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 static __
diff erence_type<_Iter>
+  __advance_to(_Iter& __iter, __
diff erence_type<_Iter> __count, const _Iter& __sentinel) {
+    return _IterOps::__advance_to(__iter, __count, __sentinel, typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category());
+  }
+
+private:
+  // advance with sentinel, a la std::ranges::advance -- InputIterator specialization
+  template <class _InputIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 static __
diff erence_type<_InputIter> __advance_to(
+      _InputIter& __iter, __
diff erence_type<_InputIter> __count, const _InputIter& __sentinel, input_iterator_tag) {
+    __
diff erence_type<_InputIter> __dist = 0;
+    for (; __dist < __count && __iter != __sentinel; ++__dist)
+      ++__iter;
+    return __count - __dist;
+  }
+
+  // advance with sentinel, a la std::ranges::advance -- BidirectionalIterator specialization
+  template <class _BiDirIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 static __
diff erence_type<_BiDirIter>
+  __advance_to(_BiDirIter& __iter,
+               __
diff erence_type<_BiDirIter> __count,
+               const _BiDirIter& __sentinel,
+               bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
+    __
diff erence_type<_BiDirIter> __dist = 0;
+    if (__count >= 0)
+      for (; __dist < __count && __iter != __sentinel; ++__dist)
+        ++__iter;
+    else
+      for (__count = -__count; __dist < __count && __iter != __sentinel; ++__dist)
+        --__iter;
+    return __count - __dist;
+  }
+
+  // advance with sentinel, a la std::ranges::advance -- RandomIterator specialization
+  template <class _RandIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 static __
diff erence_type<_RandIter>
+  __advance_to(_RandIter& __iter,
+               __
diff erence_type<_RandIter> __count,
+               const _RandIter& __sentinel,
+               random_access_iterator_tag) {
+    auto __dist = _IterOps::distance(__iter, __sentinel);
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(
+        __count == 0 || (__dist < 0) == (__count < 0), "__sentinel must precede __iter when __count < 0");
+    if (__count < 0)
+      __dist = __dist > __count ? __dist : __count;
+    else
+      __dist = __dist < __count ? __dist : __count;
+    __iter += __dist;
+    return __count - __dist;
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ITERATOR_OPERATIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..edc29e269c88ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_LEXICOGRAPHICAL_COMPARE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_LEXICOGRAPHICAL_COMPARE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __lexicographical_compare(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _Compare __comp) {
+  for (; __first2 != __last2; ++__first1, (void)++__first2) {
+    if (__first1 == __last1 || __comp(*__first1, *__first2))
+      return true;
+    if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1))
+      return false;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool lexicographical_compare(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__lexicographical_compare<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool lexicographical_compare(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_LEXICOGRAPHICAL_COMPARE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a5872e90cf8d29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_LEXICOGRAPHICAL_COMPARE_THREE_WAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_LEXICOGRAPHICAL_COMPARE_THREE_WAY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__algorithm/three_way_comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// Fast path for random access iterators which computes the number of loop iterations up-front and
+// then skips the iterator comparisons inside the loop.
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Cmp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __lexicographical_compare_three_way_fast_path(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _Cmp& __comp)
+    -> decltype(__comp(*__first1, *__first2)) {
+  static_assert(
+      signed_integral<__iter_
diff _t<_InputIterator1>>, "Using a non-integral 
diff erence_type is undefined behavior.");
+  static_assert(
+      signed_integral<__iter_
diff _t<_InputIterator2>>, "Using a non-integral 
diff erence_type is undefined behavior.");
+
+  using _Len1   = __iter_
diff _t<_InputIterator1>;
+  using _Len2   = __iter_
diff _t<_InputIterator2>;
+  using _Common = common_type_t<_Len1, _Len2>;
+
+  _Len1 __len1      = __last1 - __first1;
+  _Len2 __len2      = __last2 - __first2;
+  _Common __min_len = std::min<_Common>(__len1, __len2);
+
+  for (_Common __i = 0; __i < __min_len; ++__i) {
+    auto __c = __comp(*__first1, *__first2);
+    if (__c != 0) {
+      return __c;
+    }
+    ++__first1;
+    ++__first2;
+  }
+
+  return __len1 <=> __len2;
+}
+
+// Unoptimized implementation which compares the iterators against the end in every loop iteration
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Cmp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __lexicographical_compare_three_way_slow_path(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _Cmp& __comp)
+    -> decltype(__comp(*__first1, *__first2)) {
+  while (true) {
+    bool __exhausted1 = __first1 == __last1;
+    bool __exhausted2 = __first2 == __last2;
+
+    if (__exhausted1 || __exhausted2) {
+      if (!__exhausted1)
+        return strong_ordering::greater;
+      if (!__exhausted2)
+        return strong_ordering::less;
+      return strong_ordering::equal;
+    }
+
+    auto __c = __comp(*__first1, *__first2);
+    if (__c != 0) {
+      return __c;
+    }
+
+    ++__first1;
+    ++__first2;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Cmp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto lexicographical_compare_three_way(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2, _Cmp __comp)
+    -> decltype(__comp(*__first1, *__first2)) {
+  static_assert(__comparison_category<decltype(__comp(*__first1, *__first2))>,
+                "The comparator passed to lexicographical_compare_three_way must return a comparison category type.");
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_constructible_v<_InputIterator1>, "Iterators must be copy constructible.");
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_constructible_v<_InputIterator2>, "Iterators must be copy constructible.");
+  __three_way_comp_ref_type<_Cmp> __wrapped_comp_ref(__comp);
+  if constexpr (__has_random_access_iterator_category<_InputIterator1>::value &&
+                __has_random_access_iterator_category<_InputIterator2>::value) {
+    return std::__lexicographical_compare_three_way_fast_path(
+        std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), __wrapped_comp_ref);
+  } else {
+    // Unoptimized implementation which compares the iterators against the end in every loop iteration
+    return std::__lexicographical_compare_three_way_slow_path(
+        std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), __wrapped_comp_ref);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto lexicographical_compare_three_way(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(
+      std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), std::compare_three_way());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_LEXICOGRAPHICAL_COMPARE_THREE_WAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lower_bound.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lower_bound.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c417d84835497d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/lower_bound.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_LOWER_BOUND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_LOWER_BOUND_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/half_positive.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_callable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Iter, class _Type, class _Proj, class _Comp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Iter __lower_bound_bisecting(
+    _Iter __first,
+    const _Type& __value,
+    typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::
diff erence_type __len,
+    _Comp& __comp,
+    _Proj& __proj) {
+  while (__len != 0) {
+    auto __l2 = std::__half_positive(__len);
+    _Iter __m = __first;
+    _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::advance(__m, __l2);
+    if (std::__invoke(__comp, std::__invoke(__proj, *__m), __value)) {
+      __first = ++__m;
+      __len -= __l2 + 1;
+    } else {
+      __len = __l2;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+// One-sided binary search, aka meta binary search, has been in the public domain for decades, and has the general
+// advantage of being \Omega(1) rather than the classic algorithm's \Omega(log(n)), with the downside of executing at
+// most 2*log(n) comparisons vs the classic algorithm's exact log(n). There are two scenarios in which it really shines:
+// the first one is when operating over non-random-access iterators, because the classic algorithm requires knowing the
+// container's size upfront, which adds \Omega(n) iterator increments to the complexity. The second one is when you're
+// traversing the container in order, trying to fast-forward to the next value: in that case, the classic algorithm
+// would yield \Omega(n*log(n)) comparisons and, for non-random-access iterators, \Omega(n^2) iterator increments,
+// whereas the one-sided version will yield O(n) operations on both counts, with a \Omega(log(n)) bound on the number of
+// comparisons.
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Sent, class _Type, class _Proj, class _Comp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+__lower_bound_onesided(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sent __last, const _Type& __value, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+  // step = 0, ensuring we can always short-circuit when distance is 1 later on
+  if (__first == __last || !std::__invoke(__comp, std::__invoke(__proj, *__first), __value))
+    return __first;
+
+  using _Distance = typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::
diff erence_type;
+  for (_Distance __step = 1; __first != __last; __step <<= 1) {
+    auto __it   = __first;
+    auto __dist = __step - _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__advance_to(__it, __step, __last);
+    // once we reach the last range where needle can be we must start
+    // looking inwards, bisecting that range
+    if (__it == __last || !std::__invoke(__comp, std::__invoke(__proj, *__it), __value)) {
+      // we've already checked the previous value and it was less, we can save
+      // one comparison by skipping bisection
+      if (__dist == 1)
+        return __it;
+      return std::__lower_bound_bisecting<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __value, __dist, __comp, __proj);
+    }
+    // range not found, move forward!
+    __first = __it;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Sent, class _Type, class _Proj, class _Comp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+__lower_bound(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sent __last, const _Type& __value, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+  const auto __dist = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::distance(__first, __last);
+  return std::__lower_bound_bisecting<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __value, __dist, __comp, __proj);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+lower_bound(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(__is_callable<_Compare, decltype(*__first), const _Tp&>::value, "The comparator has to be callable");
+  auto __proj = std::__identity();
+  return std::__lower_bound<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __value, __comp, __proj);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+lower_bound(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) {
+  return std::lower_bound(__first, __last, __value, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_LOWER_BOUND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/make_heap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/make_heap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e8f0cdb27333a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/make_heap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAKE_HEAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAKE_HEAP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sift_down.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__make_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare&& __comp) {
+  __comp_ref_type<_Compare> __comp_ref = __comp;
+
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type;
+  
diff erence_type __n   = __last - __first;
+  if (__n > 1) {
+    // start from the first parent, there is no need to consider children
+    for (
diff erence_type __start = (__n - 2) / 2; __start >= 0; --__start) {
+      std::__sift_down<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __comp_ref, __n, __first + __start);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+make_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  std::__make_heap<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+make_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  std::make_heap(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAKE_HEAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/make_projected.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/make_projected.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5245e523f3df21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/make_projected.h
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAKE_PROJECTED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAKE_PROJECTED_H
+
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_member_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Pred, class _Proj>
+struct _ProjectedPred {
+  _Pred& __pred; // Can be a unary or a binary predicate.
+  _Proj& __proj;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ProjectedPred(_Pred& __pred_arg, _Proj& __proj_arg)
+      : __pred(__pred_arg), __proj(__proj_arg) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  typename __invoke_of<_Pred&, decltype(std::__invoke(std::declval<_Proj&>(), std::declval<_Tp>()))>::type
+      _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+      operator()(_Tp&& __v) const {
+    return std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj, std::forward<_Tp>(__v)));
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  typename __invoke_of<_Pred&,
+                       decltype(std::__invoke(std::declval<_Proj&>(), std::declval<_T1>())),
+                       decltype(std::__invoke(std::declval<_Proj&>(), std::declval<_T2>()))>::type _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  operator()(_T1&& __lhs, _T2&& __rhs) const {
+    return std::__invoke(
+        __pred, std::__invoke(__proj, std::forward<_T1>(__lhs)), std::__invoke(__proj, std::forward<_T2>(__rhs)));
+  }
+};
+
+template <
+    class _Pred,
+    class _Proj,
+    __enable_if_t<!(!is_member_pointer<__decay_t<_Pred> >::value && __is_identity<__decay_t<_Proj> >::value), int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _ProjectedPred<_Pred, _Proj> __make_projected(_Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+  return _ProjectedPred<_Pred, _Proj>(__pred, __proj);
+}
+
+// Avoid creating the functor and just use the pristine comparator -- for certain algorithms, this would enable
+// optimizations that rely on the type of the comparator. Additionally, this results in less layers of indirection in
+// the call stack when the comparator is invoked, even in an unoptimized build.
+template <
+    class _Pred,
+    class _Proj,
+    __enable_if_t<!is_member_pointer<__decay_t<_Pred> >::value && __is_identity<__decay_t<_Proj> >::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Pred& __make_projected(_Pred& __pred, _Proj&) {
+  return __pred;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Comp, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) __make_projected_comp(_Comp& __comp, _Proj1& __proj1, _Proj2& __proj2) {
+  if constexpr (__is_identity<decay_t<_Proj1>>::value && __is_identity<decay_t<_Proj2>>::value &&
+                !is_member_pointer_v<decay_t<_Comp>>) {
+    // Avoid creating the lambda and just use the pristine comparator -- for certain algorithms, this would enable
+    // optimizations that rely on the type of the comparator.
+    return __comp;
+
+  } else {
+    return [&](auto&& __lhs, auto&& __rhs) -> bool {
+      return std::invoke(__comp,
+                         std::invoke(__proj1, std::forward<decltype(__lhs)>(__lhs)),
+                         std::invoke(__proj2, std::forward<decltype(__rhs)>(__rhs)));
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAKE_PROJECTED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/max.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/max.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d4c99f6f364367
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/max.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAX_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAX_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/max_element.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Tp&
+max(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __a, _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __b, _Compare __comp) {
+  return __comp(__a, __b) ? __b : __a;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Tp&
+max(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __a, _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __b) {
+  return std::max(__a, __b, __less<>());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp
+max(initializer_list<_Tp> __t, _Compare __comp) {
+  return *std::__max_element<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__t.begin(), __t.end(), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp max(initializer_list<_Tp> __t) {
+  return *std::max_element(__t.begin(), __t.end(), __less<>());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/max_element.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/max_element.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c036726cbccd8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/max_element.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAX_ELEMENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAX_ELEMENT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Compare, class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _ForwardIterator
+__max_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(
+      __has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, "std::max_element requires a ForwardIterator");
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+    while (++__i != __last)
+      if (__comp(*__first, *__i))
+        __first = __i;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _ForwardIterator
+max_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__max_element<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__first, __last, __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _ForwardIterator
+max_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  return std::max_element(__first, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MAX_ELEMENT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/merge.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/merge.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bad663c4b9f102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/merge.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MERGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MERGE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator __merge(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _OutputIterator __result,
+    _Compare __comp) {
+  for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__result) {
+    if (__first2 == __last2)
+      return std::copy(__first1, __last1, __result);
+    if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1)) {
+      *__result = *__first2;
+      ++__first2;
+    } else {
+      *__result = *__first1;
+      ++__first1;
+    }
+  }
+  return std::copy(__first2, __last2, __result);
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+merge(_InputIterator1 __first1,
+      _InputIterator1 __last1,
+      _InputIterator2 __first2,
+      _InputIterator2 __last2,
+      _OutputIterator __result,
+      _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__merge<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+merge(_InputIterator1 __first1,
+      _InputIterator1 __last1,
+      _InputIterator2 __first2,
+      _InputIterator2 __last2,
+      _OutputIterator __result) {
+  return std::merge(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MERGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1bafad8a461eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MIN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MIN_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min_element.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Tp&
+min(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __a, _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __b, _Compare __comp) {
+  return __comp(__b, __a) ? __b : __a;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Tp&
+min(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __a, _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __b) {
+  return std::min(__a, __b, __less<>());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp
+min(initializer_list<_Tp> __t, _Compare __comp) {
+  return *std::__min_element<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__t.begin(), __t.end(), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp min(initializer_list<_Tp> __t) {
+  return *std::min_element(__t.begin(), __t.end(), __less<>());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MIN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min_element.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min_element.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..65f3594d630cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min_element.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MIN_ELEMENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MIN_ELEMENT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_callable.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Comp, class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Iter
+__min_element(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+  if (__first == __last)
+    return __first;
+
+  _Iter __i = __first;
+  while (++__i != __last)
+    if (std::__invoke(__comp, std::__invoke(__proj, *__i), std::__invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+      __first = __i;
+
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _Comp, class _Iter, class _Sent>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Iter __min_element(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp) {
+  auto __proj = __identity();
+  return std::__min_element<_Comp>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _ForwardIterator
+min_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(
+      __has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, "std::min_element requires a ForwardIterator");
+  static_assert(
+      __is_callable<_Compare, decltype(*__first), decltype(*__first)>::value, "The comparator has to be callable");
+
+  return std::__min_element<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _ForwardIterator
+min_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  return std::min_element(__first, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MIN_ELEMENT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min_max_result.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min_max_result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e988df7c114ee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/min_max_result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MIN_MAX_RESULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MIN_MAX_RESULT_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _T1>
+struct min_max_result {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _T1 min;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _T1 max;
+
+  template <class _T2>
+    requires convertible_to<const _T1&, _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator min_max_result<_T2>() const& {
+    return {min, max};
+  }
+
+  template <class _T2>
+    requires convertible_to<_T1, _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator min_max_result<_T2>() && {
+    return {std::move(min), std::move(max)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MIN_MAX_RESULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/minmax.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/minmax.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9feda2b4c0da90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/minmax.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MINMAX_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MINMAX_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/minmax_element.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_callable.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<const _Tp&, const _Tp&>
+minmax(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __a, _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __b, _Compare __comp) {
+  return __comp(__b, __a) ? pair<const _Tp&, const _Tp&>(__b, __a) : pair<const _Tp&, const _Tp&>(__a, __b);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<const _Tp&, const _Tp&>
+minmax(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __a, _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __b) {
+  return std::minmax(__a, __b, __less<>());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Tp, _Tp>
+minmax(initializer_list<_Tp> __t, _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(__is_callable<_Compare, _Tp, _Tp>::value, "The comparator has to be callable");
+  __identity __proj;
+  auto __ret = std::__minmax_element_impl(__t.begin(), __t.end(), __comp, __proj);
+  return pair<_Tp, _Tp>(*__ret.first, *__ret.second);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Tp, _Tp>
+minmax(initializer_list<_Tp> __t) {
+  return std::minmax(__t, __less<>());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MINMAX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/minmax_element.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/minmax_element.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..43cb23347c3465
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/minmax_element.h
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MINMAX_ELEMENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MINMAX_ELEMENT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_callable.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Comp, class _Proj>
+class _MinmaxElementLessFunc {
+  _Comp& __comp_;
+  _Proj& __proj_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _MinmaxElementLessFunc(_Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj)
+      : __comp_(__comp), __proj_(__proj) {}
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool operator()(_Iter& __it1, _Iter& __it2) {
+    return std::__invoke(__comp_, std::__invoke(__proj_, *__it1), std::__invoke(__proj_, *__it2));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Comp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Iter, _Iter>
+__minmax_element_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+  auto __less = _MinmaxElementLessFunc<_Comp, _Proj>(__comp, __proj);
+
+  pair<_Iter, _Iter> __result(__first, __first);
+  if (__first == __last || ++__first == __last)
+    return __result;
+
+  if (__less(__first, __result.first))
+    __result.first = __first;
+  else
+    __result.second = __first;
+
+  while (++__first != __last) {
+    _Iter __i = __first;
+    if (++__first == __last) {
+      if (__less(__i, __result.first))
+        __result.first = __i;
+      else if (!__less(__i, __result.second))
+        __result.second = __i;
+      return __result;
+    }
+
+    if (__less(__first, __i)) {
+      if (__less(__first, __result.first))
+        __result.first = __first;
+      if (!__less(__i, __result.second))
+        __result.second = __i;
+    } else {
+      if (__less(__i, __result.first))
+        __result.first = __i;
+      if (!__less(__first, __result.second))
+        __result.second = __first;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+minmax_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(
+      __has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, "std::minmax_element requires a ForwardIterator");
+  static_assert(
+      __is_callable<_Compare, decltype(*__first), decltype(*__first)>::value, "The comparator has to be callable");
+  auto __proj = __identity();
+  return std::__minmax_element_impl(__first, __last, __comp, __proj);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+minmax_element(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  return std::minmax_element(__first, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MINMAX_ELEMENT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/mismatch.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/mismatch.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..632bec02406a41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/mismatch.h
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MISMATCH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MISMATCH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__algorithm/simd_utils.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__iterator/aliasing_iterator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/desugars_to.h>
+#include <__type_traits/invoke.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Pred, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_Iter1, _Iter2>
+__mismatch_loop(_Iter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _Iter2 __first2, _Pred& __pred, _Proj1& __proj1, _Proj2& __proj2) {
+  while (__first1 != __last1) {
+    if (!std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__first1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__first2)))
+      break;
+    ++__first1;
+    ++__first2;
+  }
+  return std::make_pair(std::move(__first1), std::move(__first2));
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Pred, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_Iter1, _Iter2>
+__mismatch(_Iter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _Iter2 __first2, _Pred& __pred, _Proj1& __proj1, _Proj2& __proj2) {
+  return std::__mismatch_loop(__first1, __last1, __first2, __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_VECTORIZE_ALGORITHMS
+
+template <class _Iter>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_Iter, _Iter>
+__mismatch_vectorized(_Iter __first1, _Iter __last1, _Iter __first2) {
+  using __value_type              = __iter_value_type<_Iter>;
+  constexpr size_t __unroll_count = 4;
+  constexpr size_t __vec_size     = __native_vector_size<__value_type>;
+  using __vec                     = __simd_vector<__value_type, __vec_size>;
+
+  if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    auto __orig_first1 = __first1;
+    auto __last2       = __first2 + (__last1 - __first1);
+    while (static_cast<size_t>(__last1 - __first1) >= __unroll_count * __vec_size) [[__unlikely__]] {
+      __vec __lhs[__unroll_count];
+      __vec __rhs[__unroll_count];
+
+      for (size_t __i = 0; __i != __unroll_count; ++__i) {
+        __lhs[__i] = std::__load_vector<__vec>(__first1 + __i * __vec_size);
+        __rhs[__i] = std::__load_vector<__vec>(__first2 + __i * __vec_size);
+      }
+
+      for (size_t __i = 0; __i != __unroll_count; ++__i) {
+        if (auto __cmp_res = __lhs[__i] == __rhs[__i]; !std::__all_of(__cmp_res)) {
+          auto __offset = __i * __vec_size + std::__find_first_not_set(__cmp_res);
+          return {__first1 + __offset, __first2 + __offset};
+        }
+      }
+
+      __first1 += __unroll_count * __vec_size;
+      __first2 += __unroll_count * __vec_size;
+    }
+
+    // check the remaining 0-3 vectors
+    while (static_cast<size_t>(__last1 - __first1) >= __vec_size) {
+      if (auto __cmp_res = std::__load_vector<__vec>(__first1) == std::__load_vector<__vec>(__first2);
+          !std::__all_of(__cmp_res)) {
+        auto __offset = std::__find_first_not_set(__cmp_res);
+        return {__first1 + __offset, __first2 + __offset};
+      }
+      __first1 += __vec_size;
+      __first2 += __vec_size;
+    }
+
+    if (__last1 - __first1 == 0)
+      return {__first1, __first2};
+
+    // Check if we can load elements in front of the current pointer. If that's the case load a vector at
+    // (last - vector_size) to check the remaining elements
+    if (static_cast<size_t>(__first1 - __orig_first1) >= __vec_size) {
+      __first1 = __last1 - __vec_size;
+      __first2 = __last2 - __vec_size;
+      auto __offset =
+          std::__find_first_not_set(std::__load_vector<__vec>(__first1) == std::__load_vector<__vec>(__first2));
+      return {__first1 + __offset, __first2 + __offset};
+    } // else loop over the elements individually
+  }
+
+  __equal_to __pred;
+  __identity __proj;
+  return std::__mismatch_loop(__first1, __last1, __first2, __pred, __proj, __proj);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _Proj1,
+          class _Proj2,
+          __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && __desugars_to_v<__equal_tag, _Pred, _Tp, _Tp> &&
+                            __is_identity<_Proj1>::value && __is_identity<_Proj2>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_Tp*, _Tp*>
+__mismatch(_Tp* __first1, _Tp* __last1, _Tp* __first2, _Pred&, _Proj1&, _Proj2&) {
+  return std::__mismatch_vectorized(__first1, __last1, __first2);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _Proj1,
+          class _Proj2,
+          __enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Tp>::value && __desugars_to_v<__equal_tag, _Pred, _Tp, _Tp> &&
+                            __is_identity<_Proj1>::value && __is_identity<_Proj2>::value &&
+                            __can_map_to_integer_v<_Tp> && __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable<_Tp, _Tp>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_Tp*, _Tp*>
+__mismatch(_Tp* __first1, _Tp* __last1, _Tp* __first2, _Pred& __pred, _Proj1& __proj1, _Proj2& __proj2) {
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return std::__mismatch_loop(__first1, __last1, __first2, __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+  } else {
+    using _Iter = __aliasing_iterator<_Tp*, __get_as_integer_type_t<_Tp>>;
+    auto __ret  = std::__mismatch_vectorized(_Iter(__first1), _Iter(__last1), _Iter(__first2));
+    return {__ret.first.__base(), __ret.second.__base()};
+  }
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_VECTORIZE_ALGORITHMS
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_InputIterator1, _InputIterator2>
+mismatch(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  __identity __proj;
+  auto __res = std::__mismatch(
+      std::__unwrap_iter(__first1), std::__unwrap_iter(__last1), std::__unwrap_iter(__first2), __pred, __proj, __proj);
+  return std::make_pair(std::__rewrap_iter(__first1, __res.first), std::__rewrap_iter(__first2, __res.second));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_InputIterator1, _InputIterator2>
+mismatch(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2) {
+  return std::mismatch(__first1, __last1, __first2, __equal_to());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Sent2, class _Pred, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_Iter1, _Iter2> __mismatch(
+    _Iter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _Iter2 __first2, _Sent2 __last2, _Pred& __pred, _Proj1& __proj1, _Proj2& __proj2) {
+  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) {
+    if (!std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__first1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__first2)))
+      break;
+    ++__first1;
+    ++__first2;
+  }
+  return {std::move(__first1), std::move(__first2)};
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Pred, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_Tp*, _Tp*>
+__mismatch(_Tp* __first1, _Tp* __last1, _Tp* __first2, _Tp* __last2, _Pred& __pred, _Proj1& __proj1, _Proj2& __proj2) {
+  auto __len = std::min(__last1 - __first1, __last2 - __first2);
+  return std::__mismatch(__first1, __first1 + __len, __first2, __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_InputIterator1, _InputIterator2>
+mismatch(_InputIterator1 __first1,
+         _InputIterator1 __last1,
+         _InputIterator2 __first2,
+         _InputIterator2 __last2,
+         _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  __identity __proj;
+  auto __res = std::__mismatch(
+      std::__unwrap_iter(__first1),
+      std::__unwrap_iter(__last1),
+      std::__unwrap_iter(__first2),
+      std::__unwrap_iter(__last2),
+      __pred,
+      __proj,
+      __proj);
+  return {std::__rewrap_iter(__first1, __res.first), std::__rewrap_iter(__first2, __res.second)};
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_InputIterator1, _InputIterator2>
+mismatch(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _InputIterator2 __last2) {
+  return std::mismatch(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __equal_to());
+}
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MISMATCH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/move.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/move.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1716d43e2a613d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/move.h
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MOVE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MOVE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_move_common.h>
+#include <__algorithm/for_each_segment.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/segmented_iterator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+__move(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result);
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy>
+struct __move_impl {
+  template <class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    while (__first != __last) {
+      *__result = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(__first);
+      ++__first;
+      ++__result;
+    }
+    return std::make_pair(std::move(__first), std::move(__result));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+  struct _MoveSegment {
+    using _Traits = __segmented_iterator_traits<_InIter>;
+
+    _OutIter& __result_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit _MoveSegment(_OutIter& __result)
+        : __result_(__result) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+    operator()(typename _Traits::__local_iterator __lfirst, typename _Traits::__local_iterator __llast) {
+      __result_ = std::__move<_AlgPolicy>(__lfirst, __llast, std::move(__result_)).second;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <class _InIter, class _OutIter, __enable_if_t<__is_segmented_iterator<_InIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _InIter __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    std::__for_each_segment(__first, __last, _MoveSegment<_InIter, _OutIter>(__result));
+    return std::make_pair(__last, std::move(__result));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter,
+            class _OutIter,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_random_access_iterator_category<_InIter>::value &&
+                              !__is_segmented_iterator<_InIter>::value && __is_segmented_iterator<_OutIter>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _InIter __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    using _Traits = __segmented_iterator_traits<_OutIter>;
+    using _DiffT  = typename common_type<__iter_
diff _t<_InIter>, __iter_
diff _t<_OutIter> >::type;
+
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return std::make_pair(std::move(__first), std::move(__result));
+
+    auto __local_first      = _Traits::__local(__result);
+    auto __segment_iterator = _Traits::__segment(__result);
+    while (true) {
+      auto __local_last = _Traits::__end(__segment_iterator);
+      auto __size       = std::min<_DiffT>(__local_last - __local_first, __last - __first);
+      auto __iters      = std::__move<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __first + __size, __local_first);
+      __first           = std::move(__iters.first);
+
+      if (__first == __last)
+        return std::make_pair(std::move(__first), _Traits::__compose(__segment_iterator, std::move(__iters.second)));
+
+      __local_first = _Traits::__begin(++__segment_iterator);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // At this point, the iterators have been unwrapped so any `contiguous_iterator` has been unwrapped to a pointer.
+  template <class _In, class _Out, __enable_if_t<__can_lower_move_assignment_to_memmove<_In, _Out>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_In*, _Out*>
+  operator()(_In* __first, _In* __last, _Out* __result) const {
+    return std::__copy_trivial_impl(__first, __last, __result);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+__move(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) {
+  return std::__copy_move_unwrap_iters<__move_impl<_AlgPolicy> >(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+move(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result) {
+  static_assert(is_copy_constructible<_InputIterator>::value, "Iterators has to be copy constructible.");
+  static_assert(is_copy_constructible<_OutputIterator>::value, "The output iterator has to be copy constructible.");
+
+  return std::__move<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result)).second;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MOVE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/move_backward.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/move_backward.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4beb7bdbaac0d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/move_backward.h
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MOVE_BACKWARD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MOVE_BACKWARD_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_move_common.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/segmented_iterator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _BidirectionalIterator1, class _Sentinel, class _BidirectionalIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_BidirectionalIterator1, _BidirectionalIterator2>
+__move_backward(_BidirectionalIterator1 __first, _Sentinel __last, _BidirectionalIterator2 __result);
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy>
+struct __move_backward_impl {
+  template <class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    auto __last_iter          = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first, __last);
+    auto __original_last_iter = __last_iter;
+
+    while (__first != __last_iter) {
+      *--__result = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(--__last_iter);
+    }
+
+    return std::make_pair(std::move(__original_last_iter), std::move(__result));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter, class _OutIter, __enable_if_t<__is_segmented_iterator<_InIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _InIter __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    using _Traits = __segmented_iterator_traits<_InIter>;
+    auto __sfirst = _Traits::__segment(__first);
+    auto __slast  = _Traits::__segment(__last);
+    if (__sfirst == __slast) {
+      auto __iters =
+          std::__move_backward<_AlgPolicy>(_Traits::__local(__first), _Traits::__local(__last), std::move(__result));
+      return std::make_pair(__last, __iters.second);
+    }
+
+    __result =
+        std::__move_backward<_AlgPolicy>(_Traits::__begin(__slast), _Traits::__local(__last), std::move(__result))
+            .second;
+    --__slast;
+    while (__sfirst != __slast) {
+      __result =
+          std::__move_backward<_AlgPolicy>(_Traits::__begin(__slast), _Traits::__end(__slast), std::move(__result))
+              .second;
+      --__slast;
+    }
+    __result = std::__move_backward<_AlgPolicy>(_Traits::__local(__first), _Traits::__end(__slast), std::move(__result))
+                   .second;
+    return std::make_pair(__last, std::move(__result));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter,
+            class _OutIter,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_random_access_iterator_category<_InIter>::value &&
+                              !__is_segmented_iterator<_InIter>::value && __is_segmented_iterator<_OutIter>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _InIter __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    using _Traits = __segmented_iterator_traits<_OutIter>;
+    using _DiffT  = typename common_type<__iter_
diff _t<_InIter>, __iter_
diff _t<_OutIter> >::type;
+
+    // When the range contains no elements, __result might not be a valid iterator
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return std::make_pair(__first, __result);
+
+    auto __orig_last = __last;
+
+    auto __local_last       = _Traits::__local(__result);
+    auto __segment_iterator = _Traits::__segment(__result);
+    while (true) {
+      auto __local_first = _Traits::__begin(__segment_iterator);
+      auto __size        = std::min<_DiffT>(__local_last - __local_first, __last - __first);
+      auto __iter        = std::__move_backward<_AlgPolicy>(__last - __size, __last, __local_last).second;
+      __last -= __size;
+
+      if (__first == __last)
+        return std::make_pair(std::move(__orig_last), _Traits::__compose(__segment_iterator, std::move(__iter)));
+
+      __local_last = _Traits::__end(--__segment_iterator);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // At this point, the iterators have been unwrapped so any `contiguous_iterator` has been unwrapped to a pointer.
+  template <class _In, class _Out, __enable_if_t<__can_lower_move_assignment_to_memmove<_In, _Out>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_In*, _Out*>
+  operator()(_In* __first, _In* __last, _Out* __result) const {
+    return std::__copy_backward_trivial_impl(__first, __last, __result);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _BidirectionalIterator1, class _Sentinel, class _BidirectionalIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_BidirectionalIterator1, _BidirectionalIterator2>
+__move_backward(_BidirectionalIterator1 __first, _Sentinel __last, _BidirectionalIterator2 __result) {
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_constructible<_BidirectionalIterator1>::value &&
+                    std::is_copy_constructible<_BidirectionalIterator1>::value,
+                "Iterators must be copy constructible.");
+
+  return std::__copy_move_unwrap_iters<__move_backward_impl<_AlgPolicy> >(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator1, class _BidirectionalIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _BidirectionalIterator2
+move_backward(_BidirectionalIterator1 __first, _BidirectionalIterator1 __last, _BidirectionalIterator2 __result) {
+  return std::__move_backward<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result)).second;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_MOVE_BACKWARD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/next_permutation.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/next_permutation.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..011ee028cc2f52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/next_permutation.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_NEXT_PERMUTATION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_NEXT_PERMUTATION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/reverse.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_BidirectionalIterator, bool>
+__next_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, _Compare&& __comp) {
+  using _Result = pair<_BidirectionalIterator, bool>;
+
+  _BidirectionalIterator __last_iter = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first, __last);
+  _BidirectionalIterator __i         = __last_iter;
+  if (__first == __last || __first == --__i)
+    return _Result(std::move(__last_iter), false);
+
+  while (true) {
+    _BidirectionalIterator __ip1 = __i;
+    if (__comp(*--__i, *__ip1)) {
+      _BidirectionalIterator __j = __last_iter;
+      while (!__comp(*__i, *--__j))
+        ;
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__i, __j);
+      std::__reverse<_AlgPolicy>(__ip1, __last_iter);
+      return _Result(std::move(__last_iter), true);
+    }
+    if (__i == __first) {
+      std::__reverse<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last_iter);
+      return _Result(std::move(__last_iter), false);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+next_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__next_permutation<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+             std::move(__first), std::move(__last), static_cast<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__comp))
+      .second;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+next_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last) {
+  return std::next_permutation(__first, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_NEXT_PERMUTATION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/none_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/none_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..50841ba17cc63e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/none_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_NONE_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_NONE_OF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+none_of(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (__pred(*__first))
+      return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_NONE_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/nth_element.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/nth_element.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..da748d7255aba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/nth_element.h
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_NTH_ELEMENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_NTH_ELEMENT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sort.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__debug_utils/randomize_range.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool __nth_element_find_guard(
+    _RandomAccessIterator& __i, _RandomAccessIterator& __j, _RandomAccessIterator __m, _Compare __comp) {
+  // manually guard downward moving __j against __i
+  while (true) {
+    if (__i == --__j) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (__comp(*__j, *__m)) {
+      return true; // found guard for downward moving __j, now use unguarded partition
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-function-cognitive-complexity)
+__nth_element(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __nth, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  // _Compare is known to be a reference type
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  const 
diff erence_type __limit = 7;
+  while (true) {
+    if (__nth == __last)
+      return;
+    
diff erence_type __len = __last - __first;
+    switch (__len) {
+    case 0:
+    case 1:
+      return;
+    case 2:
+      if (__comp(*--__last, *__first))
+        _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __last);
+      return;
+    case 3: {
+      _RandomAccessIterator __m = __first;
+      std::__sort3<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, ++__m, --__last, __comp);
+      return;
+    }
+    }
+    if (__len <= __limit) {
+      std::__selection_sort<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, __last, __comp);
+      return;
+    }
+    // __len > __limit >= 3
+    _RandomAccessIterator __m   = __first + __len / 2;
+    _RandomAccessIterator __lm1 = __last;
+    unsigned __n_swaps          = std::__sort3<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, __m, --__lm1, __comp);
+    // *__m is median
+    // partition [__first, __m) < *__m and *__m <= [__m, __last)
+    // (this inhibits tossing elements equivalent to __m around unnecessarily)
+    _RandomAccessIterator __i = __first;
+    _RandomAccessIterator __j = __lm1;
+    // j points beyond range to be tested, *__lm1 is known to be <= *__m
+    // The search going up is known to be guarded but the search coming down isn't.
+    // Prime the downward search with a guard.
+    if (!__comp(*__i, *__m)) // if *__first == *__m
+    {
+      // *__first == *__m, *__first doesn't go in first part
+      if (std::__nth_element_find_guard<_Compare>(__i, __j, __m, __comp)) {
+        _Ops::iter_swap(__i, __j);
+        ++__n_swaps;
+      } else {
+        // *__first == *__m, *__m <= all other elements
+        // Partition instead into [__first, __i) == *__first and *__first < [__i, __last)
+        ++__i; // __first + 1
+        __j = __last;
+        if (!__comp(*__first, *--__j)) { // we need a guard if *__first == *(__last-1)
+          while (true) {
+            if (__i == __j) {
+              return; // [__first, __last) all equivalent elements
+            } else if (__comp(*__first, *__i)) {
+              _Ops::iter_swap(__i, __j);
+              ++__n_swaps;
+              ++__i;
+              break;
+            }
+            ++__i;
+          }
+        }
+        // [__first, __i) == *__first and *__first < [__j, __last) and __j == __last - 1
+        if (__i == __j) {
+          return;
+        }
+        while (true) {
+          while (!__comp(*__first, *__i)) {
+            ++__i;
+            _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+                __i != __last,
+                "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+          }
+          do {
+            _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+                __j != __first,
+                "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+            --__j;
+          } while (__comp(*__first, *__j));
+          if (__i >= __j)
+            break;
+          _Ops::iter_swap(__i, __j);
+          ++__n_swaps;
+          ++__i;
+        }
+        // [__first, __i) == *__first and *__first < [__i, __last)
+        // The first part is sorted,
+        if (__nth < __i) {
+          return;
+        }
+        // __nth_element the second part
+        // std::__nth_element<_Compare>(__i, __nth, __last, __comp);
+        __first = __i;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+    ++__i;
+    // j points beyond range to be tested, *__lm1 is known to be <= *__m
+    // if not yet partitioned...
+    if (__i < __j) {
+      // known that *(__i - 1) < *__m
+      while (true) {
+        // __m still guards upward moving __i
+        while (__comp(*__i, *__m)) {
+          ++__i;
+          _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+              __i != __last,
+              "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+        }
+        // It is now known that a guard exists for downward moving __j
+        do {
+          _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+              __j != __first,
+              "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+          --__j;
+        } while (!__comp(*__j, *__m));
+        if (__i >= __j)
+          break;
+        _Ops::iter_swap(__i, __j);
+        ++__n_swaps;
+        // It is known that __m != __j
+        // If __m just moved, follow it
+        if (__m == __i)
+          __m = __j;
+        ++__i;
+      }
+    }
+    // [__first, __i) < *__m and *__m <= [__i, __last)
+    if (__i != __m && __comp(*__m, *__i)) {
+      _Ops::iter_swap(__i, __m);
+      ++__n_swaps;
+    }
+    // [__first, __i) < *__i and *__i <= [__i+1, __last)
+    if (__nth == __i)
+      return;
+    if (__n_swaps == 0) {
+      // We were given a perfectly partitioned sequence.  Coincidence?
+      if (__nth < __i) {
+        // Check for [__first, __i) already sorted
+        __j = __m = __first;
+        while (true) {
+          if (++__j == __i) {
+            // [__first, __i) sorted
+            return;
+          }
+          if (__comp(*__j, *__m)) {
+            // not yet sorted, so sort
+            break;
+          }
+          __m = __j;
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Check for [__i, __last) already sorted
+        __j = __m = __i;
+        while (true) {
+          if (++__j == __last) {
+            // [__i, __last) sorted
+            return;
+          }
+          if (__comp(*__j, *__m)) {
+            // not yet sorted, so sort
+            break;
+          }
+          __m = __j;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // __nth_element on range containing __nth
+    if (__nth < __i) {
+      // std::__nth_element<_Compare>(__first, __nth, __i, __comp);
+      __last = __i;
+    } else {
+      // std::__nth_element<_Compare>(__i+1, __nth, __last, __comp);
+      __first = ++__i;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __nth_element_impl(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __nth, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare& __comp) {
+  if (__nth == __last)
+    return;
+
+  std::__debug_randomize_range<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last);
+
+  std::__nth_element<_AlgPolicy, __comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__first, __nth, __last, __comp);
+
+  std::__debug_randomize_range<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __nth);
+  if (__nth != __last) {
+    std::__debug_randomize_range<_AlgPolicy>(++__nth, __last);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+nth_element(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __nth, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  std::__nth_element_impl<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__nth), std::move(__last), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+nth_element(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __nth, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  std::nth_element(std::move(__first), std::move(__nth), std::move(__last), __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_NTH_ELEMENT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partial_sort.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partial_sort.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7f8d0c49147e3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partial_sort.h
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTIAL_SORT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTIAL_SORT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sift_down.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sort_heap.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__debug_utils/randomize_range.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _RandomAccessIterator __partial_sort_impl(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __middle, _Sentinel __last, _Compare&& __comp) {
+  if (__first == __middle) {
+    return _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__middle, __last);
+  }
+
+  std::__make_heap<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __middle, __comp);
+
+  typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __len = __middle - __first;
+  _RandomAccessIterator __i                                              = __middle;
+  for (; __i != __last; ++__i) {
+    if (__comp(*__i, *__first)) {
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__i, __first);
+      std::__sift_down<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __comp, __len, __first);
+    }
+  }
+  std::__sort_heap<_AlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), __comp);
+
+  return __i;
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _RandomAccessIterator
+__partial_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __middle, _Sentinel __last, _Compare& __comp) {
+  if (__first == __middle)
+    return _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__middle, __last);
+
+  std::__debug_randomize_range<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last);
+
+  auto __last_iter =
+      std::__partial_sort_impl<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __middle, __last, static_cast<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__comp));
+
+  std::__debug_randomize_range<_AlgPolicy>(__middle, __last);
+
+  return __last_iter;
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void partial_sort(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __middle, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_constructible<_RandomAccessIterator>::value, "Iterators must be copy constructible.");
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_assignable<_RandomAccessIterator>::value, "Iterators must be copy assignable.");
+
+  (void)std::__partial_sort<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), std::move(__last), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+partial_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __middle, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  std::partial_sort(__first, __middle, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTIAL_SORT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partial_sort_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partial_sort_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ef7c9d34d94983
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partial_sort_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTIAL_SORT_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTIAL_SORT_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sift_down.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sort_heap.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_callable.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _InputIterator,
+          class _Sentinel1,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          class _Sentinel2,
+          class _Proj1,
+          class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_InputIterator, _RandomAccessIterator> __partial_sort_copy(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _Sentinel1 __last,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __result_first,
+    _Sentinel2 __result_last,
+    _Compare&& __comp,
+    _Proj1&& __proj1,
+    _Proj2&& __proj2) {
+  _RandomAccessIterator __r = __result_first;
+  auto&& __projected_comp   = std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj2);
+
+  if (__r != __result_last) {
+    for (; __first != __last && __r != __result_last; ++__first, (void)++__r)
+      *__r = *__first;
+    std::__make_heap<_AlgPolicy>(__result_first, __r, __projected_comp);
+    typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __len = __r - __result_first;
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+      if (std::__invoke(__comp, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__first), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__result_first))) {
+        *__result_first = *__first;
+        std::__sift_down<_AlgPolicy>(__result_first, __projected_comp, __len, __result_first);
+      }
+    std::__sort_heap<_AlgPolicy>(__result_first, __r, __projected_comp);
+  }
+
+  return pair<_InputIterator, _RandomAccessIterator>(
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(std::move(__first), std::move(__last)), std::move(__r));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _RandomAccessIterator partial_sort_copy(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __result_first,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __result_last,
+    _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(
+      __is_callable<_Compare, decltype(*__first), decltype(*__result_first)>::value, "Comparator has to be callable");
+
+  auto __result = std::__partial_sort_copy<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+      __first,
+      __last,
+      __result_first,
+      __result_last,
+      static_cast<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__comp),
+      __identity(),
+      __identity());
+  return __result.second;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _RandomAccessIterator partial_sort_copy(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __result_first,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __result_last) {
+  return std::partial_sort_copy(__first, __last, __result_first, __result_last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTIAL_SORT_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..824e49b9ec2149
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition.h
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTITION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTITION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Predicate, class _AlgPolicy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+__partition_impl(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, _Predicate __pred, forward_iterator_tag) {
+  while (true) {
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return std::make_pair(std::move(__first), std::move(__first));
+    if (!__pred(*__first))
+      break;
+    ++__first;
+  }
+
+  _ForwardIterator __p = __first;
+  while (++__p != __last) {
+    if (__pred(*__p)) {
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__first, __p);
+      ++__first;
+    }
+  }
+  return std::make_pair(std::move(__first), std::move(__p));
+}
+
+template <class _Predicate, class _AlgPolicy, class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_BidirectionalIterator, _BidirectionalIterator>
+__partition_impl(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _Sentinel __sentinel, _Predicate __pred, bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
+  _BidirectionalIterator __original_last = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first, __sentinel);
+  _BidirectionalIterator __last          = __original_last;
+
+  while (true) {
+    while (true) {
+      if (__first == __last)
+        return std::make_pair(std::move(__first), std::move(__original_last));
+      if (!__pred(*__first))
+        break;
+      ++__first;
+    }
+    do {
+      if (__first == --__last)
+        return std::make_pair(std::move(__first), std::move(__original_last));
+    } while (!__pred(*__last));
+    _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__first, __last);
+    ++__first;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Sentinel, class _Predicate, class _IterCategory>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+__partition(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, _Predicate&& __pred, _IterCategory __iter_category) {
+  return std::__partition_impl<__remove_cvref_t<_Predicate>&, _AlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __iter_category);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+partition(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  using _IterCategory = typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::iterator_category;
+  auto __result = std::__partition<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, _IterCategory());
+  return __result.first;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTITION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..147b45c7882a51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTITION_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTITION_COPY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator1, class _OutputIterator2, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_OutputIterator1, _OutputIterator2> partition_copy(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    _OutputIterator1 __out_true,
+    _OutputIterator2 __out_false,
+    _Predicate __pred) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    if (__pred(*__first)) {
+      *__out_true = *__first;
+      ++__out_true;
+    } else {
+      *__out_false = *__first;
+      ++__out_false;
+    }
+  }
+  return pair<_OutputIterator1, _OutputIterator2>(__out_true, __out_false);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTITION_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition_point.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition_point.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..504dbf1d1a0556
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/partition_point.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTITION_POINT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTITION_POINT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/half_positive.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+partition_point(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  
diff erence_type __len = std::distance(__first, __last);
+  while (__len != 0) {
+    
diff erence_type __l2 = std::__half_positive(__len);
+    _ForwardIterator __m = __first;
+    std::advance(__m, __l2);
+    if (__pred(*__m)) {
+      __first = ++__m;
+      __len -= __l2 + 1;
+    } else
+      __len = __l2;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PARTITION_POINT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/pop_heap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/pop_heap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6d23830097ff96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/pop_heap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_POP_HEAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_POP_HEAP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/push_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sift_down.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__pop_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first,
+           _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+           _Compare& __comp,
+           typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __len) {
+  // Calling `pop_heap` on an empty range is undefined behavior, but in practice it will be a no-op.
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(__len > 0, "The heap given to pop_heap must be non-empty");
+
+  __comp_ref_type<_Compare> __comp_ref = __comp;
+
+  using value_type = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type;
+  if (__len > 1) {
+    value_type __top             = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(__first); // create a hole at __first
+    _RandomAccessIterator __hole = std::__floyd_sift_down<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __comp_ref, __len);
+    --__last;
+
+    if (__hole == __last) {
+      *__hole = std::move(__top);
+    } else {
+      *__hole = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(__last);
+      ++__hole;
+      *__last = std::move(__top);
+      std::__sift_up<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __hole, __comp_ref, __hole - __first);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+pop_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_constructible<_RandomAccessIterator>::value, "Iterators must be copy constructible.");
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_assignable<_RandomAccessIterator>::value, "Iterators must be copy assignable.");
+
+  typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __len = __last - __first;
+  std::__pop_heap<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __len);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+pop_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  std::pop_heap(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_POP_HEAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/prev_permutation.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/prev_permutation.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8d15b6806401d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/prev_permutation.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PREV_PERMUTATION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PREV_PERMUTATION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/reverse.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_BidirectionalIterator, bool>
+__prev_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, _Compare&& __comp) {
+  using _Result = pair<_BidirectionalIterator, bool>;
+
+  _BidirectionalIterator __last_iter = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first, __last);
+  _BidirectionalIterator __i         = __last_iter;
+  if (__first == __last || __first == --__i)
+    return _Result(std::move(__last_iter), false);
+
+  while (true) {
+    _BidirectionalIterator __ip1 = __i;
+    if (__comp(*__ip1, *--__i)) {
+      _BidirectionalIterator __j = __last_iter;
+      while (!__comp(*--__j, *__i))
+        ;
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__i, __j);
+      std::__reverse<_AlgPolicy>(__ip1, __last_iter);
+      return _Result(std::move(__last_iter), true);
+    }
+    if (__i == __first) {
+      std::__reverse<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last_iter);
+      return _Result(std::move(__last_iter), false);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+prev_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__prev_permutation<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+             std::move(__first), std::move(__last), static_cast<__comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__comp))
+      .second;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+prev_permutation(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last) {
+  return std::prev_permutation(__first, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PREV_PERMUTATION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/pstl.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/pstl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0bb052b3f97c76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/pstl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,663 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PSTL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PSTL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_PSTL) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#  include <__functional/operations.h>
+#  include <__iterator/cpp17_iterator_concepts.h>
+#  include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#  include <__pstl/backend.h>
+#  include <__pstl/dispatch.h>
+#  include <__pstl/handle_exception.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#  include <__utility/forward.h>
+#  include <__utility/move.h>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Predicate,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+any_of(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "any_of requires a ForwardIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__any_of, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+all_of(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Pred __pred) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "all_of requires a ForwardIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__all_of, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+none_of(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Pred __pred) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "none_of requires a ForwardIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__none_of, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _ForwardOutIterator,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardOutIterator
+copy(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _ForwardOutIterator __result) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardIterator, "copy(first, last, result) requires [first, last) to be ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardOutIterator, "copy(first, last, result) requires result to be a ForwardIterator");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardOutIterator, decltype(*__first), "copy(first, last, result) requires result to be an OutputIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__copy, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _ForwardOutIterator,
+          class _Size,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardOutIterator
+copy_n(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n, _ForwardOutIterator __result) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardIterator, "copy_n(first, n, result) requires first to be a ForwardIterator");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardOutIterator, "copy_n(first, n, result) requires result to be a ForwardIterator");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardOutIterator, decltype(*__first), "copy_n(first, n, result) requires result to be an OutputIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__copy_n, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__n), std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Predicate,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iter_
diff _t<_ForwardIterator>
+count_if(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardIterator, "count_if(first, last, pred) requires [first, last) to be ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__count_if, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iter_
diff _t<_ForwardIterator>
+count(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardIterator, "count(first, last, val) requires [first, last) to be ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__count, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __value);
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator1,
+          class _ForwardIterator2,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+equal(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+      _Pred __pred) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator1, "equal requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator2, "equal requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__equal_3leg, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator1,
+          class _ForwardIterator2,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+equal(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator1, "equal requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator2, "equal requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__equal_3leg, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      equal_to{});
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator1,
+          class _ForwardIterator2,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+equal(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+      _Pred __pred) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator1, "equal requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator2, "equal requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__equal, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator1,
+          class _ForwardIterator2,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+equal(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __last2) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator1, "equal requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator2, "equal requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__equal, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      equal_to{});
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+fill(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "fill requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__fill, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __value);
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Size,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+fill_n(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n, const _Tp& __value) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "fill_n requires a ForwardIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__fill_n, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__n), __value);
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Predicate,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+find_if(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "find_if requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__find_if, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Predicate,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+find_if_not(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "find_if_not requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__find_if_not, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+find(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "find requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__find, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __value);
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Function,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+for_each(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Function __func) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "for_each requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__for_each, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__func));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Size,
+          class _Function,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+for_each_n(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __size, _Function __func) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "for_each_n requires a ForwardIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__for_each_n, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__size), std::move(__func));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Generator,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+generate(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Generator __gen) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "generate requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__generate, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__gen));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Size,
+          class _Generator,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+generate_n(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n, _Generator __gen) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "generate_n requires a ForwardIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__generate_n, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__n), std::move(__gen));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Predicate,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+is_partitioned(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "is_partitioned requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__is_partitioned, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator1,
+          class _ForwardIterator2,
+          class _ForwardOutIterator,
+          class _Comp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardOutIterator
+merge(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+      _ForwardOutIterator __result,
+      _Comp __comp) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator1, "merge requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator2, "merge requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, decltype(*__first1), "merge requires an OutputIterator");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, decltype(*__first2), "merge requires an OutputIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__merge, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      std::move(__result),
+      std::move(__comp));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator1,
+          class _ForwardIterator2,
+          class _ForwardOutIterator,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardOutIterator
+merge(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+      _ForwardOutIterator __result) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator1, "merge requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator2, "merge requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, decltype(*__first1), "merge requires an OutputIterator");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, decltype(*__first2), "merge requires an OutputIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__merge, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      std::move(__result),
+      less{});
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _ForwardOutIterator,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardOutIterator
+move(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _ForwardOutIterator __result) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "move requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, "move requires an OutputIterator");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardOutIterator, decltype(std::move(*__first)), "move requires an OutputIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__move, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+replace_if(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+           _ForwardIterator __first,
+           _ForwardIterator __last,
+           _Pred __pred,
+           const _Tp& __new_value) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "replace_if requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__replace_if, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__pred), __new_value);
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+replace(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+        _ForwardIterator __first,
+        _ForwardIterator __last,
+        const _Tp& __old_value,
+        const _Tp& __new_value) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "replace requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__replace, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __old_value, __new_value);
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _ForwardOutIterator,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void replace_copy_if(
+    _ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+    _ForwardIterator __first,
+    _ForwardIterator __last,
+    _ForwardOutIterator __result,
+    _Pred __pred,
+    const _Tp& __new_value) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "replace_copy_if requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, "replace_copy_if requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardOutIterator, decltype(*__first), "replace_copy_if requires an OutputIterator");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, const _Tp&, "replace_copy requires an OutputIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__replace_copy_if, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first),
+      std::move(__last),
+      std::move(__result),
+      std::move(__pred),
+      __new_value);
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _ForwardOutIterator,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void replace_copy(
+    _ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+    _ForwardIterator __first,
+    _ForwardIterator __last,
+    _ForwardOutIterator __result,
+    const _Tp& __old_value,
+    const _Tp& __new_value) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "replace_copy requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, "replace_copy requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardOutIterator, decltype(*__first), "replace_copy requires an OutputIterator");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, const _Tp&, "replace_copy requires an OutputIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__replace_copy, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first),
+      std::move(__last),
+      std::move(__result),
+      __old_value,
+      __new_value);
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _ForwardOutIterator,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardOutIterator rotate_copy(
+    _ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+    _ForwardIterator __first,
+    _ForwardIterator __middle,
+    _ForwardIterator __last,
+    _ForwardOutIterator __result) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "rotate_copy requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, "rotate_copy requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardOutIterator, decltype(*__first), "rotate_copy requires an OutputIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__rotate_copy, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first),
+      std::move(__middle),
+      std::move(__last),
+      std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          class _Comp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+sort(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp __comp) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_RANDOM_ACCESS_ITERATOR(_RandomAccessIterator, "sort requires RandomAccessIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__sort, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__comp));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+sort(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_RANDOM_ACCESS_ITERATOR(_RandomAccessIterator, "sort requires RandomAccessIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__sort, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), less{});
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          class _Comp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+stable_sort(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp __comp) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_RANDOM_ACCESS_ITERATOR(_RandomAccessIterator, "stable_sort requires RandomAccessIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__stable_sort, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__comp));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+stable_sort(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_RANDOM_ACCESS_ITERATOR(_RandomAccessIterator, "stable_sort requires RandomAccessIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__stable_sort, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), less{});
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _ForwardOutIterator,
+          class _UnaryOperation,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardOutIterator transform(
+    _ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+    _ForwardIterator __first,
+    _ForwardIterator __last,
+    _ForwardOutIterator __result,
+    _UnaryOperation __op) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "transform requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, "transform requires an OutputIterator");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardOutIterator, decltype(__op(*__first)), "transform requires an OutputIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__transform, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first),
+      std::move(__last),
+      std::move(__result),
+      std::move(__op));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator1,
+          class _ForwardIterator2,
+          class _ForwardOutIterator,
+          class _BinaryOperation,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardOutIterator transform(
+    _ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+    _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+    _ForwardOutIterator __result,
+    _BinaryOperation __op) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator1, "transform requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator2, "transform requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardOutIterator, "transform requires an OutputIterator");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(
+      _ForwardOutIterator, decltype(__op(*__first1, *__first2)), "transform requires an OutputIterator");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__transform_binary, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__result),
+      std::move(__op));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_PSTL) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PSTL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/push_heap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/push_heap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ec0b445f2b70f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/push_heap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PUSH_HEAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PUSH_HEAP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__sift_up(_RandomAccessIterator __first,
+          _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+          _Compare&& __comp,
+          typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __len) {
+  using value_type = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type;
+
+  if (__len > 1) {
+    __len                       = (__len - 2) / 2;
+    _RandomAccessIterator __ptr = __first + __len;
+
+    if (__comp(*__ptr, *--__last)) {
+      value_type __t(_IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(__last));
+      do {
+        *__last = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(__ptr);
+        __last  = __ptr;
+        if (__len == 0)
+          break;
+        __len = (__len - 1) / 2;
+        __ptr = __first + __len;
+      } while (__comp(*__ptr, __t));
+
+      *__last = std::move(__t);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__push_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare& __comp) {
+  typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __len = __last - __first;
+  std::__sift_up<_AlgPolicy, __comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __len);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+push_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_constructible<_RandomAccessIterator>::value, "Iterators must be copy constructible.");
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_assignable<_RandomAccessIterator>::value, "Iterators must be copy assignable.");
+
+  std::__push_heap<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+push_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  std::push_heap(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_PUSH_HEAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_adjacent_find.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_adjacent_find.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3c54f723310a6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_adjacent_find.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ADJACENT_FIND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ADJACENT_FIND_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __adjacent_find {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _Iter
+  __adjacent_find_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return __first;
+
+    auto __i = __first;
+    while (++__i != __last) {
+      if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first), std::invoke(__proj, *__i)))
+        return __first;
+      __first = __i;
+    }
+    return __i;
+  }
+
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj                                                                       = identity,
+            indirect_binary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>, projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred = ranges::equal_to>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __adjacent_find_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_binary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>>
+                _Pred = ranges::equal_to>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __adjacent_find_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __adjacent_find
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto adjacent_find = __adjacent_find::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ADJACENT_FIND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_all_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_all_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2f603b32f32d08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_all_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ALL_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ALL_OF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __all_of {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static bool __all_of_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      if (!std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __all_of_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __all_of_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __all_of
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto all_of = __all_of::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ALL_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_any_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_any_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..205fcecc086e7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_any_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ANY_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ANY_OF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __any_of {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static bool __any_of_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __any_of_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __any_of_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __any_of
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto any_of = __any_of::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ANY_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_binary_search.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_binary_search.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1ef2bd62b5995a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_binary_search.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_BINARY_SEARCH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_BINARY_SEARCH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lower_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __binary_search {
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Type,
+            class _Proj                                                             = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<const _Type*, projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Type& __value, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__lower_bound<_RangeAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __value, __comp, __proj);
+    return __ret != __last && !std::invoke(__comp, __value, std::invoke(__proj, *__ret));
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Type,
+            class _Proj                                                                          = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<const _Type*, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, const _Type& __value, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __first = ranges::begin(__r);
+    auto __last  = ranges::end(__r);
+    auto __ret   = std::__lower_bound<_RangeAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __value, __comp, __proj);
+    return __ret != __last && !std::invoke(__comp, __value, std::invoke(__proj, *__ret));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __binary_search
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto binary_search = __binary_search::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_BINARY_SEARCH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_clamp.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_clamp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e6181ef9435e09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_clamp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_CLAMP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_CLAMP_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __clamp {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Type,
+            class _Proj                                                      = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const _Type*, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Type& operator()(
+      const _Type& __value, const _Type& __low, const _Type& __high, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        !bool(std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj, __high), std::invoke(__proj, __low))),
+        "Bad bounds passed to std::ranges::clamp");
+
+    auto&& __projected = std::invoke(__proj, __value);
+    if (std::invoke(__comp, std::forward<decltype(__projected)>(__projected), std::invoke(__proj, __low)))
+      return __low;
+    else if (std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj, __high), std::forward<decltype(__projected)>(__projected)))
+      return __high;
+    else
+      return __value;
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __clamp
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto clamp = __clamp::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_CLAMP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_contains.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_contains.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4836c3baed173e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_contains.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_CONTAINS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_CONTAINS_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_find.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__functional/reference_wrapper.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __contains {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Type, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<_Iter, _Proj>, const _Type*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool static
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Type& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) {
+    return ranges::find(std::move(__first), __last, __value, std::ref(__proj)) != __last;
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range, class _Type, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>, const _Type*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool static
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, const _Type& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) {
+    return ranges::find(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __value, std::ref(__proj)) !=
+           ranges::end(__range);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __contains
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto contains = __contains::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_CONTAINS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_contains_subrange.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_contains_subrange.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4398c457fd054d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_contains_subrange.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_CONTAINS_SUBRANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_CONTAINS_SUBRANGE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_search.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__functional/reference_wrapper.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __contains_subrange {
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter1,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
+            forward_iterator _Iter2,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<_Iter1, _Iter2, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool static operator()(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred __pred   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) {
+    if (__first2 == __last2)
+      return true;
+
+    auto __ret = ranges::search(
+        std::move(__first1), __last1, std::move(__first2), __last2, __pred, std::ref(__proj1), std::ref(__proj2));
+    return __ret.empty() == false;
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range1,
+            forward_range _Range2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool static
+  operator()(_Range1&& __range1, _Range2&& __range2, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) {
+    if constexpr (sized_range<_Range2>) {
+      if (ranges::size(__range2) == 0)
+        return true;
+    } else {
+      if (ranges::begin(__range2) == ranges::end(__range2))
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto __ret = ranges::search(__range1, __range2, __pred, std::ref(__proj1), std::ref(__proj2));
+    return __ret.empty() == false;
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __contains_subrange
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto contains_subrange = __contains_subrange::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_CONTAINS_SUBRANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e1d6d32f05f7e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using copy_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __copy {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InIter, sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent, weakly_incrementable _OutIter>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr copy_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__copy<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range, weakly_incrementable _OutIter>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, _OutIter __result) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__copy<_RangeAlgPolicy>(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), std::move(__result));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __copy
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto copy = __copy::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_backward.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_backward.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..93e326042503fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_backward.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_BACKWARD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_BACKWARD_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_backward.h>
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Op>
+using copy_backward_result = in_out_result<_Ip, _Op>;
+
+namespace __copy_backward {
+struct __fn {
+  template <bidirectional_iterator _InIter1, sentinel_for<_InIter1> _Sent1, bidirectional_iterator _InIter2>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_InIter1, _InIter2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr copy_backward_result<_InIter1, _InIter2>
+  operator()(_InIter1 __first, _Sent1 __last, _InIter2 __result) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__copy_backward<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_range _Range, bidirectional_iterator _Iter>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr copy_backward_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _Iter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, _Iter __result) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__copy_backward<_RangeAlgPolicy>(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), std::move(__result));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __copy_backward
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto copy_backward = __copy_backward::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_BACKWARD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4b41d2154e7f83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_IF_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Op>
+using copy_if_result = in_out_result<_Ip, _Op>;
+
+namespace __copy_if {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr copy_if_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  __copy_if_impl(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first))) {
+        *__result = *__first;
+        ++__result;
+      }
+    }
+    return {std::move(__first), std::move(__result)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_Iter, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr copy_if_result<_Iter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __copy_if_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr copy_if_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, _OutIter __result, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __copy_if_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), std::move(__result), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __copy_if
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto copy_if = __copy_if::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_n.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4353fa99278c8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_copy_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_N_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_N_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/unreachable_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/wrap_iter.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Op>
+using copy_n_result = in_out_result<_Ip, _Op>;
+
+namespace __copy_n {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _InIter, class _DiffType, class _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static copy_n_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  __go(_InIter __first, _DiffType __n, _OutIter __result) {
+    while (__n != 0) {
+      *__result = *__first;
+      ++__first;
+      ++__result;
+      --__n;
+    }
+    return {std::move(__first), std::move(__result)};
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _InIter, class _DiffType, random_access_iterator _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static copy_n_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  __go(_InIter __first, _DiffType __n, _OutIter __result) {
+    auto __ret = std::__copy<_RangeAlgPolicy>(__first, __first + __n, __result);
+    return {__ret.first, __ret.second};
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _Ip, weakly_incrementable _Op>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_Ip, _Op>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr copy_n_result<_Ip, _Op>
+  operator()(_Ip __first, iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> __n, _Op __result) const {
+    return __go(std::move(__first), __n, std::move(__result));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __copy_n
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto copy_n = __copy_n::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COPY_N_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_count.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_count.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4f35117438705d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_count.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COUNT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COUNT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/count.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __count {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Type, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<_Iter, _Proj>, const _Type*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Type& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return std::__count<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __value, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range, class _Type, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>, const _Type*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr range_
diff erence_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, const _Type& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return std::__count<_RangeAlgPolicy>(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __value, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __count
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto count = __count::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COUNT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_count_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_count_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5f2396ff7d5315
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_count_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COUNT_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COUNT_IF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>
+__count_if_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+  iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __counter(0);
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+      ++__counter;
+  }
+  return __counter;
+}
+
+namespace __count_if {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Predicate>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Predicate __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__count_if_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Predicate>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr range_
diff erence_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, _Predicate __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__count_if_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __count_if
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto count_if = __count_if::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_COUNT_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_ends_with.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_ends_with.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..06efdef36b7cf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_ends_with.h
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ENDS_WITH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ENDS_WITH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_starts_with.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__functional/reference_wrapper.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __ends_with {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Sent2, class _Pred, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __ends_with_fn_impl_bidirectional(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred& __pred,
+      _Proj1& __proj1,
+      _Proj2& __proj2) {
+    auto __rbegin1 = std::make_reverse_iterator(__last1);
+    auto __rend1   = std::make_reverse_iterator(__first1);
+    auto __rbegin2 = std::make_reverse_iterator(__last2);
+    auto __rend2   = std::make_reverse_iterator(__first2);
+    return ranges::starts_with(
+        __rbegin1, __rend1, __rbegin2, __rend2, std::ref(__pred), std::ref(__proj1), std::ref(__proj2));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Sent2, class _Pred, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __ends_with_fn_impl(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred& __pred,
+      _Proj1& __proj1,
+      _Proj2& __proj2) {
+    if constexpr (std::bidirectional_iterator<_Sent1> && std::bidirectional_iterator<_Sent2> &&
+                  (!std::random_access_iterator<_Sent1>) && (!std::random_access_iterator<_Sent2>)) {
+      return __ends_with_fn_impl_bidirectional(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+
+    } else {
+      auto __n1 = ranges::distance(__first1, __last1);
+      auto __n2 = ranges::distance(__first2, __last2);
+      if (__n2 == 0)
+        return true;
+      if (__n2 > __n1)
+        return false;
+
+      return __ends_with_fn_impl_with_offset(
+          std::move(__first1),
+          std::move(__last1),
+          std::move(__first2),
+          std::move(__last2),
+          __pred,
+          __proj1,
+          __proj2,
+          __n1 - __n2);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter1,
+            class _Sent1,
+            class _Iter2,
+            class _Sent2,
+            class _Pred,
+            class _Proj1,
+            class _Proj2,
+            class _Offset>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __ends_with_fn_impl_with_offset(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred& __pred,
+      _Proj1& __proj1,
+      _Proj2& __proj2,
+      _Offset __offset) {
+    if constexpr (std::bidirectional_iterator<_Sent1> && std::bidirectional_iterator<_Sent2> &&
+                  !std::random_access_iterator<_Sent1> && !std::random_access_iterator<_Sent2>) {
+      return __ends_with_fn_impl_bidirectional(
+          std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+
+    } else {
+      ranges::advance(__first1, __offset);
+      return ranges::equal(
+          std::move(__first1),
+          std::move(__last1),
+          std::move(__first2),
+          std::move(__last2),
+          std::ref(__pred),
+          std::ref(__proj1),
+          std::ref(__proj2));
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _Iter1,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
+            input_iterator _Iter2,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires(forward_iterator<_Iter1> || sized_sentinel_for<_Sent1, _Iter1>) &&
+            (forward_iterator<_Iter2> || sized_sentinel_for<_Sent2, _Iter2>) &&
+            indirectly_comparable<_Iter1, _Iter2, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred __pred   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return __ends_with_fn_impl(
+        std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            input_range _Range2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires(forward_range<_Range1> || sized_range<_Range1>) && (forward_range<_Range2> || sized_range<_Range2>) &&
+            indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(
+      _Range1&& __range1, _Range2&& __range2, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    if constexpr (sized_range<_Range1> && sized_range<_Range2>) {
+      auto __n1 = ranges::size(__range1);
+      auto __n2 = ranges::size(__range2);
+      if (__n2 == 0)
+        return true;
+      if (__n2 > __n1)
+        return false;
+      auto __offset = __n1 - __n2;
+
+      return __ends_with_fn_impl_with_offset(
+          ranges::begin(__range1),
+          ranges::end(__range1),
+          ranges::begin(__range2),
+          ranges::end(__range2),
+          __pred,
+          __proj1,
+          __proj2,
+          __offset);
+
+    } else {
+      return __ends_with_fn_impl(
+          ranges::begin(__range1),
+          ranges::end(__range1),
+          ranges::begin(__range2),
+          ranges::end(__range2),
+          __pred,
+          __proj1,
+          __proj2);
+    }
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __ends_with
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto ends_with = __ends_with::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ENDS_WITH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_equal.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_equal.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..edbd0e3641c1b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_equal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_EQUAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_EQUAL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_range.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __equal {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Iter1,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
+            input_iterator _Iter2,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<_Iter1, _Iter2, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred __pred   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Sent1, _Iter1> && sized_sentinel_for<_Sent2, _Iter2>) {
+      if (__last1 - __first1 != __last2 - __first2)
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto __unwrapped1 = std::__unwrap_range(std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1));
+    auto __unwrapped2 = std::__unwrap_range(std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2));
+    return std::__equal_impl(
+        std::move(__unwrapped1.first),
+        std::move(__unwrapped1.second),
+        std::move(__unwrapped2.first),
+        std::move(__unwrapped2.second),
+        __pred,
+        __proj1,
+        __proj2);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            input_range _Range2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(
+      _Range1&& __range1, _Range2&& __range2, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    if constexpr (sized_range<_Range1> && sized_range<_Range2>) {
+      if (ranges::distance(__range1) != ranges::distance(__range2))
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto __unwrapped1 = std::__unwrap_range(ranges::begin(__range1), ranges::end(__range1));
+    auto __unwrapped2 = std::__unwrap_range(ranges::begin(__range2), ranges::end(__range2));
+    return std::__equal_impl(
+        std::move(__unwrapped1.first),
+        std::move(__unwrapped1.second),
+        std::move(__unwrapped2.first),
+        std::move(__unwrapped2.second),
+        __pred,
+        __proj1,
+        __proj2);
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __equal
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto equal = __equal::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_EQUAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_equal_range.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_equal_range.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4a308e016b546a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_equal_range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_EQUAL_RANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_EQUAL_RANGE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/equal_range.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __equal_range {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Tp,
+            class _Proj                                                           = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<const _Tp*, projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Tp& __value, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__equal_range<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __value, __comp, __proj);
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Tp,
+            class _Proj                                                                        = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<const _Tp*, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, const _Tp& __value, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __ret =
+        std::__equal_range<_RangeAlgPolicy>(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __value, __comp, __proj);
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __equal_range
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto equal_range = __equal_range::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_EQUAL_RANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_fill.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_fill.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7a177d85e9f07f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_fill.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FILL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FILL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_fill_n.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __fill {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Type, output_iterator<const _Type&> _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Type& __value) const {
+    if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_Iter> && sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _Iter>) {
+      return ranges::fill_n(__first, __last - __first, __value);
+    } else {
+      for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        *__first = __value;
+      return __first;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Type, output_range<const _Type&> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range> operator()(_Range&& __range, const _Type& __value) const {
+    return (*this)(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __value);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __fill
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto fill = __fill::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FILL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_fill_n.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_fill_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a6e988c0089ce4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_fill_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FILL_N_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FILL_N_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __fill_n {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Type, output_iterator<const _Type&> _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n, const _Type& __value) const {
+    for (; __n != 0; --__n) {
+      *__first = __value;
+      ++__first;
+    }
+    return __first;
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __fill_n
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto fill_n = __fill_n::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FILL_N_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6b0d5efe37ab8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/find.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_find_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_range.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __find {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Tp, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr _Iter
+  __find_unwrap(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Tp& __value, _Proj& __proj) {
+    if constexpr (forward_iterator<_Iter>) {
+      auto [__first_un, __last_un] = std::__unwrap_range(__first, std::move(__last));
+      return std::__rewrap_range<_Sent>(
+          std::move(__first), std::__find(std::move(__first_un), std::move(__last_un), __value, __proj));
+    } else {
+      return std::__find(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __value, __proj);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _Ip, sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp, class _Tp, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<_Ip, _Proj>, const _Tp*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip
+  operator()(_Ip __first, _Sp __last, const _Tp& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __find_unwrap(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __value, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Rp, class _Tp, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<_Rp>, _Proj>, const _Tp*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Rp>
+  operator()(_Rp&& __r, const _Tp& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __find_unwrap(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __value, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __find
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto find = __find::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_end.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_end.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e49e66dd4ac04b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_end.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_END_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_END_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/find_end.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_iterator_concept.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __find_end {
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter1,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
+            forward_iterator _Iter2,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<_Iter1, _Iter2, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<_Iter1> operator()(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred __pred   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__find_end_impl<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        __first1,
+        __last1,
+        __first2,
+        __last2,
+        __pred,
+        __proj1,
+        __proj2,
+        __iterator_concept<_Iter1>(),
+        __iterator_concept<_Iter2>());
+    return {__ret.first, __ret.second};
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range1,
+            forward_range _Range2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<_Range1> operator()(
+      _Range1&& __range1, _Range2&& __range2, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__find_end_impl<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        __pred,
+        __proj1,
+        __proj2,
+        __iterator_concept<iterator_t<_Range1>>(),
+        __iterator_concept<iterator_t<_Range2>>());
+    return {__ret.first, __ret.second};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __find_end
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto find_end = __find_end::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_END_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_first_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_first_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d92d9686bc4420
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_first_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_FIRST_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_FIRST_OF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __find_first_of {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Sent2, class _Pred, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _Iter1 __find_first_of_impl(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred& __pred,
+      _Proj1& __proj1,
+      _Proj2& __proj2) {
+    for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1) {
+      for (auto __j = __first2; __j != __last2; ++__j) {
+        if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj1, *__first1), std::invoke(__proj2, *__j)))
+          return __first1;
+      }
+    }
+    return __first1;
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _Iter1,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
+            forward_iterator _Iter2,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<_Iter1, _Iter2, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter1 operator()(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred __pred   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return __find_first_of_impl(
+        std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            forward_range _Range2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range1> operator()(
+      _Range1&& __range1, _Range2&& __range2, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return __find_first_of_impl(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        __pred,
+        __proj1,
+        __proj2);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __find_first_of
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto find_first_of = __find_first_of::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_FIRST_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..888f9ec3cb2d58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_IF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Sp, class _Pred, class _Proj>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip __find_if_impl(_Ip __first, _Sp __last, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+      break;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+namespace __find_if {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Ip,
+            sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Ip, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip
+  operator()(_Ip __first, _Sp __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__find_if_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Rp, class _Proj = identity, indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Rp>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Rp>
+  operator()(_Rp&& __r, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__find_if_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __find_if
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto find_if = __find_if::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_if_not.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_if_not.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ec19545b5a1b7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_if_not.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_IF_NOT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_IF_NOT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_find_if.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __find_if_not {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Ip,
+            sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Ip, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip
+  operator()(_Ip __first, _Sp __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __pred2 = [&](auto&& __e) -> bool { return !std::invoke(__pred, std::forward<decltype(__e)>(__e)); };
+    return ranges::__find_if_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred2, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Rp, class _Proj = identity, indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Rp>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Rp>
+  operator()(_Rp&& __r, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __pred2 = [&](auto&& __e) -> bool { return !std::invoke(__pred, std::forward<decltype(__e)>(__e)); };
+    return ranges::__find_if_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __pred2, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __find_if_not
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto find_if_not = __find_if_not::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_IF_NOT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_last.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_last.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..95f7e77b8ccbea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_find_last.h
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_LAST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_LAST_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/prev.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Pred, class _Proj>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<_Iter>
+__find_last_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+  if (__first == __last) {
+    return subrange<_Iter>(__first, __first);
+  }
+
+  if constexpr (bidirectional_iterator<_Iter>) {
+    auto __last_it = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+    for (auto __it = ranges::prev(__last_it); __it != __first; --__it) {
+      if (__pred(std::invoke(__proj, *__it))) {
+        return subrange<_Iter>(std::move(__it), std::move(__last_it));
+      }
+    }
+    if (__pred(std::invoke(__proj, *__first))) {
+      return subrange<_Iter>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last_it));
+    }
+    return subrange<_Iter>(__last_it, __last_it);
+  } else {
+    bool __found = false;
+    _Iter __found_it;
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      if (__pred(std::invoke(__proj, *__first))) {
+        __found    = true;
+        __found_it = __first;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (__found) {
+      return subrange<_Iter>(std::move(__found_it), std::move(__first));
+    } else {
+      return subrange<_Iter>(__first, __first);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+namespace __find_last {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Type>
+  struct __op {
+    const _Type& __value;
+    template <class _Elem>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Elem&& __elem) const {
+      return std::forward<_Elem>(__elem) == __value;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Type, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<_Iter, _Proj>, const _Type*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static subrange<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Type& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) {
+    return ranges::__find_last_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __op<_Type>{__value}, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range, class _Type, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>, const _Type*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static borrowed_subrange_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, const _Type& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) {
+    return ranges::__find_last_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __op<_Type>{__value}, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __find_last
+
+namespace __find_last_if {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Pred>
+  struct __op {
+    _Pred& __pred;
+    template <class _Elem>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Elem&& __elem) const {
+      return std::invoke(__pred, std::forward<_Elem>(__elem));
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static subrange<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) {
+    return ranges::__find_last_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __op<_Pred>{__pred}, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static borrowed_subrange_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) {
+    return ranges::__find_last_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __op<_Pred>{__pred}, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __find_last_if
+
+namespace __find_last_if_not {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Pred>
+  struct __op {
+    _Pred& __pred;
+    template <class _Elem>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Elem&& __elem) const {
+      return !std::invoke(__pred, std::forward<_Elem>(__elem));
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static subrange<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) {
+    return ranges::__find_last_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __op<_Pred>{__pred}, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static borrowed_subrange_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) {
+    return ranges::__find_last_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __op<_Pred>{__pred}, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __find_last_if_not
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto find_last        = __find_last::__fn{};
+inline constexpr auto find_last_if     = __find_last_if::__fn{};
+inline constexpr auto find_last_if_not = __find_last_if_not::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FIND_LAST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_for_each.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_for_each.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..225dc774c8764a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_for_each.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FOR_EACH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FOR_EACH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_fun_result.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Func>
+using for_each_result = in_fun_result<_Iter, _Func>;
+
+namespace __for_each {
+struct __fn {
+private:
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static for_each_result<_Iter, _Func>
+  __for_each_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Func& __func, _Proj& __proj) {
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+      std::invoke(__func, std::invoke(__proj, *__first));
+    return {std::move(__first), std::move(__func)};
+  }
+
+public:
+  template <input_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirectly_unary_invocable<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr for_each_result<_Iter, _Func>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Func __func, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __for_each_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __func, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirectly_unary_invocable<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr for_each_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _Func>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Func __func, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __for_each_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __func, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __for_each
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto for_each = __for_each::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FOR_EACH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_for_each_n.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_for_each_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d1fdca34cc5a19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_for_each_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FOR_EACH_N_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FOR_EACH_N_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_fun_result.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Func>
+using for_each_n_result = in_fun_result<_Iter, _Func>;
+
+namespace __for_each_n {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Iter, class _Proj = identity, indirectly_unary_invocable<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr for_each_n_result<_Iter, _Func>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __count, _Func __func, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    while (__count-- > 0) {
+      std::invoke(__func, std::invoke(__proj, *__first));
+      ++__first;
+    }
+    return {std::move(__first), std::move(__func)};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __for_each_n
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto for_each_n = __for_each_n::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_FOR_EACH_N_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_generate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_generate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e6467198e6ba2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_generate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_GENERATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_GENERATE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __generate {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _OutIter, class _Sent, class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _OutIter __generate_fn_impl(_OutIter __first, _Sent __last, _Func& __gen) {
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      *__first = __gen();
+    }
+
+    return __first;
+  }
+
+  template <input_or_output_iterator _OutIter, sentinel_for<_OutIter> _Sent, copy_constructible _Func>
+    requires invocable<_Func&> && indirectly_writable<_OutIter, invoke_result_t<_Func&>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _OutIter operator()(_OutIter __first, _Sent __last, _Func __gen) const {
+    return __generate_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __gen);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Range, copy_constructible _Func>
+    requires invocable<_Func&> && output_range<_Range, invoke_result_t<_Func&>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range> operator()(_Range&& __range, _Func __gen) const {
+    return __generate_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __gen);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __generate
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto generate = __generate::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_GENERATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_generate_n.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_generate_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cd5fd7483ab2c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_generate_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_GENERATE_N_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_GENERATE_N_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __generate_n {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_or_output_iterator _OutIter, copy_constructible _Func>
+    requires invocable<_Func&> && indirectly_writable<_OutIter, invoke_result_t<_Func&>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _OutIter
+  operator()(_OutIter __first, iter_
diff erence_t<_OutIter> __n, _Func __gen) const {
+    for (; __n > 0; --__n) {
+      *__first = __gen();
+      ++__first;
+    }
+
+    return __first;
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __generate_n
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto generate_n = __generate_n::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_GENERATE_N_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_includes.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_includes.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c4c3b8ed088d31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_includes.h
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_INCLUDES_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_INCLUDES_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/includes.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __includes {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Iter1,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
+            input_iterator _Iter2,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
+            class _Proj1                                                                           = identity,
+            class _Proj2                                                                           = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<_Iter1, _Proj1>, projected<_Iter2, _Proj2>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Comp __comp   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return std::__includes(
+        std::move(__first1),
+        std::move(__last1),
+        std::move(__first2),
+        std::move(__last2),
+        std::move(__comp),
+        std::move(__proj1),
+        std::move(__proj2));
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            input_range _Range2,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Range1>, _Proj1>, projected<iterator_t<_Range2>, _Proj2>>
+                _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(
+      _Range1&& __range1, _Range2&& __range2, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return std::__includes(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        std::move(__comp),
+        std::move(__proj1),
+        std::move(__proj2));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __includes
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto includes = __includes::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_INCLUDES_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_inplace_merge.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_inplace_merge.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d94c0ad4656776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_inplace_merge.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_INPLACE_MERGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_INPLACE_MERGE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/inplace_merge.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __inplace_merge {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Comp, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto
+  __inplace_merge_impl(_Iter __first, _Iter __middle, _Sent __last, _Comp&& __comp, _Proj&& __proj) {
+    auto __last_iter = ranges::next(__middle, __last);
+    std::__inplace_merge<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), __last_iter, std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj));
+    return __last_iter;
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<_Iter, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Iter __middle, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __inplace_merge_impl(
+        std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), std::move(__last), std::move(__comp), std::move(__proj));
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_range _Range, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, iterator_t<_Range> __middle, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __inplace_merge_impl(
+        ranges::begin(__range), std::move(__middle), ranges::end(__range), std::move(__comp), std::move(__proj));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __inplace_merge
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto inplace_merge = __inplace_merge::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_INPLACE_MERGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_heap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_heap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3d9e18ce1d9067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_heap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_HEAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_HEAP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/is_heap_until.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __is_heap {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static bool
+  __is_heap_fn_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+    auto __last_iter        = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+    auto&& __projected_comp = std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj);
+
+    auto __result = std::__is_heap_until(std::move(__first), std::move(__last_iter), __projected_comp);
+    return __result == __last;
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj                                               = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __is_heap_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _Range,
+            class _Proj                                                            = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __is_heap_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __is_heap
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto is_heap = __is_heap::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_HEAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_heap_until.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_heap_until.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7a2e1fc7705b6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_heap_until.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_HEAP_UNTIL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_HEAP_UNTIL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/is_heap_until.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __is_heap_until {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _Iter
+  __is_heap_until_fn_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+    auto __last_iter        = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+    auto&& __projected_comp = std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj);
+
+    return std::__is_heap_until(std::move(__first), std::move(__last_iter), __projected_comp);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj                                               = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __is_heap_until_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _Range,
+            class _Proj                                                            = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __is_heap_until_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __is_heap_until
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto is_heap_until = __is_heap_until::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_HEAP_UNTIL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_partitioned.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_partitioned.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5be6fba46fd9e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_partitioned.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_PARTITIONED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_PARTITIONED_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __is_partitioned {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static bool
+  __is_partitioned_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      if (!std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return true;
+    ++__first;
+
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __is_partitioned_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __is_partitioned_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __is_partitioned
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto is_partitioned = __is_partitioned::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_PARTITIONED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_permutation.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_permutation.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1f8d67007a5738
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_permutation.h
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_PERMUTATION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_PERMUTATION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/is_permutation.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __is_permutation {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Sent2, class _Proj1, class _Proj2, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static bool __is_permutation_func_impl(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred& __pred,
+      _Proj1& __proj1,
+      _Proj2& __proj2) {
+    return std::__is_permutation<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+  }
+
+  template <
+      forward_iterator _Iter1,
+      sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
+      forward_iterator _Iter2,
+      sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
+      class _Proj1                                                                              = identity,
+      class _Proj2                                                                              = identity,
+      indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<_Iter1, _Proj1>, projected<_Iter2, _Proj2>> _Pred = ranges::equal_to>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred __pred   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return __is_permutation_func_impl(
+        std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range1,
+            forward_range _Range2,
+            class _Proj1                                                                = identity,
+            class _Proj2                                                                = identity,
+            indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<iterator_t<_Range1>, _Proj1>,
+                                          projected<iterator_t<_Range2>, _Proj2>> _Pred = ranges::equal_to>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(
+      _Range1&& __range1, _Range2&& __range2, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    if constexpr (sized_range<_Range1> && sized_range<_Range2>) {
+      if (ranges::distance(__range1) != ranges::distance(__range2))
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return __is_permutation_func_impl(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        __pred,
+        __proj1,
+        __proj2);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __is_permutation
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto is_permutation = __is_permutation::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_PERMUTATION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5b88d422b4b091
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP__ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_SORTED_H
+#define _LIBCPP__ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_SORTED_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted_until.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __is_sorted {
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj                                               = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__is_sorted_until_impl(std::move(__first), __last, __comp, __proj) == __last;
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Proj                                                            = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __last = ranges::end(__range);
+    return ranges::__is_sorted_until_impl(ranges::begin(__range), __last, __comp, __proj) == __last;
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __is_sorted
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto is_sorted = __is_sorted::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP__ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_SORTED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted_until.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted_until.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..54de530c8b2fd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted_until.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP__ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_SORTED_UNTIL_H
+#define _LIBCPP__ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_SORTED_UNTIL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Comp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+__is_sorted_until_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+  if (__first == __last)
+    return __first;
+  auto __i = __first;
+  while (++__i != __last) {
+    if (std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj, *__i), std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+      return __i;
+    __first = __i;
+  }
+  return __i;
+}
+
+namespace __is_sorted_until {
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj                                               = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__is_sorted_until_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Proj                                                            = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__is_sorted_until_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __is_sorted_until
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto is_sorted_until = __is_sorted_until::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP__ALGORITHM_RANGES_IS_SORTED_UNTIL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_iterator_concept.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_iterator_concept.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2af891d3af005a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_iterator_concept.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ITERATOR_CONCEPT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ITERATOR_CONCEPT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _IterMaybeQualified>
+consteval auto __get_iterator_concept() {
+  using _Iter = __remove_cvref_t<_IterMaybeQualified>;
+
+  if constexpr (contiguous_iterator<_Iter>)
+    return contiguous_iterator_tag();
+  else if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_Iter>)
+    return random_access_iterator_tag();
+  else if constexpr (bidirectional_iterator<_Iter>)
+    return bidirectional_iterator_tag();
+  else if constexpr (forward_iterator<_Iter>)
+    return forward_iterator_tag();
+  else if constexpr (input_iterator<_Iter>)
+    return input_iterator_tag();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter>
+using __iterator_concept = decltype(__get_iterator_concept<_Iter>());
+
+} // namespace ranges
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ITERATOR_CONCEPT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_lexicographical_compare.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_lexicographical_compare.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6d82017e302a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_lexicographical_compare.h
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_LEXICOGRAPHICAL_COMPARE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_LEXICOGRAPHICAL_COMPARE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __lexicographical_compare {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Sent2, class _Proj1, class _Proj2, class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static bool __lexicographical_compare_impl(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Comp& __comp,
+      _Proj1& __proj1,
+      _Proj2& __proj2) {
+    while (__first2 != __last2) {
+      if (__first1 == __last1 || std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj1, *__first1), std::invoke(__proj2, *__first2)))
+        return true;
+      if (std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj2, *__first2), std::invoke(__proj1, *__first1)))
+        return false;
+      ++__first1;
+      ++__first2;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _Iter1,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
+            input_iterator _Iter2,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
+            class _Proj1                                                                           = identity,
+            class _Proj2                                                                           = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<_Iter1, _Proj1>, projected<_Iter2, _Proj2>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Comp __comp   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return __lexicographical_compare_impl(
+        std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), __comp, __proj1, __proj2);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            input_range _Range2,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Range1>, _Proj1>, projected<iterator_t<_Range2>, _Proj2>>
+                _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(
+      _Range1&& __range1, _Range2&& __range2, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return __lexicographical_compare_impl(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        __comp,
+        __proj1,
+        __proj2);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __lexicographical_compare
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto lexicographical_compare = __lexicographical_compare::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_LEXICOGRAPHICAL_COMPARE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_lower_bound.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_lower_bound.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0651147e042495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_lower_bound.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_LOWER_BOUND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_LOWER_BOUND_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lower_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+namespace __lower_bound {
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Type,
+            class _Proj                                                             = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<const _Type*, projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Type& __value, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return std::__lower_bound<_RangeAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __value, __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Type,
+            class _Proj                                                                          = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<const _Type*, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, const _Type& __value, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return std::__lower_bound<_RangeAlgPolicy>(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __value, __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __lower_bound
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto lower_bound = __lower_bound::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_LOWER_BOUND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_make_heap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_make_heap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fe9c024fbf8a83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_make_heap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MAKE_HEAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MAKE_HEAP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __make_heap {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Comp, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _Iter
+  __make_heap_fn_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+    auto __last_iter = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+
+    auto&& __projected_comp = std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj);
+    std::__make_heap<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), __last_iter, __projected_comp);
+
+    return __last_iter;
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<_Iter, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __make_heap_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _Range, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __make_heap_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __make_heap
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto make_heap = __make_heap::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MAKE_HEAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_max.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_max.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d0ee6f314b0c3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_max.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MAX_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MAX_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_min_element.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __max {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp,
+            class _Proj                                                    = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const _Tp*, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp&
+  operator()(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __a,
+             _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __b,
+             _Comp __comp = {},
+             _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj, __a), std::invoke(__proj, __b)) ? __b : __a;
+  }
+
+  template <copyable _Tp,
+            class _Proj                                                    = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const _Tp*, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp
+  operator()(initializer_list<_Tp> __il, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __il.begin() != __il.end(), "initializer_list must contain at least one element");
+
+    auto __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped = [&](auto&& __lhs, auto&& __rhs) -> bool { return std::invoke(__comp, __rhs, __lhs); };
+    return *ranges::__min_element_impl(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Rp,
+            class _Proj                                                         = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Rp>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+    requires indirectly_copyable_storable<iterator_t<_Rp>, range_value_t<_Rp>*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr range_value_t<_Rp>
+  operator()(_Rp&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __first = ranges::begin(__r);
+    auto __last  = ranges::end(__r);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__first != __last, "range must contain at least one element");
+
+    if constexpr (forward_range<_Rp> && !__is_cheap_to_copy<range_value_t<_Rp>>) {
+      auto __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped = [&](auto&& __lhs, auto&& __rhs) -> bool {
+        return std::invoke(__comp, __rhs, __lhs);
+      };
+      return *ranges::__min_element_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped, __proj);
+    } else {
+      range_value_t<_Rp> __result = *__first;
+      while (++__first != __last) {
+        if (std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj, __result), std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+          __result = *__first;
+      }
+      return __result;
+    }
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __max
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto max = __max::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MAX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_max_element.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_max_element.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c577309271165b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_max_element.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MAX_ELEMENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MAX_ELEMENT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_min_element.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __max_element {
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _Ip,
+            sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp,
+            class _Proj                                             = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<_Ip, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip
+  operator()(_Ip __first, _Sp __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped = [&](auto&& __lhs, auto&& __rhs) -> bool { return std::invoke(__comp, __rhs, __lhs); };
+    return ranges::__min_element_impl(__first, __last, __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Rp,
+            class _Proj                                                         = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Rp>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Rp>
+  operator()(_Rp&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped = [&](auto&& __lhs, auto&& __rhs) -> bool { return std::invoke(__comp, __rhs, __lhs); };
+    return ranges::__min_element_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __max_element
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto max_element = __max_element::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MAX_ELEMENT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_merge.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_merge.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bdf9a62d90bd24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_merge.h
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MERGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MERGE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/mergeable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter1, class _InIter2, class _OutIter>
+using merge_result = in_in_out_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __merge {
+
+template < class _InIter1,
+           class _Sent1,
+           class _InIter2,
+           class _Sent2,
+           class _OutIter,
+           class _Comp,
+           class _Proj1,
+           class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr merge_result<__remove_cvref_t<_InIter1>,
+                                             __remove_cvref_t<_InIter2>,
+                                             __remove_cvref_t<_OutIter>>
+__merge_impl(_InIter1&& __first1,
+             _Sent1&& __last1,
+             _InIter2&& __first2,
+             _Sent2&& __last2,
+             _OutIter&& __result,
+             _Comp&& __comp,
+             _Proj1&& __proj1,
+             _Proj2&& __proj2) {
+  for (; __first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2; ++__result) {
+    if (std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj2, *__first2), std::invoke(__proj1, *__first1))) {
+      *__result = *__first2;
+      ++__first2;
+    } else {
+      *__result = *__first1;
+      ++__first1;
+    }
+  }
+  auto __ret1 = ranges::copy(std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__result));
+  auto __ret2 = ranges::copy(std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), std::move(__ret1.out));
+  return {std::move(__ret1.in), std::move(__ret2.in), std::move(__ret2.out)};
+}
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InIter1,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter1> _Sent1,
+            input_iterator _InIter2,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter2> _Sent2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Comp  = less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter, _Comp, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr merge_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter> operator()(
+      _InIter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _InIter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _OutIter __result,
+      _Comp __comp   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return __merge::__merge_impl(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __comp, __proj1, __proj2);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            input_range _Range2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Comp  = less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _OutIter, _Comp, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr merge_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range1>, borrowed_iterator_t<_Range2>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range1&& __range1,
+             _Range2&& __range2,
+             _OutIter __result,
+             _Comp __comp   = {},
+             _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+             _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return __merge::__merge_impl(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        __result,
+        __comp,
+        __proj1,
+        __proj2);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __merge
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto merge = __merge::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MERGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_min.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_min.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cc569d2a060c22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_min.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MIN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MIN_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_min_element.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __min {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp,
+            class _Proj                                                    = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const _Tp*, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp&
+  operator()(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __a,
+             _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Tp& __b,
+             _Comp __comp = {},
+             _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj, __b), std::invoke(__proj, __a)) ? __b : __a;
+  }
+
+  template <copyable _Tp,
+            class _Proj                                                    = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const _Tp*, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp
+  operator()(initializer_list<_Tp> __il, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __il.begin() != __il.end(), "initializer_list must contain at least one element");
+    return *ranges::__min_element_impl(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Rp,
+            class _Proj                                                         = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Rp>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+    requires indirectly_copyable_storable<iterator_t<_Rp>, range_value_t<_Rp>*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr range_value_t<_Rp>
+  operator()(_Rp&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __first = ranges::begin(__r);
+    auto __last  = ranges::end(__r);
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__first != __last, "range must contain at least one element");
+    if constexpr (forward_range<_Rp> && !__is_cheap_to_copy<range_value_t<_Rp>>) {
+      return *ranges::__min_element_impl(__first, __last, __comp, __proj);
+    } else {
+      range_value_t<_Rp> __result = *__first;
+      while (++__first != __last) {
+        if (std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj, *__first), std::invoke(__proj, __result)))
+          __result = *__first;
+      }
+      return __result;
+    }
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __min
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto min = __min::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MIN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_min_element.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_min_element.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..588ef258e26f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_min_element.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MIN_ELEMENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MIN_ELEMENT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+// TODO(ranges): `ranges::min_element` can now simply delegate to `std::__min_element`.
+template <class _Ip, class _Sp, class _Proj, class _Comp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip __min_element_impl(_Ip __first, _Sp __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+  if (__first == __last)
+    return __first;
+
+  _Ip __i = __first;
+  while (++__i != __last)
+    if (std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj, *__i), std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+      __first = __i;
+  return __first;
+}
+
+namespace __min_element {
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _Ip,
+            sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp,
+            class _Proj                                             = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<_Ip, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip
+  operator()(_Ip __first, _Sp __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__min_element_impl(__first, __last, __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Rp,
+            class _Proj                                                         = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Rp>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Rp>
+  operator()(_Rp&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__min_element_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __min_element
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto min_element = __min_element::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MIN_ELEMENT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_minmax.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_minmax.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..09cbefd91a8c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_minmax.h
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MINMAX_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MINMAX_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/min_max_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/minmax_element.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__type_traits/desugars_to.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class _T1>
+using minmax_result = min_max_result<_T1>;
+
+namespace __minmax {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Type,
+            class _Proj                                                      = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const _Type*, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ranges::minmax_result<const _Type&>
+  operator()(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Type& __a,
+             _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND const _Type& __b,
+             _Comp __comp = {},
+             _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    if (std::invoke(__comp, std::invoke(__proj, __b), std::invoke(__proj, __a)))
+      return {__b, __a};
+    return {__a, __b};
+  }
+
+  template <copyable _Type,
+            class _Proj                                                      = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const _Type*, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ranges::minmax_result<_Type>
+  operator()(initializer_list<_Type> __il, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __il.begin() != __il.end(), "initializer_list has to contain at least one element");
+    auto __iters = std::__minmax_element_impl(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __comp, __proj);
+    return ranges::minmax_result<_Type>{*__iters.first, *__iters.second};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            class _Proj                                                            = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+    requires indirectly_copyable_storable<iterator_t<_Range>, range_value_t<_Range>*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ranges::minmax_result<range_value_t<_Range>>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __first  = ranges::begin(__r);
+    auto __last   = ranges::end(__r);
+    using _ValueT = range_value_t<_Range>;
+
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__first != __last, "range has to contain at least one element");
+
+    // This optimiation is not in minmax_element because clang doesn't see through the pointers and as a result doesn't
+    // vectorize the code.
+    if constexpr (contiguous_range<_Range> && is_integral_v<_ValueT> &&
+                  __is_cheap_to_copy<_ValueT> & __is_identity<_Proj>::value &&
+                  __desugars_to_v<__less_tag, _Comp, _ValueT, _ValueT>) {
+      minmax_result<_ValueT> __result = {__r[0], __r[0]};
+      for (auto __e : __r) {
+        if (__e < __result.min)
+          __result.min = __e;
+        if (__result.max < __e)
+          __result.max = __e;
+      }
+      return __result;
+    } else if constexpr (forward_range<_Range>) {
+      // Special-case the one element case. Avoid repeatedly initializing objects from the result of an iterator
+      // dereference when doing so might not be idempotent. The `if constexpr` avoids the extra branch in cases where
+      // it's not needed.
+      if constexpr (!same_as<remove_cvref_t<range_reference_t<_Range>>, _ValueT> ||
+                    is_rvalue_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Range>>) {
+        if (ranges::next(__first) == __last) {
+          // During initialization, members are allowed to refer to already initialized members
+          // (see http://eel.is/c++draft/dcl.init.aggr#6)
+          minmax_result<_ValueT> __result = {*__first, __result.min};
+          return __result;
+        }
+      }
+      auto __result = std::__minmax_element_impl(__first, __last, __comp, __proj);
+      return {*__result.first, *__result.second};
+    } else {
+      // input_iterators can't be copied, so the implementation for input_iterators has to store
+      // the values instead of a pointer to the correct values
+      auto __less = [&](auto&& __a, auto&& __b) -> bool {
+        return std::invoke(__comp,
+                           std::invoke(__proj, std::forward<decltype(__a)>(__a)),
+                           std::invoke(__proj, std::forward<decltype(__b)>(__b)));
+      };
+
+      // During initialization, members are allowed to refer to already initialized members
+      // (see http://eel.is/c++draft/dcl.init.aggr#6)
+      ranges::minmax_result<_ValueT> __result = {*__first, __result.min};
+      if (__first == __last || ++__first == __last)
+        return __result;
+
+      if (__less(*__first, __result.min))
+        __result.min = *__first;
+      else
+        __result.max = *__first;
+
+      while (++__first != __last) {
+        _ValueT __i = *__first;
+        if (++__first == __last) {
+          if (__less(__i, __result.min))
+            __result.min = __i;
+          else if (!__less(__i, __result.max))
+            __result.max = __i;
+          return __result;
+        }
+
+        if (__less(*__first, __i)) {
+          if (__less(*__first, __result.min))
+            __result.min = *__first;
+          if (!__less(__i, __result.max))
+            __result.max = std::move(__i);
+        } else {
+          if (__less(__i, __result.min))
+            __result.min = std::move(__i);
+          if (!__less(*__first, __result.max))
+            __result.max = *__first;
+        }
+      }
+      return __result;
+    }
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __minmax
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto minmax = __minmax::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MINMAX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_minmax_element.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_minmax_element.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4bf6d2404e463d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_minmax_element.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MINMAX_ELEMENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MINMAX_ELEMENT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/min_max_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/minmax_element.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _T1>
+using minmax_element_result = min_max_result<_T1>;
+
+namespace __minmax_element {
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _Ip,
+            sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp,
+            class _Proj                                             = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<_Ip, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ranges::minmax_element_result<_Ip>
+  operator()(_Ip __first, _Sp __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__minmax_element_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+    return {__ret.first, __ret.second};
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Rp,
+            class _Proj                                                         = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<_Rp>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ranges::minmax_element_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Rp>>
+  operator()(_Rp&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__minmax_element_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __comp, __proj);
+    return {__ret.first, __ret.second};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __minmax_element
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto minmax_element = __minmax_element::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MINMAX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_mismatch.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_mismatch.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c4bf0022a9bcc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_mismatch.h
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MISMATCH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MISMATCH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_in_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/mismatch.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_range.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _I1, class _I2>
+using mismatch_result = in_in_result<_I1, _I2>;
+
+namespace __mismatch {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _I1, class _S1, class _I2, class _S2, class _Pred, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mismatch_result<_I1, _I2>
+  __go(_I1 __first1, _S1 __last1, _I2 __first2, _S2 __last2, _Pred& __pred, _Proj1& __proj1, _Proj2& __proj2) {
+    if constexpr (forward_iterator<_I1> && forward_iterator<_I2>) {
+      auto __range1 = std::__unwrap_range(__first1, __last1);
+      auto __range2 = std::__unwrap_range(__first2, __last2);
+      auto __res =
+          std::__mismatch(__range1.first, __range1.second, __range2.first, __range2.second, __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+      return {std::__rewrap_range<_S1>(__first1, __res.first), std::__rewrap_range<_S2>(__first2, __res.second)};
+    } else {
+      auto __res = std::__mismatch(
+          std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+      return {std::move(__res.first), std::move(__res.second)};
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _I1,
+            sentinel_for<_I1> _S1,
+            input_iterator _I2,
+            sentinel_for<_I2> _S2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<_I1, _I2, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mismatch_result<_I1, _I2> operator()(
+      _I1 __first1, _S1 __last1, _I2 __first2, _S2 __last2, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {})
+      const {
+    return __go(std::move(__first1), __last1, std::move(__first2), __last2, __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _R1,
+            input_range _R2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_R1>, iterator_t<_R2>, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]]
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mismatch_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_R1>, borrowed_iterator_t<_R2>>
+  operator()(_R1&& __r1, _R2&& __r2, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return __go(
+        ranges::begin(__r1), ranges::end(__r1), ranges::begin(__r2), ranges::end(__r2), __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __mismatch
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+constexpr inline auto mismatch = __mismatch::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MISMATCH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_move.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_move.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..be869f36c97304
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_move.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MOVE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MOVE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/move.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using move_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __move {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static move_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  __move_impl(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) {
+    auto __ret = std::__move<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _InIter, sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent, weakly_incrementable _OutIter>
+    requires indirectly_movable<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr move_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    return __move_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range, weakly_incrementable _OutIter>
+    requires indirectly_movable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr move_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _OutIter __result) const {
+    return __move_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::move(__result));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __move
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto move = __move::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MOVE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_move_backward.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_move_backward.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6d4071a33b8125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_move_backward.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MOVE_BACKWARD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MOVE_BACKWARD_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/move_backward.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using move_backward_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __move_backward {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static move_backward_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  __move_backward_impl(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) {
+    auto __ret = std::__move_backward<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_iterator _InIter, sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent, bidirectional_iterator _OutIter>
+    requires indirectly_movable<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr move_backward_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    return __move_backward_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result));
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_range _Range, bidirectional_iterator _Iter>
+    requires indirectly_movable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr move_backward_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _Iter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Iter __result) const {
+    return __move_backward_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::move(__result));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __move_backward
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto move_backward = __move_backward::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_MOVE_BACKWARD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_next_permutation.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_next_permutation.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..18535e0a6254a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_next_permutation.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_NEXT_PERMUTATION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_NEXT_PERMUTATION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_found_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/next_permutation.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter>
+using next_permutation_result = in_found_result<_InIter>;
+
+namespace __next_permutation {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <bidirectional_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<_Iter, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr next_permutation_result<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __result = std::__next_permutation<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj));
+    return {std::move(__result.first), std::move(__result.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_range _Range, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr next_permutation_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __result = std::__next_permutation<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj));
+    return {std::move(__result.first), std::move(__result.second)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __next_permutation
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+constexpr inline auto next_permutation = __next_permutation::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_NEXT_PERMUTATION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_none_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_none_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7df3c1829fcfcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_none_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_NONE_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_NONE_OF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __none_of {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static bool
+  __none_of_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __none_of_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __none_of_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __none_of
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto none_of = __none_of::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_NONE_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_nth_element.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_nth_element.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..90ade9efe10da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_nth_element.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_NTH_ELEMENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_NTH_ELEMENT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/nth_element.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __nth_element {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Comp, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _Iter
+  __nth_element_fn_impl(_Iter __first, _Iter __nth, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+    auto __last_iter = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+
+    auto&& __projected_comp = std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj);
+    std::__nth_element_impl<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__nth), __last_iter, __projected_comp);
+
+    return __last_iter;
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<_Iter, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Iter __nth, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __nth_element_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__nth), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _Range, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, iterator_t<_Range> __nth, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __nth_element_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__r), std::move(__nth), ranges::end(__r), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __nth_element
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto nth_element = __nth_element::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_NTH_ELEMENT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c67247d2e0a77e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTIAL_SORT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTIAL_SORT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/partial_sort.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __partial_sort {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Comp, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _Iter
+  __partial_sort_fn_impl(_Iter __first, _Iter __middle, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+    auto&& __projected_comp = std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj);
+    return std::__partial_sort<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), __last, __projected_comp);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<_Iter, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Iter __middle, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __partial_sort_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _Range, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, iterator_t<_Range> __middle, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __partial_sort_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__r), std::move(__middle), ranges::end(__r), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __partial_sort
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto partial_sort = __partial_sort::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTIAL_SORT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b3bdeb78fb6f65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTIAL_SORT_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTIAL_SORT_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/partial_sort_copy.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using partial_sort_copy_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __partial_sort_copy {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Iter1,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
+            random_access_iterator _Iter2,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
+            class _Comp  = ranges::less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_Iter1, _Iter2> && sortable<_Iter2, _Comp, _Proj2> &&
+             indirect_strict_weak_order<_Comp, projected<_Iter1, _Proj1>, projected<_Iter2, _Proj2>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr partial_sort_copy_result<_Iter1, _Iter2> operator()(
+      _Iter1 __first,
+      _Sent1 __last,
+      _Iter2 __result_first,
+      _Sent2 __result_last,
+      _Comp __comp   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __result = std::__partial_sort_copy<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first),
+        std::move(__last),
+        std::move(__result_first),
+        std::move(__result_last),
+        __comp,
+        __proj1,
+        __proj2);
+    return {std::move(__result.first), std::move(__result.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            random_access_range _Range2,
+            class _Comp  = ranges::less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>> &&
+             sortable<iterator_t<_Range2>, _Comp, _Proj2> &&
+             indirect_strict_weak_order<_Comp,
+                                        projected<iterator_t<_Range1>, _Proj1>,
+                                        projected<iterator_t<_Range2>, _Proj2>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr partial_sort_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range1>, borrowed_iterator_t<_Range2>>
+  operator()(
+      _Range1&& __range, _Range2&& __result_range, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __result = std::__partial_sort_copy<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        ranges::begin(__range),
+        ranges::end(__range),
+        ranges::begin(__result_range),
+        ranges::end(__result_range),
+        __comp,
+        __proj1,
+        __proj2);
+    return {std::move(__result.first), std::move(__result.second)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __partial_sort_copy
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto partial_sort_copy = __partial_sort_copy::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTIAL_SORT_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a67ac4c967570f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTITION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTITION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/partition.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_iterator_concept.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/permutable.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __partition {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr subrange<__remove_cvref_t<_Iter>>
+  __partition_fn_impl(_Iter&& __first, _Sent&& __last, _Pred&& __pred, _Proj&& __proj) {
+    auto&& __projected_pred = std::__make_projected(__pred, __proj);
+    auto __result           = std::__partition<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __projected_pred, __iterator_concept<_Iter>());
+
+    return {std::move(__result.first), std::move(__result.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <permutable _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __partition_fn_impl(__first, __last, __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<_Range>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __partition_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __partition
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto partition = __partition::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTITION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d60c865dd2a8a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTITION_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTITION_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_out_result.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter1, class _OutIter2>
+using partition_copy_result = in_out_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter1, _OutIter2>;
+
+namespace __partition_copy {
+
+struct __fn {
+  // TODO(ranges): delegate to the classic algorithm.
+  template <class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter1, class _OutIter2, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static partition_copy_result<__remove_cvref_t<_InIter>,
+                                                               __remove_cvref_t<_OutIter1>,
+                                                               __remove_cvref_t<_OutIter2> >
+  __partition_copy_fn_impl(
+      _InIter&& __first,
+      _Sent&& __last,
+      _OutIter1&& __out_true,
+      _OutIter2&& __out_false,
+      _Pred& __pred,
+      _Proj& __proj) {
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first))) {
+        *__out_true = *__first;
+        ++__out_true;
+
+      } else {
+        *__out_false = *__first;
+        ++__out_false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {std::move(__first), std::move(__out_true), std::move(__out_false)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _InIter,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter1,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter2,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_InIter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_InIter, _OutIter1> && indirectly_copyable<_InIter, _OutIter2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr partition_copy_result<_InIter, _OutIter1, _OutIter2> operator()(
+      _InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter1 __out_true, _OutIter2 __out_false, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {})
+      const {
+    return __partition_copy_fn_impl(
+        std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__out_true), std::move(__out_false), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter1,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter2,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter1> && indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr partition_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter1, _OutIter2>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _OutIter1 __out_true, _OutIter2 __out_false, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __partition_copy_fn_impl(
+        ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::move(__out_true), std::move(__out_false), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __partition_copy
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto partition_copy = __partition_copy::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTITION_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition_point.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition_point.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c5b11b5fed192a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_partition_point.h
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTITION_POINT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTITION_POINT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/half_positive.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __partition_point {
+
+struct __fn {
+  // TODO(ranges): delegate to the classic algorithm.
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _Iter
+  __partition_point_fn_impl(_Iter&& __first, _Sent&& __last, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+    auto __len = ranges::distance(__first, __last);
+
+    while (__len != 0) {
+      auto __half_len = std::__half_positive(__len);
+      auto __mid      = ranges::next(__first, __half_len);
+
+      if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__mid))) {
+        __first = ++__mid;
+        __len -= __half_len + 1;
+
+      } else {
+        __len = __half_len;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return __first;
+  }
+
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __partition_point_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __partition_point_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __partition_point
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto partition_point = __partition_point::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PARTITION_POINT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_pop_heap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_pop_heap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..01f92c0f228887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_pop_heap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_POP_HEAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_POP_HEAP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/pop_heap.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __pop_heap {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Comp, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _Iter
+  __pop_heap_fn_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+    auto __last_iter = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+    auto __len       = __last_iter - __first;
+
+    auto&& __projected_comp = std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj);
+    std::__pop_heap<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), __last_iter, __projected_comp, __len);
+
+    return __last_iter;
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<_Iter, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __pop_heap_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _Range, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __pop_heap_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __pop_heap
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto pop_heap = __pop_heap::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_POP_HEAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_prev_permutation.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_prev_permutation.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..225cee9b75ec6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_prev_permutation.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PREV_PERMUTATION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PREV_PERMUTATION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_found_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/prev_permutation.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter>
+using prev_permutation_result = in_found_result<_InIter>;
+
+namespace __prev_permutation {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <bidirectional_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<_Iter, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr prev_permutation_result<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __result = std::__prev_permutation<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj));
+    return {std::move(__result.first), std::move(__result.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_range _Range, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr prev_permutation_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __result = std::__prev_permutation<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj));
+    return {std::move(__result.first), std::move(__result.second)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __prev_permutation
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+constexpr inline auto prev_permutation = __prev_permutation::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PREV_PERMUTATION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_push_heap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_push_heap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9d187af38c5319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_push_heap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PUSH_HEAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PUSH_HEAP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/push_heap.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __push_heap {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Comp, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _Iter
+  __push_heap_fn_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+    auto __last_iter = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+
+    auto&& __projected_comp = std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj);
+    std::__push_heap<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), __last_iter, __projected_comp);
+
+    return __last_iter;
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<_Iter, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __push_heap_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _Range, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __push_heap_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __push_heap
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto push_heap = __push_heap::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_PUSH_HEAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..17c3a2c5cd06b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_H
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_remove_if.h>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/permutable.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __remove {
+struct __fn {
+  template <permutable _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Type, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<_Iter, _Proj>, const _Type*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Type& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __pred = [&](auto&& __other) -> bool { return __value == __other; };
+    return ranges::__remove_if_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range, class _Type, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<_Range>> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>, const _Type*>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, const _Type& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __pred = [&](auto&& __other) -> bool { return __value == __other; };
+    return ranges::__remove_if_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __remove
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto remove = __remove::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..84529eceac68c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy_if.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using remove_copy_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __remove_copy {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InIter,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Type,
+            class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_InIter, _OutIter> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<_InIter, _Proj>, const _Type*>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr remove_copy_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result, const _Type& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __pred = [&](auto&& __val) -> bool { return __value == __val; };
+    return ranges::__remove_copy_if_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range, weakly_incrementable _OutIter, class _Type, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>, const _Type*>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr remove_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _OutIter __result, const _Type& __value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __pred = [&](auto&& __val) -> bool { return __value == __val; };
+    return ranges::__remove_copy_if_impl(
+        ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::move(__result), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __remove_copy
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto remove_copy = __remove_copy::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..56fe017533120b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_COPY_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_COPY_IF_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/remove_copy_if.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using remove_copy_if_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+template <class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+__remove_copy_if_impl(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    if (!std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first))) {
+      *__result = *__first;
+      ++__result;
+    }
+  }
+  return {std::move(__first), std::move(__result)};
+}
+
+namespace __remove_copy_if {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InIter,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_InIter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr remove_copy_if_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__remove_copy_if_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr remove_copy_if_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _OutIter __result, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__remove_copy_if_impl(
+        ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::move(__result), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __remove_copy_if
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto remove_copy_if = __remove_copy_if::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_COPY_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0ea5d9a01b8818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_remove_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_IF_H
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_find_if.h>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/permutable.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<_Iter>
+__remove_if_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+  auto __new_end = ranges::__find_if_impl(__first, __last, __pred, __proj);
+  if (__new_end == __last)
+    return {__new_end, __new_end};
+
+  _Iter __i = __new_end;
+  while (++__i != __last) {
+    if (!std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__i))) {
+      *__new_end = ranges::iter_move(__i);
+      ++__new_end;
+    }
+  }
+  return {__new_end, __i};
+}
+
+namespace __remove_if {
+struct __fn {
+  template <permutable _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__remove_if_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<_Range>>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__remove_if_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __remove_if
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto remove_if = __remove_if::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REMOVE_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2b88dc032972f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_replace_if.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __replace {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Type1, class _Type2, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<_Iter, const _Type2&> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<_Iter, _Proj>, const _Type1*>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter operator()(
+      _Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Type1& __old_value, const _Type2& __new_value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __pred = [&](const auto& __val) -> bool { return __val == __old_value; };
+    return ranges::__replace_if_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __new_value, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range, class _Type1, class _Type2, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<iterator_t<_Range>, const _Type2&> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>, const _Type1*>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, const _Type1& __old_value, const _Type2& __new_value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __pred = [&](auto&& __val) -> bool { return __val == __old_value; };
+    return ranges::__replace_if_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __new_value, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __replace
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto replace = __replace::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..633f993e5c9484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy_if.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using replace_copy_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __replace_copy {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InIter,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent,
+            class _OldType,
+            class _NewType,
+            output_iterator<const _NewType&> _OutIter,
+            class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_InIter, _OutIter> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<_InIter, _Proj>, const _OldType*>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr replace_copy_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first,
+             _Sent __last,
+             _OutIter __result,
+             const _OldType& __old_value,
+             const _NewType& __new_value,
+             _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __pred = [&](const auto& __value) -> bool { return __value == __old_value; };
+    return ranges::__replace_copy_if_impl(
+        std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result), __pred, __new_value, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            class _OldType,
+            class _NewType,
+            output_iterator<const _NewType&> _OutIter,
+            class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>, const _OldType*>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr replace_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter> operator()(
+      _Range&& __range, _OutIter __result, const _OldType& __old_value, const _NewType& __new_value, _Proj __proj = {})
+      const {
+    auto __pred = [&](const auto& __value) -> bool { return __value == __old_value; };
+    return ranges::__replace_copy_if_impl(
+        ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::move(__result), __pred, __new_value, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __replace_copy
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto replace_copy = __replace_copy::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e065c3ac0acc90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_COPY_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_COPY_IF_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using replace_copy_if_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+template <class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter, class _Pred, class _Type, class _Proj>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr replace_copy_if_result<_InIter, _OutIter> __replace_copy_if_impl(
+    _InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result, _Pred& __pred, const _Type& __new_value, _Proj& __proj) {
+  while (__first != __last) {
+    if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+      *__result = __new_value;
+    else
+      *__result = *__first;
+
+    ++__first;
+    ++__result;
+  }
+
+  return {std::move(__first), std::move(__result)};
+}
+
+namespace __replace_copy_if {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InIter,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent,
+            class _Type,
+            output_iterator<const _Type&> _OutIter,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_InIter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr replace_copy_if_result<_InIter, _OutIter> operator()(
+      _InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result, _Pred __pred, const _Type& __new_value, _Proj __proj = {})
+      const {
+    return ranges::__replace_copy_if_impl(
+        std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result), __pred, __new_value, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            class _Type,
+            output_iterator<const _Type&> _OutIter,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr replace_copy_if_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _OutIter __result, _Pred __pred, const _Type& __new_value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__replace_copy_if_impl(
+        ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::move(__result), __pred, __new_value, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __replace_copy_if
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto replace_copy_if = __replace_copy_if::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_COPY_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6445f42aea1908
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_replace_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_IF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Type, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+__replace_if_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred& __pred, const _Type& __new_value, _Proj& __proj) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    if (std::invoke(__pred, std::invoke(__proj, *__first)))
+      *__first = __new_value;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+namespace __replace_if {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Type,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires indirectly_writable<_Iter, const _Type&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, const _Type& __new_value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__replace_if_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __new_value, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            class _Type,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires indirectly_writable<iterator_t<_Range>, const _Type&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred, const _Type& __new_value, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return ranges::__replace_if_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __new_value, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __replace_if
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto replace_if = __replace_if::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REPLACE_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_reverse.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_reverse.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9ec865995b4a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_reverse.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REVERSE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REVERSE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/permutable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __reverse {
+struct __fn {
+  template <bidirectional_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent>
+    requires permutable<_Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last) const {
+    if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_Iter>) {
+      if (__first == __last)
+        return __first;
+
+      auto __end = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+      auto __ret = __end;
+
+      while (__first < --__end) {
+        ranges::iter_swap(__first, __end);
+        ++__first;
+      }
+      return __ret;
+    } else {
+      auto __end = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+      auto __ret = __end;
+
+      while (__first != __end) {
+        if (__first == --__end)
+          break;
+
+        ranges::iter_swap(__first, __end);
+        ++__first;
+      }
+      return __ret;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_range _Range>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<_Range>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range> operator()(_Range&& __range) const {
+    return (*this)(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __reverse
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto reverse = __reverse::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REVERSE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_reverse_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_reverse_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..60043787a71705
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_reverse_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REVERSE_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REVERSE_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using reverse_copy_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __reverse_copy {
+struct __fn {
+  template <bidirectional_iterator _InIter, sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent, weakly_incrementable _OutIter>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reverse_copy_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    return (*this)(subrange(std::move(__first), std::move(__last)), std::move(__result));
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_range _Range, weakly_incrementable _OutIter>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reverse_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _OutIter __result) const {
+    auto __ret = ranges::copy(std::__reverse_range(__range), std::move(__result));
+    return {ranges::next(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range)), std::move(__ret.out)};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __reverse_copy
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto reverse_copy = __reverse_copy::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_REVERSE_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_rotate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_rotate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8d33a6f0799bf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_rotate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ROTATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ROTATE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_iterator_concept.h>
+#include <__algorithm/rotate.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/permutable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __rotate {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static subrange<_Iter> __rotate_fn_impl(_Iter __first, _Iter __middle, _Sent __last) {
+    auto __ret = std::__rotate<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), std::move(__last));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <permutable _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<_Iter> operator()(_Iter __first, _Iter __middle, _Sent __last) const {
+    return __rotate_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), std::move(__last));
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<_Range>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, iterator_t<_Range> __middle) const {
+    return __rotate_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__range), std::move(__middle), ranges::end(__range));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __rotate
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto rotate = __rotate::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ROTATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_rotate_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_rotate_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..26fe110b538963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_rotate_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ROTATE_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ROTATE_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using rotate_copy_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __rotate_copy {
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _InIter, sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent, weakly_incrementable _OutIter>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr rotate_copy_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _InIter __middle, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result) const {
+    auto __res1 = ranges::copy(__middle, __last, std::move(__result));
+    auto __res2 = ranges::copy(__first, __middle, std::move(__res1.out));
+    return {std::move(__res1.in), std::move(__res2.out)};
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range, weakly_incrementable _OutIter>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr rotate_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, iterator_t<_Range> __middle, _OutIter __result) const {
+    return (*this)(ranges::begin(__range), std::move(__middle), ranges::end(__range), std::move(__result));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __rotate_copy
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto rotate_copy = __rotate_copy::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_ROTATE_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sample.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sample.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e4f60a7b66be2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sample.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SAMPLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SAMPLE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sample.h>
+#include <__algorithm/uniform_random_bit_generator_adaptor.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_random_bit_generator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __sample {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, weakly_incrementable _OutIter, class _Gen>
+    requires(forward_iterator<_Iter> || random_access_iterator<_OutIter>) && indirectly_copyable<_Iter, _OutIter> &&
+            uniform_random_bit_generator<remove_reference_t<_Gen>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __out_first, iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n, _Gen&& __gen) const {
+    _ClassicGenAdaptor<_Gen> __adapted_gen(__gen);
+    return std::__sample<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__out_first), __n, __adapted_gen);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range, weakly_incrementable _OutIter, class _Gen>
+    requires(forward_range<_Range> || random_access_iterator<_OutIter>) &&
+            indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter> && uniform_random_bit_generator<remove_reference_t<_Gen>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIter
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _OutIter __out_first, range_
diff erence_t<_Range> __n, _Gen&& __gen) const {
+    return (*this)(
+        ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::move(__out_first), __n, std::forward<_Gen>(__gen));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __sample
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto sample = __sample::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SAMPLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_search.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_search.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..55294c60631b18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_search.h
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SEARCH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SEARCH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/search.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __search {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2, class _Sent2, class _Pred, class _Proj1, class _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr subrange<_Iter1> __ranges_search_impl(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred& __pred,
+      _Proj1& __proj1,
+      _Proj2& __proj2) {
+    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Sent2, _Iter2>) {
+      auto __size2 = ranges::distance(__first2, __last2);
+      if (__size2 == 0)
+        return {__first1, __first1};
+
+      if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Sent1, _Iter1>) {
+        auto __size1 = ranges::distance(__first1, __last1);
+        if (__size1 < __size2) {
+          ranges::advance(__first1, __last1);
+          return {__first1, __first1};
+        }
+
+        if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_Iter1> && random_access_iterator<_Iter2>) {
+          auto __ret = std::__search_random_access_impl<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+              __first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __pred, __proj1, __proj2, __size1, __size2);
+          return {__ret.first, __ret.second};
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    auto __ret =
+        std::__search_forward_impl<_RangeAlgPolicy>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+    return {__ret.first, __ret.second};
+  }
+
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter1,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
+            forward_iterator _Iter2,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<_Iter1, _Iter2, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<_Iter1> operator()(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred __pred   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    return __ranges_search_impl(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range1,
+            forward_range _Range2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<_Range1> operator()(
+      _Range1&& __range1, _Range2&& __range2, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __first1 = ranges::begin(__range1);
+    if constexpr (sized_range<_Range2>) {
+      auto __size2 = ranges::size(__range2);
+      if (__size2 == 0)
+        return {__first1, __first1};
+      if constexpr (sized_range<_Range1>) {
+        auto __size1 = ranges::size(__range1);
+        if (__size1 < __size2) {
+          ranges::advance(__first1, ranges::end(__range1));
+          return {__first1, __first1};
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return __ranges_search_impl(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        __pred,
+        __proj1,
+        __proj2);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __search
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto search = __search::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SEARCH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_search_n.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_search_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..56e12755b9bf6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_search_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SEARCH_N_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SEARCH_N_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/search_n.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __search_n {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _SizeT, class _Type, class _Pred, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr subrange<_Iter1> __ranges_search_n_impl(
+      _Iter1 __first, _Sent1 __last, _SizeT __count, const _Type& __value, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+    if (__count == 0)
+      return {__first, __first};
+
+    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Sent1, _Iter1>) {
+      auto __size = ranges::distance(__first, __last);
+      if (__size < __count) {
+        ranges::advance(__first, __last);
+        return {__first, __first};
+      }
+
+      if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_Iter1>) {
+        auto __ret = std::__search_n_random_access_impl<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+            __first, __last, __count, __value, __pred, __proj, __size);
+        return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+      }
+    }
+
+    auto __ret = std::__search_n_forward_impl<_RangeAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __count, __value, __pred, __proj);
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Type,
+            class _Pred = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<_Iter, const _Type*, _Pred, _Proj>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first,
+             _Sent __last,
+             iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __count,
+             const _Type& __value,
+             _Pred __pred = {},
+             _Proj __proj = _Proj{}) const {
+    return __ranges_search_n_impl(__first, __last, __count, __value, __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range, class _Type, class _Pred = ranges::equal_to, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Range>, const _Type*, _Pred, _Proj>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<_Range> operator()(
+      _Range&& __range, range_
diff erence_t<_Range> __count, const _Type& __value, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj __proj = {})
+      const {
+    auto __first = ranges::begin(__range);
+    if (__count <= 0)
+      return {__first, __first};
+    if constexpr (sized_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __size1 = ranges::size(__range);
+      if (__size1 < static_cast<range_size_t<_Range>>(__count)) {
+        ranges::advance(__first, ranges::end(__range));
+        return {__first, __first};
+      }
+    }
+
+    return __ranges_search_n_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __count, __value, __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __search_n
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto search_n = __search_n::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SEARCH_N_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_
diff erence.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_
diff erence.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0841fb4ffd0c06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_
diff erence.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_DIFFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_DIFFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/set_
diff erence.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/mergeable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using set_
diff erence_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __set_
diff erence {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InIter1,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter1> _Sent1,
+            input_iterator _InIter2,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter2> _Sent2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Comp  = less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter, _Comp, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr set_
diff erence_result<_InIter1, _OutIter> operator()(
+      _InIter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _InIter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _OutIter __result,
+      _Comp __comp   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__set_
diff erence<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        __first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, ranges::__make_projected_comp(__comp, __proj1, __proj2));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            input_range _Range2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Comp  = less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _OutIter, _Comp, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr set_
diff erence_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range1>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range1&& __range1,
+             _Range2&& __range2,
+             _OutIter __result,
+             _Comp __comp   = {},
+             _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+             _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__set_
diff erence<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        __result,
+        ranges::__make_projected_comp(__comp, __proj1, __proj2));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __set_
diff erence
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto set_
diff erence = __set_
diff erence::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_DIFFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_intersection.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_intersection.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9427379745b60f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_intersection.h
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_INTERSECTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_INTERSECTION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/set_intersection.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/mergeable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter1, class _InIter2, class _OutIter>
+using set_intersection_result = in_in_out_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __set_intersection {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InIter1,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter1> _Sent1,
+            input_iterator _InIter2,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter2> _Sent2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Comp  = less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter, _Comp, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr set_intersection_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter> operator()(
+      _InIter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _InIter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _OutIter __result,
+      _Comp __comp   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__set_intersection<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first1),
+        std::move(__last1),
+        std::move(__first2),
+        std::move(__last2),
+        std::move(__result),
+        ranges::__make_projected_comp(__comp, __proj1, __proj2));
+    return {std::move(__ret.__in1_), std::move(__ret.__in2_), std::move(__ret.__out_)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            input_range _Range2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Comp  = less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _OutIter, _Comp, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr set_intersection_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range1>,
+                                                          borrowed_iterator_t<_Range2>,
+                                                          _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range1&& __range1,
+             _Range2&& __range2,
+             _OutIter __result,
+             _Comp __comp   = {},
+             _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+             _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__set_intersection<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        std::move(__result),
+        ranges::__make_projected_comp(__comp, __proj1, __proj2));
+    return {std::move(__ret.__in1_), std::move(__ret.__in2_), std::move(__ret.__out_)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __set_intersection
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto set_intersection = __set_intersection::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_INTERSECTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_symmetric_
diff erence.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_symmetric_
diff erence.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..995eb0999d940a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_symmetric_
diff erence.h
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_SYMMETRIC_DIFFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_SYMMETRIC_DIFFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/set_symmetric_
diff erence.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/mergeable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter1, class _InIter2, class _OutIter>
+using set_symmetric_
diff erence_result = in_in_out_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __set_symmetric_
diff erence {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InIter1,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter1> _Sent1,
+            input_iterator _InIter2,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter2> _Sent2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Comp  = ranges::less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter, _Comp, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr set_symmetric_
diff erence_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter> operator()(
+      _InIter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _InIter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _OutIter __result,
+      _Comp __comp   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__set_symmetric_
diff erence<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first1),
+        std::move(__last1),
+        std::move(__first2),
+        std::move(__last2),
+        std::move(__result),
+        ranges::__make_projected_comp(__comp, __proj1, __proj2));
+    return {std::move(__ret.__in1_), std::move(__ret.__in2_), std::move(__ret.__out_)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            input_range _Range2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Comp  = ranges::less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _OutIter, _Comp, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr set_symmetric_
diff erence_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range1>,
+                                                                  borrowed_iterator_t<_Range2>,
+                                                                  _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range1&& __range1,
+             _Range2&& __range2,
+             _OutIter __result,
+             _Comp __comp   = {},
+             _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+             _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__set_symmetric_
diff erence<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        std::move(__result),
+        ranges::__make_projected_comp(__comp, __proj1, __proj2));
+    return {std::move(__ret.__in1_), std::move(__ret.__in2_), std::move(__ret.__out_)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __set_symmetric_
diff erence
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto set_symmetric_
diff erence = __set_symmetric_
diff erence::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_SYMMETRIC_DIFFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_union.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_union.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e870e390cc6659
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_set_union.h
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_UNION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_UNION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/set_union.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/mergeable.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter1, class _InIter2, class _OutIter>
+using set_union_result = in_in_out_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __set_union {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InIter1,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter1> _Sent1,
+            input_iterator _InIter2,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter2> _Sent2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Comp  = ranges::less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter, _Comp, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr set_union_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter> operator()(
+      _InIter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _InIter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _OutIter __result,
+      _Comp __comp   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__set_union<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first1),
+        std::move(__last1),
+        std::move(__first2),
+        std::move(__last2),
+        std::move(__result),
+        ranges::__make_projected_comp(__comp, __proj1, __proj2));
+    return {std::move(__ret.__in1_), std::move(__ret.__in2_), std::move(__ret.__out_)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            input_range _Range2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Comp  = ranges::less,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _OutIter, _Comp, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr set_union_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range1>, borrowed_iterator_t<_Range2>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range1&& __range1,
+             _Range2&& __range2,
+             _OutIter __result,
+             _Comp __comp   = {},
+             _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+             _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__set_union<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        std::move(__result),
+        ranges::__make_projected_comp(__comp, __proj1, __proj2));
+    return {std::move(__ret.__in1_), std::move(__ret.__in2_), std::move(__ret.__out_)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __set_union
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto set_union = __set_union::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SET_UNION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_shuffle.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_shuffle.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ab98ea22caabec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_shuffle.h
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SHUFFLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SHUFFLE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/shuffle.h>
+#include <__algorithm/uniform_random_bit_generator_adaptor.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/permutable.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_random_bit_generator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __shuffle {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <random_access_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Gen>
+    requires permutable<_Iter> && uniform_random_bit_generator<remove_reference_t<_Gen>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Iter operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Gen&& __gen) const {
+    _ClassicGenAdaptor<_Gen> __adapted_gen(__gen);
+    return std::__shuffle<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __adapted_gen);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _Range, class _Gen>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<_Range>> && uniform_random_bit_generator<remove_reference_t<_Gen>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI borrowed_iterator_t<_Range> operator()(_Range&& __range, _Gen&& __gen) const {
+    return (*this)(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::forward<_Gen>(__gen));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __shuffle
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto shuffle = __shuffle::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SHUFFLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sort.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sort.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0296c146b3edee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sort.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SORT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SORT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sort.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __sort {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Comp, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _Iter
+  __sort_fn_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+    auto __last_iter = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+
+    auto&& __projected_comp = std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj);
+    std::__sort_impl<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), __last_iter, __projected_comp);
+
+    return __last_iter;
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<_Iter, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __sort_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _Range, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __sort_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __sort
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto sort = __sort::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SORT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sort_heap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sort_heap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bab30df1708c75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_sort_heap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SORT_HEAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SORT_HEAP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sort_heap.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __sort_heap {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Comp, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr static _Iter
+  __sort_heap_fn_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+    auto __last_iter = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+
+    auto&& __projected_comp = std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj);
+    std::__sort_heap<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), __last_iter, __projected_comp);
+
+    return __last_iter;
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<_Iter, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __sort_heap_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _Range, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __sort_heap_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __sort_heap
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto sort_heap = __sort_heap::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SORT_HEAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_stable_partition.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_stable_partition.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f34027ff772c78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_stable_partition.h
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_STABLE_PARTITION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_STABLE_PARTITION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_iterator_concept.h>
+#include <__algorithm/stable_partition.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/permutable.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __stable_partition {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Proj, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static subrange<__remove_cvref_t<_Iter>>
+  __stable_partition_fn_impl(_Iter&& __first, _Sent&& __last, _Pred&& __pred, _Proj&& __proj) {
+    auto __last_iter = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+
+    auto&& __projected_pred = std::__make_projected(__pred, __proj);
+    auto __result           = std::__stable_partition<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first), __last_iter, __projected_pred, __iterator_concept<_Iter>());
+
+    return {std::move(__result), std::move(__last_iter)};
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires permutable<_Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI subrange<_Iter> operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __stable_partition_fn_impl(__first, __last, __pred, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_range _Range,
+            class _Proj = identity,
+            indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Pred>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<_Range>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI borrowed_subrange_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred __pred, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __stable_partition_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __pred, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __stable_partition
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto stable_partition = __stable_partition::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_STABLE_PARTITION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_stable_sort.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_stable_sort.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..93909e253cc0f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_stable_sort.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_STABLE_SORT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_STABLE_SORT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/stable_sort.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __stable_sort {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Comp, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Iter __stable_sort_fn_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp& __comp, _Proj& __proj) {
+    auto __last_iter = ranges::next(__first, __last);
+
+    auto&& __projected_comp = std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj);
+    std::__stable_sort_impl<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), __last_iter, __projected_comp);
+
+    return __last_iter;
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<_Iter, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Iter operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __stable_sort_fn_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _Range, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<_Range>, _Comp, _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __stable_sort_fn_impl(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __comp, __proj);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __stable_sort
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto stable_sort = __stable_sort::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_STABLE_SORT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_starts_with.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_starts_with.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..17084e4f24336a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_starts_with.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_STARTS_WITH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_STARTS_WITH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_in_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_mismatch.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __starts_with {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _Iter1,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter1> _Sent1,
+            input_iterator _Iter2,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter2> _Sent2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<_Iter1, _Iter2, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool operator()(
+      _Iter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _Iter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _Pred __pred   = {},
+      _Proj1 __proj1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) {
+    return __mismatch::__fn::__go(
+               std::move(__first1),
+               std::move(__last1),
+               std::move(__first2),
+               std::move(__last2),
+               __pred,
+               __proj1,
+               __proj2)
+               .in2 == __last2;
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            input_range _Range2,
+            class _Pred  = ranges::equal_to,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_Range1>, iterator_t<_Range2>, _Pred, _Proj1, _Proj2>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool
+  operator()(_Range1&& __range1, _Range2&& __range2, _Pred __pred = {}, _Proj1 __proj1 = {}, _Proj2 __proj2 = {}) {
+    return __mismatch::__fn::__go(
+               ranges::begin(__range1),
+               ranges::end(__range1),
+               ranges::begin(__range2),
+               ranges::end(__range2),
+               __pred,
+               __proj1,
+               __proj2)
+               .in2 == ranges::end(__range2);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __starts_with
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto starts_with = __starts_with::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_STARTS_WITH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_swap_ranges.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_swap_ranges.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b6d9f618395a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_swap_ranges.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SWAP_RANGES_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SWAP_RANGES_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_in_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/swap_ranges.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _I1, class _I2>
+using swap_ranges_result = in_in_result<_I1, _I2>;
+
+namespace __swap_ranges {
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _I1, sentinel_for<_I1> _S1, input_iterator _I2, sentinel_for<_I2> _S2>
+    requires indirectly_swappable<_I1, _I2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr swap_ranges_result<_I1, _I2>
+  operator()(_I1 __first1, _S1 __last1, _I2 __first2, _S2 __last2) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__swap_ranges<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _R1, input_range _R2>
+    requires indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<_R1>, iterator_t<_R2>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr swap_ranges_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_R1>, borrowed_iterator_t<_R2>>
+  operator()(_R1&& __r1, _R2&& __r2) const {
+    return operator()(ranges::begin(__r1), ranges::end(__r1), ranges::begin(__r2), ranges::end(__r2));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __swap_ranges
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto swap_ranges = __swap_ranges::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_SWAP_RANGES_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_transform.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_transform.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7850ec4f846560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_transform.h
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_TRANSFORM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_TRANSFORM_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Op>
+using unary_transform_result = in_out_result<_Ip, _Op>;
+
+template <class _I1, class _I2, class _O1>
+using binary_transform_result = in_in_out_result<_I1, _I2, _O1>;
+
+namespace __transform {
+struct __fn {
+private:
+  template <class _InIter, class _Sent, class _OutIter, class _Func, class _Proj>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr unary_transform_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  __unary(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result, _Func& __operation, _Proj& __projection) {
+    while (__first != __last) {
+      *__result = std::invoke(__operation, std::invoke(__projection, *__first));
+      ++__first;
+      ++__result;
+    }
+
+    return {std::move(__first), std::move(__result)};
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter1,
+            class _Sent1,
+            class _InIter2,
+            class _Sent2,
+            class _OutIter,
+            class _Func,
+            class _Proj1,
+            class _Proj2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr binary_transform_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter>
+  __binary(_InIter1 __first1,
+           _Sent1 __last1,
+           _InIter2 __first2,
+           _Sent2 __last2,
+           _OutIter __result,
+           _Func& __binary_operation,
+           _Proj1& __projection1,
+           _Proj2& __projection2) {
+    while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) {
+      *__result =
+          std::invoke(__binary_operation, std::invoke(__projection1, *__first1), std::invoke(__projection2, *__first2));
+      ++__first1;
+      ++__first2;
+      ++__result;
+    }
+    return {std::move(__first1), std::move(__first2), std::move(__result)};
+  }
+
+public:
+  template <input_iterator _InIter,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            copy_constructible _Func,
+            class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<_OutIter, indirect_result_t<_Func&, projected<_InIter, _Proj>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr unary_transform_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result, _Func __operation, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    return __unary(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result), __operation, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range, weakly_incrementable _OutIter, copy_constructible _Func, class _Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<_OutIter, indirect_result_t<_Func, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr unary_transform_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _OutIter __result, _Func __operation, _Proj __projection = {}) const {
+    return __unary(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::move(__result), __operation, __projection);
+  }
+
+  template <input_iterator _InIter1,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter1> _Sent1,
+            input_iterator _InIter2,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter2> _Sent2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            copy_constructible _Func,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<_OutIter,
+                                 indirect_result_t<_Func&, projected<_InIter1, _Proj1>, projected<_InIter2, _Proj2>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr binary_transform_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter> operator()(
+      _InIter1 __first1,
+      _Sent1 __last1,
+      _InIter2 __first2,
+      _Sent2 __last2,
+      _OutIter __result,
+      _Func __binary_operation,
+      _Proj1 __projection1 = {},
+      _Proj2 __projection2 = {}) const {
+    return __binary(
+        std::move(__first1),
+        std::move(__last1),
+        std::move(__first2),
+        std::move(__last2),
+        std::move(__result),
+        __binary_operation,
+        __projection1,
+        __projection2);
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range1,
+            input_range _Range2,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            copy_constructible _Func,
+            class _Proj1 = identity,
+            class _Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<
+        _OutIter,
+        indirect_result_t<_Func&, projected<iterator_t<_Range1>, _Proj1>, projected<iterator_t<_Range2>, _Proj2>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr binary_transform_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range1>,
+                                                          borrowed_iterator_t<_Range2>,
+                                                          _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range1&& __range1,
+             _Range2&& __range2,
+             _OutIter __result,
+             _Func __binary_operation,
+             _Proj1 __projection1 = {},
+             _Proj2 __projection2 = {}) const {
+    return __binary(
+        ranges::begin(__range1),
+        ranges::end(__range1),
+        ranges::begin(__range2),
+        ranges::end(__range2),
+        std::move(__result),
+        __binary_operation,
+        __projection1,
+        __projection2);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __transform
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto transform = __transform::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_TRANSFORM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_unique.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_unique.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7a9b7843218737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_unique.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UNIQUE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UNIQUE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unique.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/permutable.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __unique {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <permutable _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Proj                                                  = identity,
+            indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::equal_to>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<_Iter>
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __ret =
+        std::__unique<_RangeAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Proj                                                               = identity,
+            indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::equal_to>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<_Range>>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__unique<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj));
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __unique
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto unique = __unique::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UNIQUE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_unique_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_unique_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..61133885ae809d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_unique_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UNIQUE_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UNIQUE_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_projected.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unique_copy.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+using unique_copy_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;
+
+namespace __unique_copy {
+
+template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+concept __can_reread_from_output = (input_iterator<_OutIter> && same_as<iter_value_t<_InIter>, iter_value_t<_OutIter>>);
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+  static consteval auto __get_algo_tag() {
+    if constexpr (forward_iterator<_InIter>) {
+      return __unique_copy_tags::__reread_from_input_tag{};
+    } else if constexpr (__can_reread_from_output<_InIter, _OutIter>) {
+      return __unique_copy_tags::__reread_from_output_tag{};
+    } else if constexpr (indirectly_copyable_storable<_InIter, _OutIter>) {
+      return __unique_copy_tags::__read_from_tmp_value_tag{};
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+  using __algo_tag_t = decltype(__get_algo_tag<_InIter, _OutIter>());
+
+  template <input_iterator _InIter,
+            sentinel_for<_InIter> _Sent,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Proj                                                    = identity,
+            indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<_InIter, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::equal_to>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<_InIter, _OutIter> &&
+             (forward_iterator<_InIter> ||
+              (input_iterator<_OutIter> && same_as<iter_value_t<_InIter>, iter_value_t<_OutIter>>) ||
+              indirectly_copyable_storable<_InIter, _OutIter>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr unique_copy_result<_InIter, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_InIter __first, _Sent __last, _OutIter __result, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__unique_copy<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        std::move(__first),
+        std::move(__last),
+        std::move(__result),
+        std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj),
+        __algo_tag_t<_InIter, _OutIter>());
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _Range,
+            weakly_incrementable _OutIter,
+            class _Proj                                                               = identity,
+            indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::equal_to>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter> &&
+             (forward_iterator<iterator_t<_Range>> ||
+              (input_iterator<_OutIter> && same_as<range_value_t<_Range>, iter_value_t<_OutIter>>) ||
+              indirectly_copyable_storable<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr unique_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>
+  operator()(_Range&& __range, _OutIter __result, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __ret = std::__unique_copy<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        ranges::begin(__range),
+        ranges::end(__range),
+        std::move(__result),
+        std::__make_projected(__comp, __proj),
+        __algo_tag_t<iterator_t<_Range>, _OutIter>());
+    return {std::move(__ret.first), std::move(__ret.second)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __unique_copy
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto unique_copy = __unique_copy::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UNIQUE_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_upper_bound.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_upper_bound.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fa6fa7f70ed5a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/ranges_upper_bound.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UPPER_BOUND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UPPER_BOUND_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lower_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __upper_bound {
+struct __fn {
+  template <forward_iterator _Iter,
+            sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent,
+            class _Type,
+            class _Proj                                                             = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<const _Type*, projected<_Iter, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter
+  operator()(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Type& __value, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped = [&](const auto& __lhs, const auto& __rhs) -> bool {
+      return !std::invoke(__comp, __rhs, __lhs);
+    };
+
+    return std::__lower_bound<_RangeAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __value, __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped, __proj);
+  }
+
+  template <forward_range _Range,
+            class _Type,
+            class _Proj                                                                          = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<const _Type*, projected<iterator_t<_Range>, _Proj>> _Comp = ranges::less>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_Range>
+  operator()(_Range&& __r, const _Type& __value, _Comp __comp = {}, _Proj __proj = {}) const {
+    auto __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped = [&](const auto& __lhs, const auto& __rhs) -> bool {
+      return !std::invoke(__comp, __rhs, __lhs);
+    };
+
+    return std::__lower_bound<_RangeAlgPolicy>(
+        ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r), __value, __comp_lhs_rhs_swapped, __proj);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __upper_bound
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto upper_bound = __upper_bound::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UPPER_BOUND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fd01c23cb6708a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/find.h>
+#include <__algorithm/find_if.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+remove(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) {
+  __first = std::find(__first, __last, __value);
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+    while (++__i != __last) {
+      if (!(*__i == __value)) {
+        *__first = std::move(*__i);
+        ++__first;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7be4c166ce3d71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_COPY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+remove_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, const _Tp& __value) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    if (!(*__first == __value)) {
+      *__result = *__first;
+      ++__result;
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_copy_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_copy_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..dcafed169157d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_copy_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_COPY_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_COPY_IF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+remove_copy_if(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _Predicate __pred) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    if (!__pred(*__first)) {
+      *__result = *__first;
+      ++__result;
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_COPY_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b14f3c0efa7e97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/remove_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_IF_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/find_if.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+remove_if(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  __first = std::find_if<_ForwardIterator, _Predicate&>(__first, __last, __pred);
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+    while (++__i != __last) {
+      if (!__pred(*__i)) {
+        *__first = std::move(*__i);
+        ++__first;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REMOVE_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8057c78686e111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+replace(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __old_value, const _Tp& __new_value) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (*__first == __old_value)
+      *__first = __new_value;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9a2258d9f58edd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_COPY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator replace_copy(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    _OutputIterator __result,
+    const _Tp& __old_value,
+    const _Tp& __new_value) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first, (void)++__result)
+    if (*__first == __old_value)
+      *__result = __new_value;
+    else
+      *__result = *__first;
+  return __result;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_copy_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_copy_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c2ed30f08d598b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_copy_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_COPY_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_COPY_IF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Predicate, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator replace_copy_if(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    _OutputIterator __result,
+    _Predicate __pred,
+    const _Tp& __new_value) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first, (void)++__result)
+    if (__pred(*__first))
+      *__result = __new_value;
+    else
+      *__result = *__first;
+  return __result;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_COPY_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..78487e3deed709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/replace_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_IF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+replace_if(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred, const _Tp& __new_value) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    if (__pred(*__first))
+      *__first = __new_value;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REPLACE_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/reverse.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/reverse.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4167c9116d96e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/reverse.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REVERSE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REVERSE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__reverse_impl(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
+  while (__first != __last) {
+    if (__first == --__last)
+      break;
+    _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__first, __last);
+    ++__first;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__reverse_impl(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, random_access_iterator_tag) {
+  if (__first != __last)
+    for (; __first < --__last; ++__first)
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __reverse(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+  using _IterCategory = typename _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::template __iterator_category<_BidirectionalIterator>;
+  std::__reverse_impl<_AlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), _IterCategory());
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+reverse(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last) {
+  std::__reverse<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REVERSE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/reverse_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/reverse_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0fcecc39232681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/reverse_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REVERSE_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REVERSE_COPY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+reverse_copy(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__result)
+    *__result = *--__last;
+  return __result;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_REVERSE_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/rotate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/rotate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..df4ca95aac95bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/rotate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ROTATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ROTATE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/move.h>
+#include <__algorithm/move_backward.h>
+#include <__algorithm/swap_ranges.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _ForwardIterator
+__rotate_left(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  value_type __tmp       = _Ops::__iter_move(__first);
+  _ForwardIterator __lm1 = std::__move<_AlgPolicy>(_Ops::next(__first), __last, __first).second;
+  *__lm1                 = std::move(__tmp);
+  return __lm1;
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _BidirectionalIterator
+__rotate_right(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  _BidirectionalIterator __lm1 = _Ops::prev(__last);
+  value_type __tmp             = _Ops::__iter_move(__lm1);
+  _BidirectionalIterator __fp1 = std::__move_backward<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __lm1, std::move(__last)).second;
+  *__first                     = std::move(__tmp);
+  return __fp1;
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _ForwardIterator
+__rotate_forward(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __middle, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  _ForwardIterator __i = __middle;
+  while (true) {
+    _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__first, __i);
+    ++__first;
+    if (++__i == __last)
+      break;
+    if (__first == __middle)
+      __middle = __i;
+  }
+  _ForwardIterator __r = __first;
+  if (__first != __middle) {
+    __i = __middle;
+    while (true) {
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__first, __i);
+      ++__first;
+      if (++__i == __last) {
+        if (__first == __middle)
+          break;
+        __i = __middle;
+      } else if (__first == __middle)
+        __middle = __i;
+    }
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <typename _Integral>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _Integral __algo_gcd(_Integral __x, _Integral __y) {
+  do {
+    _Integral __t = __x % __y;
+    __x           = __y;
+    __y           = __t;
+  } while (__y);
+  return __x;
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, typename _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _RandomAccessIterator
+__rotate_gcd(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __middle, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  const 
diff erence_type __m1 = __middle - __first;
+  const 
diff erence_type __m2 = _Ops::distance(__middle, __last);
+  if (__m1 == __m2) {
+    std::__swap_ranges<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __middle, __middle, __last);
+    return __middle;
+  }
+  const 
diff erence_type __g = std::__algo_gcd(__m1, __m2);
+  for (_RandomAccessIterator __p = __first + __g; __p != __first;) {
+    value_type __t(_Ops::__iter_move(--__p));
+    _RandomAccessIterator __p1 = __p;
+    _RandomAccessIterator __p2 = __p1 + __m1;
+    do {
+      *__p1                     = _Ops::__iter_move(__p2);
+      __p1                      = __p2;
+      const 
diff erence_type __d = _Ops::distance(__p2, __last);
+      if (__m1 < __d)
+        __p2 += __m1;
+      else
+        __p2 = __first + (__m1 - __d);
+    } while (__p2 != __p);
+    *__p1 = std::move(__t);
+  }
+  return __first + __m2;
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _ForwardIterator
+__rotate_impl(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __middle, _ForwardIterator __last, std::forward_iterator_tag) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  if (is_trivially_move_assignable<value_type>::value) {
+    if (_IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first) == __middle)
+      return std::__rotate_left<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last);
+  }
+  return std::__rotate_forward<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __middle, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _BidirectionalIterator __rotate_impl(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __first,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __middle,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+    bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  if (is_trivially_move_assignable<value_type>::value) {
+    if (_IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first) == __middle)
+      return std::__rotate_left<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last);
+    if (_IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__middle) == __last)
+      return std::__rotate_right<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last);
+  }
+  return std::__rotate_forward<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __middle, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _RandomAccessIterator __rotate_impl(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __first,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __middle,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+    random_access_iterator_tag) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  if (is_trivially_move_assignable<value_type>::value) {
+    if (_IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first) == __middle)
+      return std::__rotate_left<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last);
+    if (_IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__middle) == __last)
+      return std::__rotate_right<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last);
+    return std::__rotate_gcd<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __middle, __last);
+  }
+  return std::__rotate_forward<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __middle, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Iterator, _Iterator>
+__rotate(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __middle, _Sentinel __last) {
+  using _Ret            = pair<_Iterator, _Iterator>;
+  _Iterator __last_iter = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__middle, __last);
+
+  if (__first == __middle)
+    return _Ret(__last_iter, __last_iter);
+  if (__middle == __last)
+    return _Ret(std::move(__first), std::move(__last_iter));
+
+  using _IterCategory = typename _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::template __iterator_category<_Iterator>;
+  auto __result = std::__rotate_impl<_AlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), __last_iter, _IterCategory());
+
+  return _Ret(std::move(__result), std::move(__last_iter));
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+rotate(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __middle, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  return std::__rotate<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), std::move(__last)).first;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ROTATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/rotate_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/rotate_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cddcadd237d902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/rotate_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ROTATE_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ROTATE_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+rotate_copy(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __middle, _ForwardIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result) {
+  return std::copy(__first, __middle, std::copy(__middle, __last, __result));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_ROTATE_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sample.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sample.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ebe5180b7eeca6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sample.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SAMPLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SAMPLE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_int_distribution.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _PopulationIterator,
+          class _PopulationSentinel,
+          class _SampleIterator,
+          class _Distance,
+          class _UniformRandomNumberGenerator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _SampleIterator __sample(
+    _PopulationIterator __first,
+    _PopulationSentinel __last,
+    _SampleIterator __output_iter,
+    _Distance __n,
+    _UniformRandomNumberGenerator& __g,
+    input_iterator_tag) {
+  _Distance __k = 0;
+  for (; __first != __last && __k < __n; ++__first, (void)++__k)
+    __output_iter[__k] = *__first;
+  _Distance __sz = __k;
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first, (void)++__k) {
+    _Distance __r = uniform_int_distribution<_Distance>(0, __k)(__g);
+    if (__r < __sz)
+      __output_iter[__r] = *__first;
+  }
+  return __output_iter + std::min(__n, __k);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _PopulationIterator,
+          class _PopulationSentinel,
+          class _SampleIterator,
+          class _Distance,
+          class _UniformRandomNumberGenerator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _SampleIterator __sample(
+    _PopulationIterator __first,
+    _PopulationSentinel __last,
+    _SampleIterator __output_iter,
+    _Distance __n,
+    _UniformRandomNumberGenerator& __g,
+    forward_iterator_tag) {
+  _Distance __unsampled_sz = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::distance(__first, __last);
+  for (__n = std::min(__n, __unsampled_sz); __n != 0; ++__first) {
+    _Distance __r = uniform_int_distribution<_Distance>(0, --__unsampled_sz)(__g);
+    if (__r < __n) {
+      *__output_iter++ = *__first;
+      --__n;
+    }
+  }
+  return __output_iter;
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _PopulationIterator,
+          class _PopulationSentinel,
+          class _SampleIterator,
+          class _Distance,
+          class _UniformRandomNumberGenerator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _SampleIterator __sample(
+    _PopulationIterator __first,
+    _PopulationSentinel __last,
+    _SampleIterator __output_iter,
+    _Distance __n,
+    _UniformRandomNumberGenerator& __g) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__n >= 0, "N must be a positive number.");
+
+  using _PopIterCategory = typename _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::template __iterator_category<_PopulationIterator>;
+  using _Difference      = typename _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::template __
diff erence_type<_PopulationIterator>;
+  using _CommonType      = typename common_type<_Distance, _Difference>::type;
+
+  return std::__sample<_AlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__output_iter), _CommonType(__n), __g, _PopIterCategory());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _PopulationIterator, class _SampleIterator, class _Distance, class _UniformRandomNumberGenerator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _SampleIterator
+sample(_PopulationIterator __first,
+       _PopulationIterator __last,
+       _SampleIterator __output_iter,
+       _Distance __n,
+       _UniformRandomNumberGenerator&& __g) {
+  static_assert(__has_forward_iterator_category<_PopulationIterator>::value ||
+                    __has_random_access_iterator_category<_SampleIterator>::value,
+                "SampleIterator must meet the requirements of RandomAccessIterator");
+
+  return std::__sample<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__output_iter), __n, __g);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SAMPLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/search.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/search.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b82ca780953541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/search.h
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SEARCH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SEARCH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_callable.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Iter1,
+          class _Sent1,
+          class _Iter2,
+          class _Sent2,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _Proj1,
+          class _Proj2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Iter1, _Iter1> __search_forward_impl(
+    _Iter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _Iter2 __first2, _Sent2 __last2, _Pred& __pred, _Proj1& __proj1, _Proj2& __proj2) {
+  if (__first2 == __last2)
+    return std::make_pair(__first1, __first1); // Everything matches an empty sequence
+  while (true) {
+    // Find first element in sequence 1 that matchs *__first2, with a mininum of loop checks
+    while (true) {
+      if (__first1 == __last1) { // return __last1 if no element matches *__first2
+        _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__advance_to(__first1, __last1);
+        return std::make_pair(__first1, __first1);
+      }
+      if (std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__first1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__first2)))
+        break;
+      ++__first1;
+    }
+    // *__first1 matches *__first2, now match elements after here
+    _Iter1 __m1 = __first1;
+    _Iter2 __m2 = __first2;
+    while (true) {
+      if (++__m2 == __last2) // If pattern exhausted, __first1 is the answer (works for 1 element pattern)
+        return std::make_pair(__first1, ++__m1);
+      if (++__m1 == __last1) { // Otherwise if source exhaused, pattern not found
+        return std::make_pair(__m1, __m1);
+      }
+
+      // if there is a mismatch, restart with a new __first1
+      if (!std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__m1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__m2))) {
+        ++__first1;
+        break;
+      } // else there is a match, check next elements
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Iter1,
+          class _Sent1,
+          class _Iter2,
+          class _Sent2,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _Proj1,
+          class _Proj2,
+          class _DiffT1,
+          class _DiffT2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Iter1, _Iter1> __search_random_access_impl(
+    _Iter1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __last1,
+    _Iter2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __last2,
+    _Pred& __pred,
+    _Proj1& __proj1,
+    _Proj2& __proj2,
+    _DiffT1 __size1,
+    _DiffT2 __size2) {
+  const _Iter1 __s = __first1 + __size1 - _DiffT1(__size2 - 1); // Start of pattern match can't go beyond here
+
+  while (true) {
+    while (true) {
+      if (__first1 == __s) {
+        _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__advance_to(__first1, __last1);
+        return std::make_pair(__first1, __first1);
+      }
+      if (std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__first1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__first2)))
+        break;
+      ++__first1;
+    }
+
+    _Iter1 __m1 = __first1;
+    _Iter2 __m2 = __first2;
+    while (true) {
+      if (++__m2 == __last2)
+        return std::make_pair(__first1, __first1 + _DiffT1(__size2));
+      ++__m1; // no need to check range on __m1 because __s guarantees we have enough source
+      if (!std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj1, *__m1), std::__invoke(__proj2, *__m2))) {
+        ++__first1;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1,
+          class _Sent1,
+          class _Iter2,
+          class _Sent2,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _Proj1,
+          class _Proj2,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_random_access_iterator_category<_Iter1>::value &&
+                            __has_random_access_iterator_category<_Iter2>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Iter1, _Iter1> __search_impl(
+    _Iter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _Iter2 __first2, _Sent2 __last2, _Pred& __pred, _Proj1& __proj1, _Proj2& __proj2) {
+  auto __size2 = __last2 - __first2;
+  if (__size2 == 0)
+    return std::make_pair(__first1, __first1);
+
+  auto __size1 = __last1 - __first1;
+  if (__size1 < __size2) {
+    return std::make_pair(__last1, __last1);
+  }
+
+  return std::__search_random_access_impl<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+      __first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __pred, __proj1, __proj2, __size1, __size2);
+}
+
+template <
+    class _Iter1,
+    class _Sent1,
+    class _Iter2,
+    class _Sent2,
+    class _Pred,
+    class _Proj1,
+    class _Proj2,
+    __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_Iter1>::value && __has_forward_iterator_category<_Iter2>::value &&
+                      !(__has_random_access_iterator_category<_Iter1>::value &&
+                        __has_random_access_iterator_category<_Iter2>::value),
+                  int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Iter1, _Iter1> __search_impl(
+    _Iter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _Iter2 __first2, _Sent2 __last2, _Pred& __pred, _Proj1& __proj1, _Proj2& __proj2) {
+  return std::__search_forward_impl<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __pred, __proj1, __proj2);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator1
+search(_ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+       _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+       _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+       _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+       _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  static_assert(__is_callable<_BinaryPredicate, decltype(*__first1), decltype(*__first2)>::value,
+                "BinaryPredicate has to be callable");
+  auto __proj = __identity();
+  return std::__search_impl(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __pred, __proj, __proj).first;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator1
+search(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2) {
+  return std::search(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __equal_to());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Searcher>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+search(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, const _Searcher& __s) {
+  return __s(__f, __l).first;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SEARCH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/search_n.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/search_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..771647d3168a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/search_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SEARCH_N_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SEARCH_N_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_callable.h>
+#include <__utility/convert_to_integral.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Pred, class _Iter, class _Sent, class _SizeT, class _Type, class _Proj>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Iter, _Iter> __search_n_forward_impl(
+    _Iter __first, _Sent __last, _SizeT __count, const _Type& __value, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+  if (__count <= 0)
+    return std::make_pair(__first, __first);
+  while (true) {
+    // Find first element in sequence that matchs __value, with a mininum of loop checks
+    while (true) {
+      if (__first == __last) { // return __last if no element matches __value
+        _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__advance_to(__first, __last);
+        return std::make_pair(__first, __first);
+      }
+      if (std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj, *__first), __value))
+        break;
+      ++__first;
+    }
+    // *__first matches __value, now match elements after here
+    _Iter __m = __first;
+    _SizeT __c(0);
+    while (true) {
+      if (++__c == __count) // If pattern exhausted, __first is the answer (works for 1 element pattern)
+        return std::make_pair(__first, ++__m);
+      if (++__m == __last) { // Otherwise if source exhaused, pattern not found
+        _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__advance_to(__first, __last);
+        return std::make_pair(__first, __first);
+      }
+
+      // if there is a mismatch, restart with a new __first
+      if (!std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj, *__m), __value)) {
+        __first = __m;
+        ++__first;
+        break;
+      } // else there is a match, check next elements
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Pred, class _Iter, class _Sent, class _SizeT, class _Type, class _Proj, class _DiffT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 std::pair<_Iter, _Iter> __search_n_random_access_impl(
+    _Iter __first, _Sent __last, _SizeT __count, const _Type& __value, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj, _DiffT __size1) {
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::
diff erence_type;
+  if (__count == 0)
+    return std::make_pair(__first, __first);
+  if (__size1 < static_cast<_DiffT>(__count)) {
+    _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__advance_to(__first, __last);
+    return std::make_pair(__first, __first);
+  }
+
+  const auto __s = __first + __size1 - 
diff erence_type(__count - 1); // Start of pattern match can't go beyond here
+  while (true) {
+    // Find first element in sequence that matchs __value, with a mininum of loop checks
+    while (true) {
+      if (__first >= __s) { // return __last if no element matches __value
+        _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__advance_to(__first, __last);
+        return std::make_pair(__first, __first);
+      }
+      if (std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj, *__first), __value))
+        break;
+      ++__first;
+    }
+    // *__first matches __value_, now match elements after here
+    auto __m = __first;
+    _SizeT __c(0);
+    while (true) {
+      if (++__c == __count) // If pattern exhausted, __first is the answer (works for 1 element pattern)
+        return std::make_pair(__first, __first + _DiffT(__count));
+      ++__m; // no need to check range on __m because __s guarantees we have enough source
+
+      // if there is a mismatch, restart with a new __first
+      if (!std::__invoke(__pred, std::__invoke(__proj, *__m), __value)) {
+        __first = __m;
+        ++__first;
+        break;
+      } // else there is a match, check next elements
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Iter,
+          class _Sent,
+          class _DiffT,
+          class _Type,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _Proj,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_random_access_iterator_category<_Iter>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Iter, _Iter>
+__search_n_impl(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _DiffT __count, const _Type& __value, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+  return std::__search_n_random_access_impl<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+      __first, __last, __count, __value, __pred, __proj, __last - __first);
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1,
+          class _Sent1,
+          class _DiffT,
+          class _Type,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _Proj,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_Iter1>::value &&
+                            !__has_random_access_iterator_category<_Iter1>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<_Iter1, _Iter1>
+__search_n_impl(_Iter1 __first, _Sent1 __last, _DiffT __count, const _Type& __value, _Pred& __pred, _Proj& __proj) {
+  return std::__search_n_forward_impl<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __count, __value, __pred, __proj);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Tp, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator search_n(
+    _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Size __count, const _Tp& __value, _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  static_assert(
+      __is_callable<_BinaryPredicate, decltype(*__first), const _Tp&>::value, "BinaryPredicate has to be callable");
+  auto __proj = __identity();
+  return std::__search_n_impl(__first, __last, std::__convert_to_integral(__count), __value, __pred, __proj).first;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+search_n(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Size __count, const _Tp& __value) {
+  return std::search_n(__first, __last, std::__convert_to_integral(__count), __value, __equal_to());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SEARCH_N_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_
diff erence.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_
diff erence.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f414bcecb50df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_
diff erence.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_DIFFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_DIFFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Comp, class _InIter1, class _Sent1, class _InIter2, class _Sent2, class _OutIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<__remove_cvref_t<_InIter1>, __remove_cvref_t<_OutIter> >
+__set_
diff erence(
+    _InIter1&& __first1, _Sent1&& __last1, _InIter2&& __first2, _Sent2&& __last2, _OutIter&& __result, _Comp&& __comp) {
+  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) {
+    if (__comp(*__first1, *__first2)) {
+      *__result = *__first1;
+      ++__first1;
+      ++__result;
+    } else if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1)) {
+      ++__first2;
+    } else {
+      ++__first1;
+      ++__first2;
+    }
+  }
+  return std::__copy<_AlgPolicy>(std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator set_
diff erence(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _OutputIterator __result,
+    _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__set_
diff erence<_ClassicAlgPolicy, __comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(
+             __first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __comp)
+      .second;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator set_
diff erence(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _OutputIterator __result) {
+  return std::__set_
diff erence<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __less<>()).second;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_DIFFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_intersection.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_intersection.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bb0d86cd0f58d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_intersection.h
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_INTERSECTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_INTERSECTION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lower_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/exchange.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InIter1, class _InIter2, class _OutIter>
+struct __set_intersection_result {
+  _InIter1 __in1_;
+  _InIter2 __in2_;
+  _OutIter __out_;
+
+  // need a constructor as C++03 aggregate init is hard
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  __set_intersection_result(_InIter1&& __in_iter1, _InIter2&& __in_iter2, _OutIter&& __out_iter)
+      : __in1_(std::move(__in_iter1)), __in2_(std::move(__in_iter2)), __out_(std::move(__out_iter)) {}
+};
+
+// Helper for __set_intersection() with one-sided binary search: populate result and advance input iterators if they
+// are found to potentially contain the same value in two consecutive calls. This function is very intimately related to
+// the way it is used and doesn't attempt to abstract that, it's not appropriate for general usage outside of its
+// context.
+template <class _InForwardIter1, class _InForwardIter2, class _OutIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __set_intersection_add_output_if_equal(
+    bool __may_be_equal,
+    _InForwardIter1& __first1,
+    _InForwardIter2& __first2,
+    _OutIter& __result,
+    bool& __prev_may_be_equal) {
+  if (__may_be_equal && __prev_may_be_equal) {
+    *__result = *__first1;
+    ++__result;
+    ++__first1;
+    ++__first2;
+    __prev_may_be_equal = false;
+  } else {
+    __prev_may_be_equal = __may_be_equal;
+  }
+}
+
+// With forward iterators we can make multiple passes over the data, allowing the use of one-sided binary search to
+// reduce best-case complexity to log(N). Understanding how we can use binary search and still respect complexity
+// guarantees is _not_ straightforward: the guarantee is "at most 2*(N+M)-1 comparisons", and one-sided binary search
+// will necessarily overshoot depending on the position of the needle in the haystack -- for instance, if we're
+// searching for 3 in (1, 2, 3, 4), we'll check if 3<1, then 3<2, then 3<4, and, finally, 3<3, for a total of 4
+// comparisons, when linear search would have yielded 3. However, because we won't need to perform the intervening
+// reciprocal comparisons (ie 1<3, 2<3, 4<3), that extra comparison doesn't run afoul of the guarantee. Additionally,
+// this type of scenario can only happen for match distances of up to 5 elements, because 2*log2(8) is 6, and we'll
+// still be worse-off at position 5 of an 8-element set. From then onwards these scenarios can't happen. TL;DR: we'll be
+// 1 comparison worse-off compared to the classic linear-searching algorithm if matching position 3 of a set with 4
+// elements, or position 5 if the set has 7 or 8 elements, but we'll never exceed the complexity guarantees from the
+// standard.
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _InForwardIter1,
+          class _Sent1,
+          class _InForwardIter2,
+          class _Sent2,
+          class _OutIter>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __set_intersection_result<_InForwardIter1, _InForwardIter2, _OutIter>
+__set_intersection(
+    _InForwardIter1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __last1,
+    _InForwardIter2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __last2,
+    _OutIter __result,
+    _Compare&& __comp,
+    std::forward_iterator_tag,
+    std::forward_iterator_tag) {
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR std::__identity __proj;
+  bool __prev_may_be_equal = false;
+
+  while (__first2 != __last2) {
+    _InForwardIter1 __first1_next =
+        std::__lower_bound_onesided<_AlgPolicy>(__first1, __last1, *__first2, __comp, __proj);
+    std::swap(__first1_next, __first1);
+    // keeping in mind that a==b iff !(a<b) && !(b<a):
+    // if we can't advance __first1, that means !(*__first1 < *_first2), therefore __may_be_equal==true
+    std::__set_intersection_add_output_if_equal(
+        __first1 == __first1_next, __first1, __first2, __result, __prev_may_be_equal);
+    if (__first1 == __last1)
+      break;
+
+    _InForwardIter2 __first2_next =
+        std::__lower_bound_onesided<_AlgPolicy>(__first2, __last2, *__first1, __comp, __proj);
+    std::swap(__first2_next, __first2);
+    std::__set_intersection_add_output_if_equal(
+        __first2 == __first2_next, __first1, __first2, __result, __prev_may_be_equal);
+  }
+  return __set_intersection_result<_InForwardIter1, _InForwardIter2, _OutIter>(
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1)),
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2)),
+      std::move(__result));
+}
+
+// input iterators are not suitable for multipass algorithms, so we stick to the classic single-pass version
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _InInputIter1,
+          class _Sent1,
+          class _InInputIter2,
+          class _Sent2,
+          class _OutIter>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __set_intersection_result<_InInputIter1, _InInputIter2, _OutIter>
+__set_intersection(
+    _InInputIter1 __first1,
+    _Sent1 __last1,
+    _InInputIter2 __first2,
+    _Sent2 __last2,
+    _OutIter __result,
+    _Compare&& __comp,
+    std::input_iterator_tag,
+    std::input_iterator_tag) {
+  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) {
+    if (__comp(*__first1, *__first2))
+      ++__first1;
+    else {
+      if (!__comp(*__first2, *__first1)) {
+        *__result = *__first1;
+        ++__result;
+        ++__first1;
+      }
+      ++__first2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return __set_intersection_result<_InInputIter1, _InInputIter2, _OutIter>(
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1)),
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2)),
+      std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _InIter1, class _Sent1, class _InIter2, class _Sent2, class _OutIter>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __set_intersection_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter>
+__set_intersection(
+    _InIter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _InIter2 __first2, _Sent2 __last2, _OutIter __result, _Compare&& __comp) {
+  return std::__set_intersection<_AlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      std::move(__result),
+      std::forward<_Compare>(__comp),
+      typename std::_IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::template __iterator_category<_InIter1>(),
+      typename std::_IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::template __iterator_category<_InIter2>());
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator set_intersection(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _OutputIterator __result,
+    _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__set_intersection<_ClassicAlgPolicy, __comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(
+             std::move(__first1),
+             std::move(__last1),
+             std::move(__first2),
+             std::move(__last2),
+             std::move(__result),
+             __comp)
+      .__out_;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator set_intersection(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _OutputIterator __result) {
+  return std::__set_intersection<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+             std::move(__first1),
+             std::move(__last1),
+             std::move(__first2),
+             std::move(__last2),
+             std::move(__result),
+             __less<>())
+      .__out_;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_INTERSECTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_symmetric_
diff erence.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_symmetric_
diff erence.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..db36665a61365c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_symmetric_
diff erence.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_SYMMETRIC_DIFFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_SYMMETRIC_DIFFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InIter1, class _InIter2, class _OutIter>
+struct __set_symmetric_
diff erence_result {
+  _InIter1 __in1_;
+  _InIter2 __in2_;
+  _OutIter __out_;
+
+  // need a constructor as C++03 aggregate init is hard
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  __set_symmetric_
diff erence_result(_InIter1&& __in_iter1, _InIter2&& __in_iter2, _OutIter&& __out_iter)
+      : __in1_(std::move(__in_iter1)), __in2_(std::move(__in_iter2)), __out_(std::move(__out_iter)) {}
+};
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _InIter1, class _Sent1, class _InIter2, class _Sent2, class _OutIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __set_symmetric_
diff erence_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter>
+__set_symmetric_
diff erence(
+    _InIter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _InIter2 __first2, _Sent2 __last2, _OutIter __result, _Compare&& __comp) {
+  while (__first1 != __last1) {
+    if (__first2 == __last2) {
+      auto __ret1 = std::__copy<_AlgPolicy>(std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__result));
+      return __set_symmetric_
diff erence_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter>(
+          std::move(__ret1.first), std::move(__first2), std::move((__ret1.second)));
+    }
+    if (__comp(*__first1, *__first2)) {
+      *__result = *__first1;
+      ++__result;
+      ++__first1;
+    } else {
+      if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1)) {
+        *__result = *__first2;
+        ++__result;
+      } else {
+        ++__first1;
+      }
+      ++__first2;
+    }
+  }
+  auto __ret2 = std::__copy<_AlgPolicy>(std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), std::move(__result));
+  return __set_symmetric_
diff erence_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter>(
+      std::move(__first1), std::move(__ret2.first), std::move((__ret2.second)));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator set_symmetric_
diff erence(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _OutputIterator __result,
+    _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__set_symmetric_
diff erence<_ClassicAlgPolicy, __comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(
+             std::move(__first1),
+             std::move(__last1),
+             std::move(__first2),
+             std::move(__last2),
+             std::move(__result),
+             __comp)
+      .__out_;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator set_symmetric_
diff erence(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _OutputIterator __result) {
+  return std::set_symmetric_
diff erence(
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      std::move(__result),
+      __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_SYMMETRIC_DIFFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_union.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_union.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a79c50fd3cf2f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/set_union.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_UNION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_UNION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InIter1, class _InIter2, class _OutIter>
+struct __set_union_result {
+  _InIter1 __in1_;
+  _InIter2 __in2_;
+  _OutIter __out_;
+
+  // need a constructor as C++03 aggregate init is hard
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  __set_union_result(_InIter1&& __in_iter1, _InIter2&& __in_iter2, _OutIter&& __out_iter)
+      : __in1_(std::move(__in_iter1)), __in2_(std::move(__in_iter2)), __out_(std::move(__out_iter)) {}
+};
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _InIter1, class _Sent1, class _InIter2, class _Sent2, class _OutIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __set_union_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter> __set_union(
+    _InIter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _InIter2 __first2, _Sent2 __last2, _OutIter __result, _Compare&& __comp) {
+  for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__result) {
+    if (__first2 == __last2) {
+      auto __ret1 = std::__copy<_AlgPolicy>(std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__result));
+      return __set_union_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter>(
+          std::move(__ret1.first), std::move(__first2), std::move((__ret1.second)));
+    }
+    if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1)) {
+      *__result = *__first2;
+      ++__first2;
+    } else {
+      if (!__comp(*__first1, *__first2)) {
+        ++__first2;
+      }
+      *__result = *__first1;
+      ++__first1;
+    }
+  }
+  auto __ret2 = std::__copy<_AlgPolicy>(std::move(__first2), std::move(__last2), std::move(__result));
+  return __set_union_result<_InIter1, _InIter2, _OutIter>(
+      std::move(__first1), std::move(__ret2.first), std::move((__ret2.second)));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator set_union(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _OutputIterator __result,
+    _Compare __comp) {
+  return std::__set_union<_ClassicAlgPolicy, __comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(
+             std::move(__first1),
+             std::move(__last1),
+             std::move(__first2),
+             std::move(__last2),
+             std::move(__result),
+             __comp)
+      .__out_;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator set_union(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _OutputIterator __result) {
+  return std::set_union(
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__last2),
+      std::move(__result),
+      __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SET_UNION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shift_left.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shift_left.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..06cd7c5f87644e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shift_left.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SHIFT_LEFT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SHIFT_LEFT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/move.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _ForwardIterator
+shift_left(_ForwardIterator __first,
+           _ForwardIterator __last,
+           typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::
diff erence_type __n) {
+  if (__n == 0) {
+    return __last;
+  }
+
+  _ForwardIterator __m = __first;
+  if constexpr (__has_random_access_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+    if (__n >= __last - __first) {
+      return __first;
+    }
+    __m += __n;
+  } else {
+    for (; __n > 0; --__n) {
+      if (__m == __last) {
+        return __first;
+      }
+      ++__m;
+    }
+  }
+  return std::move(__m, __last, __first);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SHIFT_LEFT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shift_right.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shift_right.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..01853057fc4788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shift_right.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SHIFT_RIGHT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SHIFT_RIGHT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/move.h>
+#include <__algorithm/move_backward.h>
+#include <__algorithm/swap_ranges.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _ForwardIterator
+shift_right(_ForwardIterator __first,
+            _ForwardIterator __last,
+            typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::
diff erence_type __n) {
+  if (__n == 0) {
+    return __first;
+  }
+
+  if constexpr (__has_random_access_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+    decltype(__n) __d = __last - __first;
+    if (__n >= __d) {
+      return __last;
+    }
+    _ForwardIterator __m = __first + (__d - __n);
+    return std::move_backward(__first, __m, __last);
+  } else if constexpr (__has_bidirectional_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+    _ForwardIterator __m = __last;
+    for (; __n > 0; --__n) {
+      if (__m == __first) {
+        return __last;
+      }
+      --__m;
+    }
+    return std::move_backward(__first, __m, __last);
+  } else {
+    _ForwardIterator __ret = __first;
+    for (; __n > 0; --__n) {
+      if (__ret == __last) {
+        return __last;
+      }
+      ++__ret;
+    }
+
+    // We have an __n-element scratch space from __first to __ret.
+    // Slide an __n-element window [__trail, __lead) from left to right.
+    // We're essentially doing swap_ranges(__first, __ret, __trail, __lead)
+    // over and over; but once __lead reaches __last we needn't bother
+    // to save the values of elements [__trail, __last).
+
+    auto __trail = __first;
+    auto __lead  = __ret;
+    while (__trail != __ret) {
+      if (__lead == __last) {
+        std::move(__first, __trail, __ret);
+        return __ret;
+      }
+      ++__trail;
+      ++__lead;
+    }
+
+    _ForwardIterator __mid = __first;
+    while (true) {
+      if (__lead == __last) {
+        __trail = std::move(__mid, __ret, __trail);
+        std::move(__first, __mid, __trail);
+        return __ret;
+      }
+      swap(*__mid, *__trail);
+      ++__mid;
+      ++__trail;
+      ++__lead;
+      if (__mid == __ret) {
+        __mid = __first;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SHIFT_RIGHT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shuffle.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shuffle.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c9c56ce8c2c0b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/shuffle.h
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SHUFFLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SHUFFLE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_int_distribution.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __libcpp_debug_randomizer {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __libcpp_debug_randomizer() {
+    __state_ = __seed();
+    __inc_   = __state_ + 0xda3e39cb94b95bdbULL;
+    __inc_   = (__inc_ << 1) | 1;
+  }
+  typedef uint_fast32_t result_type;
+
+  static const result_type _Min = 0;
+  static const result_type _Max = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()() {
+    uint_fast64_t __oldstate = __state_;
+    __state_                 = __oldstate * 6364136223846793005ULL + __inc_;
+    return __oldstate >> 32;
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type min() { return _Min; }
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type max() { return _Max; }
+
+private:
+  uint_fast64_t __state_;
+  uint_fast64_t __inc_;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static uint_fast64_t __seed() {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG_RANDOMIZE_UNSPECIFIED_STABILITY_SEED
+    return _LIBCPP_DEBUG_RANDOMIZE_UNSPECIFIED_STABILITY_SEED;
+#else
+    static char __x;
+    return reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&__x);
+#endif
+  }
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_RANDOM_SHUFFLE) || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __rs_default;
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __rs_default __rs_get();
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __rs_default {
+  static unsigned __c_;
+
+  __rs_default();
+
+public:
+  typedef uint_fast32_t result_type;
+
+  static const result_type _Min = 0;
+  static const result_type _Max = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+  __rs_default(const __rs_default&);
+  ~__rs_default();
+
+  result_type operator()();
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type min() { return _Min; }
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type max() { return _Max; }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __rs_default __rs_get();
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __rs_default __rs_get();
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX14 void
+random_shuffle(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef uniform_int_distribution<ptr
diff _t> _Dp;
+  typedef typename _Dp::param_type _Pp;
+  
diff erence_type __d = __last - __first;
+  if (__d > 1) {
+    _Dp __uid;
+    __rs_default __g = __rs_get();
+    for (--__last, (void)--__d; __first < __last; ++__first, (void)--__d) {
+      
diff erence_type __i = __uid(__g, _Pp(0, __d));
+      if (__i != 
diff erence_type(0))
+        swap(*__first, *(__first + __i));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _RandomNumberGenerator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX14 void
+random_shuffle(_RandomAccessIterator __first,
+               _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+               _RandomNumberGenerator&& __rand)
+#  else
+               _RandomNumberGenerator& __rand)
+#  endif
+{
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  
diff erence_type __d = __last - __first;
+  if (__d > 1) {
+    for (--__last; __first < __last; ++__first, (void)--__d) {
+      
diff erence_type __i = __rand(__d);
+      if (__i != 
diff erence_type(0))
+        swap(*__first, *(__first + __i));
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Sentinel, class _UniformRandomNumberGenerator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _RandomAccessIterator
+__shuffle(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _Sentinel __last_sentinel, _UniformRandomNumberGenerator&& __g) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef uniform_int_distribution<ptr
diff _t> _Dp;
+  typedef typename _Dp::param_type _Pp;
+
+  auto __original_last = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first, __last_sentinel);
+  auto __last          = __original_last;
+  
diff erence_type __d  = __last - __first;
+  if (__d > 1) {
+    _Dp __uid;
+    for (--__last, (void)--__d; __first < __last; ++__first, (void)--__d) {
+      
diff erence_type __i = __uid(__g, _Pp(0, __d));
+      if (__i != 
diff erence_type(0))
+        _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__first, __first + __i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return __original_last;
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _UniformRandomNumberGenerator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+shuffle(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _UniformRandomNumberGenerator&& __g) {
+  (void)std::__shuffle<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::forward<_UniformRandomNumberGenerator>(__g));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SHUFFLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sift_down.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sift_down.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..42803e30631fb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sift_down.h
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SIFT_DOWN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SIFT_DOWN_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__sift_down(_RandomAccessIterator __first,
+            _Compare&& __comp,
+            typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __len,
+            _RandomAccessIterator __start) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  // left-child of __start is at 2 * __start + 1
+  // right-child of __start is at 2 * __start + 2
+  
diff erence_type __child = __start - __first;
+
+  if (__len < 2 || (__len - 2) / 2 < __child)
+    return;
+
+  __child                         = 2 * __child + 1;
+  _RandomAccessIterator __child_i = __first + __child;
+
+  if ((__child + 1) < __len && __comp(*__child_i, *(__child_i + 
diff erence_type(1)))) {
+    // right-child exists and is greater than left-child
+    ++__child_i;
+    ++__child;
+  }
+
+  // check if we are in heap-order
+  if (__comp(*__child_i, *__start))
+    // we are, __start is larger than its largest child
+    return;
+
+  value_type __top(_Ops::__iter_move(__start));
+  do {
+    // we are not in heap-order, swap the parent with its largest child
+    *__start = _Ops::__iter_move(__child_i);
+    __start  = __child_i;
+
+    if ((__len - 2) / 2 < __child)
+      break;
+
+    // recompute the child based off of the updated parent
+    __child   = 2 * __child + 1;
+    __child_i = __first + __child;
+
+    if ((__child + 1) < __len && __comp(*__child_i, *(__child_i + 
diff erence_type(1)))) {
+      // right-child exists and is greater than left-child
+      ++__child_i;
+      ++__child;
+    }
+
+    // check if we are in heap-order
+  } while (!__comp(*__child_i, __top));
+  *__start = std::move(__top);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _RandomAccessIterator __floyd_sift_down(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __first,
+    _Compare&& __comp,
+    typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __len) {
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type;
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__len >= 2, "shouldn't be called unless __len >= 2");
+
+  _RandomAccessIterator __hole    = __first;
+  _RandomAccessIterator __child_i = __first;
+  
diff erence_type __child         = 0;
+
+  while (true) {
+    __child_i += 
diff erence_type(__child + 1);
+    __child = 2 * __child + 1;
+
+    if ((__child + 1) < __len && __comp(*__child_i, *(__child_i + 
diff erence_type(1)))) {
+      // right-child exists and is greater than left-child
+      ++__child_i;
+      ++__child;
+    }
+
+    // swap __hole with its largest child
+    *__hole = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(__child_i);
+    __hole  = __child_i;
+
+    // if __hole is now a leaf, we're done
+    if (__child > (__len - 2) / 2)
+      return __hole;
+  }
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SIFT_DOWN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/simd_utils.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/simd_utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..549197be80183f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/simd_utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SIMD_UTILS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SIMD_UTILS_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__bit/bit_cast.h>
+#include <__bit/countl.h>
+#include <__bit/countr.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+// TODO: Find out how altivec changes things and allow vectorizations there too.
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14 && defined(_LIBCPP_CLANG_VER) && !defined(__ALTIVEC__)
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_ALGORITHM_VECTOR_UTILS 1
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_ALGORITHM_VECTOR_UTILS 0
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_HAS_ALGORITHM_VECTOR_UTILS && !defined(__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__)
+#  define _LIBCPP_VECTORIZE_ALGORITHMS 1
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_VECTORIZE_ALGORITHMS 0
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_HAS_ALGORITHM_VECTOR_UTILS
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __can_map_to_integer_v =
+    sizeof(_Tp) == alignof(_Tp) && (sizeof(_Tp) == 1 || sizeof(_Tp) == 2 || sizeof(_Tp) == 4 || sizeof(_Tp) == 8);
+
+template <size_t _TypeSize>
+struct __get_as_integer_type_impl;
+
+template <>
+struct __get_as_integer_type_impl<1> {
+  using type = uint8_t;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __get_as_integer_type_impl<2> {
+  using type = uint16_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct __get_as_integer_type_impl<4> {
+  using type = uint32_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct __get_as_integer_type_impl<8> {
+  using type = uint64_t;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __get_as_integer_type_t = typename __get_as_integer_type_impl<sizeof(_Tp)>::type;
+
+// This isn't specialized for 64 byte vectors on purpose. They have the potential to significantly reduce performance
+// in mixed simd/non-simd workloads and don't provide any performance improvement for currently vectorized algorithms
+// as far as benchmarks are concerned.
+#  if defined(__AVX__) || defined(__MVS__)
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr size_t __native_vector_size = 32 / sizeof(_Tp);
+#  elif defined(__SSE__) || defined(__ARM_NEON__)
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr size_t __native_vector_size = 16 / sizeof(_Tp);
+#  elif defined(__MMX__)
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr size_t __native_vector_size = 8 / sizeof(_Tp);
+#  else
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr size_t __native_vector_size = 1;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _ArithmeticT, size_t _Np>
+using __simd_vector __attribute__((__ext_vector_type__(_Np))) = _ArithmeticT;
+
+template <class _VecT>
+inline constexpr size_t __simd_vector_size_v = []<bool _False = false>() -> size_t {
+  static_assert(_False, "Not a vector!");
+}();
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+inline constexpr size_t __simd_vector_size_v<__simd_vector<_Tp, _Np>> = _Np;
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __simd_vector_underlying_type_impl(__simd_vector<_Tp, _Np>) {
+  return _Tp{};
+}
+
+template <class _VecT>
+using __simd_vector_underlying_type_t = decltype(std::__simd_vector_underlying_type_impl(_VecT{}));
+
+// This isn't inlined without always_inline when loading chars.
+template <class _VecT, class _Iter>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _VecT __load_vector(_Iter __iter) noexcept {
+  return [=]<size_t... _Indices>(index_sequence<_Indices...>) _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE noexcept {
+    return _VecT{__iter[_Indices]...};
+  }(make_index_sequence<__simd_vector_size_v<_VecT>>{});
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __all_of(__simd_vector<_Tp, _Np> __vec) noexcept {
+  return __builtin_reduce_and(__builtin_convertvector(__vec, __simd_vector<bool, _Np>));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __find_first_set(__simd_vector<_Tp, _Np> __vec) noexcept {
+  using __mask_vec = __simd_vector<bool, _Np>;
+
+  // This has MSan disabled du to https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/85876
+  auto __impl = [&]<class _MaskT>(_MaskT) _LIBCPP_NO_SANITIZE("memory") noexcept {
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN)
+    return std::min<size_t>(
+        _Np, std::__countl_zero(__builtin_bit_cast(_MaskT, __builtin_convertvector(__vec, __mask_vec))));
+#  else
+    return std::min<size_t>(
+        _Np, std::__countr_zero(__builtin_bit_cast(_MaskT, __builtin_convertvector(__vec, __mask_vec))));
+#  endif
+  };
+
+  if constexpr (sizeof(__mask_vec) == sizeof(uint8_t)) {
+    return __impl(uint8_t{});
+  } else if constexpr (sizeof(__mask_vec) == sizeof(uint16_t)) {
+    return __impl(uint16_t{});
+  } else if constexpr (sizeof(__mask_vec) == sizeof(uint32_t)) {
+    return __impl(uint32_t{});
+  } else if constexpr (sizeof(__mask_vec) == sizeof(uint64_t)) {
+    return __impl(uint64_t{});
+  } else {
+    static_assert(sizeof(__mask_vec) == 0, "unexpected required size for mask integer type");
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __find_first_not_set(__simd_vector<_Tp, _Np> __vec) noexcept {
+  return std::__find_first_set(~__vec);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_ALGORITHM_VECTOR_UTILS
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SIMD_UTILS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sort.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sort.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..07b5814639e9e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sort.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1016 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SORT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SORT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min_element.h>
+#include <__algorithm/partial_sort.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__bit/blsr.h>
+#include <__bit/countl.h>
+#include <__bit/countr.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__debug_utils/randomize_range.h>
+#include <__debug_utils/strict_weak_ordering_check.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/disjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// stable, 2-3 compares, 0-2 swaps
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 unsigned
+__sort3(_ForwardIterator __x, _ForwardIterator __y, _ForwardIterator __z, _Compare __c) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  unsigned __r = 0;
+  if (!__c(*__y, *__x)) // if x <= y
+  {
+    if (!__c(*__z, *__y))      // if y <= z
+      return __r;              // x <= y && y <= z
+                               // x <= y && y > z
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__y, __z); // x <= z && y < z
+    __r = 1;
+    if (__c(*__y, *__x)) // if x > y
+    {
+      _Ops::iter_swap(__x, __y); // x < y && y <= z
+      __r = 2;
+    }
+    return __r; // x <= y && y < z
+  }
+  if (__c(*__z, *__y)) // x > y, if y > z
+  {
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__x, __z); // x < y && y < z
+    __r = 1;
+    return __r;
+  }
+  _Ops::iter_swap(__x, __y); // x > y && y <= z
+  __r = 1;                   // x < y && x <= z
+  if (__c(*__z, *__y))       // if y > z
+  {
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__y, __z); // x <= y && y < z
+    __r = 2;
+  }
+  return __r;
+} // x <= y && y <= z
+
+// stable, 3-6 compares, 0-5 swaps
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__sort4(_ForwardIterator __x1, _ForwardIterator __x2, _ForwardIterator __x3, _ForwardIterator __x4, _Compare __c) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+  std::__sort3<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__x1, __x2, __x3, __c);
+  if (__c(*__x4, *__x3)) {
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__x3, __x4);
+    if (__c(*__x3, *__x2)) {
+      _Ops::iter_swap(__x2, __x3);
+      if (__c(*__x2, *__x1)) {
+        _Ops::iter_swap(__x1, __x2);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// stable, 4-10 compares, 0-9 swaps
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Comp, class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__sort5(_ForwardIterator __x1,
+        _ForwardIterator __x2,
+        _ForwardIterator __x3,
+        _ForwardIterator __x4,
+        _ForwardIterator __x5,
+        _Comp __comp) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  std::__sort4<_AlgPolicy, _Comp>(__x1, __x2, __x3, __x4, __comp);
+  if (__comp(*__x5, *__x4)) {
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__x4, __x5);
+    if (__comp(*__x4, *__x3)) {
+      _Ops::iter_swap(__x3, __x4);
+      if (__comp(*__x3, *__x2)) {
+        _Ops::iter_swap(__x2, __x3);
+        if (__comp(*__x2, *__x1)) {
+          _Ops::iter_swap(__x1, __x2);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// The comparator being simple is a prerequisite for using the branchless optimization.
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_simple_comparator : false_type {};
+template <>
+struct __is_simple_comparator<__less<>&> : true_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_simple_comparator<less<_Tp>&> : true_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_simple_comparator<greater<_Tp>&> : true_type {};
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <>
+struct __is_simple_comparator<ranges::less&> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __is_simple_comparator<ranges::greater&> : true_type {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Compare, class _Iter, class _Tp = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type>
+using __use_branchless_sort =
+    integral_constant<bool,
+                      __libcpp_is_contiguous_iterator<_Iter>::value && sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(void*) &&
+                          is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value && __is_simple_comparator<_Compare>::value>;
+
+namespace __detail {
+
+// Size in bits for the bitset in use.
+enum { __block_size = sizeof(uint64_t) * 8 };
+
+} // namespace __detail
+
+// Ensures that __c(*__x, *__y) is true by swapping *__x and *__y if necessary.
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __cond_swap(_RandomAccessIterator __x, _RandomAccessIterator __y, _Compare __c) {
+  // Note: this function behaves correctly even with proxy iterators (because it relies on `value_type`).
+  using value_type = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type;
+  bool __r         = __c(*__x, *__y);
+  value_type __tmp = __r ? *__x : *__y;
+  *__y             = __r ? *__y : *__x;
+  *__x             = __tmp;
+}
+
+// Ensures that *__x, *__y and *__z are ordered according to the comparator __c,
+// under the assumption that *__y and *__z are already ordered.
+template <class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__partially_sorted_swap(_RandomAccessIterator __x, _RandomAccessIterator __y, _RandomAccessIterator __z, _Compare __c) {
+  // Note: this function behaves correctly even with proxy iterators (because it relies on `value_type`).
+  using value_type = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type;
+  bool __r         = __c(*__z, *__x);
+  value_type __tmp = __r ? *__z : *__x;
+  *__z             = __r ? *__x : *__z;
+  __r              = __c(__tmp, *__y);
+  *__x             = __r ? *__x : *__y;
+  *__y             = __r ? *__y : __tmp;
+}
+
+template <class,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__use_branchless_sort<_Compare, _RandomAccessIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __sort3_maybe_branchless(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x1, _RandomAccessIterator __x2, _RandomAccessIterator __x3, _Compare __c) {
+  std::__cond_swap<_Compare>(__x2, __x3, __c);
+  std::__partially_sorted_swap<_Compare>(__x1, __x2, __x3, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<!__use_branchless_sort<_Compare, _RandomAccessIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __sort3_maybe_branchless(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x1, _RandomAccessIterator __x2, _RandomAccessIterator __x3, _Compare __c) {
+  std::__sort3<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__x1, __x2, __x3, __c);
+}
+
+template <class,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__use_branchless_sort<_Compare, _RandomAccessIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __sort4_maybe_branchless(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x1,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x2,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x3,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x4,
+    _Compare __c) {
+  std::__cond_swap<_Compare>(__x1, __x3, __c);
+  std::__cond_swap<_Compare>(__x2, __x4, __c);
+  std::__cond_swap<_Compare>(__x1, __x2, __c);
+  std::__cond_swap<_Compare>(__x3, __x4, __c);
+  std::__cond_swap<_Compare>(__x2, __x3, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<!__use_branchless_sort<_Compare, _RandomAccessIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __sort4_maybe_branchless(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x1,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x2,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x3,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x4,
+    _Compare __c) {
+  std::__sort4<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__x1, __x2, __x3, __x4, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__use_branchless_sort<_Compare, _RandomAccessIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __sort5_maybe_branchless(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x1,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x2,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x3,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x4,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x5,
+    _Compare __c) {
+  std::__cond_swap<_Compare>(__x1, __x2, __c);
+  std::__cond_swap<_Compare>(__x4, __x5, __c);
+  std::__partially_sorted_swap<_Compare>(__x3, __x4, __x5, __c);
+  std::__cond_swap<_Compare>(__x2, __x5, __c);
+  std::__partially_sorted_swap<_Compare>(__x1, __x3, __x4, __c);
+  std::__partially_sorted_swap<_Compare>(__x2, __x3, __x4, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<!__use_branchless_sort<_Compare, _RandomAccessIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __sort5_maybe_branchless(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x1,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x2,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x3,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x4,
+    _RandomAccessIterator __x5,
+    _Compare __c) {
+  std::__sort5<_AlgPolicy, _Compare, _RandomAccessIterator>(
+      std::move(__x1), std::move(__x2), std::move(__x3), std::move(__x4), std::move(__x5), __c);
+}
+
+// Assumes size > 0
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__selection_sort(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  _BidirectionalIterator __lm1 = __last;
+  for (--__lm1; __first != __lm1; ++__first) {
+    _BidirectionalIterator __i = std::__min_element<_Compare>(__first, __last, __comp);
+    if (__i != __first)
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__first, __i);
+  }
+}
+
+// Sort the iterator range [__first, __last) using the comparator __comp using
+// the insertion sort algorithm.
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__insertion_sort(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  if (__first == __last)
+    return;
+  _BidirectionalIterator __i = __first;
+  for (++__i; __i != __last; ++__i) {
+    _BidirectionalIterator __j = __i;
+    --__j;
+    if (__comp(*__i, *__j)) {
+      value_type __t(_Ops::__iter_move(__i));
+      _BidirectionalIterator __k = __j;
+      __j                        = __i;
+      do {
+        *__j = _Ops::__iter_move(__k);
+        __j  = __k;
+      } while (__j != __first && __comp(__t, *--__k));
+      *__j = std::move(__t);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Sort the iterator range [__first, __last) using the comparator __comp using
+// the insertion sort algorithm.  Insertion sort has two loops, outer and inner.
+// The implementation below has no bounds check (unguarded) for the inner loop.
+// Assumes that there is an element in the position (__first - 1) and that each
+// element in the input range is greater or equal to the element at __first - 1.
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__insertion_sort_unguarded(_RandomAccessIterator const __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  if (__first == __last)
+    return;
+  const _RandomAccessIterator __leftmost = __first - 
diff erence_type(1);
+  (void)__leftmost; // can be unused when assertions are disabled
+  for (_RandomAccessIterator __i = __first + 
diff erence_type(1); __i != __last; ++__i) {
+    _RandomAccessIterator __j = __i - 
diff erence_type(1);
+    if (__comp(*__i, *__j)) {
+      value_type __t(_Ops::__iter_move(__i));
+      _RandomAccessIterator __k = __j;
+      __j                       = __i;
+      do {
+        *__j = _Ops::__iter_move(__k);
+        __j  = __k;
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+            __k != __leftmost,
+            "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+      } while (__comp(__t, *--__k)); // No need for bounds check due to the assumption stated above.
+      *__j = std::move(__t);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Comp, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+__insertion_sort_incomplete(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp __comp) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  switch (__last - __first) {
+  case 0:
+  case 1:
+    return true;
+  case 2:
+    if (__comp(*--__last, *__first))
+      _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __last);
+    return true;
+  case 3:
+    std::__sort3_maybe_branchless<_AlgPolicy, _Comp>(__first, __first + 
diff erence_type(1), --__last, __comp);
+    return true;
+  case 4:
+    std::__sort4_maybe_branchless<_AlgPolicy, _Comp>(
+        __first, __first + 
diff erence_type(1), __first + 
diff erence_type(2), --__last, __comp);
+    return true;
+  case 5:
+    std::__sort5_maybe_branchless<_AlgPolicy, _Comp>(
+        __first,
+        __first + 
diff erence_type(1),
+        __first + 
diff erence_type(2),
+        __first + 
diff erence_type(3),
+        --__last,
+        __comp);
+    return true;
+  }
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  _RandomAccessIterator __j = __first + 
diff erence_type(2);
+  std::__sort3_maybe_branchless<_AlgPolicy, _Comp>(__first, __first + 
diff erence_type(1), __j, __comp);
+  const unsigned __limit = 8;
+  unsigned __count       = 0;
+  for (_RandomAccessIterator __i = __j + 
diff erence_type(1); __i != __last; ++__i) {
+    if (__comp(*__i, *__j)) {
+      value_type __t(_Ops::__iter_move(__i));
+      _RandomAccessIterator __k = __j;
+      __j                       = __i;
+      do {
+        *__j = _Ops::__iter_move(__k);
+        __j  = __k;
+      } while (__j != __first && __comp(__t, *--__k));
+      *__j = std::move(__t);
+      if (++__count == __limit)
+        return ++__i == __last;
+    }
+    __j = __i;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __swap_bitmap_pos(
+    _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, uint64_t& __left_bitset, uint64_t& __right_bitset) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+  typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  // Swap one pair on each iteration as long as both bitsets have at least one
+  // element for swapping.
+  while (__left_bitset != 0 && __right_bitset != 0) {
+    
diff erence_type __tz_left  = __libcpp_ctz(__left_bitset);
+    __left_bitset              = __libcpp_blsr(__left_bitset);
+    
diff erence_type __tz_right = __libcpp_ctz(__right_bitset);
+    __right_bitset             = __libcpp_blsr(__right_bitset);
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__first + __tz_left, __last - __tz_right);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Compare,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          class _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__populate_left_bitset(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _Compare __comp, _ValueType& __pivot, uint64_t& __left_bitset) {
+  // Possible vectorization. With a proper "-march" flag, the following loop
+  // will be compiled into a set of SIMD instructions.
+  _RandomAccessIterator __iter = __first;
+  for (int __j = 0; __j < __detail::__block_size;) {
+    bool __comp_result = !__comp(*__iter, __pivot);
+    __left_bitset |= (static_cast<uint64_t>(__comp_result) << __j);
+    __j++;
+    ++__iter;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Compare,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          class _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__populate_right_bitset(_RandomAccessIterator __lm1, _Compare __comp, _ValueType& __pivot, uint64_t& __right_bitset) {
+  // Possible vectorization. With a proper "-march" flag, the following loop
+  // will be compiled into a set of SIMD instructions.
+  _RandomAccessIterator __iter = __lm1;
+  for (int __j = 0; __j < __detail::__block_size;) {
+    bool __comp_result = __comp(*__iter, __pivot);
+    __right_bitset |= (static_cast<uint64_t>(__comp_result) << __j);
+    __j++;
+    --__iter;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _RandomAccessIterator,
+          class _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __bitset_partition_partial_blocks(
+    _RandomAccessIterator& __first,
+    _RandomAccessIterator& __lm1,
+    _Compare __comp,
+    _ValueType& __pivot,
+    uint64_t& __left_bitset,
+    uint64_t& __right_bitset) {
+  typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  
diff erence_type __remaining_len = __lm1 - __first + 1;
+  
diff erence_type __l_size;
+  
diff erence_type __r_size;
+  if (__left_bitset == 0 && __right_bitset == 0) {
+    __l_size = __remaining_len / 2;
+    __r_size = __remaining_len - __l_size;
+  } else if (__left_bitset == 0) {
+    // We know at least one side is a full block.
+    __l_size = __remaining_len - __detail::__block_size;
+    __r_size = __detail::__block_size;
+  } else { // if (__right_bitset == 0)
+    __l_size = __detail::__block_size;
+    __r_size = __remaining_len - __detail::__block_size;
+  }
+  // Record the comparison outcomes for the elements currently on the left side.
+  if (__left_bitset == 0) {
+    _RandomAccessIterator __iter = __first;
+    for (int __j = 0; __j < __l_size; __j++) {
+      bool __comp_result = !__comp(*__iter, __pivot);
+      __left_bitset |= (static_cast<uint64_t>(__comp_result) << __j);
+      ++__iter;
+    }
+  }
+  // Record the comparison outcomes for the elements currently on the right
+  // side.
+  if (__right_bitset == 0) {
+    _RandomAccessIterator __iter = __lm1;
+    for (int __j = 0; __j < __r_size; __j++) {
+      bool __comp_result = __comp(*__iter, __pivot);
+      __right_bitset |= (static_cast<uint64_t>(__comp_result) << __j);
+      --__iter;
+    }
+  }
+  std::__swap_bitmap_pos<_AlgPolicy, _RandomAccessIterator>(__first, __lm1, __left_bitset, __right_bitset);
+  __first += (__left_bitset == 0) ? __l_size : 0;
+  __lm1 -= (__right_bitset == 0) ? __r_size : 0;
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __swap_bitmap_pos_within(
+    _RandomAccessIterator& __first, _RandomAccessIterator& __lm1, uint64_t& __left_bitset, uint64_t& __right_bitset) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+  typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  if (__left_bitset) {
+    // Swap within the left side.  Need to find set positions in the reverse
+    // order.
+    while (__left_bitset != 0) {
+      
diff erence_type __tz_left = __detail::__block_size - 1 - __libcpp_clz(__left_bitset);
+      __left_bitset &= (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << __tz_left) - 1;
+      _RandomAccessIterator __it = __first + __tz_left;
+      if (__it != __lm1) {
+        _Ops::iter_swap(__it, __lm1);
+      }
+      --__lm1;
+    }
+    __first = __lm1 + 
diff erence_type(1);
+  } else if (__right_bitset) {
+    // Swap within the right side.  Need to find set positions in the reverse
+    // order.
+    while (__right_bitset != 0) {
+      
diff erence_type __tz_right = __detail::__block_size - 1 - __libcpp_clz(__right_bitset);
+      __right_bitset &= (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << __tz_right) - 1;
+      _RandomAccessIterator __it = __lm1 - __tz_right;
+      if (__it != __first) {
+        _Ops::iter_swap(__it, __first);
+      }
+      ++__first;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Partition [__first, __last) using the comparator __comp.  *__first has the
+// chosen pivot.  Elements that are equivalent are kept to the left of the
+// pivot.  Returns the iterator for the pivot and a bool value which is true if
+// the provided range is already sorted, false otherwise.  We assume that the
+// length of the range is at least three elements.
+//
+// __bitset_partition uses bitsets for storing outcomes of the comparisons
+// between the pivot and other elements.
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<_RandomAccessIterator, bool>
+__bitset_partition(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+  typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__last - __first >= 
diff erence_type(3), "");
+  const _RandomAccessIterator __begin = __first; // used for bounds checking, those are not moved around
+  const _RandomAccessIterator __end   = __last;
+  (void)__end; //
+
+  value_type __pivot(_Ops::__iter_move(__first));
+  // Find the first element greater than the pivot.
+  if (__comp(__pivot, *(__last - 
diff erence_type(1)))) {
+    // Not guarded since we know the last element is greater than the pivot.
+    do {
+      ++__first;
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          __first != __end,
+          "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+    } while (!__comp(__pivot, *__first));
+  } else {
+    while (++__first < __last && !__comp(__pivot, *__first)) {
+    }
+  }
+  // Find the last element less than or equal to the pivot.
+  if (__first < __last) {
+    // It will be always guarded because __introsort will do the median-of-three
+    // before calling this.
+    do {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          __last != __begin,
+          "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+      --__last;
+    } while (__comp(__pivot, *__last));
+  }
+  // If the first element greater than the pivot is at or after the
+  // last element less than or equal to the pivot, then we have covered the
+  // entire range without swapping elements.  This implies the range is already
+  // partitioned.
+  bool __already_partitioned = __first >= __last;
+  if (!__already_partitioned) {
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __last);
+    ++__first;
+  }
+
+  // In [__first, __last) __last is not inclusive. From now on, it uses last
+  // minus one to be inclusive on both sides.
+  _RandomAccessIterator __lm1 = __last - 
diff erence_type(1);
+  uint64_t __left_bitset      = 0;
+  uint64_t __right_bitset     = 0;
+
+  // Reminder: length = __lm1 - __first + 1.
+  while (__lm1 - __first >= 2 * __detail::__block_size - 1) {
+    // Record the comparison outcomes for the elements currently on the left
+    // side.
+    if (__left_bitset == 0)
+      std::__populate_left_bitset<_Compare>(__first, __comp, __pivot, __left_bitset);
+    // Record the comparison outcomes for the elements currently on the right
+    // side.
+    if (__right_bitset == 0)
+      std::__populate_right_bitset<_Compare>(__lm1, __comp, __pivot, __right_bitset);
+    // Swap the elements recorded to be the candidates for swapping in the
+    // bitsets.
+    std::__swap_bitmap_pos<_AlgPolicy, _RandomAccessIterator>(__first, __lm1, __left_bitset, __right_bitset);
+    // Only advance the iterator if all the elements that need to be moved to
+    // other side were moved.
+    __first += (__left_bitset == 0) ? 
diff erence_type(__detail::__block_size) : 
diff erence_type(0);
+    __lm1 -= (__right_bitset == 0) ? 
diff erence_type(__detail::__block_size) : 
diff erence_type(0);
+  }
+  // Now, we have a less-than a block worth of elements on at least one of the
+  // sides.
+  std::__bitset_partition_partial_blocks<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(
+      __first, __lm1, __comp, __pivot, __left_bitset, __right_bitset);
+  // At least one the bitsets would be empty.  For the non-empty one, we need to
+  // properly partition the elements that appear within that bitset.
+  std::__swap_bitmap_pos_within<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __lm1, __left_bitset, __right_bitset);
+
+  // Move the pivot to its correct position.
+  _RandomAccessIterator __pivot_pos = __first - 
diff erence_type(1);
+  if (__begin != __pivot_pos) {
+    *__begin = _Ops::__iter_move(__pivot_pos);
+  }
+  *__pivot_pos = std::move(__pivot);
+  return std::make_pair(__pivot_pos, __already_partitioned);
+}
+
+// Partition [__first, __last) using the comparator __comp.  *__first has the
+// chosen pivot.  Elements that are equivalent are kept to the right of the
+// pivot.  Returns the iterator for the pivot and a bool value which is true if
+// the provided range is already sorted, false otherwise.  We assume that the
+// length of the range is at least three elements.
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<_RandomAccessIterator, bool>
+__partition_with_equals_on_right(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__last - __first >= 
diff erence_type(3), "");
+  const _RandomAccessIterator __begin = __first; // used for bounds checking, those are not moved around
+  const _RandomAccessIterator __end   = __last;
+  (void)__end; //
+  value_type __pivot(_Ops::__iter_move(__first));
+  // Find the first element greater or equal to the pivot.  It will be always
+  // guarded because __introsort will do the median-of-three before calling
+  // this.
+  do {
+    ++__first;
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __first != __end,
+        "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+  } while (__comp(*__first, __pivot));
+
+  // Find the last element less than the pivot.
+  if (__begin == __first - 
diff erence_type(1)) {
+    while (__first < __last && !__comp(*--__last, __pivot))
+      ;
+  } else {
+    // Guarded.
+    do {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          __last != __begin,
+          "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+      --__last;
+    } while (!__comp(*__last, __pivot));
+  }
+
+  // If the first element greater than or equal to the pivot is at or after the
+  // last element less than the pivot, then we have covered the entire range
+  // without swapping elements.  This implies the range is already partitioned.
+  bool __already_partitioned = __first >= __last;
+  // Go through the remaining elements.  Swap pairs of elements (one to the
+  // right of the pivot and the other to left of the pivot) that are not on the
+  // correct side of the pivot.
+  while (__first < __last) {
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __last);
+    do {
+      ++__first;
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          __first != __end,
+          "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+    } while (__comp(*__first, __pivot));
+    do {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          __last != __begin,
+          "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+      --__last;
+    } while (!__comp(*__last, __pivot));
+  }
+  // Move the pivot to its correct position.
+  _RandomAccessIterator __pivot_pos = __first - 
diff erence_type(1);
+  if (__begin != __pivot_pos) {
+    *__begin = _Ops::__iter_move(__pivot_pos);
+  }
+  *__pivot_pos = std::move(__pivot);
+  return std::make_pair(__pivot_pos, __already_partitioned);
+}
+
+// Similar to the above function.  Elements equivalent to the pivot are put to
+// the left of the pivot.  Returns the iterator to the pivot element.
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _RandomAccessIterator
+__partition_with_equals_on_left(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  const _RandomAccessIterator __begin = __first; // used for bounds checking, those are not moved around
+  const _RandomAccessIterator __end   = __last;
+  (void)__end; //
+  value_type __pivot(_Ops::__iter_move(__first));
+  if (__comp(__pivot, *(__last - 
diff erence_type(1)))) {
+    // Guarded.
+    do {
+      ++__first;
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          __first != __end,
+          "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+    } while (!__comp(__pivot, *__first));
+  } else {
+    while (++__first < __last && !__comp(__pivot, *__first)) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (__first < __last) {
+    // It will be always guarded because __introsort will do the
+    // median-of-three before calling this.
+    do {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          __last != __begin,
+          "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+      --__last;
+    } while (__comp(__pivot, *__last));
+  }
+  while (__first < __last) {
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __last);
+    do {
+      ++__first;
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          __first != __end,
+          "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+    } while (!__comp(__pivot, *__first));
+    do {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          __last != __begin,
+          "Would read out of bounds, does your comparator satisfy the strict-weak ordering requirement?");
+      --__last;
+    } while (__comp(__pivot, *__last));
+  }
+  _RandomAccessIterator __pivot_pos = __first - 
diff erence_type(1);
+  if (__begin != __pivot_pos) {
+    *__begin = _Ops::__iter_move(__pivot_pos);
+  }
+  *__pivot_pos = std::move(__pivot);
+  return __first;
+}
+
+// The main sorting function.  Implements introsort combined with other ideas:
+//  - option of using block quick sort for partitioning,
+//  - guarded and unguarded insertion sort for small lengths,
+//  - Tuckey's ninther technique for computing the pivot,
+//  - check on whether partition was not required.
+// The implementation is partly based on Orson Peters' pattern-defeating
+// quicksort, published at: <https://github.com/orlp/pdqsort>.
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator, bool _UseBitSetPartition>
+void __introsort(_RandomAccessIterator __first,
+                 _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+                 _Compare __comp,
+                 typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __depth,
+                 bool __leftmost = true) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  using _Comp_ref = __comp_ref_type<_Compare>;
+  // Upper bound for using insertion sort for sorting.
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR 
diff erence_type __limit = 24;
+  // Lower bound for using Tuckey's ninther technique for median computation.
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR 
diff erence_type __ninther_threshold = 128;
+  while (true) {
+    
diff erence_type __len = __last - __first;
+    switch (__len) {
+    case 0:
+    case 1:
+      return;
+    case 2:
+      if (__comp(*--__last, *__first))
+        _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __last);
+      return;
+    case 3:
+      std::__sort3_maybe_branchless<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, __first + 
diff erence_type(1), --__last, __comp);
+      return;
+    case 4:
+      std::__sort4_maybe_branchless<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(
+          __first, __first + 
diff erence_type(1), __first + 
diff erence_type(2), --__last, __comp);
+      return;
+    case 5:
+      std::__sort5_maybe_branchless<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(
+          __first,
+          __first + 
diff erence_type(1),
+          __first + 
diff erence_type(2),
+          __first + 
diff erence_type(3),
+          --__last,
+          __comp);
+      return;
+    }
+    // Use insertion sort if the length of the range is below the specified limit.
+    if (__len < __limit) {
+      if (__leftmost) {
+        std::__insertion_sort<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, __last, __comp);
+      } else {
+        std::__insertion_sort_unguarded<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, __last, __comp);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    if (__depth == 0) {
+      // Fallback to heap sort as Introsort suggests.
+      std::__partial_sort<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, __last, __last, __comp);
+      return;
+    }
+    --__depth;
+    {
+      
diff erence_type __half_len = __len / 2;
+      // Use Tuckey's ninther technique or median of 3 for pivot selection
+      // depending on the length of the range being sorted.
+      if (__len > __ninther_threshold) {
+        std::__sort3<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, __first + __half_len, __last - 
diff erence_type(1), __comp);
+        std::__sort3<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(
+            __first + 
diff erence_type(1), __first + (__half_len - 1), __last - 
diff erence_type(2), __comp);
+        std::__sort3<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(
+            __first + 
diff erence_type(2), __first + (__half_len + 1), __last - 
diff erence_type(3), __comp);
+        std::__sort3<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(
+            __first + (__half_len - 1), __first + __half_len, __first + (__half_len + 1), __comp);
+        _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __first + __half_len);
+      } else {
+        std::__sort3<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first + __half_len, __first, __last - 
diff erence_type(1), __comp);
+      }
+    }
+    // The elements to the left of the current iterator range are already
+    // sorted.  If the current iterator range to be sorted is not the
+    // leftmost part of the entire iterator range and the pivot is same as
+    // the highest element in the range to the left, then we know that all
+    // the elements in the range [first, pivot] would be equal to the pivot,
+    // assuming the equal elements are put on the left side when
+    // partitioned.  This also means that we do not need to sort the left
+    // side of the partition.
+    if (!__leftmost && !__comp(*(__first - 
diff erence_type(1)), *__first)) {
+      __first = std::__partition_with_equals_on_left<_AlgPolicy, _RandomAccessIterator, _Comp_ref>(
+          __first, __last, _Comp_ref(__comp));
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Use bitset partition only if asked for.
+    auto __ret                = _UseBitSetPartition
+                                  ? std::__bitset_partition<_AlgPolicy, _RandomAccessIterator, _Compare>(__first, __last, __comp)
+                                  : std::__partition_with_equals_on_right<_AlgPolicy, _RandomAccessIterator, _Compare>(
+                         __first, __last, __comp);
+    _RandomAccessIterator __i = __ret.first;
+    // [__first, __i) < *__i and *__i <= [__i+1, __last)
+    // If we were given a perfect partition, see if insertion sort is quick...
+    if (__ret.second) {
+      bool __fs = std::__insertion_sort_incomplete<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, __i, __comp);
+      if (std::__insertion_sort_incomplete<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__i + 
diff erence_type(1), __last, __comp)) {
+        if (__fs)
+          return;
+        __last = __i;
+        continue;
+      } else {
+        if (__fs) {
+          __first = ++__i;
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // Sort the left partiton recursively and the right partition with tail recursion elimination.
+    std::__introsort<_AlgPolicy, _Compare, _RandomAccessIterator, _UseBitSetPartition>(
+        __first, __i, __comp, __depth, __leftmost);
+    __leftmost = false;
+    __first    = ++__i;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename _Number>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Number __log2i(_Number __n) {
+  if (__n == 0)
+    return 0;
+  if (sizeof(__n) <= sizeof(unsigned))
+    return sizeof(unsigned) * CHAR_BIT - 1 - __libcpp_clz(static_cast<unsigned>(__n));
+  if (sizeof(__n) <= sizeof(unsigned long))
+    return sizeof(unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT - 1 - __libcpp_clz(static_cast<unsigned long>(__n));
+  if (sizeof(__n) <= sizeof(unsigned long long))
+    return sizeof(unsigned long long) * CHAR_BIT - 1 - __libcpp_clz(static_cast<unsigned long long>(__n));
+
+  _Number __log2 = 0;
+  while (__n > 1) {
+    __log2++;
+    __n >>= 1;
+  }
+  return __log2;
+}
+
+template <class _Comp, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void __sort(_RandomAccessIterator, _RandomAccessIterator, _Comp);
+
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __sort<__less<char>&, char*>(char*, char*, __less<char>&);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __sort<__less<wchar_t>&, wchar_t*>(wchar_t*, wchar_t*, __less<wchar_t>&);
+#endif
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__sort<__less<signed char>&, signed char*>(signed char*, signed char*, __less<signed char>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__sort<__less<unsigned char>&, unsigned char*>(unsigned char*, unsigned char*, __less<unsigned char>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __sort<__less<short>&, short*>(short*, short*, __less<short>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__sort<__less<unsigned short>&, unsigned short*>(unsigned short*, unsigned short*, __less<unsigned short>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __sort<__less<int>&, int*>(int*, int*, __less<int>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__sort<__less<unsigned>&, unsigned*>(unsigned*, unsigned*, __less<unsigned>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __sort<__less<long>&, long*>(long*, long*, __less<long>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__sort<__less<unsigned long>&, unsigned long*>(unsigned long*, unsigned long*, __less<unsigned long>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__sort<__less<long long>&, long long*>(long long*, long long*, __less<long long>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __sort<__less<unsigned long long>&, unsigned long long*>(
+    unsigned long long*, unsigned long long*, __less<unsigned long long>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __sort<__less<float>&, float*>(float*, float*, __less<float>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __sort<__less<double>&, double*>(double*, double*, __less<double>&);
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__sort<__less<long double>&, long double*>(long double*, long double*, __less<long double>&);
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Comp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__sort_dispatch(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp& __comp) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  
diff erence_type __depth_limit = 2 * std::__log2i(__last - __first);
+
+  // Only use bitset partitioning for arithmetic types.  We should also check
+  // that the default comparator is in use so that we are sure that there are no
+  // branches in the comparator.
+  std::__introsort<_AlgPolicy,
+                   _Comp&,
+                   _RandomAccessIterator,
+                   __use_branchless_sort<_Comp, _RandomAccessIterator>::value>(__first, __last, __comp, __depth_limit);
+}
+
+template <class _Type, class... _Options>
+using __is_any_of = _Or<is_same<_Type, _Options>...>;
+
+template <class _Type>
+using __sort_is_specialized_in_library = __is_any_of<
+    _Type,
+    char,
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+    wchar_t,
+#endif
+    signed char,
+    unsigned char,
+    short,
+    unsigned short,
+    int,
+    unsigned int,
+    long,
+    unsigned long,
+    long long,
+    unsigned long long,
+    float,
+    double,
+    long double>;
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Type, __enable_if_t<__sort_is_specialized_in_library<_Type>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __sort_dispatch(_Type* __first, _Type* __last, __less<>&) {
+  __less<_Type> __comp;
+  std::__sort<__less<_Type>&, _Type*>(__first, __last, __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Type, __enable_if_t<__sort_is_specialized_in_library<_Type>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __sort_dispatch(_Type* __first, _Type* __last, less<_Type>&) {
+  __less<_Type> __comp;
+  std::__sort<__less<_Type>&, _Type*>(__first, __last, __comp);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Type, __enable_if_t<__sort_is_specialized_in_library<_Type>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __sort_dispatch(_Type* __first, _Type* __last, less<>&) {
+  __less<_Type> __comp;
+  std::__sort<__less<_Type>&, _Type*>(__first, __last, __comp);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Type, __enable_if_t<__sort_is_specialized_in_library<_Type>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __sort_dispatch(_Type* __first, _Type* __last, ranges::less&) {
+  __less<_Type> __comp;
+  std::__sort<__less<_Type>&, _Type*>(__first, __last, __comp);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Comp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__sort_impl(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp& __comp) {
+  std::__debug_randomize_range<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last);
+
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    std::__partial_sort<_AlgPolicy>(
+        std::__unwrap_iter(__first), std::__unwrap_iter(__last), std::__unwrap_iter(__last), __comp);
+  } else {
+    std::__sort_dispatch<_AlgPolicy>(std::__unwrap_iter(__first), std::__unwrap_iter(__last), __comp);
+  }
+  std::__check_strict_weak_ordering_sorted(std::__unwrap_iter(__first), std::__unwrap_iter(__last), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Comp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp __comp) {
+  std::__sort_impl<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  std::sort(__first, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SORT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sort_heap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sort_heap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f20b110c7fd12e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/sort_heap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SORT_HEAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SORT_HEAP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/pop_heap.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__debug_utils/strict_weak_ordering_check.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__sort_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare&& __comp) {
+  _RandomAccessIterator __saved_last   = __last;
+  __comp_ref_type<_Compare> __comp_ref = __comp;
+
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type;
+  for (
diff erence_type __n = __last - __first; __n > 1; --__last, (void)--__n)
+    std::__pop_heap<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __comp_ref, __n);
+  std::__check_strict_weak_ordering_sorted(__first, __saved_last, __comp_ref);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+sort_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_constructible<_RandomAccessIterator>::value, "Iterators must be copy constructible.");
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_assignable<_RandomAccessIterator>::value, "Iterators must be copy assignable.");
+
+  std::__sort_heap<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+sort_heap(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  std::sort_heap(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SORT_HEAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/stable_partition.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/stable_partition.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8bb1eaf2d22495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/stable_partition.h
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_STABLE_PARTITION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_STABLE_PARTITION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/rotate.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/destruct_n.h>
+#include <__memory/temporary_buffer.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Predicate, class _ForwardIterator, class _Distance, class _Pair>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator __stable_partition_impl(
+    _ForwardIterator __first,
+    _ForwardIterator __last,
+    _Predicate __pred,
+    _Distance __len,
+    _Pair __p,
+    forward_iterator_tag __fit) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  // *__first is known to be false
+  // __len >= 1
+  if (__len == 1)
+    return __first;
+  if (__len == 2) {
+    _ForwardIterator __m = __first;
+    if (__pred(*++__m)) {
+      _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __m);
+      return __m;
+    }
+    return __first;
+  }
+  if (__len <= __p.second) { // The buffer is big enough to use
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    __destruct_n __d(0);
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(__p.first, __d);
+    // Move the falses into the temporary buffer, and the trues to the front of the line
+    // Update __first to always point to the end of the trues
+    value_type* __t = __p.first;
+    ::new ((void*)__t) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__first));
+    __d.template __incr<value_type>();
+    ++__t;
+    _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+    while (++__i != __last) {
+      if (__pred(*__i)) {
+        *__first = _Ops::__iter_move(__i);
+        ++__first;
+      } else {
+        ::new ((void*)__t) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__i));
+        __d.template __incr<value_type>();
+        ++__t;
+      }
+    }
+    // All trues now at start of range, all falses in buffer
+    // Move falses back into range, but don't mess up __first which points to first false
+    __i = __first;
+    for (value_type* __t2 = __p.first; __t2 < __t; ++__t2, (void)++__i)
+      *__i = _Ops::__iter_move(__t2);
+    // __h destructs moved-from values out of the temp buffer, but doesn't deallocate buffer
+    return __first;
+  }
+  // Else not enough buffer, do in place
+  // __len >= 3
+  _ForwardIterator __m = __first;
+  _Distance __len2     = __len / 2; // __len2 >= 2
+  _Ops::advance(__m, __len2);
+  // recurse on [__first, __m), *__first know to be false
+  // F?????????????????
+  // f       m         l
+  _ForwardIterator __first_false =
+      std::__stable_partition_impl<_AlgPolicy, _Predicate&>(__first, __m, __pred, __len2, __p, __fit);
+  // TTTFFFFF??????????
+  // f  ff   m         l
+  // recurse on [__m, __last], except increase __m until *(__m) is false, *__last know to be true
+  _ForwardIterator __m1           = __m;
+  _ForwardIterator __second_false = __last;
+  _Distance __len_half            = __len - __len2;
+  while (__pred(*__m1)) {
+    if (++__m1 == __last)
+      goto __second_half_done;
+    --__len_half;
+  }
+  // TTTFFFFFTTTF??????
+  // f  ff   m  m1     l
+  __second_false = std::__stable_partition_impl<_AlgPolicy, _Predicate&>(__m1, __last, __pred, __len_half, __p, __fit);
+__second_half_done:
+  // TTTFFFFFTTTTTFFFFF
+  // f  ff   m    sf   l
+  return std::__rotate<_AlgPolicy>(__first_false, __m, __second_false).first;
+  // TTTTTTTTFFFFFFFFFF
+  //         |
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Predicate, class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+__stable_partition_impl(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred, forward_iterator_tag) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type value_type;
+
+  const 
diff erence_type __alloc_limit = 3; // might want to make this a function of trivial assignment
+  // Either prove all true and return __first or point to first false
+  while (true) {
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return __first;
+    if (!__pred(*__first))
+      break;
+    ++__first;
+  }
+  // We now have a reduced range [__first, __last)
+  // *__first is known to be false
+  
diff erence_type __len = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::distance(__first, __last);
+  pair<value_type*, ptr
diff _t> __p(0, 0);
+  unique_ptr<value_type, __return_temporary_buffer> __h;
+  if (__len >= __alloc_limit) {
+    // TODO: Remove the use of std::get_temporary_buffer
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+    __p = std::get_temporary_buffer<value_type>(__len);
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+    __h.reset(__p.first);
+  }
+  return std::__stable_partition_impl<_AlgPolicy, _Predicate&>(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __len, __p, forward_iterator_tag());
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Predicate, class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Distance, class _Pair>
+_BidirectionalIterator __stable_partition_impl(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __first,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+    _Predicate __pred,
+    _Distance __len,
+    _Pair __p,
+    bidirectional_iterator_tag __bit) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  // *__first is known to be false
+  // *__last is known to be true
+  // __len >= 2
+  if (__len == 2) {
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __last);
+    return __last;
+  }
+  if (__len == 3) {
+    _BidirectionalIterator __m = __first;
+    if (__pred(*++__m)) {
+      _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __m);
+      _Ops::iter_swap(__m, __last);
+      return __last;
+    }
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__m, __last);
+    _Ops::iter_swap(__first, __m);
+    return __m;
+  }
+  if (__len <= __p.second) { // The buffer is big enough to use
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    __destruct_n __d(0);
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(__p.first, __d);
+    // Move the falses into the temporary buffer, and the trues to the front of the line
+    // Update __first to always point to the end of the trues
+    value_type* __t = __p.first;
+    ::new ((void*)__t) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__first));
+    __d.template __incr<value_type>();
+    ++__t;
+    _BidirectionalIterator __i = __first;
+    while (++__i != __last) {
+      if (__pred(*__i)) {
+        *__first = _Ops::__iter_move(__i);
+        ++__first;
+      } else {
+        ::new ((void*)__t) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__i));
+        __d.template __incr<value_type>();
+        ++__t;
+      }
+    }
+    // move *__last, known to be true
+    *__first = _Ops::__iter_move(__i);
+    __i      = ++__first;
+    // All trues now at start of range, all falses in buffer
+    // Move falses back into range, but don't mess up __first which points to first false
+    for (value_type* __t2 = __p.first; __t2 < __t; ++__t2, (void)++__i)
+      *__i = _Ops::__iter_move(__t2);
+    // __h destructs moved-from values out of the temp buffer, but doesn't deallocate buffer
+    return __first;
+  }
+  // Else not enough buffer, do in place
+  // __len >= 4
+  _BidirectionalIterator __m = __first;
+  _Distance __len2           = __len / 2; // __len2 >= 2
+  _Ops::advance(__m, __len2);
+  // recurse on [__first, __m-1], except reduce __m-1 until *(__m-1) is true, *__first know to be false
+  // F????????????????T
+  // f       m        l
+  _BidirectionalIterator __m1          = __m;
+  _BidirectionalIterator __first_false = __first;
+  _Distance __len_half                 = __len2;
+  while (!__pred(*--__m1)) {
+    if (__m1 == __first)
+      goto __first_half_done;
+    --__len_half;
+  }
+  // F???TFFF?????????T
+  // f   m1  m        l
+  __first_false = std::__stable_partition_impl<_AlgPolicy, _Predicate&>(__first, __m1, __pred, __len_half, __p, __bit);
+__first_half_done:
+  // TTTFFFFF?????????T
+  // f  ff   m        l
+  // recurse on [__m, __last], except increase __m until *(__m) is false, *__last know to be true
+  __m1                                  = __m;
+  _BidirectionalIterator __second_false = __last;
+  ++__second_false;
+  __len_half = __len - __len2;
+  while (__pred(*__m1)) {
+    if (++__m1 == __last)
+      goto __second_half_done;
+    --__len_half;
+  }
+  // TTTFFFFFTTTF?????T
+  // f  ff   m  m1    l
+  __second_false = std::__stable_partition_impl<_AlgPolicy, _Predicate&>(__m1, __last, __pred, __len_half, __p, __bit);
+__second_half_done:
+  // TTTFFFFFTTTTTFFFFF
+  // f  ff   m    sf  l
+  return std::__rotate<_AlgPolicy>(__first_false, __m, __second_false).first;
+  // TTTTTTTTFFFFFFFFFF
+  //         |
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Predicate, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _BidirectionalIterator __stable_partition_impl(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last, _Predicate __pred, bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  const 
diff erence_type __alloc_limit = 4; // might want to make this a function of trivial assignment
+  // Either prove all true and return __first or point to first false
+  while (true) {
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return __first;
+    if (!__pred(*__first))
+      break;
+    ++__first;
+  }
+  // __first points to first false, everything prior to __first is already set.
+  // Either prove [__first, __last) is all false and return __first, or point __last to last true
+  do {
+    if (__first == --__last)
+      return __first;
+  } while (!__pred(*__last));
+  // We now have a reduced range [__first, __last]
+  // *__first is known to be false
+  // *__last is known to be true
+  // __len >= 2
+  
diff erence_type __len = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::distance(__first, __last) + 1;
+  pair<value_type*, ptr
diff _t> __p(0, 0);
+  unique_ptr<value_type, __return_temporary_buffer> __h;
+  if (__len >= __alloc_limit) {
+    // TODO: Remove the use of std::get_temporary_buffer
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+    __p = std::get_temporary_buffer<value_type>(__len);
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+    __h.reset(__p.first);
+  }
+  return std::__stable_partition_impl<_AlgPolicy, _Predicate&>(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __len, __p, bidirectional_iterator_tag());
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Predicate, class _ForwardIterator, class _IterCategory>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator __stable_partition(
+    _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate&& __pred, _IterCategory __iter_category) {
+  return std::__stable_partition_impl<_AlgPolicy, __remove_cvref_t<_Predicate>&>(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, __iter_category);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+stable_partition(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) {
+  using _IterCategory = typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::iterator_category;
+  return std::__stable_partition<_ClassicAlgPolicy, _Predicate&>(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred, _IterCategory());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_STABLE_PARTITION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/stable_sort.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/stable_sort.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..726e7e16b3564a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/stable_sort.h
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_STABLE_SORT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_STABLE_SORT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/inplace_merge.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sort.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__debug_utils/strict_weak_ordering_check.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/destruct_n.h>
+#include <__memory/temporary_buffer.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _BidirectionalIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __insertion_sort_move(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __first1,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __last1,
+    typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type* __first2,
+    _Compare __comp) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  if (__first1 != __last1) {
+    __destruct_n __d(0);
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(__first2, __d);
+    value_type* __last2 = __first2;
+    ::new ((void*)__last2) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__first1));
+    __d.template __incr<value_type>();
+    for (++__last2; ++__first1 != __last1; ++__last2) {
+      value_type* __j2 = __last2;
+      value_type* __i2 = __j2;
+      if (__comp(*__first1, *--__i2)) {
+        ::new ((void*)__j2) value_type(std::move(*__i2));
+        __d.template __incr<value_type>();
+        for (--__j2; __i2 != __first2 && __comp(*__first1, *--__i2); --__j2)
+          *__j2 = std::move(*__i2);
+        *__j2 = _Ops::__iter_move(__first1);
+      } else {
+        ::new ((void*)__j2) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__first1));
+        __d.template __incr<value_type>();
+      }
+    }
+    __h.release();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __merge_move_construct(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type* __result,
+    _Compare __comp) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator1>::value_type value_type;
+  __destruct_n __d(0);
+  unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h(__result, __d);
+  for (; true; ++__result) {
+    if (__first1 == __last1) {
+      for (; __first2 != __last2; ++__first2, (void)++__result, __d.template __incr<value_type>())
+        ::new ((void*)__result) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__first2));
+      __h.release();
+      return;
+    }
+    if (__first2 == __last2) {
+      for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, (void)++__result, __d.template __incr<value_type>())
+        ::new ((void*)__result) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__first1));
+      __h.release();
+      return;
+    }
+    if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1)) {
+      ::new ((void*)__result) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__first2));
+      __d.template __incr<value_type>();
+      ++__first2;
+    } else {
+      ::new ((void*)__result) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__first1));
+      __d.template __incr<value_type>();
+      ++__first1;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __merge_move_assign(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _InputIterator2 __last2,
+    _OutputIterator __result,
+    _Compare __comp) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__result) {
+    if (__first2 == __last2) {
+      for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, (void)++__result)
+        *__result = _Ops::__iter_move(__first1);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (__comp(*__first2, *__first1)) {
+      *__result = _Ops::__iter_move(__first2);
+      ++__first2;
+    } else {
+      *__result = _Ops::__iter_move(__first1);
+      ++__first1;
+    }
+  }
+  for (; __first2 != __last2; ++__first2, (void)++__result)
+    *__result = _Ops::__iter_move(__first2);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void __stable_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first,
+                   _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+                   _Compare __comp,
+                   typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __len,
+                   typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type* __buff,
+                   ptr
diff _t __buff_size);
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void __stable_sort_move(_RandomAccessIterator __first1,
+                        _RandomAccessIterator __last1,
+                        _Compare __comp,
+                        typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __len,
+                        typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type* __first2) {
+  using _Ops = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>;
+
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  switch (__len) {
+  case 0:
+    return;
+  case 1:
+    ::new ((void*)__first2) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__first1));
+    return;
+  case 2:
+    __destruct_n __d(0);
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h2(__first2, __d);
+    if (__comp(*--__last1, *__first1)) {
+      ::new ((void*)__first2) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__last1));
+      __d.template __incr<value_type>();
+      ++__first2;
+      ::new ((void*)__first2) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__first1));
+    } else {
+      ::new ((void*)__first2) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__first1));
+      __d.template __incr<value_type>();
+      ++__first2;
+      ::new ((void*)__first2) value_type(_Ops::__iter_move(__last1));
+    }
+    __h2.release();
+    return;
+  }
+  if (__len <= 8) {
+    std::__insertion_sort_move<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first1, __last1, __first2, __comp);
+    return;
+  }
+  typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __l2 = __len / 2;
+  _RandomAccessIterator __m                                             = __first1 + __l2;
+  std::__stable_sort<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first1, __m, __comp, __l2, __first2, __l2);
+  std::__stable_sort<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__m, __last1, __comp, __len - __l2, __first2 + __l2, __len - __l2);
+  std::__merge_move_construct<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first1, __m, __m, __last1, __first2, __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __stable_sort_switch {
+  static const unsigned value = 128 * is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void __stable_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first,
+                   _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+                   _Compare __comp,
+                   typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __len,
+                   typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type* __buff,
+                   ptr
diff _t __buff_size) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  switch (__len) {
+  case 0:
+  case 1:
+    return;
+  case 2:
+    if (__comp(*--__last, *__first))
+      _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__first, __last);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (__len <= static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__stable_sort_switch<value_type>::value)) {
+    std::__insertion_sort<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, __last, __comp);
+    return;
+  }
+  typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type __l2 = __len / 2;
+  _RandomAccessIterator __m                                             = __first + __l2;
+  if (__len <= __buff_size) {
+    __destruct_n __d(0);
+    unique_ptr<value_type, __destruct_n&> __h2(__buff, __d);
+    std::__stable_sort_move<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, __m, __comp, __l2, __buff);
+    __d.__set(__l2, (value_type*)nullptr);
+    std::__stable_sort_move<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__m, __last, __comp, __len - __l2, __buff + __l2);
+    __d.__set(__len, (value_type*)nullptr);
+    std::__merge_move_assign<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(
+        __buff, __buff + __l2, __buff + __l2, __buff + __len, __first, __comp);
+    //         std::__merge<_Compare>(move_iterator<value_type*>(__buff),
+    //                                  move_iterator<value_type*>(__buff + __l2),
+    //                                  move_iterator<_RandomAccessIterator>(__buff + __l2),
+    //                                  move_iterator<_RandomAccessIterator>(__buff + __len),
+    //                                  __first, __comp);
+    return;
+  }
+  std::__stable_sort<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__first, __m, __comp, __l2, __buff, __buff_size);
+  std::__stable_sort<_AlgPolicy, _Compare>(__m, __last, __comp, __len - __l2, __buff, __buff_size);
+  std::__inplace_merge<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __m, __last, __comp, __l2, __len - __l2, __buff, __buff_size);
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__stable_sort_impl(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare& __comp) {
+  using value_type      = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::
diff erence_type;
+
+  
diff erence_type __len = __last - __first;
+  pair<value_type*, ptr
diff _t> __buf(0, 0);
+  unique_ptr<value_type, __return_temporary_buffer> __h;
+  if (__len > static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__stable_sort_switch<value_type>::value)) {
+    // TODO: Remove the use of std::get_temporary_buffer
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+    __buf = std::get_temporary_buffer<value_type>(__len);
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+    __h.reset(__buf.first);
+  }
+
+  std::__stable_sort<_AlgPolicy, __comp_ref_type<_Compare> >(__first, __last, __comp, __len, __buf.first, __buf.second);
+  std::__check_strict_weak_ordering_sorted(__first, __last, __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+stable_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp) {
+  std::__stable_sort_impl<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void stable_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  std::stable_sort(__first, __last, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_STABLE_SORT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/swap_ranges.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/swap_ranges.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..54b453b72360e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/swap_ranges.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SWAP_RANGES_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SWAP_RANGES_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// 2+2 iterators: the shorter size will be used.
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _Sentinel1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _Sentinel2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_ForwardIterator1, _ForwardIterator2>
+__swap_ranges(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _Sentinel1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _Sentinel2 __last2) {
+  while (__first1 != __last1 && __first2 != __last2) {
+    _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__first1, __first2);
+    ++__first1;
+    ++__first2;
+  }
+
+  return pair<_ForwardIterator1, _ForwardIterator2>(std::move(__first1), std::move(__first2));
+}
+
+// 2+1 iterators: size2 >= size1.
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _Sentinel1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_ForwardIterator1, _ForwardIterator2>
+__swap_ranges(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _Sentinel1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2) {
+  while (__first1 != __last1) {
+    _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::iter_swap(__first1, __first2);
+    ++__first1;
+    ++__first2;
+  }
+
+  return pair<_ForwardIterator1, _ForwardIterator2>(std::move(__first1), std::move(__first2));
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator2
+swap_ranges(_ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2) {
+  return std::__swap_ranges<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2)).second;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_SWAP_RANGES_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/three_way_comp_ref_type.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/three_way_comp_ref_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5702a1fee08262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/three_way_comp_ref_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_THREE_WAY_COMP_REF_TYPE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_THREE_WAY_COMP_REF_TYPE_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Comp>
+struct __debug_three_way_comp {
+  _Comp& __comp_;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __debug_three_way_comp(_Comp& __c) : __comp_(__c) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Up& __y) {
+    auto __r = __comp_(__x, __y);
+    if constexpr (__comparison_category<decltype(__comp_(__x, __y))>)
+      __do_compare_assert(__y, __x, __r);
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp& __x, _Up& __y) {
+    auto __r = __comp_(__x, __y);
+    if constexpr (__comparison_category<decltype(__comp_(__x, __y))>)
+      __do_compare_assert(__y, __x, __r);
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  template <class _LHS, class _RHS, class _Order>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __do_compare_assert(_LHS& __l, _RHS& __r, _Order __o) {
+    _Order __expected = __o;
+    if (__o == _Order::less)
+      __expected = _Order::greater;
+    if (__o == _Order::greater)
+      __expected = _Order::less;
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(
+        __comp_(__l, __r) == __expected, "Comparator does not induce a strict weak ordering");
+    (void)__l;
+    (void)__r;
+  }
+};
+
+// Pass the comparator by lvalue reference. Or in the debug mode, using a debugging wrapper that stores a reference.
+#  if _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE == _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEBUG
+template <class _Comp>
+using __three_way_comp_ref_type = __debug_three_way_comp<_Comp>;
+#  else
+template <class _Comp>
+using __three_way_comp_ref_type = _Comp&;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_THREE_WAY_COMP_REF_TYPE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/transform.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/transform.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1b424409591cec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/transform.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_TRANSFORM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_TRANSFORM_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _UnaryOperation>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+transform(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _UnaryOperation __op) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first, (void)++__result)
+    *__result = __op(*__first);
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _OutputIterator, class _BinaryOperation>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator transform(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _OutputIterator __result,
+    _BinaryOperation __binary_op) {
+  for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, (void)++__first2, ++__result)
+    *__result = __binary_op(*__first1, *__first2);
+  return __result;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_TRANSFORM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/uniform_random_bit_generator_adaptor.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/uniform_random_bit_generator_adaptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..aef0fbfb7c2842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/uniform_random_bit_generator_adaptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UNIFORM_RANDOM_BIT_GENERATOR_ADAPTOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UNIFORM_RANDOM_BIT_GENERATOR_ADAPTOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Range versions of random algorithms (e.g. `std::shuffle`) are less constrained than their classic counterparts.
+// Range algorithms only require the given generator to satisfy the `std::uniform_random_bit_generator` concept.
+// Classic algorithms require the given generator to meet the uniform random bit generator requirements; these
+// requirements include satisfying `std::uniform_random_bit_generator` and add a requirement for the generator to
+// provide a nested `result_type` typedef (see `[rand.req.urng]`).
+//
+// To be able to reuse classic implementations, make the given generator meet the classic requirements by wrapping
+// it into an adaptor type that forwards all of its interface and adds the required typedef.
+template <class _Gen>
+class _ClassicGenAdaptor {
+private:
+  // The generator is not required to be copyable or movable, so it has to be stored as a reference.
+  _Gen& __gen_;
+
+public:
+  using result_type = invoke_result_t<_Gen&>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto min() { return __remove_cvref_t<_Gen>::min(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto max() { return __remove_cvref_t<_Gen>::max(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit _ClassicGenAdaptor(_Gen& __g) : __gen_(__g) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()() const { return __gen_(); }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_RANGES_UNIFORM_RANDOM_BIT_GENERATOR_ADAPTOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unique.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unique.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d597014596f2ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unique.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNIQUE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNIQUE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/adjacent_find.h>
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// unique
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Iter, class _Sent, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 std::pair<_Iter, _Iter>
+__unique(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, _BinaryPredicate&& __pred) {
+  __first = std::__adjacent_find(__first, __last, __pred);
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    // ...  a  a  ?  ...
+    //      f     i
+    _Iter __i = __first;
+    for (++__i; ++__i != __last;)
+      if (!__pred(*__first, *__i))
+        *++__first = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::__iter_move(__i);
+    ++__first;
+    return std::pair<_Iter, _Iter>(std::move(__first), std::move(__i));
+  }
+  return std::pair<_Iter, _Iter>(__first, __first);
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _BinaryPredicate>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+unique(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  return std::__unique<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred).first;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+unique(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  return std::unique(__first, __last, __equal_to());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNIQUE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unique_copy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unique_copy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..16ce80cab32f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unique_copy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNIQUE_COPY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNIQUE_COPY_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_base_of.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __unique_copy_tags {
+
+struct __reread_from_input_tag {};
+struct __reread_from_output_tag {};
+struct __read_from_tmp_value_tag {};
+
+} // namespace __unique_copy_tags
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _BinaryPredicate, class _InputIterator, class _Sent, class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_InputIterator, _OutputIterator>
+__unique_copy(_InputIterator __first,
+              _Sent __last,
+              _OutputIterator __result,
+              _BinaryPredicate&& __pred,
+              __unique_copy_tags::__read_from_tmp_value_tag) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    typename _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::template __value_type<_InputIterator> __t(*__first);
+    *__result = __t;
+    ++__result;
+    while (++__first != __last) {
+      if (!__pred(__t, *__first)) {
+        __t       = *__first;
+        *__result = __t;
+        ++__result;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return pair<_InputIterator, _OutputIterator>(std::move(__first), std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _BinaryPredicate, class _ForwardIterator, class _Sent, class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_ForwardIterator, _OutputIterator>
+__unique_copy(_ForwardIterator __first,
+              _Sent __last,
+              _OutputIterator __result,
+              _BinaryPredicate&& __pred,
+              __unique_copy_tags::__reread_from_input_tag) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __i = __first;
+    *__result            = *__i;
+    ++__result;
+    while (++__first != __last) {
+      if (!__pred(*__i, *__first)) {
+        *__result = *__first;
+        ++__result;
+        __i = __first;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return pair<_ForwardIterator, _OutputIterator>(std::move(__first), std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _BinaryPredicate, class _InputIterator, class _Sent, class _InputAndOutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_InputIterator, _InputAndOutputIterator>
+__unique_copy(_InputIterator __first,
+              _Sent __last,
+              _InputAndOutputIterator __result,
+              _BinaryPredicate&& __pred,
+              __unique_copy_tags::__reread_from_output_tag) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    *__result = *__first;
+    while (++__first != __last)
+      if (!__pred(*__result, *__first))
+        *++__result = *__first;
+    ++__result;
+  }
+  return pair<_InputIterator, _InputAndOutputIterator>(std::move(__first), std::move(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _BinaryPredicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+unique_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+  using __algo_tag = __conditional_t<
+      is_base_of<forward_iterator_tag, typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::iterator_category>::value,
+      __unique_copy_tags::__reread_from_input_tag,
+      __conditional_t<
+          is_base_of<forward_iterator_tag, typename iterator_traits<_OutputIterator>::iterator_category>::value &&
+              is_same< typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type,
+                       typename iterator_traits<_OutputIterator>::value_type>::value,
+          __unique_copy_tags::__reread_from_output_tag,
+          __unique_copy_tags::__read_from_tmp_value_tag> >;
+  return std::__unique_copy<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+             std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result), __pred, __algo_tag())
+      .second;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+unique_copy(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result) {
+  return std::unique_copy(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__result), __equal_to());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNIQUE_COPY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8cc0d22d4fc211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNWRAP_ITER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNWRAP_ITER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// TODO: Change the name of __unwrap_iter_impl to something more appropriate
+// The job of __unwrap_iter is to remove iterator wrappers (like reverse_iterator or __wrap_iter),
+// to reduce the number of template instantiations and to enable pointer-based optimizations e.g. in std::copy.
+//
+// Some algorithms (e.g. std::copy, but not std::sort) need to convert an
+// "unwrapped" result back into the original iterator type. Doing that is the job of __rewrap_iter.
+
+// Default case - we can't unwrap anything
+template <class _Iter, bool = __libcpp_is_contiguous_iterator<_Iter>::value>
+struct __unwrap_iter_impl {
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Iter __rewrap(_Iter, _Iter __iter) { return __iter; }
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Iter __unwrap(_Iter __i) _NOEXCEPT { return __i; }
+};
+
+// TODO(hardening): make sure that the following unwrapping doesn't unexpectedly turn hardened iterators into raw
+// pointers.
+
+// It's a contiguous iterator, so we can use a raw pointer instead
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __unwrap_iter_impl<_Iter, true> {
+  using _ToAddressT = decltype(std::__to_address(std::declval<_Iter>()));
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Iter __rewrap(_Iter __orig_iter, _ToAddressT __unwrapped_iter) {
+    return __orig_iter + (__unwrapped_iter - std::__to_address(__orig_iter));
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _ToAddressT __unwrap(_Iter __i) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__to_address(__i);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Iter,
+          class _Impl                                             = __unwrap_iter_impl<_Iter>,
+          __enable_if_t<is_copy_constructible<_Iter>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 decltype(_Impl::__unwrap(std::declval<_Iter>()))
+__unwrap_iter(_Iter __i) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return _Impl::__unwrap(__i);
+}
+
+// Allow input_iterators to be passed to __unwrap_iter (but not __rewrap_iter)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Iter, __enable_if_t<!is_copy_constructible<_Iter>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter __unwrap_iter(_Iter __i) noexcept {
+  return __i;
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _OrigIter, class _Iter, class _Impl = __unwrap_iter_impl<_OrigIter> >
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _OrigIter __rewrap_iter(_OrigIter __orig_iter, _Iter __iter) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return _Impl::__rewrap(std::move(__orig_iter), std::move(__iter));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNWRAP_ITER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unwrap_range.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unwrap_range.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2d4b9bb5545ad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/unwrap_range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNWRAP_RANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNWRAP_RANGE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// __unwrap_range and __rewrap_range are used to unwrap ranges which may have 
diff erent iterator and sentinel types.
+// __unwrap_iter and __rewrap_iter don't work for this, because they assume that the iterator and sentinel have
+// the same type. __unwrap_range tries to get two iterators and then forward to __unwrap_iter.
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent>
+struct __unwrap_range_impl {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __unwrap(_Iter __first, _Sent __sent)
+    requires random_access_iterator<_Iter> && sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _Iter>
+  {
+    auto __last = ranges::next(__first, __sent);
+    return pair{std::__unwrap_iter(std::move(__first)), std::__unwrap_iter(std::move(__last))};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __unwrap(_Iter __first, _Sent __last) {
+    return pair{std::move(__first), std::move(__last)};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto
+  __rewrap(_Iter __orig_iter, decltype(std::__unwrap_iter(std::move(__orig_iter))) __iter)
+    requires random_access_iterator<_Iter> && sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _Iter>
+  {
+    return std::__rewrap_iter(std::move(__orig_iter), std::move(__iter));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __rewrap(const _Iter&, _Iter __iter)
+    requires(!(random_access_iterator<_Iter> && sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _Iter>))
+  {
+    return __iter;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __unwrap_range_impl<_Iter, _Iter> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __unwrap(_Iter __first, _Iter __last) {
+    return pair{std::__unwrap_iter(std::move(__first)), std::__unwrap_iter(std::move(__last))};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto
+  __rewrap(_Iter __orig_iter, decltype(std::__unwrap_iter(__orig_iter)) __iter) {
+    return std::__rewrap_iter(std::move(__orig_iter), std::move(__iter));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __unwrap_range(_Iter __first, _Sent __last) {
+  return __unwrap_range_impl<_Iter, _Sent>::__unwrap(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+}
+
+template < class _Sent, class _Iter, class _Unwrapped>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter __rewrap_range(_Iter __orig_iter, _Unwrapped __iter) {
+  return __unwrap_range_impl<_Iter, _Sent>::__rewrap(std::move(__orig_iter), std::move(__iter));
+}
+#else  // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Iter, class _Unwrapped = decltype(std::__unwrap_iter(std::declval<_Iter>()))>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR pair<_Unwrapped, _Unwrapped> __unwrap_range(_Iter __first, _Iter __last) {
+  return std::make_pair(std::__unwrap_iter(std::move(__first)), std::__unwrap_iter(std::move(__last)));
+}
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Unwrapped>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Iter __rewrap_range(_Iter __orig_iter, _Unwrapped __iter) {
+  return std::__rewrap_iter(std::move(__orig_iter), std::move(__iter));
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UNWRAP_RANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/upper_bound.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/upper_bound.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c39dec2e896982
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__algorithm/upper_bound.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UPPER_BOUND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UPPER_BOUND_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/half_positive.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Compare, class _Iter, class _Sent, class _Tp, class _Proj>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Iter
+__upper_bound(_Iter __first, _Sent __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare&& __comp, _Proj&& __proj) {
+  auto __len = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::distance(__first, __last);
+  while (__len != 0) {
+    auto __half_len = std::__half_positive(__len);
+    auto __mid      = _IterOps<_AlgPolicy>::next(__first, __half_len);
+    if (std::__invoke(__comp, __value, std::__invoke(__proj, *__mid)))
+      __len = __half_len;
+    else {
+      __first = ++__mid;
+      __len -= __half_len + 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+upper_bound(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value, _Compare __comp) {
+  static_assert(is_copy_constructible<_ForwardIterator>::value, "Iterator has to be copy constructible");
+  return std::__upper_bound<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(
+      std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __value, std::move(__comp), std::__identity());
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+upper_bound(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) {
+  return std::upper_bound(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __value, __less<>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ALGORITHM_UPPER_BOUND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__assert b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__assert
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..49769fb4d44978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__assert
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ASSERT
+#define _LIBCPP___ASSERT
+
+#include <__assertion_handler> // Note: this include is generated by CMake and is potentially vendor-provided.
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#define _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)                                                                            \
+  (__builtin_expect(static_cast<bool>(expression), 1)                                                                  \
+       ? (void)0                                                                                                       \
+       : _LIBCPP_ASSERTION_HANDLER(__FILE__ ":" _LIBCPP_TOSTRING(__LINE__) ": assertion " _LIBCPP_TOSTRING(            \
+             expression) " failed: " message "\n"))
+
+// TODO: __builtin_assume can currently inhibit optimizations. Until this has been fixed and we can add
+//       assumptions without a clear optimization intent, disable that to avoid worsening the code generation.
+//       See https://discourse.llvm.org/t/llvm-assume-blocks-optimization/71609 for a discussion.
+#if 0 && __has_builtin(__builtin_assume)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)                                                                                   \
+    (_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wassume")                                              \
+         __builtin_assume(static_cast<bool>(expression)) _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP)
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+// clang-format off
+// Fast hardening mode checks.
+
+#if _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE == _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST
+
+// Enabled checks.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(expression, message)       _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+// Disabled checks.
+// On most modern platforms, dereferencing a null pointer does not lead to an actual memory access.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+// Overlapping ranges will make algorithms produce incorrect results but don't directly lead to a security
+// vulnerability.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_OVERLAPPING_RANGES(expression, message)  _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_DEALLOCATION(expression, message)      _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(expression, message) _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(expression, message)  _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(expression, message)           _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+
+// Extensive hardening mode checks.
+
+#elif _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE == _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_EXTENSIVE
+
+// Enabled checks.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(expression, message)       _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_OVERLAPPING_RANGES(expression, message)  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_DEALLOCATION(expression, message)      _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(expression, message) _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(expression, message)  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(expression, message)           _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+// Disabled checks.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+
+// Debug hardening mode checks.
+
+#elif _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE == _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEBUG
+
+// All checks enabled.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(expression, message)       _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_OVERLAPPING_RANGES(expression, message)  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_DEALLOCATION(expression, message)      _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(expression, message) _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(expression, message)  _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(expression, message)           _LIBCPP_ASSERT(expression, message)
+
+// Disable all checks if hardening is not enabled.
+
+#else
+
+// All checks disabled.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(expression, message)       _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_OVERLAPPING_RANGES(expression, message)  _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_DEALLOCATION(expression, message)      _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(expression, message) _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(expression, message)  _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(expression, message)    _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(expression, message)                _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(expression, message)           _LIBCPP_ASSUME(expression)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE == _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST
+// clang-format on
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ASSERT

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/aliases.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/aliases.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e27e09af6b77d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/aliases.h
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ALIASES_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ALIASES_H
+
+#include <__atomic/atomic.h>
+#include <__atomic/atomic_lock_free.h>
+#include <__atomic/contention_t.h>
+#include <__atomic/is_always_lock_free.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using atomic_bool   = atomic<bool>;
+using atomic_char   = atomic<char>;
+using atomic_schar  = atomic<signed char>;
+using atomic_uchar  = atomic<unsigned char>;
+using atomic_short  = atomic<short>;
+using atomic_ushort = atomic<unsigned short>;
+using atomic_int    = atomic<int>;
+using atomic_uint   = atomic<unsigned int>;
+using atomic_long   = atomic<long>;
+using atomic_ulong  = atomic<unsigned long>;
+using atomic_llong  = atomic<long long>;
+using atomic_ullong = atomic<unsigned long long>;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+using atomic_char8_t = atomic<char8_t>;
+#endif
+using atomic_char16_t = atomic<char16_t>;
+using atomic_char32_t = atomic<char32_t>;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using atomic_wchar_t = atomic<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+using atomic_int_least8_t   = atomic<int_least8_t>;
+using atomic_uint_least8_t  = atomic<uint_least8_t>;
+using atomic_int_least16_t  = atomic<int_least16_t>;
+using atomic_uint_least16_t = atomic<uint_least16_t>;
+using atomic_int_least32_t  = atomic<int_least32_t>;
+using atomic_uint_least32_t = atomic<uint_least32_t>;
+using atomic_int_least64_t  = atomic<int_least64_t>;
+using atomic_uint_least64_t = atomic<uint_least64_t>;
+
+using atomic_int_fast8_t   = atomic<int_fast8_t>;
+using atomic_uint_fast8_t  = atomic<uint_fast8_t>;
+using atomic_int_fast16_t  = atomic<int_fast16_t>;
+using atomic_uint_fast16_t = atomic<uint_fast16_t>;
+using atomic_int_fast32_t  = atomic<int_fast32_t>;
+using atomic_uint_fast32_t = atomic<uint_fast32_t>;
+using atomic_int_fast64_t  = atomic<int_fast64_t>;
+using atomic_uint_fast64_t = atomic<uint_fast64_t>;
+
+using atomic_int8_t   = atomic< int8_t>;
+using atomic_uint8_t  = atomic<uint8_t>;
+using atomic_int16_t  = atomic< int16_t>;
+using atomic_uint16_t = atomic<uint16_t>;
+using atomic_int32_t  = atomic< int32_t>;
+using atomic_uint32_t = atomic<uint32_t>;
+using atomic_int64_t  = atomic< int64_t>;
+using atomic_uint64_t = atomic<uint64_t>;
+
+using atomic_intptr_t  = atomic<intptr_t>;
+using atomic_uintptr_t = atomic<uintptr_t>;
+using atomic_size_t    = atomic<size_t>;
+using atomic_ptr
diff _t = atomic<ptr
diff _t>;
+using atomic_intmax_t  = atomic<intmax_t>;
+using atomic_uintmax_t = atomic<uintmax_t>;
+
+// C++20 atomic_{signed,unsigned}_lock_free: prefer the contention type most highly, then the largest lock-free type
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  if ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE == 2
+using __largest_lock_free_type = long long;
+#  elif ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE == 2
+using __largest_lock_free_type = int;
+#  elif ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE == 2
+using __largest_lock_free_type = short;
+#  elif ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE == 2
+using __largest_lock_free_type = char;
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_LOCK_FREE_TYPES // There are no lockfree types (this can happen on unusual platforms)
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_LOCK_FREE_TYPES
+using __contention_t_or_largest =
+    __conditional_t<__libcpp_is_always_lock_free<__cxx_contention_t>::__value,
+                    __cxx_contention_t,
+                    __largest_lock_free_type>;
+
+using atomic_signed_lock_free   = atomic<__contention_t_or_largest>;
+using atomic_unsigned_lock_free = atomic<make_unsigned_t<__contention_t_or_largest>>;
+#  endif // !_LIBCPP_NO_LOCK_FREE_TYPES
+#endif   // C++20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ALIASES_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bd3f659c22df01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_H
+
+#include <__atomic/atomic_base.h>
+#include <__atomic/check_memory_order.h>
+#include <__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h>
+#include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_volatile.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct atomic : public __atomic_base<_Tp> {
+  using __base          = __atomic_base<_Tp>;
+  using value_type      = _Tp;
+  using 
diff erence_type = value_type;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI atomic() = default;
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI atomic() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR atomic(_Tp __d) _NOEXCEPT : __base(__d) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator=(_Tp __d) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    __base::store(__d);
+    return __d;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator=(_Tp __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __base::store(__d);
+    return __d;
+  }
+
+  atomic& operator=(const atomic&)          = delete;
+  atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
+};
+
+// atomic<T*>
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct atomic<_Tp*> : public __atomic_base<_Tp*> {
+  using __base          = __atomic_base<_Tp*>;
+  using value_type      = _Tp*;
+  using 
diff erence_type = ptr
diff _t;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI atomic() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR atomic(_Tp* __d) _NOEXCEPT : __base(__d) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator=(_Tp* __d) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    __base::store(__d);
+    return __d;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator=(_Tp* __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __base::store(__d);
+    return __d;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* fetch_add(ptr
diff _t __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    // __atomic_fetch_add accepts function pointers, guard against them.
+    static_assert(!is_function<__remove_pointer_t<_Tp> >::value, "Pointer to function isn't allowed");
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_add(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* fetch_add(ptr
diff _t __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    // __atomic_fetch_add accepts function pointers, guard against them.
+    static_assert(!is_function<__remove_pointer_t<_Tp> >::value, "Pointer to function isn't allowed");
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_add(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* fetch_sub(ptr
diff _t __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    // __atomic_fetch_add accepts function pointers, guard against them.
+    static_assert(!is_function<__remove_pointer_t<_Tp> >::value, "Pointer to function isn't allowed");
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_sub(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* fetch_sub(ptr
diff _t __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    // __atomic_fetch_add accepts function pointers, guard against them.
+    static_assert(!is_function<__remove_pointer_t<_Tp> >::value, "Pointer to function isn't allowed");
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_sub(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator++(int) volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator++(int) _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator--(int) volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator--(int) _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator++() volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(1) + 1; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator++() _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(1) + 1; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator--() volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(1) - 1; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator--() _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(1) - 1; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator+=(ptr
diff _t __op) volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(__op) + __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator+=(ptr
diff _t __op) _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(__op) + __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator-=(ptr
diff _t __op) volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(__op) - __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator-=(ptr
diff _t __op) _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(__op) - __op; }
+
+  atomic& operator=(const atomic&)          = delete;
+  atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires is_floating_point_v<_Tp>
+struct atomic<_Tp> : __atomic_base<_Tp> {
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __is_fp80_long_double() {
+    // Only x87-fp80 long double has 64-bit mantissa
+    return __LDBL_MANT_DIG__ == 64 && std::is_same_v<_Tp, long double>;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __has_rmw_builtin() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED
+    return false;
+#  else
+    // The builtin __cxx_atomic_fetch_add errors during compilation for
+    // long double on platforms with fp80 format.
+    // For more details, see
+    // lib/Sema/SemaChecking.cpp function IsAllowedValueType
+    // LLVM Parser does not allow atomicrmw with x86_fp80 type.
+    // if (ValType->isSpecificBuiltinType(BuiltinType::LongDouble) &&
+    //    &Context.getTargetInfo().getLongDoubleFormat() ==
+    //        &llvm::APFloat::x87DoubleExtended())
+    // For more info
+    // https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/68602
+    // https://reviews.llvm.org/D53965
+    return !__is_fp80_long_double();
+#  endif
+  }
+
+  template <class _This, class _Operation, class _BuiltinOp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Tp
+  __rmw_op(_This&& __self, _Tp __operand, memory_order __m, _Operation __operation, _BuiltinOp __builtin_op) {
+    if constexpr (__has_rmw_builtin()) {
+      return __builtin_op(std::addressof(std::forward<_This>(__self).__a_), __operand, __m);
+    } else {
+      _Tp __old = __self.load(memory_order_relaxed);
+      _Tp __new = __operation(__old, __operand);
+      while (!__self.compare_exchange_weak(__old, __new, __m, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED
+        if constexpr (__is_fp80_long_double()) {
+          // https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/47978
+          // clang bug: __old is not updated on failure for atomic<long double>::compare_exchange_weak
+          // Note __old = __self.load(memory_order_relaxed) will not work
+          std::__cxx_atomic_load_inplace(std::addressof(__self.__a_), &__old, memory_order_relaxed);
+        }
+#  endif
+        __new = __operation(__old, __operand);
+      }
+      return __old;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _This>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Tp __fetch_add(_This&& __self, _Tp __operand, memory_order __m) {
+    auto __builtin_op = [](auto __a, auto __builtin_operand, auto __order) {
+      return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_add(__a, __builtin_operand, __order);
+    };
+    return __rmw_op(std::forward<_This>(__self), __operand, __m, std::plus<>{}, __builtin_op);
+  }
+
+  template <class _This>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Tp __fetch_sub(_This&& __self, _Tp __operand, memory_order __m) {
+    auto __builtin_op = [](auto __a, auto __builtin_operand, auto __order) {
+      return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_sub(__a, __builtin_operand, __order);
+    };
+    return __rmw_op(std::forward<_This>(__self), __operand, __m, std::minus<>{}, __builtin_op);
+  }
+
+public:
+  using __base          = __atomic_base<_Tp>;
+  using value_type      = _Tp;
+  using 
diff erence_type = value_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr atomic() noexcept = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr atomic(_Tp __d) noexcept : __base(__d) {}
+
+  atomic(const atomic&)                     = delete;
+  atomic& operator=(const atomic&)          = delete;
+  atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator=(_Tp __d) volatile noexcept
+    requires __base::is_always_lock_free
+  {
+    __base::store(__d);
+    return __d;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator=(_Tp __d) noexcept {
+    __base::store(__d);
+    return __d;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_add(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept
+    requires __base::is_always_lock_free
+  {
+    return __fetch_add(*this, __op, __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_add(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept {
+    return __fetch_add(*this, __op, __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_sub(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept
+    requires __base::is_always_lock_free
+  {
+    return __fetch_sub(*this, __op, __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_sub(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept {
+    return __fetch_sub(*this, __op, __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator+=(_Tp __op) volatile noexcept
+    requires __base::is_always_lock_free
+  {
+    return fetch_add(__op) + __op;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator+=(_Tp __op) noexcept { return fetch_add(__op) + __op; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator-=(_Tp __op) volatile noexcept
+    requires __base::is_always_lock_free
+  {
+    return fetch_sub(__op) - __op;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator-=(_Tp __op) noexcept { return fetch_sub(__op) - __op; }
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// atomic_is_lock_free
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_is_lock_free(const volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->is_lock_free();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_is_lock_free(const atomic<_Tp>* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->is_lock_free();
+}
+
+// atomic_init
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_init(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+  std::__cxx_atomic_init(std::addressof(__o->__a_), __d);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_init(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+  std::__cxx_atomic_init(std::addressof(__o->__a_), __d);
+}
+
+// atomic_store
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void atomic_store(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->store(__d);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void atomic_store(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->store(__d);
+}
+
+// atomic_store_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_store_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT
+    _LIBCPP_CHECK_STORE_MEMORY_ORDER(__m) {
+  __o->store(__d, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_store_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT
+    _LIBCPP_CHECK_STORE_MEMORY_ORDER(__m) {
+  __o->store(__d, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_load
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_load(const volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->load();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_load(const atomic<_Tp>* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->load();
+}
+
+// atomic_load_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_load_explicit(const volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT
+    _LIBCPP_CHECK_LOAD_MEMORY_ORDER(__m) {
+  return __o->load(__m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_load_explicit(const atomic<_Tp>* __o, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT
+    _LIBCPP_CHECK_LOAD_MEMORY_ORDER(__m) {
+  return __o->load(__m);
+}
+
+// atomic_exchange
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_exchange(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->exchange(__d);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_exchange(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->exchange(__d);
+}
+
+// atomic_exchange_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+atomic_exchange_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->exchange(__d, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+atomic_exchange_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->exchange(__d, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_compare_exchange_weak
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak(
+    volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type* __e, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->compare_exchange_weak(*__e, __d);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak(
+    atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type* __e, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->compare_exchange_weak(*__e, __d);
+}
+
+// atomic_compare_exchange_strong
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong(
+    volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type* __e, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->compare_exchange_strong(*__e, __d);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong(
+    atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type* __e, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->compare_exchange_strong(*__e, __d);
+}
+
+// atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(
+    volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o,
+    typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type* __e,
+    typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d,
+    memory_order __s,
+    memory_order __f) _NOEXCEPT _LIBCPP_CHECK_EXCHANGE_MEMORY_ORDER(__s, __f) {
+  return __o->compare_exchange_weak(*__e, __d, __s, __f);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(
+    atomic<_Tp>* __o,
+    typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type* __e,
+    typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d,
+    memory_order __s,
+    memory_order __f) _NOEXCEPT _LIBCPP_CHECK_EXCHANGE_MEMORY_ORDER(__s, __f) {
+  return __o->compare_exchange_weak(*__e, __d, __s, __f);
+}
+
+// atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(
+    volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o,
+    typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type* __e,
+    typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d,
+    memory_order __s,
+    memory_order __f) _NOEXCEPT _LIBCPP_CHECK_EXCHANGE_MEMORY_ORDER(__s, __f) {
+  return __o->compare_exchange_strong(*__e, __d, __s, __f);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(
+    atomic<_Tp>* __o,
+    typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type* __e,
+    typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __d,
+    memory_order __s,
+    memory_order __f) _NOEXCEPT _LIBCPP_CHECK_EXCHANGE_MEMORY_ORDER(__s, __f) {
+  return __o->compare_exchange_strong(*__e, __d, __s, __f);
+}
+
+// atomic_wait
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_wait(const volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->wait(__v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_wait(const atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->wait(__v);
+}
+
+// atomic_wait_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_wait_explicit(const volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __v, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT
+    _LIBCPP_CHECK_LOAD_MEMORY_ORDER(__m) {
+  return __o->wait(__v, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_wait_explicit(const atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __v, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT
+    _LIBCPP_CHECK_LOAD_MEMORY_ORDER(__m) {
+  return __o->wait(__v, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_notify_one
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_notify_one(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->notify_one();
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_notify_one(atomic<_Tp>* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->notify_one();
+}
+
+// atomic_notify_all
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_notify_all(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->notify_all();
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+atomic_notify_all(atomic<_Tp>* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->notify_all();
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_add
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+atomic_fetch_add(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::
diff erence_type __op) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_add(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_add(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::
diff erence_type __op) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_add(__op);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_add_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_add_explicit(
+    volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::
diff erence_type __op, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_add(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+atomic_fetch_add_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::
diff erence_type __op, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_add(__op, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_sub
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+atomic_fetch_sub(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::
diff erence_type __op) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_sub(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_sub(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::
diff erence_type __op) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_sub(__op);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_sub_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(
+    volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::
diff erence_type __op, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_sub(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::
diff erence_type __op, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_sub(__op, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_and
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_and(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_and(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_and(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_and(__op);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_and_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_and_explicit(
+    volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_and(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+atomic_fetch_and_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_and(__op, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_or
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_or(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_or(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_or(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_or(__op);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_or_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+atomic_fetch_or_explicit(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_or(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+atomic_fetch_or_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_or(__op, __m);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_xor
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_xor(volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_xor(__op);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_xor(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_xor(__op);
+}
+
+// atomic_fetch_xor_explicit
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp atomic_fetch_xor_explicit(
+    volatile atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_xor(__op, __m);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+atomic_fetch_xor_explicit(atomic<_Tp>* __o, typename atomic<_Tp>::value_type __op, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->fetch_xor(__op, __m);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_base.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_base.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7e26434c9c3a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_base.h
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_BASE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_BASE_H
+
+#include <__atomic/atomic_sync.h>
+#include <__atomic/check_memory_order.h>
+#include <__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h>
+#include <__atomic/is_always_lock_free.h>
+#include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value>
+struct __atomic_base // false
+{
+  mutable __cxx_atomic_impl<_Tp> __a_;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free = __libcpp_is_always_lock_free<__cxx_atomic_impl<_Tp> >::__value;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_lock_free() const volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __cxx_atomic_is_lock_free(sizeof(__cxx_atomic_impl<_Tp>));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_lock_free() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<__atomic_base const volatile*>(this)->is_lock_free();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void store(_Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_STORE_MEMORY_ORDER(__m) {
+    std::__cxx_atomic_store(std::addressof(__a_), __d, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void store(_Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_STORE_MEMORY_ORDER(__m) {
+    std::__cxx_atomic_store(std::addressof(__a_), __d, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp load(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile _NOEXCEPT
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_LOAD_MEMORY_ORDER(__m) {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_load(std::addressof(__a_), __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp load(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) const _NOEXCEPT
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_LOAD_MEMORY_ORDER(__m) {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_load(std::addressof(__a_), __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator _Tp() const volatile _NOEXCEPT { return load(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator _Tp() const _NOEXCEPT { return load(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp exchange(_Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_exchange(std::addressof(__a_), __d, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp exchange(_Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_exchange(std::addressof(__a_), __d, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  compare_exchange_weak(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d, memory_order __s, memory_order __f) volatile _NOEXCEPT
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_EXCHANGE_MEMORY_ORDER(__s, __f) {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_weak(std::addressof(__a_), std::addressof(__e), __d, __s, __f);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool compare_exchange_weak(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d, memory_order __s, memory_order __f) _NOEXCEPT
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_EXCHANGE_MEMORY_ORDER(__s, __f) {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_weak(std::addressof(__a_), std::addressof(__e), __d, __s, __f);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  compare_exchange_strong(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d, memory_order __s, memory_order __f) volatile _NOEXCEPT
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_EXCHANGE_MEMORY_ORDER(__s, __f) {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_strong(std::addressof(__a_), std::addressof(__e), __d, __s, __f);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool compare_exchange_strong(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d, memory_order __s, memory_order __f) _NOEXCEPT
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_EXCHANGE_MEMORY_ORDER(__s, __f) {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_strong(std::addressof(__a_), std::addressof(__e), __d, __s, __f);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  compare_exchange_weak(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_weak(std::addressof(__a_), std::addressof(__e), __d, __m, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  compare_exchange_weak(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_weak(std::addressof(__a_), std::addressof(__e), __d, __m, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  compare_exchange_strong(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_strong(std::addressof(__a_), std::addressof(__e), __d, __m, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  compare_exchange_strong(_Tp& __e, _Tp __d, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_strong(std::addressof(__a_), std::addressof(__e), __d, __m, __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait(_Tp __v, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) const
+      volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__atomic_wait(*this, __v, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  wait(_Tp __v, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__atomic_wait(*this, __v, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_one() volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__atomic_notify_one(*this);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_one() _NOEXCEPT { std::__atomic_notify_one(*this); }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_all() volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__atomic_notify_all(*this);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_all() _NOEXCEPT { std::__atomic_notify_all(*this); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __atomic_base() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Tp>) : __a_(_Tp()) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __atomic_base() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __atomic_base(_Tp __d) _NOEXCEPT : __a_(__d) {}
+
+  __atomic_base(const __atomic_base&) = delete;
+};
+
+// atomic<Integral>
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __atomic_base<_Tp, true> : public __atomic_base<_Tp, false> {
+  using __base = __atomic_base<_Tp, false>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __atomic_base() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __atomic_base(_Tp __d) _NOEXCEPT : __base(__d) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_add(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_add(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_add(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_add(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_sub(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_sub(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_sub(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_sub(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_and(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_and(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_and(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_and(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_or(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_or(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_or(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_or(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_xor(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_xor(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_xor(_Tp __op, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_fetch_xor(std::addressof(this->__a_), __op, __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator++(int) volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(_Tp(1)); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator++(int) _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(_Tp(1)); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator--(int) volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(_Tp(1)); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator--(int) _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(_Tp(1)); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator++() volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(_Tp(1)) + _Tp(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator++() _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(_Tp(1)) + _Tp(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator--() volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(_Tp(1)) - _Tp(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator--() _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(_Tp(1)) - _Tp(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator+=(_Tp __op) volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(__op) + __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator+=(_Tp __op) _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_add(__op) + __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator-=(_Tp __op) volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(__op) - __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator-=(_Tp __op) _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_sub(__op) - __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator&=(_Tp __op) volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_and(__op) & __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator&=(_Tp __op) _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_and(__op) & __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator|=(_Tp __op) volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_or(__op) | __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator|=(_Tp __op) _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_or(__op) | __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator^=(_Tp __op) volatile _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_xor(__op) ^ __op; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator^=(_Tp __op) _NOEXCEPT { return fetch_xor(__op) ^ __op; }
+};
+
+// Here we need _IsIntegral because the default template argument is not enough
+// e.g  __atomic_base<int> is __atomic_base<int, true>, which inherits from
+// __atomic_base<int, false> and the caller of the wait function is
+// __atomic_base<int, false>. So specializing __atomic_base<_Tp> does not work
+template <class _Tp, bool _IsIntegral>
+struct __atomic_waitable_traits<__atomic_base<_Tp, _IsIntegral> > {
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __atomic_load(const __atomic_base<_Tp, _IsIntegral>& __a, memory_order __order) {
+    return __a.load(__order);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+  __atomic_load(const volatile __atomic_base<_Tp, _IsIntegral>& __this, memory_order __order) {
+    return __this.load(__order);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const __cxx_atomic_impl<_Tp>*
+  __atomic_contention_address(const __atomic_base<_Tp, _IsIntegral>& __a) {
+    return std::addressof(__a.__a_);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const volatile __cxx_atomic_impl<_Tp>*
+  __atomic_contention_address(const volatile __atomic_base<_Tp, _IsIntegral>& __this) {
+    return std::addressof(__this.__a_);
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_BASE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_flag.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_flag.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..00b157cdff78b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_flag.h
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_FLAG_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_FLAG_H
+
+#include <__atomic/atomic_sync.h>
+#include <__atomic/contention_t.h>
+#include <__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h>
+#include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__thread/support.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct atomic_flag {
+  __cxx_atomic_impl<_LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE> __a_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool test(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE(true) == __cxx_atomic_load(&__a_, __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool test(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE(true) == __cxx_atomic_load(&__a_, __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool test_and_set(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __cxx_atomic_exchange(&__a_, _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE(true), __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool test_and_set(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __cxx_atomic_exchange(&__a_, _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE(true), __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    __cxx_atomic_store(&__a_, _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE(false), __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear(memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __cxx_atomic_store(&__a_, _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE(false), __m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  wait(bool __v, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__atomic_wait(*this, _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE(__v), __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  wait(bool __v, memory_order __m = memory_order_seq_cst) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__atomic_wait(*this, _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE(__v), __m);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_one() volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__atomic_notify_one(*this);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_one() _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__atomic_notify_one(*this);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_all() volatile _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__atomic_notify_all(*this);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_all() _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__atomic_notify_all(*this);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr atomic_flag() _NOEXCEPT : __a_(false) {}
+#else
+  atomic_flag() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR atomic_flag(bool __b) _NOEXCEPT : __a_(__b) {} // EXTENSION
+
+  atomic_flag(const atomic_flag&)                     = delete;
+  atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&)          = delete;
+  atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&) volatile = delete;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __atomic_waitable_traits<atomic_flag> {
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE __atomic_load(const atomic_flag& __a, memory_order __order) {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_load(&__a.__a_, __order);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE
+  __atomic_load(const volatile atomic_flag& __a, memory_order __order) {
+    return std::__cxx_atomic_load(&__a.__a_, __order);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const __cxx_atomic_impl<_LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE>*
+  __atomic_contention_address(const atomic_flag& __a) {
+    return std::addressof(__a.__a_);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const volatile __cxx_atomic_impl<_LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE>*
+  __atomic_contention_address(const volatile atomic_flag& __a) {
+    return std::addressof(__a.__a_);
+  }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_flag_test(const volatile atomic_flag* __o) _NOEXCEPT { return __o->test(); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_flag_test(const atomic_flag* __o) _NOEXCEPT { return __o->test(); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+atomic_flag_test_explicit(const volatile atomic_flag* __o, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->test(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_flag_test_explicit(const atomic_flag* __o, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->test(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_flag_test_and_set(volatile atomic_flag* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->test_and_set();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_flag_test_and_set(atomic_flag* __o) _NOEXCEPT { return __o->test_and_set(); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit(volatile atomic_flag* __o, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->test_and_set(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit(atomic_flag* __o, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __o->test_and_set(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void atomic_flag_clear(volatile atomic_flag* __o) _NOEXCEPT { __o->clear(); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void atomic_flag_clear(atomic_flag* __o) _NOEXCEPT { __o->clear(); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void atomic_flag_clear_explicit(volatile atomic_flag* __o, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->clear(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void atomic_flag_clear_explicit(atomic_flag* __o, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->clear(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC void
+atomic_flag_wait(const volatile atomic_flag* __o, bool __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->wait(__v);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC void
+atomic_flag_wait(const atomic_flag* __o, bool __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->wait(__v);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC void
+atomic_flag_wait_explicit(const volatile atomic_flag* __o, bool __v, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->wait(__v, __m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC void
+atomic_flag_wait_explicit(const atomic_flag* __o, bool __v, memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->wait(__v, __m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC void
+atomic_flag_notify_one(volatile atomic_flag* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->notify_one();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC void
+atomic_flag_notify_one(atomic_flag* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->notify_one();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC void
+atomic_flag_notify_all(volatile atomic_flag* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->notify_all();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC void
+atomic_flag_notify_all(atomic_flag* __o) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __o->notify_all();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_FLAG_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_init.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_init.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8e86ba31b4ac3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_init.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_INIT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_INIT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#define ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT {false}
+#define ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(__v) {__v}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED) && !defined(_LIBCPP_DISABLE_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS)
+#  pragma clang deprecated(ATOMIC_VAR_INIT)
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_INIT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_lock_free.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_lock_free.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0715439db45039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_lock_free.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_LOCK_FREE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_LOCK_FREE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__CLANG_ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE)
+#  define ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE __CLANG_ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE __CLANG_ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+#    define ATOMIC_CHAR8_T_LOCK_FREE __CLANG_ATOMIC_CHAR8_T_LOCK_FREE
+#  endif
+#  define ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE __CLANG_ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE __CLANG_ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE __CLANG_ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE __CLANG_ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE __CLANG_ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE __CLANG_ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE __CLANG_ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE __CLANG_ATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE
+#elif defined(__GCC_ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE)
+#  define ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE __GCC_ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+#    define ATOMIC_CHAR8_T_LOCK_FREE __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR8_T_LOCK_FREE
+#  endif
+#  define ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE __GCC_ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE __GCC_ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE __GCC_ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE __GCC_ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE __GCC_ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE
+#  define ATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE __GCC_ATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_LOCK_FREE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_ref.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_ref.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b0180a37ab500c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_ref.h
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//                        Kokkos v. 4.0
+//       Copyright (2022) National Technology & Engineering
+//               Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS).
+//
+// Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with NTESS,
+// the U.S. Government retains certain rights in this software.
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_REF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_REF_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__atomic/atomic_sync.h>
+#include <__atomic/check_memory_order.h>
+#include <__atomic/to_gcc_order.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/has_unique_object_representation.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// These types are required to make __atomic_is_always_lock_free work across GCC and Clang.
+// The purpose of this trick is to make sure that we provide an object with the correct alignment
+// to __atomic_is_always_lock_free, since that answer depends on the alignment.
+template <size_t _Alignment>
+struct __alignment_checker_type {
+  alignas(_Alignment) char __data;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Alignment>
+struct __get_aligner_instance {
+  static constexpr __alignment_checker_type<_Alignment> __instance{};
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __atomic_ref_base {
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Tp* __clear_padding(_Tp& __val) noexcept {
+    _Tp* __ptr = std::addressof(__val);
+#  if __has_builtin(__builtin_clear_padding)
+    __builtin_clear_padding(__ptr);
+#  endif
+    return __ptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static bool __compare_exchange(
+      _Tp* __ptr, _Tp* __expected, _Tp* __desired, bool __is_weak, int __success, int __failure) noexcept {
+    if constexpr (
+#  if __has_builtin(__builtin_clear_padding)
+        has_unique_object_representations_v<_Tp> || floating_point<_Tp>
+#  else
+        true // NOLINT(readability-simplify-boolean-expr)
+#  endif
+    ) {
+      return __atomic_compare_exchange(__ptr, __expected, __desired, __is_weak, __success, __failure);
+    } else { // _Tp has padding bits and __builtin_clear_padding is available
+      __clear_padding(*__desired);
+      _Tp __copy = *__expected;
+      __clear_padding(__copy);
+      // The algorithm we use here is basically to perform `__atomic_compare_exchange` on the
+      // values until it has either succeeded, or failed because the value representation of the
+      // objects involved was 
diff erent. This is why we loop around __atomic_compare_exchange:
+      // we basically loop until its failure is caused by the value representation of the objects
+      // being 
diff erent, not only their object representation.
+      while (true) {
+        _Tp __prev = __copy;
+        if (__atomic_compare_exchange(__ptr, std::addressof(__copy), __desired, __is_weak, __success, __failure)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        _Tp __curr = __copy;
+        if (std::memcmp(__clear_padding(__prev), __clear_padding(__curr), sizeof(_Tp)) != 0) {
+          // Value representation without padding bits do not compare equal ->
+          // write the current content of *ptr into *expected
+          std::memcpy(__expected, std::addressof(__copy), sizeof(_Tp));
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  friend struct __atomic_waitable_traits<__atomic_ref_base<_Tp>>;
+
+  // require types that are 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 bytes in length to be aligned to at least their size to be potentially
+  // used lock-free
+  static constexpr size_t __min_alignment = (sizeof(_Tp) & (sizeof(_Tp) - 1)) || (sizeof(_Tp) > 16) ? 0 : sizeof(_Tp);
+
+public:
+  using value_type = _Tp;
+
+  static constexpr size_t required_alignment = alignof(_Tp) > __min_alignment ? alignof(_Tp) : __min_alignment;
+
+  // The __atomic_always_lock_free builtin takes into account the alignment of the pointer if provided,
+  // so we create a fake pointer with a suitable alignment when querying it. Note that we are guaranteed
+  // that the pointer is going to be aligned properly at runtime because that is a (checked) precondition
+  // of atomic_ref's constructor.
+  static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free =
+      __atomic_always_lock_free(sizeof(_Tp), &__get_aligner_instance<required_alignment>::__instance);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_lock_free() const noexcept { return __atomic_is_lock_free(sizeof(_Tp), __ptr_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void store(_Tp __desired, memory_order __order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_STORE_MEMORY_ORDER(__order) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __order == memory_order::relaxed || __order == memory_order::release || __order == memory_order::seq_cst,
+        "atomic_ref: memory order argument to atomic store operation is invalid");
+    __atomic_store(__ptr_, __clear_padding(__desired), std::__to_gcc_order(__order));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator=(_Tp __desired) const noexcept {
+    store(__desired);
+    return __desired;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp load(memory_order __order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_LOAD_MEMORY_ORDER(__order) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __order == memory_order::relaxed || __order == memory_order::consume || __order == memory_order::acquire ||
+            __order == memory_order::seq_cst,
+        "atomic_ref: memory order argument to atomic load operation is invalid");
+    alignas(_Tp) byte __mem[sizeof(_Tp)];
+    auto* __ret = reinterpret_cast<_Tp*>(__mem);
+    __atomic_load(__ptr_, __ret, std::__to_gcc_order(__order));
+    return *__ret;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator _Tp() const noexcept { return load(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp exchange(_Tp __desired, memory_order __order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    alignas(_Tp) byte __mem[sizeof(_Tp)];
+    auto* __ret = reinterpret_cast<_Tp*>(__mem);
+    __atomic_exchange(__ptr_, __clear_padding(__desired), __ret, std::__to_gcc_order(__order));
+    return *__ret;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  compare_exchange_weak(_Tp& __expected, _Tp __desired, memory_order __success, memory_order __failure) const noexcept
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_EXCHANGE_MEMORY_ORDER(__success, __failure) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __failure == memory_order::relaxed || __failure == memory_order::consume ||
+            __failure == memory_order::acquire || __failure == memory_order::seq_cst,
+        "atomic_ref: failure memory order argument to weak atomic compare-and-exchange operation is invalid");
+    return __compare_exchange(
+        __ptr_,
+        std::addressof(__expected),
+        std::addressof(__desired),
+        true,
+        std::__to_gcc_order(__success),
+        std::__to_gcc_order(__failure));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  compare_exchange_strong(_Tp& __expected, _Tp __desired, memory_order __success, memory_order __failure) const noexcept
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_EXCHANGE_MEMORY_ORDER(__success, __failure) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __failure == memory_order::relaxed || __failure == memory_order::consume ||
+            __failure == memory_order::acquire || __failure == memory_order::seq_cst,
+        "atomic_ref: failure memory order argument to strong atomic compare-and-exchange operation is invalid");
+    return __compare_exchange(
+        __ptr_,
+        std::addressof(__expected),
+        std::addressof(__desired),
+        false,
+        std::__to_gcc_order(__success),
+        std::__to_gcc_order(__failure));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  compare_exchange_weak(_Tp& __expected, _Tp __desired, memory_order __order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    return __compare_exchange(
+        __ptr_,
+        std::addressof(__expected),
+        std::addressof(__desired),
+        true,
+        std::__to_gcc_order(__order),
+        std::__to_gcc_failure_order(__order));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  compare_exchange_strong(_Tp& __expected, _Tp __desired, memory_order __order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    return __compare_exchange(
+        __ptr_,
+        std::addressof(__expected),
+        std::addressof(__desired),
+        false,
+        std::__to_gcc_order(__order),
+        std::__to_gcc_failure_order(__order));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait(_Tp __old, memory_order __order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept
+      _LIBCPP_CHECK_WAIT_MEMORY_ORDER(__order) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __order == memory_order::relaxed || __order == memory_order::consume || __order == memory_order::acquire ||
+            __order == memory_order::seq_cst,
+        "atomic_ref: memory order argument to atomic wait operation is invalid");
+    std::__atomic_wait(*this, __old, __order);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_one() const noexcept { std::__atomic_notify_one(*this); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_all() const noexcept { std::__atomic_notify_all(*this); }
+
+protected:
+  typedef _Tp _Aligned_Tp __attribute__((aligned(required_alignment)));
+  _Aligned_Tp* __ptr_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __atomic_ref_base(_Tp& __obj) : __ptr_(std::addressof(__obj)) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __atomic_waitable_traits<__atomic_ref_base<_Tp>> {
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __atomic_load(const __atomic_ref_base<_Tp>& __a, memory_order __order) {
+    return __a.load(__order);
+  }
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Tp* __atomic_contention_address(const __atomic_ref_base<_Tp>& __a) {
+    return __a.__ptr_;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct atomic_ref : public __atomic_ref_base<_Tp> {
+  static_assert(is_trivially_copyable_v<_Tp>, "std::atomic_ref<T> requires that 'T' be a trivially copyable type");
+
+  using __base = __atomic_ref_base<_Tp>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit atomic_ref(_Tp& __obj) : __base(__obj) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(std::addressof(__obj)) % __base::required_alignment == 0,
+        "atomic_ref ctor: referenced object must be aligned to required_alignment");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI atomic_ref(const atomic_ref&) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator=(_Tp __desired) const noexcept { return __base::operator=(__desired); }
+
+  atomic_ref& operator=(const atomic_ref&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires(std::integral<_Tp> && !std::same_as<bool, _Tp>)
+struct atomic_ref<_Tp> : public __atomic_ref_base<_Tp> {
+  using __base = __atomic_ref_base<_Tp>;
+
+  using 
diff erence_type = __base::value_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit atomic_ref(_Tp& __obj) : __base(__obj) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(std::addressof(__obj)) % __base::required_alignment == 0,
+        "atomic_ref ctor: referenced object must be aligned to required_alignment");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI atomic_ref(const atomic_ref&) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator=(_Tp __desired) const noexcept { return __base::operator=(__desired); }
+
+  atomic_ref& operator=(const atomic_ref&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_add(_Tp __arg, memory_order __order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    return __atomic_fetch_add(this->__ptr_, __arg, std::__to_gcc_order(__order));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_sub(_Tp __arg, memory_order __order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    return __atomic_fetch_sub(this->__ptr_, __arg, std::__to_gcc_order(__order));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_and(_Tp __arg, memory_order __order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    return __atomic_fetch_and(this->__ptr_, __arg, std::__to_gcc_order(__order));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_or(_Tp __arg, memory_order __order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    return __atomic_fetch_or(this->__ptr_, __arg, std::__to_gcc_order(__order));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_xor(_Tp __arg, memory_order __order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    return __atomic_fetch_xor(this->__ptr_, __arg, std::__to_gcc_order(__order));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator++(int) const noexcept { return fetch_add(_Tp(1)); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator--(int) const noexcept { return fetch_sub(_Tp(1)); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator++() const noexcept { return fetch_add(_Tp(1)) + _Tp(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator--() const noexcept { return fetch_sub(_Tp(1)) - _Tp(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator+=(_Tp __arg) const noexcept { return fetch_add(__arg) + __arg; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator-=(_Tp __arg) const noexcept { return fetch_sub(__arg) - __arg; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator&=(_Tp __arg) const noexcept { return fetch_and(__arg) & __arg; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator|=(_Tp __arg) const noexcept { return fetch_or(__arg) | __arg; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator^=(_Tp __arg) const noexcept { return fetch_xor(__arg) ^ __arg; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires std::floating_point<_Tp>
+struct atomic_ref<_Tp> : public __atomic_ref_base<_Tp> {
+  using __base = __atomic_ref_base<_Tp>;
+
+  using 
diff erence_type = __base::value_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit atomic_ref(_Tp& __obj) : __base(__obj) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(std::addressof(__obj)) % __base::required_alignment == 0,
+        "atomic_ref ctor: referenced object must be aligned to required_alignment");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI atomic_ref(const atomic_ref&) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator=(_Tp __desired) const noexcept { return __base::operator=(__desired); }
+
+  atomic_ref& operator=(const atomic_ref&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_add(_Tp __arg, memory_order __order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    _Tp __old = this->load(memory_order_relaxed);
+    _Tp __new = __old + __arg;
+    while (!this->compare_exchange_weak(__old, __new, __order, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      __new = __old + __arg;
+    }
+    return __old;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp fetch_sub(_Tp __arg, memory_order __order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    _Tp __old = this->load(memory_order_relaxed);
+    _Tp __new = __old - __arg;
+    while (!this->compare_exchange_weak(__old, __new, __order, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      __new = __old - __arg;
+    }
+    return __old;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator+=(_Tp __arg) const noexcept { return fetch_add(__arg) + __arg; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator-=(_Tp __arg) const noexcept { return fetch_sub(__arg) - __arg; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct atomic_ref<_Tp*> : public __atomic_ref_base<_Tp*> {
+  using __base = __atomic_ref_base<_Tp*>;
+
+  using 
diff erence_type = ptr
diff _t;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit atomic_ref(_Tp*& __ptr) : __base(__ptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator=(_Tp* __desired) const noexcept { return __base::operator=(__desired); }
+
+  atomic_ref& operator=(const atomic_ref&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* fetch_add(ptr
diff _t __arg, memory_order __order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    return __atomic_fetch_add(this->__ptr_, __arg * sizeof(_Tp), std::__to_gcc_order(__order));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* fetch_sub(ptr
diff _t __arg, memory_order __order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept {
+    return __atomic_fetch_sub(this->__ptr_, __arg * sizeof(_Tp), std::__to_gcc_order(__order));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator++(int) const noexcept { return fetch_add(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator--(int) const noexcept { return fetch_sub(1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator++() const noexcept { return fetch_add(1) + 1; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator--() const noexcept { return fetch_sub(1) - 1; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator+=(ptr
diff _t __arg) const noexcept { return fetch_add(__arg) + __arg; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator-=(ptr
diff _t __arg) const noexcept { return fetch_sub(__arg) - __arg; }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(atomic_ref);
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP__ATOMIC_ATOMIC_REF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_sync.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_sync.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..aaf81f58731a98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/atomic_sync.h
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_SYNC_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_SYNC_H
+
+#include <__atomic/contention_t.h>
+#include <__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h>
+#include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#include <__atomic/to_gcc_order.h>
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__thread/poll_with_backoff.h>
+#include <__thread/support.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/invoke.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// The customisation points to enable the following functions:
+// - __atomic_wait
+// - __atomic_wait_unless
+// - __atomic_notify_one
+// - __atomic_notify_all
+// Note that std::atomic<T>::wait was back-ported to C++03
+// The below implementations look ugly to support C++03
+template <class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __atomic_waitable_traits {
+  template <class _AtomicWaitable>
+  static void __atomic_load(_AtomicWaitable&&, memory_order) = delete;
+
+  template <class _AtomicWaitable>
+  static void __atomic_contention_address(_AtomicWaitable&&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __atomic_waitable : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __atomic_waitable< _Tp,
+                          __void_t<decltype(__atomic_waitable_traits<__decay_t<_Tp> >::__atomic_load(
+                                       std::declval<const _Tp&>(), std::declval<memory_order>())),
+                                   decltype(__atomic_waitable_traits<__decay_t<_Tp> >::__atomic_contention_address(
+                                       std::declval<const _Tp&>()))> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _AtomicWaitable, class _Poll>
+struct __atomic_wait_poll_impl {
+  const _AtomicWaitable& __a_;
+  _Poll __poll_;
+  memory_order __order_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()() const {
+    auto __current_val = __atomic_waitable_traits<__decay_t<_AtomicWaitable> >::__atomic_load(__a_, __order_);
+    return __poll_(__current_val);
+  }
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __cxx_atomic_notify_one(void const volatile*) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __cxx_atomic_notify_all(void const volatile*) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __cxx_contention_t
+__libcpp_atomic_monitor(void const volatile*) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__libcpp_atomic_wait(void const volatile*, __cxx_contention_t) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__cxx_atomic_notify_one(__cxx_atomic_contention_t const volatile*) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__cxx_atomic_notify_all(__cxx_atomic_contention_t const volatile*) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __cxx_contention_t
+__libcpp_atomic_monitor(__cxx_atomic_contention_t const volatile*) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__libcpp_atomic_wait(__cxx_atomic_contention_t const volatile*, __cxx_contention_t) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _AtomicWaitable, class _Poll>
+struct __atomic_wait_backoff_impl {
+  const _AtomicWaitable& __a_;
+  _Poll __poll_;
+  memory_order __order_;
+
+  using __waitable_traits = __atomic_waitable_traits<__decay_t<_AtomicWaitable> >;
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  __update_monitor_val_and_poll(__cxx_atomic_contention_t const volatile*, __cxx_contention_t& __monitor_val) const {
+    // In case the contention type happens to be __cxx_atomic_contention_t, i.e. __cxx_atomic_impl<int64_t>,
+    // the platform wait is directly monitoring the atomic value itself.
+    // `__poll_` takes the current value of the atomic as an in-out argument
+    // to potentially modify it. After it returns, `__monitor` has a value
+    // which can be safely waited on by `std::__libcpp_atomic_wait` without any
+    // ABA style issues.
+    __monitor_val = __waitable_traits::__atomic_load(__a_, __order_);
+    return __poll_(__monitor_val);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  __update_monitor_val_and_poll(void const volatile* __contention_address, __cxx_contention_t& __monitor_val) const {
+    // In case the contention type is anything else, platform wait is monitoring a __cxx_atomic_contention_t
+    // from the global pool, the monitor comes from __libcpp_atomic_monitor
+    __monitor_val      = std::__libcpp_atomic_monitor(__contention_address);
+    auto __current_val = __waitable_traits::__atomic_load(__a_, __order_);
+    return __poll_(__current_val);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(chrono::nanoseconds __elapsed) const {
+    if (__elapsed > chrono::microseconds(64)) {
+      auto __contention_address = __waitable_traits::__atomic_contention_address(__a_);
+      __cxx_contention_t __monitor_val;
+      if (__update_monitor_val_and_poll(__contention_address, __monitor_val))
+        return true;
+      std::__libcpp_atomic_wait(__contention_address, __monitor_val);
+    } else if (__elapsed > chrono::microseconds(4))
+      __libcpp_thread_yield();
+    else {
+    } // poll
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+// The semantics of this function are similar to `atomic`'s
+// `.wait(T old, std::memory_order order)`, but instead of having a hardcoded
+// predicate (is the loaded value unequal to `old`?), the predicate function is
+// specified as an argument. The loaded value is given as an in-out argument to
+// the predicate. If the predicate function returns `true`,
+// `__atomic_wait_unless` will return. If the predicate function returns
+// `false`, it must set the argument to its current understanding of the atomic
+// value. The predicate function must not return `false` spuriously.
+template <class _AtomicWaitable, class _Poll>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__atomic_wait_unless(const _AtomicWaitable& __a, _Poll&& __poll, memory_order __order) {
+  static_assert(__atomic_waitable<_AtomicWaitable>::value, "");
+  __atomic_wait_poll_impl<_AtomicWaitable, __decay_t<_Poll> > __poll_impl     = {__a, __poll, __order};
+  __atomic_wait_backoff_impl<_AtomicWaitable, __decay_t<_Poll> > __backoff_fn = {__a, __poll, __order};
+  std::__libcpp_thread_poll_with_backoff(__poll_impl, __backoff_fn);
+}
+
+template <class _AtomicWaitable>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __atomic_notify_one(const _AtomicWaitable& __a) {
+  static_assert(__atomic_waitable<_AtomicWaitable>::value, "");
+  std::__cxx_atomic_notify_one(__atomic_waitable_traits<__decay_t<_AtomicWaitable> >::__atomic_contention_address(__a));
+}
+
+template <class _AtomicWaitable>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __atomic_notify_all(const _AtomicWaitable& __a) {
+  static_assert(__atomic_waitable<_AtomicWaitable>::value, "");
+  std::__cxx_atomic_notify_all(__atomic_waitable_traits<__decay_t<_AtomicWaitable> >::__atomic_contention_address(__a));
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+template <class _AtomicWaitable, class _Poll>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __atomic_wait_unless(const _AtomicWaitable& __a, _Poll&& __poll, memory_order __order) {
+  __atomic_wait_poll_impl<_AtomicWaitable, __decay_t<_Poll> > __poll_fn = {__a, __poll, __order};
+  std::__libcpp_thread_poll_with_backoff(__poll_fn, __spinning_backoff_policy());
+}
+
+template <class _AtomicWaitable>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __atomic_notify_one(const _AtomicWaitable&) {}
+
+template <class _AtomicWaitable>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __atomic_notify_all(const _AtomicWaitable&) {}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __cxx_nonatomic_compare_equal(_Tp const& __lhs, _Tp const& __rhs) {
+  return std::memcmp(std::addressof(__lhs), std::addressof(__rhs), sizeof(_Tp)) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __atomic_compare_unequal_to {
+  _Tp __val_;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __arg) const {
+    return !std::__cxx_nonatomic_compare_equal(__arg, __val_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _AtomicWaitable, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__atomic_wait(_AtomicWaitable& __a, _Up __val, memory_order __order) {
+  static_assert(__atomic_waitable<_AtomicWaitable>::value, "");
+  __atomic_compare_unequal_to<_Up> __nonatomic_equal = {__val};
+  std::__atomic_wait_unless(__a, __nonatomic_equal, __order);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_ATOMIC_SYNC_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/check_memory_order.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/check_memory_order.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..536f764a619026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/check_memory_order.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_CHECK_MEMORY_ORDER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_CHECK_MEMORY_ORDER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#define _LIBCPP_CHECK_STORE_MEMORY_ORDER(__m)                                                                          \
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSE_WARNING(__m == memory_order_consume || __m == memory_order_acquire || __m == memory_order_acq_rel,  \
+                           "memory order argument to atomic operation is invalid")
+
+#define _LIBCPP_CHECK_LOAD_MEMORY_ORDER(__m)                                                                           \
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSE_WARNING(__m == memory_order_release || __m == memory_order_acq_rel,                                 \
+                           "memory order argument to atomic operation is invalid")
+
+#define _LIBCPP_CHECK_EXCHANGE_MEMORY_ORDER(__m, __f)                                                                  \
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSE_WARNING(__f == memory_order_release || __f == memory_order_acq_rel,                                 \
+                           "memory order argument to atomic operation is invalid")
+
+#define _LIBCPP_CHECK_WAIT_MEMORY_ORDER(__m)                                                                           \
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSE_WARNING(__m == memory_order_release || __m == memory_order_acq_rel,                                 \
+                           "memory order argument to atomic operation is invalid")
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_CHECK_MEMORY_ORDER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/contention_t.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/contention_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..65890f338ce990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/contention_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_CONTENTION_T_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_CONTENTION_T_H
+
+#include <__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if defined(__linux__) || (defined(_AIX) && !defined(__64BIT__))
+using __cxx_contention_t = int32_t;
+#else
+using __cxx_contention_t = int64_t;
+#endif // __linux__ || (_AIX && !__64BIT__)
+
+using __cxx_atomic_contention_t = __cxx_atomic_impl<__cxx_contention_t>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_CONTENTION_T_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..18e88aa97bec75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_CXX_ATOMIC_IMPL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_CXX_ATOMIC_IMPL_H
+
+#include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#include <__atomic/to_gcc_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_GCC_ATOMIC_IMP)
+
+// [atomics.types.generic]p1 guarantees _Tp is trivially copyable. Because
+// the default operator= in an object is not volatile, a byte-by-byte copy
+// is required.
+template <typename _Tp, typename _Tv, __enable_if_t<is_assignable<_Tp&, _Tv>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __cxx_atomic_assign_volatile(_Tp& __a_value, _Tv const& __val) {
+  __a_value = __val;
+}
+template <typename _Tp, typename _Tv, __enable_if_t<is_assignable<_Tp&, _Tv>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __cxx_atomic_assign_volatile(_Tp volatile& __a_value, _Tv volatile const& __val) {
+  volatile char* __to         = reinterpret_cast<volatile char*>(std::addressof(__a_value));
+  volatile char* __end        = __to + sizeof(_Tp);
+  volatile const char* __from = reinterpret_cast<volatile const char*>(std::addressof(__val));
+  while (__to != __end)
+    *__to++ = *__from++;
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+struct __cxx_atomic_base_impl {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  __cxx_atomic_base_impl() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+#  else
+  __cxx_atomic_base_impl() _NOEXCEPT : __a_value() {
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __cxx_atomic_base_impl(_Tp value) _NOEXCEPT : __a_value(value) {}
+  _Tp __a_value;
+};
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __cxx_atomic_init(volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __val) {
+  __cxx_atomic_assign_volatile(__a->__a_value, __val);
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __cxx_atomic_init(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __val) {
+  __a->__a_value = __val;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void __cxx_atomic_thread_fence(memory_order __order) {
+  __atomic_thread_fence(__to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void __cxx_atomic_signal_fence(memory_order __order) {
+  __atomic_signal_fence(__to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__cxx_atomic_store(volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __val, memory_order __order) {
+  __atomic_store(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), std::addressof(__val), __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __cxx_atomic_store(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __val, memory_order __order) {
+  __atomic_store(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), std::addressof(__val), __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __cxx_atomic_load(const volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, memory_order __order) {
+  _Tp __ret;
+  __atomic_load(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), std::addressof(__ret), __to_gcc_order(__order));
+  return __ret;
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__cxx_atomic_load_inplace(const volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp* __dst, memory_order __order) {
+  __atomic_load(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __dst, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__cxx_atomic_load_inplace(const __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp* __dst, memory_order __order) {
+  __atomic_load(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __dst, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __cxx_atomic_load(const __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, memory_order __order) {
+  _Tp __ret;
+  __atomic_load(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), std::addressof(__ret), __to_gcc_order(__order));
+  return __ret;
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_exchange(volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __value, memory_order __order) {
+  _Tp __ret;
+  __atomic_exchange(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), std::addressof(__value), std::addressof(__ret), __to_gcc_order(__order));
+  return __ret;
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __cxx_atomic_exchange(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __value, memory_order __order) {
+  _Tp __ret;
+  __atomic_exchange(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), std::addressof(__value), std::addressof(__ret), __to_gcc_order(__order));
+  return __ret;
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_strong(
+    volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a,
+    _Tp* __expected,
+    _Tp __value,
+    memory_order __success,
+    memory_order __failure) {
+  return __atomic_compare_exchange(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value),
+      __expected,
+      std::addressof(__value),
+      false,
+      __to_gcc_order(__success),
+      __to_gcc_failure_order(__failure));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_strong(
+    __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp* __expected, _Tp __value, memory_order __success, memory_order __failure) {
+  return __atomic_compare_exchange(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value),
+      __expected,
+      std::addressof(__value),
+      false,
+      __to_gcc_order(__success),
+      __to_gcc_failure_order(__failure));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_weak(
+    volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a,
+    _Tp* __expected,
+    _Tp __value,
+    memory_order __success,
+    memory_order __failure) {
+  return __atomic_compare_exchange(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value),
+      __expected,
+      std::addressof(__value),
+      true,
+      __to_gcc_order(__success),
+      __to_gcc_failure_order(__failure));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_weak(
+    __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp* __expected, _Tp __value, memory_order __success, memory_order __failure) {
+  return __atomic_compare_exchange(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value),
+      __expected,
+      std::addressof(__value),
+      true,
+      __to_gcc_order(__success),
+      __to_gcc_failure_order(__failure));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+struct __skip_amt {
+  enum { value = 1 };
+};
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+struct __skip_amt<_Tp*> {
+  enum { value = sizeof(_Tp) };
+};
+
+// FIXME: Haven't figured out what the spec says about using arrays with
+// atomic_fetch_add. Force a failure rather than creating bad behavior.
+template <typename _Tp>
+struct __skip_amt<_Tp[]> {};
+template <typename _Tp, int n>
+struct __skip_amt<_Tp[n]> {};
+
+template <typename _Tp, typename _Td>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_add(volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Td __delta, memory_order __order) {
+  return __atomic_fetch_add(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta * __skip_amt<_Tp>::value, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, typename _Td>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __cxx_atomic_fetch_add(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Td __delta, memory_order __order) {
+  return __atomic_fetch_add(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta * __skip_amt<_Tp>::value, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, typename _Td>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_sub(volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Td __delta, memory_order __order) {
+  return __atomic_fetch_sub(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta * __skip_amt<_Tp>::value, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, typename _Td>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __cxx_atomic_fetch_sub(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Td __delta, memory_order __order) {
+  return __atomic_fetch_sub(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta * __skip_amt<_Tp>::value, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_and(volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) {
+  return __atomic_fetch_and(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_and(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) {
+  return __atomic_fetch_and(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_or(volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) {
+  return __atomic_fetch_or(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __cxx_atomic_fetch_or(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) {
+  return __atomic_fetch_or(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_xor(volatile __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) {
+  return __atomic_fetch_xor(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_xor(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) {
+  return __atomic_fetch_xor(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, __to_gcc_order(__order));
+}
+
+#  define __cxx_atomic_is_lock_free(__s) __atomic_is_lock_free(__s, 0)
+
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_C_ATOMIC_IMP)
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+struct __cxx_atomic_base_impl {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  __cxx_atomic_base_impl() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+#  else
+  __cxx_atomic_base_impl() _NOEXCEPT : __a_value() {
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __cxx_atomic_base_impl(_Tp __value) _NOEXCEPT : __a_value(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_DISABLE_EXTENSION_WARNING _Atomic(_Tp) __a_value;
+};
+
+#  define __cxx_atomic_is_lock_free(__s) __c11_atomic_is_lock_free(__s)
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void __cxx_atomic_thread_fence(memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __c11_atomic_thread_fence(static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void __cxx_atomic_signal_fence(memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __c11_atomic_signal_fence(static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __cxx_atomic_init(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> volatile* __a, _Tp __val) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __c11_atomic_init(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __val);
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __cxx_atomic_init(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __val) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __c11_atomic_init(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __val);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__cxx_atomic_store(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> volatile* __a, _Tp __val, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __c11_atomic_store(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __val, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__cxx_atomic_store(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __val, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __c11_atomic_store(std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __val, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_load(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> const volatile* __a, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __ptr_type = __remove_const_t<decltype(__a->__a_value)>*;
+  return __c11_atomic_load(
+      const_cast<__ptr_type>(std::addressof(__a->__a_value)), static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __cxx_atomic_load(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> const* __a, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __ptr_type = __remove_const_t<decltype(__a->__a_value)>*;
+  return __c11_atomic_load(
+      const_cast<__ptr_type>(std::addressof(__a->__a_value)), static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__cxx_atomic_load_inplace(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> const volatile* __a, _Tp* __dst, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __ptr_type = __remove_const_t<decltype(__a->__a_value)>*;
+  *__dst           = __c11_atomic_load(
+      const_cast<__ptr_type>(std::addressof(__a->__a_value)), static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__cxx_atomic_load_inplace(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> const* __a, _Tp* __dst, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __ptr_type = __remove_const_t<decltype(__a->__a_value)>*;
+  *__dst           = __c11_atomic_load(
+      const_cast<__ptr_type>(std::addressof(__a->__a_value)), static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_exchange(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> volatile* __a, _Tp __value, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_exchange(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __value, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_exchange(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __value, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_exchange(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __value, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR memory_order __to_failure_order(memory_order __order) {
+  // Avoid switch statement to make this a constexpr.
+  return __order == memory_order_release
+           ? memory_order_relaxed
+           : (__order == memory_order_acq_rel ? memory_order_acquire : __order);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_strong(
+    __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> volatile* __a,
+    _Tp* __expected,
+    _Tp __value,
+    memory_order __success,
+    memory_order __failure) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_compare_exchange_strong(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value),
+      __expected,
+      __value,
+      static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__success),
+      static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__to_failure_order(__failure)));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_strong(
+    __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp* __expected, _Tp __value, memory_order __success, memory_order __failure)
+    _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_compare_exchange_strong(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value),
+      __expected,
+      __value,
+      static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__success),
+      static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__to_failure_order(__failure)));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_weak(
+    __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> volatile* __a,
+    _Tp* __expected,
+    _Tp __value,
+    memory_order __success,
+    memory_order __failure) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_compare_exchange_weak(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value),
+      __expected,
+      __value,
+      static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__success),
+      static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__to_failure_order(__failure)));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __cxx_atomic_compare_exchange_weak(
+    __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp* __expected, _Tp __value, memory_order __success, memory_order __failure)
+    _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_compare_exchange_weak(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value),
+      __expected,
+      __value,
+      static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__success),
+      static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__to_failure_order(__failure)));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_add(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> volatile* __a, _Tp __delta, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_add(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_add(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __delta, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_add(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp*
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_add(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp*> volatile* __a, ptr
diff _t __delta, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_add(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp*
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_add(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp*>* __a, ptr
diff _t __delta, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_add(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_sub(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> volatile* __a, _Tp __delta, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_sub(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_sub(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __delta, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_sub(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp*
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_sub(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp*> volatile* __a, ptr
diff _t __delta, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_sub(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp*
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_sub(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp*>* __a, ptr
diff _t __delta, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_sub(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __delta, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_and(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> volatile* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_and(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_and(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_and(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_or(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> volatile* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_or(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_or(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_or(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_xor(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> volatile* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_xor(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__cxx_atomic_fetch_xor(__cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp>* __a, _Tp __pattern, memory_order __order) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __c11_atomic_fetch_xor(
+      std::addressof(__a->__a_value), __pattern, static_cast<__memory_order_underlying_t>(__order));
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_GCC_ATOMIC_IMP, _LIBCPP_HAS_C_ATOMIC_IMP
+
+template <typename _Tp, typename _Base = __cxx_atomic_base_impl<_Tp> >
+struct __cxx_atomic_impl : public _Base {
+  static_assert(is_trivially_copyable<_Tp>::value, "std::atomic<T> requires that 'T' be a trivially copyable type");
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __cxx_atomic_impl() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __cxx_atomic_impl(_Tp __value) _NOEXCEPT : _Base(__value) {}
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_CXX_ATOMIC_IMPL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/fence.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/fence.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8c27ea54d62dd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/fence.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_FENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_FENCE_H
+
+#include <__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h>
+#include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void atomic_thread_fence(memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT { __cxx_atomic_thread_fence(__m); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void atomic_signal_fence(memory_order __m) _NOEXCEPT { __cxx_atomic_signal_fence(__m); }
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_FENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/is_always_lock_free.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/is_always_lock_free.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f928e79f70cea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/is_always_lock_free.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_IS_ALWAYS_LOCK_FREE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_IS_ALWAYS_LOCK_FREE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_always_lock_free {
+  // __atomic_always_lock_free is available in all Standard modes
+  static const bool __value = __atomic_always_lock_free(sizeof(_Tp), nullptr);
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_IS_ALWAYS_LOCK_FREE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/kill_dependency.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/kill_dependency.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..103d52d35787fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/kill_dependency.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_KILL_DEPENDENCY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_KILL_DEPENDENCY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp kill_dependency(_Tp __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __y;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_KILL_DEPENDENCY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/memory_order.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/memory_order.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..294121d1c4e7f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/memory_order.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_MEMORY_ORDER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_MEMORY_ORDER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/underlying_type.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Figure out what the underlying type for `memory_order` would be if it were
+// declared as an unscoped enum (accounting for -fshort-enums). Use this result
+// to pin the underlying type in C++20.
+enum __legacy_memory_order { __mo_relaxed, __mo_consume, __mo_acquire, __mo_release, __mo_acq_rel, __mo_seq_cst };
+
+using __memory_order_underlying_t = underlying_type<__legacy_memory_order>::type;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+enum class memory_order : __memory_order_underlying_t {
+  relaxed = __mo_relaxed,
+  consume = __mo_consume,
+  acquire = __mo_acquire,
+  release = __mo_release,
+  acq_rel = __mo_acq_rel,
+  seq_cst = __mo_seq_cst
+};
+
+static_assert(is_same<underlying_type<memory_order>::type, __memory_order_underlying_t>::value,
+              "unexpected underlying type for std::memory_order");
+
+inline constexpr auto memory_order_relaxed = memory_order::relaxed;
+inline constexpr auto memory_order_consume = memory_order::consume;
+inline constexpr auto memory_order_acquire = memory_order::acquire;
+inline constexpr auto memory_order_release = memory_order::release;
+inline constexpr auto memory_order_acq_rel = memory_order::acq_rel;
+inline constexpr auto memory_order_seq_cst = memory_order::seq_cst;
+
+#else
+
+enum memory_order {
+  memory_order_relaxed = __mo_relaxed,
+  memory_order_consume = __mo_consume,
+  memory_order_acquire = __mo_acquire,
+  memory_order_release = __mo_release,
+  memory_order_acq_rel = __mo_acq_rel,
+  memory_order_seq_cst = __mo_seq_cst,
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_MEMORY_ORDER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/to_gcc_order.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/to_gcc_order.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d04c111addd314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__atomic/to_gcc_order.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_TO_GCC_ORDER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_TO_GCC_ORDER_H
+
+#include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if defined(__ATOMIC_RELAXED) && defined(__ATOMIC_CONSUME) && defined(__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE) &&                             \
+    defined(__ATOMIC_RELEASE) && defined(__ATOMIC_ACQ_REL) && defined(__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __to_gcc_order(memory_order __order) {
+  // Avoid switch statement to make this a constexpr.
+  return __order == memory_order_relaxed
+           ? __ATOMIC_RELAXED
+           : (__order == memory_order_acquire
+                  ? __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE
+                  : (__order == memory_order_release
+                         ? __ATOMIC_RELEASE
+                         : (__order == memory_order_seq_cst
+                                ? __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST
+                                : (__order == memory_order_acq_rel ? __ATOMIC_ACQ_REL : __ATOMIC_CONSUME))));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __to_gcc_failure_order(memory_order __order) {
+  // Avoid switch statement to make this a constexpr.
+  return __order == memory_order_relaxed
+           ? __ATOMIC_RELAXED
+           : (__order == memory_order_acquire
+                  ? __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE
+                  : (__order == memory_order_release
+                         ? __ATOMIC_RELAXED
+                         : (__order == memory_order_seq_cst
+                                ? __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST
+                                : (__order == memory_order_acq_rel ? __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE : __ATOMIC_CONSUME))));
+}
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ATOMIC_TO_GCC_ORDER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_cast.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_cast.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cd045673817932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_cast.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_CAST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_CAST_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _ToType, class _FromType>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _ToType __bit_cast(const _FromType& __from) noexcept {
+  return __builtin_bit_cast(_ToType, __from);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _ToType, class _FromType>
+  requires(sizeof(_ToType) == sizeof(_FromType) && is_trivially_copyable_v<_ToType> &&
+           is_trivially_copyable_v<_FromType>)
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _ToType bit_cast(const _FromType& __from) noexcept {
+  return __builtin_bit_cast(_ToType, __from);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_CAST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_ceil.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_ceil.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cfd792dc2e2adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_ceil.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_CEIL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_CEIL_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__bit/countl.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp __bit_ceil(_Tp __t) noexcept {
+  if (__t < 2)
+    return 1;
+  const unsigned __n = numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits - std::__countl_zero((_Tp)(__t - 1u));
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(__n != numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits, "Bad input to bit_ceil");
+
+  if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) >= sizeof(unsigned))
+    return _Tp{1} << __n;
+  else {
+    const unsigned __extra   = numeric_limits<unsigned>::digits - numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits;
+    const unsigned __ret_val = 1u << (__n + __extra);
+    return (_Tp)(__ret_val >> __extra);
+  }
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp bit_ceil(_Tp __t) noexcept {
+  return std::__bit_ceil(__t);
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#endif   // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_CEIL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_floor.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_floor.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..133e369504e431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_floor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_FLOOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_FLOOR_H
+
+#include <__bit/bit_log2.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp bit_floor(_Tp __t) noexcept {
+  return __t == 0 ? 0 : _Tp{1} << std::__bit_log2(__t);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_FLOOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_log2.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_log2.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..62936f67868600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_log2.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_LOG2_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_LOG2_H
+
+#include <__bit/countl.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp __bit_log2(_Tp __t) noexcept {
+  return numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits - 1 - std::countl_zero(__t);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_LOG2_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_width.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_width.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..853e481776f7d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/bit_width.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_WIDTH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_WIDTH_H
+
+#include <__bit/bit_log2.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr int bit_width(_Tp __t) noexcept {
+  return __t == 0 ? 0 : std::__bit_log2(__t) + 1;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_BIT_WIDTH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/blsr.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/blsr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..76bd521f5c3071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/blsr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_BLSR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_BLSR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR unsigned __libcpp_blsr(unsigned __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x ^ (__x & -__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR unsigned long __libcpp_blsr(unsigned long __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x ^ (__x & -__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long __libcpp_blsr(unsigned long long __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x ^ (__x & -__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_BLSR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/byteswap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/byteswap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6225ecf2f92dfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/byteswap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_BYTESWAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_BYTESWAP_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <integral _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp byteswap(_Tp __val) noexcept {
+  if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == 1) {
+    return __val;
+  } else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == 2) {
+    return __builtin_bswap16(__val);
+  } else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == 4) {
+    return __builtin_bswap32(__val);
+  } else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == 8) {
+    return __builtin_bswap64(__val);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+  } else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == 16) {
+#    if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap128)
+    return __builtin_bswap128(__val);
+#    else
+    return static_cast<_Tp>(byteswap(static_cast<uint64_t>(__val))) << 64 |
+           static_cast<_Tp>(byteswap(static_cast<uint64_t>(__val >> 64)));
+#    endif // __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap128)
+#  endif   // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+  } else {
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == 0, "byteswap is unimplemented for integral types of this size");
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_BYTESWAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/countl.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/countl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..998a0b44c19dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/countl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// TODO: __builtin_clzg is available since Clang 19 and GCC 14. When support for older versions is dropped, we can
+//  refactor this code to exclusively use __builtin_clzg.
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_COUNTL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_COUNTL_H
+
+#include <__bit/rotate.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned_integer.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __libcpp_clz(unsigned __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_clz(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __libcpp_clz(unsigned long __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_clzl(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __libcpp_clz(unsigned long long __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_clzll(__x);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __libcpp_clz(__uint128_t __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+#  if __has_builtin(__builtin_clzg)
+  return __builtin_clzg(__x);
+#  else
+  // The function is written in this form due to C++ constexpr limitations.
+  // The algorithm:
+  // - Test whether any bit in the high 64-bits is set
+  // - No bits set:
+  //   - The high 64-bits contain 64 leading zeros,
+  //   - Add the result of the low 64-bits.
+  // - Any bits set:
+  //   - The number of leading zeros of the input is the number of leading
+  //     zeros in the high 64-bits.
+  return ((__x >> 64) == 0) ? (64 + __builtin_clzll(static_cast<unsigned long long>(__x)))
+                            : __builtin_clzll(static_cast<unsigned long long>(__x >> 64));
+#  endif
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 int __countl_zero(_Tp __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_is_unsigned_integer<_Tp>::value, "__countl_zero requires an unsigned integer type");
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_clzg)
+  return __builtin_clzg(__t, numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits);
+#else  // __has_builtin(__builtin_clzg)
+  if (__t == 0)
+    return numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits;
+
+  if (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(unsigned int))
+    return std::__libcpp_clz(static_cast<unsigned int>(__t)) -
+           (numeric_limits<unsigned int>::digits - numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits);
+  else if (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(unsigned long))
+    return std::__libcpp_clz(static_cast<unsigned long>(__t)) -
+           (numeric_limits<unsigned long>::digits - numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits);
+  else if (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(unsigned long long))
+    return std::__libcpp_clz(static_cast<unsigned long long>(__t)) -
+           (numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits - numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits);
+  else {
+    int __ret                      = 0;
+    int __iter                     = 0;
+    const unsigned int __ulldigits = numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits;
+    while (true) {
+      __t = std::__rotl(__t, __ulldigits);
+      if ((__iter = std::__countl_zero(static_cast<unsigned long long>(__t))) != __ulldigits)
+        break;
+      __ret += __iter;
+    }
+    return __ret + __iter;
+  }
+#endif // __has_builtin(__builtin_clzg)
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr int countl_zero(_Tp __t) noexcept {
+  return std::__countl_zero(__t);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr int countl_one(_Tp __t) noexcept {
+  return __t != numeric_limits<_Tp>::max() ? std::countl_zero(static_cast<_Tp>(~__t)) : numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_COUNTL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/countr.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/countr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9e92021fba3551
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/countr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// TODO: __builtin_ctzg is available since Clang 19 and GCC 14. When support for older versions is dropped, we can
+//  refactor this code to exclusively use __builtin_ctzg.
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_COUNTR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_COUNTR_H
+
+#include <__bit/rotate.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __libcpp_ctz(unsigned __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_ctz(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __libcpp_ctz(unsigned long __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_ctzl(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __libcpp_ctz(unsigned long long __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_ctzll(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 int __countr_zero(_Tp __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_ctzg)
+  return __builtin_ctzg(__t, numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits);
+#else  // __has_builtin(__builtin_ctzg)
+  if (__t == 0)
+    return numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits;
+  if (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(unsigned int))
+    return std::__libcpp_ctz(static_cast<unsigned int>(__t));
+  else if (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(unsigned long))
+    return std::__libcpp_ctz(static_cast<unsigned long>(__t));
+  else if (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(unsigned long long))
+    return std::__libcpp_ctz(static_cast<unsigned long long>(__t));
+  else {
+    int __ret                      = 0;
+    const unsigned int __ulldigits = numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits;
+    while (static_cast<unsigned long long>(__t) == 0uLL) {
+      __ret += __ulldigits;
+      __t >>= __ulldigits;
+    }
+    return __ret + std::__libcpp_ctz(static_cast<unsigned long long>(__t));
+  }
+#endif // __has_builtin(__builtin_ctzg)
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr int countr_zero(_Tp __t) noexcept {
+  return std::__countr_zero(__t);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr int countr_one(_Tp __t) noexcept {
+  return __t != numeric_limits<_Tp>::max() ? std::countr_zero(static_cast<_Tp>(~__t)) : numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_COUNTR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/endian.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/endian.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2d31e5ddff4f1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/endian.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_ENDIAN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_ENDIAN_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+enum class endian {
+  little = 0xDEAD,
+  big    = 0xFACE,
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+  native = little
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN)
+  native = big
+#  else
+  native = 0xCAFE
+#  endif
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_ENDIAN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/has_single_bit.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/has_single_bit.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..52f5853a1bc8a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/has_single_bit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_HAS_SINGLE_BIT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_HAS_SINGLE_BIT_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool has_single_bit(_Tp __t) noexcept {
+  return __t != 0 && (((__t & (__t - 1)) == 0));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_HAS_SINGLE_BIT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/invert_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/invert_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f7606ede26da00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/invert_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_INVERT_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_INVERT_IF_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <bool _Invert, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp __invert_if(_Tp __v) {
+  if (_Invert)
+    return ~__v;
+  return __v;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_INVERT_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/popcount.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/popcount.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5cf0a01d073382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/popcount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// TODO: __builtin_popcountg is available since Clang 19 and GCC 14. When support for older versions is dropped, we can
+//  refactor this code to exclusively use __builtin_popcountg.
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_POPCOUNT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_POPCOUNT_H
+
+#include <__bit/rotate.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __libcpp_popcount(unsigned __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_popcount(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __libcpp_popcount(unsigned long __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_popcountl(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __libcpp_popcount(unsigned long long __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_popcountll(__x);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr int popcount(_Tp __t) noexcept {
+#  if __has_builtin(__builtin_popcountg)
+  return __builtin_popcountg(__t);
+#  else  // __has_builtin(__builtin_popcountg)
+  if (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(unsigned int))
+    return std::__libcpp_popcount(static_cast<unsigned int>(__t));
+  else if (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(unsigned long))
+    return std::__libcpp_popcount(static_cast<unsigned long>(__t));
+  else if (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(unsigned long long))
+    return std::__libcpp_popcount(static_cast<unsigned long long>(__t));
+  else {
+    int __ret = 0;
+    while (__t != 0) {
+      __ret += std::__libcpp_popcount(static_cast<unsigned long long>(__t));
+      __t >>= numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits;
+    }
+    return __ret;
+  }
+#  endif // __has_builtin(__builtin_popcountg)
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_POPCOUNT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/rotate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/rotate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..90e430e9d04256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit/rotate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_ROTATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_ROTATE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned_integer.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Writing two full functions for rotl and rotr makes it easier for the compiler
+// to optimize the code. On x86 this function becomes the ROL instruction and
+// the rotr function becomes the ROR instruction.
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp __rotl(_Tp __x, int __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_is_unsigned_integer<_Tp>::value, "__rotl requires an unsigned integer type");
+  const int __N = numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits;
+  int __r       = __s % __N;
+
+  if (__r == 0)
+    return __x;
+
+  if (__r > 0)
+    return (__x << __r) | (__x >> (__N - __r));
+
+  return (__x >> -__r) | (__x << (__N + __r));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp __rotr(_Tp __x, int __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_is_unsigned_integer<_Tp>::value, "__rotr requires an unsigned integer type");
+  const int __N = numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits;
+  int __r       = __s % __N;
+
+  if (__r == 0)
+    return __x;
+
+  if (__r > 0)
+    return (__x >> __r) | (__x << (__N - __r));
+
+  return (__x << -__r) | (__x >> (__N + __r));
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp rotl(_Tp __t, int __cnt) noexcept {
+  return std::__rotl(__t, __cnt);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp rotr(_Tp __t, int __cnt) noexcept {
+  return std::__rotr(__t, __cnt);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_ROTATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit_reference b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit_reference
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..22637d43974123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__bit_reference
@@ -0,0 +1,1024 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___BIT_REFERENCE
+#define _LIBCPP___BIT_REFERENCE
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/fill_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__bit/countr.h>
+#include <__bit/invert_if.h>
+#include <__bit/popcount.h>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/bit_reference.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Cp>
+class __bit_const_reference;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_storage_type {
+  static const bool value = false;
+};
+
+template <class _Cp, bool = __has_storage_type<_Cp>::value>
+class __bit_reference {
+  using __storage_type    = typename _Cp::__storage_type;
+  using __storage_pointer = typename _Cp::__storage_pointer;
+
+  __storage_pointer __seg_;
+  __storage_type __mask_;
+
+  friend typename _Cp::__self;
+
+  friend class __bit_const_reference<_Cp>;
+  friend class __bit_iterator<_Cp, false>;
+
+public:
+  using __container = typename _Cp::__self;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_reference(const __bit_reference&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<bool>(*__seg_ & __mask_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool operator~() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return !static_cast<bool>(*this);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_reference& operator=(bool __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__x)
+      *__seg_ |= __mask_;
+    else
+      *__seg_ &= ~__mask_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const __bit_reference& operator=(bool __x) const noexcept {
+    if (__x)
+      *__seg_ |= __mask_;
+    else
+      *__seg_ &= ~__mask_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_reference& operator=(const __bit_reference& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return operator=(static_cast<bool>(__x));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void flip() _NOEXCEPT { *__seg_ ^= __mask_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> operator&() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __bit_iterator<_Cp, false>(__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(std::__libcpp_ctz(__mask_)));
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit __bit_reference(__storage_pointer __s, __storage_type __m) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __seg_(__s),
+        __mask_(__m) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Cp>
+class __bit_reference<_Cp, false> {};
+
+template <class _Cp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+swap(__bit_reference<_Cp> __x, __bit_reference<_Cp> __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  bool __t = __x;
+  __x      = __y;
+  __y      = __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Cp, class _Dp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+swap(__bit_reference<_Cp> __x, __bit_reference<_Dp> __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  bool __t = __x;
+  __x      = __y;
+  __y      = __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(__bit_reference<_Cp> __x, bool& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  bool __t = __x;
+  __x      = __y;
+  __y      = __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(bool& __x, __bit_reference<_Cp> __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  bool __t = __x;
+  __x      = __y;
+  __y      = __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+class __bit_const_reference {
+  using __storage_type    = typename _Cp::__storage_type;
+  using __storage_pointer = typename _Cp::__const_storage_pointer;
+
+  __storage_pointer __seg_;
+  __storage_type __mask_;
+
+  friend typename _Cp::__self;
+  friend class __bit_iterator<_Cp, true>;
+
+public:
+  using __container = typename _Cp::__self;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_const_reference(const __bit_const_reference&) = default;
+  __bit_const_reference& operator=(const __bit_const_reference&)            = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_const_reference(const __bit_reference<_Cp>& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __seg_(__x.__seg_),
+        __mask_(__x.__mask_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<bool>(*__seg_ & __mask_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator<_Cp, true> operator&() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __bit_iterator<_Cp, true>(__seg_, static_cast<unsigned>(std::__libcpp_ctz(__mask_)));
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __bit_const_reference(__storage_pointer __s, __storage_type __m) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __seg_(__s),
+        __mask_(__m) {}
+};
+
+// copy
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IsConst>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __copy_aligned(
+    __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __result) {
+  using _In             = __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _In::
diff erence_type;
+  using __storage_type  = typename _In::__storage_type;
+
+  const int __bits_per_word = _In::__bits_per_word;
+  
diff erence_type __n       = __last - __first;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    // do first word
+    if (__first.__ctz_ != 0) {
+      unsigned __clz       = __bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_;
+      
diff erence_type __dn = std::min(static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__clz), __n);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz - __dn));
+      __storage_type __b = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b;
+      __result.__seg_ += (__dn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+      __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__dn + __result.__ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+      ++__first.__seg_;
+      // __first.__ctz_ = 0;
+    }
+    // __first.__ctz_ == 0;
+    // do middle words
+    __storage_type __nw = __n / __bits_per_word;
+    std::copy_n(std::__to_address(__first.__seg_), __nw, std::__to_address(__result.__seg_));
+    __n -= __nw * __bits_per_word;
+    __result.__seg_ += __nw;
+    // do last word
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __first.__seg_ += __nw;
+      __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+      __storage_type __b = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b;
+      __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__n);
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IsConst>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __copy_unaligned(
+    __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __result) {
+  using _In             = __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _In::
diff erence_type;
+  using __storage_type  = typename _In::__storage_type;
+
+  const int __bits_per_word = _In::__bits_per_word;
+  
diff erence_type __n       = __last - __first;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    // do first word
+    if (__first.__ctz_ != 0) {
+      unsigned __clz_f     = __bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_;
+      
diff erence_type __dn = std::min(static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__clz_f), __n);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      __storage_type __m   = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+      __storage_type __b   = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+      unsigned __clz_r     = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+      __storage_type __ddn = std::min<__storage_type>(__dn, __clz_r);
+      __m                  = (~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __ddn));
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      if (__result.__ctz_ > __first.__ctz_)
+        *__result.__seg_ |= __b << (__result.__ctz_ - __first.__ctz_);
+      else
+        *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> (__first.__ctz_ - __result.__ctz_);
+      __result.__seg_ += (__ddn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+      __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__ddn + __result.__ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+      __dn -= __ddn;
+      if (__dn > 0) {
+        __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __dn);
+        *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+        *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> (__first.__ctz_ + __ddn);
+        __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__dn);
+      }
+      ++__first.__seg_;
+      // __first.__ctz_ = 0;
+    }
+    // __first.__ctz_ == 0;
+    // do middle words
+    unsigned __clz_r   = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_;
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word, ++__first.__seg_) {
+      __storage_type __b = *__first.__seg_;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b << __result.__ctz_;
+      ++__result.__seg_;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= __m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> __clz_r;
+    }
+    // do last word
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __m                 = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+      __storage_type __b  = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+      __storage_type __dn = std::min(__n, static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__clz_r));
+      __m                 = (~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __dn));
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b << __result.__ctz_;
+      __result.__seg_ += (__dn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+      __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__dn + __result.__ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      if (__n > 0) {
+        __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+        *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> __dn;
+        __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__n);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IsConst>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator<_Cp, false>
+copy(__bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __result) {
+  if (__first.__ctz_ == __result.__ctz_)
+    return std::__copy_aligned(__first, __last, __result);
+  return std::__copy_unaligned(__first, __last, __result);
+}
+
+// copy_backward
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IsConst>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __copy_backward_aligned(
+    __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __result) {
+  using _In             = __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _In::
diff erence_type;
+  using __storage_type  = typename _In::__storage_type;
+
+  const int __bits_per_word = _In::__bits_per_word;
+  
diff erence_type __n       = __last - __first;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    // do first word
+    if (__last.__ctz_ != 0) {
+      
diff erence_type __dn = std::min(static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__last.__ctz_), __n);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      unsigned __clz     = __bits_per_word - __last.__ctz_;
+      __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << (__last.__ctz_ - __dn)) & (~__storage_type(0) >> __clz);
+      __storage_type __b = *__last.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b;
+      __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(((-__dn & (__bits_per_word - 1)) + __result.__ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+      // __last.__ctz_ = 0
+    }
+    // __last.__ctz_ == 0 || __n == 0
+    // __result.__ctz_ == 0 || __n == 0
+    // do middle words
+    __storage_type __nw = __n / __bits_per_word;
+    __result.__seg_ -= __nw;
+    __last.__seg_ -= __nw;
+    std::copy_n(std::__to_address(__last.__seg_), __nw, std::__to_address(__result.__seg_));
+    __n -= __nw * __bits_per_word;
+    // do last word
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) << (__bits_per_word - __n);
+      __storage_type __b = *--__last.__seg_ & __m;
+      *--__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b;
+      __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(-__n & (__bits_per_word - 1));
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IsConst>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __copy_backward_unaligned(
+    __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __result) {
+  using _In             = __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _In::
diff erence_type;
+  using __storage_type  = typename _In::__storage_type;
+
+  const int __bits_per_word = _In::__bits_per_word;
+  
diff erence_type __n       = __last - __first;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    // do first word
+    if (__last.__ctz_ != 0) {
+      
diff erence_type __dn = std::min(static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__last.__ctz_), __n);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      unsigned __clz_l     = __bits_per_word - __last.__ctz_;
+      __storage_type __m   = (~__storage_type(0) << (__last.__ctz_ - __dn)) & (~__storage_type(0) >> __clz_l);
+      __storage_type __b   = *__last.__seg_ & __m;
+      unsigned __clz_r     = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+      __storage_type __ddn = std::min(__dn, static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__result.__ctz_));
+      if (__ddn > 0) {
+        __m = (~__storage_type(0) << (__result.__ctz_ - __ddn)) & (~__storage_type(0) >> __clz_r);
+        *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+        if (__result.__ctz_ > __last.__ctz_)
+          *__result.__seg_ |= __b << (__result.__ctz_ - __last.__ctz_);
+        else
+          *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> (__last.__ctz_ - __result.__ctz_);
+        __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(((-__ddn & (__bits_per_word - 1)) + __result.__ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+        __dn -= __ddn;
+      }
+      if (__dn > 0) {
+        // __result.__ctz_ == 0
+        --__result.__seg_;
+        __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(-__dn & (__bits_per_word - 1));
+        __m             = ~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_;
+        *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+        __last.__ctz_ -= __dn + __ddn;
+        *__result.__seg_ |= __b << (__result.__ctz_ - __last.__ctz_);
+      }
+      // __last.__ctz_ = 0
+    }
+    // __last.__ctz_ == 0 || __n == 0
+    // __result.__ctz_ != 0 || __n == 0
+    // do middle words
+    unsigned __clz_r   = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> __clz_r;
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word) {
+      __storage_type __b = *--__last.__seg_;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> __clz_r;
+      *--__result.__seg_ &= __m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b << __result.__ctz_;
+    }
+    // do last word
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __m                 = ~__storage_type(0) << (__bits_per_word - __n);
+      __storage_type __b  = *--__last.__seg_ & __m;
+      __clz_r             = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+      __storage_type __dn = std::min(__n, static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__result.__ctz_));
+      __m                 = (~__storage_type(0) << (__result.__ctz_ - __dn)) & (~__storage_type(0) >> __clz_r);
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b >> (__bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_);
+      __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(((-__dn & (__bits_per_word - 1)) + __result.__ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      if (__n > 0) {
+        // __result.__ctz_ == 0
+        --__result.__seg_;
+        __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(-__n & (__bits_per_word - 1));
+        __m             = ~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_;
+        *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+        *__result.__seg_ |= __b << (__result.__ctz_ - (__bits_per_word - __n - __dn));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IsConst>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> copy_backward(
+    __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __result) {
+  if (__last.__ctz_ == __result.__ctz_)
+    return std::__copy_backward_aligned(__first, __last, __result);
+  return std::__copy_backward_unaligned(__first, __last, __result);
+}
+
+// move
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IsConst>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_iterator<_Cp, false>
+move(__bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __result) {
+  return std::copy(__first, __last, __result);
+}
+
+// move_backward
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IsConst>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> move_backward(
+    __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IsConst> __last, __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __result) {
+  return std::copy_backward(__first, __last, __result);
+}
+
+// swap_ranges
+
+template <class _Cl, class _Cr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_iterator<_Cr, false> __swap_ranges_aligned(
+    __bit_iterator<_Cl, false> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cl, false> __last, __bit_iterator<_Cr, false> __result) {
+  using _I1             = __bit_iterator<_Cl, false>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _I1::
diff erence_type;
+  using __storage_type  = typename _I1::__storage_type;
+
+  const int __bits_per_word = _I1::__bits_per_word;
+  
diff erence_type __n       = __last - __first;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    // do first word
+    if (__first.__ctz_ != 0) {
+      unsigned __clz       = __bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_;
+      
diff erence_type __dn = std::min(static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__clz), __n);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      __storage_type __m  = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz - __dn));
+      __storage_type __b1 = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      __storage_type __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b1;
+      *__first.__seg_ |= __b2;
+      __result.__seg_ += (__dn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+      __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__dn + __result.__ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+      ++__first.__seg_;
+      // __first.__ctz_ = 0;
+    }
+    // __first.__ctz_ == 0;
+    // do middle words
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word, ++__first.__seg_, ++__result.__seg_)
+      swap(*__first.__seg_, *__result.__seg_);
+    // do last word
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __storage_type __m  = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+      __storage_type __b1 = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      __storage_type __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b1;
+      *__first.__seg_ |= __b2;
+      __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__n);
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Cl, class _Cr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_iterator<_Cr, false> __swap_ranges_unaligned(
+    __bit_iterator<_Cl, false> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cl, false> __last, __bit_iterator<_Cr, false> __result) {
+  using _I1             = __bit_iterator<_Cl, false>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _I1::
diff erence_type;
+  using __storage_type  = typename _I1::__storage_type;
+
+  const int __bits_per_word = _I1::__bits_per_word;
+  
diff erence_type __n       = __last - __first;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    // do first word
+    if (__first.__ctz_ != 0) {
+      unsigned __clz_f     = __bits_per_word - __first.__ctz_;
+      
diff erence_type __dn = std::min(static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__clz_f), __n);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      __storage_type __m  = (~__storage_type(0) << __first.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+      __storage_type __b1 = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      unsigned __clz_r     = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+      __storage_type __ddn = std::min<__storage_type>(__dn, __clz_r);
+      __m                  = (~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __ddn));
+      __storage_type __b2  = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      if (__result.__ctz_ > __first.__ctz_) {
+        unsigned __s = __result.__ctz_ - __first.__ctz_;
+        *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 << __s;
+        *__first.__seg_ |= __b2 >> __s;
+      } else {
+        unsigned __s = __first.__ctz_ - __result.__ctz_;
+        *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 >> __s;
+        *__first.__seg_ |= __b2 << __s;
+      }
+      __result.__seg_ += (__ddn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+      __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__ddn + __result.__ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+      __dn -= __ddn;
+      if (__dn > 0) {
+        __m  = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __dn);
+        __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+        *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+        unsigned __s = __first.__ctz_ + __ddn;
+        *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 >> __s;
+        *__first.__seg_ |= __b2 << __s;
+        __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__dn);
+      }
+      ++__first.__seg_;
+      // __first.__ctz_ = 0;
+    }
+    // __first.__ctz_ == 0;
+    // do middle words
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_;
+    unsigned __clz_r   = __bits_per_word - __result.__ctz_;
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word, ++__first.__seg_) {
+      __storage_type __b1 = *__first.__seg_;
+      __storage_type __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 << __result.__ctz_;
+      *__first.__seg_ = __b2 >> __result.__ctz_;
+      ++__result.__seg_;
+      __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= __m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 >> __clz_r;
+      *__first.__seg_ |= __b2 << __clz_r;
+    }
+    // do last word
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __m                 = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+      __storage_type __b1 = *__first.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__first.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      __storage_type __dn = std::min<__storage_type>(__n, __clz_r);
+      __m                 = (~__storage_type(0) << __result.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __dn));
+      __storage_type __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+      *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+      *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 << __result.__ctz_;
+      *__first.__seg_ |= __b2 >> __result.__ctz_;
+      __result.__seg_ += (__dn + __result.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+      __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__dn + __result.__ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      if (__n > 0) {
+        __m  = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        __b2 = *__result.__seg_ & __m;
+        *__result.__seg_ &= ~__m;
+        *__result.__seg_ |= __b1 >> __dn;
+        *__first.__seg_ |= __b2 << __dn;
+        __result.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__n);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Cl, class _Cr>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_iterator<_Cr, false> swap_ranges(
+    __bit_iterator<_Cl, false> __first1, __bit_iterator<_Cl, false> __last1, __bit_iterator<_Cr, false> __first2) {
+  if (__first1.__ctz_ == __first2.__ctz_)
+    return std::__swap_ranges_aligned(__first1, __last1, __first2);
+  return std::__swap_ranges_unaligned(__first1, __last1, __first2);
+}
+
+// rotate
+
+template <class _Cp>
+struct __bit_array {
+  using 
diff erence_type   = typename _Cp::
diff erence_type;
+  using __storage_type    = typename _Cp::__storage_type;
+  using __storage_pointer = typename _Cp::__storage_pointer;
+  using iterator          = typename _Cp::iterator;
+
+  static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _Cp::__bits_per_word;
+  static const unsigned _Np             = 4;
+
+  
diff erence_type __size_;
+  __storage_type __word_[_Np];
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static 
diff erence_type capacity() {
+    return static_cast<
diff erence_type>(_Np * __bits_per_word);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit __bit_array(
diff erence_type __s) : __size_(__s) {
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      for (size_t __i = 0; __i != __bit_array<_Cp>::_Np; ++__i)
+        std::__construct_at(__word_ + __i, 0);
+    }
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator begin() {
+    return iterator(pointer_traits<__storage_pointer>::pointer_to(__word_[0]), 0);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator end() {
+    return iterator(pointer_traits<__storage_pointer>::pointer_to(__word_[0]) + __size_ / __bits_per_word,
+                    static_cast<unsigned>(__size_ % __bits_per_word));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bit_iterator<_Cp, false>
+rotate(__bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __first, __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __middle, __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __last) {
+  using _I1             = __bit_iterator<_Cp, false>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _I1::
diff erence_type;
+
+  
diff erence_type __d1 = __middle - __first;
+  
diff erence_type __d2 = __last - __middle;
+  _I1 __r              = __first + __d2;
+  while (__d1 != 0 && __d2 != 0) {
+    if (__d1 <= __d2) {
+      if (__d1 <= __bit_array<_Cp>::capacity()) {
+        __bit_array<_Cp> __b(__d1);
+        std::copy(__first, __middle, __b.begin());
+        std::copy(__b.begin(), __b.end(), std::copy(__middle, __last, __first));
+        break;
+      } else {
+        __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __mp = std::swap_ranges(__first, __middle, __middle);
+        __first                         = __middle;
+        __middle                        = __mp;
+        __d2 -= __d1;
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (__d2 <= __bit_array<_Cp>::capacity()) {
+        __bit_array<_Cp> __b(__d2);
+        std::copy(__middle, __last, __b.begin());
+        std::copy_backward(__b.begin(), __b.end(), std::copy_backward(__first, __middle, __last));
+        break;
+      } else {
+        __bit_iterator<_Cp, false> __mp = __first + __d2;
+        std::swap_ranges(__first, __mp, __middle);
+        __first = __mp;
+        __d1 -= __d2;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+// equal
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IC1, bool _IC2>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __equal_unaligned(
+    __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IC1> __first1, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IC1> __last1, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IC2> __first2) {
+  using _It             = __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IC1>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _It::
diff erence_type;
+  using __storage_type  = typename _It::__storage_type;
+
+  const int __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+  
diff erence_type __n       = __last1 - __first1;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    // do first word
+    if (__first1.__ctz_ != 0) {
+      unsigned __clz_f     = __bits_per_word - __first1.__ctz_;
+      
diff erence_type __dn = std::min(static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__clz_f), __n);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      __storage_type __m   = (~__storage_type(0) << __first1.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_f - __dn));
+      __storage_type __b   = *__first1.__seg_ & __m;
+      unsigned __clz_r     = __bits_per_word - __first2.__ctz_;
+      __storage_type __ddn = std::min<__storage_type>(__dn, __clz_r);
+      __m                  = (~__storage_type(0) << __first2.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __ddn));
+      if (__first2.__ctz_ > __first1.__ctz_) {
+        if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b << (__first2.__ctz_ - __first1.__ctz_)))
+          return false;
+      } else {
+        if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b >> (__first1.__ctz_ - __first2.__ctz_)))
+          return false;
+      }
+      __first2.__seg_ += (__ddn + __first2.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+      __first2.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__ddn + __first2.__ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+      __dn -= __ddn;
+      if (__dn > 0) {
+        __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __dn);
+        if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b >> (__first1.__ctz_ + __ddn)))
+          return false;
+        __first2.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>(__dn);
+      }
+      ++__first1.__seg_;
+      // __first1.__ctz_ = 0;
+    }
+    // __first1.__ctz_ == 0;
+    // do middle words
+    unsigned __clz_r   = __bits_per_word - __first2.__ctz_;
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) << __first2.__ctz_;
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word, ++__first1.__seg_) {
+      __storage_type __b = *__first1.__seg_;
+      if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b << __first2.__ctz_))
+        return false;
+      ++__first2.__seg_;
+      if ((*__first2.__seg_ & ~__m) != (__b >> __clz_r))
+        return false;
+    }
+    // do last word
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __m                 = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+      __storage_type __b  = *__first1.__seg_ & __m;
+      __storage_type __dn = std::min(__n, static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__clz_r));
+      __m                 = (~__storage_type(0) << __first2.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz_r - __dn));
+      if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b << __first2.__ctz_))
+        return false;
+      __first2.__seg_ += (__dn + __first2.__ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+      __first2.__ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__dn + __first2.__ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      if (__n > 0) {
+        __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+        if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (__b >> __dn))
+          return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IC1, bool _IC2>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __equal_aligned(
+    __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IC1> __first1, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IC1> __last1, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IC2> __first2) {
+  using _It             = __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IC1>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _It::
diff erence_type;
+  using __storage_type  = typename _It::__storage_type;
+
+  const int __bits_per_word = _It::__bits_per_word;
+  
diff erence_type __n       = __last1 - __first1;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    // do first word
+    if (__first1.__ctz_ != 0) {
+      unsigned __clz       = __bits_per_word - __first1.__ctz_;
+      
diff erence_type __dn = std::min(static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__clz), __n);
+      __n -= __dn;
+      __storage_type __m = (~__storage_type(0) << __first1.__ctz_) & (~__storage_type(0) >> (__clz - __dn));
+      if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (*__first1.__seg_ & __m))
+        return false;
+      ++__first2.__seg_;
+      ++__first1.__seg_;
+      // __first1.__ctz_ = 0;
+      // __first2.__ctz_ = 0;
+    }
+    // __first1.__ctz_ == 0;
+    // __first2.__ctz_ == 0;
+    // do middle words
+    for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; __n -= __bits_per_word, ++__first1.__seg_, ++__first2.__seg_)
+      if (*__first2.__seg_ != *__first1.__seg_)
+        return false;
+    // do last word
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+      if ((*__first2.__seg_ & __m) != (*__first1.__seg_ & __m))
+        return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IC1, bool _IC2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+equal(__bit_iterator<_Cp, _IC1> __first1, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IC1> __last1, __bit_iterator<_Cp, _IC2> __first2) {
+  if (__first1.__ctz_ == __first2.__ctz_)
+    return std::__equal_aligned(__first1, __last1, __first2);
+  return std::__equal_unaligned(__first1, __last1, __first2);
+}
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IsConst, typename _Cp::__storage_type>
+class __bit_iterator {
+public:
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _Cp::
diff erence_type;
+  using value_type      = bool;
+  using pointer         = __bit_iterator;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_BITSET_VECTOR_BOOL_CONST_SUBSCRIPT_RETURN_BOOL
+  using reference = __conditional_t<_IsConst, __bit_const_reference<_Cp>, __bit_reference<_Cp> >;
+#else
+  using reference = __conditional_t<_IsConst, bool, __bit_reference<_Cp> >;
+#endif
+  using iterator_category = random_access_iterator_tag;
+
+private:
+  using __storage_type = typename _Cp::__storage_type;
+  using __storage_pointer =
+      __conditional_t<_IsConst, typename _Cp::__const_storage_pointer, typename _Cp::__storage_pointer>;
+
+  static const unsigned __bits_per_word = _Cp::__bits_per_word;
+
+  __storage_pointer __seg_;
+  unsigned __ctz_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator() _NOEXCEPT
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      : __seg_(nullptr),
+        __ctz_(0)
+#endif
+  {
+  }
+
+  // When _IsConst=false, this is the copy constructor.
+  // It is non-trivial. Making it trivial would break ABI.
+  // When _IsConst=true, this is a converting constructor;
+  // the copy and move constructors are implicitly generated
+  // and trivial.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator(const __bit_iterator<_Cp, false>& __it) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __seg_(__it.__seg_),
+        __ctz_(__it.__ctz_) {}
+
+  // When _IsConst=false, we have a user-provided copy constructor,
+  // so we must also provide a copy assignment operator because
+  // the implicit generation of a defaulted one is deprecated.
+  // When _IsConst=true, the assignment operators are
+  // implicitly generated and trivial.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator&
+  operator=(const _If<_IsConst, struct __private_nat, __bit_iterator>& __it) {
+    __seg_ = __it.__seg_;
+    __ctz_ = __it.__ctz_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference operator*() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __conditional_t<_IsConst, __bit_const_reference<_Cp>, __bit_reference<_Cp> >(
+        __seg_, __storage_type(1) << __ctz_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator& operator++() {
+    if (__ctz_ != __bits_per_word - 1)
+      ++__ctz_;
+    else {
+      __ctz_ = 0;
+      ++__seg_;
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __bit_iterator __tmp = *this;
+    ++(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator& operator--() {
+    if (__ctz_ != 0)
+      --__ctz_;
+    else {
+      __ctz_ = __bits_per_word - 1;
+      --__seg_;
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator operator--(int) {
+    __bit_iterator __tmp = *this;
+    --(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type __n) {
+    if (__n >= 0)
+      __seg_ += (__n + __ctz_) / __bits_per_word;
+    else
+      __seg_ += static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__n - __bits_per_word + __ctz_ + 1) /
+                static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__bits_per_word);
+    __n &= (__bits_per_word - 1);
+    __ctz_ = static_cast<unsigned>((__n + __ctz_) % __bits_per_word);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type __n) {
+    return *this += -__n;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator operator+(
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    __bit_iterator __t(*this);
+    __t += __n;
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bit_iterator operator-(
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    __bit_iterator __t(*this);
+    __t -= __n;
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend __bit_iterator
+  operator+(
diff erence_type __n, const __bit_iterator& __it) {
+    return __it + __n;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend 
diff erence_type
+  operator-(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y) {
+    return (__x.__seg_ - __y.__seg_) * __bits_per_word + __x.__ctz_ - __y.__ctz_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    return *(*this + __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend bool
+  operator==(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__seg_ == __y.__seg_ && __x.__ctz_ == __y.__ctz_;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend bool
+  operator!=(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend bool
+  operator<(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__seg_ < __y.__seg_ || (__x.__seg_ == __y.__seg_ && __x.__ctz_ < __y.__ctz_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend bool
+  operator>(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y) {
+    return __y < __x;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend bool
+  operator<=(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__y < __x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend bool
+  operator>=(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x < __y);
+  }
+#else  // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr friend strong_ordering
+  operator<=>(const __bit_iterator& __x, const __bit_iterator& __y) {
+    if (__x.__seg_ < __y.__seg_)
+      return strong_ordering::less;
+
+    if (__x.__seg_ == __y.__seg_)
+      return __x.__ctz_ <=> __y.__ctz_;
+
+    return strong_ordering::greater;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit __bit_iterator(__storage_pointer __s, unsigned __ctz) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __seg_(__s),
+        __ctz_(__ctz) {}
+
+  friend typename _Cp::__self;
+
+  friend class __bit_reference<_Cp>;
+  friend class __bit_const_reference<_Cp>;
+  friend class __bit_iterator<_Cp, true>;
+  template <class _Dp>
+  friend struct __bit_array;
+
+  template <bool _FillVal, class _Dp>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend void
+  __fill_n_bool(__bit_iterator<_Dp, false> __first, typename _Dp::size_type __n);
+
+  template <class _Dp, bool _IC>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend __bit_iterator<_Dp, false> __copy_aligned(
+      __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __first, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __last, __bit_iterator<_Dp, false> __result);
+  template <class _Dp, bool _IC>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend __bit_iterator<_Dp, false> __copy_unaligned(
+      __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __first, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __last, __bit_iterator<_Dp, false> __result);
+  template <class _Dp, bool _IC>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend __bit_iterator<_Dp, false>
+  copy(__bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __first, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __last, __bit_iterator<_Dp, false> __result);
+  template <class _Dp, bool _IC>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend __bit_iterator<_Dp, false> __copy_backward_aligned(
+      __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __first, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __last, __bit_iterator<_Dp, false> __result);
+  template <class _Dp, bool _IC>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend __bit_iterator<_Dp, false> __copy_backward_unaligned(
+      __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __first, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __last, __bit_iterator<_Dp, false> __result);
+  template <class _Dp, bool _IC>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend __bit_iterator<_Dp, false>
+  copy_backward(__bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __first, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC> __last, __bit_iterator<_Dp, false> __result);
+  template <class _Cl, class _Cr>
+  friend __bit_iterator<_Cr, false>
+      __swap_ranges_aligned(__bit_iterator<_Cl, false>, __bit_iterator<_Cl, false>, __bit_iterator<_Cr, false>);
+  template <class _Cl, class _Cr>
+  friend __bit_iterator<_Cr, false>
+      __swap_ranges_unaligned(__bit_iterator<_Cl, false>, __bit_iterator<_Cl, false>, __bit_iterator<_Cr, false>);
+  template <class _Cl, class _Cr>
+  friend __bit_iterator<_Cr, false>
+      swap_ranges(__bit_iterator<_Cl, false>, __bit_iterator<_Cl, false>, __bit_iterator<_Cr, false>);
+  template <class _Dp>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend __bit_iterator<_Dp, false>
+      rotate(__bit_iterator<_Dp, false>, __bit_iterator<_Dp, false>, __bit_iterator<_Dp, false>);
+  template <class _Dp, bool _IC1, bool _IC2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend bool
+      __equal_aligned(__bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC1>, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC1>, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC2>);
+  template <class _Dp, bool _IC1, bool _IC2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend bool
+      __equal_unaligned(__bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC1>, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC1>, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC2>);
+  template <class _Dp, bool _IC1, bool _IC2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend bool
+      equal(__bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC1>, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC1>, __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC2>);
+  template <bool _ToFind, class _Dp, bool _IC>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 friend __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC>
+      __find_bool(__bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC>, typename _Dp::size_type);
+  template <bool _ToCount, class _Dp, bool _IC>
+  friend typename __bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC>::
diff erence_type _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __count_bool(__bit_iterator<_Dp, _IC>, typename _Dp::size_type);
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___BIT_REFERENCE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/chars_format.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/chars_format.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c76cebd5d1847d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/chars_format.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_CHARS_FORMAT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_CHARS_FORMAT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/to_underlying.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+enum class chars_format { scientific = 0x1, fixed = 0x2, hex = 0x4, general = fixed | scientific };
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chars_format operator~(chars_format __x) {
+  return chars_format(~std::__to_underlying(__x));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chars_format operator&(chars_format __x, chars_format __y) {
+  return chars_format(std::__to_underlying(__x) & std::__to_underlying(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chars_format operator|(chars_format __x, chars_format __y) {
+  return chars_format(std::__to_underlying(__x) | std::__to_underlying(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chars_format operator^(chars_format __x, chars_format __y) {
+  return chars_format(std::__to_underlying(__x) ^ std::__to_underlying(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chars_format& operator&=(chars_format& __x, chars_format __y) {
+  __x = __x & __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chars_format& operator|=(chars_format& __x, chars_format __y) {
+  __x = __x | __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chars_format& operator^=(chars_format& __x, chars_format __y) {
+  __x = __x ^ __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_CHARS_FORMAT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/from_chars_integral.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/from_chars_integral.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c1f033b37b913e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/from_chars_integral.h
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_FROM_CHARS_INTEGRAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_FROM_CHARS_INTEGRAL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_n.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__charconv/from_chars_result.h>
+#include <__charconv/traits.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__system_error/errc.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+from_chars_result from_chars(const char*, const char*, bool, int = 10) = delete;
+
+template <typename _It, typename _Tp, typename _Fn, typename... _Ts>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI from_chars_result
+__sign_combinator(_It __first, _It __last, _Tp& __value, _Fn __f, _Ts... __args) {
+  using __tl = numeric_limits<_Tp>;
+  decltype(std::__to_unsigned_like(__value)) __x;
+
+  bool __neg = (__first != __last && *__first == '-');
+  auto __r   = __f(__neg ? __first + 1 : __first, __last, __x, __args...);
+  switch (__r.ec) {
+  case errc::invalid_argument:
+    return {__first, __r.ec};
+  case errc::result_out_of_range:
+    return __r;
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  if (__neg) {
+    if (__x <= std::__complement(std::__to_unsigned_like(__tl::min()))) {
+      __x = std::__complement(__x);
+      std::copy_n(std::addressof(__x), 1, std::addressof(__value));
+      return __r;
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (__x <= std::__to_unsigned_like(__tl::max())) {
+      __value = __x;
+      return __r;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {__r.ptr, errc::result_out_of_range};
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __in_pattern(_Tp __c) {
+  return '0' <= __c && __c <= '9';
+}
+
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __in_pattern_result {
+  bool __ok;
+  int __val;
+
+  explicit _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator bool() const { return __ok; }
+};
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __in_pattern_result __in_pattern(_Tp __c, int __base) {
+  if (__base <= 10)
+    return {'0' <= __c && __c < '0' + __base, __c - '0'};
+  else if (std::__in_pattern(__c))
+    return {true, __c - '0'};
+  else if ('a' <= __c && __c < 'a' + __base - 10)
+    return {true, __c - 'a' + 10};
+  else
+    return {'A' <= __c && __c < 'A' + __base - 10, __c - 'A' + 10};
+}
+
+template <typename _It, typename _Tp, typename _Fn, typename... _Ts>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI from_chars_result
+__subject_seq_combinator(_It __first, _It __last, _Tp& __value, _Fn __f, _Ts... __args) {
+  auto __find_non_zero = [](_It __firstit, _It __lastit) {
+    for (; __firstit != __lastit; ++__firstit)
+      if (*__firstit != '0')
+        break;
+    return __firstit;
+  };
+
+  auto __p = __find_non_zero(__first, __last);
+  if (__p == __last || !std::__in_pattern(*__p, __args...)) {
+    if (__p == __first)
+      return {__first, errc::invalid_argument};
+    else {
+      __value = 0;
+      return {__p, {}};
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto __r = __f(__p, __last, __value, __args...);
+  if (__r.ec == errc::result_out_of_range) {
+    for (; __r.ptr != __last; ++__r.ptr) {
+      if (!std::__in_pattern(*__r.ptr, __args...))
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_unsigned<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI from_chars_result
+__from_chars_atoi(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value) {
+  using __tx          = __itoa::__traits<_Tp>;
+  using __output_type = typename __tx::type;
+
+  return std::__subject_seq_combinator(
+      __first, __last, __value, [](const char* __f, const char* __l, _Tp& __val) -> from_chars_result {
+        __output_type __a, __b;
+        auto __p = __tx::__read(__f, __l, __a, __b);
+        if (__p == __l || !std::__in_pattern(*__p)) {
+          __output_type __m = numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+          if (__m >= __a && __m - __a >= __b) {
+            __val = __a + __b;
+            return {__p, {}};
+          }
+        }
+        return {__p, errc::result_out_of_range};
+      });
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_signed<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI from_chars_result
+__from_chars_atoi(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value) {
+  using __t = decltype(std::__to_unsigned_like(__value));
+  return std::__sign_combinator(__first, __last, __value, __from_chars_atoi<__t>);
+}
+
+/*
+// Code used to generate __from_chars_log2f_lut.
+#include <cmath>
+#include <format>
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main() {
+  for (int i = 2; i <= 36; ++i)
+    std::cout << std::format("{},\n", log2f(i));
+}
+*/
+/// log2f table for bases [2, 36].
+inline constexpr float __from_chars_log2f_lut[35] = {
+    1,         1.5849625, 2,         2.321928, 2.5849626, 2.807355, 3,        3.169925,  3.321928,
+    3.4594316, 3.5849626, 3.7004397, 3.807355, 3.9068906, 4,        4.087463, 4.169925,  4.2479277,
+    4.321928,  4.3923173, 4.4594316, 4.523562, 4.5849624, 4.643856, 4.70044,  4.7548876, 4.807355,
+    4.857981,  4.9068904, 4.9541965, 5,        5.044394,  5.087463, 5.129283, 5.169925};
+
+template <typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_unsigned<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI from_chars_result
+__from_chars_integral(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value, int __base) {
+  if (__base == 10)
+    return std::__from_chars_atoi(__first, __last, __value);
+
+  return std::__subject_seq_combinator(
+      __first,
+      __last,
+      __value,
+      [](const char* __p, const char* __lastp, _Tp& __val, int __b) -> from_chars_result {
+        using __tl = numeric_limits<_Tp>;
+        // __base is always between 2 and 36 inclusive.
+        auto __digits = __tl::digits / __from_chars_log2f_lut[__b - 2];
+        _Tp __x = __in_pattern(*__p++, __b).__val, __y = 0;
+
+        for (int __i = 1; __p != __lastp; ++__i, ++__p) {
+          if (auto __c = __in_pattern(*__p, __b)) {
+            if (__i < __digits - 1)
+              __x = __x * __b + __c.__val;
+            else {
+              if (!__itoa::__mul_overflowed(__x, __b, __x))
+                ++__p;
+              __y = __c.__val;
+              break;
+            }
+          } else
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (__p == __lastp || !__in_pattern(*__p, __b)) {
+          if (__tl::max() - __x >= __y) {
+            __val = __x + __y;
+            return {__p, {}};
+          }
+        }
+        return {__p, errc::result_out_of_range};
+      },
+      __base);
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_signed<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI from_chars_result
+__from_chars_integral(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value, int __base) {
+  using __t = decltype(std::__to_unsigned_like(__value));
+  return std::__sign_combinator(__first, __last, __value, __from_chars_integral<__t>, __base);
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI from_chars_result
+from_chars(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value) {
+  return std::__from_chars_atoi(__first, __last, __value);
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI from_chars_result
+from_chars(const char* __first, const char* __last, _Tp& __value, int __base) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(2 <= __base && __base <= 36, "base not in [2, 36]");
+  return std::__from_chars_integral(__first, __last, __value, __base);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_FROM_CHARS_INTEGRAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/from_chars_result.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/from_chars_result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a7bfd6530a8a0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/from_chars_result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_FROM_CHARS_RESULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_FROM_CHARS_RESULT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__system_error/errc.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI from_chars_result {
+  const char* ptr;
+  errc ec;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(const from_chars_result&, const from_chars_result&) = default;
+#  endif
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return ec == errc{}; }
+#  endif
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_FROM_CHARS_RESULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/tables.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/tables.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6b93536b8c1bac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/tables.h
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TABLES
+#define _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TABLES
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+namespace __itoa {
+
+inline constexpr char __base_2_lut[64] = {
+    '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '1', '0', '0', '1', '0', '0', '0', '1', '1', '0', '1', '0', '0', '0', '1',
+    '0', '1', '0', '1', '1', '0', '0', '1', '1', '1', '1', '0', '0', '0', '1', '0', '0', '1', '1', '0', '1', '0',
+    '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '1', '0', '0', '1', '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '1'};
+
+inline constexpr char __base_8_lut[128] = {
+    '0', '0', '0', '1', '0', '2', '0', '3', '0', '4', '0', '5', '0', '6', '0', '7', '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '2',
+    '1', '3', '1', '4', '1', '5', '1', '6', '1', '7', '2', '0', '2', '1', '2', '2', '2', '3', '2', '4', '2', '5',
+    '2', '6', '2', '7', '3', '0', '3', '1', '3', '2', '3', '3', '3', '4', '3', '5', '3', '6', '3', '7', '4', '0',
+    '4', '1', '4', '2', '4', '3', '4', '4', '4', '5', '4', '6', '4', '7', '5', '0', '5', '1', '5', '2', '5', '3',
+    '5', '4', '5', '5', '5', '6', '5', '7', '6', '0', '6', '1', '6', '2', '6', '3', '6', '4', '6', '5', '6', '6',
+    '6', '7', '7', '0', '7', '1', '7', '2', '7', '3', '7', '4', '7', '5', '7', '6', '7', '7'};
+
+inline constexpr char __base_16_lut[512] = {
+    '0', '0', '0', '1', '0', '2', '0', '3', '0', '4', '0', '5', '0', '6', '0', '7', '0', '8', '0', '9', '0', 'a', '0',
+    'b', '0', 'c', '0', 'd', '0', 'e', '0', 'f', '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '2', '1', '3', '1', '4', '1', '5', '1', '6',
+    '1', '7', '1', '8', '1', '9', '1', 'a', '1', 'b', '1', 'c', '1', 'd', '1', 'e', '1', 'f', '2', '0', '2', '1', '2',
+    '2', '2', '3', '2', '4', '2', '5', '2', '6', '2', '7', '2', '8', '2', '9', '2', 'a', '2', 'b', '2', 'c', '2', 'd',
+    '2', 'e', '2', 'f', '3', '0', '3', '1', '3', '2', '3', '3', '3', '4', '3', '5', '3', '6', '3', '7', '3', '8', '3',
+    '9', '3', 'a', '3', 'b', '3', 'c', '3', 'd', '3', 'e', '3', 'f', '4', '0', '4', '1', '4', '2', '4', '3', '4', '4',
+    '4', '5', '4', '6', '4', '7', '4', '8', '4', '9', '4', 'a', '4', 'b', '4', 'c', '4', 'd', '4', 'e', '4', 'f', '5',
+    '0', '5', '1', '5', '2', '5', '3', '5', '4', '5', '5', '5', '6', '5', '7', '5', '8', '5', '9', '5', 'a', '5', 'b',
+    '5', 'c', '5', 'd', '5', 'e', '5', 'f', '6', '0', '6', '1', '6', '2', '6', '3', '6', '4', '6', '5', '6', '6', '6',
+    '7', '6', '8', '6', '9', '6', 'a', '6', 'b', '6', 'c', '6', 'd', '6', 'e', '6', 'f', '7', '0', '7', '1', '7', '2',
+    '7', '3', '7', '4', '7', '5', '7', '6', '7', '7', '7', '8', '7', '9', '7', 'a', '7', 'b', '7', 'c', '7', 'd', '7',
+    'e', '7', 'f', '8', '0', '8', '1', '8', '2', '8', '3', '8', '4', '8', '5', '8', '6', '8', '7', '8', '8', '8', '9',
+    '8', 'a', '8', 'b', '8', 'c', '8', 'd', '8', 'e', '8', 'f', '9', '0', '9', '1', '9', '2', '9', '3', '9', '4', '9',
+    '5', '9', '6', '9', '7', '9', '8', '9', '9', '9', 'a', '9', 'b', '9', 'c', '9', 'd', '9', 'e', '9', 'f', 'a', '0',
+    'a', '1', 'a', '2', 'a', '3', 'a', '4', 'a', '5', 'a', '6', 'a', '7', 'a', '8', 'a', '9', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'a',
+    'c', 'a', 'd', 'a', 'e', 'a', 'f', 'b', '0', 'b', '1', 'b', '2', 'b', '3', 'b', '4', 'b', '5', 'b', '6', 'b', '7',
+    'b', '8', 'b', '9', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'b', 'd', 'b', 'e', 'b', 'f', 'c', '0', 'c', '1', 'c', '2', 'c',
+    '3', 'c', '4', 'c', '5', 'c', '6', 'c', '7', 'c', '8', 'c', '9', 'c', 'a', 'c', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'c', 'd', 'c', 'e',
+    'c', 'f', 'd', '0', 'd', '1', 'd', '2', 'd', '3', 'd', '4', 'd', '5', 'd', '6', 'd', '7', 'd', '8', 'd', '9', 'd',
+    'a', 'd', 'b', 'd', 'c', 'd', 'd', 'd', 'e', 'd', 'f', 'e', '0', 'e', '1', 'e', '2', 'e', '3', 'e', '4', 'e', '5',
+    'e', '6', 'e', '7', 'e', '8', 'e', '9', 'e', 'a', 'e', 'b', 'e', 'c', 'e', 'd', 'e', 'e', 'e', 'f', 'f', '0', 'f',
+    '1', 'f', '2', 'f', '3', 'f', '4', 'f', '5', 'f', '6', 'f', '7', 'f', '8', 'f', '9', 'f', 'a', 'f', 'b', 'f', 'c',
+    'f', 'd', 'f', 'e', 'f', 'f'};
+
+inline constexpr uint32_t __pow10_32[10] = {
+    UINT32_C(0),
+    UINT32_C(10),
+    UINT32_C(100),
+    UINT32_C(1000),
+    UINT32_C(10000),
+    UINT32_C(100000),
+    UINT32_C(1000000),
+    UINT32_C(10000000),
+    UINT32_C(100000000),
+    UINT32_C(1000000000)};
+
+inline constexpr uint64_t __pow10_64[20] = {
+    UINT64_C(0),
+    UINT64_C(10),
+    UINT64_C(100),
+    UINT64_C(1000),
+    UINT64_C(10000),
+    UINT64_C(100000),
+    UINT64_C(1000000),
+    UINT64_C(10000000),
+    UINT64_C(100000000),
+    UINT64_C(1000000000),
+    UINT64_C(10000000000),
+    UINT64_C(100000000000),
+    UINT64_C(1000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(10000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(100000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(1000000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(10000000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(100000000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(1000000000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)};
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+inline constexpr int __pow10_128_offset      = 0;
+inline constexpr __uint128_t __pow10_128[40] = {
+    UINT64_C(0),
+    UINT64_C(10),
+    UINT64_C(100),
+    UINT64_C(1000),
+    UINT64_C(10000),
+    UINT64_C(100000),
+    UINT64_C(1000000),
+    UINT64_C(10000000),
+    UINT64_C(100000000),
+    UINT64_C(1000000000),
+    UINT64_C(10000000000),
+    UINT64_C(100000000000),
+    UINT64_C(1000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(10000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(100000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(1000000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(10000000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(100000000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(1000000000000000000),
+    UINT64_C(10000000000000000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(10),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(100),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(1000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(10000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(100000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(1000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(10000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(100000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(1000000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(10000000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(100000000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(1000000000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(10000000000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(100000000000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(1000000000000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(10000000000000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(100000000000000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(1000000000000000000),
+    __uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(10000000000000000000),
+    (__uint128_t(UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)) * 10};
+#  endif
+
+inline constexpr char __digits_base_10[200] = {
+    // clang-format off
+    '0', '0', '0', '1', '0', '2', '0', '3', '0', '4', '0', '5', '0', '6', '0', '7', '0', '8', '0', '9',
+    '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '2', '1', '3', '1', '4', '1', '5', '1', '6', '1', '7', '1', '8', '1', '9',
+    '2', '0', '2', '1', '2', '2', '2', '3', '2', '4', '2', '5', '2', '6', '2', '7', '2', '8', '2', '9',
+    '3', '0', '3', '1', '3', '2', '3', '3', '3', '4', '3', '5', '3', '6', '3', '7', '3', '8', '3', '9',
+    '4', '0', '4', '1', '4', '2', '4', '3', '4', '4', '4', '5', '4', '6', '4', '7', '4', '8', '4', '9',
+    '5', '0', '5', '1', '5', '2', '5', '3', '5', '4', '5', '5', '5', '6', '5', '7', '5', '8', '5', '9',
+    '6', '0', '6', '1', '6', '2', '6', '3', '6', '4', '6', '5', '6', '6', '6', '7', '6', '8', '6', '9',
+    '7', '0', '7', '1', '7', '2', '7', '3', '7', '4', '7', '5', '7', '6', '7', '7', '7', '8', '7', '9',
+    '8', '0', '8', '1', '8', '2', '8', '3', '8', '4', '8', '5', '8', '6', '8', '7', '8', '8', '8', '9',
+    '9', '0', '9', '1', '9', '2', '9', '3', '9', '4', '9', '5', '9', '6', '9', '7', '9', '8', '9', '9'};
+// clang-format on
+
+} // namespace __itoa
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TABLES

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8ef09af737559f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS
+#define _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS
+
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_floating_point.h>
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_integral.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_base_10.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_base_10.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c49f4f6797aa43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_base_10.h
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_BASE_10_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_BASE_10_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_n.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__charconv/tables.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+namespace __itoa {
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char* __append1(char* __first, uint32_t __value) noexcept {
+  *__first = '0' + static_cast<char>(__value);
+  return __first + 1;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char* __append2(char* __first, uint32_t __value) noexcept {
+  return std::copy_n(&__digits_base_10[__value * 2], 2, __first);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char* __append3(char* __first, uint32_t __value) noexcept {
+  return __itoa::__append2(__itoa::__append1(__first, __value / 100), __value % 100);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char* __append4(char* __first, uint32_t __value) noexcept {
+  return __itoa::__append2(__itoa::__append2(__first, __value / 100), __value % 100);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char* __append5(char* __first, uint32_t __value) noexcept {
+  return __itoa::__append4(__itoa::__append1(__first, __value / 10000), __value % 10000);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char* __append6(char* __first, uint32_t __value) noexcept {
+  return __itoa::__append4(__itoa::__append2(__first, __value / 10000), __value % 10000);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char* __append7(char* __first, uint32_t __value) noexcept {
+  return __itoa::__append6(__itoa::__append1(__first, __value / 1000000), __value % 1000000);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char* __append8(char* __first, uint32_t __value) noexcept {
+  return __itoa::__append6(__itoa::__append2(__first, __value / 1000000), __value % 1000000);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char* __append9(char* __first, uint32_t __value) noexcept {
+  return __itoa::__append8(__itoa::__append1(__first, __value / 100000000), __value % 100000000);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* __append10(char* __first, _Tp __value) noexcept {
+  return __itoa::__append8(__itoa::__append2(__first, static_cast<uint32_t>(__value / 100000000)),
+                           static_cast<uint32_t>(__value % 100000000));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char*
+__base_10_u32(char* __first, uint32_t __value) noexcept {
+  if (__value < 1000000) {
+    if (__value < 10000) {
+      if (__value < 100) {
+        // 0 <= __value < 100
+        if (__value < 10)
+          return __itoa::__append1(__first, __value);
+        return __itoa::__append2(__first, __value);
+      }
+      // 100 <= __value < 10'000
+      if (__value < 1000)
+        return __itoa::__append3(__first, __value);
+      return __itoa::__append4(__first, __value);
+    }
+
+    // 10'000 <= __value < 1'000'000
+    if (__value < 100000)
+      return __itoa::__append5(__first, __value);
+    return __itoa::__append6(__first, __value);
+  }
+
+  // __value => 1'000'000
+  if (__value < 100000000) {
+    // 1'000'000 <= __value < 100'000'000
+    if (__value < 10000000)
+      return __itoa::__append7(__first, __value);
+    return __itoa::__append8(__first, __value);
+  }
+
+  // 100'000'000 <= __value < max
+  if (__value < 1000000000)
+    return __itoa::__append9(__first, __value);
+  return __itoa::__append10(__first, __value);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char*
+__base_10_u64(char* __buffer, uint64_t __value) noexcept {
+  if (__value <= UINT32_MAX)
+    return __itoa::__base_10_u32(__buffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(__value));
+
+  // Numbers in the range UINT32_MAX <= val < 10'000'000'000 always contain 10
+  // digits and are outputted after this if statement.
+  if (__value >= 10000000000) {
+    // This function properly deterimines the first non-zero leading digit.
+    __buffer = __itoa::__base_10_u32(__buffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(__value / 10000000000));
+    __value %= 10000000000;
+  }
+  return __itoa::__append10(__buffer, __value);
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+/// \returns 10^\a exp
+///
+/// \pre \a exp [19, 39]
+///
+/// \note The lookup table contains a partial set of exponents limiting the
+/// range that can be used. However the range is sufficient for
+/// \ref __base_10_u128.
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline __uint128_t __pow_10(int __exp) noexcept {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__exp >= __pow10_128_offset, "Index out of bounds");
+  return __pow10_128[__exp - __pow10_128_offset];
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline char*
+__base_10_u128(char* __buffer, __uint128_t __value) noexcept {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(
+      __value > numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), "The optimizations for this algorithm fails when this isn't true.");
+
+  // Unlike the 64 to 32 bit case the 128 bit case the "upper half" can't be
+  // stored in the "lower half". Instead we first need to handle the top most
+  // digits separately.
+  //
+  // Maximum unsigned values
+  // 64  bit                             18'446'744'073'709'551'615 (20 digits)
+  // 128 bit    340'282'366'920'938'463'463'374'607'431'768'211'455 (39 digits)
+  // step 1     ^                                                   ([0-1] digits)
+  // step 2      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^                          ([0-19] digits)
+  // step 3                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ (19 digits)
+  if (__value >= __itoa::__pow_10(38)) {
+    // step 1
+    __buffer = __itoa::__append1(__buffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(__value / __itoa::__pow_10(38)));
+    __value %= __itoa::__pow_10(38);
+
+    // step 2 always 19 digits.
+    // They are handled here since leading zeros need to be appended to the buffer,
+    __buffer = __itoa::__append9(__buffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(__value / __itoa::__pow_10(29)));
+    __value %= __itoa::__pow_10(29);
+    __buffer = __itoa::__append10(__buffer, static_cast<uint64_t>(__value / __itoa::__pow_10(19)));
+    __value %= __itoa::__pow_10(19);
+  } else {
+    // step 2
+    // This version needs to determine the position of the leading non-zero digit.
+    __buffer = __base_10_u64(__buffer, static_cast<uint64_t>(__value / __itoa::__pow_10(19)));
+    __value %= __itoa::__pow_10(19);
+  }
+
+  // Step 3
+  __buffer = __itoa::__append9(__buffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(__value / 10000000000));
+  __buffer = __itoa::__append10(__buffer, static_cast<uint64_t>(__value % 10000000000));
+
+  return __buffer;
+}
+#  endif
+} // namespace __itoa
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_BASE_10_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_floating_point.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_floating_point.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..118f316b21a102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_floating_point.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT_H
+
+#include <__charconv/chars_format.h>
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_result.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, float __value);
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, double __value);
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, long double __value);
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, float __value, chars_format __fmt);
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, double __value, chars_format __fmt);
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, long double __value, chars_format __fmt);
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, float __value, chars_format __fmt, int __precision);
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, double __value, chars_format __fmt, int __precision);
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, long double __value, chars_format __fmt, int __precision);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_integral.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_integral.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0369f4dfb9bda6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_integral.h
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_INTEGRAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_INTEGRAL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_n.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__bit/countl.h>
+#include <__charconv/tables.h>
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_base_10.h>
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_result.h>
+#include <__charconv/traits.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__system_error/errc.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_32_64_or_128_bit.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+to_chars_result to_chars(char*, char*, bool, int = 10) = delete;
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+__to_chars_itoa(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, false_type);
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+__to_chars_itoa(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, true_type) {
+  auto __x = std::__to_unsigned_like(__value);
+  if (__value < 0 && __first != __last) {
+    *__first++ = '-';
+    __x        = std::__complement(__x);
+  }
+
+  return std::__to_chars_itoa(__first, __last, __x, false_type());
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+__to_chars_itoa(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, false_type) {
+  using __tx  = __itoa::__traits<_Tp>;
+  auto __
diff  = __last - __first;
+
+  if (__tx::digits <= __
diff  || __tx::__width(__value) <= __
diff )
+    return {__tx::__convert(__first, __value), errc(0)};
+  else
+    return {__last, errc::value_too_large};
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+template <>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+__to_chars_itoa(char* __first, char* __last, __uint128_t __value, false_type) {
+  // When the value fits in 64-bits use the 64-bit code path. This reduces
+  // the number of expensive calculations on 128-bit values.
+  //
+  // NOTE the 128-bit code path requires this optimization.
+  if (__value <= numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())
+    return __to_chars_itoa(__first, __last, static_cast<uint64_t>(__value), false_type());
+
+  using __tx  = __itoa::__traits<__uint128_t>;
+  auto __
diff  = __last - __first;
+
+  if (__tx::digits <= __
diff  || __tx::__width(__value) <= __
diff )
+    return {__tx::__convert(__first, __value), errc(0)};
+  else
+    return {__last, errc::value_too_large};
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+__to_chars_integral(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, int __base, false_type);
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+__to_chars_integral(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, int __base, true_type) {
+  auto __x = std::__to_unsigned_like(__value);
+  if (__value < 0 && __first != __last) {
+    *__first++ = '-';
+    __x        = std::__complement(__x);
+  }
+
+  return std::__to_chars_integral(__first, __last, __x, __base, false_type());
+}
+
+namespace __itoa {
+
+template <unsigned _Base>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __integral;
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __integral<2> {
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr int __width(_Tp __value) noexcept {
+    // If value == 0 still need one digit. If the value != this has no
+    // effect since the code scans for the most significant bit set. (Note
+    // that __libcpp_clz doesn't work for 0.)
+    return numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits - std::__libcpp_clz(__value | 1);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static to_chars_result
+  __to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value) {
+    ptr
diff _t __cap = __last - __first;
+    int __n         = __width(__value);
+    if (__n > __cap)
+      return {__last, errc::value_too_large};
+
+    __last                   = __first + __n;
+    char* __p                = __last;
+    const unsigned __divisor = 16;
+    while (__value > __divisor) {
+      unsigned __c = __value % __divisor;
+      __value /= __divisor;
+      __p -= 4;
+      std::copy_n(&__base_2_lut[4 * __c], 4, __p);
+    }
+    do {
+      unsigned __c = __value % 2;
+      __value /= 2;
+      *--__p = "01"[__c];
+    } while (__value != 0);
+    return {__last, errc(0)};
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __integral<8> {
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr int __width(_Tp __value) noexcept {
+    // If value == 0 still need one digit. If the value != this has no
+    // effect since the code scans for the most significat bit set. (Note
+    // that __libcpp_clz doesn't work for 0.)
+    return ((numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits - std::__libcpp_clz(__value | 1)) + 2) / 3;
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static to_chars_result
+  __to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value) {
+    ptr
diff _t __cap = __last - __first;
+    int __n         = __width(__value);
+    if (__n > __cap)
+      return {__last, errc::value_too_large};
+
+    __last             = __first + __n;
+    char* __p          = __last;
+    unsigned __divisor = 64;
+    while (__value > __divisor) {
+      unsigned __c = __value % __divisor;
+      __value /= __divisor;
+      __p -= 2;
+      std::copy_n(&__base_8_lut[2 * __c], 2, __p);
+    }
+    do {
+      unsigned __c = __value % 8;
+      __value /= 8;
+      *--__p = "01234567"[__c];
+    } while (__value != 0);
+    return {__last, errc(0)};
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __integral<16> {
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr int __width(_Tp __value) noexcept {
+    // If value == 0 still need one digit. If the value != this has no
+    // effect since the code scans for the most significat bit set. (Note
+    // that __libcpp_clz doesn't work for 0.)
+    return (numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits - std::__libcpp_clz(__value | 1) + 3) / 4;
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static to_chars_result
+  __to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value) {
+    ptr
diff _t __cap = __last - __first;
+    int __n         = __width(__value);
+    if (__n > __cap)
+      return {__last, errc::value_too_large};
+
+    __last             = __first + __n;
+    char* __p          = __last;
+    unsigned __divisor = 256;
+    while (__value > __divisor) {
+      unsigned __c = __value % __divisor;
+      __value /= __divisor;
+      __p -= 2;
+      std::copy_n(&__base_16_lut[2 * __c], 2, __p);
+    }
+    if (__first != __last)
+      do {
+        unsigned __c = __value % 16;
+        __value /= 16;
+        *--__p = "0123456789abcdef"[__c];
+      } while (__value != 0);
+    return {__last, errc(0)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __itoa
+
+template <unsigned _Base, typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<(sizeof(_Tp) >= sizeof(unsigned)), int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __to_chars_integral_width(_Tp __value) {
+  return __itoa::__integral<_Base>::__width(__value);
+}
+
+template <unsigned _Base, typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<(sizeof(_Tp) < sizeof(unsigned)), int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __to_chars_integral_width(_Tp __value) {
+  return std::__to_chars_integral_width<_Base>(static_cast<unsigned>(__value));
+}
+
+template <unsigned _Base, typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<(sizeof(_Tp) >= sizeof(unsigned)), int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+__to_chars_integral(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value) {
+  return __itoa::__integral<_Base>::__to_chars(__first, __last, __value);
+}
+
+template <unsigned _Base, typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<(sizeof(_Tp) < sizeof(unsigned)), int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+__to_chars_integral(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value) {
+  return std::__to_chars_integral<_Base>(__first, __last, static_cast<unsigned>(__value));
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __to_chars_integral_width(_Tp __value, unsigned __base) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__value >= 0, "The function requires a non-negative value.");
+
+  unsigned __base_2 = __base * __base;
+  unsigned __base_3 = __base_2 * __base;
+  unsigned __base_4 = __base_2 * __base_2;
+
+  int __r = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    if (__value < __base)
+      return __r + 1;
+    if (__value < __base_2)
+      return __r + 2;
+    if (__value < __base_3)
+      return __r + 3;
+    if (__value < __base_4)
+      return __r + 4;
+
+    __value /= __base_4;
+    __r += 4;
+  }
+
+  __libcpp_unreachable();
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+__to_chars_integral(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, int __base, false_type) {
+  if (__base == 10) [[likely]]
+    return std::__to_chars_itoa(__first, __last, __value, false_type());
+
+  switch (__base) {
+  case 2:
+    return std::__to_chars_integral<2>(__first, __last, __value);
+  case 8:
+    return std::__to_chars_integral<8>(__first, __last, __value);
+  case 16:
+    return std::__to_chars_integral<16>(__first, __last, __value);
+  }
+
+  ptr
diff _t __cap = __last - __first;
+  int __n         = std::__to_chars_integral_width(__value, __base);
+  if (__n > __cap)
+    return {__last, errc::value_too_large};
+
+  __last    = __first + __n;
+  char* __p = __last;
+  do {
+    unsigned __c = __value % __base;
+    __value /= __base;
+    *--__p = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"[__c];
+  } while (__value != 0);
+  return {__last, errc(0)};
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value) {
+  using _Type = __make_32_64_or_128_bit_t<_Tp>;
+  static_assert(!is_same<_Type, void>::value, "unsupported integral type used in to_chars");
+  return std::__to_chars_itoa(__first, __last, static_cast<_Type>(__value), is_signed<_Tp>());
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI to_chars_result
+to_chars(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, int __base) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(2 <= __base && __base <= 36, "base not in [2, 36]");
+
+  using _Type = __make_32_64_or_128_bit_t<_Tp>;
+  return std::__to_chars_integral(__first, __last, static_cast<_Type>(__value), __base, is_signed<_Tp>());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_INTEGRAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_result.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8df0897a49fbbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/to_chars_result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_RESULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_RESULT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__system_error/errc.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI to_chars_result {
+  char* ptr;
+  errc ec;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(const to_chars_result&, const to_chars_result&) = default;
+#  endif
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return ec == errc{}; }
+#  endif
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TO_CHARS_RESULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c91c6da3247978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__charconv/traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TRAITS
+#define _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TRAITS
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__bit/countl.h>
+#include <__charconv/tables.h>
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_base_10.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+namespace __itoa {
+
+template <typename _Tp, typename = void>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __traits_base;
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __traits_base<_Tp, __enable_if_t<sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(uint32_t)>> {
+  using type = uint32_t;
+
+  /// The width estimation using a log10 algorithm.
+  ///
+  /// The algorithm is based on
+  /// http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#IntegerLog10
+  /// Instead of using IntegerLogBase2 it uses __libcpp_clz. Since that
+  /// function requires its input to have at least one bit set the value of
+  /// zero is set to one. This means the first element of the lookup table is
+  /// zero.
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __width(_Tp __v) {
+    auto __t = (32 - std::__libcpp_clz(static_cast<type>(__v | 1))) * 1233 >> 12;
+    return __t - (__v < __itoa::__pow10_32[__t]) + 1;
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* __convert(char* __p, _Tp __v) {
+    return __itoa::__base_10_u32(__p, __v);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI decltype(__pow10_32)& __pow() {
+    return __itoa::__pow10_32;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __traits_base<_Tp, __enable_if_t<sizeof(_Tp) == sizeof(uint64_t)>> {
+  using type = uint64_t;
+
+  /// The width estimation using a log10 algorithm.
+  ///
+  /// The algorithm is based on
+  /// http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#IntegerLog10
+  /// Instead of using IntegerLogBase2 it uses __libcpp_clz. Since that
+  /// function requires its input to have at least one bit set the value of
+  /// zero is set to one. This means the first element of the lookup table is
+  /// zero.
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __width(_Tp __v) {
+    auto __t = (64 - std::__libcpp_clz(static_cast<type>(__v | 1))) * 1233 >> 12;
+    return __t - (__v < __itoa::__pow10_64[__t]) + 1;
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* __convert(char* __p, _Tp __v) {
+    return __itoa::__base_10_u64(__p, __v);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI decltype(__pow10_64)& __pow() {
+    return __itoa::__pow10_64;
+  }
+};
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+template <typename _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __traits_base<_Tp, __enable_if_t<sizeof(_Tp) == sizeof(__uint128_t)> > {
+  using type = __uint128_t;
+
+  /// The width estimation using a log10 algorithm.
+  ///
+  /// The algorithm is based on
+  /// http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#IntegerLog10
+  /// Instead of using IntegerLogBase2 it uses __libcpp_clz. Since that
+  /// function requires its input to have at least one bit set the value of
+  /// zero is set to one. This means the first element of the lookup table is
+  /// zero.
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __width(_Tp __v) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(
+        __v > numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), "The optimizations for this algorithm fail when this isn't true.");
+    // There's always a bit set in the upper 64-bits.
+    auto __t = (128 - std::__libcpp_clz(static_cast<uint64_t>(__v >> 64))) * 1233 >> 12;
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__t >= __itoa::__pow10_128_offset, "Index out of bounds");
+    // __t is adjusted since the lookup table misses the lower entries.
+    return __t - (__v < __itoa::__pow10_128[__t - __itoa::__pow10_128_offset]) + 1;
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* __convert(char* __p, _Tp __v) {
+    return __itoa::__base_10_u128(__p, __v);
+  }
+
+  // TODO FMT This pow function should get an index.
+  // By moving this to its own header it can be reused by the pow function in to_chars_base_10.
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI decltype(__pow10_128)& __pow() {
+    return __itoa::__pow10_128;
+  }
+};
+#  endif
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+__mul_overflowed(unsigned char __a, _Tp __b, unsigned char& __r) {
+  auto __c = __a * __b;
+  __r      = __c;
+  return __c > numeric_limits<unsigned char>::max();
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+__mul_overflowed(unsigned short __a, _Tp __b, unsigned short& __r) {
+  auto __c = __a * __b;
+  __r      = __c;
+  return __c > numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max();
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __mul_overflowed(_Tp __a, _Tp __b, _Tp& __r) {
+  static_assert(is_unsigned<_Tp>::value, "");
+  return __builtin_mul_overflow(__a, __b, &__r);
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, typename _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 __mul_overflowed(_Tp __a, _Up __b, _Tp& __r) {
+  return __itoa::__mul_overflowed(__a, static_cast<_Tp>(__b), __r);
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __traits : __traits_base<_Tp> {
+  static constexpr int digits = numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits10 + 1;
+  using __traits_base<_Tp>::__pow;
+  using typename __traits_base<_Tp>::type;
+
+  // precondition: at least one non-zero character available
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char const*
+  __read(char const* __p, char const* __ep, type& __a, type& __b) {
+    type __cprod[digits];
+    int __j = digits - 1;
+    int __i = digits;
+    do {
+      if (*__p < '0' || *__p > '9')
+        break;
+      __cprod[--__i] = *__p++ - '0';
+    } while (__p != __ep && __i != 0);
+
+    __a = __inner_product(__cprod + __i + 1, __cprod + __j, __pow() + 1, __cprod[__i]);
+    if (__itoa::__mul_overflowed(__cprod[__j], __pow()[__j - __i], __b))
+      --__p;
+    return __p;
+  }
+
+  template <typename _It1, typename _It2, class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Up
+  __inner_product(_It1 __first1, _It1 __last1, _It2 __first2, _Up __init) {
+    for (; __first1 < __last1; ++__first1, ++__first2)
+      __init = __init + *__first1 * *__first2;
+    return __init;
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __itoa
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __complement(_Tp __x) {
+  static_assert(is_unsigned<_Tp>::value, "cast to unsigned first");
+  return _Tp(~__x + 1);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHARCONV_TRAITS

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/calendar.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/calendar.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bb1c5e7ebc8d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/calendar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CALENDAR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CALENDAR_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+struct local_t {};
+template <class _Duration>
+using local_time    = time_point<local_t, _Duration>;
+using local_seconds = local_time<seconds>;
+using local_days    = local_time<days>;
+
+struct last_spec {
+  explicit last_spec() = default;
+};
+inline constexpr last_spec last{};
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CALENDAR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/concepts.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/concepts.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..61ec256b23abb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/concepts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CONCEPTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CONCEPTS_H
+
+#include <__chrono/hh_mm_ss.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_specialization.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __is_hh_mm_ss = __is_specialization_v<_Tp, chrono::hh_mm_ss>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __is_time_point = __is_specialization_v<_Tp, chrono::time_point>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CONCEPTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/convert_to_timespec.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/convert_to_timespec.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..11e0b826d05b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/convert_to_timespec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CONVERT_TO_TIMESPEC_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CONVERT_TO_TIMESPEC_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Convert a nanoseconds duration to the given TimeSpec type, which must have
+// the same properties as std::timespec.
+template <class _TimeSpec>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _TimeSpec __convert_to_timespec(const chrono::nanoseconds& __ns) {
+  using namespace chrono;
+  seconds __s = duration_cast<seconds>(__ns);
+  _TimeSpec __ts;
+  typedef decltype(__ts.tv_sec) __ts_sec;
+  const __ts_sec __ts_sec_max = numeric_limits<__ts_sec>::max();
+
+  if (__s.count() < __ts_sec_max) {
+    __ts.tv_sec  = static_cast<__ts_sec>(__s.count());
+    __ts.tv_nsec = static_cast<decltype(__ts.tv_nsec)>((__ns - __s).count());
+  } else {
+    __ts.tv_sec  = __ts_sec_max;
+    __ts.tv_nsec = 999999999; // (10^9 - 1)
+  }
+
+  return __ts;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CONVERT_TO_TIMESPEC_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/convert_to_tm.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/convert_to_tm.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3a51019b80784a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/convert_to_tm.h
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CONVERT_TO_TM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CONVERT_TO_TM_H
+
+#include <__chrono/calendar.h>
+#include <__chrono/concepts.h>
+#include <__chrono/day.h>
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/file_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/hh_mm_ss.h>
+#include <__chrono/local_info.h>
+#include <__chrono/month.h>
+#include <__chrono/month_weekday.h>
+#include <__chrono/monthday.h>
+#include <__chrono/statically_widen.h>
+#include <__chrono/sys_info.h>
+#include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__chrono/weekday.h>
+#include <__chrono/year.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month_day.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month_weekday.h>
+#include <__chrono/zoned_time.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_specialization.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// Conerts a chrono date and weekday to a given _Tm type.
+//
+// This is an implementation detail for the function
+//   template <class _Tm, class _ChronoT>
+//   _Tm __convert_to_tm(const _ChronoT& __value)
+//
+// This manually converts the two values to the proper type. It is possible to
+// convert from sys_days to time_t and then to _Tm. But this leads to the Y2K
+// bug when time_t is a 32-bit signed integer. Chrono considers years beyond
+// the year 2038 valid, so instead do the transformation manually.
+template <class _Tm, class _Date>
+  requires(same_as<_Date, chrono::year_month_day> || same_as<_Date, chrono::year_month_day_last>)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tm __convert_to_tm(const _Date& __date, chrono::weekday __weekday) {
+  _Tm __result = {};
+#  ifdef __GLIBC__
+  __result.tm_zone = "UTC";
+#  endif
+  __result.tm_year = static_cast<int>(__date.year()) - 1900;
+  __result.tm_mon  = static_cast<unsigned>(__date.month()) - 1;
+  __result.tm_mday = static_cast<unsigned>(__date.day());
+  __result.tm_wday = static_cast<unsigned>(__weekday.c_encoding());
+  __result.tm_yday =
+      (static_cast<chrono::sys_days>(__date) -
+       static_cast<chrono::sys_days>(chrono::year_month_day{__date.year(), chrono::January, chrono::day{1}}))
+          .count();
+
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Tm, class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tm __convert_to_tm(const chrono::sys_time<_Duration> __tp) {
+  chrono::sys_days __days = chrono::floor<chrono::days>(__tp);
+  chrono::year_month_day __ymd{__days};
+
+  _Tm __result = std::__convert_to_tm<_Tm>(chrono::year_month_day{__ymd}, chrono::weekday{__days});
+
+  uint64_t __sec =
+      chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(__tp - chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::seconds>(__days)).count();
+  __sec %= 24 * 3600;
+  __result.tm_hour = __sec / 3600;
+  __sec %= 3600;
+  __result.tm_min = __sec / 60;
+  __result.tm_sec = __sec % 60;
+
+  return __result;
+}
+
+// Convert a chrono (calendar) time point, or dururation to the given _Tm type,
+// which must have the same properties as std::tm.
+template <class _Tm, class _ChronoT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tm __convert_to_tm(const _ChronoT& __value) {
+  _Tm __result = {};
+#  ifdef __GLIBC__
+  __result.tm_zone = "UTC";
+#  endif
+
+  if constexpr (__is_time_point<_ChronoT>) {
+    if constexpr (same_as<typename _ChronoT::clock, chrono::system_clock>)
+      return std::__convert_to_tm<_Tm>(__value);
+    else if constexpr (same_as<typename _ChronoT::clock, chrono::file_clock>)
+      return std::__convert_to_tm<_Tm>(_ChronoT::clock::to_sys(__value));
+    else if constexpr (same_as<typename _ChronoT::clock, chrono::local_t>)
+      return std::__convert_to_tm<_Tm>(chrono::sys_time<typename _ChronoT::duration>{__value.time_since_epoch()});
+    else
+      static_assert(sizeof(_ChronoT) == 0, "TODO: Add the missing clock specialization");
+  } else if constexpr (chrono::__is_duration<_ChronoT>::value) {
+    // [time.format]/6
+    //   ...  However, if a flag refers to a "time of day" (e.g. %H, %I, %p,
+    //   etc.), then a specialization of duration is interpreted as the time of
+    //   day elapsed since midnight.
+
+    // Not all values can be converted to hours, it may run into ratio
+    // conversion errors. In that case the conversion to seconds works.
+    if constexpr (is_convertible_v<_ChronoT, chrono::hours>) {
+      auto __hour      = chrono::floor<chrono::hours>(__value);
+      auto __sec       = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(__value - __hour);
+      __result.tm_hour = __hour.count() % 24;
+      __result.tm_min  = __sec.count() / 60;
+      __result.tm_sec  = __sec.count() % 60;
+    } else {
+      uint64_t __sec = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(__value).count();
+      __sec %= 24 * 3600;
+      __result.tm_hour = __sec / 3600;
+      __sec %= 3600;
+      __result.tm_min = __sec / 60;
+      __result.tm_sec = __sec % 60;
+    }
+  } else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::day>)
+    __result.tm_mday = static_cast<unsigned>(__value);
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::month>)
+    __result.tm_mon = static_cast<unsigned>(__value) - 1;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::year>)
+    __result.tm_year = static_cast<int>(__value) - 1900;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::weekday>)
+    __result.tm_wday = __value.c_encoding();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::weekday_indexed> || same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::weekday_last>)
+    __result.tm_wday = __value.weekday().c_encoding();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::month_day>) {
+    __result.tm_mday = static_cast<unsigned>(__value.day());
+    __result.tm_mon  = static_cast<unsigned>(__value.month()) - 1;
+  } else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::month_day_last>) {
+    __result.tm_mon = static_cast<unsigned>(__value.month()) - 1;
+  } else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::month_weekday> || same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::month_weekday_last>) {
+    __result.tm_wday = __value.weekday_indexed().weekday().c_encoding();
+    __result.tm_mon  = static_cast<unsigned>(__value.month()) - 1;
+  } else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::year_month>) {
+    __result.tm_year = static_cast<int>(__value.year()) - 1900;
+    __result.tm_mon  = static_cast<unsigned>(__value.month()) - 1;
+  } else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::year_month_day> || same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::year_month_day_last>) {
+    return std::__convert_to_tm<_Tm>(
+        chrono::year_month_day{__value}, chrono::weekday{static_cast<chrono::sys_days>(__value)});
+  } else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::year_month_weekday> ||
+                       same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::year_month_weekday_last>) {
+    return std::__convert_to_tm<_Tm>(chrono::year_month_day{static_cast<chrono::sys_days>(__value)}, __value.weekday());
+  } else if constexpr (__is_hh_mm_ss<_ChronoT>) {
+    __result.tm_sec = __value.seconds().count();
+    __result.tm_min = __value.minutes().count();
+    // In libc++ hours is stored as a long. The type in std::tm is an int. So
+    // the overflow can only occur when hour uses more bits than an int
+    // provides.
+    if constexpr (sizeof(std::chrono::hours::rep) > sizeof(__result.tm_hour))
+      if (__value.hours().count() > std::numeric_limits<decltype(__result.tm_hour)>::max())
+        std::__throw_format_error("Formatting hh_mm_ss, encountered an hour overflow");
+    __result.tm_hour = __value.hours().count();
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+  } else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::sys_info>) {
+    // Has no time information.
+  } else if constexpr (same_as<_ChronoT, chrono::local_info>) {
+    // Has no time information.
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&                          \
+        !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+  } else if constexpr (__is_specialization_v<_ChronoT, chrono::zoned_time>) {
+    return std::__convert_to_tm<_Tm>(
+        chrono::sys_time<typename _ChronoT::duration>{__value.get_local_time().time_since_epoch()});
+#    endif
+#  endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+  } else
+    static_assert(sizeof(_ChronoT) == 0, "Add the missing type specialization");
+
+  return __result;
+}
+
+#endif // if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_CONVERT_TO_TM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/day.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/day.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7342084b08c886
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/day.h
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_DAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_DAY_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class day {
+private:
+  unsigned char __d_;
+
+public:
+  day() = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit inline constexpr day(unsigned __val) noexcept
+      : __d_(static_cast<unsigned char>(__val)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr day& operator++() noexcept {
+    ++__d_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr day operator++(int) noexcept {
+    day __tmp = *this;
+    ++(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr day& operator--() noexcept {
+    --__d_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr day operator--(int) noexcept {
+    day __tmp = *this;
+    --(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr day& operator+=(const days& __dd) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr day& operator-=(const days& __dd) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit inline constexpr operator unsigned() const noexcept { return __d_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool ok() const noexcept { return __d_ >= 1 && __d_ <= 31; }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator==(const day& __lhs, const day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) == static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const day& __lhs, const day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) <=> static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr day operator+(const day& __lhs, const days& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return day(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) + __rhs.count());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr day operator+(const days& __lhs, const day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr day operator-(const day& __lhs, const days& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + -__rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr days operator-(const day& __lhs, const day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return days(static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs)) - static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs)));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr day& day::operator+=(const days& __dd) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dd;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr day& day::operator-=(const days& __dd) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dd;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_DAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/duration.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/duration.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1e36d7342836f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/duration.h
@@ -0,0 +1,550 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_DURATION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_DURATION_H
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <limits>
+#include <ratio>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period = ratio<1> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS duration;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_duration : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+struct __is_duration<duration<_Rep, _Period> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+struct __is_duration<const duration<_Rep, _Period> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+struct __is_duration<volatile duration<_Rep, _Period> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+struct __is_duration<const volatile duration<_Rep, _Period> > : true_type {};
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS common_type<chrono::duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, chrono::duration<_Rep2, _Period2> > {
+  typedef chrono::duration<typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type, typename __ratio_gcd<_Period1, _Period2>::type>
+      type;
+};
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+// duration_cast
+
+template <class _FromDuration,
+          class _ToDuration,
+          class _Period = typename ratio_divide<typename _FromDuration::period, typename _ToDuration::period>::type,
+          bool          = _Period::num == 1,
+          bool          = _Period::den == 1>
+struct __duration_cast;
+
+template <class _FromDuration, class _ToDuration, class _Period>
+struct __duration_cast<_FromDuration, _ToDuration, _Period, true, true> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _ToDuration operator()(const _FromDuration& __fd) const {
+    return _ToDuration(static_cast<typename _ToDuration::rep>(__fd.count()));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _FromDuration, class _ToDuration, class _Period>
+struct __duration_cast<_FromDuration, _ToDuration, _Period, true, false> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _ToDuration operator()(const _FromDuration& __fd) const {
+    typedef typename common_type<typename _ToDuration::rep, typename _FromDuration::rep, intmax_t>::type _Ct;
+    return _ToDuration(
+        static_cast<typename _ToDuration::rep>(static_cast<_Ct>(__fd.count()) / static_cast<_Ct>(_Period::den)));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _FromDuration, class _ToDuration, class _Period>
+struct __duration_cast<_FromDuration, _ToDuration, _Period, false, true> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _ToDuration operator()(const _FromDuration& __fd) const {
+    typedef typename common_type<typename _ToDuration::rep, typename _FromDuration::rep, intmax_t>::type _Ct;
+    return _ToDuration(
+        static_cast<typename _ToDuration::rep>(static_cast<_Ct>(__fd.count()) * static_cast<_Ct>(_Period::num)));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _FromDuration, class _ToDuration, class _Period>
+struct __duration_cast<_FromDuration, _ToDuration, _Period, false, false> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _ToDuration operator()(const _FromDuration& __fd) const {
+    typedef typename common_type<typename _ToDuration::rep, typename _FromDuration::rep, intmax_t>::type _Ct;
+    return _ToDuration(static_cast<typename _ToDuration::rep>(
+        static_cast<_Ct>(__fd.count()) * static_cast<_Ct>(_Period::num) / static_cast<_Ct>(_Period::den)));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ToDuration, class _Rep, class _Period, __enable_if_t<__is_duration<_ToDuration>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _ToDuration duration_cast(const duration<_Rep, _Period>& __fd) {
+  return __duration_cast<duration<_Rep, _Period>, _ToDuration>()(__fd);
+}
+
+template <class _Rep>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS treat_as_floating_point : is_floating_point<_Rep> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Rep>
+inline constexpr bool treat_as_floating_point_v = treat_as_floating_point<_Rep>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Rep>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS duration_values {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Rep zero() _NOEXCEPT { return _Rep(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Rep max() _NOEXCEPT { return numeric_limits<_Rep>::max(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Rep min() _NOEXCEPT { return numeric_limits<_Rep>::lowest(); }
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _ToDuration, class _Rep, class _Period, enable_if_t<__is_duration<_ToDuration>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _ToDuration floor(const duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d) {
+  _ToDuration __t = chrono::duration_cast<_ToDuration>(__d);
+  if (__t > __d)
+    __t = __t - _ToDuration{1};
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _ToDuration, class _Rep, class _Period, enable_if_t<__is_duration<_ToDuration>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _ToDuration ceil(const duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d) {
+  _ToDuration __t = chrono::duration_cast<_ToDuration>(__d);
+  if (__t < __d)
+    __t = __t + _ToDuration{1};
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _ToDuration, class _Rep, class _Period, enable_if_t<__is_duration<_ToDuration>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _ToDuration round(const duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d) {
+  _ToDuration __lower = chrono::floor<_ToDuration>(__d);
+  _ToDuration __upper = __lower + _ToDuration{1};
+  auto __lower_
diff    = __d - __lower;
+  auto __upper_
diff    = __upper - __d;
+  if (__lower_
diff  < __upper_
diff )
+    return __lower;
+  if (__lower_
diff  > __upper_
diff )
+    return __upper;
+  return __lower.count() & 1 ? __upper : __lower;
+}
+#endif
+
+// duration
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS duration {
+  static_assert(!__is_duration<_Rep>::value, "A duration representation can not be a duration");
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_Period>::value, "Second template parameter of duration must be a std::ratio");
+  static_assert(_Period::num > 0, "duration period must be positive");
+
+  template <class _R1, class _R2>
+  struct __no_overflow {
+  private:
+    static const intmax_t __gcd_n1_n2 = __static_gcd<_R1::num, _R2::num>::value;
+    static const intmax_t __gcd_d1_d2 = __static_gcd<_R1::den, _R2::den>::value;
+    static const intmax_t __n1        = _R1::num / __gcd_n1_n2;
+    static const intmax_t __d1        = _R1::den / __gcd_d1_d2;
+    static const intmax_t __n2        = _R2::num / __gcd_n1_n2;
+    static const intmax_t __d2        = _R2::den / __gcd_d1_d2;
+    static const intmax_t max         = -((intmax_t(1) << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1)) + 1);
+
+    template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp, bool __overflow>
+    struct __mul // __overflow == false
+    {
+      static const intmax_t value = _Xp * _Yp;
+    };
+
+    template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+    struct __mul<_Xp, _Yp, true> {
+      static const intmax_t value = 1;
+    };
+
+  public:
+    static const bool value = (__n1 <= max / __d2) && (__n2 <= max / __d1);
+    typedef ratio<__mul<__n1, __d2, !value>::value, __mul<__n2, __d1, !value>::value> type;
+  };
+
+public:
+  typedef _Rep rep;
+  typedef typename _Period::type period;
+
+private:
+  rep __rep_;
+
+public:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  constexpr duration() = default;
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI duration() {}
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Rep2,
+            __enable_if_t<is_convertible<const _Rep2&, rep>::value &&
+                              (treat_as_floating_point<rep>::value || !treat_as_floating_point<_Rep2>::value),
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit duration(const _Rep2& __r) : __rep_(__r) {}
+
+  // conversions
+  template <class _Rep2,
+            class _Period2,
+            __enable_if_t<__no_overflow<_Period2, period>::value && (treat_as_floating_point<rep>::value ||
+                                                                     (__no_overflow<_Period2, period>::type::den == 1 &&
+                                                                      !treat_as_floating_point<_Rep2>::value)),
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR duration(const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __d)
+      : __rep_(chrono::duration_cast<duration>(__d).count()) {}
+
+  // observer
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR rep count() const { return __rep_; }
+
+  // arithmetic
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR typename common_type<duration>::type operator+() const {
+    return typename common_type<duration>::type(*this);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR typename common_type<duration>::type operator-() const {
+    return typename common_type<duration>::type(-__rep_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 duration& operator++() {
+    ++__rep_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 duration operator++(int) { return duration(__rep_++); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 duration& operator--() {
+    --__rep_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 duration operator--(int) { return duration(__rep_--); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 duration& operator+=(const duration& __d) {
+    __rep_ += __d.count();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 duration& operator-=(const duration& __d) {
+    __rep_ -= __d.count();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 duration& operator*=(const rep& __rhs) {
+    __rep_ *= __rhs;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 duration& operator/=(const rep& __rhs) {
+    __rep_ /= __rhs;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 duration& operator%=(const rep& __rhs) {
+    __rep_ %= __rhs;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 duration& operator%=(const duration& __rhs) {
+    __rep_ %= __rhs.count();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // special values
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR duration zero() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return duration(duration_values<rep>::zero());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR duration min() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return duration(duration_values<rep>::min());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR duration max() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return duration(duration_values<rep>::max());
+  }
+};
+
+typedef duration<long long, nano> nanoseconds;
+typedef duration<long long, micro> microseconds;
+typedef duration<long long, milli> milliseconds;
+typedef duration<long long > seconds;
+typedef duration< long, ratio< 60> > minutes;
+typedef duration< long, ratio<3600> > hours;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+typedef duration< int, ratio_multiply<ratio<24>, hours::period>> days;
+typedef duration< int, ratio_multiply<ratio<7>, days::period>> weeks;
+typedef duration< int, ratio_multiply<ratio<146097, 400>, days::period>> years;
+typedef duration< int, ratio_divide<years::period, ratio<12>>> months;
+#endif
+// Duration ==
+
+template <class _LhsDuration, class _RhsDuration>
+struct __duration_eq {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool operator()(const _LhsDuration& __lhs, const _RhsDuration& __rhs) const {
+    typedef typename common_type<_LhsDuration, _RhsDuration>::type _Ct;
+    return _Ct(__lhs).count() == _Ct(__rhs).count();
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _LhsDuration>
+struct __duration_eq<_LhsDuration, _LhsDuration> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool operator()(const _LhsDuration& __lhs, const _LhsDuration& __rhs) const {
+    return __lhs.count() == __rhs.count();
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator==(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  return __duration_eq<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >()(__lhs, __rhs);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+// Duration !=
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator!=(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+// Duration <
+
+template <class _LhsDuration, class _RhsDuration>
+struct __duration_lt {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool operator()(const _LhsDuration& __lhs, const _RhsDuration& __rhs) const {
+    typedef typename common_type<_LhsDuration, _RhsDuration>::type _Ct;
+    return _Ct(__lhs).count() < _Ct(__rhs).count();
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _LhsDuration>
+struct __duration_lt<_LhsDuration, _LhsDuration> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool operator()(const _LhsDuration& __lhs, const _LhsDuration& __rhs) const {
+    return __lhs.count() < __rhs.count();
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator<(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  return __duration_lt<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >()(__lhs, __rhs);
+}
+
+// Duration >
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator>(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  return __rhs < __lhs;
+}
+
+// Duration <=
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator<=(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  return !(__rhs < __lhs);
+}
+
+// Duration >=
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator>=(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  return !(__lhs < __rhs);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+  requires three_way_comparable<common_type_t<_Rep1, _Rep2>>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+operator<=>(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  using _Ct = common_type_t<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2>>;
+  return _Ct(__lhs).count() <=> _Ct(__rhs).count();
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// Duration +
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type
+operator+(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  typedef typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type _Cd;
+  return _Cd(_Cd(__lhs).count() + _Cd(__rhs).count());
+}
+
+// Duration -
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type
+operator-(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  typedef typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type _Cd;
+  return _Cd(_Cd(__lhs).count() - _Cd(__rhs).count());
+}
+
+// Duration *
+
+template <class _Rep1,
+          class _Period,
+          class _Rep2,
+          __enable_if_t<is_convertible<const _Rep2&, typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR duration<typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type, _Period>
+operator*(const duration<_Rep1, _Period>& __d, const _Rep2& __s) {
+  typedef typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type _Cr;
+  typedef duration<_Cr, _Period> _Cd;
+  return _Cd(_Cd(__d).count() * static_cast<_Cr>(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _Rep1,
+          class _Period,
+          class _Rep2,
+          __enable_if_t<is_convertible<const _Rep1&, typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR duration<typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type, _Period>
+operator*(const _Rep1& __s, const duration<_Rep2, _Period>& __d) {
+  return __d * __s;
+}
+
+// Duration /
+
+template <class _Rep1,
+          class _Period,
+          class _Rep2,
+          __enable_if_t<!__is_duration<_Rep2>::value &&
+                            is_convertible<const _Rep2&, typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR duration<typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type, _Period>
+operator/(const duration<_Rep1, _Period>& __d, const _Rep2& __s) {
+  typedef typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type _Cr;
+  typedef duration<_Cr, _Period> _Cd;
+  return _Cd(_Cd(__d).count() / static_cast<_Cr>(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type
+operator/(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  typedef typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type _Ct;
+  return _Ct(__lhs).count() / _Ct(__rhs).count();
+}
+
+// Duration %
+
+template <class _Rep1,
+          class _Period,
+          class _Rep2,
+          __enable_if_t<!__is_duration<_Rep2>::value &&
+                            is_convertible<const _Rep2&, typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR duration<typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type, _Period>
+operator%(const duration<_Rep1, _Period>& __d, const _Rep2& __s) {
+  typedef typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type _Cr;
+  typedef duration<_Cr, _Period> _Cd;
+  return _Cd(_Cd(__d).count() % static_cast<_Cr>(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type
+operator%(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  typedef typename common_type<_Rep1, _Rep2>::type _Cr;
+  typedef typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type _Cd;
+  return _Cd(static_cast<_Cr>(_Cd(__lhs).count()) % static_cast<_Cr>(_Cd(__rhs).count()));
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+// Suffixes for duration literals [time.duration.literals]
+inline namespace literals {
+inline namespace chrono_literals {
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::hours operator""h(unsigned long long __h) {
+  return chrono::hours(static_cast<chrono::hours::rep>(__h));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::duration<long double, ratio<3600, 1>> operator""h(long double __h) {
+  return chrono::duration<long double, ratio<3600, 1>>(__h);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::minutes operator""min(unsigned long long __m) {
+  return chrono::minutes(static_cast<chrono::minutes::rep>(__m));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::duration<long double, ratio<60, 1>> operator""min(long double __m) {
+  return chrono::duration<long double, ratio<60, 1>>(__m);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::seconds operator""s(unsigned long long __s) {
+  return chrono::seconds(static_cast<chrono::seconds::rep>(__s));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::duration<long double> operator""s(long double __s) {
+  return chrono::duration<long double>(__s);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::milliseconds operator""ms(unsigned long long __ms) {
+  return chrono::milliseconds(static_cast<chrono::milliseconds::rep>(__ms));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::duration<long double, milli> operator""ms(long double __ms) {
+  return chrono::duration<long double, milli>(__ms);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::microseconds operator""us(unsigned long long __us) {
+  return chrono::microseconds(static_cast<chrono::microseconds::rep>(__us));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::duration<long double, micro> operator""us(long double __us) {
+  return chrono::duration<long double, micro>(__us);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::nanoseconds operator""ns(unsigned long long __ns) {
+  return chrono::nanoseconds(static_cast<chrono::nanoseconds::rep>(__ns));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::duration<long double, nano> operator""ns(long double __ns) {
+  return chrono::duration<long double, nano>(__ns);
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono_literals
+} // namespace literals
+
+namespace chrono { // hoist the literals into namespace std::chrono
+using namespace literals::chrono_literals;
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_DURATION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/exception.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/exception.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..266f8fac441760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/exception.h
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// For information see https://libcxx.llvm.org/DesignDocs/TimeZone.html
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_EXCEPTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_EXCEPTION_H
+
+#include <version>
+// Enable the contents of the header only when libc++ was built with experimental features enabled.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#  include <__chrono/calendar.h>
+#  include <__chrono/local_info.h>
+#  include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#  include <__config>
+#  include <__configuration/availability.h>
+#  include <__verbose_abort>
+#  include <format>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <string>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class nonexistent_local_time : public runtime_error {
+public:
+  template <class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI nonexistent_local_time(const local_time<_Duration>& __time, const local_info& __info)
+      : runtime_error{__create_message(__time, __info)} {
+    // [time.zone.exception.nonexist]/2
+    //   Preconditions: i.result == local_info::nonexistent is true.
+    // The value of __info.result is not used.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(__info.result == local_info::nonexistent,
+                            "creating an nonexistent_local_time from a local_info that is not non-existent");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI nonexistent_local_time(const nonexistent_local_time&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI nonexistent_local_time& operator=(const nonexistent_local_time&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ~nonexistent_local_time() override; // exported as key function
+
+private:
+  template <class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string __create_message(const local_time<_Duration>& __time, const local_info& __info) {
+    return std::format(
+        R"({} is in a gap between
+{} {} and
+{} {} which are both equivalent to
+{} UTC)",
+        __time,
+        local_seconds{__info.first.end.time_since_epoch()} + __info.first.offset,
+        __info.first.abbrev,
+        local_seconds{__info.second.begin.time_since_epoch()} + __info.second.offset,
+        __info.second.abbrev,
+        __info.first.end);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_nonexistent_local_time(
+    [[maybe_unused]] const local_time<_Duration>& __time, [[maybe_unused]] const local_info& __info) {
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw nonexistent_local_time(__time, __info);
+#    else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("nonexistent_local_time was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#    endif
+}
+
+class ambiguous_local_time : public runtime_error {
+public:
+  template <class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ambiguous_local_time(const local_time<_Duration>& __time, const local_info& __info)
+      : runtime_error{__create_message(__time, __info)} {
+    // [time.zone.exception.ambig]/2
+    //   Preconditions: i.result == local_info::ambiguous is true.
+    // The value of __info.result is not used.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(__info.result == local_info::ambiguous,
+                            "creating an ambiguous_local_time from a local_info that is not ambiguous");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ambiguous_local_time(const ambiguous_local_time&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ambiguous_local_time& operator=(const ambiguous_local_time&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ~ambiguous_local_time() override; // exported as key function
+
+private:
+  template <class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string __create_message(const local_time<_Duration>& __time, const local_info& __info) {
+    return std::format(
+        // There are two spaces after the full-stop; this has been verified
+        // in the sources of the Standard.
+        R"({0} is ambiguous.  It could be
+{0} {1} == {2} UTC or
+{0} {3} == {4} UTC)",
+        __time,
+        __info.first.abbrev,
+        __time - __info.first.offset,
+        __info.second.abbrev,
+        __time - __info.second.offset);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_ambiguous_local_time(
+    [[maybe_unused]] const local_time<_Duration>& __time, [[maybe_unused]] const local_info& __info) {
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw ambiguous_local_time(__time, __info);
+#    else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("ambiguous_local_time was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#    endif
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_EXCEPTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/file_clock.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/file_clock.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4dd3f88ce5ba4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/file_clock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_FILE_CLOCK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_FILE_CLOCK_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <ratio>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+struct _FilesystemClock;
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+// [time.clock.file], type file_clock
+using file_clock = filesystem::_FilesystemClock;
+
+template <class _Duration>
+using file_time = time_point<file_clock, _Duration>;
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+struct _FilesystemClock {
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128)
+  typedef __int128_t rep;
+  typedef nano period;
+#  else
+  typedef long long rep;
+  typedef nano period;
+#  endif
+
+  typedef chrono::duration<rep, period> duration;
+  typedef chrono::time_point<_FilesystemClock> time_point;
+
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const bool is_steady = false;
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI static time_point now() noexcept;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static chrono::sys_time<_Duration> to_sys(const chrono::file_time<_Duration>& __t) {
+    return chrono::sys_time<_Duration>(__t.time_since_epoch());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static chrono::file_time<_Duration> from_sys(const chrono::sys_time<_Duration>& __t) {
+    return chrono::file_time<_Duration>(__t.time_since_epoch());
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+};
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_FILE_CLOCK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/formatter.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/formatter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..449c415e957602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/formatter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,990 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_FORMATTER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_FORMATTER_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__chrono/calendar.h>
+#include <__chrono/concepts.h>
+#include <__chrono/convert_to_tm.h>
+#include <__chrono/day.h>
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/file_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/hh_mm_ss.h>
+#include <__chrono/local_info.h>
+#include <__chrono/month.h>
+#include <__chrono/month_weekday.h>
+#include <__chrono/monthday.h>
+#include <__chrono/ostream.h>
+#include <__chrono/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__chrono/statically_widen.h>
+#include <__chrono/sys_info.h>
+#include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__chrono/weekday.h>
+#include <__chrono/year.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month_day.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month_weekday.h>
+#include <__chrono/zoned_time.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__format/format_functions.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__format/write_escaped.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_specialization.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <limits>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __formatter {
+
+/// Formats a time based on a tm struct.
+///
+/// This formatter passes the formatting to time_put which uses strftime. When
+/// the value is outside the valid range it's unspecified what strftime will
+/// output. For example weekday 8 can print 1 when the day is processed modulo
+/// 7 since that handles the Sunday for 0-based weekday. It can also print 8 if
+/// 7 is handled as a special case.
+///
+/// The Standard doesn't specify what to do in this case so the result depends
+/// on the result of the underlying code.
+///
+/// \pre When the (abbreviated) weekday or month name are used, the caller
+///      validates whether the value is valid. So the caller handles that
+///      requirement of Table 97: Meaning of conversion specifiers
+///      [tab:time.format.spec].
+///
+/// When no chrono-specs are provided it uses the stream formatter.
+
+// For tiny ratios it's not possible to convert a duration to a hh_mm_ss. This
+// fails compile-time due to the limited precision of the ratio (64-bit is too
+// small). Therefore a duration uses its own conversion.
+template <class _CharT, class _Rep, class _Period>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__format_sub_seconds(basic_stringstream<_CharT>& __sstr, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __value) {
+  __sstr << std::use_facet<numpunct<_CharT>>(__sstr.getloc()).decimal_point();
+
+  using __duration = chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>;
+
+  auto __fraction = __value - chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(__value);
+  // Converts a negative fraction to its positive value.
+  if (__value < chrono::seconds{0} && __fraction != __duration{0})
+    __fraction += chrono::seconds{1};
+  if constexpr (chrono::treat_as_floating_point_v<_Rep>)
+    // When the floating-point value has digits itself they are ignored based
+    // on the wording in [tab:time.format.spec]
+    //   If the precision of the input cannot be exactly represented with
+    //   seconds, then the format is a decimal floating-point number with a
+    //   fixed format and a precision matching that of the precision of the
+    //   input (or to a microseconds precision if the conversion to
+    //   floating-point decimal seconds cannot be made within 18 fractional
+    //   digits).
+    //
+    // This matches the behaviour of MSVC STL, fmtlib interprets this
+    // 
diff erently and uses 3 decimals.
+    // https://godbolt.org/z/6dsbnW8ba
+    std::format_to(std::ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT>{__sstr},
+                   _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:0{}.0f}"),
+                   chrono::duration_cast<typename chrono::hh_mm_ss<__duration>::precision>(__fraction).count(),
+                   chrono::hh_mm_ss<__duration>::fractional_width);
+  else
+    std::format_to(std::ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT>{__sstr},
+                   _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:0{}}"),
+                   chrono::duration_cast<typename chrono::hh_mm_ss<__duration>::precision>(__fraction).count(),
+                   chrono::hh_mm_ss<__duration>::fractional_width);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, __is_time_point _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __format_sub_seconds(basic_stringstream<_CharT>& __sstr, const _Tp& __value) {
+  __formatter::__format_sub_seconds(__sstr, __value.time_since_epoch());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__format_sub_seconds(basic_stringstream<_CharT>& __sstr, const chrono::hh_mm_ss<_Duration>& __value) {
+  __sstr << std::use_facet<numpunct<_CharT>>(__sstr.getloc()).decimal_point();
+  if constexpr (chrono::treat_as_floating_point_v<typename _Duration::rep>)
+    std::format_to(std::ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT>{__sstr},
+                   _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:0{}.0f}"),
+                   __value.subseconds().count(),
+                   __value.fractional_width);
+  else
+    std::format_to(std::ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT>{__sstr},
+                   _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:0{}}"),
+                   __value.subseconds().count(),
+                   __value.fractional_width);
+}
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) &&                     \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+template <class _CharT, class _Duration, class _TimeZonePtr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__format_sub_seconds(basic_stringstream<_CharT>& __sstr, const chrono::zoned_time<_Duration, _TimeZonePtr>& __value) {
+  __formatter::__format_sub_seconds(__sstr, __value.get_local_time().time_since_epoch());
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+consteval bool __use_fraction() {
+  if constexpr (__is_time_point<_Tp>)
+    return chrono::hh_mm_ss<typename _Tp::duration>::fractional_width;
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) &&                     \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_v<_Tp, chrono::zoned_time>)
+    return chrono::hh_mm_ss<typename _Tp::duration>::fractional_width;
+#  endif
+  else if constexpr (chrono::__is_duration<_Tp>::value)
+    return chrono::hh_mm_ss<_Tp>::fractional_width;
+  else if constexpr (__is_hh_mm_ss<_Tp>)
+    return _Tp::fractional_width;
+  else
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __format_year(basic_stringstream<_CharT>& __sstr, int __year) {
+  if (__year < 0) {
+    __sstr << _CharT('-');
+    __year = -__year;
+  }
+
+  // TODO FMT Write an issue
+  //   If the result has less than four digits it is zero-padded with 0 to two digits.
+  // is less -> has less
+  // left-padded -> zero-padded, otherwise the proper value would be 000-0.
+
+  // Note according to the wording it should be left padded, which is odd.
+  __sstr << std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:04}"), __year);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __format_century(basic_stringstream<_CharT>& __sstr, int __year) {
+  // TODO FMT Write an issue
+  // [tab:time.format.spec]
+  //   %C The year divided by 100 using floored division. If the result is a
+  //   single decimal digit, it is prefixed with 0.
+
+  bool __negative = __year < 0;
+  int __century   = (__year - (99 * __negative)) / 100; // floored division
+  __sstr << std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:02}"), __century);
+}
+
+// Implements the %z format specifier according to [tab:time.format.spec], where
+// '__modifier' signals %Oz or %Ez were used. (Both modifiers behave the same,
+// so there is no need to distinguish between them.)
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__format_zone_offset(basic_stringstream<_CharT>& __sstr, chrono::seconds __offset, bool __modifier) {
+  if (__offset < 0s) {
+    __sstr << _CharT('-');
+    __offset = -__offset;
+  } else {
+    __sstr << _CharT('+');
+  }
+
+  chrono::hh_mm_ss __hms{__offset};
+  std::ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT> __out_it{__sstr};
+  // Note HMS does not allow formatting hours > 23, but the offset is not limited to 24H.
+  std::format_to(__out_it, _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:02}"), __hms.hours().count());
+  if (__modifier)
+    __sstr << _CharT(':');
+  std::format_to(__out_it, _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:02}"), __hms.minutes().count());
+}
+
+// Helper to store the time zone information needed for formatting.
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __time_zone {
+  // Typically these abbreviations are short and fit in the string's internal
+  // buffer.
+  string __abbrev;
+  chrono::seconds __offset;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __time_zone __convert_to_time_zone([[maybe_unused]] const _Tp& __value) {
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+  if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::sys_info>)
+    return {__value.abbrev, __value.offset};
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&                          \
+        !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_v<_Tp, chrono::zoned_time>)
+    return __formatter::__convert_to_time_zone(__value.get_info());
+#    endif
+  else
+#  endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+    return {"UTC", chrono::seconds{0}};
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __format_chrono_using_chrono_specs(
+    basic_stringstream<_CharT>& __sstr, const _Tp& __value, basic_string_view<_CharT> __chrono_specs) {
+  tm __t              = std::__convert_to_tm<tm>(__value);
+  __time_zone __z     = __formatter::__convert_to_time_zone(__value);
+  const auto& __facet = std::use_facet<time_put<_CharT>>(__sstr.getloc());
+  for (auto __it = __chrono_specs.begin(); __it != __chrono_specs.end(); ++__it) {
+    if (*__it == _CharT('%')) {
+      auto __s = __it;
+      ++__it;
+      // We only handle the types that can't be directly handled by time_put.
+      // (as an optimization n, t, and % are also handled directly.)
+      switch (*__it) {
+      case _CharT('n'):
+        __sstr << _CharT('\n');
+        break;
+      case _CharT('t'):
+        __sstr << _CharT('\t');
+        break;
+      case _CharT('%'):
+        __sstr << *__it;
+        break;
+
+      case _CharT('C'): {
+        // strftime's output is only defined in the range [00, 99].
+        int __year = __t.tm_year + 1900;
+        if (__year < 1000 || __year > 9999)
+          __formatter::__format_century(__sstr, __year);
+        else
+          __facet.put(
+              {__sstr}, __sstr, _CharT(' '), std::addressof(__t), std::to_address(__s), std::to_address(__it + 1));
+      } break;
+
+      case _CharT('j'):
+        if constexpr (chrono::__is_duration<_Tp>::value)
+          // Converting a duration where the period has a small ratio to days
+          // may fail to compile. This due to loss of precision in the
+          // conversion. In order to avoid that issue convert to seconds as
+          // an intemediate step.
+          __sstr << chrono::duration_cast<chrono::days>(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(__value)).count();
+        else
+          __facet.put(
+              {__sstr}, __sstr, _CharT(' '), std::addressof(__t), std::to_address(__s), std::to_address(__it + 1));
+        break;
+
+      case _CharT('q'):
+        if constexpr (chrono::__is_duration<_Tp>::value) {
+          __sstr << chrono::__units_suffix<_CharT, typename _Tp::period>();
+          break;
+        }
+        __builtin_unreachable();
+
+      case _CharT('Q'):
+        // TODO FMT Determine the proper ideas
+        // - Should it honour the precision?
+        // - Shoult it honour the locale setting for the separators?
+        // The wording for Q doesn't use the word locale and the effect of
+        // precision is unspecified.
+        //
+        // MSVC STL ignores precision but uses separator
+        // FMT honours precision and has a bug for separator
+        // https://godbolt.org/z/78b7sMxns
+        if constexpr (chrono::__is_duration<_Tp>::value) {
+          __sstr << std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{}"), __value.count());
+          break;
+        }
+        __builtin_unreachable();
+
+      case _CharT('S'):
+      case _CharT('T'):
+        __facet.put(
+            {__sstr}, __sstr, _CharT(' '), std::addressof(__t), std::to_address(__s), std::to_address(__it + 1));
+        if constexpr (__use_fraction<_Tp>())
+          __formatter::__format_sub_seconds(__sstr, __value);
+        break;
+
+        // Unlike time_put and strftime the formatting library requires %Y
+        //
+        // [tab:time.format.spec]
+        //   The year as a decimal number. If the result is less than four digits
+        //   it is left-padded with 0 to four digits.
+        //
+        // This means years in the range (-1000, 1000) need manual formatting.
+        // It's unclear whether %EY needs the same treatment. For example the
+        // Japanese EY contains the era name and year. This is zero-padded to 2
+        // digits in time_put (note that older glibc versions didn't do
+        // padding.) However most eras won't reach 100 years, let alone 1000.
+        // So padding to 4 digits seems unwanted for Japanese.
+        //
+        // The same applies to %Ex since that too depends on the era.
+        //
+        // %x the locale's date representation is currently doesn't handle the
+        // zero-padding too.
+        //
+        // The 4 digits can be implemented better at a later time. On POSIX
+        // systems the required information can be extracted by nl_langinfo
+        // https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/nl_langinfo.3.html
+        //
+        // Note since year < -1000 is expected to be rare it uses the more
+        // expensive year routine.
+        //
+        // TODO FMT evaluate the comment above.
+
+#  if defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(_AIX) || defined(_WIN32)
+      case _CharT('y'):
+        // Glibc fails for negative values, AIX for positive values too.
+        __sstr << std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:02}"), (std::abs(__t.tm_year + 1900)) % 100);
+        break;
+#  endif // defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(_AIX) || defined(_WIN32)
+
+      case _CharT('Y'):
+        // Depending on the platform's libc the range of supported years is
+        // limited. Intead of of testing all conditions use the internal
+        // implementation unconditionally.
+        __formatter::__format_year(__sstr, __t.tm_year + 1900);
+        break;
+
+      case _CharT('F'):
+        // Depending on the platform's libc the range of supported years is
+        // limited. Instead of testing all conditions use the internal
+        // implementation unconditionally.
+        __formatter::__format_year(__sstr, __t.tm_year + 1900);
+        __sstr << std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "-{:02}-{:02}"), __t.tm_mon + 1, __t.tm_mday);
+        break;
+
+      case _CharT('z'):
+        __formatter::__format_zone_offset(__sstr, __z.__offset, false);
+        break;
+
+      case _CharT('Z'):
+        // __abbrev is always a char so the copy may convert.
+        ranges::copy(__z.__abbrev, std::ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT>{__sstr});
+        break;
+
+      case _CharT('O'):
+        if constexpr (__use_fraction<_Tp>()) {
+          // Handle OS using the normal representation for the non-fractional
+          // part. There seems to be no locale information regarding how the
+          // fractional part should be formatted.
+          if (*(__it + 1) == 'S') {
+            ++__it;
+            __facet.put(
+                {__sstr}, __sstr, _CharT(' '), std::addressof(__t), std::to_address(__s), std::to_address(__it + 1));
+            __formatter::__format_sub_seconds(__sstr, __value);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Oz produces the same output as Ez below.
+        [[fallthrough]];
+      case _CharT('E'):
+        ++__it;
+        if (*__it == 'z') {
+          __formatter::__format_zone_offset(__sstr, __z.__offset, true);
+          break;
+        }
+        [[fallthrough]];
+      default:
+        __facet.put(
+            {__sstr}, __sstr, _CharT(' '), std::addressof(__t), std::to_address(__s), std::to_address(__it + 1));
+        break;
+      }
+    } else {
+      __sstr << *__it;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __weekday_ok(const _Tp& __value) {
+  if constexpr (__is_time_point<_Tp>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::day>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday_indexed>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday_last>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_day>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_day_last>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_weekday>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_weekday_last>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_day>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_day_last>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_weekday>)
+    return __value.weekday().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_weekday_last>)
+    return __value.weekday().ok();
+  else if constexpr (__is_hh_mm_ss<_Tp>)
+    return true;
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::sys_info>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::local_info>)
+    return true;
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&                          \
+        !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_v<_Tp, chrono::zoned_time>)
+    return true;
+#    endif
+#  endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+  else
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == 0, "Add the missing type specialization");
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __weekday_name_ok(const _Tp& __value) {
+  if constexpr (__is_time_point<_Tp>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::day>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday_indexed>)
+    return __value.weekday().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday_last>)
+    return __value.weekday().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_day>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_day_last>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_weekday>)
+    return __value.weekday_indexed().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_weekday_last>)
+    return __value.weekday_indexed().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_day>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_day_last>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_weekday>)
+    return __value.weekday().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_weekday_last>)
+    return __value.weekday().ok();
+  else if constexpr (__is_hh_mm_ss<_Tp>)
+    return true;
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::sys_info>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::local_info>)
+    return true;
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&                          \
+        !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_v<_Tp, chrono::zoned_time>)
+    return true;
+#    endif
+#  endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+  else
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == 0, "Add the missing type specialization");
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __date_ok(const _Tp& __value) {
+  if constexpr (__is_time_point<_Tp>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::day>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday_indexed>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday_last>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_day>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_day_last>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_weekday>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_weekday_last>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_day>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_day_last>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_weekday>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_weekday_last>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (__is_hh_mm_ss<_Tp>)
+    return true;
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::sys_info>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::local_info>)
+    return true;
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&                          \
+        !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_v<_Tp, chrono::zoned_time>)
+    return true;
+#    endif
+#  endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+  else
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == 0, "Add the missing type specialization");
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __month_name_ok(const _Tp& __value) {
+  if constexpr (__is_time_point<_Tp>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::day>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month>)
+    return __value.ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday_indexed>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::weekday_last>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_day>)
+    return __value.month().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_day_last>)
+    return __value.month().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_weekday>)
+    return __value.month().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::month_weekday_last>)
+    return __value.month().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month>)
+    return __value.month().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_day>)
+    return __value.month().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_day_last>)
+    return __value.month().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_weekday>)
+    return __value.month().ok();
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::year_month_weekday_last>)
+    return __value.month().ok();
+  else if constexpr (__is_hh_mm_ss<_Tp>)
+    return true;
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::sys_info>)
+    return true;
+  else if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, chrono::local_info>)
+    return true;
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&                          \
+        !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+  else if constexpr (__is_specialization_v<_Tp, chrono::zoned_time>)
+    return true;
+#    endif
+#  endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+  else
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == 0, "Add the missing type specialization");
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Tp, class _FormatContext>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__format_chrono(const _Tp& __value,
+                _FormatContext& __ctx,
+                __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs,
+                basic_string_view<_CharT> __chrono_specs) {
+  basic_stringstream<_CharT> __sstr;
+  // [time.format]/2
+  // 2.1 - the "C" locale if the L option is not present in chrono-format-spec, otherwise
+  // 2.2 - the locale passed to the formatting function if any, otherwise
+  // 2.3 - the global locale.
+  // Note that the __ctx's locale() call does 2.2 and 2.3.
+  if (__specs.__chrono_.__locale_specific_form_)
+    __sstr.imbue(__ctx.locale());
+  else
+    __sstr.imbue(locale::classic());
+
+  if (__chrono_specs.empty())
+    __sstr << __value;
+  else {
+    if constexpr (chrono::__is_duration<_Tp>::value) {
+      // A duration can be a user defined arithmetic type. Users may specialize
+      // numeric_limits, but they may not specialize is_signed.
+      if constexpr (numeric_limits<typename _Tp::rep>::is_signed) {
+        if (__value < __value.zero()) {
+          __sstr << _CharT('-');
+          __formatter::__format_chrono_using_chrono_specs(__sstr, -__value, __chrono_specs);
+        } else
+          __formatter::__format_chrono_using_chrono_specs(__sstr, __value, __chrono_specs);
+      } else
+        __formatter::__format_chrono_using_chrono_specs(__sstr, __value, __chrono_specs);
+      // TODO FMT When keeping the precision it will truncate the string.
+      // Note that the behaviour what the precision does isn't specified.
+      __specs.__precision_ = -1;
+    } else {
+      // Test __weekday_name_ before __weekday_ to give a better error.
+      if (__specs.__chrono_.__weekday_name_ && !__formatter::__weekday_name_ok(__value))
+        std::__throw_format_error("Formatting a weekday name needs a valid weekday");
+
+      if (__specs.__chrono_.__weekday_ && !__formatter::__weekday_ok(__value))
+        std::__throw_format_error("Formatting a weekday needs a valid weekday");
+
+      if (__specs.__chrono_.__day_of_year_ && !__formatter::__date_ok(__value))
+        std::__throw_format_error("Formatting a day of year needs a valid date");
+
+      if (__specs.__chrono_.__week_of_year_ && !__formatter::__date_ok(__value))
+        std::__throw_format_error("Formatting a week of year needs a valid date");
+
+      if (__specs.__chrono_.__month_name_ && !__formatter::__month_name_ok(__value))
+        std::__throw_format_error("Formatting a month name from an invalid month number");
+
+      if constexpr (__is_hh_mm_ss<_Tp>) {
+        // Note this is a pedantic intepretation of the Standard. A hh_mm_ss
+        // is no longer a time_of_day and can store an arbitrary number of
+        // hours. A number of hours in a 12 or 24 hour clock can't represent
+        // 24 hours or more. The functions std::chrono::make12 and
+        // std::chrono::make24 reaffirm this view point.
+        //
+        // Interestingly this will be the only output stream function that
+        // throws.
+        //
+        // TODO FMT The wording probably needs to be adapted to
+        // - The displayed hours is hh_mm_ss.hours() % 24
+        // - It should probably allow %j in the same fashion as duration.
+        // - The stream formatter should change its output when hours >= 24
+        //   - Write it as not valid,
+        //   - or write the number of days.
+        if (__specs.__chrono_.__hour_ && __value.hours().count() > 23)
+          std::__throw_format_error("Formatting a hour needs a valid value");
+
+        if (__value.is_negative())
+          __sstr << _CharT('-');
+      }
+
+      __formatter::__format_chrono_using_chrono_specs(__sstr, __value, __chrono_specs);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return __formatter::__write_string(__sstr.view(), __ctx.out(), __specs);
+}
+
+} // namespace __formatter
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __formatter_chrono {
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator
+  __parse(_ParseContext& __ctx, __format_spec::__fields __fields, __format_spec::__flags __flags) {
+    return __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __fields, __flags);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(const _Tp& __value, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    return __formatter::__format_chrono(
+        __value, __ctx, __parser_.__parser_.__get_parsed_chrono_specifications(__ctx), __parser_.__chrono_specs_);
+  }
+
+  __format_spec::__parser_chrono<_CharT> __parser_;
+};
+
+template <class _Duration, __fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::sys_time<_Duration>, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__clock);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Duration, __fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::file_time<_Duration>, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__clock);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Duration, __fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::local_time<_Duration>, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    // The flags are not __clock since there is no associated time-zone.
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__date_time);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period, __fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct formatter<chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    // [time.format]/1
+    // Giving a precision specification in the chrono-format-spec is valid only
+    // for std::chrono::duration types where the representation type Rep is a
+    // floating-point type. For all other Rep types, an exception of type
+    // format_error is thrown if the chrono-format-spec contains a precision
+    // specification.
+    //
+    // Note this doesn't refer to chrono::treat_as_floating_point_v<_Rep>.
+    if constexpr (std::floating_point<_Rep>)
+      return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono_fractional, __format_spec::__flags::__duration);
+    else
+      return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__duration);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::day, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__day);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::month, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__month);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::year, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__year);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::weekday, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__weekday);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::weekday_indexed, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__weekday);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::weekday_last, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__weekday);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::month_day, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__month_day);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::month_day_last, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__month);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::month_weekday, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__month_weekday);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::month_weekday_last, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__month_weekday);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::year_month, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__year_month);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::year_month_day, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__date);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::year_month_day_last, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__date);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::year_month_weekday, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__date);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<chrono::year_month_weekday_last, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__date);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Duration, __fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct formatter<chrono::hh_mm_ss<_Duration>, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__time);
+  }
+};
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct formatter<chrono::sys_info, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__time_zone);
+  }
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct formatter<chrono::local_info, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags{});
+  }
+};
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&                          \
+        !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+// Note due to how libc++'s formatters are implemented there is no need to add
+// the exposition only local-time-format-t abstraction.
+template <class _Duration, class _TimeZonePtr, __fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct formatter<chrono::zoned_time<_Duration, _TimeZonePtr>, _CharT> : public __formatter_chrono<_CharT> {
+public:
+  using _Base = __formatter_chrono<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return _Base::__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_chrono, __format_spec::__flags::__clock);
+  }
+};
+#    endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&
+           // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  endif   // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#endif // if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif //  _LIBCPP___CHRONO_FORMATTER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/hh_mm_ss.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/hh_mm_ss.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..57d2247fe6a3c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/hh_mm_ss.h
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_HH_MM_SS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_HH_MM_SS_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <ratio>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+template <class _Duration>
+class hh_mm_ss {
+private:
+  static_assert(__is_duration<_Duration>::value, "template parameter of hh_mm_ss must be a std::chrono::duration");
+  using __CommonType = common_type_t<_Duration, chrono::seconds>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr uint64_t __pow10(unsigned __exp) {
+    uint64_t __ret = 1;
+    for (unsigned __i = 0; __i < __exp; ++__i)
+      __ret *= 10U;
+    return __ret;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr unsigned __width(uint64_t __n, uint64_t __d = 10, unsigned __w = 0) {
+    if (__n >= 2 && __d != 0 && __w < 19)
+      return 1 + __width(__n, __d % __n * 10, __w + 1);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static unsigned constexpr fractional_width =
+      __width(__CommonType::period::den) < 19 ? __width(__CommonType::period::den) : 6u;
+  using precision = duration<typename __CommonType::rep, ratio<1, __pow10(fractional_width)>>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr hh_mm_ss() noexcept : hh_mm_ss{_Duration::zero()} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit hh_mm_ss(_Duration __d) noexcept
+      : __is_neg_(__d < _Duration(0)),
+        __h_(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::hours>(chrono::abs(__d))),
+        __m_(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::minutes>(chrono::abs(__d) - hours())),
+        __s_(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(chrono::abs(__d) - hours() - minutes())),
+        __f_(chrono::duration_cast<precision>(chrono::abs(__d) - hours() - minutes() - seconds())) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool is_negative() const noexcept { return __is_neg_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::hours hours() const noexcept { return __h_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::minutes minutes() const noexcept { return __m_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::seconds seconds() const noexcept { return __s_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr precision subseconds() const noexcept { return __f_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr precision to_duration() const noexcept {
+    auto __dur = __h_ + __m_ + __s_ + __f_;
+    return __is_neg_ ? -__dur : __dur;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator precision() const noexcept { return to_duration(); }
+
+private:
+  bool __is_neg_;
+  chrono::hours __h_;
+  chrono::minutes __m_;
+  chrono::seconds __s_;
+  precision __f_;
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(hh_mm_ss);
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool is_am(const hours& __h) noexcept {
+  return __h >= hours(0) && __h < hours(12);
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool is_pm(const hours& __h) noexcept {
+  return __h >= hours(12) && __h < hours(24);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr hours make12(const hours& __h) noexcept {
+  if (__h == hours(0))
+    return hours(12);
+  else if (__h <= hours(12))
+    return __h;
+  else
+    return __h - hours(12);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr hours make24(const hours& __h, bool __is_pm) noexcept {
+  if (__is_pm)
+    return __h == hours(12) ? __h : __h + hours(12);
+  else
+    return __h == hours(12) ? hours(0) : __h;
+}
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_HH_MM_SS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/high_resolution_clock.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/high_resolution_clock.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0697fd2de9b4de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/high_resolution_clock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_HIGH_RESOLUTION_CLOCK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_HIGH_RESOLUTION_CLOCK_H
+
+#include <__chrono/steady_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_MONOTONIC_CLOCK
+typedef steady_clock high_resolution_clock;
+#else
+typedef system_clock high_resolution_clock;
+#endif
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_HIGH_RESOLUTION_CLOCK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/leap_second.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/leap_second.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1a0e7f3107de81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/leap_second.h
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// For information see https://libcxx.llvm.org/DesignDocs/TimeZone.html
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_LEAP_SECOND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_LEAP_SECOND_H
+
+#include <version>
+// Enable the contents of the header only when libc++ was built with experimental features enabled.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#  include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#  include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#  include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#  include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#  include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#  include <__config>
+#  include <__utility/private_constructor_tag.h>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class leap_second {
+public:
+  [[nodiscard]]
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr leap_second(__private_constructor_tag, sys_seconds __date, seconds __value)
+      : __date_(__date), __value_(__value) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI leap_second(const leap_second&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI leap_second& operator=(const leap_second&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr sys_seconds date() const noexcept { return __date_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr seconds value() const noexcept { return __value_; }
+
+private:
+  sys_seconds __date_;
+  seconds __value_;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator==(const leap_second& __x, const leap_second& __y) {
+  return __x.date() == __y.date();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const leap_second& __x, const leap_second& __y) {
+  return __x.date() <=> __y.date();
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(const leap_second& __x, const sys_time<_Duration>& __y) {
+  return __x.date() == __y;
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<(const leap_second& __x, const sys_time<_Duration>& __y) {
+  return __x.date() < __y;
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<(const sys_time<_Duration>& __x, const leap_second& __y) {
+  return __x < __y.date();
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>(const leap_second& __x, const sys_time<_Duration>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>(const sys_time<_Duration>& __x, const leap_second& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<=(const leap_second& __x, const sys_time<_Duration>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<=(const sys_time<_Duration>& __x, const leap_second& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>=(const leap_second& __x, const sys_time<_Duration>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>=(const sys_time<_Duration>& __x, const leap_second& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC
+// This requirement cause a compilation loop in GCC-13 and running out of memory.
+// TODO TZDB Test whether GCC-14 fixes this.
+template <class _Duration>
+  requires three_way_comparable_with<sys_seconds, sys_time<_Duration>>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator<=>(const leap_second& __x, const sys_time<_Duration>& __y) {
+  return __x.date() <=> __y;
+}
+#    endif
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#  endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_LEAP_SECOND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/literals.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/literals.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..89800440edf435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/literals.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_LITERALS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_LITERALS_H
+
+#include <__chrono/day.h>
+#include <__chrono/year.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+inline namespace literals {
+inline namespace chrono_literals {
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::day operator""d(unsigned long long __d) noexcept {
+  return chrono::day(static_cast<unsigned>(__d));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::year operator""y(unsigned long long __y) noexcept {
+  return chrono::year(static_cast<int>(__y));
+}
+} // namespace chrono_literals
+} // namespace literals
+
+namespace chrono { // hoist the literals into namespace std::chrono
+using namespace literals::chrono_literals;
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_LITERALS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/local_info.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/local_info.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cfe1448904d3f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/local_info.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// For information see https://libcxx.llvm.org/DesignDocs/TimeZone.html
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_LOCAL_INFO_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_LOCAL_INFO_H
+
+#include <version>
+// Enable the contents of the header only when libc++ was built with experimental features enabled.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#  include <__chrono/sys_info.h>
+#  include <__config>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+struct local_info {
+  static constexpr int unique      = 0;
+  static constexpr int nonexistent = 1;
+  static constexpr int ambiguous   = 2;
+
+  int result;
+  sys_info first;
+  sys_info second;
+};
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_LOCAL_INFO_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/month.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/month.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ce5cc21aab7d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/month.h
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_MONTH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_MONTH_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class month {
+private:
+  unsigned char __m_;
+
+public:
+  month() = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit inline constexpr month(unsigned __val) noexcept
+      : __m_(static_cast<unsigned char>(__val)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month& operator++() noexcept {
+    *this += months{1};
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month operator++(int) noexcept {
+    month __tmp = *this;
+    ++(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month& operator--() noexcept {
+    *this -= months{1};
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month operator--(int) noexcept {
+    month __tmp = *this;
+    --(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr month& operator+=(const months& __m1) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr month& operator-=(const months& __m1) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit inline constexpr operator unsigned() const noexcept { return __m_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool ok() const noexcept { return __m_ >= 1 && __m_ <= 12; }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator==(const month& __lhs, const month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) == static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const month& __lhs, const month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) <=> static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month operator+(const month& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  auto const __mu = static_cast<long long>(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs)) + (__rhs.count() - 1);
+  auto const __yr = (__mu >= 0 ? __mu : __mu - 11) / 12;
+  return month{static_cast<unsigned>(__mu - __yr * 12 + 1)};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month operator+(const months& __lhs, const month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month operator-(const month& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + -__rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr months operator-(const month& __lhs, const month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  auto const __dm = static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) - static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs);
+  return months(__dm <= 11 ? __dm : __dm + 12);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month& month::operator+=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month& month::operator-=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+inline constexpr month January{1};
+inline constexpr month February{2};
+inline constexpr month March{3};
+inline constexpr month April{4};
+inline constexpr month May{5};
+inline constexpr month June{6};
+inline constexpr month July{7};
+inline constexpr month August{8};
+inline constexpr month September{9};
+inline constexpr month October{10};
+inline constexpr month November{11};
+inline constexpr month December{12};
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_MONTH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/month_weekday.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/month_weekday.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..79198796552148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/month_weekday.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_MONTH_WEEKDAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_MONTH_WEEKDAY_H
+
+#include <__chrono/month.h>
+#include <__chrono/weekday.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class month_weekday {
+private:
+  chrono::month __m_;
+  chrono::weekday_indexed __wdi_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr month_weekday(const chrono::month& __mval,
+                                                const chrono::weekday_indexed& __wdival) noexcept
+      : __m_{__mval}, __wdi_{__wdival} {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept { return __m_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::weekday_indexed weekday_indexed() const noexcept { return __wdi_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool ok() const noexcept { return __m_.ok() && __wdi_.ok(); }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool
+operator==(const month_weekday& __lhs, const month_weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.month() == __rhs.month() && __lhs.weekday_indexed() == __rhs.weekday_indexed();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_weekday
+operator/(const month& __lhs, const weekday_indexed& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month_weekday{__lhs, __rhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_weekday operator/(int __lhs, const weekday_indexed& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month_weekday{month(__lhs), __rhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_weekday
+operator/(const weekday_indexed& __lhs, const month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month_weekday{__rhs, __lhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_weekday operator/(const weekday_indexed& __lhs, int __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month_weekday{month(__rhs), __lhs};
+}
+
+class month_weekday_last {
+  chrono::month __m_;
+  chrono::weekday_last __wdl_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr month_weekday_last(const chrono::month& __mval,
+                                                     const chrono::weekday_last& __wdlval) noexcept
+      : __m_{__mval}, __wdl_{__wdlval} {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept { return __m_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::weekday_last weekday_last() const noexcept { return __wdl_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool ok() const noexcept { return __m_.ok() && __wdl_.ok(); }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool
+operator==(const month_weekday_last& __lhs, const month_weekday_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.month() == __rhs.month() && __lhs.weekday_last() == __rhs.weekday_last();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_weekday_last
+operator/(const month& __lhs, const weekday_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month_weekday_last{__lhs, __rhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_weekday_last operator/(int __lhs, const weekday_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month_weekday_last{month(__lhs), __rhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_weekday_last
+operator/(const weekday_last& __lhs, const month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month_weekday_last{__rhs, __lhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_weekday_last operator/(const weekday_last& __lhs, int __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month_weekday_last{month(__rhs), __lhs};
+}
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_MONTH_WEEKDAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/monthday.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/monthday.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a89d16e518618e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/monthday.h
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_MONTHDAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_MONTHDAY_H
+
+#include <__chrono/calendar.h>
+#include <__chrono/day.h>
+#include <__chrono/month.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class month_day {
+private:
+  chrono::month __m_;
+  chrono::day __d_;
+
+public:
+  month_day() = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr month_day(const chrono::month& __mval, const chrono::day& __dval) noexcept
+      : __m_{__mval}, __d_{__dval} {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept { return __m_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::day day() const noexcept { return __d_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool month_day::ok() const noexcept {
+  if (!__m_.ok())
+    return false;
+  const unsigned __dval = static_cast<unsigned>(__d_);
+  if (__dval < 1 || __dval > 31)
+    return false;
+  if (__dval <= 29)
+    return true;
+  //  Now we've got either 30 or 31
+  const unsigned __mval = static_cast<unsigned>(__m_);
+  if (__mval == 2)
+    return false;
+  if (__mval == 4 || __mval == 6 || __mval == 9 || __mval == 11)
+    return __dval == 30;
+  return true;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator==(const month_day& __lhs, const month_day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.month() == __rhs.month() && __lhs.day() == __rhs.day();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr strong_ordering
+operator<=>(const month_day& __lhs, const month_day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  if (auto __c = __lhs.month() <=> __rhs.month(); __c != 0)
+    return __c;
+  return __lhs.day() <=> __rhs.day();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_day operator/(const month& __lhs, const day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month_day{__lhs, __rhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_day operator/(const day& __lhs, const month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs / __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_day operator/(const month& __lhs, int __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs / day(__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_day operator/(int __lhs, const day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month(__lhs) / __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_day operator/(const day& __lhs, int __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month(__rhs) / __lhs;
+}
+
+class month_day_last {
+private:
+  chrono::month __m_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr month_day_last(const chrono::month& __val) noexcept : __m_{__val} {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept { return __m_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool ok() const noexcept { return __m_.ok(); }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool
+operator==(const month_day_last& __lhs, const month_day_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.month() == __rhs.month();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr strong_ordering
+operator<=>(const month_day_last& __lhs, const month_day_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.month() <=> __rhs.month();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_day_last operator/(const month& __lhs, last_spec) noexcept {
+  return month_day_last{__lhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_day_last operator/(last_spec, const month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month_day_last{__rhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_day_last operator/(int __lhs, last_spec) noexcept {
+  return month_day_last{month(__lhs)};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr month_day_last operator/(last_spec, int __rhs) noexcept {
+  return month_day_last{month(__rhs)};
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_MONTHDAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/ostream.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/ostream.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e6c43254eea15e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/ostream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_OSTREAM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_OSTREAM_H
+
+#include <__chrono/calendar.h>
+#include <__chrono/day.h>
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/file_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/hh_mm_ss.h>
+#include <__chrono/local_info.h>
+#include <__chrono/month.h>
+#include <__chrono/month_weekday.h>
+#include <__chrono/monthday.h>
+#include <__chrono/statically_widen.h>
+#include <__chrono/sys_info.h>
+#include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/weekday.h>
+#include <__chrono/year.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month_day.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month_weekday.h>
+#include <__chrono/zoned_time.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/format_functions.h>
+#include <__fwd/ostream.h>
+#include <ratio>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Duration>
+  requires(!treat_as_floating_point_v<typename _Duration::rep> && _Duration{1} < days{1})
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const sys_time<_Duration>& __tp) {
+  return __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L%F %T}"), __tp);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const sys_days& __dp) {
+  return __os << year_month_day{__dp};
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const file_time<_Duration> __tp) {
+  return __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L%F %T}"), __tp);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const local_time<_Duration> __tp) {
+  return __os << sys_time<_Duration>{__tp.time_since_epoch()};
+}
+
+// Depending on the type the return is a const _CharT* or a basic_string<_CharT>
+template <class _CharT, class _Period>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __units_suffix() {
+  // TODO FMT LWG issue the suffixes are always char and not STATICALLY-WIDEN'ed.
+  if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, atto>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "as");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, femto>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "fs");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, pico>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "ps");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, nano>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "ns");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, micro>)
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "\u00b5s");
+#  else
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "us");
+#  endif
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, milli>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "ms");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, centi>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "cs");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, deci>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "ds");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, ratio<1>>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "s");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, deca>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "das");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, hecto>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "hs");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, kilo>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "ks");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, mega>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "Ms");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, giga>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "Gs");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, tera>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "Ts");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, peta>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "Ps");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, exa>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "Es");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, ratio<60>>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "min");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, ratio<3600>>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "h");
+  else if constexpr (same_as<typename _Period::type, ratio<86400>>)
+    return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "d");
+  else if constexpr (_Period::den == 1)
+    return std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "[{}]s"), _Period::num);
+  else
+    return std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "[{}/{}]s"), _Period::num, _Period::den);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Rep, class _Period>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d) {
+  basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits> __s;
+  __s.flags(__os.flags());
+  __s.imbue(__os.getloc());
+  __s.precision(__os.precision());
+  __s << __d.count() << chrono::__units_suffix<_CharT, _Period>();
+  return __os << __s.str();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const day& __d) {
+  return __os << (__d.ok() ? std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:%d}"), __d)
+                           // Note this error 
diff ers from the wording of the Standard. The
+                           // Standard wording doesn't work well on AIX or Windows. There
+                           // the formatted day seems to be either modulo 100 or completely
+                           // omitted. Judging by the wording this is valid.
+                           // TODO FMT Write a paper of file an LWG issue.
+                           : std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:02} is not a valid day"),
+                                         static_cast<unsigned>(__d)));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const month& __m) {
+  return __os << (__m.ok() ? std::format(__os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L%b}"), __m)
+                           : std::format(__os.getloc(),
+                                         _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{} is not a valid month"),
+                                         static_cast<unsigned>(__m))); // TODO FMT Standard mandated locale isn't used.
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const year& __y) {
+  return __os << (__y.ok() ? std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:%Y}"), __y)
+                           : std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:%Y} is not a valid year"), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const weekday& __wd) {
+  return __os << (__wd.ok() ? std::format(__os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L%a}"), __wd)
+                            : std::format(__os.getloc(), // TODO FMT Standard mandated locale isn't used.
+                                          _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{} is not a valid weekday"),
+                                          static_cast<unsigned>(__wd.c_encoding())));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const weekday_indexed& __wdi) {
+  auto __i = __wdi.index();
+  return __os << (__i >= 1 && __i <= 5
+                      ? std::format(__os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L}[{}]"), __wdi.weekday(), __i)
+                      : std::format(__os.getloc(),
+                                    _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L}[{} is not a valid index]"),
+                                    __wdi.weekday(),
+                                    __i));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const weekday_last& __wdl) {
+  return __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L}[last]"), __wdl.weekday());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const month_day& __md) {
+  // TODO FMT The Standard allows 30th of February to be printed.
+  // It would be nice to show an error message instead.
+  return __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L}/{}"), __md.month(), __md.day());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const month_day_last& __mdl) {
+  return __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L}/last"), __mdl.month());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const month_weekday& __mwd) {
+  return __os << std::format(
+             __os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L}/{:L}"), __mwd.month(), __mwd.weekday_indexed());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const month_weekday_last& __mwdl) {
+  return __os << std::format(
+             __os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L}/{:L}"), __mwdl.month(), __mwdl.weekday_last());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const year_month& __ym) {
+  return __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{}/{:L}"), __ym.year(), __ym.month());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const year_month_day& __ymd) {
+  return __os << (__ymd.ok() ? std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:%F}"), __ymd)
+                             : std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:%F} is not a valid date"), __ymd));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const year_month_day_last& __ymdl) {
+  return __os << std::format(
+             __os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{}/{:L}"), __ymdl.year(), __ymdl.month_day_last());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const year_month_weekday& __ymwd) {
+  return __os << std::format(
+             __os.getloc(),
+             _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{}/{:L}/{:L}"),
+             __ymwd.year(),
+             __ymwd.month(),
+             __ymwd.weekday_indexed());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const year_month_weekday_last& __ymwdl) {
+  return __os << std::format(
+             __os.getloc(),
+             _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{}/{:L}/{:L}"),
+             __ymwdl.year(),
+             __ymwdl.month(),
+             __ymwdl.weekday_last());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const hh_mm_ss<_Duration> __hms) {
+  return __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L%T}"), __hms);
+}
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const sys_info& __info) {
+  // __info.abbrev is always std::basic_string<char>.
+  // Since these strings typically are short the conversion should be cheap.
+  std::basic_string<_CharT> __abbrev{__info.abbrev.begin(), __info.abbrev.end()};
+  return __os << std::format(
+             _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "[{:%F %T}, {:%F %T}) {:%T} {:%Q%q} \"{}\""),
+             __info.begin,
+             __info.end,
+             hh_mm_ss{__info.offset},
+             __info.save,
+             __abbrev);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const local_info& __info) {
+  auto __result = [&]() -> basic_string<_CharT> {
+    switch (__info.result) {
+    case local_info::unique:
+      return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "unique");
+    case local_info::nonexistent:
+      return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "non-existent");
+    case local_info::ambiguous:
+      return _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "ambiguous");
+
+    default:
+      return std::format(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "unspecified result ({})"), __info.result);
+    };
+  };
+
+  return __os << std::format(
+             _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{}: {{{}, {}}}"), __result(), __info.first, __info.second);
+}
+
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&                          \
+        !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Duration, class _TimeZonePtr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const zoned_time<_Duration, _TimeZonePtr>& __tp) {
+  return __os << std::format(__os.getloc(), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{:L%F %T %Z}"), __tp);
+}
+#    endif
+#  endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#endif // if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_OSTREAM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/parser_std_format_spec.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/parser_std_format_spec.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..785bbae198e464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/parser_std_format_spec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_PARSER_STD_FORMAT_SPEC_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_PARSER_STD_FORMAT_SPEC_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_string.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __format_spec {
+
+// By not placing this constant in the formatter class it's not duplicated for char and wchar_t
+inline constexpr __fields __fields_chrono_fractional{
+    .__precision_ = true, .__locale_specific_form_ = true, .__type_ = false};
+inline constexpr __fields __fields_chrono{.__locale_specific_form_ = true, .__type_ = false};
+
+/// Flags available or required in a chrono type.
+///
+/// The caller of the chrono formatter lists the types it has available and the
+/// validation tests whether the requested type spec (e.g. %M) is available in
+/// the formatter.
+/// When the type in the chrono-format-spec isn't present in the data a
+/// \ref format_error is thrown.
+enum class __flags {
+  __second = 0x1,
+  __minute = 0x2,
+  __hour   = 0x4,
+  __time   = __hour | __minute | __second,
+
+  __day   = 0x8,
+  __month = 0x10,
+  __year  = 0x20,
+
+  __weekday = 0x40,
+
+  __month_day     = __day | __month,
+  __month_weekday = __weekday | __month,
+  __year_month    = __month | __year,
+  __date          = __day | __month | __year | __weekday,
+
+  __date_time = __date | __time,
+
+  __duration = 0x80 | __time,
+
+  __time_zone = 0x100,
+
+  __clock = __date_time | __time_zone
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __flags operator&(__flags __lhs, __flags __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<__flags>(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) & static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_second(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__second) != __flags::__second)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a second");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_minute(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__minute) != __flags::__minute)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a minute");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_hour(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__hour) != __flags::__hour)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain an hour");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_time(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__time) != __flags::__time)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a time");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_day(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__day) != __flags::__day)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a day");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_month(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__month) != __flags::__month)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a month");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_year(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__year) != __flags::__year)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a year");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_date(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__date) != __flags::__date)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a date");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_date_or_duration(__flags __flags) {
+  if (((__flags & __flags::__date) != __flags::__date) && ((__flags & __flags::__duration) != __flags::__duration))
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a date or duration");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_date_time(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__date_time) != __flags::__date_time)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a date and time");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_weekday(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__weekday) != __flags::__weekday)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a weekday");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_duration(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__duration) != __flags::__duration)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a duration");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_time_zone(__flags __flags) {
+  if ((__flags & __flags::__time_zone) != __flags::__time_zone)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The supplied date time doesn't contain a time zone");
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __parser_chrono {
+  using _ConstIterator = typename basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>::const_iterator;
+
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator
+  __parse(_ParseContext& __ctx, __fields __fields, __flags __flags) {
+    _ConstIterator __begin = __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __fields);
+    _ConstIterator __end   = __ctx.end();
+    if (__begin == __end)
+      return __begin;
+
+    _ConstIterator __last = __parse_chrono_specs(__begin, __end, __flags);
+    __chrono_specs_       = basic_string_view<_CharT>{__begin, __last};
+
+    return __last;
+  }
+
+  __parser<_CharT> __parser_;
+  basic_string_view<_CharT> __chrono_specs_;
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _ConstIterator
+  __parse_chrono_specs(_ConstIterator __begin, _ConstIterator __end, __flags __flags) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__begin != __end,
+                            "When called with an empty input the function will cause "
+                            "undefined behavior by evaluating data not in the input");
+
+    if (*__begin != _CharT('%') && *__begin != _CharT('}'))
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier expects a '%' or a '}'");
+
+    do {
+      switch (*__begin) {
+      case _CharT('{'):
+        std::__throw_format_error("The chrono specifiers contain a '{'");
+
+      case _CharT('}'):
+        return __begin;
+
+      case _CharT('%'):
+        __parse_conversion_spec(__begin, __end, __flags);
+        [[fallthrough]];
+
+      default:
+        // All other literals
+        ++__begin;
+      }
+
+    } while (__begin != __end && *__begin != _CharT('}'));
+
+    return __begin;
+  }
+
+  /// \pre *__begin == '%'
+  /// \post __begin points at the end parsed conversion-spec
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+  __parse_conversion_spec(_ConstIterator& __begin, _ConstIterator __end, __flags __flags) {
+    ++__begin;
+    if (__begin == __end)
+      std::__throw_format_error("End of input while parsing a conversion specifier");
+
+    switch (*__begin) {
+    case _CharT('n'):
+    case _CharT('t'):
+    case _CharT('%'):
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('S'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_second(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('M'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_minute(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('p'): // TODO FMT does the formater require an hour or a time?
+    case _CharT('H'):
+    case _CharT('I'):
+      __parser_.__hour_ = true;
+      __validate_hour(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('r'):
+    case _CharT('R'):
+    case _CharT('T'):
+    case _CharT('X'):
+      __parser_.__hour_ = true;
+      __format_spec::__validate_time(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('d'):
+    case _CharT('e'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_day(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('b'):
+    case _CharT('h'):
+    case _CharT('B'):
+      __parser_.__month_name_ = true;
+      [[fallthrough]];
+    case _CharT('m'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_month(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('y'):
+    case _CharT('C'):
+    case _CharT('Y'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_year(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('j'):
+      __parser_.__day_of_year_ = true;
+      __format_spec::__validate_date_or_duration(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('g'):
+    case _CharT('G'):
+    case _CharT('U'):
+    case _CharT('V'):
+    case _CharT('W'):
+      __parser_.__week_of_year_ = true;
+      [[fallthrough]];
+    case _CharT('x'):
+    case _CharT('D'):
+    case _CharT('F'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_date(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('c'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_date_time(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('a'):
+    case _CharT('A'):
+      __parser_.__weekday_name_ = true;
+      [[fallthrough]];
+    case _CharT('u'):
+    case _CharT('w'):
+      __parser_.__weekday_ = true;
+      __validate_weekday(__flags);
+      __format_spec::__validate_weekday(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('q'):
+    case _CharT('Q'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_duration(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('E'):
+      __parse_modifier_E(__begin, __end, __flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('O'):
+      __parse_modifier_O(__begin, __end, __flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('z'):
+    case _CharT('Z'):
+      // Currently there's no time zone information. However some clocks have a
+      // hard-coded "time zone", for these clocks the information can be used.
+      // TODO FMT implement time zones.
+      __format_spec::__validate_time_zone(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    default: // unknown type;
+      std::__throw_format_error("The date time type specifier is invalid");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// \pre *__begin == 'E'
+  /// \post __begin is incremented by one.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+  __parse_modifier_E(_ConstIterator& __begin, _ConstIterator __end, __flags __flags) {
+    ++__begin;
+    if (__begin == __end)
+      std::__throw_format_error("End of input while parsing the modifier E");
+
+    switch (*__begin) {
+    case _CharT('X'):
+      __parser_.__hour_ = true;
+      __format_spec::__validate_time(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('y'):
+    case _CharT('C'):
+    case _CharT('Y'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_year(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('x'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_date(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('c'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_date_time(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('z'):
+      // Currently there's no time zone information. However some clocks have a
+      // hard-coded "time zone", for these clocks the information can be used.
+      // TODO FMT implement time zones.
+      __format_spec::__validate_time_zone(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      std::__throw_format_error("The date time type specifier for modifier E is invalid");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// \pre *__begin == 'O'
+  /// \post __begin is incremented by one.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+  __parse_modifier_O(_ConstIterator& __begin, _ConstIterator __end, __flags __flags) {
+    ++__begin;
+    if (__begin == __end)
+      std::__throw_format_error("End of input while parsing the modifier O");
+
+    switch (*__begin) {
+    case _CharT('S'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_second(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('M'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_minute(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('I'):
+    case _CharT('H'):
+      __parser_.__hour_ = true;
+      __format_spec::__validate_hour(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('d'):
+    case _CharT('e'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_day(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('m'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_month(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('y'):
+      __format_spec::__validate_year(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('U'):
+    case _CharT('V'):
+    case _CharT('W'):
+      __parser_.__week_of_year_ = true;
+      __format_spec::__validate_date(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('u'):
+    case _CharT('w'):
+      __parser_.__weekday_ = true;
+      __format_spec::__validate_weekday(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('z'):
+      // Currently there's no time zone information. However some clocks have a
+      // hard-coded "time zone", for these clocks the information can be used.
+      // TODO FMT implement time zones.
+      __format_spec::__validate_time_zone(__flags);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      std::__throw_format_error("The date time type specifier for modifier O is invalid");
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __format_spec
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_PARSER_STD_FORMAT_SPEC_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/statically_widen.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/statically_widen.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a18c46f057a819
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/statically_widen.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_STATICALLY_WIDEN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_STATICALLY_WIDEN_H
+
+// Implements the STATICALLY-WIDEN exposition-only function. ([time.general]/2)
+
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _CharT* __statically_widen(const char* __str, const wchar_t* __wstr) {
+  if constexpr (same_as<_CharT, char>)
+    return __str;
+  else
+    return __wstr;
+}
+#    define _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, __str) ::std::__statically_widen<_CharT>(__str, L##__str)
+#  else // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+// Without this indirection the unit test test/libcxx/modules_include.sh.cpp
+// fails for the CI build "No wide characters". This seems like a bug.
+// TODO FMT investigate why this is needed.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _CharT* __statically_widen(const char* __str) {
+  return __str;
+}
+#    define _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, __str) ::std::__statically_widen<_CharT>(__str)
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_STATICALLY_WIDEN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/steady_clock.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/steady_clock.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..612a7f156e6343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/steady_clock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_STEADY_CLOCK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_STEADY_CLOCK_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_MONOTONIC_CLOCK
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI steady_clock {
+public:
+  typedef nanoseconds duration;
+  typedef duration::rep rep;
+  typedef duration::period period;
+  typedef chrono::time_point<steady_clock, duration> time_point;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const bool is_steady = true;
+
+  static time_point now() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+#endif
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_STEADY_CLOCK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/sys_info.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/sys_info.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..11536cbde3a37c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/sys_info.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// For information see https://libcxx.llvm.org/DesignDocs/TimeZone.html
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_SYS_INFO_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_SYS_INFO_H
+
+#include <version>
+// Enable the contents of the header only when libc++ was built with experimental features enabled.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#  include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#  include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#  include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#  include <__config>
+#  include <string>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+struct sys_info {
+  sys_seconds begin;
+  sys_seconds end;
+  seconds offset;
+  minutes save;
+  string abbrev;
+};
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_SYS_INFO_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/system_clock.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/system_clock.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5a9eb65bdae7ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/system_clock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_SYSTEM_CLOCK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_SYSTEM_CLOCK_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <ctime>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI system_clock {
+public:
+  typedef microseconds duration;
+  typedef duration::rep rep;
+  typedef duration::period period;
+  typedef chrono::time_point<system_clock> time_point;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const bool is_steady = false;
+
+  static time_point now() _NOEXCEPT;
+  static time_t to_time_t(const time_point& __t) _NOEXCEPT;
+  static time_point from_time_t(time_t __t) _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Duration>
+using sys_time    = time_point<system_clock, _Duration>;
+using sys_seconds = sys_time<seconds>;
+using sys_days    = sys_time<days>;
+
+#endif
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_SYSTEM_CLOCK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_point.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_point.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..aaf0b098f280e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_point.h
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TIME_POINT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TIME_POINT_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration = typename _Clock::duration>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS time_point {
+  static_assert(__is_duration<_Duration>::value,
+                "Second template parameter of time_point must be a std::chrono::duration");
+
+public:
+  typedef _Clock clock;
+  typedef _Duration duration;
+  typedef typename duration::rep rep;
+  typedef typename duration::period period;
+
+private:
+  duration __d_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 time_point() : __d_(duration::zero()) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit time_point(const duration& __d) : __d_(__d) {}
+
+  // conversions
+  template <class _Duration2, __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_Duration2, duration>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 time_point(const time_point<clock, _Duration2>& __t)
+      : __d_(__t.time_since_epoch()) {}
+
+  // observer
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 duration time_since_epoch() const { return __d_; }
+
+  // arithmetic
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 time_point& operator+=(const duration& __d) {
+    __d_ += __d;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 time_point& operator-=(const duration& __d) {
+    __d_ -= __d;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // special values
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR time_point min() _NOEXCEPT { return time_point(duration::min()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR time_point max() _NOEXCEPT { return time_point(duration::max()); }
+};
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS
+common_type<chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>, chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration2> > {
+  typedef chrono::time_point<_Clock, typename common_type<_Duration1, _Duration2>::type> type;
+};
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+template <class _ToDuration, class _Clock, class _Duration>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 time_point<_Clock, _ToDuration>
+time_point_cast(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  return time_point<_Clock, _ToDuration>(chrono::duration_cast<_ToDuration>(__t.time_since_epoch()));
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _ToDuration, class _Clock, class _Duration, enable_if_t<__is_duration<_ToDuration>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr time_point<_Clock, _ToDuration> floor(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  return time_point<_Clock, _ToDuration>{chrono::floor<_ToDuration>(__t.time_since_epoch())};
+}
+
+template <class _ToDuration, class _Clock, class _Duration, enable_if_t<__is_duration<_ToDuration>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr time_point<_Clock, _ToDuration> ceil(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  return time_point<_Clock, _ToDuration>{chrono::ceil<_ToDuration>(__t.time_since_epoch())};
+}
+
+template <class _ToDuration, class _Clock, class _Duration, enable_if_t<__is_duration<_ToDuration>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr time_point<_Clock, _ToDuration> round(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  return time_point<_Clock, _ToDuration>{chrono::round<_ToDuration>(__t.time_since_epoch())};
+}
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period, enable_if_t<numeric_limits<_Rep>::is_signed, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr duration<_Rep, _Period> abs(duration<_Rep, _Period> __d) {
+  return __d >= __d.zero() ? +__d : -__d;
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+// time_point ==
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator==(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs) {
+  return __lhs.time_since_epoch() == __rhs.time_since_epoch();
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+// time_point !=
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator!=(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs) {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+// time_point <
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator<(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs) {
+  return __lhs.time_since_epoch() < __rhs.time_since_epoch();
+}
+
+// time_point >
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator>(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs) {
+  return __rhs < __lhs;
+}
+
+// time_point <=
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator<=(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs) {
+  return !(__rhs < __lhs);
+}
+
+// time_point >=
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator>=(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs) {
+  return !(__lhs < __rhs);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, three_way_comparable_with<_Duration1> _Duration2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+operator<=>(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs) {
+  return __lhs.time_since_epoch() <=> __rhs.time_since_epoch();
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// time_point operator+(time_point x, duration y);
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 time_point<_Clock, typename common_type<_Duration1, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type>
+operator+(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  typedef time_point<_Clock, typename common_type<_Duration1, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type> _Tr;
+  return _Tr(__lhs.time_since_epoch() + __rhs);
+}
+
+// time_point operator+(duration x, time_point y);
+
+template <class _Rep1, class _Period1, class _Clock, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 time_point<_Clock, typename common_type<duration<_Rep1, _Period1>, _Duration2>::type>
+operator+(const duration<_Rep1, _Period1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs) {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+// time_point operator-(time_point x, duration y);
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Rep2, class _Period2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 time_point<_Clock, typename common_type<_Duration1, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type>
+operator-(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const duration<_Rep2, _Period2>& __rhs) {
+  typedef time_point<_Clock, typename common_type<_Duration1, duration<_Rep2, _Period2> >::type> _Ret;
+  return _Ret(__lhs.time_since_epoch() - __rhs);
+}
+
+// duration operator-(time_point x, time_point y);
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration1, class _Duration2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename common_type<_Duration1, _Duration2>::type
+operator-(const time_point<_Clock, _Duration1>& __lhs, const time_point<_Clock, _Duration2>& __rhs) {
+  return __lhs.time_since_epoch() - __rhs.time_since_epoch();
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TIME_POINT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_zone.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_zone.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..de11dac1eef0c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_zone.h
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// For information see https://libcxx.llvm.org/DesignDocs/TimeZone.html
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TIME_ZONE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TIME_ZONE_H
+
+#include <version>
+// Enable the contents of the header only when libc++ was built with experimental features enabled.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#  include <__chrono/calendar.h>
+#  include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#  include <__chrono/exception.h>
+#  include <__chrono/local_info.h>
+#  include <__chrono/sys_info.h>
+#  include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#  include <__compare/strong_order.h>
+#  include <__config>
+#  include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#  include <string_view>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&   \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+enum class choose { earliest, latest };
+
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB time_zone {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI time_zone() = default;
+
+public:
+  class __impl; // public so it can be used by make_unique.
+
+  // The "constructor".
+  //
+  // The default constructor is private to avoid the constructor from being
+  // part of the ABI. Instead use an __ugly_named function as an ABI interface,
+  // since that gives us the ability to change it in the future.
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI static time_zone __create(unique_ptr<__impl>&& __p);
+
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ~time_zone();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI time_zone(time_zone&&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI time_zone& operator=(time_zone&&) = default;
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_view name() const noexcept { return __name(); }
+
+  template <class _Duration>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI sys_info get_info(const sys_time<_Duration>& __time) const {
+    return __get_info(chrono::time_point_cast<seconds>(__time));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Duration>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_info get_info(const local_time<_Duration>& __time) const {
+    return __get_info(chrono::time_point_cast<seconds>(__time));
+  }
+
+  // We don't apply nodiscard here since this function throws on many inputs,
+  // so it could be used as a validation.
+  template <class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI sys_time<common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>> to_sys(const local_time<_Duration>& __time) const {
+    local_info __info = get_info(__time);
+    switch (__info.result) {
+    case local_info::unique:
+      return sys_time<common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>>{__time.time_since_epoch() - __info.first.offset};
+
+    case local_info::nonexistent:
+      chrono::__throw_nonexistent_local_time(__time, __info);
+
+    case local_info::ambiguous:
+      chrono::__throw_ambiguous_local_time(__time, __info);
+    }
+
+    // TODO TZDB The Standard does not specify anything in these cases.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __info.result != -1, "cannot convert the local time; it would be before the minimum system clock value");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __info.result != -2, "cannot convert the local time; it would be after the maximum system clock value");
+
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  template <class _Duration>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI sys_time<common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>>
+  to_sys(const local_time<_Duration>& __time, choose __z) const {
+    local_info __info = get_info(__time);
+    switch (__info.result) {
+    case local_info::unique:
+    case local_info::nonexistent: // first and second are the same
+      return sys_time<common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>>{__time.time_since_epoch() - __info.first.offset};
+
+    case local_info::ambiguous:
+      switch (__z) {
+      case choose::earliest:
+        return sys_time<common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>>{__time.time_since_epoch() - __info.first.offset};
+
+      case choose::latest:
+        return sys_time<common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>>{__time.time_since_epoch() - __info.second.offset};
+
+        // Note a value out of bounds is not specified.
+      }
+    }
+
+    // TODO TZDB The standard does not specify anything in these cases.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __info.result != -1, "cannot convert the local time; it would be before the minimum system clock value");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __info.result != -2, "cannot convert the local time; it would be after the maximum system clock value");
+
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  template <class _Duration>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_time<common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>>
+  to_local(const sys_time<_Duration>& __time) const {
+    using _Dp = common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>;
+
+    sys_info __info = get_info(__time);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __info.offset >= chrono::seconds{0} || __time.time_since_epoch() >= _Dp::min() - __info.offset,
+        "cannot convert the system time; it would be before the minimum local clock value");
+
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __info.offset <= chrono::seconds{0} || __time.time_since_epoch() <= _Dp::max() - __info.offset,
+        "cannot convert the system time; it would be after the maximum local clock value");
+
+    return local_time<_Dp>{__time.time_since_epoch() + __info.offset};
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const __impl& __implementation() const noexcept { return *__impl_; }
+
+private:
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string_view __name() const noexcept;
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI sys_info __get_info(sys_seconds __time) const;
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI local_info __get_info(local_seconds __time) const;
+
+  unique_ptr<__impl> __impl_;
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline bool
+operator==(const time_zone& __x, const time_zone& __y) noexcept {
+  return __x.name() == __y.name();
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline strong_ordering
+operator<=>(const time_zone& __x, const time_zone& __y) noexcept {
+  return __x.name() <=> __y.name();
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+         // && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TIME_ZONE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_zone_link.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_zone_link.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b2d365c5fd0820
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/time_zone_link.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// For information see https://libcxx.llvm.org/DesignDocs/TimeZone.html
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TIME_ZONE_LINK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TIME_ZONE_LINK_H
+
+#include <version>
+// Enable the contents of the header only when libc++ was built with experimental features enabled.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#  include <__compare/strong_order.h>
+#  include <__config>
+#  include <__utility/private_constructor_tag.h>
+#  include <string>
+#  include <string_view>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&   \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class time_zone_link {
+public:
+  [[nodiscard]]
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit time_zone_link(__private_constructor_tag, string_view __name, string_view __target)
+      : __name_{__name}, __target_{__target} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI time_zone_link(time_zone_link&&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI time_zone_link& operator=(time_zone_link&&) = default;
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_view name() const noexcept { return __name_; }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_view target() const noexcept { return __target_; }
+
+private:
+  string __name_;
+  // TODO TZDB instead of the name we can store the pointer to a zone. These
+  // pointers are immutable. This makes it possible to directly return a
+  // pointer in the time_zone in the 'locate_zone' function.
+  string __target_;
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline bool
+operator==(const time_zone_link& __x, const time_zone_link& __y) noexcept {
+  return __x.name() == __y.name();
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline strong_ordering
+operator<=>(const time_zone_link& __x, const time_zone_link& __y) noexcept {
+  return __x.name() <=> __y.name();
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#  endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TIME_ZONE_LINK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/tzdb.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/tzdb.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f731f8c318be07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/tzdb.h
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// For information see https://libcxx.llvm.org/DesignDocs/TimeZone.html
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TZDB_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TZDB_H
+
+#include <version>
+// Enable the contents of the header only when libc++ was built with experimental features enabled.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_lower_bound.h>
+#  include <__chrono/leap_second.h>
+#  include <__chrono/time_zone.h>
+#  include <__chrono/time_zone_link.h>
+#  include <__config>
+#  include <string>
+#  include <vector>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&   \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+struct tzdb {
+  string version;
+  vector<time_zone> zones;
+  vector<time_zone_link> links;
+
+  vector<leap_second> leap_seconds;
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const time_zone* __locate_zone(string_view __name) const {
+    if (const time_zone* __result = __find_in_zone(__name))
+      return __result;
+
+    if (auto __it = ranges::lower_bound(links, __name, {}, &time_zone_link::name);
+        __it != links.end() && __it->name() == __name)
+      if (const time_zone* __result = __find_in_zone(__it->target()))
+        return __result;
+
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const time_zone* locate_zone(string_view __name) const {
+    if (const time_zone* __result = __locate_zone(__name))
+      return __result;
+
+    std::__throw_runtime_error("tzdb: requested time zone not found");
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const time_zone* current_zone() const {
+    return __current_zone();
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const time_zone* __find_in_zone(string_view __name) const noexcept {
+    if (auto __it = ranges::lower_bound(zones, __name, {}, &time_zone::name);
+        __it != zones.end() && __it->name() == __name)
+      return std::addressof(*__it);
+
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const time_zone* __current_zone() const;
+};
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+         // && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TZDB_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/tzdb_list.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/tzdb_list.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..aeef4fe1aba3c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/tzdb_list.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// For information see https://libcxx.llvm.org/DesignDocs/TimeZone.html
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TZDB_LIST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TZDB_LIST_H
+
+#include <version>
+// Enable the contents of the header only when libc++ was built with experimental features enabled.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#  include <__chrono/time_zone.h>
+#  include <__chrono/tzdb.h>
+#  include <__config>
+#  include <__fwd/string.h>
+#  include <forward_list>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&   \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+// TODO TZDB
+// Libc++ recently switched to only export __ugly_names from the dylib.
+// Since the library is still experimental the functions in this header
+// should be adapted to this new style. The other tzdb headers should be
+// evaluated too.
+
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB tzdb_list {
+public:
+  class __impl; // public to allow construction in dylib
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit tzdb_list(__impl* __p) : __impl_(__p) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__impl_ != nullptr, "initialized time_zone without a valid pimpl object");
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ~tzdb_list();
+
+  tzdb_list(const tzdb_list&)            = delete;
+  tzdb_list& operator=(const tzdb_list&) = delete;
+
+  using const_iterator = forward_list<tzdb>::const_iterator;
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const tzdb& front() const noexcept { return __front(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator erase_after(const_iterator __p) { return __erase_after(__p); }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const noexcept { return __begin(); }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const noexcept { return __end(); }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept { return __cbegin(); }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const noexcept { return __cend(); }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __impl& __implementation() { return *__impl_; }
+
+private:
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const tzdb& __front() const noexcept;
+
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const_iterator __erase_after(const_iterator __p);
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const_iterator __begin() const noexcept;
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const_iterator __end() const noexcept;
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const_iterator __cbegin() const noexcept;
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const_iterator __cend() const noexcept;
+
+  __impl* __impl_;
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI tzdb_list& get_tzdb_list();
+
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline const tzdb& get_tzdb() {
+  return get_tzdb_list().front();
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline const time_zone* locate_zone(string_view __name) {
+  return get_tzdb().locate_zone(__name);
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline const time_zone* current_zone() {
+  return get_tzdb().current_zone();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const tzdb& reload_tzdb();
+
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string remote_version();
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+         // && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_TZDB_LIST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/weekday.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/weekday.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..86c780cc718256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/weekday.h
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_WEEKDAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_WEEKDAY_H
+
+#include <__chrono/calendar.h>
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class weekday_indexed;
+class weekday_last;
+
+class weekday {
+private:
+  unsigned char __wd_;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr unsigned char __weekday_from_days(int __days) noexcept;
+
+public:
+  weekday() = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline explicit constexpr weekday(unsigned __val) noexcept
+      : __wd_(static_cast<unsigned char>(__val == 7 ? 0 : __val)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday(const sys_days& __sysd) noexcept
+      : __wd_(__weekday_from_days(__sysd.time_since_epoch().count())) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline explicit constexpr weekday(const local_days& __locd) noexcept
+      : __wd_(__weekday_from_days(__locd.time_since_epoch().count())) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday& operator++() noexcept {
+    __wd_ = (__wd_ == 6 ? 0 : __wd_ + 1);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday operator++(int) noexcept {
+    weekday __tmp = *this;
+    ++(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday& operator--() noexcept {
+    __wd_ = (__wd_ == 0 ? 6 : __wd_ - 1);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday operator--(int) noexcept {
+    weekday __tmp = *this;
+    --(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr weekday& operator+=(const days& __dd) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr weekday& operator-=(const days& __dd) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr unsigned c_encoding() const noexcept { return __wd_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr unsigned iso_encoding() const noexcept { return __wd_ == 0u ? 7 : __wd_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool ok() const noexcept { return __wd_ <= 6; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr weekday_indexed operator[](unsigned __index) const noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr weekday_last operator[](last_spec) const noexcept;
+};
+
+// https://howardhinnant.github.io/date_algorithms.html#weekday_from_days
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr unsigned char weekday::__weekday_from_days(int __days) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<unsigned char>(static_cast<unsigned>(__days >= -4 ? (__days + 4) % 7 : (__days + 5) % 7 + 6));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator==(const weekday& __lhs, const weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.c_encoding() == __rhs.c_encoding();
+}
+
+// TODO(LLVM 20): Remove the escape hatch
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ENABLE_REMOVED_WEEKDAY_RELATIONAL_OPERATORS
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator<(const weekday& __lhs, const weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.c_encoding() < __rhs.c_encoding();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator>(const weekday& __lhs, const weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs < __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator<=(const weekday& __lhs, const weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return !(__rhs < __lhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator>=(const weekday& __lhs, const weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return !(__lhs < __rhs);
+}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_ENABLE_REMOVED_WEEKDAY_RELATIONAL_OPERATORS
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday operator+(const weekday& __lhs, const days& __rhs) noexcept {
+  auto const __mu = static_cast<long long>(__lhs.c_encoding()) + __rhs.count();
+  auto const __yr = (__mu >= 0 ? __mu : __mu - 6) / 7;
+  return weekday{static_cast<unsigned>(__mu - __yr * 7)};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday operator+(const days& __lhs, const weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday operator-(const weekday& __lhs, const days& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + -__rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr days operator-(const weekday& __lhs, const weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  const int __wdu = __lhs.c_encoding() - __rhs.c_encoding();
+  const int __wk  = (__wdu >= 0 ? __wdu : __wdu - 6) / 7;
+  return days{__wdu - __wk * 7};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday& weekday::operator+=(const days& __dd) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dd;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday& weekday::operator-=(const days& __dd) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dd;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+class weekday_indexed {
+private:
+  chrono::weekday __wd_;
+  unsigned char __idx_;
+
+public:
+  weekday_indexed() = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday_indexed(const chrono::weekday& __wdval, unsigned __idxval) noexcept
+      : __wd_{__wdval}, __idx_(__idxval) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::weekday weekday() const noexcept { return __wd_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr unsigned index() const noexcept { return __idx_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool ok() const noexcept { return __wd_.ok() && __idx_ >= 1 && __idx_ <= 5; }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool
+operator==(const weekday_indexed& __lhs, const weekday_indexed& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.weekday() == __rhs.weekday() && __lhs.index() == __rhs.index();
+}
+
+class weekday_last {
+private:
+  chrono::weekday __wd_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr weekday_last(const chrono::weekday& __val) noexcept : __wd_{__val} {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::weekday weekday() const noexcept { return __wd_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool ok() const noexcept { return __wd_.ok(); }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator==(const weekday_last& __lhs, const weekday_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.weekday() == __rhs.weekday();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday_indexed weekday::operator[](unsigned __index) const noexcept {
+  return weekday_indexed{*this, __index};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr weekday_last weekday::operator[](last_spec) const noexcept {
+  return weekday_last{*this};
+}
+
+inline constexpr weekday Sunday{0};
+inline constexpr weekday Monday{1};
+inline constexpr weekday Tuesday{2};
+inline constexpr weekday Wednesday{3};
+inline constexpr weekday Thursday{4};
+inline constexpr weekday Friday{5};
+inline constexpr weekday Saturday{6};
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_WEEKDAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1899d09f38dbdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year.h
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <compare>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class year {
+private:
+  short __y_;
+
+public:
+  year() = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit inline constexpr year(int __val) noexcept : __y_(static_cast<short>(__val)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year& operator++() noexcept {
+    ++__y_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year operator++(int) noexcept {
+    year __tmp = *this;
+    ++(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year& operator--() noexcept {
+    --__y_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year operator--(int) noexcept {
+    year __tmp = *this;
+    --(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year& operator+=(const years& __dy) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year& operator-=(const years& __dy) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year operator+() const noexcept { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year operator-() const noexcept { return year{-__y_}; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool is_leap() const noexcept {
+    return __y_ % 4 == 0 && (__y_ % 100 != 0 || __y_ % 400 == 0);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit inline constexpr operator int() const noexcept { return __y_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static inline constexpr year min() noexcept { return year{-32767}; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static inline constexpr year max() noexcept { return year{32767}; }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator==(const year& __lhs, const year& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<int>(__lhs) == static_cast<int>(__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year& __lhs, const year& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<int>(__lhs) <=> static_cast<int>(__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year operator+(const year& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year(static_cast<int>(__lhs) + __rhs.count());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year operator+(const years& __lhs, const year& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year operator-(const year& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + -__rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr years operator-(const year& __lhs, const year& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return years{static_cast<int>(__lhs) - static_cast<int>(__rhs)};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year& year::operator+=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year& year::operator-=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool year::ok() const noexcept {
+  static_assert(static_cast<int>(std::numeric_limits<decltype(__y_)>::max()) == static_cast<int>(max()));
+  return static_cast<int>(min()) <= __y_;
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..369ea38f7560d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_MONTH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_MONTH_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/month.h>
+#include <__chrono/year.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class year_month {
+  chrono::year __y_;
+  chrono::month __m_;
+
+public:
+  year_month() = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month(const chrono::year& __yval, const chrono::month& __mval) noexcept
+      : __y_{__yval}, __m_{__mval} {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::year year() const noexcept { return __y_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept { return __m_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month& operator+=(const months& __dm) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month& operator-=(const months& __dm) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month& operator+=(const years& __dy) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month& operator-=(const years& __dy) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool ok() const noexcept { return __y_.ok() && __m_.ok(); }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month operator/(const year& __y, const month& __m) noexcept {
+  return year_month{__y, __m};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month operator/(const year& __y, int __m) noexcept {
+  return year_month{__y, month(__m)};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator==(const year_month& __lhs, const year_month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.year() == __rhs.year() && __lhs.month() == __rhs.month();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr strong_ordering
+operator<=>(const year_month& __lhs, const year_month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  if (auto __c = __lhs.year() <=> __rhs.year(); __c != 0)
+    return __c;
+  return __lhs.month() <=> __rhs.month();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month operator+(const year_month& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  int __dmi      = static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs.month())) - 1 + __rhs.count();
+  const int __dy = (__dmi >= 0 ? __dmi : __dmi - 11) / 12;
+  __dmi          = __dmi - __dy * 12 + 1;
+  return (__lhs.year() + years(__dy)) / month(static_cast<unsigned>(__dmi));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month operator+(const months& __lhs, const year_month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month operator+(const year_month& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return (__lhs.year() + __rhs) / __lhs.month();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month operator+(const years& __lhs, const year_month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr months operator-(const year_month& __lhs, const year_month& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return (__lhs.year() - __rhs.year()) +
+         months(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs.month()) - static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs.month()));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month operator-(const year_month& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + -__rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month operator-(const year_month& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + -__rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month& year_month::operator+=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month& year_month::operator-=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month& year_month::operator+=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month& year_month::operator-=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_MONTH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month_day.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month_day.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b06c0be03e0de4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month_day.h
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_MONTH_DAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_MONTH_DAY_H
+
+#include <__chrono/calendar.h>
+#include <__chrono/day.h>
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/month.h>
+#include <__chrono/monthday.h>
+#include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__chrono/year.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <compare>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class year_month_day_last;
+
+class year_month_day {
+private:
+  chrono::year __y_;
+  chrono::month __m_;
+  chrono::day __d_;
+
+public:
+  year_month_day() = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day(
+      const chrono::year& __yval, const chrono::month& __mval, const chrono::day& __dval) noexcept
+      : __y_{__yval}, __m_{__mval}, __d_{__dval} {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_day(const year_month_day_last& __ymdl) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day(const sys_days& __sysd) noexcept
+      : year_month_day(__from_days(__sysd.time_since_epoch())) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline explicit constexpr year_month_day(const local_days& __locd) noexcept
+      : year_month_day(__from_days(__locd.time_since_epoch())) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_day& operator+=(const months& __dm) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_day& operator-=(const months& __dm) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_day& operator+=(const years& __dy) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_day& operator-=(const years& __dy) noexcept;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::year year() const noexcept { return __y_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept { return __m_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::day day() const noexcept { return __d_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr operator sys_days() const noexcept { return sys_days{__to_days()}; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline explicit constexpr operator local_days() const noexcept {
+    return local_days{__to_days()};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr year_month_day __from_days(days __d) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr days __to_days() const noexcept;
+};
+
+// https://howardhinnant.github.io/date_algorithms.html#civil_from_days
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day year_month_day::__from_days(days __d) noexcept {
+  static_assert(numeric_limits<unsigned>::digits >= 18, "");
+  static_assert(numeric_limits<int>::digits >= 20, "");
+  const int __z        = __d.count() + 719468;
+  const int __era      = (__z >= 0 ? __z : __z - 146096) / 146097;
+  const unsigned __doe = static_cast<unsigned>(__z - __era * 146097);                   // [0, 146096]
+  const unsigned __yoe = (__doe - __doe / 1460 + __doe / 36524 - __doe / 146096) / 365; // [0, 399]
+  const int __yr       = static_cast<int>(__yoe) + __era * 400;
+  const unsigned __doy = __doe - (365 * __yoe + __yoe / 4 - __yoe / 100); // [0, 365]
+  const unsigned __mp  = (5 * __doy + 2) / 153;                           // [0, 11]
+  const unsigned __dy  = __doy - (153 * __mp + 2) / 5 + 1;                // [1, 31]
+  const unsigned __mth = __mp + (__mp < 10 ? 3 : -9);                     // [1, 12]
+  return year_month_day{chrono::year{__yr + (__mth <= 2)}, chrono::month{__mth}, chrono::day{__dy}};
+}
+
+// https://howardhinnant.github.io/date_algorithms.html#days_from_civil
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr days year_month_day::__to_days() const noexcept {
+  static_assert(numeric_limits<unsigned>::digits >= 18, "");
+  static_assert(numeric_limits<int>::digits >= 20, "");
+
+  const int __yr       = static_cast<int>(__y_) - (__m_ <= February);
+  const unsigned __mth = static_cast<unsigned>(__m_);
+  const unsigned __dy  = static_cast<unsigned>(__d_);
+
+  const int __era      = (__yr >= 0 ? __yr : __yr - 399) / 400;
+  const unsigned __yoe = static_cast<unsigned>(__yr - __era * 400);                 // [0, 399]
+  const unsigned __doy = (153 * (__mth + (__mth > 2 ? -3 : 9)) + 2) / 5 + __dy - 1; // [0, 365]
+  const unsigned __doe = __yoe * 365 + __yoe / 4 - __yoe / 100 + __doy;             // [0, 146096]
+  return days{__era * 146097 + static_cast<int>(__doe) - 719468};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool
+operator==(const year_month_day& __lhs, const year_month_day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.year() == __rhs.year() && __lhs.month() == __rhs.month() && __lhs.day() == __rhs.day();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr strong_ordering
+operator<=>(const year_month_day& __lhs, const year_month_day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  if (auto __c = __lhs.year() <=> __rhs.year(); __c != 0)
+    return __c;
+  if (auto __c = __lhs.month() <=> __rhs.month(); __c != 0)
+    return __c;
+  return __lhs.day() <=> __rhs.day();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day operator/(const year_month& __lhs, const day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year_month_day{__lhs.year(), __lhs.month(), __rhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day operator/(const year_month& __lhs, int __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs / day(__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day operator/(const year& __lhs, const month_day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs / __rhs.month() / __rhs.day();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day operator/(int __lhs, const month_day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year(__lhs) / __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day operator/(const month_day& __lhs, const year& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs / __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day operator/(const month_day& __lhs, int __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year(__rhs) / __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day
+operator+(const year_month_day& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return (__lhs.year() / __lhs.month() + __rhs) / __lhs.day();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day
+operator+(const months& __lhs, const year_month_day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day
+operator-(const year_month_day& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + -__rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day
+operator+(const year_month_day& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return (__lhs.year() + __rhs) / __lhs.month() / __lhs.day();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day
+operator+(const years& __lhs, const year_month_day& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day
+operator-(const year_month_day& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + -__rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day& year_month_day::operator+=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day& year_month_day::operator-=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day& year_month_day::operator+=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day& year_month_day::operator-=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+class year_month_day_last {
+private:
+  chrono::year __y_;
+  chrono::month_day_last __mdl_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_day_last(const year& __yval, const month_day_last& __mdlval) noexcept
+      : __y_{__yval}, __mdl_{__mdlval} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_day_last& operator+=(const months& __m) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_day_last& operator-=(const months& __m) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_day_last& operator+=(const years& __y) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_day_last& operator-=(const years& __y) noexcept;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::year year() const noexcept { return __y_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept { return __mdl_.month(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::month_day_last month_day_last() const noexcept { return __mdl_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr chrono::day day() const noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr operator sys_days() const noexcept {
+    return sys_days{year() / month() / day()};
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline explicit constexpr operator local_days() const noexcept {
+    return local_days{year() / month() / day()};
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool ok() const noexcept { return __y_.ok() && __mdl_.ok(); }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::day year_month_day_last::day() const noexcept {
+  constexpr chrono::day __d[] = {
+      chrono::day(31),
+      chrono::day(28),
+      chrono::day(31),
+      chrono::day(30),
+      chrono::day(31),
+      chrono::day(30),
+      chrono::day(31),
+      chrono::day(31),
+      chrono::day(30),
+      chrono::day(31),
+      chrono::day(30),
+      chrono::day(31)};
+  return (month() != February || !__y_.is_leap()) && month().ok()
+           ? __d[static_cast<unsigned>(month()) - 1]
+           : chrono::day{29};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool
+operator==(const year_month_day_last& __lhs, const year_month_day_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.year() == __rhs.year() && __lhs.month_day_last() == __rhs.month_day_last();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr strong_ordering
+operator<=>(const year_month_day_last& __lhs, const year_month_day_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  if (auto __c = __lhs.year() <=> __rhs.year(); __c != 0)
+    return __c;
+  return __lhs.month_day_last() <=> __rhs.month_day_last();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last operator/(const year_month& __lhs, last_spec) noexcept {
+  return year_month_day_last{__lhs.year(), month_day_last{__lhs.month()}};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last
+operator/(const year& __lhs, const month_day_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year_month_day_last{__lhs, __rhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last operator/(int __lhs, const month_day_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year_month_day_last{year{__lhs}, __rhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last
+operator/(const month_day_last& __lhs, const year& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs / __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last operator/(const month_day_last& __lhs, int __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year{__rhs} / __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last
+operator+(const year_month_day_last& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return (__lhs.year() / __lhs.month() + __rhs) / last;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last
+operator+(const months& __lhs, const year_month_day_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last
+operator-(const year_month_day_last& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + (-__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last
+operator+(const year_month_day_last& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year_month_day_last{__lhs.year() + __rhs, __lhs.month_day_last()};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last
+operator+(const years& __lhs, const year_month_day_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last
+operator-(const year_month_day_last& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + (-__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last&
+year_month_day_last::operator+=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last&
+year_month_day_last::operator-=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last&
+year_month_day_last::operator+=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day_last&
+year_month_day_last::operator-=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_day::year_month_day(const year_month_day_last& __ymdl) noexcept
+    : __y_{__ymdl.year()}, __m_{__ymdl.month()}, __d_{__ymdl.day()} {}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool year_month_day::ok() const noexcept {
+  if (!__y_.ok() || !__m_.ok())
+    return false;
+  return chrono::day{1} <= __d_ && __d_ <= (__y_ / __m_ / last).day();
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_MONTH_DAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month_weekday.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month_weekday.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0c3dd494c87872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/year_month_weekday.h
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_MONTH_WEEKDAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_MONTH_WEEKDAY_H
+
+#include <__chrono/calendar.h>
+#include <__chrono/day.h>
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/month.h>
+#include <__chrono/month_weekday.h>
+#include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__chrono/weekday.h>
+#include <__chrono/year.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month.h>
+#include <__chrono/year_month_day.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+class year_month_weekday {
+  chrono::year __y_;
+  chrono::month __m_;
+  chrono::weekday_indexed __wdi_;
+
+public:
+  year_month_weekday() = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_weekday(
+      const chrono::year& __yval, const chrono::month& __mval, const chrono::weekday_indexed& __wdival) noexcept
+      : __y_{__yval}, __m_{__mval}, __wdi_{__wdival} {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_weekday(const sys_days& __sysd) noexcept
+      : year_month_weekday(__from_days(__sysd.time_since_epoch())) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline explicit constexpr year_month_weekday(const local_days& __locd) noexcept
+      : year_month_weekday(__from_days(__locd.time_since_epoch())) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_weekday& operator+=(const months&) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_weekday& operator-=(const months&) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_weekday& operator+=(const years&) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_weekday& operator-=(const years&) noexcept;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::year year() const noexcept { return __y_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept { return __m_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::weekday weekday() const noexcept { return __wdi_.weekday(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr unsigned index() const noexcept { return __wdi_.index(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::weekday_indexed weekday_indexed() const noexcept { return __wdi_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr operator sys_days() const noexcept { return sys_days{__to_days()}; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline explicit constexpr operator local_days() const noexcept {
+    return local_days{__to_days()};
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool ok() const noexcept {
+    if (!__y_.ok() || !__m_.ok() || !__wdi_.ok())
+      return false;
+    if (__wdi_.index() <= 4)
+      return true;
+    auto __nth_weekday_day =
+        __wdi_.weekday() - chrono::weekday{static_cast<sys_days>(__y_ / __m_ / 1)} + days{(__wdi_.index() - 1) * 7 + 1};
+    return static_cast<unsigned>(__nth_weekday_day.count()) <= static_cast<unsigned>((__y_ / __m_ / last).day());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr year_month_weekday __from_days(days __d) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr days __to_days() const noexcept;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday year_month_weekday::__from_days(days __d) noexcept {
+  const sys_days __sysd{__d};
+  const chrono::weekday __wd = chrono::weekday(__sysd);
+  const year_month_day __ymd = year_month_day(__sysd);
+  return year_month_weekday{__ymd.year(), __ymd.month(), __wd[(static_cast<unsigned>(__ymd.day()) - 1) / 7 + 1]};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr days year_month_weekday::__to_days() const noexcept {
+  const sys_days __sysd = sys_days(__y_ / __m_ / 1);
+  return (__sysd + (__wdi_.weekday() - chrono::weekday(__sysd) + days{(__wdi_.index() - 1) * 7})).time_since_epoch();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool
+operator==(const year_month_weekday& __lhs, const year_month_weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.year() == __rhs.year() && __lhs.month() == __rhs.month() &&
+         __lhs.weekday_indexed() == __rhs.weekday_indexed();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday
+operator/(const year_month& __lhs, const weekday_indexed& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year_month_weekday{__lhs.year(), __lhs.month(), __rhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday
+operator/(const year& __lhs, const month_weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year_month_weekday{__lhs, __rhs.month(), __rhs.weekday_indexed()};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday operator/(int __lhs, const month_weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year(__lhs) / __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday
+operator/(const month_weekday& __lhs, const year& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs / __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday operator/(const month_weekday& __lhs, int __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year(__rhs) / __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday
+operator+(const year_month_weekday& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return (__lhs.year() / __lhs.month() + __rhs) / __lhs.weekday_indexed();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday
+operator+(const months& __lhs, const year_month_weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday
+operator-(const year_month_weekday& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + (-__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday
+operator+(const year_month_weekday& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year_month_weekday{__lhs.year() + __rhs, __lhs.month(), __lhs.weekday_indexed()};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday
+operator+(const years& __lhs, const year_month_weekday& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday
+operator-(const year_month_weekday& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + (-__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday& year_month_weekday::operator+=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday& year_month_weekday::operator-=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday& year_month_weekday::operator+=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday& year_month_weekday::operator-=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+class year_month_weekday_last {
+private:
+  chrono::year __y_;
+  chrono::month __m_;
+  chrono::weekday_last __wdl_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_weekday_last(
+      const chrono::year& __yval, const chrono::month& __mval, const chrono::weekday_last& __wdlval) noexcept
+      : __y_{__yval}, __m_{__mval}, __wdl_{__wdlval} {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator+=(const months& __dm) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator-=(const months& __dm) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator+=(const years& __dy) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator-=(const years& __dy) noexcept;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::year year() const noexcept { return __y_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept { return __m_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::weekday weekday() const noexcept { return __wdl_.weekday(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr chrono::weekday_last weekday_last() const noexcept { return __wdl_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr operator sys_days() const noexcept { return sys_days{__to_days()}; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline explicit constexpr operator local_days() const noexcept {
+    return local_days{__to_days()};
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool ok() const noexcept { return __y_.ok() && __m_.ok() && __wdl_.ok(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr days __to_days() const noexcept;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr days year_month_weekday_last::__to_days() const noexcept {
+  const sys_days __last = sys_days{__y_ / __m_ / last};
+  return (__last - (chrono::weekday{__last} - __wdl_.weekday())).time_since_epoch();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool
+operator==(const year_month_weekday_last& __lhs, const year_month_weekday_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.year() == __rhs.year() && __lhs.month() == __rhs.month() && __lhs.weekday_last() == __rhs.weekday_last();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+operator/(const year_month& __lhs, const weekday_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year_month_weekday_last{__lhs.year(), __lhs.month(), __rhs};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+operator/(const year& __lhs, const month_weekday_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year_month_weekday_last{__lhs, __rhs.month(), __rhs.weekday_last()};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+operator/(int __lhs, const month_weekday_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year(__lhs) / __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+operator/(const month_weekday_last& __lhs, const year& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs / __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+operator/(const month_weekday_last& __lhs, int __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year(__rhs) / __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+operator+(const year_month_weekday_last& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return (__lhs.year() / __lhs.month() + __rhs) / __lhs.weekday_last();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+operator+(const months& __lhs, const year_month_weekday_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+operator-(const year_month_weekday_last& __lhs, const months& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + (-__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+operator+(const year_month_weekday_last& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return year_month_weekday_last{__lhs.year() + __rhs, __lhs.month(), __lhs.weekday_last()};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+operator+(const years& __lhs, const year_month_weekday_last& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __rhs + __lhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+operator-(const year_month_weekday_last& __lhs, const years& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs + (-__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last&
+year_month_weekday_last::operator+=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last&
+year_month_weekday_last::operator-=(const months& __dm) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dm;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last&
+year_month_weekday_last::operator+=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this + __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr year_month_weekday_last&
+year_month_weekday_last::operator-=(const years& __dy) noexcept {
+  *this = *this - __dy;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_YEAR_MONTH_WEEKDAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/zoned_time.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/zoned_time.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8cfa2122642c5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__chrono/zoned_time.h
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// For information see https://libcxx.llvm.org/DesignDocs/TimeZone.html
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CHRONO_ZONED_TIME_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CHRONO_ZONED_TIME_H
+
+#include <version>
+// Enable the contents of the header only when libc++ was built with experimental features enabled.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#  include <__chrono/calendar.h>
+#  include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#  include <__chrono/sys_info.h>
+#  include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#  include <__chrono/time_zone.h>
+#  include <__chrono/tzdb_list.h>
+#  include <__config>
+#  include <__fwd/string_view.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#  include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&   \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+template <class>
+struct zoned_traits {};
+
+template <>
+struct zoned_traits<const time_zone*> {
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static const time_zone* default_zone() { return chrono::locate_zone("UTC"); }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static const time_zone* locate_zone(string_view __name) {
+    return chrono::locate_zone(__name);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Duration, class _TimeZonePtr = const time_zone*>
+class zoned_time {
+  // [time.zone.zonedtime.ctor]/2
+  static_assert(__is_duration<_Duration>::value,
+                "the program is ill-formed since _Duration is not a specialization of std::chrono::duration");
+
+  // The wording uses the constraints like
+  //   constructible_from<zoned_time, decltype(__traits::locate_zone(string_view{}))>
+  // Using these constraints in the code causes the compiler to give an
+  // error that the constraint depends on itself. To avoid that issue use
+  // the fact it is possible to create this object from a _TimeZonePtr.
+  using __traits = zoned_traits<_TimeZonePtr>;
+
+public:
+  using duration = common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time()
+    requires requires { __traits::default_zone(); }
+      : __zone_{__traits::default_zone()}, __tp_{} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(const zoned_time&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time& operator=(const zoned_time&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(const sys_time<_Duration>& __tp)
+    requires requires { __traits::default_zone(); }
+      : __zone_{__traits::default_zone()}, __tp_{__tp} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit zoned_time(_TimeZonePtr __zone) : __zone_{std::move(__zone)}, __tp_{} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit zoned_time(string_view __name)
+    requires(requires { __traits::locate_zone(string_view{}); } &&
+             constructible_from<_TimeZonePtr, decltype(__traits::locate_zone(string_view{}))>)
+      : __zone_{__traits::locate_zone(__name)}, __tp_{} {}
+
+  template <class _Duration2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(const zoned_time<_Duration2, _TimeZonePtr>& __zt)
+    requires is_convertible_v<sys_time<_Duration2>, sys_time<_Duration>>
+      : __zone_{__zt.get_time_zone()}, __tp_{__zt.get_sys_time()} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(_TimeZonePtr __zone, const sys_time<_Duration>& __tp)
+      : __zone_{std::move(__zone)}, __tp_{__tp} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(string_view __name, const sys_time<_Duration>& __tp)
+    requires requires { _TimeZonePtr{__traits::locate_zone(string_view{})}; }
+      : zoned_time{__traits::locate_zone(__name), __tp} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(_TimeZonePtr __zone, const local_time<_Duration>& __tp)
+    requires(is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<_TimeZonePtr&>() -> to_sys(local_time<_Duration>{})),
+                              sys_time<duration>>)
+      : __zone_{std::move(__zone)}, __tp_{__zone_->to_sys(__tp)} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(string_view __name, const local_time<_Duration>& __tp)
+    requires(requires {
+      _TimeZonePtr{__traits::locate_zone(string_view{})};
+    } && is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<_TimeZonePtr&>() -> to_sys(local_time<_Duration>{})),
+                          sys_time<duration>>)
+      : zoned_time{__traits::locate_zone(__name), __tp} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(_TimeZonePtr __zone, const local_time<_Duration>& __tp, choose __c)
+    requires(is_convertible_v<
+                decltype(std::declval<_TimeZonePtr&>() -> to_sys(local_time<_Duration>{}, choose::earliest)),
+                sys_time<duration>>)
+      : __zone_{std::move(__zone)}, __tp_{__zone_->to_sys(__tp, __c)} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(string_view __name, const local_time<_Duration>& __tp, choose __c)
+    requires(requires {
+      _TimeZonePtr{__traits::locate_zone(string_view{})};
+    } && is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<_TimeZonePtr&>() -> to_sys(local_time<_Duration>{}, choose::earliest)),
+                          sys_time<duration>>)
+      : zoned_time{__traits::locate_zone(__name), __tp, __c} {}
+
+  template <class _Duration2, class _TimeZonePtr2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(_TimeZonePtr __zone, const zoned_time<_Duration2, _TimeZonePtr2>& __zt)
+    requires is_convertible_v<sys_time<_Duration2>, sys_time<_Duration>>
+      : __zone_{std::move(__zone)}, __tp_{__zt.get_sys_time()} {}
+
+  // per wording choose has no effect
+  template <class _Duration2, class _TimeZonePtr2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(_TimeZonePtr __zone, const zoned_time<_Duration2, _TimeZonePtr2>& __zt, choose)
+    requires is_convertible_v<sys_time<_Duration2>, sys_time<_Duration>>
+      : __zone_{std::move(__zone)}, __tp_{__zt.get_sys_time()} {}
+
+  template <class _Duration2, class _TimeZonePtr2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(string_view __name, const zoned_time<_Duration2, _TimeZonePtr2>& __zt)
+    requires(requires {
+      _TimeZonePtr{__traits::locate_zone(string_view{})};
+    } && is_convertible_v<sys_time<_Duration2>, sys_time<_Duration>>)
+      : zoned_time{__traits::locate_zone(__name), __zt} {}
+
+  template <class _Duration2, class _TimeZonePtr2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time(string_view __name, const zoned_time<_Duration2, _TimeZonePtr2>& __zt, choose __c)
+    requires(requires {
+      _TimeZonePtr{__traits::locate_zone(string_view{})};
+    } && is_convertible_v<sys_time<_Duration2>, sys_time<_Duration>>)
+      : zoned_time{__traits::locate_zone(__name), __zt, __c} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time& operator=(const sys_time<_Duration>& __tp) {
+    __tp_ = __tp;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zoned_time& operator=(const local_time<_Duration>& __tp) {
+    // TODO TZDB This seems wrong.
+    // Assigning a non-existent or ambiguous time will throw and not satisfy
+    // the post condition. This seems quite odd; I constructed an object with
+    // choose::earliest and that choice is not respected.
+    // what did LEWG do with this.
+    // MSVC STL and libstdc++ behave the same
+    __tp_ = __zone_->to_sys(__tp);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator sys_time<duration>() const { return get_sys_time(); }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator local_time<duration>() const { return get_local_time(); }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _TimeZonePtr get_time_zone() const { return __zone_; }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_time<duration> get_local_time() const { return __zone_->to_local(__tp_); }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI sys_time<duration> get_sys_time() const { return __tp_; }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI sys_info get_info() const { return __zone_->get_info(__tp_); }
+
+private:
+  _TimeZonePtr __zone_;
+  sys_time<duration> __tp_;
+};
+
+zoned_time() -> zoned_time<seconds>;
+
+template <class _Duration>
+zoned_time(sys_time<_Duration>) -> zoned_time<common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>>;
+
+template <class _TimeZonePtrOrName>
+using __time_zone_representation =
+    conditional_t<is_convertible_v<_TimeZonePtrOrName, string_view>,
+                  const time_zone*,
+                  remove_cvref_t<_TimeZonePtrOrName>>;
+
+template <class _TimeZonePtrOrName>
+zoned_time(_TimeZonePtrOrName&&) -> zoned_time<seconds, __time_zone_representation<_TimeZonePtrOrName>>;
+
+template <class _TimeZonePtrOrName, class _Duration>
+zoned_time(_TimeZonePtrOrName&&, sys_time<_Duration>)
+    -> zoned_time<common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>, __time_zone_representation<_TimeZonePtrOrName>>;
+
+template <class _TimeZonePtrOrName, class _Duration>
+zoned_time(_TimeZonePtrOrName&&, local_time<_Duration>, choose = choose::earliest)
+    -> zoned_time<common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>, __time_zone_representation<_TimeZonePtrOrName>>;
+
+template <class _Duration, class _TimeZonePtrOrName, class TimeZonePtr2>
+zoned_time(_TimeZonePtrOrName&&, zoned_time<_Duration, TimeZonePtr2>, choose = choose::earliest)
+    -> zoned_time<common_type_t<_Duration, seconds>, __time_zone_representation<_TimeZonePtrOrName>>;
+
+using zoned_seconds = zoned_time<seconds>;
+
+template <class _Duration1, class _Duration2, class _TimeZonePtr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const zoned_time<_Duration1, _TimeZonePtr>& __lhs, const zoned_time<_Duration2, _TimeZonePtr>& __rhs) {
+  return __lhs.get_time_zone() == __rhs.get_time_zone() && __lhs.get_sys_time() == __rhs.get_sys_time();
+}
+
+} // namespace chrono
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+         // && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CHRONO_ZONED_TIME_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/common_comparison_category.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/common_comparison_category.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7aeb3da03a4f4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/common_comparison_category.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMMON_COMPARISON_CATEGORY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMMON_COMPARISON_CATEGORY_H
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __comp_detail {
+
+enum _ClassifyCompCategory : unsigned { _None, _PartialOrd, _WeakOrd, _StrongOrd, _CCC_Size };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _ClassifyCompCategory __type_to_enum() noexcept {
+  if (is_same_v<_Tp, partial_ordering>)
+    return _PartialOrd;
+  if (is_same_v<_Tp, weak_ordering>)
+    return _WeakOrd;
+  if (is_same_v<_Tp, strong_ordering>)
+    return _StrongOrd;
+  return _None;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _ClassifyCompCategory
+__compute_comp_type(const _ClassifyCompCategory (&__types)[_Size]) {
+  int __seen[_CCC_Size] = {};
+  for (auto __type : __types)
+    ++__seen[__type];
+  if (__seen[_None])
+    return _None;
+  if (__seen[_PartialOrd])
+    return _PartialOrd;
+  if (__seen[_WeakOrd])
+    return _WeakOrd;
+  return _StrongOrd;
+}
+
+template <class... _Ts, bool _False = false>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __get_comp_type() {
+  using _CCC                    = _ClassifyCompCategory;
+  constexpr _CCC __type_kinds[] = {_StrongOrd, __type_to_enum<_Ts>()...};
+  constexpr _CCC __cat          = __comp_detail::__compute_comp_type(__type_kinds);
+  if constexpr (__cat == _None)
+    return void();
+  else if constexpr (__cat == _PartialOrd)
+    return partial_ordering::equivalent;
+  else if constexpr (__cat == _WeakOrd)
+    return weak_ordering::equivalent;
+  else if constexpr (__cat == _StrongOrd)
+    return strong_ordering::equivalent;
+  else
+    static_assert(_False, "unhandled case");
+}
+} // namespace __comp_detail
+
+// [cmp.common], common comparison category type
+template <class... _Ts>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS common_comparison_category {
+  using type = decltype(__comp_detail::__get_comp_type<_Ts...>());
+};
+
+template <class... _Ts>
+using common_comparison_category_t = typename common_comparison_category<_Ts...>::type;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMMON_COMPARISON_CATEGORY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_partial_order_fallback.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_partial_order_fallback.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e0efa3ccb88db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_partial_order_fallback.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_PARTIAL_ORDER_FALLBACK
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_PARTIAL_ORDER_FALLBACK
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__compare/partial_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/priority_tag.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [cmp.alg]
+namespace __compare_partial_order_fallback {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<1>) noexcept(
+      noexcept(std::partial_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u))))
+      -> decltype(std::partial_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u))) {
+    return std::partial_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<0>) noexcept(noexcept(
+      std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u)  ? partial_ordering::equivalent
+      : std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u) ? partial_ordering::less
+      : std::forward<_Up>(__u) < std::forward<_Tp>(__t)
+          ? partial_ordering::greater
+          : partial_ordering::unordered))
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u)  ? partial_ordering::equivalent
+                  : std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u) ? partial_ordering::less
+                  : std::forward<_Up>(__u) < std::forward<_Tp>(__t)
+                      ? partial_ordering::greater
+                      : partial_ordering::unordered) {
+    return std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u) ? partial_ordering::equivalent
+         : std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u)  ? partial_ordering::less
+         : std::forward<_Up>(__u) < std::forward<_Tp>(__t)
+             ? partial_ordering::greater
+             : partial_ordering::unordered;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<1>())))
+          -> decltype(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<1>())) {
+    return __go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<1>());
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __compare_partial_order_fallback
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto compare_partial_order_fallback = __compare_partial_order_fallback::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_PARTIAL_ORDER_FALLBACK

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_strong_order_fallback.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_strong_order_fallback.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a94d517ed30fce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_strong_order_fallback.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_STRONG_ORDER_FALLBACK
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_STRONG_ORDER_FALLBACK
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__compare/strong_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/priority_tag.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [cmp.alg]
+namespace __compare_strong_order_fallback {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<1>) noexcept(
+      noexcept(std::strong_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u))))
+      -> decltype(std::strong_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u))) {
+    return std::strong_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<0>) noexcept(noexcept(
+      std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u) ? strong_ordering::equal
+      : std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u)
+          ? strong_ordering::less
+          : strong_ordering::greater))
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u) ? strong_ordering::equal
+                  : std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u)
+                      ? strong_ordering::less
+                      : strong_ordering::greater) {
+    return std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u) ? strong_ordering::equal
+         : std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u)
+             ? strong_ordering::less
+             : strong_ordering::greater;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<1>())))
+          -> decltype(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<1>())) {
+    return __go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<1>());
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __compare_strong_order_fallback
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto compare_strong_order_fallback = __compare_strong_order_fallback::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_STRONG_ORDER_FALLBACK

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_three_way.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_three_way.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..01c12076c0d73d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_three_way.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_THREE_WAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_THREE_WAY_H
+
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS compare_three_way {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+    requires three_way_comparable_with<_T1, _T2>
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) <=> std::forward<_T2>(__u))) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) <=> std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+
+  using is_transparent = void;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_THREE_WAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_three_way_result.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_three_way_result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d7508073433af4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_three_way_result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_THREE_WAY_RESULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_THREE_WAY_RESULT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/make_const_lvalue_ref.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class, class, class>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __compare_three_way_result {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __compare_three_way_result<
+    _Tp,
+    _Up,
+    decltype(std::declval<__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp>>() <=> std::declval<__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Up>>(), void())> {
+  using type = decltype(std::declval<__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp>>() <=> std::declval<__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Up>>());
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up = _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS compare_three_way_result : __compare_three_way_result<_Tp, _Up, void> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up = _Tp>
+using compare_three_way_result_t = typename compare_three_way_result<_Tp, _Up>::type;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_THREE_WAY_RESULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_weak_order_fallback.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_weak_order_fallback.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..062b7b582cd7eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/compare_weak_order_fallback.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_WEAK_ORDER_FALLBACK
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_WEAK_ORDER_FALLBACK
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__compare/weak_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/priority_tag.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [cmp.alg]
+namespace __compare_weak_order_fallback {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<1>) noexcept(
+      noexcept(std::weak_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u))))
+      -> decltype(std::weak_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u))) {
+    return std::weak_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<0>) noexcept(noexcept(
+      std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u) ? weak_ordering::equivalent
+      : std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u)
+          ? weak_ordering::less
+          : weak_ordering::greater))
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u) ? weak_ordering::equivalent
+                  : std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u)
+                      ? weak_ordering::less
+                      : weak_ordering::greater) {
+    return std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u) ? weak_ordering::equivalent
+         : std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u)
+             ? weak_ordering::less
+             : weak_ordering::greater;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<1>())))
+          -> decltype(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<1>())) {
+    return __go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<1>());
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __compare_weak_order_fallback
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto compare_weak_order_fallback = __compare_weak_order_fallback::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_COMPARE_WEAK_ORDER_FALLBACK

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/is_eq.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/is_eq.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9a82df1ebe88b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/is_eq.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_IS_EQ_H
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_IS_EQ_H
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool is_eq(partial_ordering __c) noexcept { return __c == 0; }
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool is_neq(partial_ordering __c) noexcept { return __c != 0; }
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool is_lt(partial_ordering __c) noexcept { return __c < 0; }
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool is_lteq(partial_ordering __c) noexcept { return __c <= 0; }
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool is_gt(partial_ordering __c) noexcept { return __c > 0; }
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool is_gteq(partial_ordering __c) noexcept { return __c >= 0; }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_IS_EQ_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/ordering.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/ordering.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2995d381304f0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/ordering.h
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_ORDERING_H
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_ORDERING_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// exposition only
+enum class _OrdResult : signed char { __less = -1, __equiv = 0, __greater = 1 };
+
+enum class _NCmpResult : signed char { __unordered = -127 };
+
+class partial_ordering;
+class weak_ordering;
+class strong_ordering;
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+inline constexpr bool __one_of_v = (is_same_v<_Tp, _Args> || ...);
+
+struct _CmpUnspecifiedParam {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _CmpUnspecifiedParam(int _CmpUnspecifiedParam::*) noexcept {}
+
+  template <class _Tp, class = enable_if_t<!__one_of_v<_Tp, int, partial_ordering, weak_ordering, strong_ordering>>>
+  _CmpUnspecifiedParam(_Tp) = delete;
+};
+
+class partial_ordering {
+  using _ValueT = signed char;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr partial_ordering(_OrdResult __v) noexcept : __value_(_ValueT(__v)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr partial_ordering(_NCmpResult __v) noexcept : __value_(_ValueT(__v)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_ordered() const noexcept {
+    return __value_ != _ValueT(_NCmpResult::__unordered);
+  }
+
+public:
+  // valid values
+  static const partial_ordering less;
+  static const partial_ordering equivalent;
+  static const partial_ordering greater;
+  static const partial_ordering unordered;
+
+  // comparisons
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(partial_ordering, partial_ordering) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(partial_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__is_ordered() && __v.__value_ == 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<(partial_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__is_ordered() && __v.__value_ < 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<=(partial_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__is_ordered() && __v.__value_ <= 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>(partial_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__is_ordered() && __v.__value_ > 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>=(partial_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__is_ordered() && __v.__value_ >= 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, partial_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return __v.__is_ordered() && 0 < __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<=(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, partial_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return __v.__is_ordered() && 0 <= __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, partial_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return __v.__is_ordered() && 0 > __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>=(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, partial_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return __v.__is_ordered() && 0 >= __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr partial_ordering
+  operator<=>(partial_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr partial_ordering
+  operator<=>(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, partial_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return __v < 0 ? partial_ordering::greater : (__v > 0 ? partial_ordering::less : __v);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _ValueT __value_;
+};
+
+inline constexpr partial_ordering partial_ordering::less(_OrdResult::__less);
+inline constexpr partial_ordering partial_ordering::equivalent(_OrdResult::__equiv);
+inline constexpr partial_ordering partial_ordering::greater(_OrdResult::__greater);
+inline constexpr partial_ordering partial_ordering::unordered(_NCmpResult ::__unordered);
+
+class weak_ordering {
+  using _ValueT = signed char;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr weak_ordering(_OrdResult __v) noexcept : __value_(_ValueT(__v)) {}
+
+public:
+  static const weak_ordering less;
+  static const weak_ordering equivalent;
+  static const weak_ordering greater;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator partial_ordering() const noexcept {
+    return __value_ == 0 ? partial_ordering::equivalent
+                         : (__value_ < 0 ? partial_ordering::less : partial_ordering::greater);
+  }
+
+  // comparisons
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(weak_ordering, weak_ordering) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(weak_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__value_ == 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<(weak_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__value_ < 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<=(weak_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__value_ <= 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>(weak_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__value_ > 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>=(weak_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__value_ >= 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, weak_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return 0 < __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<=(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, weak_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return 0 <= __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, weak_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return 0 > __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>=(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, weak_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return 0 >= __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr weak_ordering operator<=>(weak_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr weak_ordering operator<=>(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, weak_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return __v < 0 ? weak_ordering::greater : (__v > 0 ? weak_ordering::less : __v);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _ValueT __value_;
+};
+
+inline constexpr weak_ordering weak_ordering::less(_OrdResult::__less);
+inline constexpr weak_ordering weak_ordering::equivalent(_OrdResult::__equiv);
+inline constexpr weak_ordering weak_ordering::greater(_OrdResult::__greater);
+
+class strong_ordering {
+  using _ValueT = signed char;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr strong_ordering(_OrdResult __v) noexcept : __value_(_ValueT(__v)) {}
+
+public:
+  static const strong_ordering less;
+  static const strong_ordering equal;
+  static const strong_ordering equivalent;
+  static const strong_ordering greater;
+
+  // conversions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator partial_ordering() const noexcept {
+    return __value_ == 0 ? partial_ordering::equivalent
+                         : (__value_ < 0 ? partial_ordering::less : partial_ordering::greater);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator weak_ordering() const noexcept {
+    return __value_ == 0 ? weak_ordering::equivalent : (__value_ < 0 ? weak_ordering::less : weak_ordering::greater);
+  }
+
+  // comparisons
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(strong_ordering, strong_ordering) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(strong_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__value_ == 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<(strong_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__value_ < 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<=(strong_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__value_ <= 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>(strong_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__value_ > 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>=(strong_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v.__value_ >= 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, strong_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return 0 < __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<=(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, strong_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return 0 <= __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, strong_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return 0 > __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>=(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, strong_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return 0 >= __v.__value_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr strong_ordering
+  operator<=>(strong_ordering __v, _CmpUnspecifiedParam) noexcept {
+    return __v;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr strong_ordering
+  operator<=>(_CmpUnspecifiedParam, strong_ordering __v) noexcept {
+    return __v < 0 ? strong_ordering::greater : (__v > 0 ? strong_ordering::less : __v);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _ValueT __value_;
+};
+
+inline constexpr strong_ordering strong_ordering::less(_OrdResult::__less);
+inline constexpr strong_ordering strong_ordering::equal(_OrdResult::__equiv);
+inline constexpr strong_ordering strong_ordering::equivalent(_OrdResult::__equiv);
+inline constexpr strong_ordering strong_ordering::greater(_OrdResult::__greater);
+
+/// [cmp.categories.pre]/1
+/// The types partial_ordering, weak_ordering, and strong_ordering are
+/// collectively termed the comparison category types.
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __comparison_category = __one_of_v<_Tp, partial_ordering, weak_ordering, strong_ordering>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_ORDERING_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/partial_order.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/partial_order.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1d2fae63e5f248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/partial_order.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_PARTIAL_ORDER
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_PARTIAL_ORDER
+
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__compare/weak_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/priority_tag.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [cmp.alg]
+namespace __partial_order {
+void partial_order() = delete;
+
+struct __fn {
+  // NOLINTBEGIN(libcpp-robust-against-adl) partial_order should use ADL, but only here
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<2>) noexcept(
+      noexcept(partial_ordering(partial_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))))
+      -> decltype(partial_ordering(partial_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))) {
+    return partial_ordering(partial_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)));
+  }
+  // NOLINTEND(libcpp-robust-against-adl)
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<1>) noexcept(
+      noexcept(partial_ordering(compare_three_way()(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))))
+      -> decltype(partial_ordering(compare_three_way()(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))) {
+    return partial_ordering(compare_three_way()(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<0>) noexcept(
+      noexcept(partial_ordering(std::weak_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))))
+      -> decltype(partial_ordering(std::weak_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))) {
+    return partial_ordering(std::weak_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<2>())))
+          -> decltype(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<2>())) {
+    return __go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<2>());
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __partial_order
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto partial_order = __partial_order::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_PARTIAL_ORDER

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/strong_order.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/strong_order.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8c363b56382221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/strong_order.h
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_STRONG_ORDER
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_STRONG_ORDER
+
+#include <__bit/bit_cast.h>
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__math/exponential_functions.h>
+#include <__math/traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/priority_tag.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [cmp.alg]
+namespace __strong_order {
+void strong_order() = delete;
+
+struct __fn {
+  // NOLINTBEGIN(libcpp-robust-against-adl) strong_order should use ADL, but only here
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<2>) noexcept(
+      noexcept(strong_ordering(strong_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))))
+      -> decltype(strong_ordering(strong_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))) {
+    return strong_ordering(strong_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)));
+  }
+  // NOLINTEND(libcpp-robust-against-adl)
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up, class _Dp = decay_t<_Tp>>
+    requires is_same_v<_Dp, decay_t<_Up>> && is_floating_point_v<_Dp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr strong_ordering __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<1>) noexcept {
+    if constexpr (numeric_limits<_Dp>::is_iec559 && sizeof(_Dp) == sizeof(int32_t)) {
+      int32_t __rx = std::bit_cast<int32_t>(__t);
+      int32_t __ry = std::bit_cast<int32_t>(__u);
+      __rx         = (__rx < 0) ? (numeric_limits<int32_t>::min() - __rx - 1) : __rx;
+      __ry         = (__ry < 0) ? (numeric_limits<int32_t>::min() - __ry - 1) : __ry;
+      return (__rx <=> __ry);
+    } else if constexpr (numeric_limits<_Dp>::is_iec559 && sizeof(_Dp) == sizeof(int64_t)) {
+      int64_t __rx = std::bit_cast<int64_t>(__t);
+      int64_t __ry = std::bit_cast<int64_t>(__u);
+      __rx         = (__rx < 0) ? (numeric_limits<int64_t>::min() - __rx - 1) : __rx;
+      __ry         = (__ry < 0) ? (numeric_limits<int64_t>::min() - __ry - 1) : __ry;
+      return (__rx <=> __ry);
+    } else if (__t < __u) {
+      return strong_ordering::less;
+    } else if (__t > __u) {
+      return strong_ordering::greater;
+    } else if (__t == __u) {
+      if constexpr (numeric_limits<_Dp>::radix == 2) {
+        return __math::signbit(__u) <=> __math::signbit(__t);
+      } else {
+        // This is bullet 3 of the IEEE754 algorithm, relevant
+        // only for decimal floating-point;
+        // see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69068075/
+        if (__t == 0 || __math::isinf(__t)) {
+          return __math::signbit(__u) <=> __math::signbit(__t);
+        } else {
+          int __texp, __uexp;
+          (void)__math::frexp(__t, &__texp);
+          (void)__math::frexp(__u, &__uexp);
+          return (__t < 0) ? (__texp <=> __uexp) : (__uexp <=> __texp);
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // They're unordered, so one of them must be a NAN.
+      // The order is -QNAN, -SNAN, numbers, +SNAN, +QNAN.
+      bool __t_is_nan      = __math::isnan(__t);
+      bool __u_is_nan      = __math::isnan(__u);
+      bool __t_is_negative = __math::signbit(__t);
+      bool __u_is_negative = __math::signbit(__u);
+      using _IntType =
+          conditional_t< sizeof(__t) == sizeof(int32_t),
+                         int32_t,
+                         conditional_t< sizeof(__t) == sizeof(int64_t), int64_t, void> >;
+      if constexpr (is_same_v<_IntType, void>) {
+        static_assert(sizeof(_Dp) == 0, "std::strong_order is unimplemented for this floating-point type");
+      } else if (__t_is_nan && __u_is_nan) {
+        // Order by sign bit, then by "payload bits" (we'll just use bit_cast).
+        if (__t_is_negative != __u_is_negative) {
+          return (__u_is_negative <=> __t_is_negative);
+        } else {
+          return std::bit_cast<_IntType>(__t) <=> std::bit_cast<_IntType>(__u);
+        }
+      } else if (__t_is_nan) {
+        return __t_is_negative ? strong_ordering::less : strong_ordering::greater;
+      } else {
+        return __u_is_negative ? strong_ordering::greater : strong_ordering::less;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<0>) noexcept(
+      noexcept(strong_ordering(compare_three_way()(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))))
+      -> decltype(strong_ordering(compare_three_way()(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))) {
+    return strong_ordering(compare_three_way()(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<2>())))
+          -> decltype(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<2>())) {
+    return __go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<2>());
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __strong_order
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto strong_order = __strong_order::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_STRONG_ORDER

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/synth_three_way.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/synth_three_way.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e48ce497998368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/synth_three_way.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_SYNTH_THREE_WAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_SYNTH_THREE_WAY_H
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/boolean_testable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [expos.only.func]
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr auto __synth_three_way = []<class _Tp, class _Up>(const _Tp& __t, const _Up& __u)
+  requires requires {
+    { __t < __u } -> __boolean_testable;
+    { __u < __t } -> __boolean_testable;
+  }
+{
+  if constexpr (three_way_comparable_with<_Tp, _Up>) {
+    return __t <=> __u;
+  } else {
+    if (__t < __u)
+      return weak_ordering::less;
+    if (__u < __t)
+      return weak_ordering::greater;
+    return weak_ordering::equivalent;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up = _Tp>
+using __synth_three_way_result = decltype(std::__synth_three_way(std::declval<_Tp&>(), std::declval<_Up&>()));
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_SYNTH_THREE_WAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/three_way_comparable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/three_way_comparable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7a44ea9158a6f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/three_way_comparable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_THREE_WAY_COMPARABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_THREE_WAY_COMPARABLE_H
+
+#include <__compare/common_comparison_category.h>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__concepts/common_reference_with.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__concepts/totally_ordered.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/common_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_const_lvalue_ref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Cat>
+concept __compares_as = same_as<common_comparison_category_t<_Tp, _Cat>, _Cat>;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Cat = partial_ordering>
+concept three_way_comparable =
+    __weakly_equality_comparable_with<_Tp, _Tp> && __partially_ordered_with<_Tp, _Tp> &&
+    requires(__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp> __a, __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp> __b) {
+      { __a <=> __b } -> __compares_as<_Cat>;
+    };
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class _Cat = partial_ordering>
+concept three_way_comparable_with =
+    three_way_comparable<_Tp, _Cat> && three_way_comparable<_Up, _Cat> &&
+    common_reference_with<__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp>, __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Up>> &&
+    three_way_comparable<common_reference_t<__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp>, __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Up>>, _Cat> &&
+    __weakly_equality_comparable_with<_Tp, _Up> && __partially_ordered_with<_Tp, _Up> &&
+    requires(__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp> __t, __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Up> __u) {
+      { __t <=> __u } -> __compares_as<_Cat>;
+      { __u <=> __t } -> __compares_as<_Cat>;
+    };
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_THREE_WAY_COMPARABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/weak_order.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/weak_order.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1a3e85feb233b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__compare/weak_order.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COMPARE_WEAK_ORDER
+#define _LIBCPP___COMPARE_WEAK_ORDER
+
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__compare/strong_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__math/traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/priority_tag.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [cmp.alg]
+namespace __weak_order {
+void weak_order() = delete;
+
+struct __fn {
+  // NOLINTBEGIN(libcpp-robust-against-adl) weak_order should use ADL, but only here
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<3>) noexcept(
+      noexcept(weak_ordering(weak_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))))
+      -> decltype(weak_ordering(weak_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))) {
+    return weak_ordering(weak_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)));
+  }
+  // NOLINTEND(libcpp-robust-against-adl)
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up, class _Dp = decay_t<_Tp>>
+    requires is_same_v<_Dp, decay_t<_Up>> && is_floating_point_v<_Dp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr weak_ordering __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<2>) noexcept {
+    partial_ordering __po = (__t <=> __u);
+    if (__po == partial_ordering::less) {
+      return weak_ordering::less;
+    } else if (__po == partial_ordering::equivalent) {
+      return weak_ordering::equivalent;
+    } else if (__po == partial_ordering::greater) {
+      return weak_ordering::greater;
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise, at least one of them is a NaN.
+      bool __t_is_nan      = __math::isnan(__t);
+      bool __u_is_nan      = __math::isnan(__u);
+      bool __t_is_negative = __math::signbit(__t);
+      bool __u_is_negative = __math::signbit(__u);
+      if (__t_is_nan && __u_is_nan) {
+        return (__u_is_negative <=> __t_is_negative);
+      } else if (__t_is_nan) {
+        return __t_is_negative ? weak_ordering::less : weak_ordering::greater;
+      } else {
+        return __u_is_negative ? weak_ordering::greater : weak_ordering::less;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<1>) noexcept(
+      noexcept(weak_ordering(compare_three_way()(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))))
+      -> decltype(weak_ordering(compare_three_way()(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))) {
+    return weak_ordering(compare_three_way()(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires is_same_v<decay_t<_Tp>, decay_t<_Up>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u, __priority_tag<0>) noexcept(
+      noexcept(weak_ordering(std::strong_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))))
+      -> decltype(weak_ordering(std::strong_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))) {
+    return weak_ordering(std::strong_order(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<3>())))
+          -> decltype(__go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<3>())) {
+    return __go(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u), __priority_tag<3>());
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __weak_order
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto weak_order = __weak_order::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COMPARE_WEAK_ORDER

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/arithmetic.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/arithmetic.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0c44f117805f36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/arithmetic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_ARITHMETIC_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_ARITHMETIC_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_signed_integer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned_integer.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concepts.arithmetic], arithmetic concepts
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept integral = is_integral_v<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept signed_integral = integral<_Tp> && is_signed_v<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept unsigned_integral = integral<_Tp> && !signed_integral<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept floating_point = is_floating_point_v<_Tp>;
+
+// Concept helpers for the internal type traits for the fundamental types.
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __libcpp_unsigned_integer = __libcpp_is_unsigned_integer<_Tp>::value;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __libcpp_signed_integer = __libcpp_is_signed_integer<_Tp>::value;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __libcpp_integer = __libcpp_unsigned_integer<_Tp> || __libcpp_signed_integer<_Tp>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_ARITHMETIC_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/assignable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/assignable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7423daabba7801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/assignable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_ASSIGNABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_ASSIGNABLE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/common_reference_with.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_const_lvalue_ref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.assignable]
+
+template <class _Lhs, class _Rhs>
+concept assignable_from =
+    is_lvalue_reference_v<_Lhs> &&
+    common_reference_with<__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Lhs>, __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Rhs>> &&
+    requires(_Lhs __lhs, _Rhs&& __rhs) {
+      { __lhs = std::forward<_Rhs>(__rhs) } -> same_as<_Lhs>;
+    };
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_ASSIGNABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/boolean_testable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/boolean_testable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b379fe9c5a8804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/boolean_testable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_BOOLEAN_TESTABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_BOOLEAN_TESTABLE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concepts.booleantestable]
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __boolean_testable_impl = convertible_to<_Tp, bool>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __boolean_testable = __boolean_testable_impl<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  { !std::forward<_Tp>(__t) } -> __boolean_testable_impl;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_BOOLEAN_TESTABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/class_or_enum.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/class_or_enum.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2739e31e14ba65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/class_or_enum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_CLASS_OR_ENUM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_CLASS_OR_ENUM_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_class.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_enum.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_union.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// Whether a type is a class type or enumeration type according to the Core wording.
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __class_or_enum = is_class_v<_Tp> || is_union_v<_Tp> || is_enum_v<_Tp>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_CLASS_OR_ENUM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/common_reference_with.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/common_reference_with.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4eb687e071bc51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/common_reference_with.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_COMMON_REFERENCE_WITH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_COMMON_REFERENCE_WITH_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/common_reference.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.commonref]
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept common_reference_with =
+    same_as<common_reference_t<_Tp, _Up>, common_reference_t<_Up, _Tp>> &&
+    convertible_to<_Tp, common_reference_t<_Tp, _Up>> && convertible_to<_Up, common_reference_t<_Tp, _Up>>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_COMMON_REFERENCE_WITH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/common_with.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/common_with.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..85abb05efbc292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/common_with.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_COMMON_WITH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_COMMON_WITH_H
+
+#include <__concepts/common_reference_with.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.common]
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept common_with =
+    same_as<common_type_t<_Tp, _Up>, common_type_t<_Up, _Tp>> &&
+    requires {
+        static_cast<common_type_t<_Tp, _Up>>(std::declval<_Tp>());
+        static_cast<common_type_t<_Tp, _Up>>(std::declval<_Up>());
+    } &&
+    common_reference_with<
+        add_lvalue_reference_t<const _Tp>,
+        add_lvalue_reference_t<const _Up>> &&
+    common_reference_with<
+        add_lvalue_reference_t<common_type_t<_Tp, _Up>>,
+        common_reference_t<
+            add_lvalue_reference_t<const _Tp>,
+            add_lvalue_reference_t<const _Up>>>;
+// clang-format on
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_COMMON_WITH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/constructible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/constructible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..835a44429c092f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/constructible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/destructible.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.constructible]
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+concept constructible_from = destructible<_Tp> && is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>;
+
+// [concept.default.init]
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __default_initializable = requires { ::new _Tp; };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept default_initializable = constructible_from<_Tp> && requires { _Tp{}; } && __default_initializable<_Tp>;
+
+// [concept.moveconstructible]
+template <class _Tp>
+concept move_constructible = constructible_from<_Tp, _Tp> && convertible_to<_Tp, _Tp>;
+
+// [concept.copyconstructible]
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp>
+concept copy_constructible =
+    move_constructible<_Tp> &&
+    constructible_from<_Tp, _Tp&> && convertible_to<_Tp&, _Tp> &&
+    constructible_from<_Tp, const _Tp&> && convertible_to<const _Tp&, _Tp> &&
+    constructible_from<_Tp, const _Tp> && convertible_to<const _Tp, _Tp>;
+// clang-format on
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/convertible_to.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/convertible_to.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6d5b6c1268d5d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/convertible_to.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_CONVERTIBLE_TO_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_CONVERTIBLE_TO_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.convertible]
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+concept convertible_to = is_convertible_v<_From, _To> && requires { static_cast<_To>(std::declval<_From>()); };
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_CONVERTIBLE_TO_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/copyable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/copyable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2bf0ad42fc1a83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/copyable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_COPYABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_COPYABLE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/assignable.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/movable.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concepts.object]
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp>
+concept copyable =
+    copy_constructible<_Tp> &&
+    movable<_Tp> &&
+    assignable_from<_Tp&, _Tp&> &&
+    assignable_from<_Tp&, const _Tp&> &&
+    assignable_from<_Tp&, const _Tp>;
+// clang-format on
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_COPYABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/derived_from.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/derived_from.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9875faee81b901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/derived_from.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_DERIVED_FROM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_DERIVED_FROM_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_base_of.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.derived]
+
+template <class _Dp, class _Bp>
+concept derived_from = is_base_of_v<_Bp, _Dp> && is_convertible_v<const volatile _Dp*, const volatile _Bp*>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_DERIVED_FROM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/destructible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/destructible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..28b4b1bc24ec9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/destructible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_DESTRUCTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_DESTRUCTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_destructible.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.destructible]
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept destructible = is_nothrow_destructible_v<_Tp>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_DESTRUCTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/
diff erent_from.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/
diff erent_from.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fd31f6e25805d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/
diff erent_from.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_DIFFERENT_FROM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_DIFFERENT_FROM_H
+
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept __
diff erent_from = !same_as<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>, remove_cvref_t<_Up>>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_DIFFERENT_FROM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/equality_comparable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/equality_comparable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..278fc76409289b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/equality_comparable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_EQUALITY_COMPARABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_EQUALITY_COMPARABLE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/boolean_testable.h>
+#include <__concepts/common_reference_with.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/common_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_const_lvalue_ref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.equalitycomparable]
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept __weakly_equality_comparable_with =
+    requires(__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp> __t, __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Up> __u) {
+      { __t == __u } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { __t != __u } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { __u == __t } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { __u != __t } -> __boolean_testable;
+    };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept equality_comparable = __weakly_equality_comparable_with<_Tp, _Tp>;
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept equality_comparable_with =
+    equality_comparable<_Tp> && equality_comparable<_Up> &&
+    common_reference_with<__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp>, __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Up>> &&
+    equality_comparable<
+        common_reference_t<
+            __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp>,
+            __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Up>>> &&
+    __weakly_equality_comparable_with<_Tp, _Up>;
+// clang-format on
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_EQUALITY_COMPARABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/invocable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/invocable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8a29398b3a29f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/invocable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_INVOCABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_INVOCABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.invocable]
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+concept invocable = requires(_Fn&& __fn, _Args&&... __args) {
+  std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn>(__fn), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...); // not required to be equality preserving
+};
+
+// [concept.regular.invocable]
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+concept regular_invocable = invocable<_Fn, _Args...>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_INVOCABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/movable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/movable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bc5b9d767c6a51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/movable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_MOVABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_MOVABLE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/assignable.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/swappable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concepts.object]
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept movable = is_object_v<_Tp> && move_constructible<_Tp> && assignable_from<_Tp&, _Tp> && swappable<_Tp>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_MOVABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/predicate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/predicate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..00731efc8fcd9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/predicate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_PREDICATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_PREDICATE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/boolean_testable.h>
+#include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.predicate]
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+concept predicate = regular_invocable<_Fn, _Args...> && __boolean_testable<invoke_result_t<_Fn, _Args...>>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_PREDICATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/regular.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/regular.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9f3d8bf30be3e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/regular.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_REGULAR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_REGULAR_H
+
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/semiregular.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.object]
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept regular = semiregular<_Tp> && equality_comparable<_Tp>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_REGULAR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/relation.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/relation.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7545a7db93da76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/relation.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_RELATION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_RELATION_H
+
+#include <__concepts/predicate.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.relation]
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept relation =
+    predicate<_Rp, _Tp, _Tp> && predicate<_Rp, _Up, _Up> && predicate<_Rp, _Tp, _Up> && predicate<_Rp, _Up, _Tp>;
+
+// [concept.equiv]
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept equivalence_relation = relation<_Rp, _Tp, _Up>;
+
+// [concept.strictweakorder]
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept strict_weak_order = relation<_Rp, _Tp, _Up>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_RELATION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/same_as.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/same_as.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4241131c70c1f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/same_as.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_SAME_AS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_SAME_AS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.same]
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept __same_as_impl = _IsSame<_Tp, _Up>::value;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept same_as = __same_as_impl<_Tp, _Up> && __same_as_impl<_Up, _Tp>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_SAME_AS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/semiregular.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/semiregular.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7a159d17dfc109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/semiregular.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_SEMIREGULAR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_SEMIREGULAR_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.object]
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept semiregular = copyable<_Tp> && default_initializable<_Tp>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_SEMIREGULAR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/swappable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/swappable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d339488a087a5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/swappable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_SWAPPABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_SWAPPABLE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/assignable.h>
+#include <__concepts/class_or_enum.h>
+#include <__concepts/common_reference_with.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/extent.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/exchange.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.swappable]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __swap {
+
+template <class _Tp>
+void swap(_Tp&, _Tp&) = delete;
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept __unqualified_swappable_with =
+    (__class_or_enum<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> || __class_or_enum<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>) &&
+    requires(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) {
+        swap(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u));
+    };
+// clang-format on
+
+struct __fn;
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, size_t _Size>
+concept __swappable_arrays =
+    !__unqualified_swappable_with<_Tp (&)[_Size], _Up (&)[_Size]> &&
+    extent_v<_Tp> == extent_v<_Up> &&
+    requires(_Tp (&__t)[_Size], _Up (&__u)[_Size], const __fn& __swap) {
+        __swap(__t[0], __u[0]);
+    };
+// clang-format on
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __exchangeable =
+    !__unqualified_swappable_with<_Tp&, _Tp&> && move_constructible<_Tp> && assignable_from<_Tp&, _Tp>;
+
+struct __fn {
+  // 2.1   `S` is `(void)swap(E1, E2)`* if `E1` or `E2` has class or enumeration type and...
+  // *The name `swap` is used here unqualified.
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires __unqualified_swappable_with<_Tp, _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(swap(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u)))) {
+    swap(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u));
+  }
+
+  // 2.2   Otherwise, if `E1` and `E2` are lvalues of array types with equal extent and...
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up, size_t _Size>
+    requires __swappable_arrays<_Tp, _Up, _Size>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator()(_Tp (&__t)[_Size], _Up (&__u)[_Size]) const
+      noexcept(noexcept((*this)(*__t, *__u))) {
+    // TODO(cjdb): replace with `ranges::swap_ranges`.
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Size; ++__i) {
+      (*this)(__t[__i], __u[__i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 2.3   Otherwise, if `E1` and `E2` are lvalues of the same type `T` that models...
+  template <__exchangeable _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator()(_Tp& __x, _Tp& __y) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_Tp>) {
+    __y = std::exchange(__x, std::move(__y));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __swap
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto swap = __swap::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept swappable = requires(_Tp& __a, _Tp& __b) { ranges::swap(__a, __b); };
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept swappable_with = common_reference_with<_Tp, _Up> && requires(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) {
+  ranges::swap(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Tp>(__t));
+  ranges::swap(std::forward<_Up>(__u), std::forward<_Up>(__u));
+  ranges::swap(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), std::forward<_Up>(__u));
+  ranges::swap(std::forward<_Up>(__u), std::forward<_Tp>(__t));
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_SWAPPABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/totally_ordered.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/totally_ordered.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..186c3b430dd54d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__concepts/totally_ordered.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_TOTALLY_ORDERED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_TOTALLY_ORDERED_H
+
+#include <__concepts/boolean_testable.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/common_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_const_lvalue_ref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [concept.totallyordered]
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept __partially_ordered_with = requires(__make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp> __t, __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Up> __u) {
+  { __t < __u } -> __boolean_testable;
+  { __t > __u } -> __boolean_testable;
+  { __t <= __u } -> __boolean_testable;
+  { __t >= __u } -> __boolean_testable;
+  { __u < __t } -> __boolean_testable;
+  { __u > __t } -> __boolean_testable;
+  { __u <= __t } -> __boolean_testable;
+  { __u >= __t } -> __boolean_testable;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept totally_ordered = equality_comparable<_Tp> && __partially_ordered_with<_Tp, _Tp>;
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+concept totally_ordered_with =
+    totally_ordered<_Tp> && totally_ordered<_Up> &&
+    equality_comparable_with<_Tp, _Up> &&
+    totally_ordered<
+        common_reference_t<
+            __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Tp>,
+            __make_const_lvalue_ref<_Up>>> &&
+    __partially_ordered_with<_Tp, _Up>;
+// clang-format on
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONCEPTS_TOTALLY_ORDERED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__condition_variable/condition_variable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__condition_variable/condition_variable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..de35aaca1070eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__condition_variable/condition_variable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONDITION_VARIABLE_CONDITION_VARIABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONDITION_VARIABLE_CONDITION_VARIABLE_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/steady_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__mutex/mutex.h>
+#include <__mutex/unique_lock.h>
+#include <__system_error/system_error.h>
+#include <__thread/support.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <limits>
+#include <ratio>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+// enum class cv_status
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM(cv_status){no_timeout, timeout};
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM_EPILOG(cv_status)
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI condition_variable {
+  __libcpp_condvar_t __cv_ = _LIBCPP_CONDVAR_INITIALIZER;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR condition_variable() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_TRIVIAL_CONDVAR_DESTRUCTION
+  ~condition_variable() = default;
+#  else
+  ~condition_variable();
+#  endif
+
+  condition_variable(const condition_variable&)            = delete;
+  condition_variable& operator=(const condition_variable&) = delete;
+
+  void notify_one() _NOEXCEPT;
+  void notify_all() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  void wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk) _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <class _Predicate>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS void wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, _Predicate __pred);
+
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS cv_status
+  wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t);
+
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration, class _Predicate>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS bool
+  wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t, _Predicate __pred);
+
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS cv_status
+  wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d);
+
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period, class _Predicate>
+  bool _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d, _Predicate __pred);
+
+  typedef __libcpp_condvar_t* native_handle_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI native_handle_type native_handle() { return &__cv_; }
+
+private:
+  void
+  __do_timed_wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, chrono::time_point<chrono::system_clock, chrono::nanoseconds>) _NOEXCEPT;
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_COND_CLOCKWAIT)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __do_timed_wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, chrono::time_point<chrono::steady_clock, chrono::nanoseconds>) _NOEXCEPT;
+#  endif
+  template <class _Clock>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __do_timed_wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, chrono::time_point<_Clock, chrono::nanoseconds>) _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_Rep>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI chrono::nanoseconds __safe_nanosecond_cast(chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period> __d) {
+  using namespace chrono;
+  using __ratio       = ratio_divide<_Period, nano>;
+  using __ns_rep      = nanoseconds::rep;
+  _Rep __result_float = __d.count() * __ratio::num / __ratio::den;
+
+  _Rep __result_max = numeric_limits<__ns_rep>::max();
+  if (__result_float >= __result_max) {
+    return nanoseconds::max();
+  }
+
+  _Rep __result_min = numeric_limits<__ns_rep>::min();
+  if (__result_float <= __result_min) {
+    return nanoseconds::min();
+  }
+
+  return nanoseconds(static_cast<__ns_rep>(__result_float));
+}
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period, __enable_if_t<!is_floating_point<_Rep>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI chrono::nanoseconds __safe_nanosecond_cast(chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period> __d) {
+  using namespace chrono;
+  if (__d.count() == 0) {
+    return nanoseconds(0);
+  }
+
+  using __ratio         = ratio_divide<_Period, nano>;
+  using __ns_rep        = nanoseconds::rep;
+  __ns_rep __result_max = numeric_limits<__ns_rep>::max();
+  if (__d.count() > 0 && __d.count() > __result_max / __ratio::num) {
+    return nanoseconds::max();
+  }
+
+  __ns_rep __result_min = numeric_limits<__ns_rep>::min();
+  if (__d.count() < 0 && __d.count() < __result_min / __ratio::num) {
+    return nanoseconds::min();
+  }
+
+  __ns_rep __result = __d.count() * __ratio::num / __ratio::den;
+  if (__result == 0) {
+    return nanoseconds(1);
+  }
+
+  return nanoseconds(__result);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+template <class _Predicate>
+void condition_variable::wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, _Predicate __pred) {
+  while (!__pred())
+    wait(__lk);
+}
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+cv_status condition_variable::wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  using namespace chrono;
+  using __clock_tp_ns = time_point<_Clock, nanoseconds>;
+
+  typename _Clock::time_point __now = _Clock::now();
+  if (__t <= __now)
+    return cv_status::timeout;
+
+  __clock_tp_ns __t_ns = __clock_tp_ns(std::__safe_nanosecond_cast(__t.time_since_epoch()));
+
+  __do_timed_wait(__lk, __t_ns);
+  return _Clock::now() < __t ? cv_status::no_timeout : cv_status::timeout;
+}
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration, class _Predicate>
+bool condition_variable::wait_until(
+    unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t, _Predicate __pred) {
+  while (!__pred()) {
+    if (wait_until(__lk, __t) == cv_status::timeout)
+      return __pred();
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+cv_status condition_variable::wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d) {
+  using namespace chrono;
+  if (__d <= __d.zero())
+    return cv_status::timeout;
+  using __ns_rep                   = nanoseconds::rep;
+  steady_clock::time_point __c_now = steady_clock::now();
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_COND_CLOCKWAIT)
+  using __clock_tp_ns     = time_point<steady_clock, nanoseconds>;
+  __ns_rep __now_count_ns = std::__safe_nanosecond_cast(__c_now.time_since_epoch()).count();
+#  else
+  using __clock_tp_ns     = time_point<system_clock, nanoseconds>;
+  __ns_rep __now_count_ns = std::__safe_nanosecond_cast(system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
+#  endif
+
+  __ns_rep __d_ns_count = std::__safe_nanosecond_cast(__d).count();
+
+  if (__now_count_ns > numeric_limits<__ns_rep>::max() - __d_ns_count) {
+    __do_timed_wait(__lk, __clock_tp_ns::max());
+  } else {
+    __do_timed_wait(__lk, __clock_tp_ns(nanoseconds(__now_count_ns + __d_ns_count)));
+  }
+
+  return steady_clock::now() - __c_now < __d ? cv_status::no_timeout : cv_status::timeout;
+}
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period, class _Predicate>
+inline bool
+condition_variable::wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return wait_until(__lk, chrono::steady_clock::now() + __d, std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_COND_CLOCKWAIT)
+inline void condition_variable::__do_timed_wait(
+    unique_lock<mutex>& __lk, chrono::time_point<chrono::steady_clock, chrono::nanoseconds> __tp) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using namespace chrono;
+  if (!__lk.owns_lock())
+    __throw_system_error(EPERM, "condition_variable::timed wait: mutex not locked");
+  nanoseconds __d = __tp.time_since_epoch();
+  timespec __ts;
+  seconds __s                 = duration_cast<seconds>(__d);
+  using __ts_sec              = decltype(__ts.tv_sec);
+  const __ts_sec __ts_sec_max = numeric_limits<__ts_sec>::max();
+  if (__s.count() < __ts_sec_max) {
+    __ts.tv_sec  = static_cast<__ts_sec>(__s.count());
+    __ts.tv_nsec = (__d - __s).count();
+  } else {
+    __ts.tv_sec  = __ts_sec_max;
+    __ts.tv_nsec = giga::num - 1;
+  }
+  int __ec = pthread_cond_clockwait(&__cv_, __lk.mutex()->native_handle(), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &__ts);
+  if (__ec != 0 && __ec != ETIMEDOUT)
+    __throw_system_error(__ec, "condition_variable timed_wait failed");
+}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_COND_CLOCKWAIT
+
+template <class _Clock>
+inline void condition_variable::__do_timed_wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk,
+                                                chrono::time_point<_Clock, chrono::nanoseconds> __tp) _NOEXCEPT {
+  wait_for(__lk, __tp - _Clock::now());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONDITION_VARIABLE_CONDITION_VARIABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__config b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__config
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..661af5be3c225e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__config
@@ -0,0 +1,1228 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONFIG
+#define _LIBCPP___CONFIG
+
+#include <__config_site>
+#include <__configuration/abi.h>
+#include <__configuration/availability.h>
+#include <__configuration/compiler.h>
+#include <__configuration/platform.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+// The attributes supported by clang are documented at https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AttributeReference.html
+
+// _LIBCPP_VERSION represents the version of libc++, which matches the version of LLVM.
+// Given a LLVM release LLVM XX.YY.ZZ (e.g. LLVM 17.0.1 == 17.00.01), _LIBCPP_VERSION is
+// defined to XXYYZZ.
+#  define _LIBCPP_VERSION 190100
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_CONCAT_IMPL(_X, _Y) _X##_Y
+#  define _LIBCPP_CONCAT(_X, _Y) _LIBCPP_CONCAT_IMPL(_X, _Y)
+
+#  if __STDC_HOSTED__ == 0
+#    define _LIBCPP_FREESTANDING
+#  endif
+
+// HARDENING {
+
+// This is for backward compatibility -- make enabling `_LIBCPP_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS` (which predates hardening modes)
+// equivalent to setting the extensive mode. This is deprecated and will be removed in LLVM 20.
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS
+#    warning "_LIBCPP_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS is deprecated, please use _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE instead"
+#    if _LIBCPP_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS != 0 && _LIBCPP_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS != 1
+#      error "_LIBCPP_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS must be set to 0 or 1"
+#    endif
+#    if _LIBCPP_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS
+#      define _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_EXTENSIVE
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+// The library provides the macro `_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE` which can be set to one of the following values:
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_NONE`;
+// - `_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST`;
+// - `_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_EXTENSIVE`;
+// - `_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEBUG`.
+//
+// These values have the following effects:
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_NONE` -- sets the hardening mode to "none" which disables all runtime hardening checks;
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST` -- sets that hardening mode to "fast". The fast mode enables security-critical checks
+//   that can be done with relatively little runtime overhead in constant time;
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_EXTENSIVE` -- sets the hardening mode to "extensive". The extensive mode is a superset of
+//   the fast mode that additionally enables checks that are relatively cheap and prevent common types of logic errors
+//   but are not necessarily security-critical;
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEBUG` -- sets the hardening mode to "debug". The debug mode is a superset of the extensive
+//   mode and enables all checks available in the library, including internal assertions. Checks that are part of the
+//   debug mode can be very expensive and thus the debug mode is intended to be used for testing, not in production.
+
+// Inside the library, assertions are categorized so they can be cherry-picked based on the chosen hardening mode. These
+// macros are only for internal use -- users should only pick one of the high-level hardening modes described above.
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE` -- checks that ranges (whether expressed as an iterator pair, an iterator and
+//   a sentinel, an iterator and a count, or a `std::range`) given as input to library functions are valid:
+//   - the sentinel is reachable from the begin iterator;
+//   - TODO(hardening): both iterators refer to the same container.
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS` -- checks that any attempts to access a container element, whether through
+//   the container object or through an iterator, are valid and do not attempt to go out of bounds or otherwise access
+//   a non-existent element. For iterator checks to work, bounded iterators must be enabled in the ABI. Types like
+//   `optional` and `function` are considered one-element containers for the purposes of this check.
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL` -- checks that the pointer being dereferenced is not null. On most modern platforms zero
+//   address does not refer to an actual location in memory, so a null pointer dereference would not compromize the
+//   memory security of a program (however, it is still undefined behavior that can result in strange errors due to
+//   compiler optimizations).
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_OVERLAPPING_RANGES` -- for functions that take several ranges as arguments, checks that the
+//   given ranges do not overlap.
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_DEALLOCATION` -- checks that an attempt to deallocate memory is valid (e.g. the given object
+//   was allocated by the given allocator). Violating this category typically results in a memory leak.
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL` -- checks that a call to an external API doesn't fail in
+//   an unexpected manner. This includes triggering documented cases of undefined behavior in an external library (like
+//   attempting to unlock an unlocked mutex in pthreads). Any API external to the library falls under this category
+//   (from system calls to compiler intrinsics). We generally don't expect these failures to compromize memory safety or
+//   otherwise create an immediate security issue.
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR` -- checks any operations that exchange nodes between containers to make sure
+//   the containers have compatible allocators.
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN` -- checks that the given argument is within the domain of valid arguments
+//   for the function. Violating this typically produces an incorrect result (e.g. the clamp algorithm returns the
+//   original value without clamping it due to incorrect functors) or puts an object into an invalid state (e.g.
+//   a string view where only a subset of elements is possible to access). This category is for assertions violating
+//   which doesn't cause any immediate issues in the library -- whatever the consequences are, they will happen in the
+//   user code.
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC` -- checks prerequisites which are imposed by the Standard, but violating which happens to
+//   be benign in our implementation.
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT` -- checks that the given argument satisfies the semantic requirements imposed
+//   by the Standard. Typically, there is no simple way to completely prove that a semantic requirement is satisfied;
+//   thus, this would often be a heuristic check and it might be quite expensive.
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL` -- checks that internal invariants of the library hold. These assertions don't depend on
+//   user input.
+//
+// - `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED` -- for assertions that haven't been properly classified yet.
+
+// clang-format off
+#  define _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_NONE      (1 << 1)
+#  define _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST      (1 << 2)
+#  define _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_EXTENSIVE (1 << 4) // Deliberately not ordered.
+#  define _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEBUG     (1 << 3)
+// clang-format on
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEFAULT
+#      error _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEFAULT is not defined. This definition should be set at configuration time in the \
+`__config_site` header, please make sure your installation of libc++ is not broken.
+#    endif
+
+#    define _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEFAULT
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE != _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_NONE &&                                                         \
+      _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE != _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST &&                                                         \
+      _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE != _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_EXTENSIVE &&                                                    \
+      _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE != _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEBUG
+#    error _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE must be set to one of the following values: \
+_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_NONE, \
+_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST, \
+_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_EXTENSIVE, \
+_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEBUG
+#  endif
+
+// } HARDENING
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_TOSTRING2(x) #x
+#  define _LIBCPP_TOSTRING(x) _LIBCPP_TOSTRING2(x)
+
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(libcpp-cpp-version-check)
+#  if __cplusplus < 201103L
+#    define _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef __has_constexpr_builtin
+#    define __has_constexpr_builtin(x) 0
+#  endif
+
+// This checks wheter a Clang module is built
+#  ifndef __building_module
+#    define __building_module(...) 0
+#  endif
+
+// '__is_identifier' returns '0' if '__x' is a reserved identifier provided by
+// the compiler and '1' otherwise.
+#  ifndef __is_identifier
+#    define __is_identifier(__x) 1
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef __has_declspec_attribute
+#    define __has_declspec_attribute(__x) 0
+#  endif
+
+#  define __has_keyword(__x) !(__is_identifier(__x))
+
+#  ifndef __has_warning
+#    define __has_warning(...) 0
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED) && __cplusplus < 201103L
+#    error "libc++ only supports C++03 with Clang-based compilers. Please enable C++11"
+#  endif
+
+// FIXME: ABI detection should be done via compiler builtin macros. This
+// is just a placeholder until Clang implements such macros. For now assume
+// that Windows compilers pretending to be MSVC++ target the Microsoft ABI,
+// and allow the user to explicitly specify the ABI to handle cases where this
+// heuristic falls short.
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_FORCE_ITANIUM) && defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_FORCE_MICROSOFT)
+#    error "Only one of _LIBCPP_ABI_FORCE_ITANIUM and _LIBCPP_ABI_FORCE_MICROSOFT can be defined"
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_FORCE_ITANIUM)
+#    define _LIBCPP_ABI_ITANIUM
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_FORCE_MICROSOFT)
+#    define _LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT
+#  else
+#    if defined(_WIN32) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+#      define _LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_ABI_ITANIUM
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT) && !defined(_LIBCPP_NO_VCRUNTIME)
+#    define _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_feature(experimental_library)
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
+#      define _LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+// Incomplete features get their own specific disabling flags. This makes it
+// easier to grep for target specific flags once the feature is complete.
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL) && !defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_PSTL
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_TZDB
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_SYNCSTREAM
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(__MVS__)
+#    include <features.h> // for __NATIVE_ASCII_F
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(_WIN32)
+#    define _LIBCPP_WIN32API
+#    define _LIBCPP_SHORT_WCHAR 1
+// Both MinGW and native MSVC provide a "MSVC"-like environment
+#    define _LIBCPP_MSVCRT_LIKE
+// If mingw not explicitly detected, assume using MS C runtime only if
+// a MS compatibility version is specified.
+#    if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+#      define _LIBCPP_MSVCRT // Using Microsoft's C Runtime library
+#    endif
+#    if (defined(_M_AMD64) || defined(__x86_64__)) || (defined(_M_ARM) || defined(__arm__))
+#      define _LIBCPP_HAS_BITSCAN64
+#    endif
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+#  endif // defined(_WIN32)
+
+#  if defined(_AIX) && !defined(__64BIT__)
+// The size of wchar is 2 byte on 32-bit mode on AIX.
+#    define _LIBCPP_SHORT_WCHAR 1
+#  endif
+
+// Libc++ supports various implementations of std::random_device.
+//
+// _LIBCPP_USING_DEV_RANDOM
+//      Read entropy from the given file, by default `/dev/urandom`.
+//      If a token is provided, it is assumed to be the path to a file
+//      to read entropy from. This is the default behavior if nothing
+//      else is specified. This implementation requires storing state
+//      inside `std::random_device`.
+//
+// _LIBCPP_USING_ARC4_RANDOM
+//      Use arc4random(). This allows obtaining random data even when
+//      using sandboxing mechanisms. On some platforms like Apple, this
+//      is the recommended source of entropy for user-space programs.
+//      When this option is used, the token passed to `std::random_device`'s
+//      constructor *must* be "/dev/urandom" -- anything else is an error.
+//
+// _LIBCPP_USING_GETENTROPY
+//      Use getentropy().
+//      When this option is used, the token passed to `std::random_device`'s
+//      constructor *must* be "/dev/urandom" -- anything else is an error.
+//
+// _LIBCPP_USING_FUCHSIA_CPRNG
+//      Use Fuchsia's zx_cprng_draw() system call, which is specified to
+//      deliver high-quality entropy and cannot fail.
+//      When this option is used, the token passed to `std::random_device`'s
+//      constructor *must* be "/dev/urandom" -- anything else is an error.
+//
+// _LIBCPP_USING_NACL_RANDOM
+//      NaCl's sandbox (which PNaCl also runs in) doesn't allow filesystem access,
+//      including accesses to the special files under `/dev`. This implementation
+//      uses the NaCL syscall `nacl_secure_random_init()` to get entropy.
+//      When this option is used, the token passed to `std::random_device`'s
+//      constructor *must* be "/dev/urandom" -- anything else is an error.
+//
+// _LIBCPP_USING_WIN32_RANDOM
+//      Use rand_s(), for use on Windows.
+//      When this option is used, the token passed to `std::random_device`'s
+//      constructor *must* be "/dev/urandom" -- anything else is an error.
+#  if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) ||                     \
+      defined(__DragonFly__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_USING_ARC4_RANDOM
+#  elif defined(__wasi__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_USING_GETENTROPY
+#  elif defined(__Fuchsia__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_USING_FUCHSIA_CPRNG
+#  elif defined(__native_client__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_USING_NACL_RANDOM
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+#    define _LIBCPP_USING_WIN32_RANDOM
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_USING_DEV_RANDOM
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#    define _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp) alignof(_Tp)
+#    define _ALIGNAS_TYPE(x) alignas(x)
+#    define _ALIGNAS(x) alignas(x)
+#    define _LIBCPP_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
+#    define _NOEXCEPT noexcept
+#    define _NOEXCEPT_(...) noexcept(__VA_ARGS__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR constexpr
+
+#  else
+
+#    define _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp) _Alignof(_Tp)
+#    define _ALIGNAS_TYPE(x) __attribute__((__aligned__(_LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(x))))
+#    define _ALIGNAS(x) __attribute__((__aligned__(x)))
+#    define _LIBCPP_NORETURN __attribute__((__noreturn__))
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_NOEXCEPT
+#    define nullptr __nullptr
+#    define _NOEXCEPT throw()
+#    define _NOEXCEPT_(...)
+#    define static_assert(...) _Static_assert(__VA_ARGS__)
+#    define decltype(...) __decltype(__VA_ARGS__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+
+typedef __char16_t char16_t;
+typedef __char32_t char32_t;
+
+#  endif
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_ALIGNOF(_Tp) __alignof(_Tp)
+
+// Objective-C++ features (opt-in)
+#  if __has_feature(objc_arc)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_feature(objc_arc_weak)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC_WEAK
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_extension(blocks)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_EXTENSION_BLOCKS
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXTENSION_BLOCKS) && defined(__APPLE__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_BLOCKS_RUNTIME
+#  endif
+
+#  if !__has_feature(address_sanitizer)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+#  endif
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE __attribute__((__always_inline__))
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_DISABLE_EXTENSION_WARNING __extension__
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_COFF)
+
+#    ifdef _DLL
+#      define _LIBCPP_CRT_FUNC __declspec(dllimport)
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_CRT_FUNC
+#    endif
+
+#    if defined(_LIBCPP_DISABLE_VISIBILITY_ANNOTATIONS) || (defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY))
+#      define _LIBCPP_DLL_VIS
+#      define _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS
+#      define _LIBCPP_CLASS_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION_VIS
+#      define _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS
+#      define _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI
+#    elif defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+#      define _LIBCPP_DLL_VIS __declspec(dllexport)
+#      if defined(__MINGW32__)
+#        define _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS _LIBCPP_DLL_VIS
+#        define _LIBCPP_CLASS_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION_VIS
+#      else
+#        define _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS
+#        define _LIBCPP_CLASS_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_DLL_VIS
+#      endif
+#      define _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS _LIBCPP_DLL_VIS
+#      define _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __declspec(dllexport)
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_DLL_VIS __declspec(dllimport)
+#      define _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS _LIBCPP_DLL_VIS
+#      define _LIBCPP_CLASS_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION_VIS
+#      define _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS
+#      define _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __declspec(dllimport)
+#    endif
+
+#    define _LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+#    define _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS
+#    define _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS
+#    define _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_DATA_VIS
+#    define _LIBCPP_TYPE_VISIBILITY_DEFAULT
+
+#  else
+
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_DISABLE_VISIBILITY_ANNOTATIONS)
+#      define _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY(vis) __attribute__((__visibility__(vis)))
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY(vis)
+#    endif
+
+#    define _LIBCPP_HIDDEN _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY("hidden")
+#    define _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_DATA_VIS _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY("default")
+#    define _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY("default")
+#    define _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY("default")
+#    define _LIBCPP_CLASS_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION_VIS
+
+// TODO: Make this a proper customization point or remove the option to override it.
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS
+#      define _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS _LIBCPP_VISIBILITY("default")
+#    endif
+
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_DISABLE_VISIBILITY_ANNOTATIONS)
+// The inline should be removed once PR32114 is resolved
+#      define _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS inline _LIBCPP_HIDDEN
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS
+#    endif
+
+// GCC doesn't support the type_visibility attribute, so we have to keep the visibility attribute on templates
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_DISABLE_VISIBILITY_ANNOTATIONS) && !__has_attribute(__type_visibility__)
+#      define _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __attribute__((__visibility__("default")))
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS
+#    endif
+
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_DISABLE_VISIBILITY_ANNOTATIONS) && __has_attribute(__type_visibility__)
+#      define _LIBCPP_TYPE_VISIBILITY_DEFAULT __attribute__((__type_visibility__("default")))
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_TYPE_VISIBILITY_DEFAULT
+#    endif
+
+#  endif // defined(_LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_COFF)
+
+#  if __has_attribute(exclude_from_explicit_instantiation)
+#    define _LIBCPP_EXCLUDE_FROM_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION __attribute__((__exclude_from_explicit_instantiation__))
+#  else
+// Try to approximate the effect of exclude_from_explicit_instantiation
+// (which is that entities are not assumed to be provided by explicit
+// template instantiations in the dylib) by always inlining those entities.
+#    define _LIBCPP_EXCLUDE_FROM_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED
+#    define _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("clang diagnostic push")
+#    define _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("clang diagnostic pop")
+#    define _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED(str) _Pragma(_LIBCPP_TOSTRING(clang diagnostic ignored str))
+#    define _LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED(str)
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+#    define _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH _Pragma("GCC diagnostic push")
+#    define _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP _Pragma("GCC diagnostic pop")
+#    define _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED(str)
+#    define _LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED(str) _Pragma(_LIBCPP_TOSTRING(GCC diagnostic ignored str))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+#    define _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#    define _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED(str)
+#    define _LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED(str)
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE == _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST
+#    define _LIBCPP_HARDENING_SIG f
+#  elif _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE == _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_EXTENSIVE
+#    define _LIBCPP_HARDENING_SIG s
+#  elif _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE == _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEBUG
+#    define _LIBCPP_HARDENING_SIG d
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_HARDENING_SIG n // "none"
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#    define _LIBCPP_EXCEPTIONS_SIG n
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_EXCEPTIONS_SIG e
+#  endif
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_ODR_SIGNATURE                                                                                        \
+    _LIBCPP_CONCAT(_LIBCPP_CONCAT(_LIBCPP_HARDENING_SIG, _LIBCPP_EXCEPTIONS_SIG), _LIBCPP_VERSION)
+
+// This macro marks a symbol as being hidden from libc++'s ABI. This is achieved
+// on two levels:
+// 1. The symbol is given hidden visibility, which ensures that users won't start exporting
+//    symbols from their dynamic library by means of using the libc++ headers. This ensures
+//    that those symbols stay private to the dynamic library in which it is defined.
+//
+// 2. The symbol is given an ABI tag that encodes the ODR-relevant properties of the library.
+//    This ensures that no ODR violation can arise from mixing two TUs compiled with 
diff erent
+//    versions or configurations of libc++ (such as exceptions vs no-exceptions). Indeed, if the
+//    program contains two definitions of a function, the ODR requires them to be token-by-token
+//    equivalent, and the linker is allowed to pick either definition and discard the other one.
+//
+//    For example, if a program contains a copy of `vector::at()` compiled with exceptions enabled
+//    *and* a copy of `vector::at()` compiled with exceptions disabled (by means of having two TUs
+//    compiled with 
diff erent settings), the two definitions are both visible by the linker and they
+//    have the same name, but they have a meaningfully 
diff erent implementation (one throws an exception
+//    and the other aborts the program). This violates the ODR and makes the program ill-formed, and in
+//    practice what will happen is that the linker will pick one of the definitions at random and will
+//    discard the other one. This can quite clearly lead to incorrect program behavior.
+//
+//    A similar reasoning holds for many other properties that are ODR-affecting. Essentially any
+//    property that causes the code of a function to 
diff er from the code in another configuration
+//    can be considered ODR-affecting. In practice, we don't encode all such properties in the ABI
+//    tag, but we encode the ones that we think are most important: library version, exceptions, and
+//    hardening mode.
+//
+//    Note that historically, solving this problem has been achieved in various ways, including
+//    force-inlining all functions or giving internal linkage to all functions. Both these previous
+//    solutions suffer from drawbacks that lead notably to code bloat.
+//
+// Note that we use _LIBCPP_EXCLUDE_FROM_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION to ensure that we don't depend
+// on _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI methods of classes explicitly instantiated in the dynamic library.
+//
+// Also note that the _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL macro should be used on virtual functions
+// instead of _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI. That macro does not use an ABI tag. Indeed, the mangled
+// name of a virtual function is part of its ABI, since some architectures like arm64e can sign
+// the virtual function pointer in the vtable based on the mangled name of the function. Since
+// we use an ABI tag that changes with each released version, the mangled name of the virtual
+// function would change, which is incorrect. Note that it doesn't make much sense to change
+// the implementation of a virtual function in an ABI-incompatible way in the first place,
+// since that would be an ABI break anyway. Hence, the lack of ABI tag should not be noticeable.
+//
+// The macro can be applied to record and enum types. When the tagged type is nested in
+// a record this "parent" record needs to have the macro too. Another use case for applying
+// this macro to records and unions is to apply an ABI tag to inline constexpr variables.
+// This can be useful for inline variables that are implementation details which are expected
+// to change in the future.
+//
+// TODO: We provide a escape hatch with _LIBCPP_NO_ABI_TAG for folks who want to avoid increasing
+//       the length of symbols with an ABI tag. In practice, we should remove the escape hatch and
+//       use compression mangling instead, see https://github.com/itanium-cxx-abi/cxx-abi/issues/70.
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_ABI_TAG
+#    define _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI                                                                                      \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDDEN _LIBCPP_EXCLUDE_FROM_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION                                                       \
+      __attribute__((__abi_tag__(_LIBCPP_TOSTRING(_LIBCPP_ODR_SIGNATURE))))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_HIDDEN _LIBCPP_EXCLUDE_FROM_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION
+#  endif
+#  define _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL _LIBCPP_HIDDEN _LIBCPP_EXCLUDE_FROM_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY
+#    if _LIBCPP_ABI_VERSION > 1
+#      define _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+#  endif
+
+// TODO: Remove this workaround once we drop support for Clang 16
+#  if __has_warning("-Wc++23-extensions")
+#    define _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED_CXX23_EXTENSION _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wc++23-extensions")
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED_CXX23_EXTENSION _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wc++2b-extensions")
+#  endif
+
+// Clang modules take a significant compile time hit when pushing and popping diagnostics.
+// Since all the headers are marked as system headers in the modulemap, we can simply disable this
+// pushing and popping when building with clang modules.
+#  if !__has_feature(modules)
+#    define _LIBCPP_PUSH_EXTENSION_DIAGNOSTICS                                                                         \
+      _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH                                                                                          \
+      _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wc++11-extensions")                                                           \
+      _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wc++14-extensions")                                                           \
+      _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wc++17-extensions")                                                           \
+      _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wc++20-extensions")                                                           \
+      _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED_CXX23_EXTENSION                                                                 \
+      _LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wc++14-extensions")                                                             \
+      _LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wc++17-extensions")                                                             \
+      _LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wc++20-extensions")                                                             \
+      _LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wc++23-extensions")
+#    define _LIBCPP_POP_EXTENSION_DIAGNOSTICS _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_PUSH_EXTENSION_DIAGNOSTICS
+#    define _LIBCPP_POP_EXTENSION_DIAGNOSTICS
+#  endif
+
+// Inline namespaces are available in Clang/GCC/MSVC regardless of C++ dialect.
+// clang-format off
+#  define _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD _LIBCPP_PUSH_EXTENSION_DIAGNOSTICS                                               \
+                                      namespace _LIBCPP_TYPE_VISIBILITY_DEFAULT std {                                  \
+                               inline namespace _LIBCPP_ABI_NAMESPACE {
+#  define _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD }} _LIBCPP_POP_EXTENSION_DIAGNOSTICS
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_NO_FILESYSTEM_INLINE_NAMESPACE
+#  define _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD namespace filesystem {
+#  define _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM } _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD                                               \
+                                             inline namespace __fs { namespace filesystem {
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM }} _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+#endif
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__enable_if__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD __attribute__((__enable_if__(true, "")))
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#    define _LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM(x)                                                                             \
+      struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI x {                                                                             \
+        enum __lx
+// clang-format off
+#    define _LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM_EPILOG(x)                                                                      \
+      __lx __v_;                                                                                                       \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI x(__lx __v) : __v_(__v) {}                                                                 \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit x(int __v) : __v_(static_cast<__lx>(__v)) {}                                      \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator int() const { return __v_; }                                                      \
+      };
+// clang-format on
+
+#  else // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#    define _LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM(x) enum class x
+#    define _LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM_EPILOG(x)
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#  if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT_LIKE) || defined(__NetBSD__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS 1
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef __FreeBSD__
+#    define _DECLARE_C99_LDBL_MATH 1
+#  endif
+
+// If we are getting operator new from the MSVC CRT, then allocation overloads
+// for align_val_t were added in 19.12, aka VS 2017 version 15.3.
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) && defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1912
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME) && !defined(__cpp_aligned_new)
+// We're deferring to Microsoft's STL to provide aligned new et al. We don't
+// have it unless the language feature test macro is defined.
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION
+#  elif defined(__MVS__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION) || (!defined(__cpp_aligned_new) || __cpp_aligned_new < 201606)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION
+#  endif
+
+// It is not yet possible to use aligned_alloc() on all Apple platforms since
+// 10.15 was the first version to ship an implementation of aligned_alloc().
+#  if defined(__APPLE__)
+#    if (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&                                                     \
+         __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 101500)
+#      define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_C11_ALIGNED_ALLOC
+#    endif
+#  elif defined(__ANDROID__) && __ANDROID_API__ < 28
+// Android only provides aligned_alloc when targeting API 28 or higher.
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_C11_ALIGNED_ALLOC
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_IS_MASK
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || !defined(__cpp_char8_t)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+#  endif
+
+// Deprecation macros.
+//
+// Deprecations warnings are always enabled, except when users explicitly opt-out
+// by defining _LIBCPP_DISABLE_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS.
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_DISABLE_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS)
+#    if __has_attribute(__deprecated__)
+#      define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED __attribute__((__deprecated__))
+#      define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_(m) __attribute__((__deprecated__(m)))
+#    elif _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+#      define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED [[deprecated]]
+#      define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_(m) [[deprecated(m)]]
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED
+#      define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_(m)
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_(m)
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 20
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC                                                                             \
+      _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_("The C++20 synchronization library has been deprecated prior to C++20. Please update to "    \
+                          "using -std=c++20 if you need to use these facilities.")
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC /* nothing */
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX14 _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX14
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20 _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX26 _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX26
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T)
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_WITH_CHAR8_T _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_WITH_CHAR8_T
+#  endif
+
+// Macros to enter and leave a state where deprecation warnings are suppressed.
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED) || defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+#    define _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH                                                                           \
+      _Pragma("GCC diagnostic push") _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated\"")                                \
+          _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
+#    define _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP _Pragma("GCC diagnostic pop")
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+#    define _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 11
+#    define _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX14
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX14 explicit
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#    define _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23 explicit
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 constexpr
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 constexpr
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 constexpr
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 constexpr
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_WEAK
+#    define _LIBCPP_WEAK __attribute__((__weak__))
+#  endif
+
+// Thread API
+// clang-format off
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS) &&                                                                              \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_PTHREAD) &&                                                                      \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_WIN32) &&                                                                        \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_EXTERNAL)
+
+#    if defined(__FreeBSD__) ||                                                                                        \
+        defined(__wasi__) ||                                                                                           \
+        defined(__NetBSD__) ||                                                                                         \
+        defined(__OpenBSD__) ||                                                                                        \
+        defined(__NuttX__) ||                                                                                          \
+        defined(__linux__) ||                                                                                          \
+        defined(__GNU__) ||                                                                                            \
+        defined(__APPLE__) ||                                                                                          \
+        defined(__MVS__) ||                                                                                            \
+        defined(_AIX) ||                                                                                               \
+        defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+// clang-format on
+#      define _LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_PTHREAD
+#    elif defined(__Fuchsia__)
+// TODO(44575): Switch to C11 thread API when possible.
+#      define _LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_PTHREAD
+#    elif defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+#      define _LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_WIN32
+#    else
+#      error "No thread API"
+#    endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API
+#  endif   // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_PTHREAD)
+#    if defined(__ANDROID__) && __ANDROID_API__ >= 30
+#      define _LIBCPP_HAS_COND_CLOCKWAIT
+#    elif defined(_LIBCPP_GLIBC_PREREQ)
+#      if _LIBCPP_GLIBC_PREREQ(2, 30)
+#        define _LIBCPP_HAS_COND_CLOCKWAIT
+#      endif
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS) && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_PTHREAD)
+#    error _LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_PTHREAD may only be defined when \
+       _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS is not defined.
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS) && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_EXTERNAL)
+#    error _LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_EXTERNAL may not be defined when \
+       _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS is defined.
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_MONOTONIC_CLOCK) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+#    error _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_MONOTONIC_CLOCK may only be defined when \
+       _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS is defined.
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS) && !defined(__STDCPP_THREADS__)
+#    define __STDCPP_THREADS__ 1
+#  endif
+
+// The glibc and Bionic implementation of pthreads implements
+// pthread_mutex_destroy as nop for regular mutexes. Additionally, Win32
+// mutexes have no destroy mechanism.
+//
+// This optimization can't be performed on Apple platforms, where
+// pthread_mutex_destroy can allow the kernel to release resources.
+// See https://llvm.org/D64298 for details.
+//
+// TODO(EricWF): Enable this optimization on Bionic after speaking to their
+//               respective stakeholders.
+// clang-format off
+#  if (defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_PTHREAD) && defined(__GLIBC__)) ||                                               \
+      (defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_C11) && defined(__Fuchsia__)) ||                                                 \
+       defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_WIN32)
+// clang-format on
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_TRIVIAL_MUTEX_DESTRUCTION
+#  endif
+
+// Destroying a condvar is a nop on Windows.
+//
+// This optimization can't be performed on Apple platforms, where
+// pthread_cond_destroy can allow the kernel to release resources.
+// See https://llvm.org/D64298 for details.
+//
+// TODO(EricWF): This is potentially true for some pthread implementations
+// as well.
+#  if (defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_C11) && defined(__Fuchsia__)) || defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_WIN32)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_TRIVIAL_CONDVAR_DESTRUCTION
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(__BIONIC__) || defined(__NuttX__) || defined(__Fuchsia__) || defined(__wasi__) ||                        \
+      defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_MUSL_LIBC) || defined(__OpenBSD__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_PROVIDES_DEFAULT_RUNE_TABLE
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_feature(cxx_atomic) || __has_extension(c_atomic) || __has_keyword(_Atomic)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_C_ATOMIC_IMP
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_GCC_ATOMIC_IMP
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_C_ATOMIC_IMP) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_GCC_ATOMIC_IMP) &&                                    \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXTERNAL_ATOMIC_IMP)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ATOMIC_HEADER
+#  else
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE
+#      define _LIBCPP_ATOMIC_FLAG_TYPE bool
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(__FreeBSD__) && defined(__clang__) && __has_attribute(__no_thread_safety_analysis__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS __attribute__((__no_thread_safety_analysis__))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATIONS)
+#    if defined(__clang__) && __has_attribute(acquire_capability)
+// Work around the attribute handling in clang.  When both __declspec and
+// __attribute__ are present, the processing goes awry preventing the definition
+// of the types. In MinGW mode, __declspec evaluates to __attribute__, and thus
+// combining the two does work.
+#      if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+#        define _LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATIONS
+#      endif
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATIONS
+#    define _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(x) __attribute__((x))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(x)
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTINIT constinit
+#  elif __has_attribute(__require_constant_initialization__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTINIT __attribute__((__require_constant_initialization__))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_CONSTINIT
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(__CUDACC__) || defined(__CUDA_ARCH__) || defined(__CUDA_LIBDEVICE__)
+// The CUDA SDK contains an unfortunate definition for the __noinline__ macro,
+// which breaks the regular __attribute__((__noinline__)) syntax. Therefore,
+// when compiling for CUDA we use the non-underscored version of the noinline
+// attribute.
+//
+// This is a temporary workaround and we still expect the CUDA SDK team to solve
+// this issue properly in the SDK headers.
+//
+// See https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/73838 for more details.
+#    define _LIBCPP_NOINLINE __attribute__((noinline))
+#  elif __has_attribute(__noinline__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_NOINLINE __attribute__((__noinline__))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_NOINLINE
+#  endif
+
+// We often repeat things just for handling wide characters in the library.
+// When wide characters are disabled, it can be useful to have a quick way of
+// disabling it without having to resort to #if-#endif, which has a larger
+// impact on readability.
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
+#    define _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(...)
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(...) __VA_ARGS__
+#  endif
+
+// clang-format off
+#  define _LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS _Pragma("push_macro(\"min\")") _Pragma("push_macro(\"max\")") _Pragma("push_macro(\"refresh\")") _Pragma("push_macro(\"move\")") _Pragma("push_macro(\"erase\")")
+#  define _LIBCPP_POP_MACROS _Pragma("pop_macro(\"min\")") _Pragma("pop_macro(\"max\")") _Pragma("pop_macro(\"refresh\")") _Pragma("pop_macro(\"move\")") _Pragma("pop_macro(\"erase\")")
+// clang-format on
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_AUTO_LINK
+#    if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT) && !defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+#      if !defined(_LIBCPP_DISABLE_VISIBILITY_ANNOTATIONS)
+#        pragma comment(lib, "c++.lib")
+#      else
+#        pragma comment(lib, "libc++.lib")
+#      endif
+#    endif // defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT) && !defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+#  endif   // _LIBCPP_NO_AUTO_LINK
+
+// Configures the fopen close-on-exec mode character, if any. This string will
+// be appended to any mode string used by fstream for fopen/fdopen.
+//
+// Not all platforms support this, but it helps avoid fd-leaks on platforms that
+// do.
+#  if defined(__BIONIC__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE "e"
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_cpp_attribute(msvc::no_unique_address)
+// MSVC implements [[no_unique_address]] as a silent no-op currently.
+// (If/when MSVC breaks its C++ ABI, it will be changed to work as intended.)
+// However, MSVC implements [[msvc::no_unique_address]] which does what
+// [[no_unique_address]] is supposed to do, in general.
+
+// Clang-cl does not yet (14.0) implement either [[no_unique_address]] or
+// [[msvc::no_unique_address]] though. If/when it does implement
+// [[msvc::no_unique_address]], this should be preferred though.
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS [[msvc::no_unique_address]]
+#  elif __has_cpp_attribute(no_unique_address)
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS [[__no_unique_address__]]
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS /* nothing */
+// Note that this can be replaced by #error as soon as clang-cl
+// implements msvc::no_unique_address, since there should be no C++20
+// compiler that doesn't support one of the two attributes at that point.
+// We generally don't want to use this macro outside of C++20-only code,
+// because using it conditionally in one language version only would make
+// the ABI inconsistent.
+#  endif
+
+// c8rtomb() and mbrtoc8() were added in C++20 and C23. Support for these
+// functions is gradually being added to existing C libraries. The conditions
+// below check for known C library versions and conditions under which these
+// functions are declared by the C library.
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_C8RTOMB_MBRTOC8
+// GNU libc 2.36 and newer declare c8rtomb() and mbrtoc8() in C++ modes if
+// __cpp_char8_t is defined or if C2X extensions are enabled. Determining
+// the latter depends on internal GNU libc details that are not appropriate
+// to depend on here, so any declarations present when __cpp_char8_t is not
+// defined are ignored.
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_GLIBC_PREREQ)
+#    if _LIBCPP_GLIBC_PREREQ(2, 36) && defined(__cpp_char8_t)
+#      undef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_C8RTOMB_MBRTOC8
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+// There are a handful of public standard library types that are intended to
+// support CTAD but don't need any explicit deduction guides to do so. This
+// macro is used to mark them as such, which suppresses the
+// '-Wctad-maybe-unsupported' compiler warning when CTAD is used in user code
+// with these classes.
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#    ifdef _LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED
+#      define _LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(_ClassName)                                                              \
+        template <class... _Tag>                                                                                       \
+        [[maybe_unused]] _ClassName(typename _Tag::__allow_ctad...)->_ClassName<_Tag...>
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(ClassName)                                                               \
+        template <class... _Tag>                                                                                       \
+        ClassName(typename _Tag::__allow_ctad...)->ClassName<_Tag...>
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(_ClassName) static_assert(true, "")
+#  endif
+
+// TODO(varconst): currently, there are bugs in Clang's intrinsics when handling Objective-C++ `id`, so don't use
+// compiler intrinsics in the Objective-C++ mode.
+#  ifdef __OBJC__
+#    define _LIBCPP_WORKAROUND_OBJCXX_COMPILER_INTRINSICS
+#  endif
+
+#  define _PSTL_PRAGMA(x) _Pragma(#x)
+
+// Enable SIMD for compilers that support OpenMP 4.0
+#  if (defined(_OPENMP) && _OPENMP >= 201307)
+
+#    define _PSTL_UDR_PRESENT
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD _PSTL_PRAGMA(omp simd)
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_DECLARE_SIMD _PSTL_PRAGMA(omp declare simd)
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_REDUCTION(PRM) _PSTL_PRAGMA(omp simd reduction(PRM))
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_SCAN(PRM) _PSTL_PRAGMA(omp simd reduction(inscan, PRM))
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_INCLUSIVE_SCAN(PRM) _PSTL_PRAGMA(omp scan inclusive(PRM))
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_EXCLUSIVE_SCAN(PRM) _PSTL_PRAGMA(omp scan exclusive(PRM))
+
+// Declaration of reduction functor, where
+// NAME - the name of the functor
+// OP - type of the callable object with the reduction operation
+// omp_in - refers to the local partial result
+// omp_out - refers to the final value of the combiner operator
+// omp_priv - refers to the private copy of the initial value
+// omp_orig - refers to the original variable to be reduced
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_DECLARE_REDUCTION(NAME, OP)                                                                   \
+      _PSTL_PRAGMA(omp declare reduction(NAME:OP : omp_out(omp_in)) initializer(omp_priv = omp_orig))
+
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED)
+
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD _Pragma("clang loop vectorize(enable) interleave(enable)")
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_DECLARE_SIMD
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_REDUCTION(PRM) _Pragma("clang loop vectorize(enable) interleave(enable)")
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_SCAN(PRM) _Pragma("clang loop vectorize(enable) interleave(enable)")
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_INCLUSIVE_SCAN(PRM)
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_EXCLUSIVE_SCAN(PRM)
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_DECLARE_REDUCTION(NAME, OP)
+
+#  else // (defined(_OPENMP) && _OPENMP >= 201307)
+
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_DECLARE_SIMD
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_REDUCTION(PRM)
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_SCAN(PRM)
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_INCLUSIVE_SCAN(PRM)
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_EXCLUSIVE_SCAN(PRM)
+#    define _PSTL_PRAGMA_DECLARE_REDUCTION(NAME, OP)
+
+#  endif // (defined(_OPENMP) && _OPENMP >= 201307)
+
+#  define _PSTL_USE_NONTEMPORAL_STORES_IF_ALLOWED
+
+// Optional attributes - these are useful for a better QoI, but not required to be available
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__no_sanitize__) && !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_CFI __attribute__((__no_sanitize__("cfi")))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_CFI
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__malloc__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_NOALIAS __attribute__((__malloc__))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_NOALIAS
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__using_if_exists__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS __attribute__((__using_if_exists__))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_cpp_attribute(__nodiscard__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_NODISCARD [[__nodiscard__]]
+#  else
+// We can't use GCC's [[gnu::warn_unused_result]] and
+// __attribute__((warn_unused_result)), because GCC does not silence them via
+// (void) cast.
+#    define _LIBCPP_NODISCARD
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__no_destroy__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_DESTROY __attribute__((__no_destroy__))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_DESTROY
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__diagnose_if__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSE_WARNING(...) __attribute__((__diagnose_if__(__VA_ARGS__, "warning")))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSE_WARNING(...)
+#  endif
+
+// Use a function like macro to imply that it must be followed by a semicolon
+#  if __has_cpp_attribute(fallthrough)
+#    define _LIBCPP_FALLTHROUGH() [[fallthrough]]
+#  elif __has_attribute(__fallthrough__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_FALLTHROUGH() __attribute__((__fallthrough__))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_FALLTHROUGH() ((void)0)
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_cpp_attribute(_Clang::__lifetimebound__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND [[_Clang::__lifetimebound__]]
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__nodebug__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __attribute__((__nodebug__))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_NODEBUG
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__standalone_debug__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_STANDALONE_DEBUG __attribute__((__standalone_debug__))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_STANDALONE_DEBUG
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__preferred_name__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(x) __attribute__((__preferred_name__(x)))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(x)
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__no_sanitize__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_SANITIZE(...) __attribute__((__no_sanitize__(__VA_ARGS__)))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_NO_SANITIZE(...)
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__init_priority__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_INIT_PRIORITY_MAX __attribute__((__init_priority__(100)))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_INIT_PRIORITY_MAX
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__format__)
+// The attribute uses 1-based indices for ordinary and static member functions.
+// The attribute uses 2-based indices for non-static member functions.
+#    define _LIBCPP_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(archetype, format_string_index, first_format_arg_index)                           \
+      __attribute__((__format__(archetype, format_string_index, first_format_arg_index)))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(archetype, format_string_index, first_format_arg_index) /* nothing */
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_attribute(__packed__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_PACKED __attribute__((__packed__))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_PACKED
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT) && __has_declspec_attribute(empty_bases)
+#    define _LIBCPP_DECLSPEC_EMPTY_BASES __declspec(empty_bases)
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DECLSPEC_EMPTY_BASES
+#  endif
+
+// Allow for build-time disabling of unsigned integer sanitization
+#  if __has_attribute(no_sanitize) && !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+#    define _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK __attribute__((__no_sanitize__("unsigned-integer-overflow")))
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK
+#  endif
+
+// Clang-18 has support for deducing this, but it does not set the FTM.
+#  if defined(__cpp_explicit_this_parameter) || (defined(_LIBCPP_CLANG_VER) && _LIBCPP_CLANG_VER >= 1800)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_EXPLICIT_THIS_PARAMETER
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __cplusplus
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONFIG

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__config_site.in b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__config_site.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..67022146c9082b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__config_site.in
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONFIG_SITE
+#define _LIBCPP___CONFIG_SITE
+
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_ABI_VERSION @_LIBCPP_ABI_VERSION@
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_ABI_NAMESPACE @_LIBCPP_ABI_NAMESPACE@
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_ABI_FORCE_ITANIUM
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_ABI_FORCE_MICROSOFT
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_MONOTONIC_CLOCK
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_MUSL_LIBC
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_PTHREAD
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_EXTERNAL
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_WIN32
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_DISABLE_VISIBILITY_ANNOTATIONS
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VENDOR_AVAILABILITY_ANNOTATIONS
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_NO_VCRUNTIME
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION @_LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION@
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANDOM_DEVICE
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_STD_MODULES
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_INSTRUMENTED_WITH_ASAN
+
+// PSTL backends
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_PSTL_BACKEND_SERIAL
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_PSTL_BACKEND_STD_THREAD
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_PSTL_BACKEND_LIBDISPATCH
+
+// Hardening.
+#cmakedefine _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEFAULT @_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEFAULT@
+
+// __USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO gets redefined on MinGW
+#ifdef __clang__
+#  pragma clang diagnostic push
+#  pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmacro-redefined"
+#endif
+
+ at _LIBCPP_ABI_DEFINES@
+ at _LIBCPP_EXTRA_SITE_DEFINES@
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#  pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONFIG_SITE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/abi.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/abi.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0422b645727d8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/abi.h
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_ABI_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_ABI_H
+
+#include <__config_site>
+#include <__configuration/compiler.h>
+#include <__configuration/platform.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_ABI_VERSION >= 2
+// Change short string representation so that string data starts at offset 0,
+// improving its alignment in some cases.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_ALTERNATE_STRING_LAYOUT
+// Fix deque iterator type in order to support incomplete types.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_INCOMPLETE_TYPES_IN_DEQUE
+// Fix undefined behavior in how std::list stores its linked nodes.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_LIST_REMOVE_NODE_POINTER_UB
+// Fix undefined behavior in  how __tree stores its end and parent nodes.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_TREE_REMOVE_NODE_POINTER_UB
+// Fix undefined behavior in how __hash_table stores its pointer types.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_FIX_UNORDERED_NODE_POINTER_UB
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_FORWARD_LIST_REMOVE_NODE_POINTER_UB
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_FIX_UNORDERED_CONTAINER_SIZE_TYPE
+// Override the default return value of exception::what() for bad_function_call::what()
+// with a string that is specific to bad_function_call (see http://wg21.link/LWG2233).
+// This is an ABI break on platforms that sign and authenticate vtable function pointers
+// because it changes the mangling of the virtual function located in the vtable, which
+// changes how it gets signed.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_BAD_FUNCTION_CALL_GOOD_WHAT_MESSAGE
+// Enable optimized version of __do_get_(un)signed which avoids redundant copies.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_OPTIMIZED_LOCALE_NUM_GET
+// Give reverse_iterator<T> one data member of type T, not two.
+// Also, in C++17 and later, don't derive iterator types from std::iterator.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES
+// Use the smallest possible integer type to represent the index of the variant.
+// Previously libc++ used "unsigned int" exclusively.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_VARIANT_INDEX_TYPE_OPTIMIZATION
+// Unstable attempt to provide a more optimized std::function
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_OPTIMIZED_FUNCTION
+// All the regex constants must be distinct and nonzero.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_REGEX_CONSTANTS_NONZERO
+// Re-worked external template instantiations for std::string with a focus on
+// performance and fast-path inlining.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_STRING_OPTIMIZED_EXTERNAL_INSTANTIATION
+// Enable clang::trivial_abi on std::unique_ptr.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_ENABLE_UNIQUE_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI
+// Enable clang::trivial_abi on std::shared_ptr and std::weak_ptr
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_ENABLE_SHARED_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI
+// std::random_device holds some state when it uses an implementation that gets
+// entropy from a file (see _LIBCPP_USING_DEV_RANDOM). When switching from this
+// implementation to another one on a platform that has already shipped
+// std::random_device, one needs to retain the same object layout to remain ABI
+// compatible. This switch removes these workarounds for platforms that don't care
+// about ABI compatibility.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_NO_RANDOM_DEVICE_COMPATIBILITY_LAYOUT
+// Don't export the legacy __basic_string_common class and its methods from the built library.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_DO_NOT_EXPORT_BASIC_STRING_COMMON
+// Don't export the legacy __vector_base_common class and its methods from the built library.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_DO_NOT_EXPORT_VECTOR_BASE_COMMON
+// According to the Standard, `bitset::operator[] const` returns bool
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_BITSET_VECTOR_BOOL_CONST_SUBSCRIPT_RETURN_BOOL
+// Fix the implementation of CityHash used for std::hash<fundamental-type>.
+// This is an ABI break because `std::hash` will return a 
diff erent result,
+// which means that hashing the same object in translation units built against
+// 
diff erent versions of libc++ can return inconsistent results. This is especially
+// tricky since std::hash is used in the implementation of unordered containers.
+//
+// The incorrect implementation of CityHash has the problem that it drops some
+// bits on the floor.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_FIX_CITYHASH_IMPLEMENTATION
+// Remove the base 10 implementation of std::to_chars from the dylib.
+// The implementation moved to the header, but we still export the symbols from
+// the dylib for backwards compatibility.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_DO_NOT_EXPORT_TO_CHARS_BASE_10
+// Define std::array/std::string_view iterators to be __wrap_iters instead of raw
+// pointers, which prevents people from relying on a non-portable implementation
+// detail. This is especially useful because enabling bounded iterators hardening
+// requires code not to make these assumptions.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_USE_WRAP_ITER_IN_STD_ARRAY
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_USE_WRAP_ITER_IN_STD_STRING_VIEW
+// Dont' add an inline namespace for `std::filesystem`
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_NO_FILESYSTEM_INLINE_NAMESPACE
+// std::basic_ios uses WEOF to indicate that the fill value is
+// uninitialized. However, on platforms where the size of char_type is
+// equal to or greater than the size of int_type and char_type is unsigned,
+// std::char_traits<char_type>::eq_int_type() cannot distinguish between WEOF
+// and WCHAR_MAX. This ABI setting determines whether we should instead track whether the fill
+// value has been initialized using a separate boolean, which changes the ABI.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_IOS_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_FILL_VALUE
+// Make a std::pair of trivially copyable types trivially copyable.
+// While this technically doesn't change the layout of pair itself, other types may decide to programatically change
+// their representation based on whether something is trivially copyable.
+#  define _LIBCPP_ABI_TRIVIALLY_COPYABLE_PAIR
+#elif _LIBCPP_ABI_VERSION == 1
+#  if !(defined(_LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_COFF) || defined(_LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_XCOFF))
+// Enable compiling copies of now inline methods into the dylib to support
+// applications compiled against older libraries. This is unnecessary with
+// COFF dllexport semantics, since dllexport forces a non-inline definition
+// of inline functions to be emitted anyway. Our own non-inline copy would
+// conflict with the dllexport-emitted copy, so we disable it. For XCOFF,
+// the linker will take issue with the symbols in the shared object if the
+// weak inline methods get visibility (such as from -fvisibility-inlines-hidden),
+// so disable it.
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ABI_LEGACY_LIBRARY_DEFINITIONS_FOR_INLINE_FUNCTIONS
+#  endif
+// Feature macros for disabling pre ABI v1 features. All of these options
+// are deprecated.
+#  if defined(__FreeBSD__) && __FreeBSD__ < 14
+#    define _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ABI_DISABLE_PAIR_TRIVIAL_COPY_CTOR
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// We had some bugs where we use [[no_unique_address]] together with construct_at,
+// which causes UB as the call on construct_at could write to overlapping subobjects
+//
+// https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/70506
+// https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/70494
+//
+// To fix the bug we had to change the ABI of some classes to remove [[no_unique_address]] under certain conditions.
+// The macro below is used for all classes whose ABI have changed as part of fixing these bugs.
+#define _LIBCPP_ABI_LLVM18_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __attribute__((__abi_tag__("llvm18_nua")))
+
+// Changes the iterator type of select containers (see below) to a bounded iterator that keeps track of whether it's
+// within the bounds of the original container and asserts it on every dereference.
+//
+// ABI impact: changes the iterator type of the relevant containers.
+//
+// Supported containers:
+// - `span`;
+// - `string_view`.
+// #define _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS
+
+// Changes the iterator type of `basic_string` to a bounded iterator that keeps track of whether it's within the bounds
+// of the original container and asserts it on every dereference and when performing iterator arithmetics.
+//
+// ABI impact: changes the iterator type of `basic_string` and its specializations, such as `string` and `wstring`.
+// #define _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_STRING
+
+// Changes the iterator type of `vector` to a bounded iterator that keeps track of whether it's within the bounds of the
+// original container and asserts it on every dereference and when performing iterator arithmetics. Note: this doesn't
+// yet affect `vector<bool>`.
+//
+// ABI impact: changes the iterator type of `vector` (except `vector<bool>`).
+// #define _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_VECTOR
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED)
+#  if defined(__APPLE__)
+#    if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+// use old string layout on x86_64 and i386
+#    elif defined(__arm__)
+// use old string layout on arm (which does not include aarch64/arm64), except on watch ABIs
+#      if defined(__ARM_ARCH_7K__) && __ARM_ARCH_7K__ >= 2
+#        define _LIBCPP_ABI_ALTERNATE_STRING_LAYOUT
+#      endif
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_ABI_ALTERNATE_STRING_LAYOUT
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_ABI_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/availability.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/availability.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ab483a07c9c137
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/availability.h
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_AVAILABILITY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_AVAILABILITY_H
+
+#include <__configuration/compiler.h>
+#include <__configuration/language.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// Libc++ is shipped by various vendors. In particular, it is used as a system
+// library on macOS, iOS and other Apple platforms. In order for users to be
+// able to compile a binary that is intended to be deployed to an older version
+// of a platform, Clang provides availability attributes [1]. These attributes
+// can be placed on declarations and are used to describe the life cycle of a
+// symbol in the library.
+//
+// The main goal is to ensure a compile-time error if a symbol that hasn't been
+// introduced in a previously released library is used in a program that targets
+// that previously released library. Normally, this would be a load-time error
+// when one tries to launch the program against the older library.
+//
+// For example, the filesystem library was introduced in the dylib in LLVM 9.
+// On Apple platforms, this corresponds to macOS 10.15. If a user compiles on
+// a macOS 10.15 host but targets macOS 10.13 with their program, the compiler
+// would normally not complain (because the required declarations are in the
+// headers), but the dynamic loader would fail to find the symbols when actually
+// trying to launch the program on macOS 10.13. To turn this into a compile-time
+// issue instead, declarations are annotated with when they were introduced, and
+// the compiler can produce a diagnostic if the program references something that
+// isn't available on the deployment target.
+//
+// This mechanism is general in nature, and any vendor can add their markup to
+// the library (see below). Whenever a new feature is added that requires support
+// in the shared library, two macros are added below to allow marking the feature
+// as unavailable:
+// 1. A macro named `_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_<feature>` which must be defined
+//    to `_LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_<version>` for the appropriate LLVM version.
+// 2. A macro named `_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_<feature>`, which must be defined to
+//    `_LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_<version>_MARKUP` for the appropriate LLVM version.
+//
+// When vendors decide to ship the feature as part of their shared library, they
+// can update the `_LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_<version>` macro (and the markup counterpart)
+// based on the platform version they shipped that version of LLVM in. The library
+// will then use this markup to provide an optimal user experience on these platforms.
+//
+// Furthermore, many features in the standard library have corresponding
+// feature-test macros. The `_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_<feature>` macros
+// are checked by the corresponding feature-test macros generated by
+// generate_feature_test_macro_components.py to ensure that the library
+// doesn't announce a feature as being implemented if it is unavailable on
+// the deployment target.
+//
+// Note that this mechanism is disabled by default in the "upstream" libc++.
+// Availability annotations are only meaningful when shipping libc++ inside
+// a platform (i.e. as a system library), and so vendors that want them should
+// turn those annotations on at CMake configuration time.
+//
+// [1]: https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AttributeReference.html#availability
+
+// For backwards compatibility, allow users to define _LIBCPP_DISABLE_AVAILABILITY
+// for a while.
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_DISABLE_AVAILABILITY)
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VENDOR_AVAILABILITY_ANNOTATIONS)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VENDOR_AVAILABILITY_ANNOTATIONS
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Availability markup is disabled when building the library, or when a non-Clang
+// compiler is used because only Clang supports the necessary attributes.
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY) || defined(_LIBCXXABI_BUILDING_LIBRARY) || !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED)
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VENDOR_AVAILABILITY_ANNOTATIONS)
+#    define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VENDOR_AVAILABILITY_ANNOTATIONS
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// When availability annotations are disabled, we take for granted that features introduced
+// in all versions of the library are available.
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_VENDOR_AVAILABILITY_ANNOTATIONS)
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_19 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_19_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_18 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_18_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_17 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_17_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_16 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_16_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_15 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_15_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_14 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_14_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_13 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_13_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_12 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_12_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_11 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_11_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_10 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_10_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9_ATTRIBUTE      /* nothing */
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9_ATTRIBUTE_PUSH /* nothing */
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9_ATTRIBUTE_POP  /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_8 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_8_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_4 1
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_4_ATTRIBUTE /* nothing */
+
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+
+// clang-format off
+
+// LLVM 19
+// TODO: Fill this in
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_19 0
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_19_ATTRIBUTE __attribute__((unavailable))
+
+// LLVM 18
+// TODO: Fill this in
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_18 0
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_18_ATTRIBUTE __attribute__((unavailable))
+
+// LLVM 17
+#  if (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 140400) ||       \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 170400) ||     \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 170400) ||             \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 100400)
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_17 0
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_17 1
+#  endif
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_17_ATTRIBUTE                                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(macos, strict, introduced = 14.4)))                                               \
+    __attribute__((availability(ios, strict, introduced = 17.4)))                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(tvos, strict, introduced = 17.4)))                                                \
+    __attribute__((availability(watchos, strict, introduced = 10.4)))
+
+// LLVM 16
+#  if (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 140000) ||       \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 170000) ||     \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 170000) ||             \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 100000)
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_16 0
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_16 1
+#  endif
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_16_ATTRIBUTE                                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(macos, strict, introduced = 14.0)))                                               \
+    __attribute__((availability(ios, strict, introduced = 17.0)))                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(tvos, strict, introduced = 17.0)))                                                \
+    __attribute__((availability(watchos, strict, introduced = 10.0)))
+
+// LLVM 15
+#  if (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 130400) ||   \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 160500) || \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 160500) ||         \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 90500)
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_15 0
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_15 1
+#  endif
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_15_ATTRIBUTE                                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(macos, strict, introduced = 13.4)))                                               \
+    __attribute__((availability(ios, strict, introduced = 16.5)))                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(tvos, strict, introduced = 16.5)))                                                \
+    __attribute__((availability(watchos, strict, introduced = 9.5)))
+
+// LLVM 14
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_14 _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_15
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_14_ATTRIBUTE _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_15_ATTRIBUTE
+
+// LLVM 13
+#  if (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 130000) ||   \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 160000) || \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 160000) ||         \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 90000)
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_13 0
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_13 1
+#  endif
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_13_ATTRIBUTE                                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(macos, strict, introduced = 13.0)))                                               \
+    __attribute__((availability(ios, strict, introduced = 16.0)))                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(tvos, strict, introduced = 16.0)))                                                \
+    __attribute__((availability(watchos, strict, introduced = 9.0)))
+
+// LLVM 12
+#  if (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 120300)   ||     \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 150300) ||     \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 150300)         ||     \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 80300)
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_12 0
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_12 1
+#  endif
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_12_ATTRIBUTE                                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(macos, strict, introduced = 12.3)))                                               \
+    __attribute__((availability(ios, strict, introduced = 15.3)))                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(tvos, strict, introduced = 15.3)))                                                \
+    __attribute__((availability(watchos, strict, introduced = 8.3)))
+
+// LLVM 11
+#  if (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 110000) ||   \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 140000) || \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 140000) ||         \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 70000)
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_11 0
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_11 1
+#  endif
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_11_ATTRIBUTE                                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(macos, strict, introduced = 11.0)))                                               \
+    __attribute__((availability(ios, strict, introduced = 14.0)))                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(tvos, strict, introduced = 14.0)))                                                \
+    __attribute__((availability(watchos, strict, introduced = 7.0)))
+
+// LLVM 10
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_10 _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_11
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_10_ATTRIBUTE _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_11_ATTRIBUTE
+
+// LLVM 9
+#  if (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 101500) ||   \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 130000) || \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 130000) ||         \
+      (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 60000)
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9 0
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9 1
+#  endif
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9_ATTRIBUTE                                                                  \
+    __attribute__((availability(macos, strict, introduced = 10.15)))                                              \
+    __attribute__((availability(ios, strict, introduced = 13.0)))                                                 \
+    __attribute__((availability(tvos, strict, introduced = 13.0)))                                                \
+    __attribute__((availability(watchos, strict, introduced = 6.0)))
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9_ATTRIBUTE_PUSH                                                                            \
+    _Pragma("clang attribute push(__attribute__((availability(macos,strict,introduced=10.15))), apply_to=any(function,record))") \
+    _Pragma("clang attribute push(__attribute__((availability(ios,strict,introduced=13.0))), apply_to=any(function,record))")    \
+    _Pragma("clang attribute push(__attribute__((availability(tvos,strict,introduced=13.0))), apply_to=any(function,record))")   \
+    _Pragma("clang attribute push(__attribute__((availability(watchos,strict,introduced=6.0))), apply_to=any(function,record))")
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9_ATTRIBUTE_POP                                                                    \
+    _Pragma("clang attribute pop") \
+    _Pragma("clang attribute pop") \
+    _Pragma("clang attribute pop") \
+    _Pragma("clang attribute pop")
+
+// LLVM 4
+#  if defined(__ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) && __ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 50000
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_4 0
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_4 1
+#  endif
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_4_ATTRIBUTE __attribute__((availability(watchos, strict, introduced = 5.0)))
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#else
+
+// ...New vendors can add availability markup here...
+
+#  error                                                                                                               \
+      "It looks like you're trying to enable vendor availability markup, but you haven't defined the corresponding macros yet!"
+
+#endif
+
+// These macros control the availability of std::bad_optional_access and
+// other exception types. These were put in the shared library to prevent
+// code bloat from every user program defining the vtable for these exception
+// types.
+//
+// Note that when exceptions are disabled, the methods that normally throw
+// these exceptions can be used even on older deployment targets, but those
+// methods will abort instead of throwing.
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_4
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_4_ATTRIBUTE
+
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_4
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_4_ATTRIBUTE
+
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_BAD_ANY_CAST _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_4
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_ANY_CAST _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_4_ATTRIBUTE
+
+// These macros control the availability of all parts of <filesystem> that
+// depend on something in the dylib.
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9_ATTRIBUTE
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_PUSH _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9_ATTRIBUTE_PUSH
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_POP _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_9_ATTRIBUTE_POP
+
+// This controls the availability of the C++20 synchronization library,
+// which requires shared library support for various operations
+// (see libcxx/src/atomic.cpp). This includes <barier>, <latch>,
+// <semaphore>, and notification functions on std::atomic.
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_SYNC _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_11
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_11_ATTRIBUTE
+
+// Enable additional explicit instantiations of iostreams components. This
+// reduces the number of weak definitions generated in programs that use
+// iostreams by providing a single strong definition in the shared library.
+//
+// TODO: Enable additional explicit instantiations on GCC once it supports exclude_from_explicit_instantiation,
+//       or once libc++ doesn't use the attribute anymore.
+// TODO: Enable them on Windows once https://llvm.org/PR41018 has been fixed.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC) && !defined(_WIN32)
+#  define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_ADDITIONAL_IOSTREAM_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATIONS_1 _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_12
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_ADDITIONAL_IOSTREAM_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATIONS_1 0
+#endif
+
+// This controls the availability of floating-point std::to_chars functions.
+// These overloads were added later than the integer overloads.
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_14
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TO_CHARS_FLOATING_POINT _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_14_ATTRIBUTE
+
+// This controls whether the library claims to provide a default verbose
+// termination function, and consequently whether the headers will try
+// to use it when the mechanism isn't overriden at compile-time.
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_VERBOSE_ABORT _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_15
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_VERBOSE_ABORT _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_15_ATTRIBUTE
+
+// This controls the availability of the C++17 std::pmr library,
+// which is implemented in large part in the built library.
+//
+// TODO: Enable std::pmr markup once https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/40340 has been fixed
+//       Until then, it is possible for folks to try to use `std::pmr` when back-deploying to targets that don't support
+//       it and it'll be a load-time error, but we don't have a good alternative because the library won't compile if we
+//       use availability annotations until that bug has been fixed.
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_PMR _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_16
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR
+
+// These macros controls the availability of __cxa_init_primary_exception
+// in the built library, which std::make_exception_ptr might use
+// (see libcxx/include/__exception/exception_ptr.h).
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_INIT_PRIMARY_EXCEPTION _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_18
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_INIT_PRIMARY_EXCEPTION _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_18_ATTRIBUTE
+
+// This controls the availability of C++23 <print>, which
+// has a dependency on the built library (it needs access to
+// the underlying buffer types of std::cout, std::cerr, and std::clog.
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_PRINT _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_18
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PRINT _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_18_ATTRIBUTE
+
+// This controls the availability of the C++20 time zone database.
+// The parser code is built in the library.
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_TZDB _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_19
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_TZDB _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_19_ATTRIBUTE
+
+// These macros determine whether we assume that std::bad_function_call and
+// std::bad_expected_access provide a key function in the dylib. This allows
+// centralizing their vtable and typeinfo instead of having all TUs provide
+// a weak definition that then gets deduplicated.
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_BAD_FUNCTION_CALL_KEY_FUNCTION _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_19
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_FUNCTION_CALL_KEY_FUNCTION _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_19_ATTRIBUTE
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_BAD_EXPECTED_ACCESS_KEY_FUNCTION _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_19
+#define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_EXPECTED_ACCESS_KEY_FUNCTION _LIBCPP_INTRODUCED_IN_LLVM_19_ATTRIBUTE
+
+// Define availability attributes that depend on _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS.
+// Those are defined in terms of the availability attributes above, and
+// should not be vendor-specific.
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
+#  define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_ANY_CAST
+#  define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS
+#  define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_ANY_CAST _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_ANY_CAST
+#  define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS
+#  define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS
+#endif
+
+// Define availability attributes that depend on both
+// _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS and _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI.
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS) || defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI)
+#  undef _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_INIT_PRIMARY_EXCEPTION
+#  undef _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_INIT_PRIMARY_EXCEPTION
+#  define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_INIT_PRIMARY_EXCEPTION 0
+#  define _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_INIT_PRIMARY_EXCEPTION
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_AVAILABILITY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/compiler.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/compiler.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..80ece22bb50bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/compiler.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_COMPILER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_COMPILER_H
+
+#include <__config_site>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__apple_build_version__)
+// Given AppleClang XX.Y.Z, _LIBCPP_APPLE_CLANG_VER is XXYZ (e.g. AppleClang 14.0.3 => 1403)
+#  define _LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED
+#  define _LIBCPP_APPLE_CLANG_VER (__apple_build_version__ / 10000)
+#elif defined(__clang__)
+#  define _LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED
+#  define _LIBCPP_CLANG_VER (__clang_major__ * 100 + __clang_minor__)
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#  define _LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC
+#  define _LIBCPP_GCC_VER (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+// Warn if a compiler version is used that is not supported anymore
+// LLVM RELEASE Update the minimum compiler versions
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_CLANG_VER)
+#    if _LIBCPP_CLANG_VER < 1700
+#      warning "Libc++ only supports Clang 17 and later"
+#    endif
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_APPLE_CLANG_VER)
+#    if _LIBCPP_APPLE_CLANG_VER < 1500
+#      warning "Libc++ only supports AppleClang 15 and later"
+#    endif
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_GCC_VER)
+#    if _LIBCPP_GCC_VER < 1400
+#      warning "Libc++ only supports GCC 14 and later"
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_COMPILER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/language.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/language.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fa62a7b6f5c2a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/language.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_LANGUAGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_LANGUAGE_H
+
+#include <__config_site>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// NOLINTBEGIN(libcpp-cpp-version-check)
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#  if __cplusplus <= 201103L
+#    define _LIBCPP_STD_VER 11
+#  elif __cplusplus <= 201402L
+#    define _LIBCPP_STD_VER 14
+#  elif __cplusplus <= 201703L
+#    define _LIBCPP_STD_VER 17
+#  elif __cplusplus <= 202002L
+#    define _LIBCPP_STD_VER 20
+#  elif __cplusplus <= 202302L
+#    define _LIBCPP_STD_VER 23
+#  else
+// Expected release year of the next C++ standard
+#    define _LIBCPP_STD_VER 26
+#  endif
+#endif // __cplusplus
+// NOLINTEND(libcpp-cpp-version-check)
+
+#if !defined(__cpp_rtti) || __cpp_rtti < 199711L
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(__cpp_exceptions) || __cpp_exceptions < 199711L
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_LANGUAGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/platform.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/platform.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..27f68d04e8a8d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__configuration/platform.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_PLATFORM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_PLATFORM_H
+
+#include <__config_site>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__ELF__)
+#  define _LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_ELF 1
+#elif defined(__MACH__)
+#  define _LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_MACHO 1
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+#  define _LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_COFF 1
+#elif defined(__wasm__)
+#  define _LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_WASM 1
+#elif defined(_AIX)
+#  define _LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_XCOFF 1
+#else
+// ... add new file formats here ...
+#endif
+
+// Need to detect which libc we're using if we're on Linux.
+#if defined(__linux__)
+#  include <features.h>
+#  if defined(__GLIBC_PREREQ)
+#    define _LIBCPP_GLIBC_PREREQ(a, b) __GLIBC_PREREQ(a, b)
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_GLIBC_PREREQ(a, b) 0
+#  endif // defined(__GLIBC_PREREQ)
+#endif   // defined(__linux__)
+
+#ifndef __BYTE_ORDER__
+#  error                                                                                                               \
+      "Your compiler doesn't seem to define __BYTE_ORDER__, which is required by libc++ to know the endianness of your target platform"
+#endif
+
+#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+#  define _LIBCPP_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#elif __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
+#  define _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif // __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___CONFIGURATION_PLATFORM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/coroutine_handle.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/coroutine_handle.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4557a6643c2393
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/coroutine_handle.h
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COROUTINE_COROUTINE_HANDLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___COROUTINE_COROUTINE_HANDLE_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <compare>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// [coroutine.handle]
+template <class _Promise = void>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS coroutine_handle;
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS coroutine_handle<void> {
+public:
+  // [coroutine.handle.con], construct/reset
+  constexpr coroutine_handle() noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr coroutine_handle(nullptr_t) noexcept {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI coroutine_handle& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept {
+    __handle_ = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.export.import], export/import
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void* address() const noexcept { return __handle_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr coroutine_handle from_address(void* __addr) noexcept {
+    coroutine_handle __tmp;
+    __tmp.__handle_ = __addr;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.observers], observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return __handle_ != nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool done() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(__is_suspended(), "done() can be called only on suspended coroutines");
+    return __builtin_coro_done(__handle_);
+  }
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.resumption], resumption
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()() const { resume(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resume() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(__is_suspended(), "resume() can be called only on suspended coroutines");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(!done(), "resume() has undefined behavior when the coroutine is done");
+    __builtin_coro_resume(__handle_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void destroy() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(__is_suspended(), "destroy() can be called only on suspended coroutines");
+    __builtin_coro_destroy(__handle_);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_suspended() const {
+    // FIXME actually implement a check for if the coro is suspended.
+    return __handle_ != nullptr;
+  }
+
+  void* __handle_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+// [coroutine.handle.compare]
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(coroutine_handle<> __x, coroutine_handle<> __y) noexcept {
+  return __x.address() == __y.address();
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr strong_ordering
+operator<=>(coroutine_handle<> __x, coroutine_handle<> __y) noexcept {
+  return compare_three_way()(__x.address(), __y.address());
+}
+
+template <class _Promise>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS coroutine_handle {
+public:
+  // [coroutine.handle.con], construct/reset
+  constexpr coroutine_handle() noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr coroutine_handle(nullptr_t) noexcept {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static coroutine_handle from_promise(_Promise& __promise) {
+    using _RawPromise = __remove_cv_t<_Promise>;
+    coroutine_handle __tmp;
+    __tmp.__handle_ =
+        __builtin_coro_promise(std::addressof(const_cast<_RawPromise&>(__promise)), alignof(_Promise), true);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI coroutine_handle& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept {
+    __handle_ = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.export.import], export/import
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void* address() const noexcept { return __handle_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr coroutine_handle from_address(void* __addr) noexcept {
+    coroutine_handle __tmp;
+    __tmp.__handle_ = __addr;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.conv], conversion
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator coroutine_handle<>() const noexcept {
+    return coroutine_handle<>::from_address(address());
+  }
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.observers], observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return __handle_ != nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool done() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(__is_suspended(), "done() can be called only on suspended coroutines");
+    return __builtin_coro_done(__handle_);
+  }
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.resumption], resumption
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()() const { resume(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resume() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(__is_suspended(), "resume() can be called only on suspended coroutines");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(!done(), "resume() has undefined behavior when the coroutine is done");
+    __builtin_coro_resume(__handle_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void destroy() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_EXTERNAL_API_CALL(__is_suspended(), "destroy() can be called only on suspended coroutines");
+    __builtin_coro_destroy(__handle_);
+  }
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.promise], promise access
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Promise& promise() const {
+    return *static_cast<_Promise*>(__builtin_coro_promise(this->__handle_, alignof(_Promise), false));
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_suspended() const {
+    // FIXME actually implement a check for if the coro is suspended.
+    return __handle_ != nullptr;
+  }
+  void* __handle_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+// [coroutine.handle.hash]
+template <class _Tp>
+struct hash<coroutine_handle<_Tp>> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const coroutine_handle<_Tp>& __v) const noexcept {
+    return hash<void*>()(__v.address());
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // __LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COROUTINE_COROUTINE_HANDLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/coroutine_traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/coroutine_traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..78f05341f7486a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/coroutine_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COROUTINE_COROUTINE_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___COROUTINE_COROUTINE_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// [coroutine.traits]
+// [coroutine.traits.primary]
+//   The header <coroutine> defined the primary template coroutine_traits such that
+// if ArgTypes is a parameter pack of types and if the qualified-id R::promise_type
+// is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]), then coroutine_traits<R, ArgTypes...>
+// has the following publicly accessible memebr:
+//
+//    using promise_type = typename R::promise_type;
+//
+// Otherwise, coroutine_traits<R, ArgTypes...> has no members.
+template <class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __coroutine_traits_sfinae {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __coroutine_traits_sfinae< _Tp, __void_t<typename _Tp::promise_type> > {
+  using promise_type = typename _Tp::promise_type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ret, class... _Args>
+struct coroutine_traits : public __coroutine_traits_sfinae<_Ret> {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // __LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COROUTINE_COROUTINE_TRAITS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/noop_coroutine_handle.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/noop_coroutine_handle.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..da13d579604b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/noop_coroutine_handle.h
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___COROUTINE_NOOP_COROUTINE_HANDLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___COROUTINE_NOOP_COROUTINE_HANDLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__coroutine/coroutine_handle.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if __has_builtin(__builtin_coro_noop) || defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+
+// [coroutine.noop]
+// [coroutine.promise.noop]
+struct noop_coroutine_promise {};
+
+// [coroutine.handle.noop]
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS coroutine_handle<noop_coroutine_promise> {
+public:
+  // [coroutine.handle.noop.conv], conversion
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator coroutine_handle<>() const noexcept {
+    return coroutine_handle<>::from_address(address());
+  }
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.noop.observers], observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool done() const noexcept { return false; }
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.noop.resumption], resumption
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator()() const noexcept {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void resume() const noexcept {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void destroy() const noexcept {}
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.noop.promise], promise access
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI noop_coroutine_promise& promise() const noexcept {
+    return *static_cast<noop_coroutine_promise*>(
+        __builtin_coro_promise(this->__handle_, alignof(noop_coroutine_promise), false));
+  }
+
+  // [coroutine.handle.noop.address], address
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void* address() const noexcept { return __handle_; }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend coroutine_handle<noop_coroutine_promise> noop_coroutine() noexcept;
+
+#    if __has_builtin(__builtin_coro_noop)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI coroutine_handle() noexcept { this->__handle_ = __builtin_coro_noop(); }
+
+  void* __handle_ = nullptr;
+
+#    elif defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+  // GCC doesn't implement __builtin_coro_noop().
+  // Construct the coroutine frame manually instead.
+  struct __noop_coroutine_frame_ty_ {
+    static void __dummy_resume_destroy_func() {}
+
+    void (*__resume_)()  = __dummy_resume_destroy_func;
+    void (*__destroy_)() = __dummy_resume_destroy_func;
+    struct noop_coroutine_promise __promise_;
+  };
+
+  static __noop_coroutine_frame_ty_ __noop_coroutine_frame_;
+
+  void* __handle_ = &__noop_coroutine_frame_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI coroutine_handle() noexcept = default;
+
+#    endif // __has_builtin(__builtin_coro_noop)
+};
+
+using noop_coroutine_handle = coroutine_handle<noop_coroutine_promise>;
+
+#    if defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+inline noop_coroutine_handle::__noop_coroutine_frame_ty_ noop_coroutine_handle::__noop_coroutine_frame_{};
+#    endif
+
+// [coroutine.noop.coroutine]
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI noop_coroutine_handle noop_coroutine() noexcept { return noop_coroutine_handle(); }
+
+#  endif // __has_builtin(__builtin_coro_noop) || defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // __LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___COROUTINE_NOOP_COROUTINE_HANDLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/trivial_awaitables.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/trivial_awaitables.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b604bd3c2d8ad2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__coroutine/trivial_awaitables.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef __LIBCPP___COROUTINE_TRIVIAL_AWAITABLES_H
+#define __LIBCPP___COROUTINE_TRIVIAL_AWAITABLES_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__coroutine/coroutine_handle.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// [coroutine.trivial.awaitables]
+struct suspend_never {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool await_ready() const noexcept { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void await_suspend(coroutine_handle<>) const noexcept {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void await_resume() const noexcept {}
+};
+
+struct suspend_always {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool await_ready() const noexcept { return false; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void await_suspend(coroutine_handle<>) const noexcept {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void await_resume() const noexcept {}
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // __LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // __LIBCPP___COROUTINE_TRIVIAL_AWAITABLES_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/randomize_range.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/randomize_range.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7eb77d81ab2a3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/randomize_range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LIBCXX_DEBUG_RANDOMIZE_RANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LIBCXX_DEBUG_RANDOMIZE_RANGE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG_RANDOMIZE_UNSPECIFIED_STABILITY
+#  include <__algorithm/shuffle.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _AlgPolicy, class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void __debug_randomize_range(_Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_DEBUG_RANDOMIZE_UNSPECIFIED_STABILITY
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#    error Support for unspecified stability is only for C++11 and higher
+#  endif
+
+  if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+    std::__shuffle<_AlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __libcpp_debug_randomizer());
+#else
+  (void)__first;
+  (void)__last;
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LIBCXX_DEBUG_RANDOMIZE_RANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/sanitizers.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/sanitizers.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d8547e32493303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/sanitizers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LIBCXX_DEBUG_UTILS_SANITIZERS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LIBCXX_DEBUG_UTILS_SANITIZERS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+
+extern "C" {
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__sanitizer_annotate_contiguous_container(const void*, const void*, const void*, const void*);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __sanitizer_annotate_double_ended_contiguous_container(
+    const void*, const void*, const void*, const void*, const void*, const void*);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int
+__sanitizer_verify_double_ended_contiguous_container(const void*, const void*, const void*, const void*);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// ASan choices
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_ASAN_CONTAINER_ANNOTATIONS_FOR_ALL_ALLOCATORS 1
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_ASAN_CONTAINER_ANNOTATIONS_FOR_ALL_ALLOCATORS
+// __asan_annotate_container_with_allocator determines whether containers with custom allocators are annotated. This is
+// a public customization point to disable annotations if the custom allocator assumes that the memory isn't poisoned.
+// See the https://libcxx.llvm.org/UsingLibcxx.html#turning-off-asan-annotation-in-containers for more information.
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __asan_annotate_container_with_allocator : true_type {};
+#endif
+
+// Annotate a double-ended contiguous range.
+// - [__first_storage, __last_storage) is the allocated memory region,
+// - [__first_old_contained, __last_old_contained) is the previously allowed (unpoisoned) range, and
+// - [__first_new_contained, __last_new_contained) is the new allowed (unpoisoned) range.
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_double_ended_contiguous_container(
+    const void* __first_storage,
+    const void* __last_storage,
+    const void* __first_old_contained,
+    const void* __last_old_contained,
+    const void* __first_new_contained,
+    const void* __last_new_contained) {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+  (void)__first_storage;
+  (void)__last_storage;
+  (void)__first_old_contained;
+  (void)__last_old_contained;
+  (void)__first_new_contained;
+  (void)__last_new_contained;
+#else
+  if (__asan_annotate_container_with_allocator<_Allocator>::value && __first_storage != nullptr)
+    __sanitizer_annotate_double_ended_contiguous_container(
+        __first_storage,
+        __last_storage,
+        __first_old_contained,
+        __last_old_contained,
+        __first_new_contained,
+        __last_new_contained);
+#endif
+}
+
+// Annotate a contiguous range.
+// [__first_storage, __last_storage) is the allocated memory region,
+// __old_last_contained is the previously last allowed (unpoisoned) element, and
+// __new_last_contained is the new last allowed (unpoisoned) element.
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void __annotate_contiguous_container(
+    const void* __first_storage,
+    const void* __last_storage,
+    const void* __old_last_contained,
+    const void* __new_last_contained) {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+  (void)__first_storage;
+  (void)__last_storage;
+  (void)__old_last_contained;
+  (void)__new_last_contained;
+#else
+  if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated() && __asan_annotate_container_with_allocator<_Allocator>::value &&
+      __first_storage != nullptr)
+    __sanitizer_annotate_contiguous_container(
+        __first_storage, __last_storage, __old_last_contained, __new_last_contained);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LIBCXX_DEBUG_UTILS_SANITIZERS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/strict_weak_ordering_check.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/strict_weak_ordering_check.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3a9d887284164d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__debug_utils/strict_weak_ordering_check.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LIBCXX_DEBUG_STRICT_WEAK_ORDERING_CHECK
+#define _LIBCPP___LIBCXX_DEBUG_STRICT_WEAK_ORDERING_CHECK
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h>
+#include <__algorithm/is_sorted.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Comp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__check_strict_weak_ordering_sorted(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp& __comp) {
+#if _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE == _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEBUG
+  using __
diff _t  = __iter_
diff _t<_RandomAccessIterator>;
+  using _Comp_ref = __comp_ref_type<_Comp>;
+  if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    // Check if the range is actually sorted.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(
+        (std::is_sorted<_RandomAccessIterator, _Comp_ref>(__first, __last, _Comp_ref(__comp))),
+        "The range is not sorted after the sort, your comparator is not a valid strict-weak ordering");
+    // Limit the number of elements we need to check.
+    __
diff _t __size = __last - __first > __
diff _t(100) ? __
diff _t(100) : __last - __first;
+    __
diff _t __p    = 0;
+    while (__p < __size) {
+      __
diff _t __q = __p + __
diff _t(1);
+      // Find first element that is greater than *(__first+__p).
+      while (__q < __size && !__comp(*(__first + __p), *(__first + __q))) {
+        ++__q;
+      }
+      // Check that the elements from __p to __q are equal between each other.
+      for (__
diff _t __b = __p; __b < __q; ++__b) {
+        for (__
diff _t __a = __p; __a <= __b; ++__a) {
+          _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(
+              !__comp(*(__first + __a), *(__first + __b)), "Your comparator is not a valid strict-weak ordering");
+          _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(
+              !__comp(*(__first + __b), *(__first + __a)), "Your comparator is not a valid strict-weak ordering");
+        }
+      }
+      // Check that elements between __p and __q are less than between __q and __size.
+      for (__
diff _t __a = __p; __a < __q; ++__a) {
+        for (__
diff _t __b = __q; __b < __size; ++__b) {
+          _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(
+              __comp(*(__first + __a), *(__first + __b)), "Your comparator is not a valid strict-weak ordering");
+          _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(
+              !__comp(*(__first + __b), *(__first + __a)), "Your comparator is not a valid strict-weak ordering");
+        }
+      }
+      // Skip these equal elements.
+      __p = __q;
+    }
+  }
+#else
+  (void)__first;
+  (void)__last;
+  (void)__comp;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE == _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_DEBUG
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LIBCXX_DEBUG_STRICT_WEAK_ORDERING_CHECK

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/exception.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/exception.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e724e1b99bd14e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/exception.h
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_EXCEPTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_EXCEPTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+// <vcruntime_exception.h> defines its own std::exception and std::bad_exception types,
+// which we use in order to be ABI-compatible with other STLs on Windows.
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME)
+#  include <vcruntime_exception.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+namespace std { // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME) && (!defined(_HAS_EXCEPTIONS) || _HAS_EXCEPTIONS != 0)
+// The std::exception class was already included above, but we're explicit about this condition here for clarity.
+
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME) && _HAS_EXCEPTIONS == 0
+// However, <vcruntime_exception.h> does not define std::exception and std::bad_exception
+// when _HAS_EXCEPTIONS == 0.
+//
+// Since libc++ still wants to provide the std::exception hierarchy even when _HAS_EXCEPTIONS == 0
+// (after all those are simply types like any other), we define an ABI-compatible version
+// of the VCRuntime std::exception and std::bad_exception types in that mode.
+
+struct __std_exception_data {
+  char const* _What;
+  bool _DoFree;
+};
+
+class exception { // base of all library exceptions
+public:
+  exception() _NOEXCEPT : __data_() {}
+
+  explicit exception(char const* __message) _NOEXCEPT : __data_() {
+    __data_._What   = __message;
+    __data_._DoFree = true;
+  }
+
+  exception(exception const&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  exception& operator=(exception const&) _NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
+
+  virtual ~exception() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  virtual char const* what() const _NOEXCEPT { return __data_._What ? __data_._What : "Unknown exception"; }
+
+private:
+  __std_exception_data __data_;
+};
+
+class bad_exception : public exception {
+public:
+  bad_exception() _NOEXCEPT : exception("bad exception") {}
+};
+
+#else  // !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME)
+// On all other platforms, we define our own std::exception and std::bad_exception types
+// regardless of whether exceptions are turned on as a language feature.
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI exception {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI exception() _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI exception(const exception&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI exception& operator=(const exception&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+  virtual ~exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bad_exception : public exception {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_exception() _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_exception(const bad_exception&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_exception& operator=(const bad_exception&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~bad_exception() _NOEXCEPT override;
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_EXCEPTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/exception_ptr.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/exception_ptr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..beadd9212abd10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/exception_ptr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_EXCEPTION_PTR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_EXCEPTION_PTR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/operations.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <new>
+#include <typeinfo>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_INIT_PRIMARY_EXCEPTION
+
+namespace __cxxabiv1 {
+
+extern "C" {
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void* __cxa_allocate_exception(size_t) throw();
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void __cxa_free_exception(void*) throw();
+
+struct __cxa_exception;
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS __cxa_exception* __cxa_init_primary_exception(
+    void*,
+    std::type_info*,
+#    if defined(_WIN32)
+    void(__thiscall*)(void*)) throw();
+#    elif defined(__wasm__)
+    // In Wasm, a destructor returns its argument
+    void* (*)(void*)) throw();
+#    else
+    void (*)(void*)) throw();
+#    endif
+}
+
+} // namespace __cxxabiv1
+
+#  endif
+
+#endif
+
+namespace std { // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI exception_ptr {
+  void* __ptr_;
+
+  static exception_ptr __from_native_exception_pointer(void*) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Ep>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI exception_ptr make_exception_ptr(_Ep) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+public:
+  // exception_ptr is basically a COW string.
+  using __trivially_relocatable = exception_ptr;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI exception_ptr() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI exception_ptr(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_() {}
+
+  exception_ptr(const exception_ptr&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  exception_ptr& operator=(const exception_ptr&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  ~exception_ptr() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT { return __ptr_ != nullptr; }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const exception_ptr& __x, const exception_ptr& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const exception_ptr& __x, const exception_ptr& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI exception_ptr current_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+  friend _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void rethrow_exception(exception_ptr);
+};
+
+template <class _Ep>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI exception_ptr make_exception_ptr(_Ep __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#    if _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_INIT_PRIMARY_EXCEPTION && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+  using _Ep2 = __decay_t<_Ep>;
+
+  void* __ex = __cxxabiv1::__cxa_allocate_exception(sizeof(_Ep));
+#      ifdef __wasm__
+  // In Wasm, a destructor returns its argument
+  (void)__cxxabiv1::__cxa_init_primary_exception(
+      __ex, const_cast<std::type_info*>(&typeid(_Ep)), [](void* __p) -> void* {
+#      else
+  (void)__cxxabiv1::__cxa_init_primary_exception(__ex, const_cast<std::type_info*>(&typeid(_Ep)), [](void* __p) {
+#      endif
+        std::__destroy_at(static_cast<_Ep2*>(__p));
+#      ifdef __wasm__
+        return __p;
+#      endif
+      });
+
+  try {
+    ::new (__ex) _Ep2(__e);
+    return exception_ptr::__from_native_exception_pointer(__ex);
+  } catch (...) {
+    __cxxabiv1::__cxa_free_exception(__ex);
+    return current_exception();
+  }
+#    else
+  try {
+    throw __e;
+  } catch (...) {
+    return current_exception();
+  }
+#    endif
+#  else
+  ((void)__e);
+  std::abort();
+#  endif
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI exception_ptr {
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+  _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wunused-private-field")
+  void* __ptr1_;
+  void* __ptr2_;
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+
+public:
+  exception_ptr() _NOEXCEPT;
+  exception_ptr(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT;
+  exception_ptr(const exception_ptr& __other) _NOEXCEPT;
+  exception_ptr& operator=(const exception_ptr& __other) _NOEXCEPT;
+  exception_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT;
+  ~exception_ptr() _NOEXCEPT;
+  explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const exception_ptr& __x, const exception_ptr& __y) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const exception_ptr& __x, const exception_ptr& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void swap(exception_ptr&, exception_ptr&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI exception_ptr __copy_exception_ptr(void* __except, const void* __ptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI exception_ptr current_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void rethrow_exception(exception_ptr);
+
+// This is a built-in template function which automagically extracts the required
+// information.
+template <class _E>
+void* __GetExceptionInfo(_E);
+
+template <class _Ep>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI exception_ptr make_exception_ptr(_Ep __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __copy_exception_ptr(std::addressof(__e), __GetExceptionInfo(__e));
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT
+} // namespace std
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_EXCEPTION_PTR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/nested_exception.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/nested_exception.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..feb489f87f62f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/nested_exception.h
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_NESTED_EXCEPTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_NESTED_EXCEPTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/exception_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_base_of.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_class.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_final.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_polymorphic.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+namespace std { // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI nested_exception {
+  exception_ptr __ptr_;
+
+public:
+  nested_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI nested_exception(const nested_exception&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI nested_exception& operator=(const nested_exception&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  virtual ~nested_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  // access functions
+  _LIBCPP_NORETURN void rethrow_nested() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI exception_ptr nested_ptr() const _NOEXCEPT { return __ptr_; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __nested : public _Tp, public nested_exception {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __nested(const _Tp& __t) : _Tp(__t) {}
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool>
+struct __throw_with_nested;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __throw_with_nested<_Tp, _Up, true> {
+  _LIBCPP_NORETURN static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __do_throw(_Tp&& __t) {
+    throw __nested<_Up>(std::forward<_Tp>(__t));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __throw_with_nested<_Tp, _Up, false> {
+  _LIBCPP_NORETURN static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __do_throw(_Tp&& __t) { throw std::forward<_Tp>(__t); }
+};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void throw_with_nested(_Tp&& __t) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  using _Up = __decay_t<_Tp>;
+  static_assert(is_copy_constructible<_Up>::value, "type thrown must be CopyConstructible");
+  __throw_with_nested<_Tp,
+                      _Up,
+                      is_class<_Up>::value && !is_base_of<nested_exception, _Up>::value &&
+                          !__libcpp_is_final<_Up>::value>::__do_throw(std::forward<_Tp>(__t));
+#else
+  ((void)__t);
+  // FIXME: Make this abort
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+struct __can_dynamic_cast
+    : _BoolConstant< is_polymorphic<_From>::value &&
+                     (!is_base_of<_To, _From>::value || is_convertible<const _From*, const _To*>::value)> {};
+
+template <class _Ep, __enable_if_t< __can_dynamic_cast<_Ep, nested_exception>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void rethrow_if_nested(const _Ep& __e) {
+  const nested_exception* __nep = dynamic_cast<const nested_exception*>(std::addressof(__e));
+  if (__nep)
+    __nep->rethrow_nested();
+}
+
+template <class _Ep, __enable_if_t<!__can_dynamic_cast<_Ep, nested_exception>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void rethrow_if_nested(const _Ep&) {}
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_NESTED_EXCEPTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/operations.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/operations.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0a9c7a7c7f0d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/operations.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_OPERATIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_OPERATIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+namespace std { // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_UNEXPECTED_FUNCTIONS) ||                             \
+    defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+using unexpected_handler = void (*)();
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI unexpected_handler set_unexpected(unexpected_handler) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI unexpected_handler get_unexpected() _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void unexpected();
+#endif
+
+using terminate_handler = void (*)();
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI terminate_handler set_terminate(terminate_handler) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI terminate_handler get_terminate() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool uncaught_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int uncaught_exceptions() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI exception_ptr;
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI exception_ptr current_exception() _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void rethrow_exception(exception_ptr);
+} // namespace std
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_OPERATIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/terminate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/terminate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e672471dc52631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__exception/terminate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_TERMINATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_TERMINATE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+namespace std { // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void terminate() _NOEXCEPT;
+} // namespace std
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___EXCEPTION_TERMINATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/bad_expected_access.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/bad_expected_access.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1b734389e8311f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/bad_expected_access.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_BAD_EXPECTED_ACCESS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_BAD_EXPECTED_ACCESS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/exception.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Err>
+class bad_expected_access;
+
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+#  if !_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_BAD_EXPECTED_ACCESS_KEY_FUNCTION
+_LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wweak-vtables")
+#  endif
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bad_expected_access<void> : public exception {
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_expected_access() noexcept                                      = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_expected_access(const bad_expected_access&) noexcept            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_expected_access(bad_expected_access&&) noexcept                 = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_expected_access& operator=(const bad_expected_access&) noexcept = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_expected_access& operator=(bad_expected_access&&) noexcept      = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~bad_expected_access() override                             = default;
+
+public:
+#  if _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_BAD_EXPECTED_ACCESS_KEY_FUNCTION
+  const char* what() const noexcept override;
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL const char* what() const noexcept override { return "bad access to std::expected"; }
+#  endif
+};
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+
+template <class _Err>
+class bad_expected_access : public bad_expected_access<void> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit bad_expected_access(_Err __e) : __unex_(std::move(__e)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Err& error() & noexcept { return __unex_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Err& error() const& noexcept { return __unex_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Err&& error() && noexcept { return std::move(__unex_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Err&& error() const&& noexcept { return std::move(__unex_); }
+
+private:
+  _Err __unex_;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_BAD_EXPECTED_ACCESS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/expected.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/expected.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f618b20603e609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/expected.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1875 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_EXPECTED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_EXPECTED_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__expected/bad_expected_access.h>
+#include <__expected/unexpect.h>
+#include <__expected/unexpected.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/disjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/lazy.h>
+#include <__type_traits/negation.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/as_const.h>
+#include <__utility/exception_guard.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Err>
+class expected;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_std_expected : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Err>
+struct __is_std_expected<expected<_Tp, _Err>> : true_type {};
+
+struct __expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag {};
+struct __expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag {};
+
+template <class _Err, class _Arg>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_bad_expected_access(_Arg&& __arg) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw bad_expected_access<_Err>(std::forward<_Arg>(__arg));
+#  else
+  (void)__arg;
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("bad_expected_access was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#  endif
+}
+
+// If parameter type `_Tp` of `__conditional_no_unique_address` is neither
+// copyable nor movable, a constructor with this tag is provided. For that
+// constructor, the user has to provide a function and arguments. The function
+// must return an object of type `_Tp`. When the function is invoked by the
+// constructor, guaranteed copy elision kicks in and the `_Tp` is constructed
+// in place.
+struct __conditional_no_unique_address_invoke_tag {};
+
+// This class implements an object with `[[no_unique_address]]` conditionally applied to it,
+// based on the value of `_NoUnique`.
+//
+// A member of this class must always have `[[no_unique_address]]` applied to
+// it. Otherwise, the `[[no_unique_address]]` in the "`_NoUnique == true`" case
+// would not have any effect. In the `false` case, the `__v` is not
+// `[[no_unique_address]]`, so nullifies the effects of the "outer"
+// `[[no_unique_address]]` regarding data layout.
+//
+// If we had a language feature, this class would basically be replaced by `[[no_unique_address(condition)]]`.
+template <bool _NoUnique, class _Tp>
+struct __conditional_no_unique_address;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __conditional_no_unique_address<true, _Tp> {
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __conditional_no_unique_address(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __v(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template <class _Func, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __conditional_no_unique_address(
+      __conditional_no_unique_address_invoke_tag, _Func&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __v(std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Tp __v;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __conditional_no_unique_address<false, _Tp> {
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __conditional_no_unique_address(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __v(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template <class _Func, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __conditional_no_unique_address(
+      __conditional_no_unique_address_invoke_tag, _Func&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __v(std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {}
+
+  _Tp __v;
+};
+
+// This function returns whether the type `_Second` can be stuffed into the tail padding
+// of the `_First` type if both of them are given `[[no_unique_address]]`.
+template <class _First, class _Second>
+inline constexpr bool __fits_in_tail_padding = []() {
+  struct __x {
+    _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _First __first;
+    _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Second __second;
+  };
+  return sizeof(__x) == sizeof(_First);
+}();
+
+// This class implements the storage used by `std::expected`. We have a few
+// goals for this storage:
+// 1. Whenever the underlying {_Tp | _Unex} combination has free bytes in its
+//    tail padding, we should reuse it to store the bool discriminator of the
+//    expected, so as to save space.
+// 2. Whenever the `expected<_Tp, _Unex>` as a whole has free bytes in its tail
+//    padding, we should allow an object following the expected to be stored in
+//    its tail padding.
+// 3. However, we never want a user object (say `X`) that would follow an
+//    `expected<_Tp, _Unex>` to be stored in the padding bytes of the
+//    underlying {_Tp | _Unex} union, if any. That is because we use
+//    `construct_at` on that union, which would end up overwriting the `X`
+//    member if it is stored in the tail padding of the union.
+//
+// To achieve this, `__expected_base`'s logic is implemented in an inner
+// `__repr` class. `__expected_base` holds one `__repr` member which is
+// conditionally `[[no_unique_address]]`. The `__repr` class holds the
+// underlying {_Tp | _Unex} union and a boolean "has value" flag.
+//
+// Which one of the `__repr_`/`__union_` members is `[[no_unique_address]]`
+// depends on whether the "has value" boolean fits into the tail padding of
+// the underlying {_Tp | _Unex} union:
+//
+// - In case the "has value" bool fits into the tail padding of the union, the
+//   whole `__repr_` member is _not_ `[[no_unique_address]]` as it needs to be
+//   transparently replaced on `emplace()`/`swap()` etc.
+// - In case the "has value" bool does not fit into the tail padding of the
+//   union, only the union member must be transparently replaced (therefore is
+//   _not_ `[[no_unique_address]]`) and the "has value" flag must be adjusted
+//   manually.
+//
+// This way, the member that is transparently replaced on mutating operations
+// is never `[[no_unique_address]]`, satisfying the requirements from
+// "[basic.life]" in the standard.
+//
+// Stripped away of all superfluous elements, the layout of `__expected_base`
+// then looks like this:
+//
+//     template <class Tp, class Err>
+//     class expected_base {
+//       union union_t {
+//         [[no_unique_address]] Tp val;
+//         [[no_unique_address]] Err unex;
+//       };
+//
+//       static constexpr bool put_flag_in_tail                    = fits_in_tail_padding<union_t, bool>;
+//       static constexpr bool allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding = !put_flag_in_tail;
+//
+//       struct repr {
+//       private:
+//         // If "has value" fits into the tail, this should be
+//         // `[[no_unique_address]]`, otherwise not.
+//         [[no_unique_address]] conditional_no_unique_address<
+//             put_flag_in_tail,
+//             union_t>::type union_;
+//         [[no_unique_address]] bool has_val_;
+//       };
+//
+//     protected:
+//       // If "has value" fits into the tail, this must _not_ be
+//       // `[[no_unique_address]]` so that we fill out the
+//       // complete `expected` object.
+//       [[no_unique_address]] conditional_no_unique_address<
+//           allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding,
+//           repr>::type repr_;
+//     };
+//
+template <class _Tp, class _Err>
+class __expected_base {
+  // use named union because [[no_unique_address]] cannot be applied to an unnamed union,
+  // also guaranteed elision into a potentially-overlapping subobject is unsettled (and
+  // it's not clear that it's implementable, given that the function is allowed to clobber
+  // the tail padding) - see https://github.com/itanium-cxx-abi/cxx-abi/issues/107.
+  union __union_t {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t(const __union_t&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t(const __union_t&)
+      requires(is_copy_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> &&
+               is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t(__union_t&&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t(__union_t&&)
+      requires(is_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_move_constructible_v<_Err> &&
+               is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t& operator=(const __union_t&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t& operator=(__union_t&&)      = delete;
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __union_t(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+        : __val_(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __union_t(unexpect_t, _Args&&... __args)
+        : __unex_(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+    template <class _Func, class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __union_t(
+        std::__expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag, _Func&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+        : __val_(std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {}
+
+    template <class _Func, class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __union_t(
+        std::__expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag, _Func&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+        : __unex_(std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ~__union_t()
+      requires(is_trivially_destructible_v<_Tp> && is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+
+    // __repr's destructor handles this
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ~__union_t() {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Tp __val_;
+    _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Err __unex_;
+  };
+
+  static constexpr bool __put_flag_in_tail                    = __fits_in_tail_padding<__union_t, bool>;
+  static constexpr bool __allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding = !__put_flag_in_tail;
+
+  struct __repr {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __repr() = delete;
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __repr(in_place_t __tag, _Args&&... __args)
+        : __union_(in_place, __tag, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...), __has_val_(true) {}
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __repr(unexpect_t __tag, _Args&&... __args)
+        : __union_(in_place, __tag, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...), __has_val_(false) {}
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __repr(std::__expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag __tag,
+                                                    _Args&&... __args)
+        : __union_(in_place, __tag, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...), __has_val_(true) {}
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __repr(std::__expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag __tag,
+                                                    _Args&&... __args)
+        : __union_(in_place, __tag, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...), __has_val_(false) {}
+
+    // The return value of `__make_union` must be constructed in place in the
+    // `__v` member of `__union_`, relying on guaranteed copy elision. To do
+    // this, the `__conditional_no_unique_address_invoke_tag` constructor is
+    // called with a lambda that is immediately called inside
+    // `__conditional_no_unique_address`'s constructor.
+    template <class _OtherUnion>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __repr(bool __has_val, _OtherUnion&& __other)
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding)
+        : __union_(__conditional_no_unique_address_invoke_tag{},
+                   [&] { return __make_union(__has_val, std::forward<_OtherUnion>(__other)); }),
+          __has_val_(__has_val) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr(const __repr&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr(const __repr&)
+      requires(is_copy_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> &&
+               is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr(__repr&&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr(__repr&&)
+      requires(is_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_move_constructible_v<_Err> &&
+               is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr& operator=(const __repr&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr& operator=(__repr&&)      = delete;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ~__repr()
+      requires(is_trivially_destructible_v<_Tp> && is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ~__repr()
+      requires(!is_trivially_destructible_v<_Tp> || !is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>)
+    {
+      __destroy_union_member();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __destroy_union()
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding &&
+               (is_trivially_destructible_v<_Tp> && is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>))
+    {
+      // Note: Since the destructor of the union is trivial, this does nothing
+      // except to end the lifetime of the union.
+      std::destroy_at(&__union_.__v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __destroy_union()
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding &&
+               (!is_trivially_destructible_v<_Tp> || !is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>))
+    {
+      __destroy_union_member();
+      std::destroy_at(&__union_.__v);
+    }
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __construct_union(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding)
+    {
+      std::construct_at(&__union_.__v, in_place, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+      __has_val_ = true;
+    }
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __construct_union(unexpect_t, _Args&&... __args)
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding)
+    {
+      std::construct_at(&__union_.__v, unexpect, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+      __has_val_ = false;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    template <class, class>
+    friend class __expected_base;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __destroy_union_member()
+      requires(!is_trivially_destructible_v<_Tp> || !is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>)
+    {
+      if (__has_val_) {
+        std::destroy_at(std::addressof(__union_.__v.__val_));
+      } else {
+        std::destroy_at(std::addressof(__union_.__v.__unex_));
+      }
+    }
+
+    template <class _OtherUnion>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr __union_t __make_union(bool __has_val, _OtherUnion&& __other)
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding)
+    {
+      if (__has_val)
+        return __union_t(in_place, std::forward<_OtherUnion>(__other).__val_);
+      else
+        return __union_t(unexpect, std::forward<_OtherUnion>(__other).__unex_);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __conditional_no_unique_address<__put_flag_in_tail, __union_t> __union_;
+    _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS bool __has_val_;
+  };
+
+  template <class _OtherUnion>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr __repr __make_repr(bool __has_val, _OtherUnion&& __other)
+    requires(__put_flag_in_tail)
+  {
+    if (__has_val)
+      return __repr(in_place, std::forward<_OtherUnion>(__other).__val_);
+    else
+      return __repr(unexpect, std::forward<_OtherUnion>(__other).__unex_);
+  }
+
+protected:
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __expected_base(_Args&&... __args)
+      : __repr_(in_place, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  // In case we copy/move construct from another `expected` we need to create
+  // our `expected` so that it either has a value or not, depending on the "has
+  // value" flag of the other `expected`. To do this without falling back on
+  // `std::construct_at` we rely on guaranteed copy elision using two helper
+  // functions `__make_repr` and `__make_union`. There have to be two since
+  // there are two data layouts with 
diff erent members being
+  // `[[no_unique_address]]`. GCC (as of version 13) does not do guaranteed
+  // copy elision when initializing `[[no_unique_address]]` members. The two
+  // cases are:
+  //
+  // - `__make_repr`: This is used when the "has value" flag lives in the tail
+  //   of the union. In this case, the `__repr` member is _not_
+  //   `[[no_unique_address]]`.
+  // - `__make_union`: When the "has value" flag does _not_ fit in the tail of
+  //   the union, the `__repr` member is `[[no_unique_address]]` and the union
+  //   is not.
+  //
+  // This constructor "catches" the first case and leaves the second case to
+  // `__union_t`, its constructors and `__make_union`.
+  template <class _OtherUnion>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __expected_base(bool __has_val, _OtherUnion&& __other)
+    requires(__put_flag_in_tail)
+      : __repr_(__conditional_no_unique_address_invoke_tag{},
+                [&] { return __make_repr(__has_val, std::forward<_OtherUnion>(__other)); }) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __destroy() {
+    if constexpr (__put_flag_in_tail)
+      std::destroy_at(&__repr_.__v);
+    else
+      __repr_.__v.__destroy_union();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tag, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __construct(_Tag __tag, _Args&&... __args) {
+    if constexpr (__put_flag_in_tail)
+      std::construct_at(&__repr_.__v, __tag, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    else
+      __repr_.__v.__construct_union(__tag, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __has_val() const { return __repr_.__v.__has_val_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t& __union() { return __repr_.__v.__union_.__v; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const __union_t& __union() const { return __repr_.__v.__union_.__v; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& __val() { return __repr_.__v.__union_.__v.__val_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp& __val() const { return __repr_.__v.__union_.__v.__val_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err& __unex() { return __repr_.__v.__union_.__v.__unex_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Err& __unex() const { return __repr_.__v.__union_.__v.__unex_; }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __conditional_no_unique_address<__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding, __repr> __repr_;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Err>
+class expected : private __expected_base<_Tp, _Err> {
+  static_assert(!is_reference_v<_Tp> && !is_function_v<_Tp> && !is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, in_place_t> &&
+                    !is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, unexpect_t> && !__is_std_unexpected<remove_cv_t<_Tp>>::value &&
+                    __valid_std_unexpected<_Err>::value,
+                "[expected.object.general] A program that instantiates the definition of template expected<T, E> for a "
+                "reference type, a function type, or for possibly cv-qualified types in_place_t, unexpect_t, or a "
+                "specialization of unexpected for the T parameter is ill-formed. A program that instantiates the "
+                "definition of the template expected<T, E> with a type for the E parameter that is not a valid "
+                "template argument for unexpected is ill-formed.");
+
+  template <class _Up, class _OtherErr>
+  friend class expected;
+
+  using __base = __expected_base<_Tp, _Err>;
+
+public:
+  using value_type      = _Tp;
+  using error_type      = _Err;
+  using unexpected_type = unexpected<_Err>;
+
+  using __trivially_relocatable =
+      __conditional_t<__libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_Tp>::value && __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_Err>::value,
+                      expected,
+                      void>;
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  using rebind = expected<_Up, error_type>;
+
+  // [expected.object.ctor], constructors
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Tp>) // strengthened
+    requires is_default_constructible_v<_Tp>
+      : __base(in_place) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected(const expected&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected(const expected&)
+    requires(is_copy_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> && is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Tp> &&
+             is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Err>)
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected(const expected& __other) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Err>) // strengthened
+    requires(is_copy_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> &&
+             !(is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Err>))
+      : __base(__other.__has_val(), __other.__union()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected(expected&&)
+    requires(is_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_move_constructible_v<_Err> && is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Tp> &&
+             is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected(expected&& __other) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    requires(is_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_move_constructible_v<_Err> &&
+             !(is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Err>))
+      : __base(__other.__has_val(), std::move(__other.__union())) {}
+
+private:
+  template <class _Up, class _OtherErr, class _UfQual, class _OtherErrQual>
+  using __can_convert =
+      _And< is_constructible<_Tp, _UfQual>,
+            is_constructible<_Err, _OtherErrQual>,
+            _If<_Not<is_same<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, bool>>::value,
+                _And< 
+                      _Not<_And<is_same<_Tp, _Up>, is_same<_Err, _OtherErr>>>, // use the copy constructor instead, see #92676
+                      _Not<is_constructible<_Tp, expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&>>,
+                      _Not<is_constructible<_Tp, expected<_Up, _OtherErr>>>,
+                      _Not<is_constructible<_Tp, const expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&>>,
+                      _Not<is_constructible<_Tp, const expected<_Up, _OtherErr>>>,
+                      _Not<is_convertible<expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&, _Tp>>,
+                      _Not<is_convertible<expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&&, _Tp>>,
+                      _Not<is_convertible<const expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&, _Tp>>,
+                      _Not<is_convertible<const expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&&, _Tp>>>,
+                true_type>,
+            _Not<is_constructible<unexpected<_Err>, expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&>>,
+            _Not<is_constructible<unexpected<_Err>, expected<_Up, _OtherErr>>>,
+            _Not<is_constructible<unexpected<_Err>, const expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&>>,
+            _Not<is_constructible<unexpected<_Err>, const expected<_Up, _OtherErr>>> >;
+
+  template <class _Func, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit expected(
+      std::__expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag __tag, _Func&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __base(__tag, std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template <class _Func, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit expected(
+      std::__expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag __tag, _Func&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __base(__tag, std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+public:
+  template <class _Up, class _OtherErr>
+    requires __can_convert<_Up, _OtherErr, const _Up&, const _OtherErr&>::value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<const _Up&, _Tp> ||
+                                           !is_convertible_v<const _OtherErr&, _Err>)
+      expected(const expected<_Up, _OtherErr>& __other) noexcept(
+          is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, const _Up&> &&
+          is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, const _OtherErr&>) // strengthened
+      : __base(__other.__has_val(), __other.__union()) {}
+
+  template <class _Up, class _OtherErr>
+    requires __can_convert<_Up, _OtherErr, _Up, _OtherErr>::value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_Up, _Tp> || !is_convertible_v<_OtherErr, _Err>)
+      expected(expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&& __other) noexcept(
+          is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Up> && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, _OtherErr>) // strengthened
+      : __base(__other.__has_val(), std::move(__other.__union())) {}
+
+  template <class _Up = _Tp>
+    requires(!is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<_Up>, in_place_t> && !is_same_v<expected, remove_cvref_t<_Up>> &&
+             is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Up> && !__is_std_unexpected<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value &&
+             (!is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, bool> || !__is_std_expected<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value))
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_Up, _Tp>)
+      expected(_Up&& __u) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Up>) // strengthened
+      : __base(in_place, std::forward<_Up>(__u)) {}
+
+  template <class _OtherErr>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, const _OtherErr&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<const _OtherErr&, _Err>) expected(
+      const unexpected<_OtherErr>& __unex) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, const _OtherErr&>) // strengthened
+      : __base(unexpect, __unex.error()) {}
+
+  template <class _OtherErr>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _OtherErr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_OtherErr, _Err>)
+      expected(unexpected<_OtherErr>&& __unex) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, _OtherErr>) // strengthened
+      : __base(unexpect, std::move(__unex.error())) {}
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit expected(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>) // strengthened
+      : __base(in_place, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template <class _Up, class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v< _Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args... >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit expected(in_place_t, initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>) // strengthened
+      : __base(in_place, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _Args...>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit expected(unexpect_t, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, _Args...>) // strengthened
+      : __base(unexpect, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template <class _Up, class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v< _Err, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args... >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit expected(unexpect_t, initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>) // strengthened
+      : __base(unexpect, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  // [expected.object.dtor], destructor
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ~expected() = default;
+
+private:
+  template <class _Tag, class _OtherTag, class _T1, class _T2, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __reinit_expected(_T2& __oldval, _Args&&... __args) {
+    if constexpr (is_nothrow_constructible_v<_T1, _Args...>) {
+      this->__destroy();
+      this->__construct(_Tag{}, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    } else if constexpr (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_T1>) {
+      _T1 __tmp(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+      this->__destroy();
+      this->__construct(_Tag{}, std::move(__tmp));
+    } else {
+      static_assert(
+          is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_T2>,
+          "To provide strong exception guarantee, T2 has to satisfy `is_nothrow_move_constructible_v` so that it can "
+          "be reverted to the previous state in case an exception is thrown during the assignment.");
+      _T2 __tmp(std::move(__oldval));
+      this->__destroy();
+      auto __trans = std::__make_exception_guard([&] { this->__construct(_OtherTag{}, std::move(__tmp)); });
+      this->__construct(_Tag{}, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+      __trans.__complete();
+    }
+  }
+
+public:
+  // [expected.object.assign], assignment
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected& operator=(const expected&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected& operator=(const expected& __rhs) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<_Err> &&
+      is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Err>) // strengthened
+    requires(is_copy_assignable_v<_Tp> && is_copy_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_copy_assignable_v<_Err> &&
+             is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> &&
+             (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp> || is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Err>))
+  {
+    if (this->__has_val() && __rhs.__has_val()) {
+      this->__val() = __rhs.__val();
+    } else if (this->__has_val()) {
+      __reinit_expected<unexpect_t, in_place_t, _Err, _Tp>(this->__val(), __rhs.__unex());
+    } else if (__rhs.__has_val()) {
+      __reinit_expected<in_place_t, unexpect_t, _Tp, _Err>(this->__unex(), __rhs.__val());
+    } else {
+      this->__unex() = __rhs.__unex();
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected&
+  operator=(expected&& __rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp> &&
+                                       is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_Err> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    requires(is_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_move_assignable_v<_Tp> && is_move_constructible_v<_Err> &&
+             is_move_assignable_v<_Err> &&
+             (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp> || is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Err>))
+  {
+    if (this->__has_val() && __rhs.__has_val()) {
+      this->__val() = std::move(__rhs.__val());
+    } else if (this->__has_val()) {
+      __reinit_expected<unexpect_t, in_place_t, _Err, _Tp>(this->__val(), std::move(__rhs.__unex()));
+    } else if (__rhs.__has_val()) {
+      __reinit_expected<in_place_t, unexpect_t, _Tp, _Err>(this->__unex(), std::move(__rhs.__val()));
+    } else {
+      this->__unex() = std::move(__rhs.__unex());
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up = _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected& operator=(_Up&& __v)
+    requires(!is_same_v<expected, remove_cvref_t<_Up>> && !__is_std_unexpected<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value &&
+             is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Up> && is_assignable_v<_Tp&, _Up> &&
+             (is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Up> || is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp> ||
+              is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Err>))
+  {
+    if (this->__has_val()) {
+      this->__val() = std::forward<_Up>(__v);
+    } else {
+      __reinit_expected<in_place_t, unexpect_t, _Tp, _Err>(this->__unex(), std::forward<_Up>(__v));
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <class _OtherErrQual>
+  static constexpr bool __can_assign_from_unexpected =
+      _And< is_constructible<_Err, _OtherErrQual>,
+            is_assignable<_Err&, _OtherErrQual>,
+            _Lazy<_Or,
+                  is_nothrow_constructible<_Err, _OtherErrQual>,
+                  is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Tp>,
+                  is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Err>> >::value;
+
+public:
+  template <class _OtherErr>
+    requires(__can_assign_from_unexpected<const _OtherErr&>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected& operator=(const unexpected<_OtherErr>& __un) {
+    if (this->__has_val()) {
+      __reinit_expected<unexpect_t, in_place_t, _Err, _Tp>(this->__val(), __un.error());
+    } else {
+      this->__unex() = __un.error();
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherErr>
+    requires(__can_assign_from_unexpected<_OtherErr>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected& operator=(unexpected<_OtherErr>&& __un) {
+    if (this->__has_val()) {
+      __reinit_expected<unexpect_t, in_place_t, _Err, _Tp>(this->__val(), std::move(__un.error()));
+    } else {
+      this->__unex() = std::move(__un.error());
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+    requires is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& emplace(_Args&&... __args) noexcept {
+    this->__destroy();
+    this->__construct(in_place, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    return this->__val();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up, class... _Args>
+    requires is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& emplace(initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) noexcept {
+    this->__destroy();
+    this->__construct(in_place, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    return this->__val();
+  }
+
+public:
+  // [expected.object.swap], swap
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+  swap(expected& __rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp> &&
+                                 is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Err> && is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Err>)
+    requires(is_swappable_v<_Tp> && is_swappable_v<_Err> && is_move_constructible_v<_Tp> &&
+             is_move_constructible_v<_Err> &&
+             (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp> || is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Err>))
+  {
+    auto __swap_val_unex_impl = [](expected& __with_val, expected& __with_err) {
+      if constexpr (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Err>) {
+        _Err __tmp(std::move(__with_err.__unex()));
+        __with_err.__destroy();
+        auto __trans = std::__make_exception_guard([&] { __with_err.__construct(unexpect, std::move(__tmp)); });
+        __with_err.__construct(in_place, std::move(__with_val.__val()));
+        __trans.__complete();
+        __with_val.__destroy();
+        __with_val.__construct(unexpect, std::move(__tmp));
+      } else {
+        static_assert(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp>,
+                      "To provide strong exception guarantee, Tp has to satisfy `is_nothrow_move_constructible_v` so "
+                      "that it can be reverted to the previous state in case an exception is thrown during swap.");
+        _Tp __tmp(std::move(__with_val.__val()));
+        __with_val.__destroy();
+        auto __trans = std::__make_exception_guard([&] { __with_val.__construct(in_place, std::move(__tmp)); });
+        __with_val.__construct(unexpect, std::move(__with_err.__unex()));
+        __trans.__complete();
+        __with_err.__destroy();
+        __with_err.__construct(in_place, std::move(__tmp));
+      }
+    };
+
+    if (this->__has_val()) {
+      if (__rhs.__has_val()) {
+        using std::swap;
+        swap(this->__val(), __rhs.__val());
+      } else {
+        __swap_val_unex_impl(*this, __rhs);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (__rhs.__has_val()) {
+        __swap_val_unex_impl(__rhs, *this);
+      } else {
+        using std::swap;
+        swap(this->__unex(), __rhs.__unex());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void swap(expected& __x, expected& __y) noexcept(noexcept(__x.swap(__y)))
+    requires requires { __x.swap(__y); }
+  {
+    __x.swap(__y);
+  }
+
+  // [expected.object.obs], observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp* operator->() const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        this->__has_val(), "expected::operator-> requires the expected to contain a value");
+    return std::addressof(this->__val());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* operator->() noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        this->__has_val(), "expected::operator-> requires the expected to contain a value");
+    return std::addressof(this->__val());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp& operator*() const& noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        this->__has_val(), "expected::operator* requires the expected to contain a value");
+    return this->__val();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& operator*() & noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        this->__has_val(), "expected::operator* requires the expected to contain a value");
+    return this->__val();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp&& operator*() const&& noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        this->__has_val(), "expected::operator* requires the expected to contain a value");
+    return std::move(this->__val());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp&& operator*() && noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        this->__has_val(), "expected::operator* requires the expected to contain a value");
+    return std::move(this->__val());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return this->__has_val(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept { return this->__has_val(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp& value() const& {
+    static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err>, "error_type has to be copy constructible");
+    if (!this->__has_val()) {
+      std::__throw_bad_expected_access<_Err>(std::as_const(error()));
+    }
+    return this->__val();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& value() & {
+    static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err>, "error_type has to be copy constructible");
+    if (!this->__has_val()) {
+      std::__throw_bad_expected_access<_Err>(std::as_const(error()));
+    }
+    return this->__val();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp&& value() const&& {
+    static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> && is_constructible_v<_Err, decltype(std::move(error()))>,
+                  "error_type has to be both copy constructible and constructible from decltype(std::move(error()))");
+    if (!this->__has_val()) {
+      std::__throw_bad_expected_access<_Err>(std::move(error()));
+    }
+    return std::move(this->__val());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp&& value() && {
+    static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> && is_constructible_v<_Err, decltype(std::move(error()))>,
+                  "error_type has to be both copy constructible and constructible from decltype(std::move(error()))");
+    if (!this->__has_val()) {
+      std::__throw_bad_expected_access<_Err>(std::move(error()));
+    }
+    return std::move(this->__val());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Err& error() const& noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !this->__has_val(), "expected::error requires the expected to contain an error");
+    return this->__unex();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err& error() & noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !this->__has_val(), "expected::error requires the expected to contain an error");
+    return this->__unex();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Err&& error() const&& noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !this->__has_val(), "expected::error requires the expected to contain an error");
+    return std::move(this->__unex());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err&& error() && noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !this->__has_val(), "expected::error requires the expected to contain an error");
+    return std::move(this->__unex());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp value_or(_Up&& __v) const& {
+    static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>, "value_type has to be copy constructible");
+    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, _Tp>, "argument has to be convertible to value_type");
+    return this->__has_val() ? this->__val() : static_cast<_Tp>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp value_or(_Up&& __v) && {
+    static_assert(is_move_constructible_v<_Tp>, "value_type has to be move constructible");
+    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, _Tp>, "argument has to be convertible to value_type");
+    return this->__has_val() ? std::move(this->__val()) : static_cast<_Tp>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up = _Err>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err error_or(_Up&& __error) const& {
+    static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err>, "error_type has to be copy constructible");
+    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, _Err>, "argument has to be convertible to error_type");
+    if (has_value())
+      return std::forward<_Up>(__error);
+    return error();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up = _Err>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err error_or(_Up&& __error) && {
+    static_assert(is_move_constructible_v<_Err>, "error_type has to be move constructible");
+    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, _Err>, "argument has to be convertible to error_type");
+    if (has_value())
+      return std::forward<_Up>(__error);
+    return std::move(error());
+  }
+
+  // [expected.void.monadic], monadic
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _Err&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) & {
+    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&>>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_expected<_Up>::value, "The result of f(**this) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Up::error_type, _Err>,
+                  "The result of f(**this) must have the same error_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), this->__val());
+    }
+    return _Up(unexpect, error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, const _Err&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) const& {
+    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Tp&>>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_expected<_Up>::value, "The result of f(**this) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Up::error_type, _Err>,
+                  "The result of f(**this) must have the same error_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), this->__val());
+    }
+    return _Up(unexpect, error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _Err&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) && {
+    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&&>>;
+    static_assert(
+        __is_std_expected<_Up>::value, "The result of f(std::move(**this)) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Up::error_type, _Err>,
+                  "The result of f(std::move(**this)) must have the same error_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(this->__val()));
+    }
+    return _Up(unexpect, std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, const _Err&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) const&& {
+    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Tp&&>>;
+    static_assert(
+        __is_std_expected<_Up>::value, "The result of f(std::move(**this)) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Up::error_type, _Err>,
+                  "The result of f(std::move(**this)) must have the same error_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(this->__val()));
+    }
+    return _Up(unexpect, std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Tp&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto or_else(_Func&& __f) & {
+    using _Gp = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Err&>>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_expected<_Gp>::value, "The result of f(error()) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Gp::value_type, _Tp>,
+                  "The result of f(error()) must have the same value_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return _Gp(in_place, this->__val());
+    }
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, const _Tp&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto or_else(_Func&& __f) const& {
+    using _Gp = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Err&>>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_expected<_Gp>::value, "The result of f(error()) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Gp::value_type, _Tp>,
+                  "The result of f(error()) must have the same value_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return _Gp(in_place, this->__val());
+    }
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Tp&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto or_else(_Func&& __f) && {
+    using _Gp = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Err&&>>;
+    static_assert(
+        __is_std_expected<_Gp>::value, "The result of f(std::move(error())) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Gp::value_type, _Tp>,
+                  "The result of f(std::move(error())) must have the same value_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return _Gp(in_place, std::move(this->__val()));
+    }
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, const _Tp&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto or_else(_Func&& __f) const&& {
+    using _Gp = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Err&&>>;
+    static_assert(
+        __is_std_expected<_Gp>::value, "The result of f(std::move(error())) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Gp::value_type, _Tp>,
+                  "The result of f(std::move(error())) must have the same value_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return _Gp(in_place, std::move(this->__val()));
+    }
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _Err&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) & {
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&>>;
+    if (!has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(unexpect, error());
+    }
+    if constexpr (!is_void_v<_Up>) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(
+          __expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), this->__val());
+    } else {
+      std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), this->__val());
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>();
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, const _Err&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) const& {
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Tp&>>;
+    if (!has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(unexpect, error());
+    }
+    if constexpr (!is_void_v<_Up>) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(
+          __expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), this->__val());
+    } else {
+      std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), this->__val());
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>();
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _Err&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) && {
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Tp&&>>;
+    if (!has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(unexpect, std::move(error()));
+    }
+    if constexpr (!is_void_v<_Up>) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(
+          __expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(this->__val()));
+    } else {
+      std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(this->__val()));
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>();
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, const _Err&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) const&& {
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Tp&&>>;
+    if (!has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(unexpect, std::move(error()));
+    }
+    if constexpr (!is_void_v<_Up>) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(
+          __expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(this->__val()));
+    } else {
+      std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(this->__val()));
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>();
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Tp&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform_error(_Func&& __f) & {
+    using _Gp = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Err&>>;
+    static_assert(__valid_std_unexpected<_Gp>::value,
+                  "The result of f(error()) must be a valid template argument for unexpected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(in_place, this->__val());
+    }
+    return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(__expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, const _Tp&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform_error(_Func&& __f) const& {
+    using _Gp = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Err&>>;
+    static_assert(__valid_std_unexpected<_Gp>::value,
+                  "The result of f(error()) must be a valid template argument for unexpected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(in_place, this->__val());
+    }
+    return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(__expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Tp&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform_error(_Func&& __f) && {
+    using _Gp = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Err&&>>;
+    static_assert(__valid_std_unexpected<_Gp>::value,
+                  "The result of f(std::move(error())) must be a valid template argument for unexpected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(in_place, std::move(this->__val()));
+    }
+    return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(
+        __expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, const _Tp&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform_error(_Func&& __f) const&& {
+    using _Gp = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Err&&>>;
+    static_assert(__valid_std_unexpected<_Gp>::value,
+                  "The result of f(std::move(error())) must be a valid template argument for unexpected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(in_place, std::move(this->__val()));
+    }
+    return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(
+        __expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  // [expected.object.eq], equality operators
+  template <class _T2, class _E2>
+    requires(!is_void_v<_T2>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const expected& __x, const expected<_T2, _E2>& __y) {
+    if (__x.__has_val() != __y.__has_val()) {
+      return false;
+    } else {
+      if (__x.__has_val()) {
+        return __x.__val() == __y.__val();
+      } else {
+        return __x.__unex() == __y.__unex();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const expected& __x, const _T2& __v) {
+    return __x.__has_val() && static_cast<bool>(__x.__val() == __v);
+  }
+
+  template <class _E2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const expected& __x, const unexpected<_E2>& __e) {
+    return !__x.__has_val() && static_cast<bool>(__x.__unex() == __e.error());
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Err>
+class __expected_void_base {
+  struct __empty_t {};
+  // use named union because [[no_unique_address]] cannot be applied to an unnamed union,
+  // also guaranteed elision into a potentially-overlapping subobject is unsettled (and
+  // it's not clear that it's implementable, given that the function is allowed to clobber
+  // the tail padding) - see https://github.com/itanium-cxx-abi/cxx-abi/issues/107.
+  union __union_t {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t(const __union_t&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t(const __union_t&)
+      requires(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> && is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t(__union_t&&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t(__union_t&&)
+      requires(is_move_constructible_v<_Err> && is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t& operator=(const __union_t&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t& operator=(__union_t&&)      = delete;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __union_t(in_place_t) : __empty_() {}
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __union_t(unexpect_t, _Args&&... __args)
+        : __unex_(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+    template <class _Func, class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __union_t(
+        __expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag, _Func&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+        : __unex_(std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ~__union_t()
+      requires(is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+
+    // __repr's destructor handles this
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ~__union_t()
+      requires(!is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>)
+    {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __empty_t __empty_;
+    _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Err __unex_;
+  };
+
+  static constexpr bool __put_flag_in_tail                    = __fits_in_tail_padding<__union_t, bool>;
+  static constexpr bool __allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding = !__put_flag_in_tail;
+
+  struct __repr {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __repr() = delete;
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __repr(in_place_t __tag) : __union_(in_place, __tag), __has_val_(true) {}
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __repr(unexpect_t __tag, _Args&&... __args)
+        : __union_(in_place, __tag, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...), __has_val_(false) {}
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __repr(std::__expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag __tag,
+                                                    _Args&&... __args)
+        : __union_(in_place, __tag, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...), __has_val_(false) {}
+
+    template <class _OtherUnion>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __repr(bool __has_val, _OtherUnion&& __other)
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding)
+        : __union_(__conditional_no_unique_address_invoke_tag{},
+                   [&] { return __make_union(__has_val, std::forward<_OtherUnion>(__other)); }),
+          __has_val_(__has_val) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr(const __repr&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr(const __repr&)
+      requires(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> && is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr(__repr&&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr(__repr&&)
+      requires(is_move_constructible_v<_Err> && is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr& operator=(const __repr&) = delete;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __repr& operator=(__repr&&)      = delete;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ~__repr()
+      requires(is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>)
+    = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ~__repr()
+      requires(!is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>)
+    {
+      __destroy_union_member();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __destroy_union()
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding && is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>)
+    {
+      std::destroy_at(&__union_.__v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __destroy_union()
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding && !is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>)
+    {
+      __destroy_union_member();
+      std::destroy_at(&__union_.__v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __construct_union(in_place_t)
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding)
+    {
+      std::construct_at(&__union_.__v, in_place);
+      __has_val_ = true;
+    }
+
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __construct_union(unexpect_t, _Args&&... __args)
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding)
+    {
+      std::construct_at(&__union_.__v, unexpect, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+      __has_val_ = false;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    template <class>
+    friend class __expected_void_base;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __destroy_union_member()
+      requires(!is_trivially_destructible_v<_Err>)
+    {
+      if (!__has_val_)
+        std::destroy_at(std::addressof(__union_.__v.__unex_));
+    }
+
+    template <class _OtherUnion>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr __union_t __make_union(bool __has_val, _OtherUnion&& __other)
+      requires(__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding)
+    {
+      if (__has_val)
+        return __union_t(in_place);
+      else
+        return __union_t(unexpect, std::forward<_OtherUnion>(__other).__unex_);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __conditional_no_unique_address<__put_flag_in_tail, __union_t> __union_;
+    _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS bool __has_val_;
+  };
+
+  template <class _OtherUnion>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr __repr __make_repr(bool __has_val, _OtherUnion&& __other)
+    requires(__put_flag_in_tail)
+  {
+    if (__has_val)
+      return __repr(in_place);
+    else
+      return __repr(unexpect, std::forward<_OtherUnion>(__other).__unex_);
+  }
+
+protected:
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __expected_void_base(_Args&&... __args)
+      : __repr_(in_place, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template <class _OtherUnion>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __expected_void_base(bool __has_val, _OtherUnion&& __other)
+    requires(__put_flag_in_tail)
+      : __repr_(__conditional_no_unique_address_invoke_tag{},
+                [&] { return __make_repr(__has_val, std::forward<_OtherUnion>(__other)); }) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __destroy() {
+    if constexpr (__put_flag_in_tail)
+      std::destroy_at(&__repr_.__v);
+    else
+      __repr_.__v.__destroy_union();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tag, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __construct(_Tag __tag, _Args&&... __args) {
+    if constexpr (__put_flag_in_tail)
+      std::construct_at(&__repr_.__v, __tag, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    else
+      __repr_.__v.__construct_union(__tag, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __has_val() const { return __repr_.__v.__has_val_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __union_t& __union() { return __repr_.__v.__union_.__v; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const __union_t& __union() const { return __repr_.__v.__union_.__v; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err& __unex() { return __repr_.__v.__union_.__v.__unex_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Err& __unex() const { return __repr_.__v.__union_.__v.__unex_; }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __conditional_no_unique_address<__allow_reusing_expected_tail_padding, __repr> __repr_;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Err>
+  requires is_void_v<_Tp>
+class expected<_Tp, _Err> : private __expected_void_base<_Err> {
+  static_assert(__valid_std_unexpected<_Err>::value,
+                "[expected.void.general] A program that instantiates expected<T, E> with a E that is not a "
+                "valid argument for unexpected<E> is ill-formed");
+
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class expected;
+
+  template <class _Up, class _OtherErr, class _OtherErrQual>
+  using __can_convert =
+      _And< is_void<_Up>,
+            is_constructible<_Err, _OtherErrQual>,
+            _Not<is_constructible<unexpected<_Err>, expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&>>,
+            _Not<is_constructible<unexpected<_Err>, expected<_Up, _OtherErr>>>,
+            _Not<is_constructible<unexpected<_Err>, const expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&>>,
+            _Not<is_constructible<unexpected<_Err>, const expected<_Up, _OtherErr>>>>;
+
+  using __base = __expected_void_base<_Err>;
+
+public:
+  using value_type      = _Tp;
+  using error_type      = _Err;
+  using unexpected_type = unexpected<_Err>;
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  using rebind = expected<_Up, error_type>;
+
+  // [expected.void.ctor], constructors
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected() noexcept : __base(in_place) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected(const expected&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected(const expected&)
+    requires(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> && is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Err>)
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected(const expected& __rhs) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Err>) // strengthened
+    requires(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> && !is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<_Err>)
+      : __base(__rhs.__has_val(), __rhs.__union()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected(expected&&)
+    requires(is_move_constructible_v<_Err> && is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected(expected&& __rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    requires(is_move_constructible_v<_Err> && !is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+      : __base(__rhs.__has_val(), std::move(__rhs.__union())) {}
+
+  template <class _Up, class _OtherErr>
+    requires __can_convert<_Up, _OtherErr, const _OtherErr&>::value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<const _OtherErr&, _Err>)
+      expected(const expected<_Up, _OtherErr>& __rhs) noexcept(
+          is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, const _OtherErr&>) // strengthened
+      : __base(__rhs.__has_val(), __rhs.__union()) {}
+
+  template <class _Up, class _OtherErr>
+    requires __can_convert<_Up, _OtherErr, _OtherErr>::value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_OtherErr, _Err>)
+      expected(expected<_Up, _OtherErr>&& __rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, _OtherErr>) // strengthened
+      : __base(__rhs.__has_val(), std::move(__rhs.__union())) {}
+
+  template <class _OtherErr>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, const _OtherErr&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<const _OtherErr&, _Err>) expected(
+      const unexpected<_OtherErr>& __unex) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, const _OtherErr&>) // strengthened
+      : __base(unexpect, __unex.error()) {}
+
+  template <class _OtherErr>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _OtherErr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_OtherErr, _Err>)
+      expected(unexpected<_OtherErr>&& __unex) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, _OtherErr>) // strengthened
+      : __base(unexpect, std::move(__unex.error())) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit expected(in_place_t) noexcept : __base(in_place) {}
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _Args...>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit expected(unexpect_t, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, _Args...>) // strengthened
+      : __base(unexpect, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template <class _Up, class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v< _Err, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args... >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit expected(unexpect_t, initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>) // strengthened
+      : __base(unexpect, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+private:
+  template <class _Func, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit expected(
+      __expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag __tag, _Func&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __base(__tag, std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+public:
+  // [expected.void.dtor], destructor
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ~expected() = default;
+
+private:
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __reinit_expected(unexpect_t, _Args&&... __args) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(this->__has_val(), "__reinit_expected(unexpect_t, ...) needs value to be set");
+
+    this->__destroy();
+    auto __trans = std::__make_exception_guard([&] { this->__construct(in_place); });
+    this->__construct(unexpect, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __trans.__complete();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __reinit_expected(in_place_t) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(!this->__has_val(), "__reinit_expected(in_place_t, ...) needs value to be unset");
+
+    this->__destroy();
+    this->__construct(in_place);
+  }
+
+public:
+  // [expected.void.assign], assignment
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected& operator=(const expected&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected& operator=(const expected& __rhs) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<_Err> && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Err>) // strengthened
+    requires(is_copy_assignable_v<_Err> && is_copy_constructible_v<_Err>)
+  {
+    if (this->__has_val()) {
+      if (!__rhs.__has_val()) {
+        __reinit_expected(unexpect, __rhs.__unex());
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (__rhs.__has_val()) {
+        __reinit_expected(in_place);
+      } else {
+        this->__unex() = __rhs.__unex();
+      }
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected& operator=(expected&&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected&
+  operator=(expected&& __rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_Err> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+    requires(is_move_assignable_v<_Err> && is_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+  {
+    if (this->__has_val()) {
+      if (!__rhs.__has_val()) {
+        __reinit_expected(unexpect, std::move(__rhs.__unex()));
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (__rhs.__has_val()) {
+        __reinit_expected(in_place);
+      } else {
+        this->__unex() = std::move(__rhs.__unex());
+      }
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherErr>
+    requires(is_constructible_v<_Err, const _OtherErr&> && is_assignable_v<_Err&, const _OtherErr&>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected& operator=(const unexpected<_OtherErr>& __un) {
+    if (this->__has_val()) {
+      __reinit_expected(unexpect, __un.error());
+    } else {
+      this->__unex() = __un.error();
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherErr>
+    requires(is_constructible_v<_Err, _OtherErr> && is_assignable_v<_Err&, _OtherErr>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr expected& operator=(unexpected<_OtherErr>&& __un) {
+    if (this->__has_val()) {
+      __reinit_expected(unexpect, std::move(__un.error()));
+    } else {
+      this->__unex() = std::move(__un.error());
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void emplace() noexcept {
+    if (!this->__has_val()) {
+      __reinit_expected(in_place);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // [expected.void.swap], swap
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+  swap(expected& __rhs) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Err> && is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Err>)
+    requires(is_swappable_v<_Err> && is_move_constructible_v<_Err>)
+  {
+    auto __swap_val_unex_impl = [](expected& __with_val, expected& __with_err) {
+      // May throw, but will re-engage `__with_val` in that case.
+      __with_val.__reinit_expected(unexpect, std::move(__with_err.__unex()));
+      // Will not throw.
+      __with_err.__reinit_expected(in_place);
+    };
+
+    if (this->__has_val()) {
+      if (!__rhs.__has_val()) {
+        __swap_val_unex_impl(*this, __rhs);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (__rhs.__has_val()) {
+        __swap_val_unex_impl(__rhs, *this);
+      } else {
+        using std::swap;
+        swap(this->__unex(), __rhs.__unex());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void swap(expected& __x, expected& __y) noexcept(noexcept(__x.swap(__y)))
+    requires requires { __x.swap(__y); }
+  {
+    __x.swap(__y);
+  }
+
+  // [expected.void.obs], observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return this->__has_val(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept { return this->__has_val(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator*() const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        this->__has_val(), "expected::operator* requires the expected to contain a value");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void value() const& {
+    static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err>);
+    if (!this->__has_val()) {
+      std::__throw_bad_expected_access<_Err>(this->__unex());
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void value() && {
+    static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err> && is_move_constructible_v<_Err>);
+    if (!this->__has_val()) {
+      std::__throw_bad_expected_access<_Err>(std::move(this->__unex()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Err& error() const& noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !this->__has_val(), "expected::error requires the expected to contain an error");
+    return this->__unex();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err& error() & noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !this->__has_val(), "expected::error requires the expected to contain an error");
+    return this->__unex();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Err&& error() const&& noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !this->__has_val(), "expected::error requires the expected to contain an error");
+    return std::move(this->__unex());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err&& error() && noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !this->__has_val(), "expected::error requires the expected to contain an error");
+    return std::move(this->__unex());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up = _Err>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err error_or(_Up&& __error) const& {
+    static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<_Err>, "error_type has to be copy constructible");
+    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, _Err>, "argument has to be convertible to error_type");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return std::forward<_Up>(__error);
+    }
+    return error();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up = _Err>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err error_or(_Up&& __error) && {
+    static_assert(is_move_constructible_v<_Err>, "error_type has to be move constructible");
+    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, _Err>, "argument has to be convertible to error_type");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return std::forward<_Up>(__error);
+    }
+    return std::move(error());
+  }
+
+  // [expected.void.monadic], monadic
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _Err&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) & {
+    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_expected<_Up>::value, "The result of f() must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(
+        is_same_v<typename _Up::error_type, _Err>, "The result of f() must have the same error_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+    }
+    return _Up(unexpect, error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, const _Err&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) const& {
+    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_expected<_Up>::value, "The result of f() must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(
+        is_same_v<typename _Up::error_type, _Err>, "The result of f() must have the same error_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+    }
+    return _Up(unexpect, error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _Err&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) && {
+    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_expected<_Up>::value, "The result of f() must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(
+        is_same_v<typename _Up::error_type, _Err>, "The result of f() must have the same error_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+    }
+    return _Up(unexpect, std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, const _Err&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) const&& {
+    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_expected<_Up>::value, "The result of f() must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(
+        is_same_v<typename _Up::error_type, _Err>, "The result of f() must have the same error_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+    }
+    return _Up(unexpect, std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto or_else(_Func&& __f) & {
+    using _Gp = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Err&>>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_expected<_Gp>::value, "The result of f(error()) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Gp::value_type, _Tp>,
+                  "The result of f(error()) must have the same value_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return _Gp();
+    }
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto or_else(_Func&& __f) const& {
+    using _Gp = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Err&>>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_expected<_Gp>::value, "The result of f(error()) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Gp::value_type, _Tp>,
+                  "The result of f(error()) must have the same value_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return _Gp();
+    }
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto or_else(_Func&& __f) && {
+    using _Gp = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Err&&>>;
+    static_assert(
+        __is_std_expected<_Gp>::value, "The result of f(std::move(error())) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Gp::value_type, _Tp>,
+                  "The result of f(std::move(error())) must have the same value_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return _Gp();
+    }
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto or_else(_Func&& __f) const&& {
+    using _Gp = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Err&&>>;
+    static_assert(
+        __is_std_expected<_Gp>::value, "The result of f(std::move(error())) must be a specialization of std::expected");
+    static_assert(is_same_v<typename _Gp::value_type, _Tp>,
+                  "The result of f(std::move(error())) must have the same value_type as this expected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return _Gp();
+    }
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _Err&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) & {
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>;
+    if (!has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(unexpect, error());
+    }
+    if constexpr (!is_void_v<_Up>) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(__expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+    } else {
+      std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>();
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, const _Err&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) const& {
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>;
+    if (!has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(unexpect, error());
+    }
+    if constexpr (!is_void_v<_Up>) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(__expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+    } else {
+      std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>();
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _Err&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) && {
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>;
+    if (!has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(unexpect, std::move(error()));
+    }
+    if constexpr (!is_void_v<_Up>) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(__expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+    } else {
+      std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>();
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, const _Err&&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) const&& {
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>;
+    if (!has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(unexpect, std::move(error()));
+    }
+    if constexpr (!is_void_v<_Up>) {
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>(__expected_construct_in_place_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+    } else {
+      std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f));
+      return expected<_Up, _Err>();
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform_error(_Func&& __f) & {
+    using _Gp = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Err&>>;
+    static_assert(__valid_std_unexpected<_Gp>::value,
+                  "The result of f(error()) must be a valid template argument for unexpected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Tp, _Gp>();
+    }
+    return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(__expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform_error(_Func&& __f) const& {
+    using _Gp = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Err&>>;
+    static_assert(__valid_std_unexpected<_Gp>::value,
+                  "The result of f(error()) must be a valid template argument for unexpected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Tp, _Gp>();
+    }
+    return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(__expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), error());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform_error(_Func&& __f) && {
+    using _Gp = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, _Err&&>>;
+    static_assert(__valid_std_unexpected<_Gp>::value,
+                  "The result of f(std::move(error())) must be a valid template argument for unexpected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Tp, _Gp>();
+    }
+    return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(
+        __expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto transform_error(_Func&& __f) const&& {
+    using _Gp = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const _Err&&>>;
+    static_assert(__valid_std_unexpected<_Gp>::value,
+                  "The result of f(std::move(error())) must be a valid template argument for unexpected");
+    if (has_value()) {
+      return expected<_Tp, _Gp>();
+    }
+    return expected<_Tp, _Gp>(
+        __expected_construct_unexpected_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(error()));
+  }
+
+  // [expected.void.eq], equality operators
+  template <class _T2, class _E2>
+    requires is_void_v<_T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const expected& __x, const expected<_T2, _E2>& __y) {
+    if (__x.__has_val() != __y.__has_val()) {
+      return false;
+    } else {
+      return __x.__has_val() || static_cast<bool>(__x.__unex() == __y.__unex());
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _E2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const expected& __x, const unexpected<_E2>& __y) {
+    return !__x.__has_val() && static_cast<bool>(__x.__unex() == __y.error());
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_EXPECTED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/unexpect.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/unexpect.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..df52787d36faff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/unexpect.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_UNEXPECT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_UNEXPECT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct unexpect_t {
+  explicit unexpect_t() = default;
+};
+
+inline constexpr unexpect_t unexpect{};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_UNEXPECT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/unexpected.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/unexpected.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c7fe3c52e43114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__expected/unexpected.h
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_UNEXPECTED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_UNEXPECTED_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_volatile.h>
+#include <__type_traits/negation.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Err>
+class unexpected;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_std_unexpected : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Err>
+struct __is_std_unexpected<unexpected<_Err>> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __valid_std_unexpected = _BoolConstant< //
+    is_object_v<_Tp> &&                       //
+    !is_array_v<_Tp> &&                       //
+    !__is_std_unexpected<_Tp>::value &&       //
+    !is_const_v<_Tp> &&                       //
+    !is_volatile_v<_Tp>                       //
+    >;
+
+template <class _Err>
+class unexpected {
+  static_assert(__valid_std_unexpected<_Err>::value,
+                "[expected.un.general] states a program that instantiates std::unexpected for a non-object type, an "
+                "array type, a specialization of unexpected, or a cv-qualified type is ill-formed.");
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr unexpected(const unexpected&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr unexpected(unexpected&&)      = default;
+
+  template <class _Error = _Err>
+    requires(!is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<_Error>, unexpected> && //
+             !is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<_Error>, in_place_t> && //
+             is_constructible_v<_Err, _Error>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit unexpected(_Error&& __error) //
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, _Error>)                // strengthened
+      : __unex_(std::forward<_Error>(__error)) {}
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, _Args...>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit unexpected(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args) //
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, _Args...>)                           // strengthened
+      : __unex_(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template <class _Up, class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Err, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit unexpected(in_place_t, initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) //
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Err, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>) // strengthened
+      : __unex_(__il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr unexpected& operator=(const unexpected&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr unexpected& operator=(unexpected&&)      = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Err& error() const& noexcept { return __unex_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err& error() & noexcept { return __unex_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Err&& error() const&& noexcept { return std::move(__unex_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Err&& error() && noexcept { return std::move(__unex_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void swap(unexpected& __other) noexcept(is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Err>) {
+    static_assert(is_swappable_v<_Err>, "unexpected::swap requires is_swappable_v<E> to be true");
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(__unex_, __other.__unex_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void swap(unexpected& __x, unexpected& __y) noexcept(noexcept(__x.swap(__y)))
+    requires is_swappable_v<_Err>
+  {
+    __x.swap(__y);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Err2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const unexpected& __x, const unexpected<_Err2>& __y) {
+    return __x.__unex_ == __y.__unex_;
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Err __unex_;
+};
+
+template <class _Err>
+unexpected(_Err) -> unexpected<_Err>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___EXPECTED_UNEXPECTED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/copy_options.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/copy_options.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..097eebe61137d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/copy_options.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_COPY_OPTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_COPY_OPTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+enum class copy_options : unsigned short {
+  none                = 0,
+  skip_existing       = 1,
+  overwrite_existing  = 2,
+  update_existing     = 4,
+  recursive           = 8,
+  copy_symlinks       = 16,
+  skip_symlinks       = 32,
+  directories_only    = 64,
+  create_symlinks     = 128,
+  create_hard_links   = 256,
+  __in_recursive_copy = 512,
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr copy_options operator&(copy_options __lhs, copy_options __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<copy_options>(static_cast<unsigned short>(__lhs) & static_cast<unsigned short>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr copy_options operator|(copy_options __lhs, copy_options __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<copy_options>(static_cast<unsigned short>(__lhs) | static_cast<unsigned short>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr copy_options operator^(copy_options __lhs, copy_options __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<copy_options>(static_cast<unsigned short>(__lhs) ^ static_cast<unsigned short>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr copy_options operator~(copy_options __lhs) {
+  return static_cast<copy_options>(~static_cast<unsigned short>(__lhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline copy_options& operator&=(copy_options& __lhs, copy_options __rhs) {
+  return __lhs = __lhs & __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline copy_options& operator|=(copy_options& __lhs, copy_options __rhs) {
+  return __lhs = __lhs | __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline copy_options& operator^=(copy_options& __lhs, copy_options __rhs) {
+  return __lhs = __lhs ^ __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_COPY_OPTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_entry.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_entry.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..96d88dcd90b4c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_entry.h
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_H
+
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__filesystem/file_status.h>
+#include <__filesystem/file_time_type.h>
+#include <__filesystem/file_type.h>
+#include <__filesystem/filesystem_error.h>
+#include <__filesystem/operations.h>
+#include <__filesystem/path.h>
+#include <__filesystem/perms.h>
+#include <__system_error/errc.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_code.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_PUSH
+
+class directory_entry {
+  typedef filesystem::path _Path;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and destructors
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_entry() noexcept                  = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_entry(directory_entry const&)     = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_entry(directory_entry&&) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit directory_entry(_Path const& __p) : __p_(__p) {
+    error_code __ec;
+    __refresh(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_entry(_Path const& __p, error_code& __ec) : __p_(__p) { __refresh(&__ec); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~directory_entry() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_entry& operator=(directory_entry const&)     = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_entry& operator=(directory_entry&&) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(_Path const& __p) {
+    __p_ = __p;
+    error_code __ec;
+    __refresh(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(_Path const& __p, error_code& __ec) {
+    __p_ = __p;
+    __refresh(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void replace_filename(_Path const& __p) {
+    __p_.replace_filename(__p);
+    error_code __ec;
+    __refresh(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void replace_filename(_Path const& __p, error_code& __ec) {
+    __p_ = __p_.parent_path() / __p;
+    __refresh(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void refresh() { __refresh(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void refresh(error_code& __ec) noexcept { __refresh(&__ec); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Path const& path() const noexcept { return __p_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator const _Path&() const noexcept { return __p_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool exists() const { return filesystem::exists(file_status{__get_ft()}); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool exists(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return filesystem::exists(file_status{__get_ft(&__ec)});
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_block_file() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::block; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_block_file(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::block;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_character_file() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::character; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_character_file(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::character;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_directory() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::directory; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_directory(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::directory;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_fifo() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::fifo; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_fifo(error_code& __ec) const noexcept { return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::fifo; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_other() const { return filesystem::is_other(file_status{__get_ft()}); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_other(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return filesystem::is_other(file_status{__get_ft(&__ec)});
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_regular_file() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::regular; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_regular_file(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::regular;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_socket() const { return __get_ft() == file_type::socket; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_socket(error_code& __ec) const noexcept { return __get_ft(&__ec) == file_type::socket; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_symlink() const { return __get_sym_ft() == file_type::symlink; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_symlink(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_sym_ft(&__ec) == file_type::symlink;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t file_size() const { return __get_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t file_size(error_code& __ec) const noexcept { return __get_size(&__ec); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t hard_link_count() const { return __get_nlink(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t hard_link_count(error_code& __ec) const noexcept { return __get_nlink(&__ec); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_time_type last_write_time() const { return __get_write_time(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_time_type last_write_time(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_write_time(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status status() const { return __get_status(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status status(error_code& __ec) const noexcept { return __get_status(&__ec); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status symlink_status() const { return __get_symlink_status(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status symlink_status(error_code& __ec) const noexcept {
+    return __get_symlink_status(&__ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept { return __p_ == __rhs.__p_; }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept { return __p_ != __rhs.__p_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept { return __p_ < __rhs.__p_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept { return __p_ <= __rhs.__p_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept { return __p_ > __rhs.__p_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(directory_entry const& __rhs) const noexcept { return __p_ >= __rhs.__p_; }
+
+#  else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strong_ordering operator<=>(const directory_entry& __rhs) const noexcept {
+    return __p_ <=> __rhs.__p_;
+  }
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const directory_entry& __d) {
+    return __os << __d.path();
+  }
+
+private:
+  friend class directory_iterator;
+  friend class recursive_directory_iterator;
+  friend class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __dir_stream;
+
+  enum _CacheType : unsigned char {
+    _Empty,
+    _IterSymlink,
+    _IterNonSymlink,
+    _RefreshSymlink,
+    _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved,
+    _RefreshNonSymlink
+  };
+
+  struct __cached_data {
+    uintmax_t __size_;
+    uintmax_t __nlink_;
+    file_time_type __write_time_;
+    perms __sym_perms_;
+    perms __non_sym_perms_;
+    file_type __type_;
+    _CacheType __cache_type_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __cached_data() noexcept { __reset(); }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __reset() {
+      __cache_type_ = _Empty;
+      __type_       = file_type::none;
+      __sym_perms_ = __non_sym_perms_ = perms::unknown;
+      __size_ = __nlink_ = uintmax_t(-1);
+      __write_time_      = file_time_type::min();
+    }
+  };
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __cached_data __create_iter_result(file_type __ft) {
+    __cached_data __data;
+    __data.__type_       = __ft;
+    __data.__cache_type_ = [&]() {
+      switch (__ft) {
+      case file_type::none:
+        return _Empty;
+      case file_type::symlink:
+        return _IterSymlink;
+      default:
+        return _IterNonSymlink;
+      }
+    }();
+    return __data;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_iter_entry(_Path&& __p, __cached_data __dt) {
+    __p_    = std::move(__p);
+    __data_ = __dt;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI error_code __do_refresh() noexcept;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static bool __is_dne_error(error_code const& __ec) {
+    if (!__ec)
+      return true;
+    switch (static_cast<errc>(__ec.value())) {
+    case errc::no_such_file_or_directory:
+    case errc::not_a_directory:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __handle_error(const char* __msg, error_code* __dest_ec, error_code const& __ec, bool __allow_dne = false) const {
+    if (__dest_ec) {
+      *__dest_ec = __ec;
+      return;
+    }
+    if (__ec && (!__allow_dne || !__is_dne_error(__ec)))
+      __throw_filesystem_error(__msg, __p_, __ec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __refresh(error_code* __ec = nullptr) {
+    __handle_error("in directory_entry::refresh",
+                   __ec,
+                   __do_refresh(),
+                   /*allow_dne*/ true);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_type __get_sym_ft(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+      return __symlink_status(__p_, __ec).type();
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      if (__ec)
+        __ec->clear();
+      return file_type::symlink;
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink:
+      file_status __st(__data_.__type_);
+      if (__ec && !filesystem::exists(__st))
+        *__ec = make_error_code(errc::no_such_file_or_directory);
+      else if (__ec)
+        __ec->clear();
+      return __data_.__type_;
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_type __get_ft(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return __status(__p_, __ec).type();
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlink: {
+      file_status __st(__data_.__type_);
+      if (__ec && !filesystem::exists(__st))
+        *__ec = make_error_code(errc::no_such_file_or_directory);
+      else if (__ec)
+        __ec->clear();
+      return __data_.__type_;
+    }
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status __get_status(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return __status(__p_, __ec);
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+      return file_status(__get_ft(__ec), __data_.__non_sym_perms_);
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status __get_symlink_status(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+      return __symlink_status(__p_, __ec);
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink:
+      return file_status(__get_sym_ft(__ec), __data_.__non_sym_perms_);
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return file_status(__get_sym_ft(__ec), __data_.__sym_perms_);
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t __get_size(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return filesystem::__file_size(__p_, __ec);
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink: {
+      error_code __m_ec;
+      file_status __st(__get_ft(&__m_ec));
+      __handle_error("in directory_entry::file_size", __ec, __m_ec);
+      if (filesystem::exists(__st) && !filesystem::is_regular_file(__st)) {
+        errc __err_kind = filesystem::is_directory(__st) ? errc::is_a_directory : errc::not_supported;
+        __handle_error("in directory_entry::file_size", __ec, make_error_code(__err_kind));
+      }
+      return __data_.__size_;
+    }
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t __get_nlink(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return filesystem::__hard_link_count(__p_, __ec);
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink: {
+      error_code __m_ec;
+      (void)__get_ft(&__m_ec);
+      __handle_error("in directory_entry::hard_link_count", __ec, __m_ec);
+      return __data_.__nlink_;
+    }
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_time_type __get_write_time(error_code* __ec = nullptr) const {
+    switch (__data_.__cache_type_) {
+    case _Empty:
+    case _IterNonSymlink:
+    case _IterSymlink:
+    case _RefreshSymlinkUnresolved:
+      return filesystem::__last_write_time(__p_, __ec);
+    case _RefreshSymlink:
+    case _RefreshNonSymlink: {
+      error_code __m_ec;
+      file_status __st(__get_ft(&__m_ec));
+      __handle_error("in directory_entry::last_write_time", __ec, __m_ec);
+      if (filesystem::exists(__st) && __data_.__write_time_ == file_time_type::min())
+        __handle_error("in directory_entry::last_write_time", __ec, make_error_code(errc::value_too_large));
+      return __data_.__write_time_;
+    }
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Path __p_;
+  __cached_data __data_;
+};
+
+class __dir_element_proxy {
+public:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_entry operator*() { return std::move(__elem_); }
+
+private:
+  friend class directory_iterator;
+  friend class recursive_directory_iterator;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __dir_element_proxy(directory_entry const& __e) : __elem_(__e) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __dir_element_proxy(__dir_element_proxy&& __o) : __elem_(std::move(__o.__elem_)) {}
+  directory_entry __elem_;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_POP
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e0246d8001e195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_DIRECTORY_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_DIRECTORY_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__filesystem/directory_entry.h>
+#include <__filesystem/directory_options.h>
+#include <__filesystem/path.h>
+#include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_view.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_code.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_PUSH
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __dir_stream;
+class directory_iterator {
+public:
+  typedef directory_entry value_type;
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef value_type const* pointer;
+  typedef value_type const& reference;
+  typedef input_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+
+public:
+  // ctor & dtor
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator() noexcept {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit directory_iterator(const path& __p) : directory_iterator(__p, nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator(const path& __p, directory_options __opts)
+      : directory_iterator(__p, nullptr, __opts) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) : directory_iterator(__p, &__ec) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator(const path& __p, directory_options __opts, error_code& __ec)
+      : directory_iterator(__p, &__ec, __opts) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator(const directory_iterator&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator(directory_iterator&&)                 = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator& operator=(const directory_iterator&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator& operator=(directory_iterator&& __o) noexcept {
+    // non-default implementation provided to support self-move assign.
+    if (this != &__o) {
+      __imp_ = std::move(__o.__imp_);
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~directory_iterator() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const directory_entry& operator*() const {
+    // Note: this check duplicates a check in `__dereference()`.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__imp_, "The end iterator cannot be dereferenced");
+    return __dereference();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const directory_entry* operator->() const { return &**this; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator& operator++() { return __increment(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __dir_element_proxy operator++(int) {
+    __dir_element_proxy __p(**this);
+    __increment();
+    return __p;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator& increment(error_code& __ec) { return __increment(&__ec); }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(default_sentinel_t) const noexcept { return *this == directory_iterator(); }
+
+#  endif
+
+private:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool
+  operator==(const directory_iterator& __lhs, const directory_iterator& __rhs) noexcept;
+
+  // construct the dir_stream
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI directory_iterator(const path&, error_code*, directory_options = directory_options::none);
+
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI directory_iterator& __increment(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const directory_entry& __dereference() const;
+
+private:
+  shared_ptr<__dir_stream> __imp_;
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const directory_iterator& __lhs, const directory_iterator& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.__imp_ == __rhs.__imp_;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const directory_iterator& __lhs, const directory_iterator& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+// enable directory_iterator range-based for statements
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator begin(directory_iterator __iter) noexcept { return __iter; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI directory_iterator end(directory_iterator) noexcept { return directory_iterator(); }
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_POP
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY inline constexpr bool
+    std::ranges::enable_borrowed_range<std::filesystem::directory_iterator> = true;
+
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY inline constexpr bool
+    std::ranges::enable_view<std::filesystem::directory_iterator> = true;
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_DIRECTORY_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_options.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_options.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d0cd3ebfdaa7ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/directory_options.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_DIRECTORY_OPTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_DIRECTORY_OPTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+enum class directory_options : unsigned char { none = 0, follow_directory_symlink = 1, skip_permission_denied = 2 };
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr directory_options operator&(directory_options __lhs, directory_options __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<directory_options>(static_cast<unsigned char>(__lhs) & static_cast<unsigned char>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr directory_options operator|(directory_options __lhs, directory_options __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<directory_options>(static_cast<unsigned char>(__lhs) | static_cast<unsigned char>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr directory_options operator^(directory_options __lhs, directory_options __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<directory_options>(static_cast<unsigned char>(__lhs) ^ static_cast<unsigned char>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr directory_options operator~(directory_options __lhs) {
+  return static_cast<directory_options>(~static_cast<unsigned char>(__lhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline directory_options& operator&=(directory_options& __lhs, directory_options __rhs) {
+  return __lhs = __lhs & __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline directory_options& operator|=(directory_options& __lhs, directory_options __rhs) {
+  return __lhs = __lhs | __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline directory_options& operator^=(directory_options& __lhs, directory_options __rhs) {
+  return __lhs = __lhs ^ __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_DIRECTORY_OPTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_status.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_status.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..da316c8b027464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_status.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILE_STATUS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILE_STATUS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__filesystem/file_type.h>
+#include <__filesystem/perms.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI file_status {
+public:
+  // constructors
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status() noexcept : file_status(file_type::none) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit file_status(file_type __ft, perms __prms = perms::unknown) noexcept
+      : __ft_(__ft), __prms_(__prms) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status(const file_status&) noexcept = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status(file_status&&) noexcept      = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~file_status() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status& operator=(const file_status&) noexcept = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status& operator=(file_status&&) noexcept      = default;
+
+  // observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_type type() const noexcept { return __ft_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI perms permissions() const noexcept { return __prms_; }
+
+  // modifiers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void type(file_type __ft) noexcept { __ft_ = __ft; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void permissions(perms __p) noexcept { __prms_ = __p; }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(const file_status& __lhs, const file_status& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.type() == __rhs.type() && __lhs.permissions() == __rhs.permissions();
+  }
+
+#  endif
+
+private:
+  file_type __ft_;
+  perms __prms_;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILE_STATUS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_time_type.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_time_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..63e4ae1578cfd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_time_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILE_TIME_TYPE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILE_TIME_TYPE_H
+
+#include <__chrono/file_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+typedef chrono::time_point<_FilesystemClock> file_time_type;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILE_TIME_TYPE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_type.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e4ac1dfee9ed9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/file_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILE_TYPE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILE_TYPE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+// On Windows, the library never identifies files as block, character, fifo
+// or socket.
+enum class file_type : signed char {
+  none      = 0,
+  not_found = -1,
+  regular   = 1,
+  directory = 2,
+  symlink   = 3,
+  block     = 4,
+  character = 5,
+  fifo      = 6,
+  socket    = 7,
+  unknown   = 8
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILE_TYPE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/filesystem_error.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/filesystem_error.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..80a11e3b1932c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/filesystem_error.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILESYSTEM_ERROR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILESYSTEM_ERROR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__filesystem/path.h>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_code.h>
+#include <__system_error/system_error.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <string>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI filesystem_error : public system_error {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI filesystem_error(const string& __what, error_code __ec)
+      : system_error(__ec, __what), __storage_(make_shared<_Storage>(path(), path())) {
+    __create_what(0);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI filesystem_error(const string& __what, const path& __p1, error_code __ec)
+      : system_error(__ec, __what), __storage_(make_shared<_Storage>(__p1, path())) {
+    __create_what(1);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI filesystem_error(const string& __what, const path& __p1, const path& __p2, error_code __ec)
+      : system_error(__ec, __what), __storage_(make_shared<_Storage>(__p1, __p2)) {
+    __create_what(2);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const path& path1() const noexcept { return __storage_->__p1_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const path& path2() const noexcept { return __storage_->__p2_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI filesystem_error(const filesystem_error&) = default;
+  ~filesystem_error() override; // key function
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL
+  const char* what() const noexcept override { return __storage_->__what_.c_str(); }
+
+  void __create_what(int __num_paths);
+
+private:
+  struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN _Storage {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Storage(const path& __p1, const path& __p2) : __p1_(__p1), __p2_(__p2) {}
+
+    path __p1_;
+    path __p2_;
+    string __what_;
+  };
+  shared_ptr<_Storage> __storage_;
+};
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY void
+__throw_filesystem_error(_Args&&... __args) {
+  throw filesystem_error(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+#  else
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY void
+__throw_filesystem_error(_Args&&...) {
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("filesystem_error was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+}
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_FILESYSTEM_ERROR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/operations.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/operations.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f588189ed1d9de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/operations.h
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_OPERATIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_OPERATIONS_H
+
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__filesystem/copy_options.h>
+#include <__filesystem/file_status.h>
+#include <__filesystem/file_time_type.h>
+#include <__filesystem/file_type.h>
+#include <__filesystem/path.h>
+#include <__filesystem/perm_options.h>
+#include <__filesystem/perms.h>
+#include <__filesystem/space_info.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_code.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_PUSH
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI path __absolute(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI path __canonical(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool
+__copy_file(const path& __from, const path& __to, copy_options __opt, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__copy_symlink(const path& __existing_symlink, const path& __new_symlink, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__copy(const path& __from, const path& __to, copy_options __opt, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __create_directories(const path&, error_code* = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__create_directory_symlink(const path& __to, const path& __new_symlink, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __create_directory(const path&, error_code* = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __create_directory(const path&, const path& __attributes, error_code* = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__create_hard_link(const path& __to, const path& __new_hard_link, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__create_symlink(const path& __to, const path& __new_symlink, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI path __current_path(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __current_path(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __equivalent(const path&, const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI file_status __status(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI uintmax_t __file_size(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI uintmax_t __hard_link_count(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI file_status __symlink_status(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI file_time_type __last_write_time(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __last_write_time(const path&, file_time_type __new_time, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI path __weakly_canonical(path const& __p, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI path __read_symlink(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI uintmax_t __remove_all(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __remove(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __rename(const path& __from, const path& __to, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __resize_file(const path&, uintmax_t __size, error_code* = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI path __temp_directory_path(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path absolute(const path& __p) { return __absolute(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path absolute(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) { return __absolute(__p, &__ec); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path canonical(const path& __p) { return __canonical(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path canonical(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) { return __canonical(__p, &__ec); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool copy_file(const path& __from, const path& __to) {
+  return __copy_file(__from, __to, copy_options::none);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool copy_file(const path& __from, const path& __to, error_code& __ec) {
+  return __copy_file(__from, __to, copy_options::none, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool copy_file(const path& __from, const path& __to, copy_options __opt) {
+  return __copy_file(__from, __to, __opt);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+copy_file(const path& __from, const path& __to, copy_options __opt, error_code& __ec) {
+  return __copy_file(__from, __to, __opt, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void copy_symlink(const path& __from, const path& __to) { __copy_symlink(__from, __to); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void copy_symlink(const path& __from, const path& __to, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __copy_symlink(__from, __to, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void copy(const path& __from, const path& __to) {
+  __copy(__from, __to, copy_options::none);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void copy(const path& __from, const path& __to, error_code& __ec) {
+  __copy(__from, __to, copy_options::none, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void copy(const path& __from, const path& __to, copy_options __opt) {
+  __copy(__from, __to, __opt);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void copy(const path& __from, const path& __to, copy_options __opt, error_code& __ec) {
+  __copy(__from, __to, __opt, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool create_directories(const path& __p) { return __create_directories(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool create_directories(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) {
+  return __create_directories(__p, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void create_directory_symlink(const path& __target, const path& __link) {
+  __create_directory_symlink(__target, __link);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+create_directory_symlink(const path& __target, const path& __link, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __create_directory_symlink(__target, __link, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool create_directory(const path& __p) { return __create_directory(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool create_directory(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __create_directory(__p, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool create_directory(const path& __p, const path& __attrs) {
+  return __create_directory(__p, __attrs);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool create_directory(const path& __p, const path& __attrs, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __create_directory(__p, __attrs, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void create_hard_link(const path& __target, const path& __link) {
+  __create_hard_link(__target, __link);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+create_hard_link(const path& __target, const path& __link, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __create_hard_link(__target, __link, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void create_symlink(const path& __target, const path& __link) {
+  __create_symlink(__target, __link);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void create_symlink(const path& __target, const path& __link, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __create_symlink(__target, __link, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path current_path() { return __current_path(); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path current_path(error_code& __ec) { return __current_path(&__ec); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void current_path(const path& __p) { __current_path(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void current_path(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __current_path(__p, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool equivalent(const path& __p1, const path& __p2) { return __equivalent(__p1, __p2); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool equivalent(const path& __p1, const path& __p2, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __equivalent(__p1, __p2, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool status_known(file_status __s) noexcept { return __s.type() != file_type::none; }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool exists(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return status_known(__s) && __s.type() != file_type::not_found;
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool exists(const path& __p) { return exists(__status(__p)); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool exists(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  auto __s = __status(__p, &__ec);
+  if (status_known(__s))
+    __ec.clear();
+  return exists(__s);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t file_size(const path& __p) { return __file_size(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t file_size(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __file_size(__p, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t hard_link_count(const path& __p) { return __hard_link_count(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t hard_link_count(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __hard_link_count(__p, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_block_file(file_status __s) noexcept { return __s.type() == file_type::block; }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_block_file(const path& __p) { return is_block_file(__status(__p)); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_block_file(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_block_file(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_character_file(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return __s.type() == file_type::character;
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_character_file(const path& __p) { return is_character_file(__status(__p)); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_character_file(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_character_file(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_directory(file_status __s) noexcept { return __s.type() == file_type::directory; }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_directory(const path& __p) { return is_directory(__status(__p)); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_directory(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_directory(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __fs_is_empty(const path& __p, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_empty(const path& __p) { return __fs_is_empty(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_empty(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) { return __fs_is_empty(__p, &__ec); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_fifo(file_status __s) noexcept { return __s.type() == file_type::fifo; }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_fifo(const path& __p) { return is_fifo(__status(__p)); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_fifo(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_fifo(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_regular_file(file_status __s) noexcept { return __s.type() == file_type::regular; }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_regular_file(const path& __p) { return is_regular_file(__status(__p)); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_regular_file(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_regular_file(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_symlink(file_status __s) noexcept { return __s.type() == file_type::symlink; }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_symlink(const path& __p) { return is_symlink(__symlink_status(__p)); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_symlink(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_symlink(__symlink_status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_other(file_status __s) noexcept {
+  return exists(__s) && !is_regular_file(__s) && !is_directory(__s) && !is_symlink(__s);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_other(const path& __p) { return is_other(__status(__p)); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_other(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_other(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_socket(file_status __s) noexcept { return __s.type() == file_type::socket; }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_socket(const path& __p) { return is_socket(__status(__p)); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_socket(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return is_socket(__status(__p, &__ec));
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_time_type last_write_time(const path& __p) { return __last_write_time(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_time_type last_write_time(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __last_write_time(__p, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void last_write_time(const path& __p, file_time_type __t) { __last_write_time(__p, __t); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void last_write_time(const path& __p, file_time_type __t, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __last_write_time(__p, __t, &__ec);
+}
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __permissions(const path&, perms, perm_options, error_code* = nullptr);
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+permissions(const path& __p, perms __prms, perm_options __opts = perm_options::replace) {
+  __permissions(__p, __prms, __opts);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void permissions(const path& __p, perms __prms, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  __permissions(__p, __prms, perm_options::replace, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void permissions(const path& __p, perms __prms, perm_options __opts, error_code& __ec) {
+  __permissions(__p, __prms, __opts, &__ec);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path proximate(const path& __p, const path& __base, error_code& __ec) {
+  path __tmp = __weakly_canonical(__p, &__ec);
+  if (__ec)
+    return {};
+  path __tmp_base = __weakly_canonical(__base, &__ec);
+  if (__ec)
+    return {};
+  return __tmp.lexically_proximate(__tmp_base);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path proximate(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) {
+  return proximate(__p, current_path(), __ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path proximate(const path& __p, const path& __base = current_path()) {
+  return __weakly_canonical(__p).lexically_proximate(__weakly_canonical(__base));
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path read_symlink(const path& __p) { return __read_symlink(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path read_symlink(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) { return __read_symlink(__p, &__ec); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path relative(const path& __p, const path& __base, error_code& __ec) {
+  path __tmp = __weakly_canonical(__p, &__ec);
+  if (__ec)
+    return path();
+  path __tmpbase = __weakly_canonical(__base, &__ec);
+  if (__ec)
+    return path();
+  return __tmp.lexically_relative(__tmpbase);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path relative(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) {
+  return relative(__p, current_path(), __ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path relative(const path& __p, const path& __base = current_path()) {
+  return __weakly_canonical(__p).lexically_relative(__weakly_canonical(__base));
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t remove_all(const path& __p) { return __remove_all(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uintmax_t remove_all(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) {
+  return __remove_all(__p, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool remove(const path& __p) { return __remove(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool remove(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept { return __remove(__p, &__ec); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void rename(const path& __from, const path& __to) { return __rename(__from, __to); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void rename(const path& __from, const path& __to, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __rename(__from, __to, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize_file(const path& __p, uintmax_t __ns) { return __resize_file(__p, __ns); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize_file(const path& __p, uintmax_t __ns, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __resize_file(__p, __ns, &__ec);
+}
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI space_info __space(const path&, error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI space_info space(const path& __p) { return __space(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI space_info space(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __space(__p, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status status(const path& __p) { return __status(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status status(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __status(__p, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status symlink_status(const path& __p) { return __symlink_status(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI file_status symlink_status(const path& __p, error_code& __ec) noexcept {
+  return __symlink_status(__p, &__ec);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path temp_directory_path() { return __temp_directory_path(); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path temp_directory_path(error_code& __ec) { return __temp_directory_path(&__ec); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path weakly_canonical(path const& __p) { return __weakly_canonical(__p); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path weakly_canonical(path const& __p, error_code& __ec) {
+  return __weakly_canonical(__p, &__ec);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_POP
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_OPERATIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/path.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/path.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ff468d517722fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/path.h
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PATH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PATH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/replace.h>
+#include <__algorithm/replace_copy.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__fwd/functional.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_pointer.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <iomanip> // for quoted
+#  include <locale>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_PUSH
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __can_convert_char {
+  static const bool value = false;
+};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __can_convert_char<const _Tp> : public __can_convert_char<_Tp> {};
+template <>
+struct __can_convert_char<char> {
+  static const bool value = true;
+  using __char_type       = char;
+};
+template <>
+struct __can_convert_char<wchar_t> {
+  static const bool value = true;
+  using __char_type       = wchar_t;
+};
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+template <>
+struct __can_convert_char<char8_t> {
+  static const bool value = true;
+  using __char_type       = char8_t;
+};
+#  endif
+template <>
+struct __can_convert_char<char16_t> {
+  static const bool value = true;
+  using __char_type       = char16_t;
+};
+template <>
+struct __can_convert_char<char32_t> {
+  static const bool value = true;
+  using __char_type       = char32_t;
+};
+
+template <class _ECharT, __enable_if_t<__can_convert_char<_ECharT>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_separator(_ECharT __e) {
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+  return __e == _ECharT('/') || __e == _ECharT('\\');
+#  else
+  return __e == _ECharT('/');
+#  endif
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+typedef u8string __u8_string;
+#  else
+typedef string __u8_string;
+#  endif
+
+struct _NullSentinel {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using _Void = void;
+
+template <class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __is_pathable_string : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _ECharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
+struct __is_pathable_string< basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Alloc>,
+                             _Void<typename __can_convert_char<_ECharT>::__char_type> >
+    : public __can_convert_char<_ECharT> {
+  using _Str = basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Alloc>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _ECharT const* __range_begin(_Str const& __s) { return __s.data(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _ECharT const* __range_end(_Str const& __s) { return __s.data() + __s.length(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _ECharT __first_or_null(_Str const& __s) { return __s.empty() ? _ECharT{} : __s[0]; }
+};
+
+template <class _ECharT, class _Traits>
+struct __is_pathable_string< basic_string_view<_ECharT, _Traits>,
+                             _Void<typename __can_convert_char<_ECharT>::__char_type> >
+    : public __can_convert_char<_ECharT> {
+  using _Str = basic_string_view<_ECharT, _Traits>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _ECharT const* __range_begin(_Str const& __s) { return __s.data(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _ECharT const* __range_end(_Str const& __s) { return __s.data() + __s.length(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _ECharT __first_or_null(_Str const& __s) { return __s.empty() ? _ECharT{} : __s[0]; }
+};
+
+template <class _Source,
+          class _DS            = __decay_t<_Source>,
+          class _UnqualPtrType = __remove_const_t<__remove_pointer_t<_DS> >,
+          bool _IsCharPtr      = is_pointer<_DS>::value && __can_convert_char<_UnqualPtrType>::value>
+struct __is_pathable_char_array : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Source, class _ECharT, class _UPtr>
+struct __is_pathable_char_array<_Source, _ECharT*, _UPtr, true> : __can_convert_char<__remove_const_t<_ECharT> > {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _ECharT const* __range_begin(const _ECharT* __b) { return __b; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _ECharT const* __range_end(const _ECharT* __b) {
+    using _Iter              = const _ECharT*;
+    const _ECharT __sentinel = _ECharT{};
+    _Iter __e                = __b;
+    for (; *__e != __sentinel; ++__e)
+      ;
+    return __e;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _ECharT __first_or_null(const _ECharT* __b) { return *__b; }
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, bool _IsIt = __has_input_iterator_category<_Iter>::value, class = void>
+struct __is_pathable_iter : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __is_pathable_iter<
+    _Iter,
+    true,
+    _Void<typename __can_convert_char< typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type>::__char_type> >
+    : __can_convert_char<typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type> {
+  using _ECharT = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Iter __range_begin(_Iter __b) { return __b; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _NullSentinel __range_end(_Iter) { return _NullSentinel{}; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _ECharT __first_or_null(_Iter __b) { return *__b; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          bool _IsStringT   = __is_pathable_string<_Tp>::value,
+          bool _IsCharIterT = __is_pathable_char_array<_Tp>::value,
+          bool _IsIterT     = !_IsCharIterT && __is_pathable_iter<_Tp>::value>
+struct __is_pathable : false_type {
+  static_assert(!_IsStringT && !_IsCharIterT && !_IsIterT, "Must all be false");
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_pathable<_Tp, true, false, false> : __is_pathable_string<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_pathable<_Tp, false, true, false> : __is_pathable_char_array<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_pathable<_Tp, false, false, true> : __is_pathable_iter<_Tp> {};
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+typedef wstring __path_string;
+typedef wchar_t __path_value;
+#  else
+typedef string __path_string;
+typedef char __path_value;
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI size_t __wide_to_char(const wstring&, char*, size_t);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI size_t __char_to_wide(const string&, wchar_t*, size_t);
+#  endif
+
+template <class _ECharT>
+struct _PathCVT;
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+template <class _ECharT>
+struct _PathCVT {
+  static_assert(__can_convert_char<_ECharT>::value, "Char type not convertible");
+
+  typedef __narrow_to_utf8<sizeof(_ECharT) * __CHAR_BIT__> _Narrower;
+#    if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+  typedef __widen_from_utf8<sizeof(wchar_t) * __CHAR_BIT__> _Widener;
+#    endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_range(__path_string& __dest, _ECharT const* __b, _ECharT const* __e) {
+#    if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+    string __utf8;
+    _Narrower()(back_inserter(__utf8), __b, __e);
+    _Widener()(back_inserter(__dest), __utf8.data(), __utf8.data() + __utf8.size());
+#    else
+    _Narrower()(back_inserter(__dest), __b, __e);
+#    endif
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_range(__path_string& __dest, _Iter __b, _Iter __e) {
+    static_assert(!is_same<_Iter, _ECharT*>::value, "Call const overload");
+    if (__b == __e)
+      return;
+    basic_string<_ECharT> __tmp(__b, __e);
+#    if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+    string __utf8;
+    _Narrower()(back_inserter(__utf8), __tmp.data(), __tmp.data() + __tmp.length());
+    _Widener()(back_inserter(__dest), __utf8.data(), __utf8.data() + __utf8.size());
+#    else
+    _Narrower()(back_inserter(__dest), __tmp.data(), __tmp.data() + __tmp.length());
+#    endif
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_range(__path_string& __dest, _Iter __b, _NullSentinel) {
+    static_assert(!is_same<_Iter, _ECharT*>::value, "Call const overload");
+    const _ECharT __sentinel = _ECharT{};
+    if (*__b == __sentinel)
+      return;
+    basic_string<_ECharT> __tmp;
+    for (; *__b != __sentinel; ++__b)
+      __tmp.push_back(*__b);
+#    if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+    string __utf8;
+    _Narrower()(back_inserter(__utf8), __tmp.data(), __tmp.data() + __tmp.length());
+    _Widener()(back_inserter(__dest), __utf8.data(), __utf8.data() + __utf8.size());
+#    else
+    _Narrower()(back_inserter(__dest), __tmp.data(), __tmp.data() + __tmp.length());
+#    endif
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_source(__path_string& __dest, _Source const& __s) {
+    using _Traits = __is_pathable<_Source>;
+    __append_range(__dest, _Traits::__range_begin(__s), _Traits::__range_end(__s));
+  }
+};
+#  endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+
+template <>
+struct _PathCVT<__path_value> {
+  template <class _Iter, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_Iter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_range(__path_string& __dest, _Iter __b, _Iter __e) {
+    for (; __b != __e; ++__b)
+      __dest.push_back(*__b);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_Iter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_range(__path_string& __dest, _Iter __b, _Iter __e) {
+    __dest.append(__b, __e);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_range(__path_string& __dest, _Iter __b, _NullSentinel) {
+    const char __sentinel = char{};
+    for (; *__b != __sentinel; ++__b)
+      __dest.push_back(*__b);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_source(__path_string& __dest, _Source const& __s) {
+    using _Traits = __is_pathable<_Source>;
+    __append_range(__dest, _Traits::__range_begin(__s), _Traits::__range_end(__s));
+  }
+};
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+template <>
+struct _PathCVT<char> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_string(__path_string& __dest, const basic_string<char>& __str) {
+    size_t __size = __char_to_wide(__str, nullptr, 0);
+    size_t __pos  = __dest.size();
+    __dest.resize(__pos + __size);
+    __char_to_wide(__str, const_cast<__path_value*>(__dest.data()) + __pos, __size);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_Iter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_range(__path_string& __dest, _Iter __b, _Iter __e) {
+    basic_string<char> __tmp(__b, __e);
+    __append_string(__dest, __tmp);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_Iter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_range(__path_string& __dest, _Iter __b, _Iter __e) {
+    basic_string<char> __tmp(__b, __e);
+    __append_string(__dest, __tmp);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_range(__path_string& __dest, _Iter __b, _NullSentinel) {
+    const char __sentinel = char{};
+    basic_string<char> __tmp;
+    for (; *__b != __sentinel; ++__b)
+      __tmp.push_back(*__b);
+    __append_string(__dest, __tmp);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append_source(__path_string& __dest, _Source const& __s) {
+    using _Traits = __is_pathable<_Source>;
+    __append_range(__dest, _Traits::__range_begin(__s), _Traits::__range_end(__s));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ECharT>
+struct _PathExport {
+  typedef __narrow_to_utf8<sizeof(wchar_t) * __CHAR_BIT__> _Narrower;
+  typedef __widen_from_utf8<sizeof(_ECharT) * __CHAR_BIT__> _Widener;
+
+  template <class _Str>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append(_Str& __dest, const __path_string& __src) {
+    string __utf8;
+    _Narrower()(back_inserter(__utf8), __src.data(), __src.data() + __src.size());
+    _Widener()(back_inserter(__dest), __utf8.data(), __utf8.data() + __utf8.size());
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _PathExport<char> {
+  template <class _Str>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append(_Str& __dest, const __path_string& __src) {
+    size_t __size = __wide_to_char(__src, nullptr, 0);
+    size_t __pos  = __dest.size();
+    __dest.resize(__size);
+    __wide_to_char(__src, const_cast<char*>(__dest.data()) + __pos, __size);
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _PathExport<wchar_t> {
+  template <class _Str>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append(_Str& __dest, const __path_string& __src) {
+    __dest.append(__src.begin(), __src.end());
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _PathExport<char16_t> {
+  template <class _Str>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append(_Str& __dest, const __path_string& __src) {
+    __dest.append(__src.begin(), __src.end());
+  }
+};
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+template <>
+struct _PathExport<char8_t> {
+  typedef __narrow_to_utf8<sizeof(wchar_t) * __CHAR_BIT__> _Narrower;
+
+  template <class _Str>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __append(_Str& __dest, const __path_string& __src) {
+    _Narrower()(back_inserter(__dest), __src.data(), __src.data() + __src.size());
+  }
+};
+#    endif /* !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T */
+#  endif   /* _LIBCPP_WIN32API */
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI path {
+  template <class _SourceOrIter, class _Tp = path&>
+  using _EnableIfPathable = __enable_if_t<__is_pathable<_SourceOrIter>::value, _Tp>;
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  using _SourceChar = typename __is_pathable<_Tp>::__char_type;
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  using _SourceCVT = _PathCVT<_SourceChar<_Tp> >;
+
+public:
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+  typedef wchar_t value_type;
+  static constexpr value_type preferred_separator = L'\\';
+#  else
+  typedef char value_type;
+  static constexpr value_type preferred_separator = '/';
+#  endif
+  typedef basic_string<value_type> string_type;
+  typedef basic_string_view<value_type> __string_view;
+
+  enum format : unsigned char { auto_format, native_format, generic_format };
+
+  // constructors and destructor
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path() noexcept {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path(const path& __p) : __pn_(__p.__pn_) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path(path&& __p) noexcept : __pn_(std::move(__p.__pn_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path(string_type&& __s, format = format::auto_format) noexcept : __pn_(std::move(__s)) {}
+
+  template <class _Source, class = _EnableIfPathable<_Source, void> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path(const _Source& __src, format = format::auto_format) {
+    _SourceCVT<_Source>::__append_source(__pn_, __src);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIt>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path(_InputIt __first, _InputIt __last, format = format::auto_format) {
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIt>::value_type _ItVal;
+    _PathCVT<_ItVal>::__append_range(__pn_, __first, __last);
+  }
+
+  /*
+  #if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+    // TODO Implement locale conversions.
+    template <class _Source, class = _EnableIfPathable<_Source, void> >
+    path(const _Source& __src, const locale& __loc, format = format::auto_format);
+    template <class _InputIt>
+    path(_InputIt __first, _InputIt _last, const locale& __loc,
+         format = format::auto_format);
+  #endif
+  */
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~path() = default;
+
+  // assignments
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& operator=(const path& __p) {
+    __pn_ = __p.__pn_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& operator=(path&& __p) noexcept {
+    __pn_ = std::move(__p.__pn_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& operator=(string_type&& __s) noexcept {
+    __pn_ = std::move(__s);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& assign(string_type&& __s) noexcept {
+    __pn_ = std::move(__s);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _EnableIfPathable<_Source> operator=(const _Source& __src) {
+    return this->assign(__src);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _EnableIfPathable<_Source> assign(const _Source& __src) {
+    __pn_.clear();
+    _SourceCVT<_Source>::__append_source(__pn_, __src);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIt>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& assign(_InputIt __first, _InputIt __last) {
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIt>::value_type _ItVal;
+    __pn_.clear();
+    _PathCVT<_ItVal>::__append_range(__pn_, __first, __last);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+public:
+  // appends
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& operator/=(const path& __p) {
+    auto __p_root_name      = __p.__root_name();
+    auto __p_root_name_size = __p_root_name.size();
+    if (__p.is_absolute() || (!__p_root_name.empty() && __p_root_name != __string_view(root_name().__pn_))) {
+      __pn_ = __p.__pn_;
+      return *this;
+    }
+    if (__p.has_root_directory()) {
+      path __root_name_str = root_name();
+      __pn_                = __root_name_str.native();
+      __pn_ += __string_view(__p.__pn_).substr(__p_root_name_size);
+      return *this;
+    }
+    if (has_filename() || (!has_root_directory() && is_absolute()))
+      __pn_ += preferred_separator;
+    __pn_ += __string_view(__p.__pn_).substr(__p_root_name_size);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _EnableIfPathable<_Source> operator/=(const _Source& __src) {
+    return operator/=(path(__src));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _EnableIfPathable<_Source> append(const _Source& __src) {
+    return operator/=(path(__src));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIt>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& append(_InputIt __first, _InputIt __last) {
+    return operator/=(path(__first, __last));
+  }
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& operator/=(const path& __p) {
+    if (__p.is_absolute()) {
+      __pn_ = __p.__pn_;
+      return *this;
+    }
+    if (has_filename())
+      __pn_ += preferred_separator;
+    __pn_ += __p.native();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // FIXME: Use _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSE_WARNING to produce a diagnostic when __src
+  // is known at compile time to be "/' since the user almost certainly intended
+  // to append a separator instead of overwriting the path with "/"
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _EnableIfPathable<_Source> operator/=(const _Source& __src) {
+    return this->append(__src);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _EnableIfPathable<_Source> append(const _Source& __src) {
+    using _Traits             = __is_pathable<_Source>;
+    using _CVT                = _PathCVT<_SourceChar<_Source> >;
+    bool __source_is_absolute = filesystem::__is_separator(_Traits::__first_or_null(__src));
+    if (__source_is_absolute)
+      __pn_.clear();
+    else if (has_filename())
+      __pn_ += preferred_separator;
+    _CVT::__append_source(__pn_, __src);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIt>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& append(_InputIt __first, _InputIt __last) {
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIt>::value_type _ItVal;
+    static_assert(__can_convert_char<_ItVal>::value, "Must convertible");
+    using _CVT = _PathCVT<_ItVal>;
+    if (__first != __last && filesystem::__is_separator(*__first))
+      __pn_.clear();
+    else if (has_filename())
+      __pn_ += preferred_separator;
+    _CVT::__append_range(__pn_, __first, __last);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  // concatenation
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& operator+=(const path& __x) {
+    __pn_ += __x.__pn_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& operator+=(const string_type& __x) {
+    __pn_ += __x;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& operator+=(__string_view __x) {
+    __pn_ += __x;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& operator+=(const value_type* __x) {
+    __pn_ += __x;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& operator+=(value_type __x) {
+    __pn_ += __x;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _ECharT, __enable_if_t<__can_convert_char<_ECharT>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& operator+=(_ECharT __x) {
+    _PathCVT<_ECharT>::__append_source(__pn_, basic_string_view<_ECharT>(&__x, 1));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _EnableIfPathable<_Source> operator+=(const _Source& __x) {
+    return this->concat(__x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Source>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _EnableIfPathable<_Source> concat(const _Source& __x) {
+    _SourceCVT<_Source>::__append_source(__pn_, __x);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIt>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& concat(_InputIt __first, _InputIt __last) {
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIt>::value_type _ItVal;
+    _PathCVT<_ItVal>::__append_range(__pn_, __first, __last);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // modifiers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() noexcept { __pn_.clear(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& make_preferred() {
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+    std::replace(__pn_.begin(), __pn_.end(), L'/', L'\\');
+#  endif
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& remove_filename() {
+    auto __fname = __filename();
+    if (!__fname.empty())
+      __pn_.erase(__fname.data() - __pn_.data());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& replace_filename(const path& __replacement) {
+    remove_filename();
+    return (*this /= __replacement);
+  }
+
+  path& replace_extension(const path& __replacement = path());
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.__compare(__rhs.__pn_) == 0;
+  }
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.__compare(__rhs.__pn_) != 0;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.__compare(__rhs.__pn_) < 0;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.__compare(__rhs.__pn_) <= 0;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.__compare(__rhs.__pn_) > 0;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.__compare(__rhs.__pn_) >= 0;
+  }
+#  else  // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strong_ordering operator<=>(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.__compare(__rhs.__pn_) <=> 0;
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path operator/(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) {
+    path __result(__lhs);
+    __result /= __rhs;
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(path& __rhs) noexcept { __pn_.swap(__rhs.__pn_); }
+
+  // private helper to allow reserving memory in the path
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __reserve(size_t __s) { __pn_.reserve(__s); }
+
+  // native format observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const string_type& native() const noexcept { return __pn_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const value_type* c_str() const noexcept { return __pn_.c_str(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator string_type() const { return __pn_; }
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::wstring wstring() const { return __pn_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::wstring generic_wstring() const {
+    std::wstring __s;
+    __s.resize(__pn_.size());
+    std::replace_copy(__pn_.begin(), __pn_.end(), __s.begin(), '\\', '/');
+    return __s;
+  }
+
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+  template <class _ECharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_ECharT>, class _Allocator = allocator<_ECharT> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator> string(const _Allocator& __a = _Allocator()) const {
+    using _Str = basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+    _Str __s(__a);
+    __s.reserve(__pn_.size());
+    _PathExport<_ECharT>::__append(__s, __pn_);
+    return __s;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::string string() const { return string<char>(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __u8_string u8string() const {
+    using _CVT = __narrow_to_utf8<sizeof(wchar_t) * __CHAR_BIT__>;
+    __u8_string __s;
+    __s.reserve(__pn_.size());
+    _CVT()(back_inserter(__s), __pn_.data(), __pn_.data() + __pn_.size());
+    return __s;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::u16string u16string() const { return string<char16_t>(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::u32string u32string() const { return string<char32_t>(); }
+
+  // generic format observers
+  template <class _ECharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_ECharT>, class _Allocator = allocator<_ECharT> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+  generic_string(const _Allocator& __a = _Allocator()) const {
+    using _Str = basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+    _Str __s   = string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator>(__a);
+    // Note: This (and generic_u8string below) is slightly suboptimal as
+    // it iterates twice over the string; once to convert it to the right
+    // character type, and once to replace path delimiters.
+    std::replace(__s.begin(), __s.end(), static_cast<_ECharT>('\\'), static_cast<_ECharT>('/'));
+    return __s;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::string generic_string() const { return generic_string<char>(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::u16string generic_u16string() const { return generic_string<char16_t>(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::u32string generic_u32string() const { return generic_string<char32_t>(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __u8_string generic_u8string() const {
+    __u8_string __s = u8string();
+    std::replace(__s.begin(), __s.end(), '\\', '/');
+    return __s;
+  }
+#    endif /* !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION */
+#  else    /* _LIBCPP_WIN32API */
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::string string() const { return __pn_; }
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::u8string u8string() const { return std::u8string(__pn_.begin(), __pn_.end()); }
+#    else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::string u8string() const { return __pn_; }
+#    endif
+
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+  template <class _ECharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_ECharT>, class _Allocator = allocator<_ECharT> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator> string(const _Allocator& __a = _Allocator()) const {
+    using _CVT = __widen_from_utf8<sizeof(_ECharT) * __CHAR_BIT__>;
+    using _Str = basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+    _Str __s(__a);
+    __s.reserve(__pn_.size());
+    _CVT()(std::back_inserter(__s), __pn_.data(), __pn_.data() + __pn_.size());
+    return __s;
+  }
+
+#      ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::wstring wstring() const { return string<wchar_t>(); }
+#      endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::u16string u16string() const { return string<char16_t>(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::u32string u32string() const { return string<char32_t>(); }
+#    endif /* !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION */
+
+  // generic format observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::string generic_string() const { return __pn_; }
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::u8string generic_u8string() const { return std::u8string(__pn_.begin(), __pn_.end()); }
+#    else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::string generic_u8string() const { return __pn_; }
+#    endif
+
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+  template <class _ECharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_ECharT>, class _Allocator = allocator<_ECharT> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+  generic_string(const _Allocator& __a = _Allocator()) const {
+    return string<_ECharT, _Traits, _Allocator>(__a);
+  }
+
+#      ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::wstring generic_wstring() const { return string<wchar_t>(); }
+#      endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::u16string generic_u16string() const { return string<char16_t>(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::u32string generic_u32string() const { return string<char32_t>(); }
+#    endif /* !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION */
+#  endif   /* !_LIBCPP_WIN32API */
+
+private:
+  int __compare(__string_view) const;
+  __string_view __root_name() const;
+  __string_view __root_directory() const;
+  __string_view __root_path_raw() const;
+  __string_view __relative_path() const;
+  __string_view __parent_path() const;
+  __string_view __filename() const;
+  __string_view __stem() const;
+  __string_view __extension() const;
+
+public:
+  // compare
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int compare(const path& __p) const noexcept { return __compare(__p.__pn_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int compare(const string_type& __s) const { return __compare(__s); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int compare(__string_view __s) const { return __compare(__s); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int compare(const value_type* __s) const { return __compare(__s); }
+
+  // decomposition
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path root_name() const { return string_type(__root_name()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path root_directory() const { return string_type(__root_directory()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path root_path() const {
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+    return string_type(__root_path_raw());
+#  else
+    return root_name().append(string_type(__root_directory()));
+#  endif
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path relative_path() const { return string_type(__relative_path()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path parent_path() const { return string_type(__parent_path()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path filename() const { return string_type(__filename()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path stem() const { return string_type(__stem()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path extension() const { return string_type(__extension()); }
+
+  // query
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const noexcept { return __pn_.empty(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool has_root_name() const { return !__root_name().empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool has_root_directory() const { return !__root_directory().empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool has_root_path() const { return !__root_path_raw().empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool has_relative_path() const { return !__relative_path().empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool has_parent_path() const { return !__parent_path().empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool has_filename() const { return !__filename().empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool has_stem() const { return !__stem().empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool has_extension() const { return !__extension().empty(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_absolute() const {
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+    __string_view __root_name_str = __root_name();
+    __string_view __root_dir      = __root_directory();
+    if (__root_name_str.size() == 2 && __root_name_str[1] == ':') {
+      // A drive letter with no root directory is relative, e.g. x:example.
+      return !__root_dir.empty();
+    }
+    // If no root name, it's relative, e.g. \example is relative to the current drive
+    if (__root_name_str.empty())
+      return false;
+    if (__root_name_str.size() < 3)
+      return false;
+    // A server root name, like \\server, is always absolute
+    if (__root_name_str[0] != '/' && __root_name_str[0] != '\\')
+      return false;
+    if (__root_name_str[1] != '/' && __root_name_str[1] != '\\')
+      return false;
+    // Seems to be a server root name
+    return true;
+#  else
+    return has_root_directory();
+#  endif
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_relative() const { return !is_absolute(); }
+
+  // relative paths
+  path lexically_normal() const;
+  path lexically_relative(const path& __base) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path lexically_proximate(const path& __base) const {
+    path __result = this->lexically_relative(__base);
+    if (__result.native().empty())
+      return *this;
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  // iterators
+  class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI iterator;
+  typedef iterator const_iterator;
+
+  iterator begin() const;
+  iterator end() const;
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+  template <
+      class _CharT,
+      class _Traits,
+      __enable_if_t<is_same<_CharT, value_type>::value && is_same<_Traits, char_traits<value_type> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const path& __p) {
+    __os << std::__quoted(__p.native());
+    return __os;
+  }
+
+  template <
+      class _CharT,
+      class _Traits,
+      __enable_if_t<!is_same<_CharT, value_type>::value || !is_same<_Traits, char_traits<value_type> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const path& __p) {
+    __os << std::__quoted(__p.string<_CharT, _Traits>());
+    return __os;
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, path& __p) {
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits> __tmp;
+    __is >> std::__quoted(__tmp);
+    __p = __tmp;
+    return __is;
+  }
+#  endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+
+private:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI path& __assign_view(__string_view const& __s) {
+    __pn_ = string_type(__s);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  string_type __pn_;
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(path& __lhs, path& __rhs) noexcept { __lhs.swap(__rhs); }
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI size_t hash_value(const path& __p) noexcept;
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_POP
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY hash<filesystem::path> : __unary_function<filesystem::path, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(filesystem::path const& __p) const noexcept {
+    return filesystem::hash_value(__p);
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PATH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/path_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/path_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f4d486d86cf380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/path_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PATH_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PATH_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__filesystem/path.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI path::iterator {
+public:
+  enum _ParserState : unsigned char {
+    _Singular,
+    _BeforeBegin,
+    _InRootName,
+    _InRootDir,
+    _InFilenames,
+    _InTrailingSep,
+    _AtEnd
+  };
+
+public:
+  typedef input_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_concept;
+
+  typedef path value_type;
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef const path* pointer;
+  typedef path reference;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator() : __stashed_elem_(), __path_ptr_(nullptr), __entry_(), __state_(_Singular) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator(const iterator&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~iterator()               = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator& operator=(const iterator&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __stashed_elem_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return &__stashed_elem_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator& operator++() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__state_ != _Singular, "attempting to increment a singular iterator");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__state_ != _AtEnd, "attempting to increment the end iterator");
+    return __increment();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator operator++(int) {
+    iterator __it(*this);
+    this->operator++();
+    return __it;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator& operator--() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__state_ != _Singular, "attempting to decrement a singular iterator");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(
+        __entry_.data() != __path_ptr_->native().data(), "attempting to decrement the begin iterator");
+    return __decrement();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator operator--(int) {
+    iterator __it(*this);
+    this->operator--();
+    return __it;
+  }
+
+private:
+  friend class path;
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(const iterator&, const iterator&);
+
+  iterator& __increment();
+  iterator& __decrement();
+
+  path __stashed_elem_;
+  const path* __path_ptr_;
+  path::__string_view __entry_;
+  _ParserState __state_;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const path::iterator& __lhs, const path::iterator& __rhs) {
+  return __lhs.__path_ptr_ == __rhs.__path_ptr_ && __lhs.__entry_.data() == __rhs.__entry_.data();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const path::iterator& __lhs, const path::iterator& __rhs) {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PATH_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/perm_options.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/perm_options.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..64c16ee60a17d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/perm_options.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PERM_OPTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PERM_OPTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+enum class perm_options : unsigned char { replace = 1, add = 2, remove = 4, nofollow = 8 };
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr perm_options operator&(perm_options __lhs, perm_options __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<perm_options>(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) & static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr perm_options operator|(perm_options __lhs, perm_options __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<perm_options>(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) | static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr perm_options operator^(perm_options __lhs, perm_options __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<perm_options>(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) ^ static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr perm_options operator~(perm_options __lhs) {
+  return static_cast<perm_options>(~static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline perm_options& operator&=(perm_options& __lhs, perm_options __rhs) {
+  return __lhs = __lhs & __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline perm_options& operator|=(perm_options& __lhs, perm_options __rhs) {
+  return __lhs = __lhs | __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline perm_options& operator^=(perm_options& __lhs, perm_options __rhs) {
+  return __lhs = __lhs ^ __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PERM_OPTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/perms.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/perms.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..458f1e6e534833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/perms.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PERMS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PERMS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+// On Windows, these permission bits map to one single readonly flag per
+// file, and the executable bit is always returned as set. When setting
+// permissions, as long as the write bit is set for either owner, group or
+// others, the readonly flag is cleared.
+enum class perms : unsigned {
+  none = 0,
+
+  owner_read  = 0400,
+  owner_write = 0200,
+  owner_exec  = 0100,
+  owner_all   = 0700,
+
+  group_read  = 040,
+  group_write = 020,
+  group_exec  = 010,
+  group_all   = 070,
+
+  others_read  = 04,
+  others_write = 02,
+  others_exec  = 01,
+  others_all   = 07,
+
+  all = 0777,
+
+  set_uid    = 04000,
+  set_gid    = 02000,
+  sticky_bit = 01000,
+  mask       = 07777,
+  unknown    = 0xFFFF,
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr perms operator&(perms __lhs, perms __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<perms>(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) & static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr perms operator|(perms __lhs, perms __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<perms>(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) | static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr perms operator^(perms __lhs, perms __rhs) {
+  return static_cast<perms>(static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs) ^ static_cast<unsigned>(__rhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr perms operator~(perms __lhs) {
+  return static_cast<perms>(~static_cast<unsigned>(__lhs));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline perms& operator&=(perms& __lhs, perms __rhs) { return __lhs = __lhs & __rhs; }
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline perms& operator|=(perms& __lhs, perms __rhs) { return __lhs = __lhs | __rhs; }
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline perms& operator^=(perms& __lhs, perms __rhs) { return __lhs = __lhs ^ __rhs; }
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_PERMS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/recursive_directory_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/recursive_directory_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..caa1396eb301fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/recursive_directory_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_RECURSIVE_DIRECTORY_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_RECURSIVE_DIRECTORY_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__filesystem/directory_entry.h>
+#include <__filesystem/directory_options.h>
+#include <__filesystem/path.h>
+#include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_view.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_code.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_PUSH
+
+class recursive_directory_iterator {
+public:
+  using value_type        = directory_entry;
+  using 
diff erence_type   = ptr
diff _t;
+  using pointer           = directory_entry const*;
+  using reference         = directory_entry const&;
+  using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and destructor
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator() noexcept : __rec_(false) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit recursive_directory_iterator(
+      const path& __p, directory_options __xoptions = directory_options::none)
+      : recursive_directory_iterator(__p, __xoptions, nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator(const path& __p, directory_options __xoptions, error_code& __ec)
+      : recursive_directory_iterator(__p, __xoptions, &__ec) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator(const path& __p, error_code& __ec)
+      : recursive_directory_iterator(__p, directory_options::none, &__ec) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator(const recursive_directory_iterator&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator(recursive_directory_iterator&&)      = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator& operator=(const recursive_directory_iterator&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator& operator=(recursive_directory_iterator&& __o) noexcept {
+    // non-default implementation provided to support self-move assign.
+    if (this != &__o) {
+      __imp_ = std::move(__o.__imp_);
+      __rec_ = __o.__rec_;
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~recursive_directory_iterator() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const directory_entry& operator*() const { return __dereference(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const directory_entry* operator->() const { return &__dereference(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator& operator++() { return __increment(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __dir_element_proxy operator++(int) {
+    __dir_element_proxy __p(**this);
+    __increment();
+    return __p;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator& increment(error_code& __ec) { return __increment(&__ec); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI directory_options options() const;
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int depth() const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop() { __pop(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop(error_code& __ec) { __pop(&__ec); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool recursion_pending() const { return __rec_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void disable_recursion_pending() { __rec_ = false; }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(default_sentinel_t) const noexcept {
+    return *this == recursive_directory_iterator();
+  }
+
+#  endif
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator(const path& __p, directory_options __opt, error_code* __ec);
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const directory_entry& __dereference() const;
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __try_recursion(error_code* __ec);
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __advance(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator& __increment(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __pop(error_code* __ec = nullptr);
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool
+  operator==(const recursive_directory_iterator&, const recursive_directory_iterator&) noexcept;
+
+  struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __shared_imp;
+  shared_ptr<__shared_imp> __imp_;
+  bool __rec_;
+}; // class recursive_directory_iterator
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const recursive_directory_iterator& __lhs, const recursive_directory_iterator& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs.__imp_ == __rhs.__imp_;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline bool
+operator!=(const recursive_directory_iterator& __lhs, const recursive_directory_iterator& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+// enable recursive_directory_iterator range-based for statements
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator begin(recursive_directory_iterator __iter) noexcept {
+  return __iter;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI recursive_directory_iterator end(recursive_directory_iterator) noexcept {
+  return recursive_directory_iterator();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_POP
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY inline constexpr bool
+    std::ranges::enable_borrowed_range<std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator> = true;
+
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY inline constexpr bool
+    std::ranges::enable_view<std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator> = true;
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_RECURSIVE_DIRECTORY_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/space_info.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/space_info.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3fa57d33096fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/space_info.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_SPACE_INFO_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_SPACE_INFO_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI space_info {
+  uintmax_t capacity;
+  uintmax_t free;
+  uintmax_t available;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const space_info&, const space_info&) = default;
+#  endif
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_SPACE_INFO_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/u8path.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/u8path.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..dae5823128f028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__filesystem/u8path.h
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_U8PATH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_U8PATH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__filesystem/path.h>
+#include <string>
+
+// Only required on Windows for __widen_from_utf8, and included conservatively
+// because it requires support for localization.
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+#  include <locale>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_PUSH
+
+template <class _InputIt, __enable_if_t<__is_pathable<_InputIt>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_WITH_CHAR8_T path u8path(_InputIt __f, _InputIt __l) {
+  static_assert(
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+      is_same<typename __is_pathable<_InputIt>::__char_type, char8_t>::value ||
+#  endif
+          is_same<typename __is_pathable<_InputIt>::__char_type, char>::value,
+      "u8path(Iter, Iter) requires Iter have a value_type of type 'char'"
+      " or 'char8_t'");
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+  string __tmp(__f, __l);
+  using _CVT = __widen_from_utf8<sizeof(wchar_t) * __CHAR_BIT__>;
+  std::wstring __w;
+  __w.reserve(__tmp.size());
+  _CVT()(back_inserter(__w), __tmp.data(), __tmp.data() + __tmp.size());
+  return path(__w);
+#  else
+  return path(__f, __l);
+#  endif /* !_LIBCPP_WIN32API */
+}
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+template <class _InputIt, __enable_if_t<__is_pathable<_InputIt>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_WITH_CHAR8_T path u8path(_InputIt __f, _NullSentinel) {
+  static_assert(
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+      is_same<typename __is_pathable<_InputIt>::__char_type, char8_t>::value ||
+#    endif
+          is_same<typename __is_pathable<_InputIt>::__char_type, char>::value,
+      "u8path(Iter, Iter) requires Iter have a value_type of type 'char'"
+      " or 'char8_t'");
+  string __tmp;
+  const char __sentinel = char{};
+  for (; *__f != __sentinel; ++__f)
+    __tmp.push_back(*__f);
+  using _CVT = __widen_from_utf8<sizeof(wchar_t) * __CHAR_BIT__>;
+  std::wstring __w;
+  __w.reserve(__tmp.size());
+  _CVT()(back_inserter(__w), __tmp.data(), __tmp.data() + __tmp.size());
+  return path(__w);
+}
+#  endif /* _LIBCPP_WIN32API */
+
+template <class _Source, __enable_if_t<__is_pathable<_Source>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_WITH_CHAR8_T path u8path(const _Source& __s) {
+  static_assert(
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+      is_same<typename __is_pathable<_Source>::__char_type, char8_t>::value ||
+#  endif
+          is_same<typename __is_pathable<_Source>::__char_type, char>::value,
+      "u8path(Source const&) requires Source have a character type of type "
+      "'char' or 'char8_t'");
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+  using _Traits = __is_pathable<_Source>;
+  return u8path(std::__unwrap_iter(_Traits::__range_begin(__s)), std::__unwrap_iter(_Traits::__range_end(__s)));
+#  else
+  return path(__s);
+#  endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY_POP
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FILESYSTEM_U8PATH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/buffer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/buffer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8598f0a1c03957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/buffer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_BUFFER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_BUFFER_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/fill_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/max.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/transform.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/enable_insertable.h>
+#include <__format/format_to_n_result.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/wrap_iter.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocate_at_least.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/ranges_construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/uninitialized_algorithms.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__utility/exception_guard.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __format {
+
+/// A "buffer" that handles writing to the proper iterator.
+///
+/// This helper is used together with the @ref back_insert_iterator to offer
+/// type-erasure for the formatting functions. This reduces the number to
+/// template instantiations.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __output_buffer {
+public:
+  using value_type = _CharT;
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __output_buffer(_CharT* __ptr, size_t __capacity, _Tp* __obj)
+      : __ptr_(__ptr),
+        __capacity_(__capacity),
+        __flush_([](_CharT* __p, size_t __n, void* __o) { static_cast<_Tp*>(__o)->__flush(__p, __n); }),
+        __obj_(__obj) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __reset(_CharT* __ptr, size_t __capacity) {
+    __ptr_      = __ptr;
+    __capacity_ = __capacity;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __make_output_iterator() { return std::back_insert_iterator{*this}; }
+
+  // Used in std::back_insert_iterator.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_back(_CharT __c) {
+    __ptr_[__size_++] = __c;
+
+    // Profiling showed flushing after adding is more efficient than flushing
+    // when entering the function.
+    if (__size_ == __capacity_)
+      __flush();
+  }
+
+  /// Copies the input __str to the buffer.
+  ///
+  /// Since some of the input is generated by std::to_chars, there needs to be a
+  /// conversion when _CharT is wchar_t.
+  template <__fmt_char_type _InCharT>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy(basic_string_view<_InCharT> __str) {
+    // When the underlying iterator is a simple iterator the __capacity_ is
+    // infinite. For a string or container back_inserter it isn't. This means
+    // that adding a large string to the buffer can cause some overhead. In that
+    // case a better approach could be:
+    // - flush the buffer
+    // - container.append(__str.begin(), __str.end());
+    // The same holds true for the fill.
+    // For transform it might be slightly harder, however the use case for
+    // transform is slightly less common; it converts hexadecimal values to
+    // upper case. For integral these strings are short.
+    // TODO FMT Look at the improvements above.
+    size_t __n = __str.size();
+
+    __flush_on_overflow(__n);
+    if (__n < __capacity_) { //  push_back requires the buffer to have room for at least one character (so use <).
+      std::copy_n(__str.data(), __n, std::addressof(__ptr_[__size_]));
+      __size_ += __n;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // The output doesn't fit in the internal buffer.
+    // Copy the data in "__capacity_" sized chunks.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__size_ == 0, "the buffer should be flushed by __flush_on_overflow");
+    const _InCharT* __first = __str.data();
+    do {
+      size_t __chunk = std::min(__n, __capacity_);
+      std::copy_n(__first, __chunk, std::addressof(__ptr_[__size_]));
+      __size_ = __chunk;
+      __first += __chunk;
+      __n -= __chunk;
+      __flush();
+    } while (__n);
+  }
+
+  /// A std::transform wrapper.
+  ///
+  /// Like @ref __copy it may need to do type conversion.
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator,
+            class _UnaryOperation,
+            __fmt_char_type _InCharT = typename iterator_traits<_Iterator>::value_type>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __transform(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __last, _UnaryOperation __operation) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__first <= __last, "not a valid range");
+
+    size_t __n = static_cast<size_t>(__last - __first);
+    __flush_on_overflow(__n);
+    if (__n < __capacity_) { //  push_back requires the buffer to have room for at least one character (so use <).
+      std::transform(__first, __last, std::addressof(__ptr_[__size_]), std::move(__operation));
+      __size_ += __n;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // The output doesn't fit in the internal buffer.
+    // Transform the data in "__capacity_" sized chunks.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__size_ == 0, "the buffer should be flushed by __flush_on_overflow");
+    do {
+      size_t __chunk = std::min(__n, __capacity_);
+      std::transform(__first, __first + __chunk, std::addressof(__ptr_[__size_]), __operation);
+      __size_ = __chunk;
+      __first += __chunk;
+      __n -= __chunk;
+      __flush();
+    } while (__n);
+  }
+
+  /// A \c fill_n wrapper.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __fill(size_t __n, _CharT __value) {
+    __flush_on_overflow(__n);
+    if (__n < __capacity_) { //  push_back requires the buffer to have room for at least one character (so use <).
+      std::fill_n(std::addressof(__ptr_[__size_]), __n, __value);
+      __size_ += __n;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // The output doesn't fit in the internal buffer.
+    // Fill the buffer in "__capacity_" sized chunks.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__size_ == 0, "the buffer should be flushed by __flush_on_overflow");
+    do {
+      size_t __chunk = std::min(__n, __capacity_);
+      std::fill_n(std::addressof(__ptr_[__size_]), __chunk, __value);
+      __size_ = __chunk;
+      __n -= __chunk;
+      __flush();
+    } while (__n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __flush() {
+    __flush_(__ptr_, __size_, __obj_);
+    __size_ = 0;
+  }
+
+private:
+  _CharT* __ptr_;
+  size_t __capacity_;
+  size_t __size_{0};
+  void (*__flush_)(_CharT*, size_t, void*);
+  void* __obj_;
+
+  /// Flushes the buffer when the output operation would overflow the buffer.
+  ///
+  /// A simple approach for the overflow detection would be something along the
+  /// lines:
+  /// \code
+  /// // The internal buffer is large enough.
+  /// if (__n <= __capacity_) {
+  ///   // Flush when we really would overflow.
+  ///   if (__size_ + __n >= __capacity_)
+  ///     __flush();
+  ///   ...
+  /// }
+  /// \endcode
+  ///
+  /// This approach works for all cases but one:
+  /// A __format_to_n_buffer_base where \ref __enable_direct_output is true.
+  /// In that case the \ref __capacity_ of the buffer changes during the first
+  /// \ref __flush. During that operation the output buffer switches from its
+  /// __writer_ to its __storage_. The \ref __capacity_ of the former depends
+  /// on the value of n, of the latter is a fixed size. For example:
+  /// - a format_to_n call with a 10'000 char buffer,
+  /// - the buffer is filled with 9'500 chars,
+  /// - adding 1'000 elements would overflow the buffer so the buffer gets
+  ///   changed and the \ref __capacity_ decreases from 10'000 to
+  ///   __buffer_size (256 at the time of writing).
+  ///
+  /// This means that the \ref __flush for this class may need to copy a part of
+  /// the internal buffer to the proper output. In this example there will be
+  /// 500 characters that need this copy operation.
+  ///
+  /// Note it would be more efficient to write 500 chars directly and then swap
+  /// the buffers. This would make the code more complex and \ref format_to_n is
+  /// not the most common use case. Therefore the optimization isn't done.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __flush_on_overflow(size_t __n) {
+    if (__size_ + __n >= __capacity_)
+      __flush();
+  }
+};
+
+/// A storage using an internal buffer.
+///
+/// This storage is used when writing a single element to the output iterator
+/// is expensive.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __internal_storage {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _CharT* __begin() { return __buffer_; }
+
+  static constexpr size_t __buffer_size = 256 / sizeof(_CharT);
+
+private:
+  _CharT __buffer_[__buffer_size];
+};
+
+/// A storage writing directly to the storage.
+///
+/// This requires the storage to be a contiguous buffer of \a _CharT.
+/// Since the output is directly written to the underlying storage this class
+/// is just an empty class.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __direct_storage {};
+
+template <class _OutIt, class _CharT>
+concept __enable_direct_output =
+    __fmt_char_type<_CharT> &&
+    (same_as<_OutIt, _CharT*>
+     // TODO(hardening): the following check might not apply to hardened iterators and might need to be wrapped in an
+     // `#ifdef`.
+     || same_as<_OutIt, __wrap_iter<_CharT*>>);
+
+/// Write policy for directly writing to the underlying output.
+template <class _OutIt, __fmt_char_type _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __writer_direct {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __writer_direct(_OutIt __out_it) : __out_it_(__out_it) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __out_it() { return __out_it_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __flush(_CharT*, size_t __n) {
+    // _OutIt can be a __wrap_iter<CharT*>. Therefore the original iterator
+    // is adjusted.
+    __out_it_ += __n;
+  }
+
+private:
+  _OutIt __out_it_;
+};
+
+/// Write policy for copying the buffer to the output.
+template <class _OutIt, __fmt_char_type _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __writer_iterator {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __writer_iterator(_OutIt __out_it) : __out_it_{std::move(__out_it)} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __out_it() && { return std::move(__out_it_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __flush(_CharT* __ptr, size_t __n) {
+    __out_it_ = std::ranges::copy_n(__ptr, __n, std::move(__out_it_)).out;
+  }
+
+private:
+  _OutIt __out_it_;
+};
+
+/// Concept to see whether a \a _Container is insertable.
+///
+/// The concept is used to validate whether multiple calls to a
+/// \ref back_insert_iterator can be replace by a call to \c _Container::insert.
+///
+/// \note a \a _Container needs to opt-in to the concept by specializing
+/// \ref __enable_insertable.
+template <class _Container>
+concept __insertable =
+    __enable_insertable<_Container> && __fmt_char_type<typename _Container::value_type> &&
+    requires(_Container& __t,
+             add_pointer_t<typename _Container::value_type> __first,
+             add_pointer_t<typename _Container::value_type> __last) { __t.insert(__t.end(), __first, __last); };
+
+/// Extract the container type of a \ref back_insert_iterator.
+template <class _It>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __back_insert_iterator_container {
+  using type = void;
+};
+
+template <__insertable _Container>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __back_insert_iterator_container<back_insert_iterator<_Container>> {
+  using type = _Container;
+};
+
+/// Write policy for inserting the buffer in a container.
+template <class _Container>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __writer_container {
+public:
+  using _CharT = typename _Container::value_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __writer_container(back_insert_iterator<_Container> __out_it)
+      : __container_{__out_it.__get_container()} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __out_it() { return std::back_inserter(*__container_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __flush(_CharT* __ptr, size_t __n) {
+    __container_->insert(__container_->end(), __ptr, __ptr + __n);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Container* __container_;
+};
+
+/// Selects the type of the writer used for the output iterator.
+template <class _OutIt, class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __writer_selector {
+  using _Container = typename __back_insert_iterator_container<_OutIt>::type;
+
+public:
+  using type =
+      conditional_t<!same_as<_Container, void>,
+                    __writer_container<_Container>,
+                    conditional_t<__enable_direct_output<_OutIt, _CharT>,
+                                  __writer_direct<_OutIt, _CharT>,
+                                  __writer_iterator<_OutIt, _CharT>>>;
+};
+
+/// The generic formatting buffer.
+template <class _OutIt, __fmt_char_type _CharT>
+  requires(output_iterator<_OutIt, const _CharT&>)
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __format_buffer {
+  using _Storage =
+      conditional_t<__enable_direct_output<_OutIt, _CharT>, __direct_storage<_CharT>, __internal_storage<_CharT>>;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __format_buffer(_OutIt __out_it)
+    requires(same_as<_Storage, __internal_storage<_CharT>>)
+      : __output_(__storage_.__begin(), __storage_.__buffer_size, this), __writer_(std::move(__out_it)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __format_buffer(_OutIt __out_it)
+    requires(same_as<_Storage, __direct_storage<_CharT>>)
+      : __output_(std::__unwrap_iter(__out_it), size_t(-1), this), __writer_(std::move(__out_it)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __make_output_iterator() { return __output_.__make_output_iterator(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __flush(_CharT* __ptr, size_t __n) { __writer_.__flush(__ptr, __n); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __out_it() && {
+    __output_.__flush();
+    return std::move(__writer_).__out_it();
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Storage __storage_;
+  __output_buffer<_CharT> __output_;
+  typename __writer_selector<_OutIt, _CharT>::type __writer_;
+};
+
+/// A buffer that counts the number of insertions.
+///
+/// Since \ref formatted_size only needs to know the size, the output itself is
+/// discarded.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __formatted_size_buffer {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __make_output_iterator() { return __output_.__make_output_iterator(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __flush(const _CharT*, size_t __n) { __size_ += __n; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __result() && {
+    __output_.__flush();
+    return __size_;
+  }
+
+private:
+  __internal_storage<_CharT> __storage_;
+  __output_buffer<_CharT> __output_{__storage_.__begin(), __storage_.__buffer_size, this};
+  size_t __size_{0};
+};
+
+/// The base of a buffer that counts and limits the number of insertions.
+template <class _OutIt, __fmt_char_type _CharT, bool>
+  requires(output_iterator<_OutIt, const _CharT&>)
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __format_to_n_buffer_base {
+  using _Size = iter_
diff erence_t<_OutIt>;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __format_to_n_buffer_base(_OutIt __out_it, _Size __max_size)
+      : __writer_(std::move(__out_it)), __max_size_(std::max(_Size(0), __max_size)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __flush(_CharT* __ptr, size_t __n) {
+    if (_Size(__size_) <= __max_size_)
+      __writer_.__flush(__ptr, std::min(_Size(__n), __max_size_ - __size_));
+    __size_ += __n;
+  }
+
+protected:
+  __internal_storage<_CharT> __storage_;
+  __output_buffer<_CharT> __output_{__storage_.__begin(), __storage_.__buffer_size, this};
+  typename __writer_selector<_OutIt, _CharT>::type __writer_;
+
+  _Size __max_size_;
+  _Size __size_{0};
+};
+
+/// The base of a buffer that counts and limits the number of insertions.
+///
+/// This version is used when \c __enable_direct_output<_OutIt, _CharT> == true.
+///
+/// This class limits the size available to the direct writer so it will not
+/// exceed the maximum number of code units.
+template <class _OutIt, __fmt_char_type _CharT>
+  requires(output_iterator<_OutIt, const _CharT&>)
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __format_to_n_buffer_base<_OutIt, _CharT, true> {
+  using _Size = iter_
diff erence_t<_OutIt>;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __format_to_n_buffer_base(_OutIt __out_it, _Size __max_size)
+      : __output_(std::__unwrap_iter(__out_it), __max_size, this),
+        __writer_(std::move(__out_it)),
+        __max_size_(__max_size) {
+    if (__max_size <= 0) [[unlikely]]
+      __output_.__reset(__storage_.__begin(), __storage_.__buffer_size);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __flush(_CharT* __ptr, size_t __n) {
+    // A __flush to the direct writer happens in the following occasions:
+    // - The format function has written the maximum number of allowed code
+    //   units. At this point it's no longer valid to write to this writer. So
+    //   switch to the internal storage. This internal storage doesn't need to
+    //   be written anywhere so the __flush for that storage writes no output.
+    // - Like above, but the next "mass write" operation would overflow the
+    //   buffer. In that case the buffer is pre-emptively switched. The still
+    //   valid code units will be written separately.
+    // - The format_to_n function is finished. In this case there's no need to
+    //   switch the buffer, but for simplicity the buffers are still switched.
+    // When the __max_size <= 0 the constructor already switched the buffers.
+    if (__size_ == 0 && __ptr != __storage_.__begin()) {
+      __writer_.__flush(__ptr, __n);
+      __output_.__reset(__storage_.__begin(), __storage_.__buffer_size);
+    } else if (__size_ < __max_size_) {
+      // Copies a part of the internal buffer to the output up to n characters.
+      // See __output_buffer<_CharT>::__flush_on_overflow for more information.
+      _Size __s = std::min(_Size(__n), __max_size_ - __size_);
+      std::copy_n(__ptr, __s, __writer_.__out_it());
+      __writer_.__flush(__ptr, __s);
+    }
+
+    __size_ += __n;
+  }
+
+protected:
+  __internal_storage<_CharT> __storage_;
+  __output_buffer<_CharT> __output_;
+  __writer_direct<_OutIt, _CharT> __writer_;
+
+  _Size __max_size_;
+  _Size __size_{0};
+};
+
+/// The buffer that counts and limits the number of insertions.
+template <class _OutIt, __fmt_char_type _CharT>
+  requires(output_iterator<_OutIt, const _CharT&>)
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __format_to_n_buffer final
+    : public __format_to_n_buffer_base< _OutIt, _CharT, __enable_direct_output<_OutIt, _CharT>> {
+  using _Base = __format_to_n_buffer_base<_OutIt, _CharT, __enable_direct_output<_OutIt, _CharT>>;
+  using _Size = iter_
diff erence_t<_OutIt>;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __format_to_n_buffer(_OutIt __out_it, _Size __max_size)
+      : _Base(std::move(__out_it), __max_size) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __make_output_iterator() { return this->__output_.__make_output_iterator(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI format_to_n_result<_OutIt> __result() && {
+    this->__output_.__flush();
+    return {std::move(this->__writer_).__out_it(), this->__size_};
+  }
+};
+
+// A dynamically growing buffer intended to be used for retargeting a context.
+//
+// P2286 Formatting ranges adds range formatting support. It allows the user to
+// specify the minimum width for the entire formatted range.  The width of the
+// range is not known until the range is formatted. Formatting is done to an
+// output_iterator so there's no guarantee it would be possible to add the fill
+// to the front of the output. Instead the range is formatted to a temporary
+// buffer and that buffer is formatted as a string.
+//
+// There is an issue with that approach, the format context used in
+// std::formatter<T>::format contains the output iterator used as part of its
+// type. So using this output iterator means there needs to be a new format
+// context and the format arguments need to be retargeted to the new context.
+// This retargeting is done by a basic_format_context specialized for the
+// __iterator of this container.
+//
+// This class uses its own buffer management, since using vector
+// would lead to a circular include with formatter for vector<bool>.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __retarget_buffer {
+  using _Alloc = allocator<_CharT>;
+
+public:
+  using value_type = _CharT;
+
+  struct __iterator {
+    using 
diff erence_type = ptr
diff _t;
+    using value_type      = _CharT;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __iterator(__retarget_buffer& __buffer)
+        : __buffer_(std::addressof(__buffer)) {}
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator=(const _CharT& __c) {
+      __buffer_->push_back(__c);
+      return *this;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator=(_CharT&& __c) {
+      __buffer_->push_back(__c);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator++(int) { return *this; }
+    __retarget_buffer* __buffer_;
+  };
+
+  __retarget_buffer(const __retarget_buffer&)            = delete;
+  __retarget_buffer& operator=(const __retarget_buffer&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __retarget_buffer(size_t __size_hint) {
+    // When the initial size is very small a lot of resizes happen
+    // when elements added. So use a hard-coded minimum size.
+    //
+    // Note a size < 2 will not work
+    // - 0 there is no buffer, while push_back requires 1 empty element.
+    // - 1 multiplied by the grow factor is 1 and thus the buffer never
+    //   grows.
+    auto __result = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc_, std::max(__size_hint, 256 / sizeof(_CharT)));
+    __ptr_        = __result.ptr;
+    __capacity_   = __result.count;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__retarget_buffer() {
+    ranges::destroy_n(__ptr_, __size_);
+    allocator_traits<_Alloc>::deallocate(__alloc_, __ptr_, __capacity_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator __make_output_iterator() { return __iterator{*this}; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_back(_CharT __c) {
+    std::construct_at(__ptr_ + __size_, __c);
+    ++__size_;
+
+    if (__size_ == __capacity_)
+      __grow_buffer();
+  }
+
+  template <__fmt_char_type _InCharT>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy(basic_string_view<_InCharT> __str) {
+    size_t __n = __str.size();
+    if (__size_ + __n >= __capacity_)
+      // Push_back requires the buffer to have room for at least one character.
+      __grow_buffer(__size_ + __n + 1);
+
+    std::uninitialized_copy_n(__str.data(), __n, __ptr_ + __size_);
+    __size_ += __n;
+  }
+
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator,
+            class _UnaryOperation,
+            __fmt_char_type _InCharT = typename iterator_traits<_Iterator>::value_type>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __transform(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __last, _UnaryOperation __operation) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__first <= __last, "not a valid range");
+
+    size_t __n = static_cast<size_t>(__last - __first);
+    if (__size_ + __n >= __capacity_)
+      // Push_back requires the buffer to have room for at least one character.
+      __grow_buffer(__size_ + __n + 1);
+
+    std::uninitialized_default_construct_n(__ptr_ + __size_, __n);
+    std::transform(__first, __last, __ptr_ + __size_, std::move(__operation));
+    __size_ += __n;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __fill(size_t __n, _CharT __value) {
+    if (__size_ + __n >= __capacity_)
+      // Push_back requires the buffer to have room for at least one character.
+      __grow_buffer(__size_ + __n + 1);
+
+    std::uninitialized_fill_n(__ptr_ + __size_, __n, __value);
+    __size_ += __n;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view<_CharT> __view() { return {__ptr_, __size_}; }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __grow_buffer() { __grow_buffer(__capacity_ * 1.6); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __grow_buffer(size_t __capacity) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__capacity > __capacity_, "the buffer must grow");
+    auto __result = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc_, __capacity);
+    auto __guard  = std::__make_exception_guard([&] {
+      allocator_traits<_Alloc>::deallocate(__alloc_, __result.ptr, __result.count);
+    });
+    // This shouldn't throw, but just to be safe. Note that at -O1 this
+    // guard is optimized away so there is no runtime overhead.
+    std::uninitialized_move_n(__ptr_, __size_, __result.ptr);
+    __guard.__complete();
+    ranges::destroy_n(__ptr_, __size_);
+    allocator_traits<_Alloc>::deallocate(__alloc_, __ptr_, __capacity_);
+
+    __ptr_      = __result.ptr;
+    __capacity_ = __result.count;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Alloc __alloc_;
+  _CharT* __ptr_;
+  size_t __capacity_;
+  size_t __size_{0};
+};
+
+} // namespace __format
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_BUFFER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/concepts.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/concepts.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..13380e9b91aff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/concepts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_CONCEPTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_CONCEPTS_H
+
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__concepts/semiregular.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__fwd/format.h>
+#include <__fwd/tuple.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_specialization.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+/// The character type specializations of \ref formatter.
+template <class _CharT>
+concept __fmt_char_type =
+    same_as<_CharT, char>
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+    || same_as<_CharT, wchar_t>
+#  endif
+    ;
+
+// The output iterator isn't specified. A formatter should accept any
+// output_iterator. This iterator is a minimal iterator to test the concept.
+// (Note testing for (w)format_context would be a valid choice, but requires
+// selecting the proper one depending on the type of _CharT.)
+template <class _CharT>
+using __fmt_iter_for = _CharT*;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Context, class _Formatter = typename _Context::template formatter_type<remove_const_t<_Tp>>>
+concept __formattable_with =
+    semiregular<_Formatter> &&
+    requires(_Formatter& __f,
+             const _Formatter& __cf,
+             _Tp&& __t,
+             _Context __fc,
+             basic_format_parse_context<typename _Context::char_type> __pc) {
+      { __f.parse(__pc) } -> same_as<typename decltype(__pc)::iterator>;
+      { __cf.format(__t, __fc) } -> same_as<typename _Context::iterator>;
+    };
+
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT>
+concept __formattable =
+    __formattable_with<remove_reference_t<_Tp>, basic_format_context<__fmt_iter_for<_CharT>, _CharT>>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT>
+concept formattable = __formattable<_Tp, _CharT>;
+
+// [tuple.like] defines a tuple-like exposition only concept. This concept is
+// not related to that. Therefore it uses a 
diff erent name for the concept.
+//
+// TODO FMT Add a test to validate we fail when using that concept after P2165
+// has been implemented.
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __fmt_pair_like =
+    __is_specialization_v<_Tp, pair> || (__is_specialization_v<_Tp, tuple> && tuple_size_v<_Tp> == 2);
+
+#  endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#endif   //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_CONCEPTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/container_adaptor.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/container_adaptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9f49ca03bf4f50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/container_adaptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_CONTAINER_ADAPTOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_CONTAINER_ADAPTOR_H
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/range_default_formatter.h>
+#include <__fwd/queue.h>
+#include <__fwd/stack.h>
+#include <__ranges/ref_view.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/maybe_const.h>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+// [container.adaptors.format] only specifies the library should provide the
+// formatter specializations, not which header should provide them.
+// Since <format> includes a lot of headers, add these headers here instead of
+// adding more dependencies like, locale, optinal, string, tuple, etc. to the
+// adaptor headers. To use the format functions users already include <format>.
+
+template <class _Adaptor, class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __formatter_container_adaptor {
+private:
+  using __maybe_const_container = __fmt_maybe_const<typename _Adaptor::container_type, _CharT>;
+  using __maybe_const_adaptor   = __maybe_const<is_const_v<__maybe_const_container>, _Adaptor>;
+  formatter<ranges::ref_view<__maybe_const_container>, _CharT> __underlying_;
+
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return __underlying_.parse(__ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+  format(__maybe_const_adaptor& __adaptor, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    return __underlying_.format(__adaptor.__get_container(), __ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Tp, formattable<_CharT> _Container>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<queue<_Tp, _Container>, _CharT>
+    : public __formatter_container_adaptor<queue<_Tp, _Container>, _CharT> {};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>, _CharT>
+    : public __formatter_container_adaptor<priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>, _CharT> {};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Tp, formattable<_CharT> _Container>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<stack<_Tp, _Container>, _CharT>
+    : public __formatter_container_adaptor<stack<_Tp, _Container>, _CharT> {};
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_CONTAINER_ADAPTOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/enable_insertable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/enable_insertable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..86ef94a325b192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/enable_insertable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_ENABLE_INSERTABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_ENABLE_INSERTABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __format {
+
+/// Opt-in to enable \ref __insertable for a \a _Container.
+template <class _Container>
+inline constexpr bool __enable_insertable = false;
+
+} // namespace __format
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_ENABLE_INSERTABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/escaped_output_table.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/escaped_output_table.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f7be2dc61f21a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/escaped_output_table.h
@@ -0,0 +1,863 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// WARNING, this entire header is generated by
+// utils/generate_escaped_output_table.py
+// DO NOT MODIFY!
+
+// UNICODE, INC. LICENSE AGREEMENT - DATA FILES AND SOFTWARE
+//
+// See Terms of Use <https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html>
+// for definitions of Unicode Inc.'s Data Files and Software.
+//
+// NOTICE TO USER: Carefully read the following legal agreement.
+// BY DOWNLOADING, INSTALLING, COPYING OR OTHERWISE USING UNICODE INC.'S
+// DATA FILES ("DATA FILES"), AND/OR SOFTWARE ("SOFTWARE"),
+// YOU UNEQUIVOCALLY ACCEPT, AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY, ALL OF THE
+// TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
+// IF YOU DO NOT AGREE, DO NOT DOWNLOAD, INSTALL, COPY, DISTRIBUTE OR USE
+// THE DATA FILES OR SOFTWARE.
+//
+// COPYRIGHT AND PERMISSION NOTICE
+//
+// Copyright (c) 1991-2022 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved.
+// Distributed under the Terms of Use in https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+// a copy of the Unicode data files and any associated documentation
+// (the "Data Files") or Unicode software and any associated documentation
+// (the "Software") to deal in the Data Files or Software
+// without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+// copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, and/or sell copies of
+// the Data Files or Software, and to permit persons to whom the Data Files
+// or Software are furnished to do so, provided that either
+// (a) this copyright and permission notice appear with all copies
+// of the Data Files or Software, or
+// (b) this copyright and permission notice appear in associated
+// Documentation.
+//
+// THE DATA FILES AND SOFTWARE ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+// ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
+// WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+// NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+// IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR HOLDERS INCLUDED IN THIS
+// NOTICE BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY SPECIAL INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+// DAMAGES, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
+// TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+// PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA FILES OR SOFTWARE.
+//
+// Except as contained in this notice, the name of a copyright holder
+// shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale,
+// use or other dealings in these Data Files or Software without prior
+// written authorization of the copyright holder.
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_ESCAPED_OUTPUT_TABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_ESCAPED_OUTPUT_TABLE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_upper_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+namespace __escaped_output_table {
+// clang-format off
+
+/// The entries of the characters to escape in format's debug string.
+///
+/// Contains the entries for [format.string.escaped]/2.2.1.2.1
+///   CE is a Unicode encoding and C corresponds to a UCS scalar value whose
+///   Unicode property General_Category has a value in the groups Separator (Z)
+///   or Other (C), as described by table 12 of UAX #44
+///
+/// Separator (Z) consists of General_Category
+/// - Space_Separator,
+/// - Line_Separator,
+/// - Paragraph_Separator.
+///
+/// Other (C) consists of General_Category
+/// - Control,
+/// - Format,
+/// - Surrogate,
+/// - Private_Use,
+/// - Unassigned.
+///
+/// The data is generated from
+/// - https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/extracted/DerivedGeneralCategory.txt
+///
+/// The table is similar to the table
+///  __extended_grapheme_custer_property_boundary::__entries
+/// which explains the details of these classes. The only 
diff erence is this
+/// table lacks a property, thus having more bits available for the size.
+///
+/// The data has 2 values:
+/// - bits [0, 13] The size of the range, allowing 16384 elements.
+/// - bits [14, 31] The lower bound code point of the range. The upper bound of
+///   the range is lower bound + size. Note the code expects code units the fit
+///   into 18 bits, instead of the 21 bits needed for the full Unicode range.
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr uint32_t __entries[711] = {
+    0x00000020 /* 00000000 - 00000020 [   33] */,
+    0x001fc021 /* 0000007f - 000000a0 [   34] */,
+    0x002b4000 /* 000000ad - 000000ad [    1] */,
+    0x00de0001 /* 00000378 - 00000379 [    2] */,
+    0x00e00003 /* 00000380 - 00000383 [    4] */,
+    0x00e2c000 /* 0000038b - 0000038b [    1] */,
+    0x00e34000 /* 0000038d - 0000038d [    1] */,
+    0x00e88000 /* 000003a2 - 000003a2 [    1] */,
+    0x014c0000 /* 00000530 - 00000530 [    1] */,
+    0x0155c001 /* 00000557 - 00000558 [    2] */,
+    0x0162c001 /* 0000058b - 0000058c [    2] */,
+    0x01640000 /* 00000590 - 00000590 [    1] */,
+    0x01720007 /* 000005c8 - 000005cf [    8] */,
+    0x017ac003 /* 000005eb - 000005ee [    4] */,
+    0x017d4010 /* 000005f5 - 00000605 [   17] */,
+    0x01870000 /* 0000061c - 0000061c [    1] */,
+    0x01b74000 /* 000006dd - 000006dd [    1] */,
+    0x01c38001 /* 0000070e - 0000070f [    2] */,
+    0x01d2c001 /* 0000074b - 0000074c [    2] */,
+    0x01ec800d /* 000007b2 - 000007bf [   14] */,
+    0x01fec001 /* 000007fb - 000007fc [    2] */,
+    0x020b8001 /* 0000082e - 0000082f [    2] */,
+    0x020fc000 /* 0000083f - 0000083f [    1] */,
+    0x02170001 /* 0000085c - 0000085d [    2] */,
+    0x0217c000 /* 0000085f - 0000085f [    1] */,
+    0x021ac004 /* 0000086b - 0000086f [    5] */,
+    0x0223c008 /* 0000088f - 00000897 [    9] */,
+    0x02388000 /* 000008e2 - 000008e2 [    1] */,
+    0x02610000 /* 00000984 - 00000984 [    1] */,
+    0x02634001 /* 0000098d - 0000098e [    2] */,
+    0x02644001 /* 00000991 - 00000992 [    2] */,
+    0x026a4000 /* 000009a9 - 000009a9 [    1] */,
+    0x026c4000 /* 000009b1 - 000009b1 [    1] */,
+    0x026cc002 /* 000009b3 - 000009b5 [    3] */,
+    0x026e8001 /* 000009ba - 000009bb [    2] */,
+    0x02714001 /* 000009c5 - 000009c6 [    2] */,
+    0x02724001 /* 000009c9 - 000009ca [    2] */,
+    0x0273c007 /* 000009cf - 000009d6 [    8] */,
+    0x02760003 /* 000009d8 - 000009db [    4] */,
+    0x02778000 /* 000009de - 000009de [    1] */,
+    0x02790001 /* 000009e4 - 000009e5 [    2] */,
+    0x027fc001 /* 000009ff - 00000a00 [    2] */,
+    0x02810000 /* 00000a04 - 00000a04 [    1] */,
+    0x0282c003 /* 00000a0b - 00000a0e [    4] */,
+    0x02844001 /* 00000a11 - 00000a12 [    2] */,
+    0x028a4000 /* 00000a29 - 00000a29 [    1] */,
+    0x028c4000 /* 00000a31 - 00000a31 [    1] */,
+    0x028d0000 /* 00000a34 - 00000a34 [    1] */,
+    0x028dc000 /* 00000a37 - 00000a37 [    1] */,
+    0x028e8001 /* 00000a3a - 00000a3b [    2] */,
+    0x028f4000 /* 00000a3d - 00000a3d [    1] */,
+    0x0290c003 /* 00000a43 - 00000a46 [    4] */,
+    0x02924001 /* 00000a49 - 00000a4a [    2] */,
+    0x02938002 /* 00000a4e - 00000a50 [    3] */,
+    0x02948006 /* 00000a52 - 00000a58 [    7] */,
+    0x02974000 /* 00000a5d - 00000a5d [    1] */,
+    0x0297c006 /* 00000a5f - 00000a65 [    7] */,
+    0x029dc009 /* 00000a77 - 00000a80 [   10] */,
+    0x02a10000 /* 00000a84 - 00000a84 [    1] */,
+    0x02a38000 /* 00000a8e - 00000a8e [    1] */,
+    0x02a48000 /* 00000a92 - 00000a92 [    1] */,
+    0x02aa4000 /* 00000aa9 - 00000aa9 [    1] */,
+    0x02ac4000 /* 00000ab1 - 00000ab1 [    1] */,
+    0x02ad0000 /* 00000ab4 - 00000ab4 [    1] */,
+    0x02ae8001 /* 00000aba - 00000abb [    2] */,
+    0x02b18000 /* 00000ac6 - 00000ac6 [    1] */,
+    0x02b28000 /* 00000aca - 00000aca [    1] */,
+    0x02b38001 /* 00000ace - 00000acf [    2] */,
+    0x02b4400e /* 00000ad1 - 00000adf [   15] */,
+    0x02b90001 /* 00000ae4 - 00000ae5 [    2] */,
+    0x02bc8006 /* 00000af2 - 00000af8 [    7] */,
+    0x02c00000 /* 00000b00 - 00000b00 [    1] */,
+    0x02c10000 /* 00000b04 - 00000b04 [    1] */,
+    0x02c34001 /* 00000b0d - 00000b0e [    2] */,
+    0x02c44001 /* 00000b11 - 00000b12 [    2] */,
+    0x02ca4000 /* 00000b29 - 00000b29 [    1] */,
+    0x02cc4000 /* 00000b31 - 00000b31 [    1] */,
+    0x02cd0000 /* 00000b34 - 00000b34 [    1] */,
+    0x02ce8001 /* 00000b3a - 00000b3b [    2] */,
+    0x02d14001 /* 00000b45 - 00000b46 [    2] */,
+    0x02d24001 /* 00000b49 - 00000b4a [    2] */,
+    0x02d38006 /* 00000b4e - 00000b54 [    7] */,
+    0x02d60003 /* 00000b58 - 00000b5b [    4] */,
+    0x02d78000 /* 00000b5e - 00000b5e [    1] */,
+    0x02d90001 /* 00000b64 - 00000b65 [    2] */,
+    0x02de0009 /* 00000b78 - 00000b81 [   10] */,
+    0x02e10000 /* 00000b84 - 00000b84 [    1] */,
+    0x02e2c002 /* 00000b8b - 00000b8d [    3] */,
+    0x02e44000 /* 00000b91 - 00000b91 [    1] */,
+    0x02e58002 /* 00000b96 - 00000b98 [    3] */,
+    0x02e6c000 /* 00000b9b - 00000b9b [    1] */,
+    0x02e74000 /* 00000b9d - 00000b9d [    1] */,
+    0x02e80002 /* 00000ba0 - 00000ba2 [    3] */,
+    0x02e94002 /* 00000ba5 - 00000ba7 [    3] */,
+    0x02eac002 /* 00000bab - 00000bad [    3] */,
+    0x02ee8003 /* 00000bba - 00000bbd [    4] */,
+    0x02f0c002 /* 00000bc3 - 00000bc5 [    3] */,
+    0x02f24000 /* 00000bc9 - 00000bc9 [    1] */,
+    0x02f38001 /* 00000bce - 00000bcf [    2] */,
+    0x02f44005 /* 00000bd1 - 00000bd6 [    6] */,
+    0x02f6000d /* 00000bd8 - 00000be5 [   14] */,
+    0x02fec004 /* 00000bfb - 00000bff [    5] */,
+    0x03034000 /* 00000c0d - 00000c0d [    1] */,
+    0x03044000 /* 00000c11 - 00000c11 [    1] */,
+    0x030a4000 /* 00000c29 - 00000c29 [    1] */,
+    0x030e8001 /* 00000c3a - 00000c3b [    2] */,
+    0x03114000 /* 00000c45 - 00000c45 [    1] */,
+    0x03124000 /* 00000c49 - 00000c49 [    1] */,
+    0x03138006 /* 00000c4e - 00000c54 [    7] */,
+    0x0315c000 /* 00000c57 - 00000c57 [    1] */,
+    0x0316c001 /* 00000c5b - 00000c5c [    2] */,
+    0x03178001 /* 00000c5e - 00000c5f [    2] */,
+    0x03190001 /* 00000c64 - 00000c65 [    2] */,
+    0x031c0006 /* 00000c70 - 00000c76 [    7] */,
+    0x03234000 /* 00000c8d - 00000c8d [    1] */,
+    0x03244000 /* 00000c91 - 00000c91 [    1] */,
+    0x032a4000 /* 00000ca9 - 00000ca9 [    1] */,
+    0x032d0000 /* 00000cb4 - 00000cb4 [    1] */,
+    0x032e8001 /* 00000cba - 00000cbb [    2] */,
+    0x03314000 /* 00000cc5 - 00000cc5 [    1] */,
+    0x03324000 /* 00000cc9 - 00000cc9 [    1] */,
+    0x03338006 /* 00000cce - 00000cd4 [    7] */,
+    0x0335c005 /* 00000cd7 - 00000cdc [    6] */,
+    0x0337c000 /* 00000cdf - 00000cdf [    1] */,
+    0x03390001 /* 00000ce4 - 00000ce5 [    2] */,
+    0x033c0000 /* 00000cf0 - 00000cf0 [    1] */,
+    0x033d000b /* 00000cf4 - 00000cff [   12] */,
+    0x03434000 /* 00000d0d - 00000d0d [    1] */,
+    0x03444000 /* 00000d11 - 00000d11 [    1] */,
+    0x03514000 /* 00000d45 - 00000d45 [    1] */,
+    0x03524000 /* 00000d49 - 00000d49 [    1] */,
+    0x03540003 /* 00000d50 - 00000d53 [    4] */,
+    0x03590001 /* 00000d64 - 00000d65 [    2] */,
+    0x03600000 /* 00000d80 - 00000d80 [    1] */,
+    0x03610000 /* 00000d84 - 00000d84 [    1] */,
+    0x0365c002 /* 00000d97 - 00000d99 [    3] */,
+    0x036c8000 /* 00000db2 - 00000db2 [    1] */,
+    0x036f0000 /* 00000dbc - 00000dbc [    1] */,
+    0x036f8001 /* 00000dbe - 00000dbf [    2] */,
+    0x0371c002 /* 00000dc7 - 00000dc9 [    3] */,
+    0x0372c003 /* 00000dcb - 00000dce [    4] */,
+    0x03754000 /* 00000dd5 - 00000dd5 [    1] */,
+    0x0375c000 /* 00000dd7 - 00000dd7 [    1] */,
+    0x03780005 /* 00000de0 - 00000de5 [    6] */,
+    0x037c0001 /* 00000df0 - 00000df1 [    2] */,
+    0x037d400b /* 00000df5 - 00000e00 [   12] */,
+    0x038ec003 /* 00000e3b - 00000e3e [    4] */,
+    0x03970024 /* 00000e5c - 00000e80 [   37] */,
+    0x03a0c000 /* 00000e83 - 00000e83 [    1] */,
+    0x03a14000 /* 00000e85 - 00000e85 [    1] */,
+    0x03a2c000 /* 00000e8b - 00000e8b [    1] */,
+    0x03a90000 /* 00000ea4 - 00000ea4 [    1] */,
+    0x03a98000 /* 00000ea6 - 00000ea6 [    1] */,
+    0x03af8001 /* 00000ebe - 00000ebf [    2] */,
+    0x03b14000 /* 00000ec5 - 00000ec5 [    1] */,
+    0x03b1c000 /* 00000ec7 - 00000ec7 [    1] */,
+    0x03b3c000 /* 00000ecf - 00000ecf [    1] */,
+    0x03b68001 /* 00000eda - 00000edb [    2] */,
+    0x03b8001f /* 00000ee0 - 00000eff [   32] */,
+    0x03d20000 /* 00000f48 - 00000f48 [    1] */,
+    0x03db4003 /* 00000f6d - 00000f70 [    4] */,
+    0x03e60000 /* 00000f98 - 00000f98 [    1] */,
+    0x03ef4000 /* 00000fbd - 00000fbd [    1] */,
+    0x03f34000 /* 00000fcd - 00000fcd [    1] */,
+    0x03f6c024 /* 00000fdb - 00000fff [   37] */,
+    0x04318000 /* 000010c6 - 000010c6 [    1] */,
+    0x04320004 /* 000010c8 - 000010cc [    5] */,
+    0x04338001 /* 000010ce - 000010cf [    2] */,
+    0x04924000 /* 00001249 - 00001249 [    1] */,
+    0x04938001 /* 0000124e - 0000124f [    2] */,
+    0x0495c000 /* 00001257 - 00001257 [    1] */,
+    0x04964000 /* 00001259 - 00001259 [    1] */,
+    0x04978001 /* 0000125e - 0000125f [    2] */,
+    0x04a24000 /* 00001289 - 00001289 [    1] */,
+    0x04a38001 /* 0000128e - 0000128f [    2] */,
+    0x04ac4000 /* 000012b1 - 000012b1 [    1] */,
+    0x04ad8001 /* 000012b6 - 000012b7 [    2] */,
+    0x04afc000 /* 000012bf - 000012bf [    1] */,
+    0x04b04000 /* 000012c1 - 000012c1 [    1] */,
+    0x04b18001 /* 000012c6 - 000012c7 [    2] */,
+    0x04b5c000 /* 000012d7 - 000012d7 [    1] */,
+    0x04c44000 /* 00001311 - 00001311 [    1] */,
+    0x04c58001 /* 00001316 - 00001317 [    2] */,
+    0x04d6c001 /* 0000135b - 0000135c [    2] */,
+    0x04df4002 /* 0000137d - 0000137f [    3] */,
+    0x04e68005 /* 0000139a - 0000139f [    6] */,
+    0x04fd8001 /* 000013f6 - 000013f7 [    2] */,
+    0x04ff8001 /* 000013fe - 000013ff [    2] */,
+    0x05a00000 /* 00001680 - 00001680 [    1] */,
+    0x05a74002 /* 0000169d - 0000169f [    3] */,
+    0x05be4006 /* 000016f9 - 000016ff [    7] */,
+    0x05c58008 /* 00001716 - 0000171e [    9] */,
+    0x05cdc008 /* 00001737 - 0000173f [    9] */,
+    0x05d5000b /* 00001754 - 0000175f [   12] */,
+    0x05db4000 /* 0000176d - 0000176d [    1] */,
+    0x05dc4000 /* 00001771 - 00001771 [    1] */,
+    0x05dd000b /* 00001774 - 0000177f [   12] */,
+    0x05f78001 /* 000017de - 000017df [    2] */,
+    0x05fa8005 /* 000017ea - 000017ef [    6] */,
+    0x05fe8005 /* 000017fa - 000017ff [    6] */,
+    0x06038000 /* 0000180e - 0000180e [    1] */,
+    0x06068005 /* 0000181a - 0000181f [    6] */,
+    0x061e4006 /* 00001879 - 0000187f [    7] */,
+    0x062ac004 /* 000018ab - 000018af [    5] */,
+    0x063d8009 /* 000018f6 - 000018ff [   10] */,
+    0x0647c000 /* 0000191f - 0000191f [    1] */,
+    0x064b0003 /* 0000192c - 0000192f [    4] */,
+    0x064f0003 /* 0000193c - 0000193f [    4] */,
+    0x06504002 /* 00001941 - 00001943 [    3] */,
+    0x065b8001 /* 0000196e - 0000196f [    2] */,
+    0x065d400a /* 00001975 - 0000197f [   11] */,
+    0x066b0003 /* 000019ac - 000019af [    4] */,
+    0x06728005 /* 000019ca - 000019cf [    6] */,
+    0x0676c002 /* 000019db - 000019dd [    3] */,
+    0x06870001 /* 00001a1c - 00001a1d [    2] */,
+    0x0697c000 /* 00001a5f - 00001a5f [    1] */,
+    0x069f4001 /* 00001a7d - 00001a7e [    2] */,
+    0x06a28005 /* 00001a8a - 00001a8f [    6] */,
+    0x06a68005 /* 00001a9a - 00001a9f [    6] */,
+    0x06ab8001 /* 00001aae - 00001aaf [    2] */,
+    0x06b3c030 /* 00001acf - 00001aff [   49] */,
+    0x06d34002 /* 00001b4d - 00001b4f [    3] */,
+    0x06dfc000 /* 00001b7f - 00001b7f [    1] */,
+    0x06fd0007 /* 00001bf4 - 00001bfb [    8] */,
+    0x070e0002 /* 00001c38 - 00001c3a [    3] */,
+    0x07128002 /* 00001c4a - 00001c4c [    3] */,
+    0x07224006 /* 00001c89 - 00001c8f [    7] */,
+    0x072ec001 /* 00001cbb - 00001cbc [    2] */,
+    0x07320007 /* 00001cc8 - 00001ccf [    8] */,
+    0x073ec004 /* 00001cfb - 00001cff [    5] */,
+    0x07c58001 /* 00001f16 - 00001f17 [    2] */,
+    0x07c78001 /* 00001f1e - 00001f1f [    2] */,
+    0x07d18001 /* 00001f46 - 00001f47 [    2] */,
+    0x07d38001 /* 00001f4e - 00001f4f [    2] */,
+    0x07d60000 /* 00001f58 - 00001f58 [    1] */,
+    0x07d68000 /* 00001f5a - 00001f5a [    1] */,
+    0x07d70000 /* 00001f5c - 00001f5c [    1] */,
+    0x07d78000 /* 00001f5e - 00001f5e [    1] */,
+    0x07df8001 /* 00001f7e - 00001f7f [    2] */,
+    0x07ed4000 /* 00001fb5 - 00001fb5 [    1] */,
+    0x07f14000 /* 00001fc5 - 00001fc5 [    1] */,
+    0x07f50001 /* 00001fd4 - 00001fd5 [    2] */,
+    0x07f70000 /* 00001fdc - 00001fdc [    1] */,
+    0x07fc0001 /* 00001ff0 - 00001ff1 [    2] */,
+    0x07fd4000 /* 00001ff5 - 00001ff5 [    1] */,
+    0x07ffc010 /* 00001fff - 0000200f [   17] */,
+    0x080a0007 /* 00002028 - 0000202f [    8] */,
+    0x0817c010 /* 0000205f - 0000206f [   17] */,
+    0x081c8001 /* 00002072 - 00002073 [    2] */,
+    0x0823c000 /* 0000208f - 0000208f [    1] */,
+    0x08274002 /* 0000209d - 0000209f [    3] */,
+    0x0830400e /* 000020c1 - 000020cf [   15] */,
+    0x083c400e /* 000020f1 - 000020ff [   15] */,
+    0x08630003 /* 0000218c - 0000218f [    4] */,
+    0x0909c018 /* 00002427 - 0000243f [   25] */,
+    0x0912c014 /* 0000244b - 0000245f [   21] */,
+    0x0add0001 /* 00002b74 - 00002b75 [    2] */,
+    0x0ae58000 /* 00002b96 - 00002b96 [    1] */,
+    0x0b3d0004 /* 00002cf4 - 00002cf8 [    5] */,
+    0x0b498000 /* 00002d26 - 00002d26 [    1] */,
+    0x0b4a0004 /* 00002d28 - 00002d2c [    5] */,
+    0x0b4b8001 /* 00002d2e - 00002d2f [    2] */,
+    0x0b5a0006 /* 00002d68 - 00002d6e [    7] */,
+    0x0b5c400d /* 00002d71 - 00002d7e [   14] */,
+    0x0b65c008 /* 00002d97 - 00002d9f [    9] */,
+    0x0b69c000 /* 00002da7 - 00002da7 [    1] */,
+    0x0b6bc000 /* 00002daf - 00002daf [    1] */,
+    0x0b6dc000 /* 00002db7 - 00002db7 [    1] */,
+    0x0b6fc000 /* 00002dbf - 00002dbf [    1] */,
+    0x0b71c000 /* 00002dc7 - 00002dc7 [    1] */,
+    0x0b73c000 /* 00002dcf - 00002dcf [    1] */,
+    0x0b75c000 /* 00002dd7 - 00002dd7 [    1] */,
+    0x0b77c000 /* 00002ddf - 00002ddf [    1] */,
+    0x0b978021 /* 00002e5e - 00002e7f [   34] */,
+    0x0ba68000 /* 00002e9a - 00002e9a [    1] */,
+    0x0bbd000b /* 00002ef4 - 00002eff [   12] */,
+    0x0bf58019 /* 00002fd6 - 00002fef [   26] */,
+    0x0c000000 /* 00003000 - 00003000 [    1] */,
+    0x0c100000 /* 00003040 - 00003040 [    1] */,
+    0x0c25c001 /* 00003097 - 00003098 [    2] */,
+    0x0c400004 /* 00003100 - 00003104 [    5] */,
+    0x0c4c0000 /* 00003130 - 00003130 [    1] */,
+    0x0c63c000 /* 0000318f - 0000318f [    1] */,
+    0x0c79000a /* 000031e4 - 000031ee [   11] */,
+    0x0c87c000 /* 0000321f - 0000321f [    1] */,
+    0x29234002 /* 0000a48d - 0000a48f [    3] */,
+    0x2931c008 /* 0000a4c7 - 0000a4cf [    9] */,
+    0x298b0013 /* 0000a62c - 0000a63f [   20] */,
+    0x29be0007 /* 0000a6f8 - 0000a6ff [    8] */,
+    0x29f2c004 /* 0000a7cb - 0000a7cf [    5] */,
+    0x29f48000 /* 0000a7d2 - 0000a7d2 [    1] */,
+    0x29f50000 /* 0000a7d4 - 0000a7d4 [    1] */,
+    0x29f68017 /* 0000a7da - 0000a7f1 [   24] */,
+    0x2a0b4002 /* 0000a82d - 0000a82f [    3] */,
+    0x2a0e8005 /* 0000a83a - 0000a83f [    6] */,
+    0x2a1e0007 /* 0000a878 - 0000a87f [    8] */,
+    0x2a318007 /* 0000a8c6 - 0000a8cd [    8] */,
+    0x2a368005 /* 0000a8da - 0000a8df [    6] */,
+    0x2a55000a /* 0000a954 - 0000a95e [   11] */,
+    0x2a5f4002 /* 0000a97d - 0000a97f [    3] */,
+    0x2a738000 /* 0000a9ce - 0000a9ce [    1] */,
+    0x2a768003 /* 0000a9da - 0000a9dd [    4] */,
+    0x2a7fc000 /* 0000a9ff - 0000a9ff [    1] */,
+    0x2a8dc008 /* 0000aa37 - 0000aa3f [    9] */,
+    0x2a938001 /* 0000aa4e - 0000aa4f [    2] */,
+    0x2a968001 /* 0000aa5a - 0000aa5b [    2] */,
+    0x2ab0c017 /* 0000aac3 - 0000aada [   24] */,
+    0x2abdc009 /* 0000aaf7 - 0000ab00 [   10] */,
+    0x2ac1c001 /* 0000ab07 - 0000ab08 [    2] */,
+    0x2ac3c001 /* 0000ab0f - 0000ab10 [    2] */,
+    0x2ac5c008 /* 0000ab17 - 0000ab1f [    9] */,
+    0x2ac9c000 /* 0000ab27 - 0000ab27 [    1] */,
+    0x2acbc000 /* 0000ab2f - 0000ab2f [    1] */,
+    0x2adb0003 /* 0000ab6c - 0000ab6f [    4] */,
+    0x2afb8001 /* 0000abee - 0000abef [    2] */,
+    0x2afe8005 /* 0000abfa - 0000abff [    6] */,
+    0x35e9000b /* 0000d7a4 - 0000d7af [   12] */,
+    0x35f1c003 /* 0000d7c7 - 0000d7ca [    4] */,
+    0x35ff2103 /* 0000d7fc - 0000f8ff [ 8452] */,
+    0x3e9b8001 /* 0000fa6e - 0000fa6f [    2] */,
+    0x3eb68025 /* 0000fada - 0000faff [   38] */,
+    0x3ec1c00b /* 0000fb07 - 0000fb12 [   12] */,
+    0x3ec60004 /* 0000fb18 - 0000fb1c [    5] */,
+    0x3ecdc000 /* 0000fb37 - 0000fb37 [    1] */,
+    0x3ecf4000 /* 0000fb3d - 0000fb3d [    1] */,
+    0x3ecfc000 /* 0000fb3f - 0000fb3f [    1] */,
+    0x3ed08000 /* 0000fb42 - 0000fb42 [    1] */,
+    0x3ed14000 /* 0000fb45 - 0000fb45 [    1] */,
+    0x3ef0c00f /* 0000fbc3 - 0000fbd2 [   16] */,
+    0x3f640001 /* 0000fd90 - 0000fd91 [    2] */,
+    0x3f720006 /* 0000fdc8 - 0000fdce [    7] */,
+    0x3f74001f /* 0000fdd0 - 0000fdef [   32] */,
+    0x3f868005 /* 0000fe1a - 0000fe1f [    6] */,
+    0x3f94c000 /* 0000fe53 - 0000fe53 [    1] */,
+    0x3f99c000 /* 0000fe67 - 0000fe67 [    1] */,
+    0x3f9b0003 /* 0000fe6c - 0000fe6f [    4] */,
+    0x3f9d4000 /* 0000fe75 - 0000fe75 [    1] */,
+    0x3fbf4003 /* 0000fefd - 0000ff00 [    4] */,
+    0x3fefc002 /* 0000ffbf - 0000ffc1 [    3] */,
+    0x3ff20001 /* 0000ffc8 - 0000ffc9 [    2] */,
+    0x3ff40001 /* 0000ffd0 - 0000ffd1 [    2] */,
+    0x3ff60001 /* 0000ffd8 - 0000ffd9 [    2] */,
+    0x3ff74002 /* 0000ffdd - 0000ffdf [    3] */,
+    0x3ff9c000 /* 0000ffe7 - 0000ffe7 [    1] */,
+    0x3ffbc00c /* 0000ffef - 0000fffb [   13] */,
+    0x3fff8001 /* 0000fffe - 0000ffff [    2] */,
+    0x40030000 /* 0001000c - 0001000c [    1] */,
+    0x4009c000 /* 00010027 - 00010027 [    1] */,
+    0x400ec000 /* 0001003b - 0001003b [    1] */,
+    0x400f8000 /* 0001003e - 0001003e [    1] */,
+    0x40138001 /* 0001004e - 0001004f [    2] */,
+    0x40178021 /* 0001005e - 0001007f [   34] */,
+    0x403ec004 /* 000100fb - 000100ff [    5] */,
+    0x4040c003 /* 00010103 - 00010106 [    4] */,
+    0x404d0002 /* 00010134 - 00010136 [    3] */,
+    0x4063c000 /* 0001018f - 0001018f [    1] */,
+    0x40674002 /* 0001019d - 0001019f [    3] */,
+    0x4068402e /* 000101a1 - 000101cf [   47] */,
+    0x407f8081 /* 000101fe - 0001027f [  130] */,
+    0x40a74002 /* 0001029d - 0001029f [    3] */,
+    0x40b4400e /* 000102d1 - 000102df [   15] */,
+    0x40bf0003 /* 000102fc - 000102ff [    4] */,
+    0x40c90008 /* 00010324 - 0001032c [    9] */,
+    0x40d2c004 /* 0001034b - 0001034f [    5] */,
+    0x40dec004 /* 0001037b - 0001037f [    5] */,
+    0x40e78000 /* 0001039e - 0001039e [    1] */,
+    0x40f10003 /* 000103c4 - 000103c7 [    4] */,
+    0x40f58029 /* 000103d6 - 000103ff [   42] */,
+    0x41278001 /* 0001049e - 0001049f [    2] */,
+    0x412a8005 /* 000104aa - 000104af [    6] */,
+    0x41350003 /* 000104d4 - 000104d7 [    4] */,
+    0x413f0003 /* 000104fc - 000104ff [    4] */,
+    0x414a0007 /* 00010528 - 0001052f [    8] */,
+    0x4159000a /* 00010564 - 0001056e [   11] */,
+    0x415ec000 /* 0001057b - 0001057b [    1] */,
+    0x4162c000 /* 0001058b - 0001058b [    1] */,
+    0x4164c000 /* 00010593 - 00010593 [    1] */,
+    0x41658000 /* 00010596 - 00010596 [    1] */,
+    0x41688000 /* 000105a2 - 000105a2 [    1] */,
+    0x416c8000 /* 000105b2 - 000105b2 [    1] */,
+    0x416e8000 /* 000105ba - 000105ba [    1] */,
+    0x416f4042 /* 000105bd - 000105ff [   67] */,
+    0x41cdc008 /* 00010737 - 0001073f [    9] */,
+    0x41d58009 /* 00010756 - 0001075f [   10] */,
+    0x41da0017 /* 00010768 - 0001077f [   24] */,
+    0x41e18000 /* 00010786 - 00010786 [    1] */,
+    0x41ec4000 /* 000107b1 - 000107b1 [    1] */,
+    0x41eec044 /* 000107bb - 000107ff [   69] */,
+    0x42018001 /* 00010806 - 00010807 [    2] */,
+    0x42024000 /* 00010809 - 00010809 [    1] */,
+    0x420d8000 /* 00010836 - 00010836 [    1] */,
+    0x420e4002 /* 00010839 - 0001083b [    3] */,
+    0x420f4001 /* 0001083d - 0001083e [    2] */,
+    0x42158000 /* 00010856 - 00010856 [    1] */,
+    0x4227c007 /* 0001089f - 000108a6 [    8] */,
+    0x422c002f /* 000108b0 - 000108df [   48] */,
+    0x423cc000 /* 000108f3 - 000108f3 [    1] */,
+    0x423d8004 /* 000108f6 - 000108fa [    5] */,
+    0x42470002 /* 0001091c - 0001091e [    3] */,
+    0x424e8004 /* 0001093a - 0001093e [    5] */,
+    0x4250003f /* 00010940 - 0001097f [   64] */,
+    0x426e0003 /* 000109b8 - 000109bb [    4] */,
+    0x42740001 /* 000109d0 - 000109d1 [    2] */,
+    0x42810000 /* 00010a04 - 00010a04 [    1] */,
+    0x4281c004 /* 00010a07 - 00010a0b [    5] */,
+    0x42850000 /* 00010a14 - 00010a14 [    1] */,
+    0x42860000 /* 00010a18 - 00010a18 [    1] */,
+    0x428d8001 /* 00010a36 - 00010a37 [    2] */,
+    0x428ec003 /* 00010a3b - 00010a3e [    4] */,
+    0x42924006 /* 00010a49 - 00010a4f [    7] */,
+    0x42964006 /* 00010a59 - 00010a5f [    7] */,
+    0x42a8001f /* 00010aa0 - 00010abf [   32] */,
+    0x42b9c003 /* 00010ae7 - 00010aea [    4] */,
+    0x42bdc008 /* 00010af7 - 00010aff [    9] */,
+    0x42cd8002 /* 00010b36 - 00010b38 [    3] */,
+    0x42d58001 /* 00010b56 - 00010b57 [    2] */,
+    0x42dcc004 /* 00010b73 - 00010b77 [    5] */,
+    0x42e48006 /* 00010b92 - 00010b98 [    7] */,
+    0x42e7400b /* 00010b9d - 00010ba8 [   12] */,
+    0x42ec004f /* 00010bb0 - 00010bff [   80] */,
+    0x43124036 /* 00010c49 - 00010c7f [   55] */,
+    0x432cc00c /* 00010cb3 - 00010cbf [   13] */,
+    0x433cc006 /* 00010cf3 - 00010cf9 [    7] */,
+    0x434a0007 /* 00010d28 - 00010d2f [    8] */,
+    0x434e8125 /* 00010d3a - 00010e5f [  294] */,
+    0x439fc000 /* 00010e7f - 00010e7f [    1] */,
+    0x43aa8000 /* 00010eaa - 00010eaa [    1] */,
+    0x43ab8001 /* 00010eae - 00010eaf [    2] */,
+    0x43ac804a /* 00010eb2 - 00010efc [   75] */,
+    0x43ca0007 /* 00010f28 - 00010f2f [    8] */,
+    0x43d68015 /* 00010f5a - 00010f6f [   22] */,
+    0x43e28025 /* 00010f8a - 00010faf [   38] */,
+    0x43f30013 /* 00010fcc - 00010fdf [   20] */,
+    0x43fdc008 /* 00010ff7 - 00010fff [    9] */,
+    0x44138003 /* 0001104e - 00011051 [    4] */,
+    0x441d8008 /* 00011076 - 0001107e [    9] */,
+    0x442f4000 /* 000110bd - 000110bd [    1] */,
+    0x4430c00c /* 000110c3 - 000110cf [   13] */,
+    0x443a4006 /* 000110e9 - 000110ef [    7] */,
+    0x443e8005 /* 000110fa - 000110ff [    6] */,
+    0x444d4000 /* 00011135 - 00011135 [    1] */,
+    0x44520007 /* 00011148 - 0001114f [    8] */,
+    0x445dc008 /* 00011177 - 0001117f [    9] */,
+    0x44780000 /* 000111e0 - 000111e0 [    1] */,
+    0x447d400a /* 000111f5 - 000111ff [   11] */,
+    0x44848000 /* 00011212 - 00011212 [    1] */,
+    0x4490803d /* 00011242 - 0001127f [   62] */,
+    0x44a1c000 /* 00011287 - 00011287 [    1] */,
+    0x44a24000 /* 00011289 - 00011289 [    1] */,
+    0x44a38000 /* 0001128e - 0001128e [    1] */,
+    0x44a78000 /* 0001129e - 0001129e [    1] */,
+    0x44aa8005 /* 000112aa - 000112af [    6] */,
+    0x44bac004 /* 000112eb - 000112ef [    5] */,
+    0x44be8005 /* 000112fa - 000112ff [    6] */,
+    0x44c10000 /* 00011304 - 00011304 [    1] */,
+    0x44c34001 /* 0001130d - 0001130e [    2] */,
+    0x44c44001 /* 00011311 - 00011312 [    2] */,
+    0x44ca4000 /* 00011329 - 00011329 [    1] */,
+    0x44cc4000 /* 00011331 - 00011331 [    1] */,
+    0x44cd0000 /* 00011334 - 00011334 [    1] */,
+    0x44ce8000 /* 0001133a - 0001133a [    1] */,
+    0x44d14001 /* 00011345 - 00011346 [    2] */,
+    0x44d24001 /* 00011349 - 0001134a [    2] */,
+    0x44d38001 /* 0001134e - 0001134f [    2] */,
+    0x44d44005 /* 00011351 - 00011356 [    6] */,
+    0x44d60004 /* 00011358 - 0001135c [    5] */,
+    0x44d90001 /* 00011364 - 00011365 [    2] */,
+    0x44db4002 /* 0001136d - 0001136f [    3] */,
+    0x44dd408a /* 00011375 - 000113ff [  139] */,
+    0x45170000 /* 0001145c - 0001145c [    1] */,
+    0x4518801d /* 00011462 - 0001147f [   30] */,
+    0x45320007 /* 000114c8 - 000114cf [    8] */,
+    0x453680a5 /* 000114da - 0001157f [  166] */,
+    0x456d8001 /* 000115b6 - 000115b7 [    2] */,
+    0x45778021 /* 000115de - 000115ff [   34] */,
+    0x4591400a /* 00011645 - 0001164f [   11] */,
+    0x45968005 /* 0001165a - 0001165f [    6] */,
+    0x459b4012 /* 0001166d - 0001167f [   19] */,
+    0x45ae8005 /* 000116ba - 000116bf [    6] */,
+    0x45b28035 /* 000116ca - 000116ff [   54] */,
+    0x45c6c001 /* 0001171b - 0001171c [    2] */,
+    0x45cb0003 /* 0001172c - 0001172f [    4] */,
+    0x45d1c0b8 /* 00011747 - 000117ff [  185] */,
+    0x460f0063 /* 0001183c - 0001189f [  100] */,
+    0x463cc00b /* 000118f3 - 000118fe [   12] */,
+    0x4641c001 /* 00011907 - 00011908 [    2] */,
+    0x46428001 /* 0001190a - 0001190b [    2] */,
+    0x46450000 /* 00011914 - 00011914 [    1] */,
+    0x4645c000 /* 00011917 - 00011917 [    1] */,
+    0x464d8000 /* 00011936 - 00011936 [    1] */,
+    0x464e4001 /* 00011939 - 0001193a [    2] */,
+    0x4651c008 /* 00011947 - 0001194f [    9] */,
+    0x46568045 /* 0001195a - 0001199f [   70] */,
+    0x466a0001 /* 000119a8 - 000119a9 [    2] */,
+    0x46760001 /* 000119d8 - 000119d9 [    2] */,
+    0x4679401a /* 000119e5 - 000119ff [   27] */,
+    0x46920007 /* 00011a48 - 00011a4f [    8] */,
+    0x46a8c00c /* 00011aa3 - 00011aaf [   13] */,
+    0x46be4006 /* 00011af9 - 00011aff [    7] */,
+    0x46c280f5 /* 00011b0a - 00011bff [  246] */,
+    0x47024000 /* 00011c09 - 00011c09 [    1] */,
+    0x470dc000 /* 00011c37 - 00011c37 [    1] */,
+    0x47118009 /* 00011c46 - 00011c4f [   10] */,
+    0x471b4002 /* 00011c6d - 00011c6f [    3] */,
+    0x47240001 /* 00011c90 - 00011c91 [    2] */,
+    0x472a0000 /* 00011ca8 - 00011ca8 [    1] */,
+    0x472dc048 /* 00011cb7 - 00011cff [   73] */,
+    0x4741c000 /* 00011d07 - 00011d07 [    1] */,
+    0x47428000 /* 00011d0a - 00011d0a [    1] */,
+    0x474dc002 /* 00011d37 - 00011d39 [    3] */,
+    0x474ec000 /* 00011d3b - 00011d3b [    1] */,
+    0x474f8000 /* 00011d3e - 00011d3e [    1] */,
+    0x47520007 /* 00011d48 - 00011d4f [    8] */,
+    0x47568005 /* 00011d5a - 00011d5f [    6] */,
+    0x47598000 /* 00011d66 - 00011d66 [    1] */,
+    0x475a4000 /* 00011d69 - 00011d69 [    1] */,
+    0x4763c000 /* 00011d8f - 00011d8f [    1] */,
+    0x47648000 /* 00011d92 - 00011d92 [    1] */,
+    0x47664006 /* 00011d99 - 00011d9f [    7] */,
+    0x476a8135 /* 00011daa - 00011edf [  310] */,
+    0x47be4006 /* 00011ef9 - 00011eff [    7] */,
+    0x47c44000 /* 00011f11 - 00011f11 [    1] */,
+    0x47cec002 /* 00011f3b - 00011f3d [    3] */,
+    0x47d68055 /* 00011f5a - 00011faf [   86] */,
+    0x47ec400e /* 00011fb1 - 00011fbf [   15] */,
+    0x47fc800c /* 00011ff2 - 00011ffe [   13] */,
+    0x48e68065 /* 0001239a - 000123ff [  102] */,
+    0x491bc000 /* 0001246f - 0001246f [    1] */,
+    0x491d400a /* 00012475 - 0001247f [   11] */,
+    0x49510a4b /* 00012544 - 00012f8f [ 2636] */,
+    0x4bfcc00c /* 00012ff3 - 00012fff [   13] */,
+    0x4d0c000f /* 00013430 - 0001343f [   16] */,
+    0x4d158fa9 /* 00013456 - 000143ff [ 4010] */,
+    0x5191e1b8 /* 00014647 - 000167ff [ 8633] */,
+    0x5a8e4006 /* 00016a39 - 00016a3f [    7] */,
+    0x5a97c000 /* 00016a5f - 00016a5f [    1] */,
+    0x5a9a8003 /* 00016a6a - 00016a6d [    4] */,
+    0x5aafc000 /* 00016abf - 00016abf [    1] */,
+    0x5ab28005 /* 00016aca - 00016acf [    6] */,
+    0x5abb8001 /* 00016aee - 00016aef [    2] */,
+    0x5abd8009 /* 00016af6 - 00016aff [   10] */,
+    0x5ad18009 /* 00016b46 - 00016b4f [   10] */,
+    0x5ad68000 /* 00016b5a - 00016b5a [    1] */,
+    0x5ad88000 /* 00016b62 - 00016b62 [    1] */,
+    0x5ade0004 /* 00016b78 - 00016b7c [    5] */,
+    0x5ae402af /* 00016b90 - 00016e3f [  688] */,
+    0x5ba6c064 /* 00016e9b - 00016eff [  101] */,
+    0x5bd2c003 /* 00016f4b - 00016f4e [    4] */,
+    0x5be20006 /* 00016f88 - 00016f8e [    7] */,
+    0x5be8003f /* 00016fa0 - 00016fdf [   64] */,
+    0x5bf9400a /* 00016fe5 - 00016fef [   11] */,
+    0x5bfc800d /* 00016ff2 - 00016fff [   14] */,
+    0x61fe0007 /* 000187f8 - 000187ff [    8] */,
+    0x63358029 /* 00018cd6 - 00018cff [   42] */,
+    0x634262e6 /* 00018d09 - 0001afef [ 8935] */,
+    0x6bfd0000 /* 0001aff4 - 0001aff4 [    1] */,
+    0x6bff0000 /* 0001affc - 0001affc [    1] */,
+    0x6bffc000 /* 0001afff - 0001afff [    1] */,
+    0x6c48c00e /* 0001b123 - 0001b131 [   15] */,
+    0x6c4cc01c /* 0001b133 - 0001b14f [   29] */,
+    0x6c54c001 /* 0001b153 - 0001b154 [    2] */,
+    0x6c55800d /* 0001b156 - 0001b163 [   14] */,
+    0x6c5a0007 /* 0001b168 - 0001b16f [    8] */,
+    0x6cbf0903 /* 0001b2fc - 0001bbff [ 2308] */,
+    0x6f1ac004 /* 0001bc6b - 0001bc6f [    5] */,
+    0x6f1f4002 /* 0001bc7d - 0001bc7f [    3] */,
+    0x6f224006 /* 0001bc89 - 0001bc8f [    7] */,
+    0x6f268001 /* 0001bc9a - 0001bc9b [    2] */,
+    0x6f28125f /* 0001bca0 - 0001ceff [ 4704] */,
+    0x73cb8001 /* 0001cf2e - 0001cf2f [    2] */,
+    0x73d1c008 /* 0001cf47 - 0001cf4f [    9] */,
+    0x73f1003b /* 0001cfc4 - 0001cfff [   60] */,
+    0x743d8009 /* 0001d0f6 - 0001d0ff [   10] */,
+    0x7449c001 /* 0001d127 - 0001d128 [    2] */,
+    0x745cc007 /* 0001d173 - 0001d17a [    8] */,
+    0x747ac014 /* 0001d1eb - 0001d1ff [   21] */,
+    0x74918079 /* 0001d246 - 0001d2bf [  122] */,
+    0x74b5000b /* 0001d2d4 - 0001d2df [   12] */,
+    0x74bd000b /* 0001d2f4 - 0001d2ff [   12] */,
+    0x74d5c008 /* 0001d357 - 0001d35f [    9] */,
+    0x74de4086 /* 0001d379 - 0001d3ff [  135] */,
+    0x75154000 /* 0001d455 - 0001d455 [    1] */,
+    0x75274000 /* 0001d49d - 0001d49d [    1] */,
+    0x75280001 /* 0001d4a0 - 0001d4a1 [    2] */,
+    0x7528c001 /* 0001d4a3 - 0001d4a4 [    2] */,
+    0x7529c001 /* 0001d4a7 - 0001d4a8 [    2] */,
+    0x752b4000 /* 0001d4ad - 0001d4ad [    1] */,
+    0x752e8000 /* 0001d4ba - 0001d4ba [    1] */,
+    0x752f0000 /* 0001d4bc - 0001d4bc [    1] */,
+    0x75310000 /* 0001d4c4 - 0001d4c4 [    1] */,
+    0x75418000 /* 0001d506 - 0001d506 [    1] */,
+    0x7542c001 /* 0001d50b - 0001d50c [    2] */,
+    0x75454000 /* 0001d515 - 0001d515 [    1] */,
+    0x75474000 /* 0001d51d - 0001d51d [    1] */,
+    0x754e8000 /* 0001d53a - 0001d53a [    1] */,
+    0x754fc000 /* 0001d53f - 0001d53f [    1] */,
+    0x75514000 /* 0001d545 - 0001d545 [    1] */,
+    0x7551c002 /* 0001d547 - 0001d549 [    3] */,
+    0x75544000 /* 0001d551 - 0001d551 [    1] */,
+    0x75a98001 /* 0001d6a6 - 0001d6a7 [    2] */,
+    0x75f30001 /* 0001d7cc - 0001d7cd [    2] */,
+    0x76a3000e /* 0001da8c - 0001da9a [   15] */,
+    0x76a80000 /* 0001daa0 - 0001daa0 [    1] */,
+    0x76ac044f /* 0001dab0 - 0001deff [ 1104] */,
+    0x77c7c005 /* 0001df1f - 0001df24 [    6] */,
+    0x77cac0d4 /* 0001df2b - 0001dfff [  213] */,
+    0x7801c000 /* 0001e007 - 0001e007 [    1] */,
+    0x78064001 /* 0001e019 - 0001e01a [    2] */,
+    0x78088000 /* 0001e022 - 0001e022 [    1] */,
+    0x78094000 /* 0001e025 - 0001e025 [    1] */,
+    0x780ac004 /* 0001e02b - 0001e02f [    5] */,
+    0x781b8020 /* 0001e06e - 0001e08e [   33] */,
+    0x7824006f /* 0001e090 - 0001e0ff [  112] */,
+    0x784b4002 /* 0001e12d - 0001e12f [    3] */,
+    0x784f8001 /* 0001e13e - 0001e13f [    2] */,
+    0x78528003 /* 0001e14a - 0001e14d [    4] */,
+    0x7854013f /* 0001e150 - 0001e28f [  320] */,
+    0x78abc010 /* 0001e2af - 0001e2bf [   17] */,
+    0x78be8004 /* 0001e2fa - 0001e2fe [    5] */,
+    0x78c001cf /* 0001e300 - 0001e4cf [  464] */,
+    0x793e82e5 /* 0001e4fa - 0001e7df [  742] */,
+    0x79f9c000 /* 0001e7e7 - 0001e7e7 [    1] */,
+    0x79fb0000 /* 0001e7ec - 0001e7ec [    1] */,
+    0x79fbc000 /* 0001e7ef - 0001e7ef [    1] */,
+    0x79ffc000 /* 0001e7ff - 0001e7ff [    1] */,
+    0x7a314001 /* 0001e8c5 - 0001e8c6 [    2] */,
+    0x7a35c028 /* 0001e8d7 - 0001e8ff [   41] */,
+    0x7a530003 /* 0001e94c - 0001e94f [    4] */,
+    0x7a568003 /* 0001e95a - 0001e95d [    4] */,
+    0x7a580310 /* 0001e960 - 0001ec70 [  785] */,
+    0x7b2d404b /* 0001ecb5 - 0001ed00 [   76] */,
+    0x7b4f80c1 /* 0001ed3e - 0001edff [  194] */,
+    0x7b810000 /* 0001ee04 - 0001ee04 [    1] */,
+    0x7b880000 /* 0001ee20 - 0001ee20 [    1] */,
+    0x7b88c000 /* 0001ee23 - 0001ee23 [    1] */,
+    0x7b894001 /* 0001ee25 - 0001ee26 [    2] */,
+    0x7b8a0000 /* 0001ee28 - 0001ee28 [    1] */,
+    0x7b8cc000 /* 0001ee33 - 0001ee33 [    1] */,
+    0x7b8e0000 /* 0001ee38 - 0001ee38 [    1] */,
+    0x7b8e8000 /* 0001ee3a - 0001ee3a [    1] */,
+    0x7b8f0005 /* 0001ee3c - 0001ee41 [    6] */,
+    0x7b90c003 /* 0001ee43 - 0001ee46 [    4] */,
+    0x7b920000 /* 0001ee48 - 0001ee48 [    1] */,
+    0x7b928000 /* 0001ee4a - 0001ee4a [    1] */,
+    0x7b930000 /* 0001ee4c - 0001ee4c [    1] */,
+    0x7b940000 /* 0001ee50 - 0001ee50 [    1] */,
+    0x7b94c000 /* 0001ee53 - 0001ee53 [    1] */,
+    0x7b954001 /* 0001ee55 - 0001ee56 [    2] */,
+    0x7b960000 /* 0001ee58 - 0001ee58 [    1] */,
+    0x7b968000 /* 0001ee5a - 0001ee5a [    1] */,
+    0x7b970000 /* 0001ee5c - 0001ee5c [    1] */,
+    0x7b978000 /* 0001ee5e - 0001ee5e [    1] */,
+    0x7b980000 /* 0001ee60 - 0001ee60 [    1] */,
+    0x7b98c000 /* 0001ee63 - 0001ee63 [    1] */,
+    0x7b994001 /* 0001ee65 - 0001ee66 [    2] */,
+    0x7b9ac000 /* 0001ee6b - 0001ee6b [    1] */,
+    0x7b9cc000 /* 0001ee73 - 0001ee73 [    1] */,
+    0x7b9e0000 /* 0001ee78 - 0001ee78 [    1] */,
+    0x7b9f4000 /* 0001ee7d - 0001ee7d [    1] */,
+    0x7b9fc000 /* 0001ee7f - 0001ee7f [    1] */,
+    0x7ba28000 /* 0001ee8a - 0001ee8a [    1] */,
+    0x7ba70004 /* 0001ee9c - 0001eea0 [    5] */,
+    0x7ba90000 /* 0001eea4 - 0001eea4 [    1] */,
+    0x7baa8000 /* 0001eeaa - 0001eeaa [    1] */,
+    0x7baf0033 /* 0001eebc - 0001eeef [   52] */,
+    0x7bbc810d /* 0001eef2 - 0001efff [  270] */,
+    0x7c0b0003 /* 0001f02c - 0001f02f [    4] */,
+    0x7c25000b /* 0001f094 - 0001f09f [   12] */,
+    0x7c2bc001 /* 0001f0af - 0001f0b0 [    2] */,
+    0x7c300000 /* 0001f0c0 - 0001f0c0 [    1] */,
+    0x7c340000 /* 0001f0d0 - 0001f0d0 [    1] */,
+    0x7c3d8009 /* 0001f0f6 - 0001f0ff [   10] */,
+    0x7c6b8037 /* 0001f1ae - 0001f1e5 [   56] */,
+    0x7c80c00c /* 0001f203 - 0001f20f [   13] */,
+    0x7c8f0003 /* 0001f23c - 0001f23f [    4] */,
+    0x7c924006 /* 0001f249 - 0001f24f [    7] */,
+    0x7c94800d /* 0001f252 - 0001f25f [   14] */,
+    0x7c998099 /* 0001f266 - 0001f2ff [  154] */,
+    0x7db60003 /* 0001f6d8 - 0001f6db [    4] */,
+    0x7dbb4002 /* 0001f6ed - 0001f6ef [    3] */,
+    0x7dbf4002 /* 0001f6fd - 0001f6ff [    3] */,
+    0x7dddc003 /* 0001f777 - 0001f77a [    4] */,
+    0x7df68005 /* 0001f7da - 0001f7df [    6] */,
+    0x7dfb0003 /* 0001f7ec - 0001f7ef [    4] */,
+    0x7dfc400e /* 0001f7f1 - 0001f7ff [   15] */,
+    0x7e030003 /* 0001f80c - 0001f80f [    4] */,
+    0x7e120007 /* 0001f848 - 0001f84f [    8] */,
+    0x7e168005 /* 0001f85a - 0001f85f [    6] */,
+    0x7e220007 /* 0001f888 - 0001f88f [    8] */,
+    0x7e2b8001 /* 0001f8ae - 0001f8af [    2] */,
+    0x7e2c804d /* 0001f8b2 - 0001f8ff [   78] */,
+    0x7e95000b /* 0001fa54 - 0001fa5f [   12] */,
+    0x7e9b8001 /* 0001fa6e - 0001fa6f [    2] */,
+    0x7e9f4002 /* 0001fa7d - 0001fa7f [    3] */,
+    0x7ea24006 /* 0001fa89 - 0001fa8f [    7] */,
+    0x7eaf8000 /* 0001fabe - 0001fabe [    1] */,
+    0x7eb18007 /* 0001fac6 - 0001facd [    8] */,
+    0x7eb70003 /* 0001fadc - 0001fadf [    4] */,
+    0x7eba4006 /* 0001fae9 - 0001faef [    7] */,
+    0x7ebe4006 /* 0001faf9 - 0001faff [    7] */,
+    0x7ee4c000 /* 0001fb93 - 0001fb93 [    1] */,
+    0x7ef2c024 /* 0001fbcb - 0001fbef [   37] */,
+    0x7efe8405 /* 0001fbfa - 0001ffff [ 1030] */,
+    0xa9b8001f /* 0002a6e0 - 0002a6ff [   32] */,
+    0xadce8005 /* 0002b73a - 0002b73f [    6] */,
+    0xae078001 /* 0002b81e - 0002b81f [    2] */,
+    0xb3a8800d /* 0002cea2 - 0002ceaf [   14] */,
+    0xbaf8400e /* 0002ebe1 - 0002ebef [   15] */,
+    0xbb9789a1 /* 0002ee5e - 0002f7ff [ 2466] */,
+    0xbe8785e1 /* 0002fa1e - 0002ffff [ 1506] */,
+    0xc4d2c004 /* 0003134b - 0003134f [    5] */};
+
+/// Returns whether the code unit needs to be escaped.
+///
+/// At the end of the valid Unicode code points space a lot of code points are
+/// either reserved or a noncharacter. Adding all these entries to the
+/// lookup table would greatly increase the size of the table. Instead these
+/// entries are manually processed. In this large area of reserved code points,
+/// there is a small area of extended graphemes that should not be escaped
+/// unconditionally. This is also manually coded. See the generation script for
+/// more details.
+
+///
+/// \\pre The code point is a valid Unicode code point.
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __needs_escape(const char32_t __code_point) noexcept {
+
+  // The entries in the gap at the end.
+  if(__code_point >= 0x000e0100 && __code_point <= 0x000e01ef)
+     return false;
+
+  // The entries at the end.
+  if (__code_point >= 0x000323b0)
+    return true;
+
+  ptr
diff _t __i = std::ranges::upper_bound(__entries, (__code_point << 14) | 0x3fffu) - __entries;
+  if (__i == 0)
+    return false;
+
+  --__i;
+  uint32_t __upper_bound = (__entries[__i] >> 14) + (__entries[__i] & 0x3fffu);
+  return __code_point <= __upper_bound;
+}
+
+// clang-format on
+} // namespace __escaped_output_table
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_ESCAPED_OUTPUT_TABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/extended_grapheme_cluster_table.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/extended_grapheme_cluster_table.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..48581d8a5dde3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/extended_grapheme_cluster_table.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1663 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// WARNING, this entire header is generated by
+// utils/generate_extended_grapheme_cluster_table.py
+// DO NOT MODIFY!
+
+// UNICODE, INC. LICENSE AGREEMENT - DATA FILES AND SOFTWARE
+//
+// See Terms of Use <https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html>
+// for definitions of Unicode Inc.'s Data Files and Software.
+//
+// NOTICE TO USER: Carefully read the following legal agreement.
+// BY DOWNLOADING, INSTALLING, COPYING OR OTHERWISE USING UNICODE INC.'S
+// DATA FILES ("DATA FILES"), AND/OR SOFTWARE ("SOFTWARE"),
+// YOU UNEQUIVOCALLY ACCEPT, AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY, ALL OF THE
+// TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
+// IF YOU DO NOT AGREE, DO NOT DOWNLOAD, INSTALL, COPY, DISTRIBUTE OR USE
+// THE DATA FILES OR SOFTWARE.
+//
+// COPYRIGHT AND PERMISSION NOTICE
+//
+// Copyright (c) 1991-2022 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved.
+// Distributed under the Terms of Use in https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+// a copy of the Unicode data files and any associated documentation
+// (the "Data Files") or Unicode software and any associated documentation
+// (the "Software") to deal in the Data Files or Software
+// without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+// copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, and/or sell copies of
+// the Data Files or Software, and to permit persons to whom the Data Files
+// or Software are furnished to do so, provided that either
+// (a) this copyright and permission notice appear with all copies
+// of the Data Files or Software, or
+// (b) this copyright and permission notice appear in associated
+// Documentation.
+//
+// THE DATA FILES AND SOFTWARE ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+// ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
+// WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+// NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+// IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR HOLDERS INCLUDED IN THIS
+// NOTICE BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY SPECIAL INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+// DAMAGES, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
+// TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+// PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA FILES OR SOFTWARE.
+//
+// Except as contained in this notice, the name of a copyright holder
+// shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale,
+// use or other dealings in these Data Files or Software without prior
+// written authorization of the copyright holder.
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_EXTENDED_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_TABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_EXTENDED_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_TABLE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_upper_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __extended_grapheme_custer_property_boundary {
+
+enum class __property : uint8_t {
+  // Values generated from the data files.
+  __CR,
+  __Control,
+  __Extend,
+  __Extended_Pictographic,
+  __L,
+  __LF,
+  __LV,
+  __LVT,
+  __Prepend,
+  __Regional_Indicator,
+  __SpacingMark,
+  __T,
+  __V,
+  __ZWJ,
+
+  // The properies below aren't stored in the "database".
+
+  // Text position properties.
+  __sot,
+  __eot,
+
+  // The code unit has none of above properties.
+  __none
+};
+
+/// The entries of the extended grapheme cluster bondary property table.
+///
+/// The data is generated from
+/// - https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/auxiliary/GraphemeBreakProperty.txt
+/// - https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/emoji/emoji-data.txt
+///
+/// The data has 3 values
+/// - bits [0, 3] The property. One of the values generated from the datafiles
+///   of \ref __property
+/// - bits [4, 10] The size of the range.
+/// - bits [11, 31] The lower bound code point of the range. The upper bound of
+///   the range is lower bound + size.
+///
+/// The 7 bits for the size allow a maximum range of 128 elements. Some ranges
+/// in the Unicode tables are larger. They are stored in multiple consecutive
+/// ranges in the data table. An alternative would be to store the sizes in a
+/// separate 16-bit value. The original MSVC STL code had such an approach, but
+/// this approach uses less space for the data and is about 4% faster in the
+/// following benchmark.
+/// libcxx/benchmarks/std_format_spec_string_unicode.bench.cpp
+// clang-format off
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr uint32_t __entries[1496] = {
+    0x00000091,
+    0x00005005,
+    0x00005811,
+    0x00006800,
+    0x00007111,
+    0x0003fa01,
+    0x00054803,
+    0x00056801,
+    0x00057003,
+    0x001806f2,
+    0x00241862,
+    0x002c8ac2,
+    0x002df802,
+    0x002e0812,
+    0x002e2012,
+    0x002e3802,
+    0x00300058,
+    0x003080a2,
+    0x0030e001,
+    0x00325942,
+    0x00338002,
+    0x0036b062,
+    0x0036e808,
+    0x0036f852,
+    0x00373812,
+    0x00375032,
+    0x00387808,
+    0x00388802,
+    0x003981a2,
+    0x003d30a2,
+    0x003f5882,
+    0x003fe802,
+    0x0040b032,
+    0x0040d882,
+    0x00412822,
+    0x00414842,
+    0x0042c822,
+    0x00448018,
+    0x0044c072,
+    0x00465172,
+    0x00471008,
+    0x004719f2,
+    0x0048180a,
+    0x0049d002,
+    0x0049d80a,
+    0x0049e002,
+    0x0049f02a,
+    0x004a0872,
+    0x004a483a,
+    0x004a6802,
+    0x004a701a,
+    0x004a8862,
+    0x004b1012,
+    0x004c0802,
+    0x004c101a,
+    0x004de002,
+    0x004df002,
+    0x004df81a,
+    0x004e0832,
+    0x004e381a,
+    0x004e581a,
+    0x004e6802,
+    0x004eb802,
+    0x004f1012,
+    0x004ff002,
+    0x00500812,
+    0x0050180a,
+    0x0051e002,
+    0x0051f02a,
+    0x00520812,
+    0x00523812,
+    0x00525822,
+    0x00528802,
+    0x00538012,
+    0x0053a802,
+    0x00540812,
+    0x0054180a,
+    0x0055e002,
+    0x0055f02a,
+    0x00560842,
+    0x00563812,
+    0x0056480a,
+    0x0056581a,
+    0x00566802,
+    0x00571012,
+    0x0057d052,
+    0x00580802,
+    0x0058101a,
+    0x0059e002,
+    0x0059f012,
+    0x005a000a,
+    0x005a0832,
+    0x005a381a,
+    0x005a581a,
+    0x005a6802,
+    0x005aa822,
+    0x005b1012,
+    0x005c1002,
+    0x005df002,
+    0x005df80a,
+    0x005e0002,
+    0x005e081a,
+    0x005e302a,
+    0x005e502a,
+    0x005e6802,
+    0x005eb802,
+    0x00600002,
+    0x0060082a,
+    0x00602002,
+    0x0061e002,
+    0x0061f022,
+    0x0062083a,
+    0x00623022,
+    0x00625032,
+    0x0062a812,
+    0x00631012,
+    0x00640802,
+    0x0064101a,
+    0x0065e002,
+    0x0065f00a,
+    0x0065f802,
+    0x0066001a,
+    0x00661002,
+    0x0066181a,
+    0x00663002,
+    0x0066381a,
+    0x0066501a,
+    0x00666012,
+    0x0066a812,
+    0x00671012,
+    0x0067980a,
+    0x00680012,
+    0x0068101a,
+    0x0069d812,
+    0x0069f002,
+    0x0069f81a,
+    0x006a0832,
+    0x006a302a,
+    0x006a502a,
+    0x006a6802,
+    0x006a7008,
+    0x006ab802,
+    0x006b1012,
+    0x006c0802,
+    0x006c101a,
+    0x006e5002,
+    0x006e7802,
+    0x006e801a,
+    0x006e9022,
+    0x006eb002,
+    0x006ec06a,
+    0x006ef802,
+    0x006f901a,
+    0x00718802,
+    0x0071980a,
+    0x0071a062,
+    0x00723872,
+    0x00758802,
+    0x0075980a,
+    0x0075a082,
+    0x00764062,
+    0x0078c012,
+    0x0079a802,
+    0x0079b802,
+    0x0079c802,
+    0x0079f01a,
+    0x007b88d2,
+    0x007bf80a,
+    0x007c0042,
+    0x007c3012,
+    0x007c68a2,
+    0x007cca32,
+    0x007e3002,
+    0x00816832,
+    0x0081880a,
+    0x00819052,
+    0x0081c812,
+    0x0081d81a,
+    0x0081e812,
+    0x0082b01a,
+    0x0082c012,
+    0x0082f022,
+    0x00838832,
+    0x00841002,
+    0x0084200a,
+    0x00842812,
+    0x00846802,
+    0x0084e802,
+    0x008805f4,
+    0x008b047c,
+    0x008d457b,
+    0x009ae822,
+    0x00b89022,
+    0x00b8a80a,
+    0x00b99012,
+    0x00b9a00a,
+    0x00ba9012,
+    0x00bb9012,
+    0x00bda012,
+    0x00bdb00a,
+    0x00bdb862,
+    0x00bdf07a,
+    0x00be3002,
+    0x00be381a,
+    0x00be48a2,
+    0x00bee802,
+    0x00c05822,
+    0x00c07001,
+    0x00c07802,
+    0x00c42812,
+    0x00c54802,
+    0x00c90022,
+    0x00c9183a,
+    0x00c93812,
+    0x00c9482a,
+    0x00c9801a,
+    0x00c99002,
+    0x00c9985a,
+    0x00c9c822,
+    0x00d0b812,
+    0x00d0c81a,
+    0x00d0d802,
+    0x00d2a80a,
+    0x00d2b002,
+    0x00d2b80a,
+    0x00d2c062,
+    0x00d30002,
+    0x00d31002,
+    0x00d32872,
+    0x00d3685a,
+    0x00d39892,
+    0x00d3f802,
+    0x00d581e2,
+    0x00d80032,
+    0x00d8200a,
+    0x00d9a062,
+    0x00d9d80a,
+    0x00d9e002,
+    0x00d9e84a,
+    0x00da1002,
+    0x00da181a,
+    0x00db5882,
+    0x00dc0012,
+    0x00dc100a,
+    0x00dd080a,
+    0x00dd1032,
+    0x00dd301a,
+    0x00dd4012,
+    0x00dd500a,
+    0x00dd5822,
+    0x00df3002,
+    0x00df380a,
+    0x00df4012,
+    0x00df502a,
+    0x00df6802,
+    0x00df700a,
+    0x00df7822,
+    0x00df901a,
+    0x00e1207a,
+    0x00e16072,
+    0x00e1a01a,
+    0x00e1b012,
+    0x00e68022,
+    0x00e6a0c2,
+    0x00e7080a,
+    0x00e71062,
+    0x00e76802,
+    0x00e7a002,
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+    0x06676006,
+    0x066769a7,
+    0x06684006,
+    0x066849a7,
+    0x06692006,
+    0x066929a7,
+    0x066a0006,
+    0x066a09a7,
+    0x066ae006,
+    0x066ae9a7,
+    0x066bc006,
+    0x066bc9a7,
+    0x066ca006,
+    0x066ca9a7,
+    0x066d8006,
+    0x066d89a7,
+    0x066e6006,
+    0x066e69a7,
+    0x066f4006,
+    0x066f49a7,
+    0x06702006,
+    0x067029a7,
+    0x06710006,
+    0x067109a7,
+    0x0671e006,
+    0x0671e9a7,
+    0x0672c006,
+    0x0672c9a7,
+    0x0673a006,
+    0x0673a9a7,
+    0x06748006,
+    0x067489a7,
+    0x06756006,
+    0x067569a7,
+    0x06764006,
+    0x067649a7,
+    0x06772006,
+    0x067729a7,
+    0x06780006,
+    0x067809a7,
+    0x0678e006,
+    0x0678e9a7,
+    0x0679c006,
+    0x0679c9a7,
+    0x067aa006,
+    0x067aa9a7,
+    0x067b8006,
+    0x067b89a7,
+    0x067c6006,
+    0x067c69a7,
+    0x067d4006,
+    0x067d49a7,
+    0x067e2006,
+    0x067e29a7,
+    0x067f0006,
+    0x067f09a7,
+    0x067fe006,
+    0x067fe9a7,
+    0x0680c006,
+    0x0680c9a7,
+    0x0681a006,
+    0x0681a9a7,
+    0x06828006,
+    0x068289a7,
+    0x06836006,
+    0x068369a7,
+    0x06844006,
+    0x068449a7,
+    0x06852006,
+    0x068529a7,
+    0x06860006,
+    0x068609a7,
+    0x0686e006,
+    0x0686e9a7,
+    0x0687c006,
+    0x0687c9a7,
+    0x0688a006,
+    0x0688a9a7,
+    0x06898006,
+    0x068989a7,
+    0x068a6006,
+    0x068a69a7,
+    0x068b4006,
+    0x068b49a7,
+    0x068c2006,
+    0x068c29a7,
+    0x068d0006,
+    0x068d09a7,
+    0x068de006,
+    0x068de9a7,
+    0x068ec006,
+    0x068ec9a7,
+    0x068fa006,
+    0x068fa9a7,
+    0x06908006,
+    0x069089a7,
+    0x06916006,
+    0x069169a7,
+    0x06924006,
+    0x069249a7,
+    0x06932006,
+    0x069329a7,
+    0x06940006,
+    0x069409a7,
+    0x0694e006,
+    0x0694e9a7,
+    0x0695c006,
+    0x0695c9a7,
+    0x0696a006,
+    0x0696a9a7,
+    0x06978006,
+    0x069789a7,
+    0x06986006,
+    0x069869a7,
+    0x06994006,
+    0x069949a7,
+    0x069a2006,
+    0x069a29a7,
+    0x069b0006,
+    0x069b09a7,
+    0x069be006,
+    0x069be9a7,
+    0x069cc006,
+    0x069cc9a7,
+    0x069da006,
+    0x069da9a7,
+    0x069e8006,
+    0x069e89a7,
+    0x069f6006,
+    0x069f69a7,
+    0x06a04006,
+    0x06a049a7,
+    0x06a12006,
+    0x06a129a7,
+    0x06a20006,
+    0x06a209a7,
+    0x06a2e006,
+    0x06a2e9a7,
+    0x06a3c006,
+    0x06a3c9a7,
+    0x06a4a006,
+    0x06a4a9a7,
+    0x06a58006,
+    0x06a589a7,
+    0x06a66006,
+    0x06a669a7,
+    0x06a74006,
+    0x06a749a7,
+    0x06a82006,
+    0x06a829a7,
+    0x06a90006,
+    0x06a909a7,
+    0x06a9e006,
+    0x06a9e9a7,
+    0x06aac006,
+    0x06aac9a7,
+    0x06aba006,
+    0x06aba9a7,
+    0x06ac8006,
+    0x06ac89a7,
+    0x06ad6006,
+    0x06ad69a7,
+    0x06ae4006,
+    0x06ae49a7,
+    0x06af2006,
+    0x06af29a7,
+    0x06b00006,
+    0x06b009a7,
+    0x06b0e006,
+    0x06b0e9a7,
+    0x06b1c006,
+    0x06b1c9a7,
+    0x06b2a006,
+    0x06b2a9a7,
+    0x06b38006,
+    0x06b389a7,
+    0x06b46006,
+    0x06b469a7,
+    0x06b54006,
+    0x06b549a7,
+    0x06b62006,
+    0x06b629a7,
+    0x06b70006,
+    0x06b709a7,
+    0x06b7e006,
+    0x06b7e9a7,
+    0x06b8c006,
+    0x06b8c9a7,
+    0x06b9a006,
+    0x06b9a9a7,
+    0x06ba8006,
+    0x06ba89a7,
+    0x06bb6006,
+    0x06bb69a7,
+    0x06bc4006,
+    0x06bc49a7,
+    0x06bd816c,
+    0x06be5b0b,
+    0x07d8f002,
+    0x07f000f2,
+    0x07f100f2,
+    0x07f7f801,
+    0x07fcf012,
+    0x07ff80b1,
+    0x080fe802,
+    0x08170002,
+    0x081bb042,
+    0x08500822,
+    0x08502812,
+    0x08506032,
+    0x0851c022,
+    0x0851f802,
+    0x08572812,
+    0x08692032,
+    0x08755812,
+    0x0877e822,
+    0x087a30a2,
+    0x087c1032,
+    0x0880000a,
+    0x08800802,
+    0x0880100a,
+    0x0881c0e2,
+    0x08838002,
+    0x08839812,
+    0x0883f822,
+    0x0884100a,
+    0x0885802a,
+    0x08859832,
+    0x0885b81a,
+    0x0885c812,
+    0x0885e808,
+    0x08861002,
+    0x08866808,
+    0x08880022,
+    0x08893842,
+    0x0889600a,
+    0x08896872,
+    0x088a281a,
+    0x088b9802,
+    0x088c0012,
+    0x088c100a,
+    0x088d982a,
+    0x088db082,
+    0x088df81a,
+    0x088e1018,
+    0x088e4832,
+    0x088e700a,
+    0x088e7802,
+    0x0891602a,
+    0x08917822,
+    0x0891901a,
+    0x0891a002,
+    0x0891a80a,
+    0x0891b012,
+    0x0891f002,
+    0x08920802,
+    0x0896f802,
+    0x0897002a,
+    0x08971872,
+    0x08980012,
+    0x0898101a,
+    0x0899d812,
+    0x0899f002,
+    0x0899f80a,
+    0x089a0002,
+    0x089a083a,
+    0x089a381a,
+    0x089a582a,
+    0x089ab802,
+    0x089b101a,
+    0x089b3062,
+    0x089b8042,
+    0x08a1a82a,
+    0x08a1c072,
+    0x08a2001a,
+    0x08a21022,
+    0x08a2280a,
+    0x08a23002,
+    0x08a2f002,
+    0x08a58002,
+    0x08a5881a,
+    0x08a59852,
+    0x08a5c80a,
+    0x08a5d002,
+    0x08a5d81a,
+    0x08a5e802,
+    0x08a5f00a,
+    0x08a5f812,
+    0x08a6080a,
+    0x08a61012,
+    0x08ad7802,
+    0x08ad801a,
+    0x08ad9032,
+    0x08adc03a,
+    0x08ade012,
+    0x08adf00a,
+    0x08adf812,
+    0x08aee012,
+    0x08b1802a,
+    0x08b19872,
+    0x08b1d81a,
+    0x08b1e802,
+    0x08b1f00a,
+    0x08b1f812,
+    0x08b55802,
+    0x08b5600a,
+    0x08b56802,
+    0x08b5701a,
+    0x08b58052,
+    0x08b5b00a,
+    0x08b5b802,
+    0x08b8e822,
+    0x08b91032,
+    0x08b9300a,
+    0x08b93842,
+    0x08c1602a,
+    0x08c17882,
+    0x08c1c00a,
+    0x08c1c812,
+    0x08c98002,
+    0x08c9884a,
+    0x08c9b81a,
+    0x08c9d812,
+    0x08c9e80a,
+    0x08c9f002,
+    0x08c9f808,
+    0x08ca000a,
+    0x08ca0808,
+    0x08ca100a,
+    0x08ca1802,
+    0x08ce882a,
+    0x08cea032,
+    0x08ced012,
+    0x08cee03a,
+    0x08cf0002,
+    0x08cf200a,
+    0x08d00892,
+    0x08d19852,
+    0x08d1c80a,
+    0x08d1d008,
+    0x08d1d832,
+    0x08d23802,
+    0x08d28852,
+    0x08d2b81a,
+    0x08d2c822,
+    0x08d42058,
+    0x08d450c2,
+    0x08d4b80a,
+    0x08d4c012,
+    0x08e1780a,
+    0x08e18062,
+    0x08e1c052,
+    0x08e1f00a,
+    0x08e1f802,
+    0x08e49152,
+    0x08e5480a,
+    0x08e55062,
+    0x08e5880a,
+    0x08e59012,
+    0x08e5a00a,
+    0x08e5a812,
+    0x08e98852,
+    0x08e9d002,
+    0x08e9e012,
+    0x08e9f862,
+    0x08ea3008,
+    0x08ea3802,
+    0x08ec504a,
+    0x08ec8012,
+    0x08ec981a,
+    0x08eca802,
+    0x08ecb00a,
+    0x08ecb802,
+    0x08f79812,
+    0x08f7a81a,
+    0x08f80012,
+    0x08f81008,
+    0x08f8180a,
+    0x08f9a01a,
+    0x08f9b042,
+    0x08f9f01a,
+    0x08fa0002,
+    0x08fa080a,
+    0x08fa1002,
+    0x09a180f1,
+    0x09a20002,
+    0x09a238e2,
+    0x0b578042,
+    0x0b598062,
+    0x0b7a7802,
+    0x0b7a8b6a,
+    0x0b7c7832,
+    0x0b7f2002,
+    0x0b7f801a,
+    0x0de4e812,
+    0x0de50031,
+    0x0e7802d2,
+    0x0e798162,
+    0x0e8b2802,
+    0x0e8b300a,
+    0x0e8b3822,
+    0x0e8b680a,
+    0x0e8b7042,
+    0x0e8b9871,
+    0x0e8bd872,
+    0x0e8c2862,
+    0x0e8d5032,
+    0x0e921022,
+    0x0ed00362,
+    0x0ed1db12,
+    0x0ed3a802,
+    0x0ed42002,
+    0x0ed4d842,
+    0x0ed508e2,
+    0x0f000062,
+    0x0f004102,
+    0x0f00d862,
+    0x0f011812,
+    0x0f013042,
+    0x0f047802,
+    0x0f098062,
+    0x0f157002,
+    0x0f176032,
+    0x0f276032,
+    0x0f468062,
+    0x0f4a2062,
+    0x0f8007f3,
+    0x0f8407f3,
+    0x0f886823,
+    0x0f897803,
+    0x0f8b6053,
+    0x0f8bf013,
+    0x0f8c7003,
+    0x0f8c8893,
+    0x0f8d6b83,
+    0x0f8f3199,
+    0x0f9008e3,
+    0x0f90d003,
+    0x0f917803,
+    0x0f919083,
+    0x0f91e033,
+    0x0f924ff3,
+    0x0f964ff3,
+    0x0f9a4ff3,
+    0x0f9e4b13,
+    0x0f9fd842,
+    0x0fa007f3,
+    0x0fa407f3,
+    0x0fa803d3,
+    0x0faa37f3,
+    0x0fae37f3,
+    0x0fb23093,
+    0x0fb407f3,
+    0x0fbba0b3,
+    0x0fbeaaa3,
+    0x0fc06033,
+    0x0fc24073,
+    0x0fc2d053,
+    0x0fc44073,
+    0x0fc57513,
+    0x0fc862e3,
+    0x0fc9e093,
+    0x0fca3ff3,
+    0x0fce3ff3,
+    0x0fd23ff3,
+    0x0fd63b83,
+    0x0fe007f3,
+    0x0fe407f3,
+    0x0fe807f3,
+    0x0fec07f3,
+    0x0ff007f3,
+    0x0ff407f3,
+    0x0ff807f3,
+    0x0ffc07d3,
+    0x700001f1,
+    0x700105f2,
+    0x700407f1,
+    0x700807f2,
+    0x700c06f2,
+    0x700f87f1,
+    0x701387f1,
+    0x701787f1,
+    0x701b87f1,
+    0x701f87f1,
+    0x702387f1,
+    0x702787f1,
+    0x702b87f1,
+    0x702f87f1,
+    0x703387f1,
+    0x703787f1,
+    0x703b87f1,
+    0x703f87f1,
+    0x704387f1,
+    0x704787f1,
+    0x704b87f1,
+    0x704f87f1,
+    0x705387f1,
+    0x705787f1,
+    0x705b87f1,
+    0x705f87f1,
+    0x706387f1,
+    0x706787f1,
+    0x706b87f1,
+    0x706f87f1,
+    0x707387f1,
+    0x707787f1,
+    0x707b87f1,
+    0x707f80f1};
+// clang-format on
+
+/// Returns the extended grapheme cluster bondary property of a code point.
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __property __get_property(const char32_t __code_point) noexcept {
+  // The algorithm searches for the upper bound of the range and, when found,
+  // steps back one entry. This algorithm is used since the code point can be
+  // anywhere in the range. After a lower bound is found the next step is to
+  // compare whether the code unit is indeed in the range.
+  //
+  // Since the entry contains a code unit, size, and property the code point
+  // being sought needs to be adjusted. Just shifting the code point to the
+  // proper position doesn't work; suppose an entry has property 0, size 1,
+  // and lower bound 3. This results in the entry 0x1810.
+  // When searching for code point 3 it will search for 0x1800, find 0x1810
+  // and moves to the previous entry. Thus the lower bound value will never
+  // be found.
+  // The simple solution is to set the bits belonging to the property and
+  // size. Then the upper bound for code point 3 will return the entry after
+  // 0x1810. After moving to the previous entry the algorithm arrives at the
+  // correct entry.
+  ptr
diff _t __i = std::ranges::upper_bound(__entries, (__code_point << 11) | 0x7ffu) - __entries;
+  if (__i == 0)
+    return __property::__none;
+
+  --__i;
+  uint32_t __upper_bound = (__entries[__i] >> 11) + ((__entries[__i] >> 4) & 0x7f);
+  if (__code_point <= __upper_bound)
+    return static_cast<__property>(__entries[__i] & 0xf);
+
+  return __property::__none;
+}
+
+} // namespace __extended_grapheme_custer_property_boundary
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_EXTENDED_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_TABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_arg.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_arg.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..aa02f81dc40e2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_arg.h
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ARG_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ARG_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__fwd/format.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <__variant/monostate.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __format {
+/// The type stored in @ref basic_format_arg.
+///
+/// @note The 128-bit types are unconditionally in the list to avoid the values
+/// of the enums to depend on the availability of 128-bit integers.
+///
+/// @note The value is stored as a 5-bit value in the __packed_arg_t_bits. This
+/// limits the maximum number of elements to 32.
+/// When modifying update the test
+/// test/libcxx/utilities/format/format.arguments/format.arg/arg_t.compile.pass.cpp
+/// It could be packed in 4-bits but that means a new type directly becomes an
+/// ABI break. The packed type is 64-bit so this reduces the maximum number of
+/// packed elements from 16 to 12.
+///
+/// @note Some members of this enum are an extension. These extensions need
+/// special behaviour in visit_format_arg. There they need to be wrapped in a
+/// handle to satisfy the user observable behaviour. The internal function
+/// __visit_format_arg doesn't do this wrapping. So in the format functions
+/// this function is used to avoid unneeded overhead.
+enum class __arg_t : uint8_t {
+  __none,
+  __boolean,
+  __char_type,
+  __int,
+  __long_long,
+  __i128, // extension
+  __unsigned,
+  __unsigned_long_long,
+  __u128, // extension
+  __float,
+  __double,
+  __long_double,
+  __const_char_type_ptr,
+  __string_view,
+  __ptr,
+  __handle
+};
+
+inline constexpr unsigned __packed_arg_t_bits = 5;
+inline constexpr uint8_t __packed_arg_t_mask  = 0x1f;
+
+inline constexpr unsigned __packed_types_storage_bits = 64;
+inline constexpr unsigned __packed_types_max          = __packed_types_storage_bits / __packed_arg_t_bits;
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __use_packed_format_arg_store(size_t __size) {
+  return __size <= __packed_types_max;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __arg_t __get_packed_type(uint64_t __types, size_t __id) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__id <= __packed_types_max, "");
+
+  if (__id > 0)
+    __types >>= __id * __packed_arg_t_bits;
+
+  return static_cast<__format::__arg_t>(__types & __packed_arg_t_mask);
+}
+
+} // namespace __format
+
+// This function is not user observable, so it can directly use the non-standard
+// types of the "variant". See __arg_t for more details.
+template <class _Visitor, class _Context>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI decltype(auto) __visit_format_arg(_Visitor&& __vis, basic_format_arg<_Context> __arg) {
+  switch (__arg.__type_) {
+  case __format::__arg_t::__none:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__monostate_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__boolean:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__boolean_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__char_type:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__char_type_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__int:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__int_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__long_long:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__long_long_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__i128:
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__i128_);
+#  else
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+#  endif
+  case __format::__arg_t::__unsigned:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__unsigned_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__unsigned_long_long:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__unsigned_long_long_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__u128:
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__u128_);
+#  else
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+#  endif
+  case __format::__arg_t::__float:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__float_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__double:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__double_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__long_double:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__long_double_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__const_char_type_ptr:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__const_char_type_ptr_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__string_view:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__string_view_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__ptr:
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__ptr_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__handle:
+    return std::invoke(
+        std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), typename basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle{__arg.__value_.__handle_});
+  }
+
+  __libcpp_unreachable();
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26 && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXPLICIT_THIS_PARAMETER)
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Visitor, class _Context>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp __visit_format_arg(_Visitor&& __vis, basic_format_arg<_Context> __arg) {
+  switch (__arg.__type_) {
+  case __format::__arg_t::__none:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__monostate_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__boolean:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__boolean_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__char_type:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__char_type_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__int:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__int_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__long_long:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__long_long_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__i128:
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__i128_);
+#    else
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+#    endif
+  case __format::__arg_t::__unsigned:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__unsigned_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__unsigned_long_long:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__unsigned_long_long_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__u128:
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__u128_);
+#    else
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+#    endif
+  case __format::__arg_t::__float:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__float_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__double:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__double_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__long_double:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__long_double_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__const_char_type_ptr:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__const_char_type_ptr_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__string_view:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__string_view_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__ptr:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg.__value_.__ptr_);
+  case __format::__arg_t::__handle:
+    return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(
+        std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), typename basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle{__arg.__value_.__handle_});
+  }
+
+  __libcpp_unreachable();
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26 && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXPLICIT_THIS_PARAMETER)
+
+/// Contains the values used in basic_format_arg.
+///
+/// This is a separate type so it's possible to store the values and types in
+/// separate arrays.
+template <class _Context>
+class __basic_format_arg_value {
+  using _CharT = typename _Context::char_type;
+
+public:
+  /// Contains the implementation for basic_format_arg::handle.
+  struct __handle {
+    template <class _Tp>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __handle(_Tp& __v) noexcept
+        : __ptr_(std::addressof(__v)),
+          __format_([](basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __parse_ctx, _Context& __ctx, const void* __ptr) {
+            using _Dp = remove_const_t<_Tp>;
+            using _Qp = conditional_t<__formattable_with<const _Dp, _Context>, const _Dp, _Dp>;
+            static_assert(__formattable_with<_Qp, _Context>, "Mandated by [format.arg]/10");
+
+            typename _Context::template formatter_type<_Dp> __f;
+            __parse_ctx.advance_to(__f.parse(__parse_ctx));
+            __ctx.advance_to(__f.format(*const_cast<_Qp*>(static_cast<const _Dp*>(__ptr)), __ctx));
+          }) {}
+
+    const void* __ptr_;
+    void (*__format_)(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>&, _Context&, const void*);
+  };
+
+  union {
+    monostate __monostate_;
+    bool __boolean_;
+    _CharT __char_type_;
+    int __int_;
+    unsigned __unsigned_;
+    long long __long_long_;
+    unsigned long long __unsigned_long_long_;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+    __int128_t __i128_;
+    __uint128_t __u128_;
+#  endif
+    float __float_;
+    double __double_;
+    long double __long_double_;
+    const _CharT* __const_char_type_ptr_;
+    basic_string_view<_CharT> __string_view_;
+    const void* __ptr_;
+    __handle __handle_;
+  };
+
+  // These constructors contain the exact storage type used. If adjustments are
+  // required, these will be done in __create_format_arg.
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value() noexcept : __monostate_() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(bool __value) noexcept : __boolean_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(_CharT __value) noexcept : __char_type_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(int __value) noexcept : __int_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(unsigned __value) noexcept : __unsigned_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(long long __value) noexcept : __long_long_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(unsigned long long __value) noexcept
+      : __unsigned_long_long_(__value) {}
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(__int128_t __value) noexcept : __i128_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(__uint128_t __value) noexcept : __u128_(__value) {}
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(float __value) noexcept : __float_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(double __value) noexcept : __double_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(long double __value) noexcept : __long_double_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(const _CharT* __value) noexcept : __const_char_type_ptr_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(basic_string_view<_CharT> __value) noexcept
+      : __string_view_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(const void* __value) noexcept : __ptr_(__value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_format_arg_value(__handle&& __value) noexcept : __handle_(std::move(__value)) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Context>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_format_arg {
+public:
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS handle;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_format_arg() noexcept : __type_{__format::__arg_t::__none} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return __type_ != __format::__arg_t::__none; }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26 && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXPLICIT_THIS_PARAMETER)
+
+  // This function is user facing, so it must wrap the non-standard types of
+  // the "variant" in a handle to stay conforming. See __arg_t for more details.
+  template <class _Visitor>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI decltype(auto) visit(this basic_format_arg __arg, _Visitor&& __vis) {
+    switch (__arg.__type_) {
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+    case __format::__arg_t::__i128: {
+      typename __basic_format_arg_value<_Context>::__handle __h{__arg.__value_.__i128_};
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), typename basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle{__h});
+    }
+
+    case __format::__arg_t::__u128: {
+      typename __basic_format_arg_value<_Context>::__handle __h{__arg.__value_.__u128_};
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), typename basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle{__h});
+    }
+#    endif
+    default:
+      return std::__visit_format_arg(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // This function is user facing, so it must wrap the non-standard types of
+  // the "variant" in a handle to stay conforming. See __arg_t for more details.
+  template <class _Rp, class _Visitor>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp visit(this basic_format_arg __arg, _Visitor&& __vis) {
+    switch (__arg.__type_) {
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+    case __format::__arg_t::__i128: {
+      typename __basic_format_arg_value<_Context>::__handle __h{__arg.__value_.__i128_};
+      return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), typename basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle{__h});
+    }
+
+    case __format::__arg_t::__u128: {
+      typename __basic_format_arg_value<_Context>::__handle __h{__arg.__value_.__u128_};
+      return std::invoke_r<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), typename basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle{__h});
+    }
+#    endif
+    default:
+      return std::__visit_format_arg<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg);
+    }
+  }
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26 && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXPLICIT_THIS_PARAMETER)
+
+private:
+  using char_type = typename _Context::char_type;
+
+  // TODO FMT Implement constrain [format.arg]/4
+  // Constraints: The template specialization
+  //   typename Context::template formatter_type<T>
+  // meets the Formatter requirements ([formatter.requirements]).  The extent
+  // to which an implementation determines that the specialization meets the
+  // Formatter requirements is unspecified, except that as a minimum the
+  // expression
+  //   typename Context::template formatter_type<T>()
+  //    .format(declval<const T&>(), declval<Context&>())
+  // shall be well-formed when treated as an unevaluated operand.
+
+public:
+  __basic_format_arg_value<_Context> __value_;
+  __format::__arg_t __type_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_format_arg(__format::__arg_t __type,
+                                                  __basic_format_arg_value<_Context> __value) noexcept
+      : __value_(__value), __type_(__type) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Context>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void format(basic_format_parse_context<char_type>& __parse_ctx, _Context& __ctx) const {
+    __handle_.__format_(__parse_ctx, __ctx, __handle_.__ptr_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit handle(typename __basic_format_arg_value<_Context>::__handle& __handle) noexcept
+      : __handle_(__handle) {}
+
+private:
+  typename __basic_format_arg_value<_Context>::__handle& __handle_;
+};
+
+// This function is user facing, so it must wrap the non-standard types of
+// the "variant" in a handle to stay conforming. See __arg_t for more details.
+template <class _Visitor, class _Context>
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26 && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXPLICIT_THIS_PARAMETER)
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX26
+#  endif
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI decltype(auto)
+    visit_format_arg(_Visitor&& __vis, basic_format_arg<_Context> __arg) {
+  switch (__arg.__type_) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+  case __format::__arg_t::__i128: {
+    typename __basic_format_arg_value<_Context>::__handle __h{__arg.__value_.__i128_};
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), typename basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle{__h});
+  }
+
+  case __format::__arg_t::__u128: {
+    typename __basic_format_arg_value<_Context>::__handle __h{__arg.__value_.__u128_};
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), typename basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle{__h});
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26 && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXPLICIT_THIS_PARAMETER)
+  default:
+    return std::__visit_format_arg(std::forward<_Visitor>(__vis), __arg);
+  }
+}
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ARG_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_arg_store.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_arg_store.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..23a599e9957599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_arg_store.h
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ARG_STORE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ARG_STORE_H
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_arg.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/extent.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __format {
+
+/// \returns The @c __arg_t based on the type of the formatting argument.
+///
+/// \pre \c __formattable<_Tp, typename _Context::char_type>
+template <class _Context, class _Tp>
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t();
+
+// Boolean
+template <class, same_as<bool> _Tp>
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__boolean;
+}
+
+// Char
+template <class _Context, same_as<typename _Context::char_type> _Tp>
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__char_type;
+}
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class _Context, class _CharT>
+  requires(same_as<typename _Context::char_type, wchar_t> && same_as<_CharT, char>)
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__char_type;
+}
+#  endif
+
+// Signed integers
+template <class, __libcpp_signed_integer _Tp>
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(int))
+    return __arg_t::__int;
+  else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(long long))
+    return __arg_t::__long_long;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+  else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == sizeof(__int128_t))
+    return __arg_t::__i128;
+#  endif
+  else
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == 0, "an unsupported signed integer was used");
+}
+
+// Unsigned integers
+template <class, __libcpp_unsigned_integer _Tp>
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(unsigned))
+    return __arg_t::__unsigned;
+  else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(unsigned long long))
+    return __arg_t::__unsigned_long_long;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+  else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == sizeof(__uint128_t))
+    return __arg_t::__u128;
+#  endif
+  else
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == 0, "an unsupported unsigned integer was used");
+}
+
+// Floating-point
+template <class, same_as<float> _Tp>
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__float;
+}
+template <class, same_as<double> _Tp>
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__double;
+}
+template <class, same_as<long double> _Tp>
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__long_double;
+}
+
+// Char pointer
+template <class _Context, class _Tp>
+  requires(same_as<typename _Context::char_type*, _Tp> || same_as<const typename _Context::char_type*, _Tp>)
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__const_char_type_ptr;
+}
+
+// Char array
+template <class _Context, class _Tp>
+  requires(is_array_v<_Tp> && same_as<_Tp, typename _Context::char_type[extent_v<_Tp>]>)
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__string_view;
+}
+
+// String view
+template <class _Context, class _Tp>
+  requires(same_as<typename _Context::char_type, typename _Tp::value_type> &&
+           same_as<_Tp, basic_string_view<typename _Tp::value_type, typename _Tp::traits_type>>)
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__string_view;
+}
+
+// String
+template <class _Context, class _Tp>
+  requires(
+      same_as<typename _Context::char_type, typename _Tp::value_type> &&
+      same_as<_Tp, basic_string<typename _Tp::value_type, typename _Tp::traits_type, typename _Tp::allocator_type>>)
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__string_view;
+}
+
+// Pointers
+template <class, class _Ptr>
+  requires(same_as<_Ptr, void*> || same_as<_Ptr, const void*> || same_as<_Ptr, nullptr_t>)
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__ptr;
+}
+
+// Handle
+//
+// Note this version can't be constrained avoiding ambiguous overloads.
+// That means it can be instantiated by disabled formatters. To solve this, a
+// constrained version for not formattable formatters is added.
+template <class _Context, class _Tp>
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__handle;
+}
+
+// The overload for not formattable types allows triggering the static
+// assertion below.
+template <class _Context, class _Tp>
+  requires(!__formattable_with<_Tp, _Context>)
+consteval __arg_t __determine_arg_t() {
+  return __arg_t::__none;
+}
+
+// Pseudo constuctor for basic_format_arg
+//
+// Modeled after template<class T> explicit basic_format_arg(T& v) noexcept;
+// [format.arg]/4-6
+template <class _Context, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_format_arg<_Context> __create_format_arg(_Tp& __value) noexcept {
+  using _Dp               = remove_const_t<_Tp>;
+  constexpr __arg_t __arg = __determine_arg_t<_Context, _Dp>();
+  static_assert(__arg != __arg_t::__none, "the supplied type is not formattable");
+  static_assert(__formattable_with<_Tp, _Context>);
+
+  // Not all types can be used to directly initialize the
+  // __basic_format_arg_value.  First handle all types needing adjustment, the
+  // final else requires no adjustment.
+  if constexpr (__arg == __arg_t::__char_type)
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+    if constexpr (same_as<typename _Context::char_type, wchar_t> && same_as<_Dp, char>)
+      return basic_format_arg<_Context>{__arg, static_cast<wchar_t>(static_cast<unsigned char>(__value))};
+    else
+#  endif
+      return basic_format_arg<_Context>{__arg, __value};
+  else if constexpr (__arg == __arg_t::__int)
+    return basic_format_arg<_Context>{__arg, static_cast<int>(__value)};
+  else if constexpr (__arg == __arg_t::__long_long)
+    return basic_format_arg<_Context>{__arg, static_cast<long long>(__value)};
+  else if constexpr (__arg == __arg_t::__unsigned)
+    return basic_format_arg<_Context>{__arg, static_cast<unsigned>(__value)};
+  else if constexpr (__arg == __arg_t::__unsigned_long_long)
+    return basic_format_arg<_Context>{__arg, static_cast<unsigned long long>(__value)};
+  else if constexpr (__arg == __arg_t::__string_view)
+    // Using std::size on a character array will add the NUL-terminator to the size.
+    if constexpr (is_array_v<_Dp>)
+      return basic_format_arg<_Context>{
+          __arg, basic_string_view<typename _Context::char_type>{__value, extent_v<_Dp> - 1}};
+    else
+      // When the _Traits or _Allocator are 
diff erent an implicit conversion will
+      // fail.
+      return basic_format_arg<_Context>{
+          __arg, basic_string_view<typename _Context::char_type>{__value.data(), __value.size()}};
+  else if constexpr (__arg == __arg_t::__ptr)
+    return basic_format_arg<_Context>{__arg, static_cast<const void*>(__value)};
+  else if constexpr (__arg == __arg_t::__handle)
+    return basic_format_arg<_Context>{__arg, typename __basic_format_arg_value<_Context>::__handle{__value}};
+  else
+    return basic_format_arg<_Context>{__arg, __value};
+}
+
+template <class _Context, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__create_packed_storage(uint64_t& __types, __basic_format_arg_value<_Context>* __values, _Args&... __args) noexcept {
+  int __shift = 0;
+  (
+      [&] {
+        basic_format_arg<_Context> __arg = __format::__create_format_arg<_Context>(__args);
+        if (__shift != 0)
+          __types |= static_cast<uint64_t>(__arg.__type_) << __shift;
+        else
+          // Assigns the initial value.
+          __types = static_cast<uint64_t>(__arg.__type_);
+        __shift += __packed_arg_t_bits;
+        *__values++ = __arg.__value_;
+      }(),
+      ...);
+}
+
+template <class _Context, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __store_basic_format_arg(basic_format_arg<_Context>* __data, _Args&... __args) noexcept {
+  ([&] { *__data++ = __format::__create_format_arg<_Context>(__args); }(), ...);
+}
+
+template <class _Context, size_t _Np>
+struct __packed_format_arg_store {
+  __basic_format_arg_value<_Context> __values_[_Np];
+  uint64_t __types_ = 0;
+};
+
+template <class _Context, size_t _Np>
+struct __unpacked_format_arg_store {
+  basic_format_arg<_Context> __args_[_Np];
+};
+
+} // namespace __format
+
+template <class _Context, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __format_arg_store {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __format_arg_store(_Args&... __args) noexcept {
+    if constexpr (sizeof...(_Args) != 0) {
+      if constexpr (__format::__use_packed_format_arg_store(sizeof...(_Args)))
+        __format::__create_packed_storage(__storage.__types_, __storage.__values_, __args...);
+      else
+        __format::__store_basic_format_arg<_Context>(__storage.__args_, __args...);
+    }
+  }
+
+  using _Storage =
+      conditional_t<__format::__use_packed_format_arg_store(sizeof...(_Args)),
+                    __format::__packed_format_arg_store<_Context, sizeof...(_Args)>,
+                    __format::__unpacked_format_arg_store<_Context, sizeof...(_Args)>>;
+
+  _Storage __storage;
+};
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ARG_STORE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_args.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_args.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..07923570f38930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_args.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ARGS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ARGS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/format_arg.h>
+#include <__format/format_arg_store.h>
+#include <__fwd/format.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Context>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_format_args {
+public:
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_format_args(const __format_arg_store<_Context, _Args...>& __store) noexcept
+      : __size_(sizeof...(_Args)) {
+    if constexpr (sizeof...(_Args) != 0) {
+      if constexpr (__format::__use_packed_format_arg_store(sizeof...(_Args))) {
+        __values_ = __store.__storage.__values_;
+        __types_  = __store.__storage.__types_;
+      } else
+        __args_ = __store.__storage.__args_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_format_arg<_Context> get(size_t __id) const noexcept {
+    if (__id >= __size_)
+      return basic_format_arg<_Context>{};
+
+    if (__format::__use_packed_format_arg_store(__size_))
+      return basic_format_arg<_Context>{__format::__get_packed_type(__types_, __id), __values_[__id]};
+
+    return __args_[__id];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __size() const noexcept { return __size_; }
+
+private:
+  size_t __size_{0};
+  // [format.args]/5
+  // [Note 1: Implementations are encouraged to optimize the representation of
+  // basic_format_args for small number of formatting arguments by storing
+  // indices of type alternatives separately from values and packing the
+  // former. - end note]
+  union {
+    struct {
+      const __basic_format_arg_value<_Context>* __values_;
+      uint64_t __types_;
+    };
+    const basic_format_arg<_Context>* __args_;
+  };
+};
+
+template <class _Context, class... _Args>
+basic_format_args(__format_arg_store<_Context, _Args...>) -> basic_format_args<_Context>;
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ARGS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_context.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_context.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..20c07559eae448
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_CONTEXT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_CONTEXT_H
+
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/buffer.h>
+#include <__format/format_arg.h>
+#include <__format/format_arg_store.h>
+#include <__format/format_args.h>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__fwd/format.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__variant/monostate.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+#  include <__locale>
+#  include <optional>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _OutIt, class _CharT>
+  requires output_iterator<_OutIt, const _CharT&>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_format_context;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+/**
+ * Helper to create a basic_format_context.
+ *
+ * This is needed since the constructor is private.
+ */
+template <class _OutIt, class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_format_context<_OutIt, _CharT>
+__format_context_create(_OutIt __out_it,
+                        basic_format_args<basic_format_context<_OutIt, _CharT>> __args,
+                        optional<std::locale>&& __loc = nullopt) {
+  return std::basic_format_context(std::move(__out_it), __args, std::move(__loc));
+}
+#  else
+template <class _OutIt, class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_format_context<_OutIt, _CharT>
+__format_context_create(_OutIt __out_it, basic_format_args<basic_format_context<_OutIt, _CharT>> __args) {
+  return std::basic_format_context(std::move(__out_it), __args);
+}
+#  endif
+
+using format_context = basic_format_context<back_insert_iterator<__format::__output_buffer<char>>, char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wformat_context = basic_format_context< back_insert_iterator<__format::__output_buffer<wchar_t>>, wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _OutIt, class _CharT>
+  requires output_iterator<_OutIt, const _CharT&>
+class
+    // clang-format off
+    _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS
+    _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(format_context)
+    _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wformat_context))
+    // clang-format on
+    basic_format_context {
+public:
+  using iterator  = _OutIt;
+  using char_type = _CharT;
+  template <class _Tp>
+  using formatter_type = formatter<_Tp, _CharT>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_format_arg<basic_format_context> arg(size_t __id) const noexcept {
+    return __args_.get(__id);
+  }
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::locale locale() {
+    if (!__loc_)
+      __loc_ = std::locale{};
+    return *__loc_;
+  }
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator out() { return std::move(__out_it_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void advance_to(iterator __it) { __out_it_ = std::move(__it); }
+
+private:
+  iterator __out_it_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_format_context> __args_;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+
+  // The Standard doesn't specify how the locale is stored.
+  // [format.context]/6
+  // std::locale locale();
+  //   Returns: The locale passed to the formatting function if the latter
+  //   takes one, and std::locale() otherwise.
+  // This is done by storing the locale of the constructor in this optional. If
+  // locale() is called and the optional has no value the value will be created.
+  // This allows the implementation to lazily create the locale.
+  // TODO FMT Validate whether lazy creation is the best solution.
+  optional<std::locale> __loc_;
+
+  template <class _OtherOutIt, class _OtherCharT>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_format_context<_OtherOutIt, _OtherCharT> __format_context_create(
+      _OtherOutIt, basic_format_args<basic_format_context<_OtherOutIt, _OtherCharT>>, optional<std::locale>&&);
+
+  // Note: the Standard doesn't specify the required constructors.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_format_context(
+      _OutIt __out_it, basic_format_args<basic_format_context> __args, optional<std::locale>&& __loc)
+      : __out_it_(std::move(__out_it)), __args_(__args), __loc_(std::move(__loc)) {}
+#  else
+  template <class _OtherOutIt, class _OtherCharT>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_format_context<_OtherOutIt, _OtherCharT>
+      __format_context_create(_OtherOutIt, basic_format_args<basic_format_context<_OtherOutIt, _OtherCharT>>);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_format_context(_OutIt __out_it, basic_format_args<basic_format_context> __args)
+      : __out_it_(std::move(__out_it)), __args_(__args) {}
+#  endif
+
+  basic_format_context(const basic_format_context&)            = delete;
+  basic_format_context& operator=(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
+};
+
+// A specialization for __retarget_buffer
+//
+// See __retarget_buffer for the motivation for this specialization.
+//
+// This context holds a reference to the instance of the basic_format_context
+// that is retargeted. It converts a formatting argument when it is requested
+// during formatting. It is expected that the usage of the arguments is rare so
+// the lookups are not expected to be used often. An alternative would be to
+// convert all elements during construction.
+//
+// The elements of the retargets context are only used when an underlying
+// formatter uses a locale specific formatting or an formatting argument is
+// part for the format spec. For example
+//   format("{:256:{}}", input, 8);
+// Here the width of an element in input is determined dynamically.
+// Note when the top-level element has no width the retargeting is not needed.
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_format_context<typename __format::__retarget_buffer<_CharT>::__iterator, _CharT> {
+public:
+  using iterator  = typename __format::__retarget_buffer<_CharT>::__iterator;
+  using char_type = _CharT;
+  template <class _Tp>
+  using formatter_type = formatter<_Tp, _CharT>;
+
+  template <class _Context>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_format_context(iterator __out_it, _Context& __ctx)
+      : __out_it_(std::move(__out_it)),
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+        __loc_([](void* __c) { return static_cast<_Context*>(__c)->locale(); }),
+#  endif
+        __ctx_(std::addressof(__ctx)),
+        __arg_([](void* __c, size_t __id) {
+          auto __visitor = [&](auto __arg) -> basic_format_arg<basic_format_context> {
+            if constexpr (same_as<decltype(__arg), monostate>)
+              return {};
+            else if constexpr (same_as<decltype(__arg), typename basic_format_arg<_Context>::handle>)
+              // At the moment it's not possible for formatting to use a re-targeted handle.
+              // TODO FMT add this when support is needed.
+              std::__throw_format_error("Re-targeting handle not supported");
+            else
+              return basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>{
+                  __format::__determine_arg_t<basic_format_context, decltype(__arg)>(),
+                  __basic_format_arg_value<basic_format_context>(__arg)};
+          };
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26 && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXPLICIT_THIS_PARAMETER)
+          return static_cast<_Context*>(__c)->arg(__id).visit(std::move(__visitor));
+#  else
+          _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+          return std::visit_format_arg(std::move(__visitor), static_cast<_Context*>(__c)->arg(__id));
+          _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26 && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXPLICIT_THIS_PARAMETER)
+        }) {
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_format_arg<basic_format_context> arg(size_t __id) const noexcept {
+    return __arg_(__ctx_, __id);
+  }
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::locale locale() { return __loc_(__ctx_); }
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator out() { return std::move(__out_it_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void advance_to(iterator __it) { __out_it_ = std::move(__it); }
+
+private:
+  iterator __out_it_;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+  std::locale (*__loc_)(void* __ctx);
+#  endif
+
+  void* __ctx_;
+  basic_format_arg<basic_format_context> (*__arg_)(void* __ctx, size_t __id);
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(basic_format_context);
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_CONTEXT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_error.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_error.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ed40e395d6af72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_error.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ERROR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ERROR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+_LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wweak-vtables")
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI format_error : public runtime_error {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit format_error(const string& __s) : runtime_error(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit format_error(const char* __s) : runtime_error(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI format_error(const format_error&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI format_error& operator=(const format_error&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL
+  ~format_error() noexcept override = default;
+};
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_format_error(const char* __s) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw format_error(__s);
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("format_error was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode with message \"%s\"", __s);
+#  endif
+}
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_ERROR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_functions.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_functions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d14b49aff14957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_functions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_FUNCTIONS
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_FUNCTIONS
+
+#include <__algorithm/clamp.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/buffer.h>
+#include <__format/format_arg.h>
+#include <__format/format_arg_store.h>
+#include <__format/format_args.h>
+#include <__format/format_context.h>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/format_string.h>
+#include <__format/format_to_n_result.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_bool.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_char.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_floating_point.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_integer.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_pointer.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_string.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h> // iter_value_t
+#include <__variant/monostate.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+#  include <__locale>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// TODO FMT Evaluate which templates should be external templates. This
+// improves the efficiency of the header. However since the header is still
+// under heavy development and not all classes are stable it makes no sense
+// to do this optimization now.
+
+using format_args = basic_format_args<format_context>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wformat_args = basic_format_args<wformat_context>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Context = format_context, class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __format_arg_store<_Context, _Args...> make_format_args(_Args&... __args) {
+  return std::__format_arg_store<_Context, _Args...>(__args...);
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __format_arg_store<wformat_context, _Args...> make_wformat_args(_Args&... __args) {
+  return std::__format_arg_store<wformat_context, _Args...>(__args...);
+}
+#  endif
+
+namespace __format {
+
+/// Helper class parse and handle argument.
+///
+/// When parsing a handle which is not enabled the code is ill-formed.
+/// This helper uses the parser of the appropriate formatter for the stored type.
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __compile_time_handle {
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) const {
+    __parse_(__ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __enable() {
+    __parse_ = [](basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __ctx) {
+      formatter<_Tp, _CharT> __f;
+      __ctx.advance_to(__f.parse(__ctx));
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Before calling __parse the proper handler needs to be set with __enable.
+  // The default handler isn't a core constant expression.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __compile_time_handle()
+      : __parse_([](basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>&) { std::__throw_format_error("Not a handle"); }) {}
+
+private:
+  void (*__parse_)(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>&);
+};
+
+// Dummy format_context only providing the parts used during constant
+// validation of the basic_format_string.
+template <class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __compile_time_basic_format_context {
+public:
+  using char_type = _CharT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __compile_time_basic_format_context(
+      const __arg_t* __args, const __compile_time_handle<_CharT>* __handles, size_t __size)
+      : __args_(__args), __handles_(__handles), __size_(__size) {}
+
+  // During the compile-time validation nothing needs to be written.
+  // Therefore all operations of this iterator are a NOP.
+  struct iterator {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator& operator=(_CharT) { return *this; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator operator++(int) { return *this; }
+  };
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __arg_t arg(size_t __id) const {
+    if (__id >= __size_)
+      std::__throw_format_error("The argument index value is too large for the number of arguments supplied");
+    return __args_[__id];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const __compile_time_handle<_CharT>& __handle(size_t __id) const {
+    if (__id >= __size_)
+      std::__throw_format_error("The argument index value is too large for the number of arguments supplied");
+    return __handles_[__id];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator out() { return {}; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void advance_to(iterator) {}
+
+private:
+  const __arg_t* __args_;
+  const __compile_time_handle<_CharT>* __handles_;
+  size_t __size_;
+};
+
+// [format.string.std]/8
+// If { arg-idopt } is used in a width or precision, the value of the
+// corresponding formatting argument is used in its place. If the
+// corresponding formatting argument is not of standard signed or unsigned
+// integer type, or its value is negative for precision or non-positive for
+// width, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
+//
+// _HasPrecision does the formatter have a precision?
+template <class _CharT, class _Tp, bool _HasPrecision = false>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __compile_time_validate_argument(
+    basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __parse_ctx, __compile_time_basic_format_context<_CharT>& __ctx) {
+  auto __validate_type = [](__arg_t __type) {
+    // LWG3720 originally allowed "signed or unsigned integer types", however
+    // the final version explicitly changed it to "*standard* signed or unsigned
+    // integer types". It's trivial to use 128-bit integrals in libc++'s
+    // implementation, but other implementations may not implement it.
+    // (Using a width or precision, that does not fit in 64-bits, sounds very
+    // unlikely in real world code.)
+    switch (__type) {
+    case __arg_t::__int:
+    case __arg_t::__long_long:
+    case __arg_t::__unsigned:
+    case __arg_t::__unsigned_long_long:
+      return;
+
+    default:
+      std::__throw_format_error("Replacement argument isn't a standard signed or unsigned integer type");
+    }
+  };
+
+  formatter<_Tp, _CharT> __formatter;
+  __parse_ctx.advance_to(__formatter.parse(__parse_ctx));
+  if (__formatter.__parser_.__width_as_arg_)
+    __validate_type(__ctx.arg(__formatter.__parser_.__width_));
+
+  if constexpr (_HasPrecision)
+    if (__formatter.__parser_.__precision_as_arg_)
+      __validate_type(__ctx.arg(__formatter.__parser_.__precision_));
+}
+
+// This function is not user facing, so it can directly use the non-standard types of the "variant".
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __compile_time_visit_format_arg(
+    basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>& __parse_ctx,
+    __compile_time_basic_format_context<_CharT>& __ctx,
+    __arg_t __type) {
+  switch (__type) {
+  case __arg_t::__none:
+    std::__throw_format_error("Invalid argument");
+  case __arg_t::__boolean:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, bool>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__char_type:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, _CharT>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__int:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, int>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__long_long:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, long long>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__i128:
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, __int128_t>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+#  else
+    std::__throw_format_error("Invalid argument");
+#  endif
+    return;
+  case __arg_t::__unsigned:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, unsigned>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__unsigned_long_long:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, unsigned long long>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__u128:
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, __uint128_t>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+#  else
+    std::__throw_format_error("Invalid argument");
+#  endif
+    return;
+  case __arg_t::__float:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, float, true>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__double:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, double, true>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__long_double:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, long double, true>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__const_char_type_ptr:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, const _CharT*, true>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__string_view:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, basic_string_view<_CharT>, true>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__ptr:
+    return __format::__compile_time_validate_argument<_CharT, const void*>(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+  case __arg_t::__handle:
+    std::__throw_format_error("Handle should use __compile_time_validate_handle_argument");
+  }
+  std::__throw_format_error("Invalid argument");
+}
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator, class _ParseCtx, class _Ctx>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iterator
+__handle_replacement_field(_Iterator __begin, _Iterator __end, _ParseCtx& __parse_ctx, _Ctx& __ctx) {
+  using _CharT                        = iter_value_t<_Iterator>;
+  __format::__parse_number_result __r = __format::__parse_arg_id(__begin, __end, __parse_ctx);
+
+  if (__r.__last == __end)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The argument index should end with a ':' or a '}'");
+
+  bool __parse = *__r.__last == _CharT(':');
+  switch (*__r.__last) {
+  case _CharT(':'):
+    // The arg-id has a format-specifier, advance the input to the format-spec.
+    __parse_ctx.advance_to(__r.__last + 1);
+    break;
+  case _CharT('}'):
+    // The arg-id has no format-specifier.
+    __parse_ctx.advance_to(__r.__last);
+    break;
+  default:
+    std::__throw_format_error("The argument index should end with a ':' or a '}'");
+  }
+
+  if constexpr (same_as<_Ctx, __compile_time_basic_format_context<_CharT>>) {
+    __arg_t __type = __ctx.arg(__r.__value);
+    if (__type == __arg_t::__none)
+      std::__throw_format_error("The argument index value is too large for the number of arguments supplied");
+    else if (__type == __arg_t::__handle)
+      __ctx.__handle(__r.__value).__parse(__parse_ctx);
+    else if (__parse)
+      __format::__compile_time_visit_format_arg(__parse_ctx, __ctx, __type);
+  } else
+    std::__visit_format_arg(
+        [&](auto __arg) {
+          if constexpr (same_as<decltype(__arg), monostate>)
+            std::__throw_format_error("The argument index value is too large for the number of arguments supplied");
+          else if constexpr (same_as<decltype(__arg), typename basic_format_arg<_Ctx>::handle>)
+            __arg.format(__parse_ctx, __ctx);
+          else {
+            formatter<decltype(__arg), _CharT> __formatter;
+            if (__parse)
+              __parse_ctx.advance_to(__formatter.parse(__parse_ctx));
+            __ctx.advance_to(__formatter.format(__arg, __ctx));
+          }
+        },
+        __ctx.arg(__r.__value));
+
+  __begin = __parse_ctx.begin();
+  if (__begin == __end || *__begin != _CharT('}'))
+    std::__throw_format_error("The replacement field misses a terminating '}'");
+
+  return ++__begin;
+}
+
+template <class _ParseCtx, class _Ctx>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _Ctx::iterator __vformat_to(_ParseCtx&& __parse_ctx, _Ctx&& __ctx) {
+  using _CharT = typename _ParseCtx::char_type;
+  static_assert(same_as<typename _Ctx::char_type, _CharT>);
+
+  auto __begin                     = __parse_ctx.begin();
+  auto __end                       = __parse_ctx.end();
+  typename _Ctx::iterator __out_it = __ctx.out();
+  while (__begin != __end) {
+    switch (*__begin) {
+    case _CharT('{'):
+      ++__begin;
+      if (__begin == __end)
+        std::__throw_format_error("The format string terminates at a '{'");
+
+      if (*__begin != _CharT('{')) [[likely]] {
+        __ctx.advance_to(std::move(__out_it));
+        __begin  = __format::__handle_replacement_field(__begin, __end, __parse_ctx, __ctx);
+        __out_it = __ctx.out();
+
+        // The output is written and __begin points to the next character. So
+        // start the next iteration.
+        continue;
+      }
+      // The string is an escape character.
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('}'):
+      ++__begin;
+      if (__begin == __end || *__begin != _CharT('}'))
+        std::__throw_format_error("The format string contains an invalid escape sequence");
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+    // Copy the character to the output verbatim.
+    *__out_it++ = *__begin++;
+  }
+  return __out_it;
+}
+
+} // namespace __format
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+template <class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __runtime_format_string {
+private:
+  basic_string_view<_CharT> __str_;
+
+  template <class _Cp, class... _Args>
+  friend struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_format_string;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __runtime_format_string(basic_string_view<_CharT> __s) noexcept : __str_(__s) {}
+
+  __runtime_format_string(const __runtime_format_string&)            = delete;
+  __runtime_format_string& operator=(const __runtime_format_string&) = delete;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline __runtime_format_string<char> runtime_format(string_view __fmt) noexcept { return __fmt; }
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline __runtime_format_string<wchar_t> runtime_format(wstring_view __fmt) noexcept {
+  return __fmt;
+}
+#    endif
+#  endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+template <class _CharT, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_format_string {
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires convertible_to<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT>>
+  consteval basic_format_string(const _Tp& __str) : __str_{__str} {
+    __format::__vformat_to(basic_format_parse_context<_CharT>{__str_, sizeof...(_Args)},
+                           _Context{__types_.data(), __handles_.data(), sizeof...(_Args)});
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string_view<_CharT> get() const noexcept { return __str_; }
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_format_string(__runtime_format_string<_CharT> __s) noexcept : __str_(__s.__str_) {}
+#  endif
+
+private:
+  basic_string_view<_CharT> __str_;
+
+  using _Context = __format::__compile_time_basic_format_context<_CharT>;
+
+  static constexpr array<__format::__arg_t, sizeof...(_Args)> __types_{
+      __format::__determine_arg_t<_Context, remove_cvref_t<_Args>>()...};
+
+  static constexpr array<__format::__compile_time_handle<_CharT>, sizeof...(_Args)> __handles_{[] {
+    using _Tp = remove_cvref_t<_Args>;
+    __format::__compile_time_handle<_CharT> __handle;
+    if (__format::__determine_arg_t<_Context, _Tp>() == __format::__arg_t::__handle)
+      __handle.template __enable<_Tp>();
+
+    return __handle;
+  }()...};
+};
+
+template <class... _Args>
+using format_string = basic_format_string<char, type_identity_t<_Args>...>;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class... _Args>
+using wformat_string = basic_format_string<wchar_t, type_identity_t<_Args>...>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _OutIt, class _CharT, class _FormatOutIt>
+  requires(output_iterator<_OutIt, const _CharT&>)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __vformat_to(_OutIt __out_it,
+                                          basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt,
+                                          basic_format_args<basic_format_context<_FormatOutIt, _CharT>> __args) {
+  if constexpr (same_as<_OutIt, _FormatOutIt>)
+    return std::__format::__vformat_to(
+        basic_format_parse_context{__fmt, __args.__size()}, std::__format_context_create(std::move(__out_it), __args));
+  else {
+    __format::__format_buffer<_OutIt, _CharT> __buffer{std::move(__out_it)};
+    std::__format::__vformat_to(basic_format_parse_context{__fmt, __args.__size()},
+                                std::__format_context_create(__buffer.__make_output_iterator(), __args));
+    return std::move(__buffer).__out_it();
+  }
+}
+
+// The function is _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE since the compiler is bad at inlining
+// https://reviews.llvm.org/D110499#inline-1180704
+// TODO FMT Evaluate whether we want to file a Clang bug report regarding this.
+template <output_iterator<const char&> _OutIt>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt vformat_to(_OutIt __out_it, string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
+  return std::__vformat_to(std::move(__out_it), __fmt, __args);
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <output_iterator<const wchar_t&> _OutIt>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt
+vformat_to(_OutIt __out_it, wstring_view __fmt, wformat_args __args) {
+  return std::__vformat_to(std::move(__out_it), __fmt, __args);
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <output_iterator<const char&> _OutIt, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt
+format_to(_OutIt __out_it, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::vformat_to(std::move(__out_it), __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...));
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <output_iterator<const wchar_t&> _OutIt, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt
+format_to(_OutIt __out_it, wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::vformat_to(std::move(__out_it), __fmt.get(), std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
+}
+#  endif
+
+// TODO FMT This needs to be a template or std::to_chars(floating-point) availability markup
+// fires too eagerly, see http://llvm.org/PR61563.
+template <class = void>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string vformat(string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
+  string __res;
+  std::vformat_to(std::back_inserter(__res), __fmt, __args);
+  return __res;
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+// TODO FMT This needs to be a template or std::to_chars(floating-point) availability markup
+// fires too eagerly, see http://llvm.org/PR61563.
+template <class = void>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wstring
+vformat(wstring_view __fmt, wformat_args __args) {
+  wstring __res;
+  std::vformat_to(std::back_inserter(__res), __fmt, __args);
+  return __res;
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string
+format(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::vformat(__fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...));
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wstring
+format(wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::vformat(__fmt.get(), std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Context, class _OutIt, class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI format_to_n_result<_OutIt>
+__vformat_to_n(_OutIt __out_it,
+               iter_
diff erence_t<_OutIt> __n,
+               basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt,
+               basic_format_args<_Context> __args) {
+  __format::__format_to_n_buffer<_OutIt, _CharT> __buffer{std::move(__out_it), __n};
+  std::__format::__vformat_to(basic_format_parse_context{__fmt, __args.__size()},
+                              std::__format_context_create(__buffer.__make_output_iterator(), __args));
+  return std::move(__buffer).__result();
+}
+
+template <output_iterator<const char&> _OutIt, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI format_to_n_result<_OutIt>
+format_to_n(_OutIt __out_it, iter_
diff erence_t<_OutIt> __n, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::__vformat_to_n<format_context>(std::move(__out_it), __n, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...));
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <output_iterator<const wchar_t&> _OutIt, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI format_to_n_result<_OutIt>
+format_to_n(_OutIt __out_it, iter_
diff erence_t<_OutIt> __n, wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::__vformat_to_n<wformat_context>(std::move(__out_it), __n, __fmt.get(), std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __vformatted_size(basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt, auto __args) {
+  __format::__formatted_size_buffer<_CharT> __buffer;
+  std::__format::__vformat_to(basic_format_parse_context{__fmt, __args.__size()},
+                              std::__format_context_create(__buffer.__make_output_iterator(), __args));
+  return std::move(__buffer).__result();
+}
+
+template <class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t
+formatted_size(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::__vformatted_size(__fmt.get(), basic_format_args{std::make_format_args(__args...)});
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t
+formatted_size(wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::__vformatted_size(__fmt.get(), basic_format_args{std::make_wformat_args(__args...)});
+}
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+
+template <class _OutIt, class _CharT, class _FormatOutIt>
+  requires(output_iterator<_OutIt, const _CharT&>)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __vformat_to(
+    _OutIt __out_it,
+    locale __loc,
+    basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt,
+    basic_format_args<basic_format_context<_FormatOutIt, _CharT>> __args) {
+  if constexpr (same_as<_OutIt, _FormatOutIt>)
+    return std::__format::__vformat_to(basic_format_parse_context{__fmt, __args.__size()},
+                                       std::__format_context_create(std::move(__out_it), __args, std::move(__loc)));
+  else {
+    __format::__format_buffer<_OutIt, _CharT> __buffer{std::move(__out_it)};
+    std::__format::__vformat_to(
+        basic_format_parse_context{__fmt, __args.__size()},
+        std::__format_context_create(__buffer.__make_output_iterator(), __args, std::move(__loc)));
+    return std::move(__buffer).__out_it();
+  }
+}
+
+template <output_iterator<const char&> _OutIt>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt
+vformat_to(_OutIt __out_it, locale __loc, string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
+  return std::__vformat_to(std::move(__out_it), std::move(__loc), __fmt, __args);
+}
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <output_iterator<const wchar_t&> _OutIt>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt
+vformat_to(_OutIt __out_it, locale __loc, wstring_view __fmt, wformat_args __args) {
+  return std::__vformat_to(std::move(__out_it), std::move(__loc), __fmt, __args);
+}
+#    endif
+
+template <output_iterator<const char&> _OutIt, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt
+format_to(_OutIt __out_it, locale __loc, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::vformat_to(std::move(__out_it), std::move(__loc), __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...));
+}
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <output_iterator<const wchar_t&> _OutIt, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt
+format_to(_OutIt __out_it, locale __loc, wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::vformat_to(std::move(__out_it), std::move(__loc), __fmt.get(), std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
+}
+#    endif
+
+// TODO FMT This needs to be a template or std::to_chars(floating-point) availability markup
+// fires too eagerly, see http://llvm.org/PR61563.
+template <class = void>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string
+vformat(locale __loc, string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
+  string __res;
+  std::vformat_to(std::back_inserter(__res), std::move(__loc), __fmt, __args);
+  return __res;
+}
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+// TODO FMT This needs to be a template or std::to_chars(floating-point) availability markup
+// fires too eagerly, see http://llvm.org/PR61563.
+template <class = void>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wstring
+vformat(locale __loc, wstring_view __fmt, wformat_args __args) {
+  wstring __res;
+  std::vformat_to(std::back_inserter(__res), std::move(__loc), __fmt, __args);
+  return __res;
+}
+#    endif
+
+template <class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string
+format(locale __loc, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::vformat(std::move(__loc), __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...));
+}
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wstring
+format(locale __loc, wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::vformat(std::move(__loc), __fmt.get(), std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
+}
+#    endif
+
+template <class _Context, class _OutIt, class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI format_to_n_result<_OutIt> __vformat_to_n(
+    _OutIt __out_it,
+    iter_
diff erence_t<_OutIt> __n,
+    locale __loc,
+    basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt,
+    basic_format_args<_Context> __args) {
+  __format::__format_to_n_buffer<_OutIt, _CharT> __buffer{std::move(__out_it), __n};
+  std::__format::__vformat_to(
+      basic_format_parse_context{__fmt, __args.__size()},
+      std::__format_context_create(__buffer.__make_output_iterator(), __args, std::move(__loc)));
+  return std::move(__buffer).__result();
+}
+
+template <output_iterator<const char&> _OutIt, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI format_to_n_result<_OutIt> format_to_n(
+    _OutIt __out_it, iter_
diff erence_t<_OutIt> __n, locale __loc, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::__vformat_to_n<format_context>(
+      std::move(__out_it), __n, std::move(__loc), __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...));
+}
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <output_iterator<const wchar_t&> _OutIt, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI format_to_n_result<_OutIt> format_to_n(
+    _OutIt __out_it, iter_
diff erence_t<_OutIt> __n, locale __loc, wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::__vformat_to_n<wformat_context>(
+      std::move(__out_it), __n, std::move(__loc), __fmt.get(), std::make_wformat_args(__args...));
+}
+#    endif
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __vformatted_size(locale __loc, basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt, auto __args) {
+  __format::__formatted_size_buffer<_CharT> __buffer;
+  std::__format::__vformat_to(
+      basic_format_parse_context{__fmt, __args.__size()},
+      std::__format_context_create(__buffer.__make_output_iterator(), __args, std::move(__loc)));
+  return std::move(__buffer).__result();
+}
+
+template <class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t
+formatted_size(locale __loc, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::__vformatted_size(std::move(__loc), __fmt.get(), basic_format_args{std::make_format_args(__args...)});
+}
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t
+formatted_size(locale __loc, wformat_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::__vformatted_size(std::move(__loc), __fmt.get(), basic_format_args{std::make_wformat_args(__args...)});
+}
+#    endif
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_FUNCTIONS

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_parse_context.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_parse_context.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..aefcd5497f3b9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_parse_context.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_PARSE_CONTEXT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_PARSE_CONTEXT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_format_parse_context {
+public:
+  using char_type      = _CharT;
+  using const_iterator = typename basic_string_view<_CharT>::const_iterator;
+  using iterator       = const_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit basic_format_parse_context(
+      basic_string_view<_CharT> __fmt, size_t __num_args = 0) noexcept
+      : __begin_(__fmt.begin()),
+        __end_(__fmt.end()),
+        __indexing_(__unknown),
+        __next_arg_id_(0),
+        __num_args_(__num_args) {}
+
+  basic_format_parse_context(const basic_format_parse_context&)            = delete;
+  basic_format_parse_context& operator=(const basic_format_parse_context&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept { return __begin_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept { return __end_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void advance_to(const_iterator __it) { __begin_ = __it; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t next_arg_id() {
+    if (__indexing_ == __manual)
+      std::__throw_format_error("Using automatic argument numbering in manual argument numbering mode");
+
+    if (__indexing_ == __unknown)
+      __indexing_ = __automatic;
+
+    // Throws an exception to make the expression a non core constant
+    // expression as required by:
+    // [format.parse.ctx]/8
+    //   Remarks: Let cur-arg-id be the value of next_arg_id_ prior to this
+    //   call. Call expressions where cur-arg-id >= num_args_ is true are not
+    //   core constant expressions (7.7 [expr.const]).
+    // Note: the Throws clause [format.parse.ctx]/9 doesn't specify the
+    // behavior when id >= num_args_.
+    if (is_constant_evaluated() && __next_arg_id_ >= __num_args_)
+      std::__throw_format_error("Argument index outside the valid range");
+
+    return __next_arg_id_++;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void check_arg_id(size_t __id) {
+    if (__indexing_ == __automatic)
+      std::__throw_format_error("Using manual argument numbering in automatic argument numbering mode");
+
+    if (__indexing_ == __unknown)
+      __indexing_ = __manual;
+
+    // Throws an exception to make the expression a non core constant
+    // expression as required by:
+    // [format.parse.ctx]/11
+    //   Remarks: Call expressions where id >= num_args_ are not core constant
+    //   expressions ([expr.const]).
+    // Note: the Throws clause [format.parse.ctx]/10 doesn't specify the
+    // behavior when id >= num_args_.
+    if (is_constant_evaluated() && __id >= __num_args_)
+      std::__throw_format_error("Argument index outside the valid range");
+  }
+
+private:
+  iterator __begin_;
+  iterator __end_;
+  enum _Indexing { __unknown, __manual, __automatic };
+  _Indexing __indexing_;
+  size_t __next_arg_id_;
+  size_t __num_args_;
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(basic_format_parse_context);
+
+using format_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wformat_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_PARSE_CONTEXT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_string.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_string.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bdf3cff7f49b18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_string.h
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_STRING_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_STRING_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h> // iter_value_t
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __format {
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __parse_number_result {
+  _Iterator __last;
+  uint32_t __value;
+};
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+__parse_number_result(_Iterator, uint32_t) -> __parse_number_result<_Iterator>;
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __parse_number_result<_Iterator> __parse_number(_Iterator __begin, _Iterator __end);
+
+/**
+ * The maximum value of a numeric argument.
+ *
+ * This is used for:
+ * * arg-id
+ * * width as value or arg-id.
+ * * precision as value or arg-id.
+ *
+ * The value is compatible with the maximum formatting width and precision
+ * using the `%*` syntax on a 32-bit system.
+ */
+inline constexpr uint32_t __number_max = INT32_MAX;
+
+namespace __detail {
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __parse_number_result<_Iterator>
+__parse_zero(_Iterator __begin, _Iterator, auto& __parse_ctx) {
+  __parse_ctx.check_arg_id(0);
+  return {++__begin, 0}; // can never be larger than the maximum.
+}
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __parse_number_result<_Iterator>
+__parse_automatic(_Iterator __begin, _Iterator, auto& __parse_ctx) {
+  size_t __value = __parse_ctx.next_arg_id();
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__value <= __number_max, "Compilers don't support this number of arguments");
+
+  return {__begin, uint32_t(__value)};
+}
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __parse_number_result<_Iterator>
+__parse_manual(_Iterator __begin, _Iterator __end, auto& __parse_ctx) {
+  __parse_number_result<_Iterator> __r = __format::__parse_number(__begin, __end);
+  __parse_ctx.check_arg_id(__r.__value);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+} // namespace __detail
+
+/**
+ * Parses a number.
+ *
+ * The number is used for the 31-bit values @em width and @em precision. This
+ * allows a maximum value of 2147483647.
+ */
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __parse_number_result<_Iterator>
+__parse_number(_Iterator __begin, _Iterator __end_input) {
+  using _CharT = iter_value_t<_Iterator>;
+  static_assert(__format::__number_max == INT32_MAX, "The algorithm is implemented based on this value.");
+  /*
+   * Limit the input to 9 digits, otherwise we need two checks during every
+   * iteration:
+   * - Are we at the end of the input?
+   * - Does the value exceed width of an uint32_t? (Switching to uint64_t would
+   *   have the same issue, but with a higher maximum.)
+   */
+  _Iterator __end  = __end_input - __begin > 9 ? __begin + 9 : __end_input;
+  uint32_t __value = *__begin - _CharT('0');
+  while (++__begin != __end) {
+    if (*__begin < _CharT('0') || *__begin > _CharT('9'))
+      return {__begin, __value};
+
+    __value = __value * 10 + *__begin - _CharT('0');
+  }
+
+  if (__begin != __end_input && *__begin >= _CharT('0') && *__begin <= _CharT('9')) {
+    /*
+     * There are more than 9 digits, do additional validations:
+     * - Does the 10th digit exceed the maximum allowed value?
+     * - Are there more than 10 digits?
+     * (More than 10 digits always overflows the maximum.)
+     */
+    uint64_t __v = uint64_t(__value) * 10 + *__begin++ - _CharT('0');
+    if (__v > __number_max || (__begin != __end_input && *__begin >= _CharT('0') && *__begin <= _CharT('9')))
+      std::__throw_format_error("The numeric value of the format specifier is too large");
+
+    __value = __v;
+  }
+
+  return {__begin, __value};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Multiplexer for all parse functions.
+ *
+ * The parser will return a pointer beyond the last consumed character. This
+ * should be the closing '}' of the arg-id.
+ */
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __parse_number_result<_Iterator>
+__parse_arg_id(_Iterator __begin, _Iterator __end, auto& __parse_ctx) {
+  using _CharT = iter_value_t<_Iterator>;
+  switch (*__begin) {
+  case _CharT('0'):
+    return __detail::__parse_zero(__begin, __end, __parse_ctx);
+
+  case _CharT(':'):
+    // This case is conditionally valid. It's allowed in an arg-id in the
+    // replacement-field, but not in the std-format-spec. The caller can
+    // provide a better diagnostic, so accept it here unconditionally.
+  case _CharT('}'):
+    return __detail::__parse_automatic(__begin, __end, __parse_ctx);
+  }
+  if (*__begin < _CharT('0') || *__begin > _CharT('9'))
+    std::__throw_format_error("The argument index starts with an invalid character");
+
+  return __detail::__parse_manual(__begin, __end, __parse_ctx);
+}
+
+} // namespace __format
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_STRING_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_to_n_result.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_to_n_result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6f30546dec081c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/format_to_n_result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_TO_N_RESULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_TO_N_RESULT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _OutIt>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS format_to_n_result {
+  _OutIt out;
+  iter_
diff erence_t<_OutIt> size;
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(format_to_n_result);
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMAT_TO_N_RESULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e2f418f936ee10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/format.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+/// The default formatter template.
+///
+/// [format.formatter.spec]/5
+/// If F is a disabled specialization of formatter, these values are false:
+/// - is_default_constructible_v<F>,
+/// - is_copy_constructible_v<F>,
+/// - is_move_constructible_v<F>,
+/// - is_copy_assignable<F>, and
+/// - is_move_assignable<F>.
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter {
+  formatter()                            = delete;
+  formatter(const formatter&)            = delete;
+  formatter& operator=(const formatter&) = delete;
+};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __set_debug_format(_Tp& __formatter) {
+  if constexpr (requires { __formatter.set_debug_format(); })
+    __formatter.set_debug_format();
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#endif   // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_bool.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_bool.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..17dc69541e8fe1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_bool.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_BOOL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_BOOL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_integral.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+#  include <__locale>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<bool, _CharT> {
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    typename _ParseContext::iterator __result = __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_integral);
+    __format_spec::__process_parsed_bool(__parser_, "a bool");
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(bool __value, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    switch (__parser_.__type_) {
+    case __format_spec::__type::__default:
+    case __format_spec::__type::__string:
+      return __formatter::__format_bool(__value, __ctx, __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx));
+
+    case __format_spec::__type::__binary_lower_case:
+    case __format_spec::__type::__binary_upper_case:
+    case __format_spec::__type::__octal:
+    case __format_spec::__type::__decimal:
+    case __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_lower_case:
+    case __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_upper_case:
+      // Promotes bool to an integral type. This reduces the number of
+      // instantiations of __format_integer reducing code size.
+      return __formatter::__format_integer(
+          static_cast<unsigned>(__value), __ctx, __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx));
+
+    default:
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(false, "The parse function should have validated the type");
+      __libcpp_unreachable();
+    }
+  }
+
+  __format_spec::__parser<_CharT> __parser_;
+};
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_BOOL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_char.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_char.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d33e84368a7650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_char.h
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_CHAR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_CHAR_H
+
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_integral.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_output.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__format/write_escaped.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __formatter_char {
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    typename _ParseContext::iterator __result = __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_integral);
+    __format_spec::__process_parsed_char(__parser_, "a character");
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(_CharT __value, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    if (__parser_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__default || __parser_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__char)
+      return __formatter::__format_char(__value, __ctx.out(), __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx));
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+    if (__parser_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__debug)
+      return __formatter::__format_escaped_char(__value, __ctx.out(), __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx));
+#  endif
+
+    if constexpr (sizeof(_CharT) <= sizeof(unsigned))
+      return __formatter::__format_integer(
+          static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<make_unsigned_t<_CharT>>(__value)),
+          __ctx,
+          __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx));
+    else
+      return __formatter::__format_integer(
+          static_cast<make_unsigned_t<_CharT>>(__value), __ctx, __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx));
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(char __value, _FormatContext& __ctx) const
+    requires(same_as<_CharT, wchar_t>)
+  {
+    return format(static_cast<wchar_t>(static_cast<unsigned char>(__value)), __ctx);
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void set_debug_format() { __parser_.__type_ = __format_spec::__type::__debug; }
+#  endif
+
+  __format_spec::__parser<_CharT> __parser_;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<char, char> : public __formatter_char<char> {};
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<char, wchar_t> : public __formatter_char<wchar_t> {};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<wchar_t, wchar_t> : public __formatter_char<wchar_t> {};
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_CHAR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_floating_point.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_floating_point.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fa42ba203b0b5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_floating_point.h
@@ -0,0 +1,783 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_FLOATING_POINT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_FLOATING_POINT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/find.h>
+#include <__algorithm/max.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__algorithm/rotate.h>
+#include <__algorithm/transform.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__charconv/chars_format.h>
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_floating_point.h>
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_result.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_integral.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_output.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__system_error/errc.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+#  include <__locale>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __formatter {
+
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* __to_buffer(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value) {
+  to_chars_result __r = std::to_chars(__first, __last, __value);
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__r.ec == errc(0), "Internal buffer too small");
+  return __r.ptr;
+}
+
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* __to_buffer(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, chars_format __fmt) {
+  to_chars_result __r = std::to_chars(__first, __last, __value, __fmt);
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__r.ec == errc(0), "Internal buffer too small");
+  return __r.ptr;
+}
+
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* __to_buffer(char* __first, char* __last, _Tp __value, chars_format __fmt, int __precision) {
+  to_chars_result __r = std::to_chars(__first, __last, __value, __fmt, __precision);
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__r.ec == errc(0), "Internal buffer too small");
+  return __r.ptr;
+}
+
+// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/types#cite_note-1
+// float             min subnormal: +/-0x1p-149   max: +/- 3.402,823,4 10^38
+// double            min subnormal: +/-0x1p-1074  max  +/- 1.797,693,134,862,315,7 10^308
+// long double (x86) min subnormal: +/-0x1p-16446 max: +/- 1.189,731,495,357,231,765,021 10^4932
+//
+// The maximum number of digits required for the integral part is based on the
+// maximum's value power of 10. Every power of 10 requires one additional
+// decimal digit.
+// The maximum number of digits required for the fractional part is based on
+// the minimal subnormal hexadecimal output's power of 10. Every division of a
+// fraction's binary 1 by 2, requires one additional decimal digit.
+//
+// The maximum size of a formatted value depends on the selected output format.
+// Ignoring the fact the format string can request a precision larger than the
+// values maximum required, these values are:
+//
+// sign                    1 code unit
+// __max_integral
+// radix point             1 code unit
+// __max_fractional
+// exponent character      1 code unit
+// sign                    1 code unit
+// __max_fractional_value
+// -----------------------------------
+// total                   4 code units extra required.
+//
+// TODO FMT Optimize the storage to avoid storing digits that are known to be zero.
+// https://www.exploringbinary.com/maximum-number-of-decimal-digits-in-binary-floating-point-numbers/
+
+// TODO FMT Add long double specialization when to_chars has proper long double support.
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __traits;
+
+template <floating_point _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t __float_buffer_size(int __precision) {
+  using _Traits = __traits<_Fp>;
+  return 4 + _Traits::__max_integral + __precision + _Traits::__max_fractional_value;
+}
+
+template <>
+struct __traits<float> {
+  static constexpr int __max_integral         = 38;
+  static constexpr int __max_fractional       = 149;
+  static constexpr int __max_fractional_value = 3;
+  static constexpr size_t __stack_buffer_size = 256;
+
+  static constexpr int __hex_precision_digits = 3;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __traits<double> {
+  static constexpr int __max_integral         = 308;
+  static constexpr int __max_fractional       = 1074;
+  static constexpr int __max_fractional_value = 4;
+  static constexpr size_t __stack_buffer_size = 1024;
+
+  static constexpr int __hex_precision_digits = 4;
+};
+
+/// Helper class to store the conversion buffer.
+///
+/// Depending on the maximum size required for a value, the buffer is allocated
+/// on the stack or the heap.
+template <floating_point _Fp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __float_buffer {
+  using _Traits = __traits<_Fp>;
+
+public:
+  // TODO FMT Improve this constructor to do a better estimate.
+  // When using a scientific formatting with a precision of 6 a stack buffer
+  // will always suffice. At the moment that isn't important since floats and
+  // doubles use a stack buffer, unless the precision used in the format string
+  // is large.
+  // When supporting long doubles the __max_integral part becomes 4932 which
+  // may be too much for some platforms. For these cases a better estimate is
+  // required.
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_buffer(int __precision)
+      : __precision_(__precision != -1 ? __precision : _Traits::__max_fractional) {
+    // When the precision is larger than _Traits::__max_fractional the digits in
+    // the range (_Traits::__max_fractional, precision] will contain the value
+    // zero. There's no need to request to_chars to write these zeros:
+    // - When the value is large a temporary heap buffer needs to be allocated.
+    // - When to_chars writes the values they need to be "copied" to the output:
+    //   - char: std::fill on the output iterator is faster than std::copy.
+    //   - wchar_t: same argument as char, but additional std::copy won't work.
+    //     The input is always a char buffer, so every char in the buffer needs
+    //     to be converted from a char to a wchar_t.
+    if (__precision_ > _Traits::__max_fractional) {
+      __num_trailing_zeros_ = __precision_ - _Traits::__max_fractional;
+      __precision_          = _Traits::__max_fractional;
+    }
+
+    __size_ = __formatter::__float_buffer_size<_Fp>(__precision_);
+    if (__size_ > _Traits::__stack_buffer_size)
+      // The allocated buffer's contents don't need initialization.
+      __begin_ = allocator<char>{}.allocate(__size_);
+    else
+      __begin_ = __buffer_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__float_buffer() {
+    if (__size_ > _Traits::__stack_buffer_size)
+      allocator<char>{}.deallocate(__begin_, __size_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_buffer(const __float_buffer&)            = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_buffer& operator=(const __float_buffer&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* begin() const { return __begin_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* end() const { return __begin_ + __size_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __precision() const { return __precision_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __num_trailing_zeros() const { return __num_trailing_zeros_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __remove_trailing_zeros() { __num_trailing_zeros_ = 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_trailing_zeros(int __zeros) { __num_trailing_zeros_ += __zeros; }
+
+private:
+  int __precision_;
+  int __num_trailing_zeros_{0};
+  size_t __size_;
+  char* __begin_;
+  char __buffer_[_Traits::__stack_buffer_size];
+};
+
+struct __float_result {
+  /// Points at the beginning of the integral part in the buffer.
+  ///
+  /// When there's no sign character this points at the start of the buffer.
+  char* __integral;
+
+  /// Points at the radix point, when not present it's the same as \ref __last.
+  char* __radix_point;
+
+  /// Points at the exponent character, when not present it's the same as \ref __last.
+  char* __exponent;
+
+  /// Points beyond the last written element in the buffer.
+  char* __last;
+};
+
+/// Finds the position of the exponent character 'e' at the end of the buffer.
+///
+/// Assuming there is an exponent the input will terminate with
+/// eSdd and eSdddd (S = sign, d = digit)
+///
+/// \returns a pointer to the exponent or __last when not found.
+constexpr inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* __find_exponent(char* __first, char* __last) {
+  ptr
diff _t __size = __last - __first;
+  if (__size >= 4) {
+    __first = __last - std::min(__size, ptr
diff _t(6));
+    for (; __first != __last - 3; ++__first) {
+      if (*__first == 'e')
+        return __first;
+    }
+  }
+  return __last;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_result
+__format_buffer_default(const __float_buffer<_Fp>& __buffer, _Tp __value, char* __integral) {
+  __float_result __result;
+  __result.__integral = __integral;
+  __result.__last     = __formatter::__to_buffer(__integral, __buffer.end(), __value);
+
+  __result.__exponent = __formatter::__find_exponent(__result.__integral, __result.__last);
+
+  // Constrains:
+  // - There's at least one decimal digit before the radix point.
+  // - The radix point, when present, is placed before the exponent.
+  __result.__radix_point = std::find(__result.__integral + 1, __result.__exponent, '.');
+
+  // When the radix point isn't found its position is the exponent instead of
+  // __result.__last.
+  if (__result.__radix_point == __result.__exponent)
+    __result.__radix_point = __result.__last;
+
+  // clang-format off
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL((__result.__integral != __result.__last) &&
+                          (__result.__radix_point == __result.__last || *__result.__radix_point == '.') &&
+                          (__result.__exponent == __result.__last || *__result.__exponent == 'e'),
+                          "Post-condition failure.");
+  // clang-format on
+
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_result __format_buffer_hexadecimal_lower_case(
+    const __float_buffer<_Fp>& __buffer, _Tp __value, int __precision, char* __integral) {
+  __float_result __result;
+  __result.__integral = __integral;
+  if (__precision == -1)
+    __result.__last = __formatter::__to_buffer(__integral, __buffer.end(), __value, chars_format::hex);
+  else
+    __result.__last = __formatter::__to_buffer(__integral, __buffer.end(), __value, chars_format::hex, __precision);
+
+  // H = one or more hex-digits
+  // S = sign
+  // D = one or more decimal-digits
+  // When the fractional part is zero and no precision the output is 0p+0
+  // else the output is                                              0.HpSD
+  // So testing the second position can 
diff erentiate between these two cases.
+  char* __first = __integral + 1;
+  if (*__first == '.') {
+    __result.__radix_point = __first;
+    // One digit is the minimum
+    // 0.hpSd
+    //       ^-- last
+    //     ^---- integral = end of search
+    // ^-------- start of search
+    // 0123456
+    //
+    // Four digits is the maximum
+    // 0.hpSdddd
+    //          ^-- last
+    //        ^---- integral = end of search
+    //    ^-------- start of search
+    // 0123456789
+    static_assert(__traits<_Fp>::__hex_precision_digits <= 4, "Guard against possible underflow.");
+
+    char* __last        = __result.__last - 2;
+    __first             = __last - __traits<_Fp>::__hex_precision_digits;
+    __result.__exponent = std::find(__first, __last, 'p');
+  } else {
+    __result.__radix_point = __result.__last;
+    __result.__exponent    = __first;
+  }
+
+  // clang-format off
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL((__result.__integral != __result.__last) &&
+                          (__result.__radix_point == __result.__last || *__result.__radix_point == '.') &&
+                          (__result.__exponent != __result.__last && *__result.__exponent == 'p'),
+                          "Post-condition failure.");
+  // clang-format on
+
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_result __format_buffer_hexadecimal_upper_case(
+    const __float_buffer<_Fp>& __buffer, _Tp __value, int __precision, char* __integral) {
+  __float_result __result =
+      __formatter::__format_buffer_hexadecimal_lower_case(__buffer, __value, __precision, __integral);
+  std::transform(__result.__integral, __result.__exponent, __result.__integral, __hex_to_upper);
+  *__result.__exponent = 'P';
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_result __format_buffer_scientific_lower_case(
+    const __float_buffer<_Fp>& __buffer, _Tp __value, int __precision, char* __integral) {
+  __float_result __result;
+  __result.__integral = __integral;
+  __result.__last =
+      __formatter::__to_buffer(__integral, __buffer.end(), __value, chars_format::scientific, __precision);
+
+  char* __first = __integral + 1;
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__first != __result.__last, "No exponent present");
+  if (*__first == '.') {
+    __result.__radix_point = __first;
+    __result.__exponent    = __formatter::__find_exponent(__first + 1, __result.__last);
+  } else {
+    __result.__radix_point = __result.__last;
+    __result.__exponent    = __first;
+  }
+
+  // clang-format off
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL((__result.__integral != __result.__last) &&
+                          (__result.__radix_point == __result.__last || *__result.__radix_point == '.') &&
+                          (__result.__exponent != __result.__last && *__result.__exponent == 'e'),
+                          "Post-condition failure.");
+  // clang-format on
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_result __format_buffer_scientific_upper_case(
+    const __float_buffer<_Fp>& __buffer, _Tp __value, int __precision, char* __integral) {
+  __float_result __result =
+      __formatter::__format_buffer_scientific_lower_case(__buffer, __value, __precision, __integral);
+  *__result.__exponent = 'E';
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_result
+__format_buffer_fixed(const __float_buffer<_Fp>& __buffer, _Tp __value, int __precision, char* __integral) {
+  __float_result __result;
+  __result.__integral = __integral;
+  __result.__last     = __formatter::__to_buffer(__integral, __buffer.end(), __value, chars_format::fixed, __precision);
+
+  // When there's no precision there's no radix point.
+  // Else the radix point is placed at __precision + 1 from the end.
+  // By converting __precision to a bool the subtraction can be done
+  // unconditionally.
+  __result.__radix_point = __result.__last - (__precision + bool(__precision));
+  __result.__exponent    = __result.__last;
+
+  // clang-format off
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL((__result.__integral != __result.__last) &&
+                          (__result.__radix_point == __result.__last || *__result.__radix_point == '.') &&
+                          (__result.__exponent == __result.__last),
+                          "Post-condition failure.");
+  // clang-format on
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_result
+__format_buffer_general_lower_case(__float_buffer<_Fp>& __buffer, _Tp __value, int __precision, char* __integral) {
+  __buffer.__remove_trailing_zeros();
+
+  __float_result __result;
+  __result.__integral = __integral;
+  __result.__last = __formatter::__to_buffer(__integral, __buffer.end(), __value, chars_format::general, __precision);
+
+  char* __first = __integral + 1;
+  if (__first == __result.__last) {
+    __result.__radix_point = __result.__last;
+    __result.__exponent    = __result.__last;
+  } else {
+    __result.__exponent = __formatter::__find_exponent(__first, __result.__last);
+    if (__result.__exponent != __result.__last)
+      // In scientific mode if there's a radix point it will always be after
+      // the first digit. (This is the position __first points at).
+      __result.__radix_point = *__first == '.' ? __first : __result.__last;
+    else {
+      // In fixed mode the algorithm truncates trailing spaces and possibly the
+      // radix point. There's no good guess for the position of the radix point
+      // therefore scan the output after the first digit.
+      __result.__radix_point = std::find(__first, __result.__last, '.');
+    }
+  }
+
+  // clang-format off
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL((__result.__integral != __result.__last) &&
+                          (__result.__radix_point == __result.__last || *__result.__radix_point == '.') &&
+                          (__result.__exponent == __result.__last || *__result.__exponent == 'e'),
+                          "Post-condition failure.");
+  // clang-format on
+
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_result
+__format_buffer_general_upper_case(__float_buffer<_Fp>& __buffer, _Tp __value, int __precision, char* __integral) {
+  __float_result __result = __formatter::__format_buffer_general_lower_case(__buffer, __value, __precision, __integral);
+  if (__result.__exponent != __result.__last)
+    *__result.__exponent = 'E';
+  return __result;
+}
+
+/// Fills the buffer with the data based on the requested formatting.
+///
+/// This function, when needed, turns the characters to upper case and
+/// determines the "interesting" locations which are returned to the caller.
+///
+/// This means the caller never has to convert the contents of the buffer to
+/// upper case or search for radix points and the location of the exponent.
+/// This gives a bit of overhead. The original code didn't do that, but due
+/// to the number of possible additional work needed to turn this number to
+/// the proper output the code was littered with tests for upper cases and
+/// searches for radix points and exponents.
+/// - When a precision larger than the type's precision is selected
+///   additional zero characters need to be written before the exponent.
+/// - alternate form needs to add a radix point when not present.
+/// - localization needs to do grouping in the integral part.
+template <class _Fp, class _Tp>
+// TODO FMT _Fp should just be _Tp when to_chars has proper long double support.
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __float_result __format_buffer(
+    __float_buffer<_Fp>& __buffer,
+    _Tp __value,
+    bool __negative,
+    bool __has_precision,
+    __format_spec::__sign __sign,
+    __format_spec::__type __type) {
+  char* __first = __formatter::__insert_sign(__buffer.begin(), __negative, __sign);
+  switch (__type) {
+  case __format_spec::__type::__default:
+    if (__has_precision)
+      return __formatter::__format_buffer_general_lower_case(__buffer, __value, __buffer.__precision(), __first);
+    else
+      return __formatter::__format_buffer_default(__buffer, __value, __first);
+
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexfloat_lower_case:
+    return __formatter::__format_buffer_hexadecimal_lower_case(
+        __buffer, __value, __has_precision ? __buffer.__precision() : -1, __first);
+
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexfloat_upper_case:
+    return __formatter::__format_buffer_hexadecimal_upper_case(
+        __buffer, __value, __has_precision ? __buffer.__precision() : -1, __first);
+
+  case __format_spec::__type::__scientific_lower_case:
+    return __formatter::__format_buffer_scientific_lower_case(__buffer, __value, __buffer.__precision(), __first);
+
+  case __format_spec::__type::__scientific_upper_case:
+    return __formatter::__format_buffer_scientific_upper_case(__buffer, __value, __buffer.__precision(), __first);
+
+  case __format_spec::__type::__fixed_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__fixed_upper_case:
+    return __formatter::__format_buffer_fixed(__buffer, __value, __buffer.__precision(), __first);
+
+  case __format_spec::__type::__general_lower_case:
+    return __formatter::__format_buffer_general_lower_case(__buffer, __value, __buffer.__precision(), __first);
+
+  case __format_spec::__type::__general_upper_case:
+    return __formatter::__format_buffer_general_upper_case(__buffer, __value, __buffer.__precision(), __first);
+
+  default:
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(false, "The parser should have validated the type");
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+template <class _OutIt, class _Fp, class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __format_locale_specific_form(
+    _OutIt __out_it,
+    const __float_buffer<_Fp>& __buffer,
+    const __float_result& __result,
+    std::locale __loc,
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs) {
+  const auto& __np  = std::use_facet<numpunct<_CharT>>(__loc);
+  string __grouping = __np.grouping();
+  char* __first     = __result.__integral;
+  // When no radix point or exponent are present __last will be __result.__last.
+  char* __last = std::min(__result.__radix_point, __result.__exponent);
+
+  ptr
diff _t __digits = __last - __first;
+  if (!__grouping.empty()) {
+    if (__digits <= __grouping[0])
+      __grouping.clear();
+    else
+      __grouping = __formatter::__determine_grouping(__digits, __grouping);
+  }
+
+  ptr
diff _t __size =
+      __result.__last - __buffer.begin() + // Formatted string
+      __buffer.__num_trailing_zeros() +    // Not yet rendered zeros
+      __grouping.size() -                  // Grouping contains one
+      !__grouping.empty();                 // additional character
+
+  __formatter::__padding_size_result __padding = {0, 0};
+  bool __zero_padding                          = __specs.__alignment_ == __format_spec::__alignment::__zero_padding;
+  if (__size < __specs.__width_) {
+    if (__zero_padding) {
+      __specs.__alignment_      = __format_spec::__alignment::__right;
+      __specs.__fill_.__data[0] = _CharT('0');
+    }
+
+    __padding = __formatter::__padding_size(__size, __specs.__width_, __specs.__alignment_);
+  }
+
+  // sign and (zero padding or alignment)
+  if (__zero_padding && __first != __buffer.begin())
+    *__out_it++ = *__buffer.begin();
+  __out_it = __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __padding.__before_, __specs.__fill_);
+  if (!__zero_padding && __first != __buffer.begin())
+    *__out_it++ = *__buffer.begin();
+
+  // integral part
+  if (__grouping.empty()) {
+    __out_it = __formatter::__copy(__first, __digits, std::move(__out_it));
+  } else {
+    auto __r     = __grouping.rbegin();
+    auto __e     = __grouping.rend() - 1;
+    _CharT __sep = __np.thousands_sep();
+    // The output is divided in small groups of numbers to write:
+    // - A group before the first separator.
+    // - A separator and a group, repeated for the number of separators.
+    // - A group after the last separator.
+    // This loop achieves that process by testing the termination condition
+    // midway in the loop.
+    while (true) {
+      __out_it = __formatter::__copy(__first, *__r, std::move(__out_it));
+      __first += *__r;
+
+      if (__r == __e)
+        break;
+
+      ++__r;
+      *__out_it++ = __sep;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // fractional part
+  if (__result.__radix_point != __result.__last) {
+    *__out_it++ = __np.decimal_point();
+    __out_it    = __formatter::__copy(__result.__radix_point + 1, __result.__exponent, std::move(__out_it));
+    __out_it    = __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __buffer.__num_trailing_zeros(), _CharT('0'));
+  }
+
+  // exponent
+  if (__result.__exponent != __result.__last)
+    __out_it = __formatter::__copy(__result.__exponent, __result.__last, std::move(__out_it));
+
+  // alignment
+  return __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __padding.__after_, __specs.__fill_);
+}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+
+template <class _OutIt, class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __format_floating_point_non_finite(
+    _OutIt __out_it, __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs, bool __negative, bool __isnan) {
+  char __buffer[4];
+  char* __last = __formatter::__insert_sign(__buffer, __negative, __specs.__std_.__sign_);
+
+  // to_chars can return inf, infinity, nan, and nan(n-char-sequence).
+  // The format library requires inf and nan.
+  // All in one expression to avoid dangling references.
+  bool __upper_case =
+      __specs.__std_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__hexfloat_upper_case ||
+      __specs.__std_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__scientific_upper_case ||
+      __specs.__std_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__fixed_upper_case ||
+      __specs.__std_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__general_upper_case;
+  __last = std::copy_n(&("infnanINFNAN"[6 * __upper_case + 3 * __isnan]), 3, __last);
+
+  // [format.string.std]/13
+  // A zero (0) character preceding the width field pads the field with
+  // leading zeros (following any indication of sign or base) to the field
+  // width, except when applied to an infinity or NaN.
+  if (__specs.__alignment_ == __format_spec::__alignment::__zero_padding)
+    __specs.__alignment_ = __format_spec::__alignment::__right;
+
+  return __formatter::__write(__buffer, __last, std::move(__out_it), __specs);
+}
+
+/// Writes additional zero's for the precision before the exponent.
+/// This is used when the precision requested in the format string is larger
+/// than the maximum precision of the floating-point type. These precision
+/// digits are always 0.
+///
+/// \param __exponent           The location of the exponent character.
+/// \param __num_trailing_zeros The number of 0's to write before the exponent
+///                             character.
+template <class _CharT, class _ParserCharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __write_using_trailing_zeros(
+    const _CharT* __first,
+    const _CharT* __last,
+    output_iterator<const _CharT&> auto __out_it,
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_ParserCharT> __specs,
+    size_t __size,
+    const _CharT* __exponent,
+    size_t __num_trailing_zeros) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__first <= __last, "Not a valid range");
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__num_trailing_zeros > 0, "The overload not writing trailing zeros should have been used");
+
+  __padding_size_result __padding =
+      __formatter::__padding_size(__size + __num_trailing_zeros, __specs.__width_, __specs.__alignment_);
+  __out_it = __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __padding.__before_, __specs.__fill_);
+  __out_it = __formatter::__copy(__first, __exponent, std::move(__out_it));
+  __out_it = __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __num_trailing_zeros, _CharT('0'));
+  __out_it = __formatter::__copy(__exponent, __last, std::move(__out_it));
+  return __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __padding.__after_, __specs.__fill_);
+}
+
+template <floating_point _Tp, class _CharT, class _FormatContext>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+__format_floating_point(_Tp __value, _FormatContext& __ctx, __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs) {
+  bool __negative = std::signbit(__value);
+
+  if (!std::isfinite(__value)) [[unlikely]]
+    return __formatter::__format_floating_point_non_finite(__ctx.out(), __specs, __negative, std::isnan(__value));
+
+  // Depending on the std-format-spec string the sign and the value
+  // might not be outputted together:
+  // - zero-padding may insert additional '0' characters.
+  // Therefore the value is processed as a non negative value.
+  // The function @ref __insert_sign will insert a '-' when the value was
+  // negative.
+
+  if (__negative)
+    __value = -__value;
+
+  // TODO FMT _Fp should just be _Tp when to_chars has proper long double support.
+  using _Fp = conditional_t<same_as<_Tp, long double>, double, _Tp>;
+  // Force the type of the precision to avoid -1 to become an unsigned value.
+  __float_buffer<_Fp> __buffer(__specs.__precision_);
+  __float_result __result = __formatter::__format_buffer(
+      __buffer, __value, __negative, (__specs.__has_precision()), __specs.__std_.__sign_, __specs.__std_.__type_);
+
+  if (__specs.__std_.__alternate_form_) {
+    if (__result.__radix_point == __result.__last) {
+      *__result.__last++ = '.';
+
+      // When there is an exponent the point needs to be moved before the
+      // exponent. When there's no exponent the rotate does nothing. Since
+      // rotate tests whether the operation is a nop, call it unconditionally.
+      std::rotate(__result.__exponent, __result.__last - 1, __result.__last);
+      __result.__radix_point = __result.__exponent;
+
+      // The radix point is always placed before the exponent.
+      // - No exponent needs to point to the new last.
+      // - An exponent needs to move one position to the right.
+      // So it's safe to increment the value unconditionally.
+      ++__result.__exponent;
+    }
+
+    // [format.string.std]/6
+    //   In addition, for g and G conversions, trailing zeros are not removed
+    //   from the result.
+    //
+    // If the type option for a floating-point type is none it may use the
+    // general formatting, but it's not a g or G conversion. So in that case
+    // the formatting should not append trailing zeros.
+    bool __is_general = __specs.__std_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__general_lower_case ||
+                        __specs.__std_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__general_upper_case;
+
+    if (__is_general) {
+      // https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/io/fprintf
+      // Let P equal the precision if nonzero, 6 if the precision is not
+      // specified, or 1 if the precision is 0. Then, if a conversion with
+      // style E would have an exponent of X:
+      int __p = std::max<int>(1, (__specs.__has_precision() ? __specs.__precision_ : 6));
+      if (__result.__exponent == __result.__last)
+        // if P > X >= -4, the conversion is with style f or F and precision P - 1 - X.
+        // By including the radix point it calculates P - (1 + X)
+        __p -= __result.__radix_point - __result.__integral;
+      else
+        // otherwise, the conversion is with style e or E and precision P - 1.
+        --__p;
+
+      ptr
diff _t __precision = (__result.__exponent - __result.__radix_point) - 1;
+      if (__precision < __p)
+        __buffer.__add_trailing_zeros(__p - __precision);
+    }
+  }
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+  if (__specs.__std_.__locale_specific_form_)
+    return __formatter::__format_locale_specific_form(__ctx.out(), __buffer, __result, __ctx.locale(), __specs);
+#  endif
+
+  ptr
diff _t __size         = __result.__last - __buffer.begin();
+  int __num_trailing_zeros = __buffer.__num_trailing_zeros();
+  if (__size + __num_trailing_zeros >= __specs.__width_) {
+    if (__num_trailing_zeros && __result.__exponent != __result.__last)
+      // Insert trailing zeros before exponent character.
+      return __formatter::__copy(
+          __result.__exponent,
+          __result.__last,
+          __formatter::__fill(__formatter::__copy(__buffer.begin(), __result.__exponent, __ctx.out()),
+                              __num_trailing_zeros,
+                              _CharT('0')));
+
+    return __formatter::__fill(
+        __formatter::__copy(__buffer.begin(), __result.__last, __ctx.out()), __num_trailing_zeros, _CharT('0'));
+  }
+
+  auto __out_it = __ctx.out();
+  char* __first = __buffer.begin();
+  if (__specs.__alignment_ == __format_spec::__alignment ::__zero_padding) {
+    // When there is a sign output it before the padding. Note the __size
+    // doesn't need any adjustment, regardless whether the sign is written
+    // here or in __formatter::__write.
+    if (__first != __result.__integral)
+      *__out_it++ = *__first++;
+    // After the sign is written, zero padding is the same a right alignment
+    // with '0'.
+    __specs.__alignment_      = __format_spec::__alignment::__right;
+    __specs.__fill_.__data[0] = _CharT('0');
+  }
+
+  if (__num_trailing_zeros)
+    return __formatter::__write_using_trailing_zeros(
+        __first, __result.__last, std::move(__out_it), __specs, __size, __result.__exponent, __num_trailing_zeros);
+
+  return __formatter::__write(__first, __result.__last, std::move(__out_it), __specs, __size);
+}
+
+} // namespace __formatter
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __formatter_floating_point {
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    typename _ParseContext::iterator __result = __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_floating_point);
+    __format_spec::__process_parsed_floating_point(__parser_, "a floating-point");
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  template <floating_point _Tp, class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(_Tp __value, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    return __formatter::__format_floating_point(__value, __ctx, __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx));
+  }
+
+  __format_spec::__parser<_CharT> __parser_;
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<float, _CharT> : public __formatter_floating_point<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<double, _CharT> : public __formatter_floating_point<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<long double, _CharT> : public __formatter_floating_point<_CharT> {};
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_FLOATING_POINT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_integer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_integer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..41400f00478eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_integer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_INTEGER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_INTEGER_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_integral.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_output.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_32_64_or_128_bit.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __formatter_integer {
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    typename _ParseContext::iterator __result = __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_integral);
+    __format_spec::__process_parsed_integer(__parser_, "an integer");
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  template <integral _Tp, class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(_Tp __value, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs = __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx);
+
+    if (__specs.__std_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__char)
+      return __formatter::__format_char(__value, __ctx.out(), __specs);
+
+    using _Type = __make_32_64_or_128_bit_t<_Tp>;
+    static_assert(!is_void<_Type>::value, "unsupported integral type used in __formatter_integer::__format");
+
+    // Reduce the number of instantiation of the integer formatter
+    return __formatter::__format_integer(static_cast<_Type>(__value), __ctx, __specs);
+  }
+
+  __format_spec::__parser<_CharT> __parser_;
+};
+
+// Signed integral types.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<signed char, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<short, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<int, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<long, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<long long, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<__int128_t, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+#  endif
+
+// Unsigned integral types.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<unsigned char, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<unsigned short, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<unsigned, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<unsigned long, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<unsigned long long, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<__uint128_t, _CharT> : public __formatter_integer<_CharT> {};
+#  endif
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_INTEGER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_integral.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_integral.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..eca966f8886f84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_integral.h
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_INTEGRAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_INTEGRAL_H
+
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_integral.h>
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_result.h>
+#include <__charconv/traits.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_output.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__system_error/errc.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <limits>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+#  include <__locale>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __formatter {
+
+//
+// Generic
+//
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  requires same_as<char, iter_value_t<_Iterator>>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _Iterator __insert_sign(_Iterator __buf, bool __negative, __format_spec::__sign __sign) {
+  if (__negative)
+    *__buf++ = '-';
+  else
+    switch (__sign) {
+    case __format_spec::__sign::__default:
+    case __format_spec::__sign::__minus:
+      // No sign added.
+      break;
+    case __format_spec::__sign::__plus:
+      *__buf++ = '+';
+      break;
+    case __format_spec::__sign::__space:
+      *__buf++ = ' ';
+      break;
+    }
+
+  return __buf;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines the required grouping based on the size of the input.
+ *
+ * The grouping's last element will be repeated. For simplicity this repeating
+ * is unwrapped based on the length of the input. (When the input is short some
+ * groups are not processed.)
+ *
+ * @returns The size of the groups to write. This means the number of
+ * separator characters written is size() - 1.
+ *
+ * @note Since zero-sized groups cause issues they are silently ignored.
+ *
+ * @note The grouping field of the locale is always a @c std::string,
+ * regardless whether the @c std::numpunct's type is @c char or @c wchar_t.
+ */
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline string __determine_grouping(ptr
diff _t __size, const string& __grouping) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(!__grouping.empty() && __size > __grouping[0],
+                          "The slow grouping formatting is used while there will be no separators written");
+  string __r;
+  auto __end = __grouping.end() - 1;
+  auto __ptr = __grouping.begin();
+
+  while (true) {
+    __size -= *__ptr;
+    if (__size > 0)
+      __r.push_back(*__ptr);
+    else {
+      // __size <= 0 so the value pushed will be <= *__ptr.
+      __r.push_back(*__ptr + __size);
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    // Proceed to the next group.
+    if (__ptr != __end) {
+      do {
+        ++__ptr;
+        // Skip grouping with a width of 0.
+      } while (*__ptr == 0 && __ptr != __end);
+    }
+  }
+
+  __libcpp_unreachable();
+}
+
+//
+// Char
+//
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__format_char(integral auto __value,
+              output_iterator<const _CharT&> auto __out_it,
+              __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  using _Tp = decltype(__value);
+  if constexpr (!same_as<_CharT, _Tp>) {
+    // cmp_less and cmp_greater can't be used for character types.
+    if constexpr (signed_integral<_CharT> == signed_integral<_Tp>) {
+      if (__value < numeric_limits<_CharT>::min() || __value > numeric_limits<_CharT>::max())
+        std::__throw_format_error("Integral value outside the range of the char type");
+    } else if constexpr (signed_integral<_CharT>) {
+      // _CharT is signed _Tp is unsigned
+      if (__value > static_cast<make_unsigned_t<_CharT>>(numeric_limits<_CharT>::max()))
+        std::__throw_format_error("Integral value outside the range of the char type");
+    } else {
+      // _CharT is unsigned _Tp is signed
+      if (__value < 0 || static_cast<make_unsigned_t<_Tp>>(__value) > numeric_limits<_CharT>::max())
+        std::__throw_format_error("Integral value outside the range of the char type");
+    }
+  }
+
+  const auto __c = static_cast<_CharT>(__value);
+  return __formatter::__write(std::addressof(__c), std::addressof(__c) + 1, std::move(__out_it), __specs);
+}
+
+//
+// Integer
+//
+
+/** Wrapper around @ref to_chars, returning the output iterator. */
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator, integral _Tp>
+  requires same_as<char, iter_value_t<_Iterator>>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Iterator __to_buffer(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __last, _Tp __value, int __base) {
+  // TODO FMT Evaluate code overhead due to not calling the internal function
+  // directly. (Should be zero overhead.)
+  to_chars_result __r = std::to_chars(std::to_address(__first), std::to_address(__last), __value, __base);
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__r.ec == errc(0), "Internal buffer too small");
+  auto __
diff  = __r.ptr - std::to_address(__first);
+  return __first + __
diff ;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Helper to determine the buffer size to output a integer in Base @em x.
+ *
+ * There are several overloads for the supported bases. The function uses the
+ * base as template argument so it can be used in a constant expression.
+ */
+template <unsigned_integral _Tp, size_t _Base>
+consteval size_t __buffer_size() noexcept
+  requires(_Base == 2)
+{
+  return numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits // The number of binary digits.
+       + 2                           // Reserve space for the '0[Bb]' prefix.
+       + 1;                          // Reserve space for the sign.
+}
+
+template <unsigned_integral _Tp, size_t _Base>
+consteval size_t __buffer_size() noexcept
+  requires(_Base == 8)
+{
+  return numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits // The number of binary digits.
+           / 3                       // Adjust to octal.
+       + 1                           // Turn floor to ceil.
+       + 1                           // Reserve space for the '0' prefix.
+       + 1;                          // Reserve space for the sign.
+}
+
+template <unsigned_integral _Tp, size_t _Base>
+consteval size_t __buffer_size() noexcept
+  requires(_Base == 10)
+{
+  return numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits10 // The floored value.
+       + 1                             // Turn floor to ceil.
+       + 1;                            // Reserve space for the sign.
+}
+
+template <unsigned_integral _Tp, size_t _Base>
+consteval size_t __buffer_size() noexcept
+  requires(_Base == 16)
+{
+  return numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits // The number of binary digits.
+           / 4                       // Adjust to hexadecimal.
+       + 2                           // Reserve space for the '0[Xx]' prefix.
+       + 1;                          // Reserve space for the sign.
+}
+
+template <class _OutIt, contiguous_iterator _Iterator, class _CharT>
+  requires same_as<char, iter_value_t<_Iterator>>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __write_using_decimal_separators(
+    _OutIt __out_it,
+    _Iterator __begin,
+    _Iterator __first,
+    _Iterator __last,
+    string&& __grouping,
+    _CharT __sep,
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs) {
+  int __size = (__first - __begin) +    // [sign][prefix]
+               (__last - __first) +     // data
+               (__grouping.size() - 1); // number of separator characters
+
+  __padding_size_result __padding = {0, 0};
+  if (__specs.__alignment_ == __format_spec::__alignment::__zero_padding) {
+    // Write [sign][prefix].
+    __out_it = __formatter::__copy(__begin, __first, std::move(__out_it));
+
+    if (__specs.__width_ > __size) {
+      // Write zero padding.
+      __padding.__before_ = __specs.__width_ - __size;
+      __out_it            = __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __specs.__width_ - __size, _CharT('0'));
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (__specs.__width_ > __size) {
+      // Determine padding and write padding.
+      __padding = __formatter::__padding_size(__size, __specs.__width_, __specs.__alignment_);
+
+      __out_it = __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __padding.__before_, __specs.__fill_);
+    }
+    // Write [sign][prefix].
+    __out_it = __formatter::__copy(__begin, __first, std::move(__out_it));
+  }
+
+  auto __r = __grouping.rbegin();
+  auto __e = __grouping.rend() - 1;
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(
+      __r != __e, "The slow grouping formatting is used while there will be no separators written.");
+  // The output is divided in small groups of numbers to write:
+  // - A group before the first separator.
+  // - A separator and a group, repeated for the number of separators.
+  // - A group after the last separator.
+  // This loop achieves that process by testing the termination condition
+  // midway in the loop.
+  //
+  // TODO FMT This loop evaluates the loop invariant `__parser.__type !=
+  // _Flags::_Type::__hexadecimal_upper_case` for every iteration. (This test
+  // happens in the __write call.) Benchmark whether making two loops and
+  // hoisting the invariant is worth the effort.
+  while (true) {
+    if (__specs.__std_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_upper_case) {
+      __last   = __first + *__r;
+      __out_it = __formatter::__transform(__first, __last, std::move(__out_it), __hex_to_upper);
+      __first  = __last;
+    } else {
+      __out_it = __formatter::__copy(__first, *__r, std::move(__out_it));
+      __first += *__r;
+    }
+
+    if (__r == __e)
+      break;
+
+    ++__r;
+    *__out_it++ = __sep;
+  }
+
+  return __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __padding.__after_, __specs.__fill_);
+}
+
+template <unsigned_integral _Tp, contiguous_iterator _Iterator, class _CharT, class _FormatContext>
+  requires same_as<char, iter_value_t<_Iterator>>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator __format_integer(
+    _Tp __value,
+    _FormatContext& __ctx,
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs,
+    bool __negative,
+    _Iterator __begin,
+    _Iterator __end,
+    const char* __prefix,
+    int __base) {
+  _Iterator __first = __formatter::__insert_sign(__begin, __negative, __specs.__std_.__sign_);
+  if (__specs.__std_.__alternate_form_ && __prefix)
+    while (*__prefix)
+      *__first++ = *__prefix++;
+
+  _Iterator __last = __formatter::__to_buffer(__first, __end, __value, __base);
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+  if (__specs.__std_.__locale_specific_form_) {
+    const auto& __np  = std::use_facet<numpunct<_CharT>>(__ctx.locale());
+    string __grouping = __np.grouping();
+    ptr
diff _t __size  = __last - __first;
+    // Writing the grouped form has more overhead than the normal output
+    // routines. If there will be no separators written the locale-specific
+    // form is identical to the normal routine. Test whether to grouped form
+    // is required.
+    if (!__grouping.empty() && __size > __grouping[0])
+      return __formatter::__write_using_decimal_separators(
+          __ctx.out(),
+          __begin,
+          __first,
+          __last,
+          __formatter::__determine_grouping(__size, __grouping),
+          __np.thousands_sep(),
+          __specs);
+  }
+#  endif
+  auto __out_it = __ctx.out();
+  if (__specs.__alignment_ != __format_spec::__alignment::__zero_padding)
+    __first = __begin;
+  else {
+    // __buf contains [sign][prefix]data
+    //                              ^ location of __first
+    // The zero padding is done like:
+    // - Write [sign][prefix]
+    // - Write data right aligned with '0' as fill character.
+    __out_it                  = __formatter::__copy(__begin, __first, std::move(__out_it));
+    __specs.__alignment_      = __format_spec::__alignment::__right;
+    __specs.__fill_.__data[0] = _CharT('0');
+    int32_t __size            = __first - __begin;
+
+    __specs.__width_ -= std::min(__size, __specs.__width_);
+  }
+
+  if (__specs.__std_.__type_ != __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_upper_case) [[likely]]
+    return __formatter::__write(__first, __last, __ctx.out(), __specs);
+
+  return __formatter::__write_transformed(__first, __last, __ctx.out(), __specs, __formatter::__hex_to_upper);
+}
+
+template <unsigned_integral _Tp, class _CharT, class _FormatContext>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+__format_integer(_Tp __value,
+                 _FormatContext& __ctx,
+                 __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs,
+                 bool __negative = false) {
+  switch (__specs.__std_.__type_) {
+  case __format_spec::__type::__binary_lower_case: {
+    array<char, __formatter::__buffer_size<decltype(__value), 2>()> __array;
+    return __formatter::__format_integer(__value, __ctx, __specs, __negative, __array.begin(), __array.end(), "0b", 2);
+  }
+  case __format_spec::__type::__binary_upper_case: {
+    array<char, __formatter::__buffer_size<decltype(__value), 2>()> __array;
+    return __formatter::__format_integer(__value, __ctx, __specs, __negative, __array.begin(), __array.end(), "0B", 2);
+  }
+  case __format_spec::__type::__octal: {
+    // Octal is special; if __value == 0 there's no prefix.
+    array<char, __formatter::__buffer_size<decltype(__value), 8>()> __array;
+    return __formatter::__format_integer(
+        __value, __ctx, __specs, __negative, __array.begin(), __array.end(), __value != 0 ? "0" : nullptr, 8);
+  }
+  case __format_spec::__type::__default:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__decimal: {
+    array<char, __formatter::__buffer_size<decltype(__value), 10>()> __array;
+    return __formatter::__format_integer(
+        __value, __ctx, __specs, __negative, __array.begin(), __array.end(), nullptr, 10);
+  }
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_lower_case: {
+    array<char, __formatter::__buffer_size<decltype(__value), 16>()> __array;
+    return __formatter::__format_integer(__value, __ctx, __specs, __negative, __array.begin(), __array.end(), "0x", 16);
+  }
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_upper_case: {
+    array<char, __formatter::__buffer_size<decltype(__value), 16>()> __array;
+    return __formatter::__format_integer(__value, __ctx, __specs, __negative, __array.begin(), __array.end(), "0X", 16);
+  }
+  default:
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(false, "The parse function should have validated the type");
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+}
+
+template <signed_integral _Tp, class _CharT, class _FormatContext>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+__format_integer(_Tp __value, _FormatContext& __ctx, __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs) {
+  // Depending on the std-format-spec string the sign and the value
+  // might not be outputted together:
+  // - alternate form may insert a prefix string.
+  // - zero-padding may insert additional '0' characters.
+  // Therefore the value is processed as a positive unsigned value.
+  // The function @ref __insert_sign will a '-' when the value was negative.
+  auto __r        = std::__to_unsigned_like(__value);
+  bool __negative = __value < 0;
+  if (__negative)
+    __r = std::__complement(__r);
+
+  return __formatter::__format_integer(__r, __ctx, __specs, __negative);
+}
+
+//
+// Formatter arithmetic (bool)
+//
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __bool_strings;
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __bool_strings<char> {
+  static constexpr string_view __true{"true"};
+  static constexpr string_view __false{"false"};
+};
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __bool_strings<wchar_t> {
+  static constexpr wstring_view __true{L"true"};
+  static constexpr wstring_view __false{L"false"};
+};
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _FormatContext>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+__format_bool(bool __value, _FormatContext& __ctx, __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+  if (__specs.__std_.__locale_specific_form_) {
+    const auto& __np           = std::use_facet<numpunct<_CharT>>(__ctx.locale());
+    basic_string<_CharT> __str = __value ? __np.truename() : __np.falsename();
+    return __formatter::__write_string_no_precision(basic_string_view<_CharT>{__str}, __ctx.out(), __specs);
+  }
+#  endif
+  basic_string_view<_CharT> __str =
+      __value ? __formatter::__bool_strings<_CharT>::__true : __formatter::__bool_strings<_CharT>::__false;
+  return __formatter::__write(__str.begin(), __str.end(), __ctx.out(), __specs);
+}
+
+} // namespace __formatter
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_INTEGRAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_output.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_output.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1498f64c4aeff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_output.h
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_OUTPUT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_OUTPUT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_fill_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_transform.h>
+#include <__bit/countl.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/buffer.h>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__format/unicode.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __formatter {
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr char __hex_to_upper(char __c) {
+  switch (__c) {
+  case 'a':
+    return 'A';
+  case 'b':
+    return 'B';
+  case 'c':
+    return 'C';
+  case 'd':
+    return 'D';
+  case 'e':
+    return 'E';
+  case 'f':
+    return 'F';
+  }
+  return __c;
+}
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __padding_size_result {
+  size_t __before_;
+  size_t __after_;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __padding_size_result
+__padding_size(size_t __size, size_t __width, __format_spec::__alignment __align) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__width > __size, "don't call this function when no padding is required");
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(
+      __align != __format_spec::__alignment::__zero_padding, "the caller should have handled the zero-padding");
+
+  size_t __fill = __width - __size;
+  switch (__align) {
+  case __format_spec::__alignment::__zero_padding:
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+
+  case __format_spec::__alignment::__left:
+    return {0, __fill};
+
+  case __format_spec::__alignment::__center: {
+    // The extra padding is divided per [format.string.std]/3
+    // __before = floor(__fill, 2);
+    // __after = ceil(__fill, 2);
+    size_t __before = __fill / 2;
+    size_t __after  = __fill - __before;
+    return {__before, __after};
+  }
+  case __format_spec::__alignment::__default:
+  case __format_spec::__alignment::__right:
+    return {__fill, 0};
+  }
+  __libcpp_unreachable();
+}
+
+/// Copy wrapper.
+///
+/// This uses a "mass output function" of __format::__output_buffer when possible.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, __fmt_char_type _OutCharT = _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__copy(basic_string_view<_CharT> __str, output_iterator<const _OutCharT&> auto __out_it) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  if constexpr (std::same_as<decltype(__out_it), std::back_insert_iterator<__format::__output_buffer<_OutCharT>>>) {
+    __out_it.__get_container()->__copy(__str);
+    return __out_it;
+  } else if constexpr (std::same_as<decltype(__out_it), typename __format::__retarget_buffer<_OutCharT>::__iterator>) {
+    __out_it.__buffer_->__copy(__str);
+    return __out_it;
+  } else {
+    return std::ranges::copy(__str, std::move(__out_it)).out;
+  }
+}
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator,
+          __fmt_char_type _CharT    = typename iterator_traits<_Iterator>::value_type,
+          __fmt_char_type _OutCharT = _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__copy(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __last, output_iterator<const _OutCharT&> auto __out_it) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  return __formatter::__copy(basic_string_view{__first, __last}, std::move(__out_it));
+}
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator,
+          __fmt_char_type _CharT    = typename iterator_traits<_Iterator>::value_type,
+          __fmt_char_type _OutCharT = _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__copy(_Iterator __first, size_t __n, output_iterator<const _OutCharT&> auto __out_it) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  return __formatter::__copy(basic_string_view{std::to_address(__first), __n}, std::move(__out_it));
+}
+
+/// Transform wrapper.
+///
+/// This uses a "mass output function" of __format::__output_buffer when possible.
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator,
+          __fmt_char_type _CharT    = typename iterator_traits<_Iterator>::value_type,
+          __fmt_char_type _OutCharT = _CharT,
+          class _UnaryOperation>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__transform(_Iterator __first,
+            _Iterator __last,
+            output_iterator<const _OutCharT&> auto __out_it,
+            _UnaryOperation __operation) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  if constexpr (std::same_as<decltype(__out_it), std::back_insert_iterator<__format::__output_buffer<_OutCharT>>>) {
+    __out_it.__get_container()->__transform(__first, __last, std::move(__operation));
+    return __out_it;
+  } else if constexpr (std::same_as<decltype(__out_it), typename __format::__retarget_buffer<_OutCharT>::__iterator>) {
+    __out_it.__buffer_->__transform(__first, __last, std::move(__operation));
+    return __out_it;
+  } else {
+    return std::ranges::transform(__first, __last, std::move(__out_it), __operation).out;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Fill wrapper.
+///
+/// This uses a "mass output function" of __format::__output_buffer when possible.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, output_iterator<const _CharT&> _OutIt>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __fill(_OutIt __out_it, size_t __n, _CharT __value) {
+  if constexpr (std::same_as<decltype(__out_it), std::back_insert_iterator<__format::__output_buffer<_CharT>>>) {
+    __out_it.__get_container()->__fill(__n, __value);
+    return __out_it;
+  } else if constexpr (std::same_as<decltype(__out_it), typename __format::__retarget_buffer<_CharT>::__iterator>) {
+    __out_it.__buffer_->__fill(__n, __value);
+    return __out_it;
+  } else {
+    return std::ranges::fill_n(std::move(__out_it), __n, __value);
+  }
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, output_iterator<const _CharT&> _OutIt>
+  requires(same_as<_CharT, char>)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __fill(_OutIt __out_it, size_t __n, __format_spec::__code_point<_CharT> __value) {
+  std::size_t __bytes = std::countl_one(static_cast<unsigned char>(__value.__data[0]));
+  if (__bytes == 0)
+    return __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __n, __value.__data[0]);
+
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __out_it = __formatter::__copy(
+        std::addressof(__value.__data[0]), std::addressof(__value.__data[0]) + __bytes, std::move(__out_it));
+  return __out_it;
+}
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, output_iterator<const _CharT&> _OutIt>
+  requires(same_as<_CharT, wchar_t> && sizeof(wchar_t) == 2)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __fill(_OutIt __out_it, size_t __n, __format_spec::__code_point<_CharT> __value) {
+  if (!__unicode::__is_high_surrogate(__value.__data[0]))
+    return __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __n, __value.__data[0]);
+
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __out_it = __formatter::__copy(
+        std::addressof(__value.__data[0]), std::addressof(__value.__data[0]) + 2, std::move(__out_it));
+  return __out_it;
+}
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, output_iterator<const _CharT&> _OutIt>
+  requires(same_as<_CharT, wchar_t> && sizeof(wchar_t) == 4)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __fill(_OutIt __out_it, size_t __n, __format_spec::__code_point<_CharT> __value) {
+  return __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __n, __value.__data[0]);
+}
+#    endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+#  else    // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, output_iterator<const _CharT&> _OutIt>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutIt __fill(_OutIt __out_it, size_t __n, __format_spec::__code_point<_CharT> __value) {
+  return __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __n, __value.__data[0]);
+}
+#  endif   // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+
+/// Writes the input to the output with the required padding.
+///
+/// Since the output column width is specified the function can be used for
+/// ASCII and Unicode output.
+///
+/// \pre \a __size <= \a __width. Using this function when this pre-condition
+///      doesn't hold incurs an unwanted overhead.
+///
+/// \param __str       The string to write.
+/// \param __out_it    The output iterator to write to.
+/// \param __specs     The parsed formatting specifications.
+/// \param __size      The (estimated) output column width. When the elements
+///                    to be written are ASCII the following condition holds
+///                    \a __size == \a __last - \a __first.
+///
+/// \returns           An iterator pointing beyond the last element written.
+///
+/// \note The type of the elements in range [\a __first, \a __last) can 
diff er
+/// from the type of \a __specs. Integer output uses \c std::to_chars for its
+/// conversion, which means the [\a __first, \a __last) always contains elements
+/// of the type \c char.
+template <class _CharT, class _ParserCharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__write(basic_string_view<_CharT> __str,
+        output_iterator<const _CharT&> auto __out_it,
+        __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_ParserCharT> __specs,
+        ptr
diff _t __size) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  if (__size >= __specs.__width_)
+    return __formatter::__copy(__str, std::move(__out_it));
+
+  __padding_size_result __padding = __formatter::__padding_size(__size, __specs.__width_, __specs.__std_.__alignment_);
+  __out_it                        = __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __padding.__before_, __specs.__fill_);
+  __out_it                        = __formatter::__copy(__str, std::move(__out_it));
+  return __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __padding.__after_, __specs.__fill_);
+}
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator, class _ParserCharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__write(_Iterator __first,
+        _Iterator __last,
+        output_iterator<const iter_value_t<_Iterator>&> auto __out_it,
+        __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_ParserCharT> __specs,
+        ptr
diff _t __size) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__first <= __last, "Not a valid range");
+  return __formatter::__write(basic_string_view{__first, __last}, std::move(__out_it), __specs, __size);
+}
+
+/// \overload
+///
+/// Calls the function above where \a __size = \a __last - \a __first.
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator, class _ParserCharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__write(_Iterator __first,
+        _Iterator __last,
+        output_iterator<const iter_value_t<_Iterator>&> auto __out_it,
+        __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_ParserCharT> __specs) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__first <= __last, "Not a valid range");
+  return __formatter::__write(__first, __last, std::move(__out_it), __specs, __last - __first);
+}
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator,
+          class _CharT = typename iterator_traits<_Iterator>::value_type,
+          class _ParserCharT,
+          class _UnaryOperation>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __write_transformed(
+    _Iterator __first,
+    _Iterator __last,
+    output_iterator<const _CharT&> auto __out_it,
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_ParserCharT> __specs,
+    _UnaryOperation __op) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__first <= __last, "Not a valid range");
+
+  ptr
diff _t __size = __last - __first;
+  if (__size >= __specs.__width_)
+    return __formatter::__transform(__first, __last, std::move(__out_it), __op);
+
+  __padding_size_result __padding = __formatter::__padding_size(__size, __specs.__width_, __specs.__alignment_);
+  __out_it                        = __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __padding.__before_, __specs.__fill_);
+  __out_it                        = __formatter::__transform(__first, __last, std::move(__out_it), __op);
+  return __formatter::__fill(std::move(__out_it), __padding.__after_, __specs.__fill_);
+}
+
+/// Writes a string using format's width estimation algorithm.
+///
+/// \pre !__specs.__has_precision()
+///
+/// \note When \c _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE is defined the function assumes the
+/// input is ASCII.
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __write_string_no_precision(
+    basic_string_view<_CharT> __str,
+    output_iterator<const _CharT&> auto __out_it,
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(!__specs.__has_precision(), "use __write_string");
+
+  // No padding -> copy the string
+  if (!__specs.__has_width())
+    return __formatter::__copy(__str, std::move(__out_it));
+
+  // Note when the estimated width is larger than size there's no padding. So
+  // there's no reason to get the real size when the estimate is larger than or
+  // equal to the minimum field width.
+  size_t __size =
+      __format_spec::__estimate_column_width(__str, __specs.__width_, __format_spec::__column_width_rounding::__up)
+          .__width_;
+  return __formatter::__write(__str, std::move(__out_it), __specs, __size);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __truncate(basic_string_view<_CharT>& __str, int __precision) {
+  __format_spec::__column_width_result __result =
+      __format_spec::__estimate_column_width(__str, __precision, __format_spec::__column_width_rounding::__down);
+  __str = basic_string_view<_CharT>{__str.begin(), __result.__last_};
+  return __result.__width_;
+}
+
+} // namespace __formatter
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_OUTPUT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_pointer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_pointer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6941343efd91f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_pointer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_POINTER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_POINTER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_integral.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_output.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __formatter_pointer {
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    typename _ParseContext::iterator __result = __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_pointer);
+    __format_spec::__process_display_type_pointer(__parser_.__type_, "a pointer");
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(const void* __ptr, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs = __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx);
+    __specs.__std_.__alternate_form_                       = true;
+    __specs.__std_.__type_ =
+        __specs.__std_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__pointer_upper_case
+            ? __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_upper_case
+            : __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_lower_case;
+
+    return __formatter::__format_integer(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(__ptr), __ctx, __specs);
+  }
+
+  __format_spec::__parser<_CharT> __parser_;
+};
+
+// [format.formatter.spec]/2.4
+// For each charT, the pointer type specializations template<>
+// - struct formatter<nullptr_t, charT>;
+// - template<> struct formatter<void*, charT>;
+// - template<> struct formatter<const void*, charT>;
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<nullptr_t, _CharT> : public __formatter_pointer<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<void*, _CharT> : public __formatter_pointer<_CharT> {};
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<const void*, _CharT> : public __formatter_pointer<_CharT> {};
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_POINTER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_string.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_string.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..347439fc8dff13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_string.h
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_STRING_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_STRING_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_output.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__format/write_escaped.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __formatter_string {
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    typename _ParseContext::iterator __result = __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_string);
+    __format_spec::__process_display_type_string(__parser_.__type_);
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+  format(basic_string_view<_CharT> __str, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+    if (__parser_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__debug)
+      return __formatter::__format_escaped_string(__str, __ctx.out(), __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx));
+#  endif
+
+    return __formatter::__write_string(__str, __ctx.out(), __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx));
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void set_debug_format() { __parser_.__type_ = __format_spec::__type::__debug; }
+#  endif
+
+  __format_spec::__parser<_CharT> __parser_{.__alignment_ = __format_spec::__alignment::__left};
+};
+
+// Formatter const char*.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<const _CharT*, _CharT> : public __formatter_string<_CharT> {
+  using _Base = __formatter_string<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(const _CharT* __str, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__str, "The basic_format_arg constructor should have prevented an invalid pointer.");
+
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs = _Base::__parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx);
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+    if (_Base::__parser_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__debug)
+      return __formatter::__format_escaped_string(basic_string_view<_CharT>{__str}, __ctx.out(), __specs);
+#  endif
+
+    // When using a center or right alignment and the width option the length
+    // of __str must be known to add the padding upfront. This case is handled
+    // by the base class by converting the argument to a basic_string_view.
+    //
+    // When using left alignment and the width option the padding is added
+    // after outputting __str so the length can be determined while outputting
+    // __str. The same holds true for the precision, during outputting __str it
+    // can be validated whether the precision threshold has been reached. For
+    // now these optimizations aren't implemented. Instead the base class
+    // handles these options.
+    // TODO FMT Implement these improvements.
+    if (__specs.__has_width() || __specs.__has_precision())
+      return __formatter::__write_string(basic_string_view<_CharT>{__str}, __ctx.out(), __specs);
+
+    // No formatting required, copy the string to the output.
+    auto __out_it = __ctx.out();
+    while (*__str)
+      *__out_it++ = *__str++;
+    return __out_it;
+  }
+};
+
+// Formatter char*.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<_CharT*, _CharT> : public formatter<const _CharT*, _CharT> {
+  using _Base = formatter<const _CharT*, _CharT>;
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(_CharT* __str, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    return _Base::format(__str, __ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+// Formatter char[].
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, size_t _Size>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<_CharT[_Size], _CharT> : public __formatter_string<_CharT> {
+  using _Base = __formatter_string<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+  format(const _CharT (&__str)[_Size], _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    return _Base::format(basic_string_view<_CharT>(__str, _Size), __ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+// Formatter std::string.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>, _CharT>
+    : public __formatter_string<_CharT> {
+  using _Base = __formatter_string<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+  format(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    // Drop _Traits and _Allocator to have one std::basic_string formatter.
+    return _Base::format(basic_string_view<_CharT>(__str.data(), __str.size()), __ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+// Formatter std::string_view.
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, class _Traits>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>, _CharT> : public __formatter_string<_CharT> {
+  using _Base = __formatter_string<_CharT>;
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+  format(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __str, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    // Drop _Traits to have one std::basic_string_view formatter.
+    return _Base::format(basic_string_view<_CharT>(__str.data(), __str.size()), __ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_STRING_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_tuple.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_tuple.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..030097a8797dae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/formatter_tuple.h
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_TUPLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_TUPLE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__chrono/statically_widen.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/buffer.h>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_context.h>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_output.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, class _Tuple, formattable<_CharT>... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __formatter_tuple {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void set_separator(basic_string_view<_CharT> __separator) noexcept {
+    __separator_ = __separator;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+  set_brackets(basic_string_view<_CharT> __opening_bracket, basic_string_view<_CharT> __closing_bracket) noexcept {
+    __opening_bracket_ = __opening_bracket;
+    __closing_bracket_ = __closing_bracket;
+  }
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    auto __begin = __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_tuple);
+
+    auto __end = __ctx.end();
+    // Note 'n' is part of the type here
+    if (__parser_.__clear_brackets_)
+      set_brackets({}, {});
+    else if (__begin != __end && *__begin == _CharT('m')) {
+      if constexpr (sizeof...(_Args) == 2) {
+        set_separator(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, ": "));
+        set_brackets({}, {});
+        ++__begin;
+      } else
+        std::__throw_format_error("Type m requires a pair or a tuple with two elements");
+    }
+
+    if (__begin != __end && *__begin != _CharT('}'))
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier should consume the input or end with a '}'");
+
+    __ctx.advance_to(__begin);
+
+    // [format.tuple]/7
+    //   ... For each element e in underlying_, if e.set_debug_format()
+    //   is a valid expression, calls e.set_debug_format().
+    std::__for_each_index_sequence(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Args)>(), [&]<size_t _Index> {
+      auto& __formatter = std::get<_Index>(__underlying_);
+      __formatter.parse(__ctx);
+      // Unlike the range_formatter we don't guard against evil parsers. Since
+      // this format-spec never has a format-spec for the underlying type
+      // adding the test would give additional overhead.
+      std::__set_debug_format(__formatter);
+    });
+
+    return __begin;
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  typename _FormatContext::iterator _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  format(conditional_t<(formattable<const _Args, _CharT> && ...), const _Tuple&, _Tuple&> __tuple,
+         _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs = __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx);
+
+    if (!__specs.__has_width())
+      return __format_tuple(__tuple, __ctx);
+
+    // The size of the buffer needed is:
+    // - open bracket characters
+    // - close bracket character
+    // - n elements where every element may have a 
diff erent size
+    // - (n -1) separators
+    // The size of the element is hard to predict, knowing the type helps but
+    // it depends on the format-spec. As an initial estimate we guess 6
+    // characters.
+    // Typically both brackets are 1 character and the separator is 2
+    // characters. Which means there will be
+    //   (n - 1) * 2 + 1 + 1 = n * 2 character
+    // So estimate 8 times the range size as buffer.
+    __format::__retarget_buffer<_CharT> __buffer{8 * tuple_size_v<_Tuple>};
+    basic_format_context<typename __format::__retarget_buffer<_CharT>::__iterator, _CharT> __c{
+        __buffer.__make_output_iterator(), __ctx};
+
+    __format_tuple(__tuple, __c);
+
+    return __formatter::__write_string_no_precision(basic_string_view{__buffer.__view()}, __ctx.out(), __specs);
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator __format_tuple(auto&& __tuple, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    __ctx.advance_to(std::ranges::copy(__opening_bracket_, __ctx.out()).out);
+
+    std::__for_each_index_sequence(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Args)>(), [&]<size_t _Index> {
+      if constexpr (_Index)
+        __ctx.advance_to(std::ranges::copy(__separator_, __ctx.out()).out);
+      __ctx.advance_to(std::get<_Index>(__underlying_).format(std::get<_Index>(__tuple), __ctx));
+    });
+
+    return std::ranges::copy(__closing_bracket_, __ctx.out()).out;
+  }
+
+  __format_spec::__parser<_CharT> __parser_{.__alignment_ = __format_spec::__alignment::__left};
+
+private:
+  tuple<formatter<remove_cvref_t<_Args>, _CharT>...> __underlying_;
+  basic_string_view<_CharT> __separator_       = _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, ", ");
+  basic_string_view<_CharT> __opening_bracket_ = _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "(");
+  basic_string_view<_CharT> __closing_bracket_ = _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, ")");
+};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, formattable<_CharT>... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<pair<_Args...>, _CharT>
+    : public __formatter_tuple<_CharT, pair<_Args...>, _Args...> {};
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT, formattable<_CharT>... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<tuple<_Args...>, _CharT>
+    : public __formatter_tuple<_CharT, tuple<_Args...>, _Args...> {};
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_FORMATTER_TUPLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/indic_conjunct_break_table.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/indic_conjunct_break_table.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..44521d27498c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/indic_conjunct_break_table.h
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// WARNING, this entire header is generated by
+// utils/generate_indic_conjunct_break_table.py
+// DO NOT MODIFY!
+
+// UNICODE, INC. LICENSE AGREEMENT - DATA FILES AND SOFTWARE
+//
+// See Terms of Use <https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html>
+// for definitions of Unicode Inc.'s Data Files and Software.
+//
+// NOTICE TO USER: Carefully read the following legal agreement.
+// BY DOWNLOADING, INSTALLING, COPYING OR OTHERWISE USING UNICODE INC.'S
+// DATA FILES ("DATA FILES"), AND/OR SOFTWARE ("SOFTWARE"),
+// YOU UNEQUIVOCALLY ACCEPT, AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY, ALL OF THE
+// TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
+// IF YOU DO NOT AGREE, DO NOT DOWNLOAD, INSTALL, COPY, DISTRIBUTE OR USE
+// THE DATA FILES OR SOFTWARE.
+//
+// COPYRIGHT AND PERMISSION NOTICE
+//
+// Copyright (c) 1991-2022 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved.
+// Distributed under the Terms of Use in https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+// a copy of the Unicode data files and any associated documentation
+// (the "Data Files") or Unicode software and any associated documentation
+// (the "Software") to deal in the Data Files or Software
+// without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+// copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, and/or sell copies of
+// the Data Files or Software, and to permit persons to whom the Data Files
+// or Software are furnished to do so, provided that either
+// (a) this copyright and permission notice appear with all copies
+// of the Data Files or Software, or
+// (b) this copyright and permission notice appear in associated
+// Documentation.
+//
+// THE DATA FILES AND SOFTWARE ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+// ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
+// WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+// NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+// IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR HOLDERS INCLUDED IN THIS
+// NOTICE BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY SPECIAL INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+// DAMAGES, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
+// TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+// PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA FILES OR SOFTWARE.
+//
+// Except as contained in this notice, the name of a copyright holder
+// shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale,
+// use or other dealings in these Data Files or Software without prior
+// written authorization of the copyright holder.
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_INDIC_CONJUNCT_BREAK_TABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_INDIC_CONJUNCT_BREAK_TABLE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_upper_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __indic_conjunct_break {
+
+enum class __property : uint8_t {
+  // Values generated from the data files.
+  __Consonant,
+  __Extend,
+  __Linker,
+
+  // The code unit has none of above properties.
+  __none
+};
+
+/// The entries of the indic conjunct break property table.
+///
+/// The data is generated from
+/// -  https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/DerivedCoreProperties.txt
+///
+/// The data has 3 values
+/// - bits [0, 1] The property. One of the values generated from the datafiles
+///   of \ref __property
+/// - bits [2, 10] The size of the range.
+/// - bits [11, 31] The lower bound code point of the range. The upper bound of
+///   the range is lower bound + size.
+///
+/// The 9 bits for the size allow a maximum range of 512 elements. Some ranges
+/// in the Unicode tables are larger. They are stored in multiple consecutive
+/// ranges in the data table. An alternative would be to store the sizes in a
+/// separate 16-bit value. The original MSVC STL code had such an approach, but
+/// this approach uses less space for the data and is about 4% faster in the
+/// following benchmark.
+/// libcxx/benchmarks/std_format_spec_string_unicode.bench.cpp
+// clang-format off
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr uint32_t __entries[201] = {
+    0x00180139,
+    0x001a807d,
+    0x00241811,
+    0x002c88b1,
+    0x002df801,
+    0x002e0805,
+    0x002e2005,
+    0x002e3801,
+    0x00308029,
+    0x00325851,
+    0x00338001,
+    0x0036b019,
+    0x0036f815,
+    0x00373805,
+    0x0037500d,
+    0x00388801,
+    0x00398069,
+    0x003f5821,
+    0x003fe801,
+    0x0040b00d,
+    0x0040d821,
+    0x00412809,
+    0x00414811,
+    0x0042c809,
+    0x0044c01d,
+    0x0046505d,
+    0x00471871,
+    0x0048a890,
+    0x0049e001,
+    0x004a6802,
+    0x004a880d,
+    0x004ac01c,
+    0x004bc01c,
+    0x004ca84c,
+    0x004d5018,
+    0x004d9000,
+    0x004db00c,
+    0x004de001,
+    0x004e6802,
+    0x004ee004,
+    0x004ef800,
+    0x004f8004,
+    0x004ff001,
+    0x0051e001,
+    0x0054a84c,
+    0x00555018,
+    0x00559004,
+    0x0055a810,
+    0x0055e001,
+    0x00566802,
+    0x0057c800,
+    0x0058a84c,
+    0x00595018,
+    0x00599004,
+    0x0059a810,
+    0x0059e001,
+    0x005a6802,
+    0x005ae004,
+    0x005af800,
+    0x005b8800,
+    0x0060a84c,
+    0x0061503c,
+    0x0061e001,
+    0x00626802,
+    0x0062a805,
+    0x0062c008,
+    0x0065e001,
+    0x0068a894,
+    0x0069d805,
+    0x006a6802,
+    0x0071c009,
+    0x0072400d,
+    0x0075c009,
+    0x0076400d,
+    0x0078c005,
+    0x0079a801,
+    0x0079b801,
+    0x0079c801,
+    0x007b8805,
+    0x007ba001,
+    0x007bd00d,
+    0x007c0001,
+    0x007c1009,
+    0x007c3005,
+    0x007e3001,
+    0x0081b801,
+    0x0081c805,
+    0x00846801,
+    0x009ae809,
+    0x00b8a001,
+    0x00be9001,
+    0x00bee801,
+    0x00c54801,
+    0x00c9c809,
+    0x00d0b805,
+    0x00d30001,
+    0x00d3a81d,
+    0x00d3f801,
+    0x00d58035,
+    0x00d5f83d,
+    0x00d9a001,
+    0x00db5821,
+    0x00dd5801,
+    0x00df3001,
+    0x00e1b801,
+    0x00e68009,
+    0x00e6a031,
+    0x00e71019,
+    0x00e76801,
+    0x00e7a001,
+    0x00e7c005,
+    0x00ee00fd,
+    0x01006801,
+    0x01068031,
+    0x01070801,
+    0x0107282d,
+    0x01677809,
+    0x016bf801,
+    0x016f007d,
+    0x01815015,
+    0x0184c805,
+    0x05337801,
+    0x0533a025,
+    0x0534f005,
+    0x05378005,
+    0x05416001,
+    0x05470045,
+    0x05495809,
+    0x054d9801,
+    0x05558001,
+    0x05559009,
+    0x0555b805,
+    0x0555f005,
+    0x05560801,
+    0x0557b001,
+    0x055f6801,
+    0x07d8f001,
+    0x07f1003d,
+    0x080fe801,
+    0x08170001,
+    0x081bb011,
+    0x08506801,
+    0x08507801,
+    0x0851c009,
+    0x0851f801,
+    0x08572805,
+    0x0869200d,
+    0x08755805,
+    0x0877e809,
+    0x087a3029,
+    0x087c100d,
+    0x08838001,
+    0x0883f801,
+    0x0885d001,
+    0x08880009,
+    0x08899805,
+    0x088b9801,
+    0x088e5001,
+    0x0891b001,
+    0x08974805,
+    0x0899d805,
+    0x089b3019,
+    0x089b8011,
+    0x08a23001,
+    0x08a2f001,
+    0x08a61801,
+    0x08ae0001,
+    0x08b5b801,
+    0x08b95801,
+    0x08c1d001,
+    0x08c9f001,
+    0x08ca1801,
+    0x08d1a001,
+    0x08d23801,
+    0x08d4c801,
+    0x08ea1001,
+    0x08ea2005,
+    0x08ecb801,
+    0x08fa1001,
+    0x0b578011,
+    0x0b598019,
+    0x0de4f001,
+    0x0e8b2801,
+    0x0e8b3809,
+    0x0e8b7011,
+    0x0e8bd81d,
+    0x0e8c2819,
+    0x0e8d500d,
+    0x0e921009,
+    0x0f000019,
+    0x0f004041,
+    0x0f00d819,
+    0x0f011805,
+    0x0f013011,
+    0x0f047801,
+    0x0f098019,
+    0x0f157001,
+    0x0f17600d,
+    0x0f27600d,
+    0x0f468019,
+    0x0f4a2019};
+// clang-format on
+
+/// Returns the indic conjuct break property of a code point.
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __property __get_property(const char32_t __code_point) noexcept {
+  // The algorithm searches for the upper bound of the range and, when found,
+  // steps back one entry. This algorithm is used since the code point can be
+  // anywhere in the range. After a lower bound is found the next step is to
+  // compare whether the code unit is indeed in the range.
+  //
+  // Since the entry contains a code unit, size, and property the code point
+  // being sought needs to be adjusted. Just shifting the code point to the
+  // proper position doesn't work; suppose an entry has property 0, size 1,
+  // and lower bound 3. This results in the entry 0x1810.
+  // When searching for code point 3 it will search for 0x1800, find 0x1810
+  // and moves to the previous entry. Thus the lower bound value will never
+  // be found.
+  // The simple solution is to set the bits belonging to the property and
+  // size. Then the upper bound for code point 3 will return the entry after
+  // 0x1810. After moving to the previous entry the algorithm arrives at the
+  // correct entry.
+  ptr
diff _t __i = std::ranges::upper_bound(__entries, (__code_point << 11) | 0x7ffu) - __entries;
+  if (__i == 0)
+    return __property::__none;
+
+  --__i;
+  uint32_t __upper_bound = (__entries[__i] >> 11) + ((__entries[__i] >> 2) & 0b1'1111'1111);
+  if (__code_point <= __upper_bound)
+    return static_cast<__property>(__entries[__i] & 0b11);
+
+  return __property::__none;
+}
+
+} // namespace __indic_conjunct_break
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_INDIC_CONJUNCT_BREAK_TABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/parser_std_format_spec.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/parser_std_format_spec.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..150bdde89f3b39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/parser_std_format_spec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1172 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_PARSER_STD_FORMAT_SPEC_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_PARSER_STD_FORMAT_SPEC_H
+
+/// \file Contains the std-format-spec parser.
+///
+/// Most of the code can be reused in the chrono-format-spec.
+/// This header has some support for the chrono-format-spec since it doesn't
+/// affect the std-format-spec.
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/format_arg.h>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/format_string.h>
+#include <__format/unicode.h>
+#include <__format/width_estimation_table.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h> // iter_value_t
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h>
+#include <__variant/monostate.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __format_spec {
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
+__throw_invalid_option_format_error(const char* __id, const char* __option) {
+  std::__throw_format_error(
+      (string("The format specifier for ") + __id + " does not allow the " + __option + " option").c_str());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void __throw_invalid_type_format_error(const char* __id) {
+  std::__throw_format_error(
+      (string("The type option contains an invalid value for ") + __id + " formatting argument").c_str());
+}
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator, class _ParseContext>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __format::__parse_number_result<_Iterator>
+__parse_arg_id(_Iterator __begin, _Iterator __end, _ParseContext& __ctx) {
+  using _CharT = iter_value_t<_Iterator>;
+  // This function is a wrapper to call the real parser. But it does the
+  // validation for the pre-conditions and post-conditions.
+  if (__begin == __end)
+    std::__throw_format_error("End of input while parsing an argument index");
+
+  __format::__parse_number_result __r = __format::__parse_arg_id(__begin, __end, __ctx);
+
+  if (__r.__last == __end || *__r.__last != _CharT('}'))
+    std::__throw_format_error("The argument index is invalid");
+
+  ++__r.__last;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Context>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr uint32_t __substitute_arg_id(basic_format_arg<_Context> __format_arg) {
+  // [format.string.std]/8
+  //   If the corresponding formatting argument is not of integral type...
+  // This wording allows char and bool too. LWG-3720 changes the wording to
+  //    If the corresponding formatting argument is not of standard signed or
+  //    unsigned integer type,
+  // This means the 128-bit will not be valid anymore.
+  // TODO FMT Verify this resolution is accepted and add a test to verify
+  //          128-bit integrals fail and switch to visit_format_arg.
+  return std::__visit_format_arg(
+      [](auto __arg) -> uint32_t {
+        using _Type = decltype(__arg);
+        if constexpr (same_as<_Type, monostate>)
+          std::__throw_format_error("The argument index value is too large for the number of arguments supplied");
+
+        // [format.string.std]/8
+        // If { arg-idopt } is used in a width or precision, the value of the
+        // corresponding formatting argument is used in its place. If the
+        // corresponding formatting argument is not of standard signed or unsigned
+        // integer type, or its value is negative for precision or non-positive for
+        // width, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
+        //
+        // When an integral is used in a format function, it is stored as one of
+        // the types checked below. Other integral types are promoted. For example,
+        // a signed char is stored as an int.
+        if constexpr (same_as<_Type, int> || same_as<_Type, unsigned int> || //
+                      same_as<_Type, long long> || same_as<_Type, unsigned long long>) {
+          if constexpr (signed_integral<_Type>) {
+            if (__arg < 0)
+              std::__throw_format_error("An argument index may not have a negative value");
+          }
+
+          using _CT = common_type_t<_Type, decltype(__format::__number_max)>;
+          if (static_cast<_CT>(__arg) > static_cast<_CT>(__format::__number_max))
+            std::__throw_format_error("The value of the argument index exceeds its maximum value");
+
+          return __arg;
+        } else
+          std::__throw_format_error("Replacement argument isn't a standard signed or unsigned integer type");
+      },
+      __format_arg);
+}
+
+/// These fields are a filter for which elements to parse.
+///
+/// They default to false so when a new field is added it needs to be opted in
+/// explicitly.
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __fields {
+  uint16_t __sign_                 : 1 {false};
+  uint16_t __alternate_form_       : 1 {false};
+  uint16_t __zero_padding_         : 1 {false};
+  uint16_t __precision_            : 1 {false};
+  uint16_t __locale_specific_form_ : 1 {false};
+  uint16_t __type_                 : 1 {false};
+  // Determines the valid values for fill.
+  //
+  // Originally the fill could be any character except { and }. Range-based
+  // formatters use the colon to mark the beginning of the
+  // underlying-format-spec. To avoid parsing ambiguities these formatter
+  // specializations prohibit the use of the colon as a fill character.
+  uint16_t __use_range_fill_ : 1 {false};
+  uint16_t __clear_brackets_ : 1 {false};
+  uint16_t __consume_all_    : 1 {false};
+};
+
+// By not placing this constant in the formatter class it's not duplicated for
+// char and wchar_t.
+inline constexpr __fields __fields_bool{.__locale_specific_form_ = true, .__type_ = true, .__consume_all_ = true};
+inline constexpr __fields __fields_integral{
+    .__sign_                 = true,
+    .__alternate_form_       = true,
+    .__zero_padding_         = true,
+    .__locale_specific_form_ = true,
+    .__type_                 = true,
+    .__consume_all_          = true};
+inline constexpr __fields __fields_floating_point{
+    .__sign_                 = true,
+    .__alternate_form_       = true,
+    .__zero_padding_         = true,
+    .__precision_            = true,
+    .__locale_specific_form_ = true,
+    .__type_                 = true,
+    .__consume_all_          = true};
+inline constexpr __fields __fields_string{.__precision_ = true, .__type_ = true, .__consume_all_ = true};
+inline constexpr __fields __fields_pointer{.__zero_padding_ = true, .__type_ = true, .__consume_all_ = true};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+inline constexpr __fields __fields_tuple{.__use_range_fill_ = true, .__clear_brackets_ = true};
+inline constexpr __fields __fields_range{.__use_range_fill_ = true, .__clear_brackets_ = true};
+inline constexpr __fields __fields_fill_align_width{};
+#  endif
+
+enum class __alignment : uint8_t {
+  /// No alignment is set in the format string.
+  __default,
+  __left,
+  __center,
+  __right,
+  __zero_padding
+};
+
+enum class __sign : uint8_t {
+  /// No sign is set in the format string.
+  ///
+  /// The sign isn't allowed for certain format-types. By using this value
+  /// it's possible to detect whether or not the user explicitly set the sign
+  /// flag. For formatting purposes it behaves the same as \ref __minus.
+  __default,
+  __minus,
+  __plus,
+  __space
+};
+
+enum class __type : uint8_t {
+  __default = 0,
+  __string,
+  __binary_lower_case,
+  __binary_upper_case,
+  __octal,
+  __decimal,
+  __hexadecimal_lower_case,
+  __hexadecimal_upper_case,
+  __pointer_lower_case,
+  __pointer_upper_case,
+  __char,
+  __hexfloat_lower_case,
+  __hexfloat_upper_case,
+  __scientific_lower_case,
+  __scientific_upper_case,
+  __fixed_lower_case,
+  __fixed_upper_case,
+  __general_lower_case,
+  __general_upper_case,
+  __debug
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr uint32_t __create_type_mask(__type __t) {
+  uint32_t __shift = static_cast<uint32_t>(__t);
+  if (__shift == 0)
+    return 1;
+
+  if (__shift > 31)
+    std::__throw_format_error("The type does not fit in the mask");
+
+  return 1 << __shift;
+}
+
+inline constexpr uint32_t __type_mask_integer =
+    __create_type_mask(__type::__binary_lower_case) |      //
+    __create_type_mask(__type::__binary_upper_case) |      //
+    __create_type_mask(__type::__decimal) |                //
+    __create_type_mask(__type::__octal) |                  //
+    __create_type_mask(__type::__hexadecimal_lower_case) | //
+    __create_type_mask(__type::__hexadecimal_upper_case);
+
+struct __std {
+  __alignment __alignment_     : 3;
+  __sign __sign_               : 2;
+  bool __alternate_form_       : 1;
+  bool __locale_specific_form_ : 1;
+  __type __type_;
+};
+
+struct __chrono {
+  __alignment __alignment_     : 3;
+  bool __locale_specific_form_ : 1;
+  bool __hour_                 : 1;
+  bool __weekday_name_         : 1;
+  bool __weekday_              : 1;
+  bool __day_of_year_          : 1;
+  bool __week_of_year_         : 1;
+  bool __month_name_           : 1;
+};
+
+// The fill UCS scalar value.
+//
+// This is always an array, with 1, 2, or 4 elements.
+// The size of the data structure is always 32-bits.
+template <class _CharT>
+struct __code_point;
+
+template <>
+struct __code_point<char> {
+  char __data[4] = {' '};
+};
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+struct __code_point<wchar_t> {
+  wchar_t __data[4 / sizeof(wchar_t)] = {L' '};
+};
+#  endif
+
+/// Contains the parsed formatting specifications.
+///
+/// This contains information for both the std-format-spec and the
+/// chrono-format-spec. This results in some unused members for both
+/// specifications. However these unused members don't increase the size
+/// of the structure.
+///
+/// This struct doesn't cross ABI boundaries so its layout doesn't need to be
+/// kept stable.
+template <class _CharT>
+struct __parsed_specifications {
+  union {
+    // The field __alignment_ is the first element in __std_ and __chrono_.
+    // This allows the code to always inspect this value regards which member
+    // of the union is the active member [class.union.general]/2.
+    //
+    // This is needed since the generic output routines handle the alignment of
+    // the output.
+    __alignment __alignment_ : 3;
+    __std __std_;
+    __chrono __chrono_;
+  };
+
+  /// The requested width.
+  ///
+  /// When the format-spec used an arg-id for this field it has already been
+  /// replaced with the value of that arg-id.
+  int32_t __width_;
+
+  /// The requested precision.
+  ///
+  /// When the format-spec used an arg-id for this field it has already been
+  /// replaced with the value of that arg-id.
+  int32_t __precision_;
+
+  __code_point<_CharT> __fill_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __has_width() const { return __width_ > 0; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __has_precision() const { return __precision_ >= 0; }
+};
+
+// Validate the struct is small and cheap to copy since the struct is passed by
+// value in formatting functions.
+static_assert(sizeof(__parsed_specifications<char>) == 16);
+static_assert(is_trivially_copyable_v<__parsed_specifications<char>>);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+static_assert(sizeof(__parsed_specifications<wchar_t>) == 16);
+static_assert(is_trivially_copyable_v<__parsed_specifications<wchar_t>>);
+#  endif
+
+/// The parser for the std-format-spec.
+///
+/// Note this class is a member of std::formatter specializations. It's
+/// expected developers will create their own formatter specializations that
+/// inherit from the std::formatter specializations. This means this class
+/// must be ABI stable. To aid the stability the unused bits in the class are
+/// set to zero. That way they can be repurposed if a future revision of the
+/// Standards adds new fields to std-format-spec.
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __parser {
+public:
+  // Parses the format specification.
+  //
+  // Depending on whether the parsing is done compile-time or run-time
+  // the method slightly 
diff ers.
+  // - Only parses a field when it is in the __fields. Accepting all
+  //   fields and then validating the valid ones has a performance impact.
+  //   This is faster but gives slighly worse error messages.
+  // - At compile-time when a field is not accepted the parser will still
+  //   parse it and give an error when it's present. This gives a more
+  //   accurate error.
+  // The idea is that most times the format instead of the vformat
+  // functions are used. In that case the error will be detected during
+  // compilation and there is no need to pay for the run-time overhead.
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator __parse(_ParseContext& __ctx, __fields __fields) {
+    auto __begin = __ctx.begin();
+    auto __end   = __ctx.end();
+    if (__begin == __end || *__begin == _CharT('}') || (__fields.__use_range_fill_ && *__begin == _CharT(':')))
+      return __begin;
+
+    if (__parse_fill_align(__begin, __end) && __begin == __end)
+      return __begin;
+
+    if (__fields.__sign_) {
+      if (__parse_sign(__begin) && __begin == __end)
+        return __begin;
+    } else if (std::is_constant_evaluated() && __parse_sign(__begin)) {
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specification does not allow the sign option");
+    }
+
+    if (__fields.__alternate_form_) {
+      if (__parse_alternate_form(__begin) && __begin == __end)
+        return __begin;
+    } else if (std::is_constant_evaluated() && __parse_alternate_form(__begin)) {
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier does not allow the alternate form option");
+    }
+
+    if (__fields.__zero_padding_) {
+      if (__parse_zero_padding(__begin) && __begin == __end)
+        return __begin;
+    } else if (std::is_constant_evaluated() && __parse_zero_padding(__begin)) {
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier does not allow the zero-padding option");
+    }
+
+    if (__parse_width(__begin, __end, __ctx) && __begin == __end)
+      return __begin;
+
+    if (__fields.__precision_) {
+      if (__parse_precision(__begin, __end, __ctx) && __begin == __end)
+        return __begin;
+    } else if (std::is_constant_evaluated() && __parse_precision(__begin, __end, __ctx)) {
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier does not allow the precision option");
+    }
+
+    if (__fields.__locale_specific_form_) {
+      if (__parse_locale_specific_form(__begin) && __begin == __end)
+        return __begin;
+    } else if (std::is_constant_evaluated() && __parse_locale_specific_form(__begin)) {
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier does not allow the locale-specific form option");
+    }
+
+    if (__fields.__clear_brackets_) {
+      if (__parse_clear_brackets(__begin) && __begin == __end)
+        return __begin;
+    } else if (std::is_constant_evaluated() && __parse_clear_brackets(__begin)) {
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier does not allow the n option");
+    }
+
+    if (__fields.__type_)
+      __parse_type(__begin);
+
+    if (!__fields.__consume_all_)
+      return __begin;
+
+    if (__begin != __end && *__begin != _CharT('}'))
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier should consume the input or end with a '}'");
+
+    return __begin;
+  }
+
+  // Validates the selected the parsed data.
+  //
+  // The valid fields in the parser may depend on the display type
+  // selected. But the type is the last optional field, so by the time
+  // it's known an option can't be used, it already has been parsed.
+  // This does the validation again.
+  //
+  // For example an integral may have a sign, zero-padding, or alternate
+  // form when the type option is not 'c'. So the generic approach is:
+  //
+  // typename _ParseContext::iterator __result = __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_integral);
+  // if (__parser.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__char) {
+  //   __parser.__validate((__format_spec::__fields_bool, "an integer");
+  //   ... // more char adjustments
+  // } else {
+  //   ... // validate an integral type.
+  // }
+  //
+  // For some types all valid options need a second validation run, like
+  // boolean types.
+  //
+  // Depending on whether the validation is done at compile-time or
+  // run-time the error 
diff ers
+  // - run-time the exception is thrown and contains the type of field
+  //   being validated.
+  // - at compile-time the line with `std::__throw_format_error` is shown
+  //   in the output. In that case it's important for the error to be on one
+  //   line.
+  // Note future versions of C++ may allow better compile-time error
+  // reporting.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+  __validate(__fields __fields, const char* __id, uint32_t __type_mask = -1) const {
+    if (!__fields.__sign_ && __sign_ != __sign::__default) {
+      if (std::is_constant_evaluated())
+        std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier does not allow the sign option");
+      else
+        __format_spec::__throw_invalid_option_format_error(__id, "sign");
+    }
+
+    if (!__fields.__alternate_form_ && __alternate_form_) {
+      if (std::is_constant_evaluated())
+        std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier does not allow the alternate form option");
+      else
+        __format_spec::__throw_invalid_option_format_error(__id, "alternate form");
+    }
+
+    if (!__fields.__zero_padding_ && __alignment_ == __alignment::__zero_padding) {
+      if (std::is_constant_evaluated())
+        std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier does not allow the zero-padding option");
+      else
+        __format_spec::__throw_invalid_option_format_error(__id, "zero-padding");
+    }
+
+    if (!__fields.__precision_ && __precision_ != -1) { // Works both when the precision has a value or an arg-id.
+      if (std::is_constant_evaluated())
+        std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier does not allow the precision option");
+      else
+        __format_spec::__throw_invalid_option_format_error(__id, "precision");
+    }
+
+    if (!__fields.__locale_specific_form_ && __locale_specific_form_) {
+      if (std::is_constant_evaluated())
+        std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier does not allow the locale-specific form option");
+      else
+        __format_spec::__throw_invalid_option_format_error(__id, "locale-specific form");
+    }
+
+    if ((__create_type_mask(__type_) & __type_mask) == 0) {
+      if (std::is_constant_evaluated())
+        std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier uses an invalid value for the type option");
+      else
+        __format_spec::__throw_invalid_type_format_error(__id);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// \returns the `__parsed_specifications` with the resolved dynamic sizes..
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __parsed_specifications<_CharT> __get_parsed_std_specifications(auto& __ctx) const {
+    return __parsed_specifications<_CharT>{
+        .__std_ = __std{.__alignment_            = __alignment_,
+                        .__sign_                 = __sign_,
+                        .__alternate_form_       = __alternate_form_,
+                        .__locale_specific_form_ = __locale_specific_form_,
+                        .__type_                 = __type_},
+        .__width_{__get_width(__ctx)},
+        .__precision_{__get_precision(__ctx)},
+        .__fill_{__fill_}};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __parsed_specifications<_CharT> __get_parsed_chrono_specifications(auto& __ctx) const {
+    return __parsed_specifications<_CharT>{
+        .__chrono_ =
+            __chrono{.__alignment_            = __alignment_,
+                     .__locale_specific_form_ = __locale_specific_form_,
+                     .__hour_                 = __hour_,
+                     .__weekday_name_         = __weekday_name_,
+                     .__weekday_              = __weekday_,
+                     .__day_of_year_          = __day_of_year_,
+                     .__week_of_year_         = __week_of_year_,
+                     .__month_name_           = __month_name_},
+        .__width_{__get_width(__ctx)},
+        .__precision_{__get_precision(__ctx)},
+        .__fill_{__fill_}};
+  }
+
+  __alignment __alignment_     : 3 {__alignment::__default};
+  __sign __sign_               : 2 {__sign::__default};
+  bool __alternate_form_       : 1 {false};
+  bool __locale_specific_form_ : 1 {false};
+  bool __clear_brackets_       : 1 {false};
+  __type __type_{__type::__default};
+
+  // These flags are only used for formatting chrono. Since the struct has
+  // padding space left it's added to this structure.
+  bool __hour_ : 1 {false};
+
+  bool __weekday_name_ : 1 {false};
+  bool __weekday_      : 1 {false};
+
+  bool __day_of_year_  : 1 {false};
+  bool __week_of_year_ : 1 {false};
+
+  bool __month_name_ : 1 {false};
+
+  uint8_t __reserved_0_ : 2 {0};
+  uint8_t __reserved_1_ : 6 {0};
+  // These two flags are only used internally and not part of the
+  // __parsed_specifications. Therefore put them at the end.
+  bool __width_as_arg_     : 1 {false};
+  bool __precision_as_arg_ : 1 {false};
+
+  /// The requested width, either the value or the arg-id.
+  int32_t __width_{0};
+
+  /// The requested precision, either the value or the arg-id.
+  int32_t __precision_{-1};
+
+  __code_point<_CharT> __fill_{};
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __parse_alignment(_CharT __c) {
+    switch (__c) {
+    case _CharT('<'):
+      __alignment_ = __alignment::__left;
+      return true;
+
+    case _CharT('^'):
+      __alignment_ = __alignment::__center;
+      return true;
+
+    case _CharT('>'):
+      __alignment_ = __alignment::__right;
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __validate_fill_character(_CharT __fill) {
+    // The forbidden fill characters all code points formed from a single code unit, thus the
+    // check can be omitted when more code units are used.
+    if (__fill == _CharT('{'))
+      std::__throw_format_error("The fill option contains an invalid value");
+  }
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+  // range-fill and tuple-fill are identical
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+    requires same_as<_CharT, char>
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+          || (same_as<_CharT, wchar_t> && sizeof(wchar_t) == 2)
+#    endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __parse_fill_align(_Iterator& __begin, _Iterator __end) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __begin != __end,
+        "when called with an empty input the function will cause "
+        "undefined behavior by evaluating data not in the input");
+    __unicode::__code_point_view<_CharT> __view{__begin, __end};
+    __unicode::__consume_result __consumed = __view.__consume();
+    if (__consumed.__status != __unicode::__consume_result::__ok)
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier contains malformed Unicode characters");
+
+    if (__view.__position() < __end && __parse_alignment(*__view.__position())) {
+      ptr
diff _t __code_units = __view.__position() - __begin;
+      if (__code_units == 1)
+        // The forbidden fill characters all are code points encoded
+        // in one code unit, thus the check can be omitted when more
+        // code units are used.
+        __validate_fill_character(*__begin);
+
+      std::copy_n(__begin, __code_units, std::addressof(__fill_.__data[0]));
+      __begin += __code_units + 1;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (!__parse_alignment(*__begin))
+      return false;
+
+    ++__begin;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+    requires(same_as<_CharT, wchar_t> && sizeof(wchar_t) == 4)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __parse_fill_align(_Iterator& __begin, _Iterator __end) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __begin != __end,
+        "when called with an empty input the function will cause "
+        "undefined behavior by evaluating data not in the input");
+    if (__begin + 1 != __end && __parse_alignment(*(__begin + 1))) {
+      if (!__unicode::__is_scalar_value(*__begin))
+        std::__throw_format_error("The fill option contains an invalid value");
+
+      __validate_fill_character(*__begin);
+
+      __fill_.__data[0] = *__begin;
+      __begin += 2;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (!__parse_alignment(*__begin))
+      return false;
+
+    ++__begin;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+#    endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+#  else // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+  // range-fill and tuple-fill are identical
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __parse_fill_align(_Iterator& __begin, _Iterator __end) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __begin != __end,
+        "when called with an empty input the function will cause "
+        "undefined behavior by evaluating data not in the input");
+    if (__begin + 1 != __end) {
+      if (__parse_alignment(*(__begin + 1))) {
+        __validate_fill_character(*__begin);
+
+        __fill_.__data[0] = *__begin;
+        __begin += 2;
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!__parse_alignment(*__begin))
+      return false;
+
+    ++__begin;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __parse_sign(_Iterator& __begin) {
+    switch (*__begin) {
+    case _CharT('-'):
+      __sign_ = __sign::__minus;
+      break;
+    case _CharT('+'):
+      __sign_ = __sign::__plus;
+      break;
+    case _CharT(' '):
+      __sign_ = __sign::__space;
+      break;
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+    ++__begin;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __parse_alternate_form(_Iterator& __begin) {
+    if (*__begin != _CharT('#'))
+      return false;
+
+    __alternate_form_ = true;
+    ++__begin;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __parse_zero_padding(_Iterator& __begin) {
+    if (*__begin != _CharT('0'))
+      return false;
+
+    if (__alignment_ == __alignment::__default)
+      __alignment_ = __alignment::__zero_padding;
+    ++__begin;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __parse_width(_Iterator& __begin, _Iterator __end, auto& __ctx) {
+    if (*__begin == _CharT('0'))
+      std::__throw_format_error("The width option should not have a leading zero");
+
+    if (*__begin == _CharT('{')) {
+      __format::__parse_number_result __r = __format_spec::__parse_arg_id(++__begin, __end, __ctx);
+      __width_as_arg_                     = true;
+      __width_                            = __r.__value;
+      __begin                             = __r.__last;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (*__begin < _CharT('0') || *__begin > _CharT('9'))
+      return false;
+
+    __format::__parse_number_result __r = __format::__parse_number(__begin, __end);
+    __width_                            = __r.__value;
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__width_ != 0,
+                            "A zero value isn't allowed and should be impossible, "
+                            "due to validations in this function");
+    __begin = __r.__last;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __parse_precision(_Iterator& __begin, _Iterator __end, auto& __ctx) {
+    if (*__begin != _CharT('.'))
+      return false;
+
+    ++__begin;
+    if (__begin == __end)
+      std::__throw_format_error("End of input while parsing format specifier precision");
+
+    if (*__begin == _CharT('{')) {
+      __format::__parse_number_result __arg_id = __format_spec::__parse_arg_id(++__begin, __end, __ctx);
+      __precision_as_arg_                      = true;
+      __precision_                             = __arg_id.__value;
+      __begin                                  = __arg_id.__last;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (*__begin < _CharT('0') || *__begin > _CharT('9'))
+      std::__throw_format_error("The precision option does not contain a value or an argument index");
+
+    __format::__parse_number_result __r = __format::__parse_number(__begin, __end);
+    __precision_                        = __r.__value;
+    __precision_as_arg_                 = false;
+    __begin                             = __r.__last;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __parse_locale_specific_form(_Iterator& __begin) {
+    if (*__begin != _CharT('L'))
+      return false;
+
+    __locale_specific_form_ = true;
+    ++__begin;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __parse_clear_brackets(_Iterator& __begin) {
+    if (*__begin != _CharT('n'))
+      return false;
+
+    __clear_brackets_ = true;
+    ++__begin;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __parse_type(_Iterator& __begin) {
+    // Determines the type. It does not validate whether the selected type is
+    // valid. Most formatters have optional fields that are only allowed for
+    // certain types. These parsers need to do validation after the type has
+    // been parsed. So its easier to implement the validation for all types in
+    // the specific parse function.
+    switch (*__begin) {
+    case 'A':
+      __type_ = __type::__hexfloat_upper_case;
+      break;
+    case 'B':
+      __type_ = __type::__binary_upper_case;
+      break;
+    case 'E':
+      __type_ = __type::__scientific_upper_case;
+      break;
+    case 'F':
+      __type_ = __type::__fixed_upper_case;
+      break;
+    case 'G':
+      __type_ = __type::__general_upper_case;
+      break;
+    case 'X':
+      __type_ = __type::__hexadecimal_upper_case;
+      break;
+    case 'a':
+      __type_ = __type::__hexfloat_lower_case;
+      break;
+    case 'b':
+      __type_ = __type::__binary_lower_case;
+      break;
+    case 'c':
+      __type_ = __type::__char;
+      break;
+    case 'd':
+      __type_ = __type::__decimal;
+      break;
+    case 'e':
+      __type_ = __type::__scientific_lower_case;
+      break;
+    case 'f':
+      __type_ = __type::__fixed_lower_case;
+      break;
+    case 'g':
+      __type_ = __type::__general_lower_case;
+      break;
+    case 'o':
+      __type_ = __type::__octal;
+      break;
+    case 'p':
+      __type_ = __type::__pointer_lower_case;
+      break;
+    case 'P':
+      __type_ = __type::__pointer_upper_case;
+      break;
+    case 's':
+      __type_ = __type::__string;
+      break;
+    case 'x':
+      __type_ = __type::__hexadecimal_lower_case;
+      break;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+    case '?':
+      __type_ = __type::__debug;
+      break;
+#  endif
+    default:
+      return;
+    }
+    ++__begin;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int32_t __get_width(auto& __ctx) const {
+    if (!__width_as_arg_)
+      return __width_;
+
+    return __format_spec::__substitute_arg_id(__ctx.arg(__width_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int32_t __get_precision(auto& __ctx) const {
+    if (!__precision_as_arg_)
+      return __precision_;
+
+    return __format_spec::__substitute_arg_id(__ctx.arg(__precision_));
+  }
+};
+
+// Validates whether the reserved bitfields don't change the size.
+static_assert(sizeof(__parser<char>) == 16);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+static_assert(sizeof(__parser<wchar_t>) == 16);
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __process_display_type_string(__format_spec::__type __type) {
+  switch (__type) {
+  case __format_spec::__type::__default:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__string:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__debug:
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    std::__throw_format_error("The type option contains an invalid value for a string formatting argument");
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __process_display_type_bool_string(__parser<_CharT>& __parser, const char* __id) {
+  __parser.__validate(__format_spec::__fields_bool, __id);
+  if (__parser.__alignment_ == __alignment::__default)
+    __parser.__alignment_ = __alignment::__left;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __process_display_type_char(__parser<_CharT>& __parser, const char* __id) {
+  __format_spec::__process_display_type_bool_string(__parser, __id);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __process_parsed_bool(__parser<_CharT>& __parser, const char* __id) {
+  switch (__parser.__type_) {
+  case __format_spec::__type::__default:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__string:
+    __format_spec::__process_display_type_bool_string(__parser, __id);
+    break;
+
+  case __format_spec::__type::__binary_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__binary_upper_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__octal:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__decimal:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_upper_case:
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    __format_spec::__throw_invalid_type_format_error(__id);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __process_parsed_char(__parser<_CharT>& __parser, const char* __id) {
+  switch (__parser.__type_) {
+  case __format_spec::__type::__default:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__char:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__debug:
+    __format_spec::__process_display_type_char(__parser, __id);
+    break;
+
+  case __format_spec::__type::__binary_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__binary_upper_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__octal:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__decimal:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_upper_case:
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    __format_spec::__throw_invalid_type_format_error(__id);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __process_parsed_integer(__parser<_CharT>& __parser, const char* __id) {
+  switch (__parser.__type_) {
+  case __format_spec::__type::__default:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__binary_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__binary_upper_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__octal:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__decimal:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_upper_case:
+    break;
+
+  case __format_spec::__type::__char:
+    __format_spec::__process_display_type_char(__parser, __id);
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    __format_spec::__throw_invalid_type_format_error(__id);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __process_parsed_floating_point(__parser<_CharT>& __parser, const char* __id) {
+  switch (__parser.__type_) {
+  case __format_spec::__type::__default:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexfloat_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__hexfloat_upper_case:
+    // Precision specific behavior will be handled later.
+    break;
+  case __format_spec::__type::__scientific_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__scientific_upper_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__fixed_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__fixed_upper_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__general_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__general_upper_case:
+    if (!__parser.__precision_as_arg_ && __parser.__precision_ == -1)
+      // Set the default precision for the call to to_chars.
+      __parser.__precision_ = 6;
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    __format_spec::__throw_invalid_type_format_error(__id);
+  }
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __process_display_type_pointer(__format_spec::__type __type, const char* __id) {
+  switch (__type) {
+  case __format_spec::__type::__default:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__pointer_lower_case:
+  case __format_spec::__type::__pointer_upper_case:
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    __format_spec::__throw_invalid_type_format_error(__id);
+  }
+}
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+struct __column_width_result {
+  /// The number of output columns.
+  size_t __width_;
+  /// One beyond the last code unit used in the estimation.
+  ///
+  /// This limits the original output to fit in the wanted number of columns.
+  _Iterator __last_;
+};
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+__column_width_result(size_t, _Iterator) -> __column_width_result<_Iterator>;
+
+/// Since a column width can be two it's possible that the requested column
+/// width can't be achieved. Depending on the intended usage the policy can be
+/// selected.
+/// - When used as precision the maximum width may not be exceeded and the
+///   result should be "rounded down" to the previous boundary.
+/// - When used as a width we're done once the minimum is reached, but
+///   exceeding is not an issue. Rounding down is an issue since that will
+///   result in writing fill characters. Therefore the result needs to be
+///   "rounded up".
+enum class __column_width_rounding { __down, __up };
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+
+namespace __detail {
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __column_width_result<_Iterator> __estimate_column_width_grapheme_clustering(
+    _Iterator __first, _Iterator __last, size_t __maximum, __column_width_rounding __rounding) noexcept {
+  using _CharT = iter_value_t<_Iterator>;
+  __unicode::__extended_grapheme_cluster_view<_CharT> __view{__first, __last};
+
+  __column_width_result<_Iterator> __result{0, __first};
+  while (__result.__last_ != __last && __result.__width_ <= __maximum) {
+    typename __unicode::__extended_grapheme_cluster_view<_CharT>::__cluster __cluster = __view.__consume();
+    int __width = __width_estimation_table::__estimated_width(__cluster.__code_point_);
+
+    // When the next entry would exceed the maximum width the previous width
+    // might be returned. For example when a width of 100 is requested the
+    // returned width might be 99, since the next code point has an estimated
+    // column width of 2. This depends on the rounding flag.
+    // When the maximum is exceeded the loop will abort the next iteration.
+    if (__rounding == __column_width_rounding::__down && __result.__width_ + __width > __maximum)
+      return __result;
+
+    __result.__width_ += __width;
+    __result.__last_ = __cluster.__last_;
+  }
+
+  return __result;
+}
+
+} // namespace __detail
+
+// Unicode can be stored in several formats: UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32.
+// Depending on format the relation between the number of code units stored and
+// the number of output columns 
diff ers. The first relation is the number of
+// code units forming a code point. (The text assumes the code units are
+// unsigned.)
+// - UTF-8 The number of code units is between one and four. The first 127
+//   Unicode code points match the ASCII character set. When the highest bit is
+//   set it means the code point has more than one code unit.
+// - UTF-16: The number of code units is between 1 and 2. When the first
+//   code unit is in the range [0xd800,0xdfff) it means the code point uses two
+//   code units.
+// - UTF-32: The number of code units is always one.
+//
+// The code point to the number of columns is specified in
+// [format.string.std]/11. This list might change in the future.
+//
+// Another thing to be taken into account is Grapheme clustering. This means
+// that in some cases multiple code points are combined one element in the
+// output. For example:
+// - an ASCII character with a combined diacritical mark
+// - an emoji with a skin tone modifier
+// - a group of combined people emoji to create a family
+// - a combination of flag emoji
+//
+// See also:
+// - [format.string.general]/11
+// - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#Encoding
+// - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16#U+D800_to_U+DFFF
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_ascii(char32_t __c) { return __c < 0x80; }
+
+/// Determines the number of output columns needed to render the input.
+///
+/// \note When the scanner encounters malformed Unicode it acts as-if every
+/// code unit is a one column code point. Typically a terminal uses the same
+/// strategy and replaces every malformed code unit with a one column
+/// replacement character.
+///
+/// \param __first    Points to the first element of the input range.
+/// \param __last     Points beyond the last element of the input range.
+/// \param __maximum  The maximum number of output columns. The returned number
+///                   of estimated output columns will not exceed this value.
+/// \param __rounding Selects the rounding method.
+///                   \c __down result.__width_ <= __maximum
+///                   \c __up result.__width_ <= __maximum + 1
+template <class _CharT, class _Iterator = typename basic_string_view<_CharT>::const_iterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __column_width_result<_Iterator> __estimate_column_width(
+    basic_string_view<_CharT> __str, size_t __maximum, __column_width_rounding __rounding) noexcept {
+  // The width estimation is done in two steps:
+  // - Quickly process for the ASCII part. ASCII has the following properties
+  //   - One code unit is one code point
+  //   - Every code point has an estimated width of one
+  // - When needed it will a Unicode Grapheme clustering algorithm to find
+  //   the proper place for truncation.
+
+  if (__str.empty() || __maximum == 0)
+    return {0, __str.begin()};
+
+  // ASCII has one caveat; when an ASCII character is followed by a non-ASCII
+  // character they might be part of an extended grapheme cluster. For example:
+  //   an ASCII letter and a COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT
+  // The truncate should happen after the COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT. Therefore we
+  // need to scan one code unit beyond the requested precision. When this code
+  // unit is non-ASCII we omit the current code unit and let the Grapheme
+  // clustering algorithm do its work.
+  auto __it = __str.begin();
+  if (__format_spec::__is_ascii(*__it)) {
+    do {
+      --__maximum;
+      ++__it;
+      if (__it == __str.end())
+        return {__str.size(), __str.end()};
+
+      if (__maximum == 0) {
+        if (__format_spec::__is_ascii(*__it))
+          return {static_cast<size_t>(__it - __str.begin()), __it};
+
+        break;
+      }
+    } while (__format_spec::__is_ascii(*__it));
+    --__it;
+    ++__maximum;
+  }
+
+  ptr
diff _t __ascii_size = __it - __str.begin();
+  __column_width_result __result =
+      __detail::__estimate_column_width_grapheme_clustering(__it, __str.end(), __maximum, __rounding);
+
+  __result.__width_ += __ascii_size;
+  return __result;
+}
+#  else // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE)
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __column_width_result<typename basic_string_view<_CharT>::const_iterator>
+__estimate_column_width(basic_string_view<_CharT> __str, size_t __maximum, __column_width_rounding) noexcept {
+  // When Unicode isn't supported assume ASCII and every code unit is one code
+  // point. In ASCII the estimated column width is always one. Thus there's no
+  // need for rounding.
+  size_t __width = std::min(__str.size(), __maximum);
+  return {__width, __str.begin() + __width};
+}
+
+#  endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE)
+
+} // namespace __format_spec
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_PARSER_STD_FORMAT_SPEC_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/range_default_formatter.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/range_default_formatter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b35223ae933291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/range_default_formatter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_RANGE_DEFAULT_FORMATTER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_RANGE_DEFAULT_FORMATTER_H
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__chrono/statically_widen.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/range_formatter.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/data.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <string_view>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Rp, class _CharT>
+concept __const_formattable_range =
+    ranges::input_range<const _Rp> && formattable<ranges::range_reference_t<const _Rp>, _CharT>;
+
+template <class _Rp, class _CharT>
+using __fmt_maybe_const = conditional_t<__const_formattable_range<_Rp, _CharT>, const _Rp, _Rp>;
+
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+_LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wshadow")
+_LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wshadow")
+// This shadows map, set, and string.
+enum class range_format { disabled, map, set, sequence, string, debug_string };
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+
+// There is no definition of this struct, it's purely intended to be used to
+// generate diagnostics.
+template <class _Rp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __instantiated_the_primary_template_of_format_kind;
+
+template <class _Rp>
+constexpr range_format format_kind = [] {
+  // [format.range.fmtkind]/1
+  // A program that instantiates the primary template of format_kind is ill-formed.
+  static_assert(sizeof(_Rp) != sizeof(_Rp), "create a template specialization of format_kind for your type");
+  return range_format::disabled;
+}();
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Rp>
+  requires same_as<_Rp, remove_cvref_t<_Rp>>
+inline constexpr range_format format_kind<_Rp> = [] {
+  // [format.range.fmtkind]/2
+
+  // 2.1 If same_as<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<R>>, R> is true,
+  // Otherwise format_kind<R> is range_format::disabled.
+  if constexpr (same_as<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rp>>, _Rp>)
+    return range_format::disabled;
+  // 2.2 Otherwise, if the qualified-id R::key_type is valid and denotes a type:
+  else if constexpr (requires { typename _Rp::key_type; }) {
+    // 2.2.1 If the qualified-id R::mapped_type is valid and denotes a type ...
+    if constexpr (requires { typename _Rp::mapped_type; } &&
+                  // 2.2.1 ... If either U is a specialization of pair or U is a specialization
+                  // of tuple and tuple_size_v<U> == 2
+                  __fmt_pair_like<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rp>>>)
+      return range_format::map;
+    else
+      // 2.2.2 Otherwise format_kind<R> is range_format::set.
+      return range_format::set;
+  } else
+    // 2.3 Otherwise, format_kind<R> is range_format::sequence.
+    return range_format::sequence;
+}();
+
+template <range_format _Kp, ranges::input_range _Rp, class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __range_default_formatter;
+
+// Required specializations
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Rp, class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __range_default_formatter<range_format::sequence, _Rp, _CharT> {
+private:
+  using __maybe_const_r = __fmt_maybe_const<_Rp, _CharT>;
+  range_formatter<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<__maybe_const_r>>, _CharT> __underlying_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void set_separator(basic_string_view<_CharT> __separator) noexcept {
+    __underlying_.set_separator(__separator);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+  set_brackets(basic_string_view<_CharT> __opening_bracket, basic_string_view<_CharT> __closing_bracket) noexcept {
+    __underlying_.set_brackets(__opening_bracket, __closing_bracket);
+  }
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return __underlying_.parse(__ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+  format(__maybe_const_r& __range, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    return __underlying_.format(__range, __ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Rp, class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __range_default_formatter<range_format::map, _Rp, _CharT> {
+private:
+  using __maybe_const_map = __fmt_maybe_const<_Rp, _CharT>;
+  using __element_type    = remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<__maybe_const_map>>;
+  range_formatter<__element_type, _CharT> __underlying_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __range_default_formatter()
+    requires(__fmt_pair_like<__element_type>)
+  {
+    __underlying_.set_brackets(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{"), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "}"));
+    __underlying_.underlying().set_brackets({}, {});
+    __underlying_.underlying().set_separator(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, ": "));
+  }
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return __underlying_.parse(__ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+  format(__maybe_const_map& __range, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    return __underlying_.format(__range, __ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Rp, class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __range_default_formatter<range_format::set, _Rp, _CharT> {
+private:
+  using __maybe_const_set = __fmt_maybe_const<_Rp, _CharT>;
+  using __element_type    = remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<__maybe_const_set>>;
+  range_formatter<__element_type, _CharT> __underlying_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __range_default_formatter() {
+    __underlying_.set_brackets(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{"), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "}"));
+  }
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return __underlying_.parse(__ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+  format(__maybe_const_set& __range, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    return __underlying_.format(__range, __ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <range_format _Kp, ranges::input_range _Rp, class _CharT>
+  requires(_Kp == range_format::string || _Kp == range_format::debug_string)
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __range_default_formatter<_Kp, _Rp, _CharT> {
+private:
+  // This deviates from the Standard, there the exposition only type is
+  //   formatter<basic_string<charT>, charT> underlying_;
+  // Using a string_view allows the format function to avoid a copy of the
+  // input range when it is a contigious range.
+  formatter<basic_string_view<_CharT>, _CharT> __underlying_;
+
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    typename _ParseContext::iterator __i = __underlying_.parse(__ctx);
+    if constexpr (_Kp == range_format::debug_string)
+      __underlying_.set_debug_format();
+    return __i;
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+  format(conditional_t<ranges::input_range<const _Rp>, const _Rp&, _Rp&> __range, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    // When the range is contiguous use a basic_string_view instead to avoid a
+    // copy of the underlying data. The basic_string_view formatter
+    // specialization is the "basic" string formatter in libc++.
+    if constexpr (ranges::contiguous_range<_Rp> && std::ranges::sized_range<_Rp>)
+      return __underlying_.format(basic_string_view<_CharT>{ranges::data(__range), ranges::size(__range)}, __ctx);
+    else
+      return __underlying_.format(basic_string<_CharT>{from_range, __range}, __ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Rp, class _CharT>
+  requires(format_kind<_Rp> != range_format::disabled && formattable<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rp>, _CharT>)
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<_Rp, _CharT> : __range_default_formatter<format_kind<_Rp>, _Rp, _CharT> {};
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_RANGE_DEFAULT_FORMATTER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/range_formatter.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/range_formatter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..69156307434937
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/range_formatter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_RANGE_FORMATTER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_RANGE_FORMATTER_H
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__chrono/statically_widen.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/buffer.h>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_context.h>
+#include <__format/format_error.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_output.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/data.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <string_view>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT = char>
+  requires same_as<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>, _Tp> && formattable<_Tp, _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS range_formatter {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void set_separator(basic_string_view<_CharT> __separator) noexcept {
+    __separator_ = __separator;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+  set_brackets(basic_string_view<_CharT> __opening_bracket, basic_string_view<_CharT> __closing_bracket) noexcept {
+    __opening_bracket_ = __opening_bracket;
+    __closing_bracket_ = __closing_bracket;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr formatter<_Tp, _CharT>& underlying() noexcept { return __underlying_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const formatter<_Tp, _CharT>& underlying() const noexcept { return __underlying_; }
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    auto __begin = __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_range);
+    auto __end   = __ctx.end();
+    // Note the cases where __begin == __end in this code only happens when the
+    // replacement-field has no terminating }, or when the parse is manually
+    // called with a format-spec. The former is an error and the latter means
+    // using a formatter without the format functions or print.
+    if (__begin == __end) [[unlikely]]
+      return __parse_empty_range_underlying_spec(__ctx, __begin);
+
+    // The n field overrides a possible m type, therefore delay applying the
+    // effect of n until the type has been procesed.
+    __parse_type(__begin, __end);
+    if (__parser_.__clear_brackets_)
+      set_brackets({}, {});
+    if (__begin == __end) [[unlikely]]
+      return __parse_empty_range_underlying_spec(__ctx, __begin);
+
+    bool __has_range_underlying_spec = *__begin == _CharT(':');
+    if (__has_range_underlying_spec) {
+      // range-underlying-spec:
+      //   :  format-spec
+      ++__begin;
+    } else if (__begin != __end && *__begin != _CharT('}'))
+      // When there is no underlaying range the current parse should have
+      // consumed the format-spec. If not, the not consumed input will be
+      // processed by the underlying. For example {:-} for a range in invalid,
+      // the sign field is not present. Without this check the underlying_ will
+      // get -} as input which my be valid.
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier should consume the input or end with a '}'");
+
+    __ctx.advance_to(__begin);
+    __begin = __underlying_.parse(__ctx);
+
+    // This test should not be required if __has_range_underlying_spec is false.
+    // However this test makes sure the underlying formatter left the parser in
+    // a valid state. (Note this is not a full protection against evil parsers.
+    // For example
+    //   } this is test for the next argument {}
+    //   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
+    // could consume more than it should.
+    if (__begin != __end && *__begin != _CharT('}'))
+      std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier should consume the input or end with a '}'");
+
+    if (__parser_.__type_ != __format_spec::__type::__default) {
+      // [format.range.formatter]/6
+      //   If the range-type is s or ?s, then there shall be no n option and no
+      //   range-underlying-spec.
+      if (__parser_.__clear_brackets_) {
+        if (__parser_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__string)
+          std::__throw_format_error("The n option and type s can't be used together");
+        std::__throw_format_error("The n option and type ?s can't be used together");
+      }
+      if (__has_range_underlying_spec) {
+        if (__parser_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__string)
+          std::__throw_format_error("Type s and an underlying format specification can't be used together");
+        std::__throw_format_error("Type ?s and an underlying format specification can't be used together");
+      }
+    } else if (!__has_range_underlying_spec)
+      std::__set_debug_format(__underlying_);
+
+    return __begin;
+  }
+
+  template <ranges::input_range _Rp, class _FormatContext>
+    requires formattable<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rp>, _CharT> &&
+             same_as<remove_cvref_t<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rp>>, _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(_Rp&& __range, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs = __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx);
+
+    if (!__specs.__has_width())
+      return __format_range(__range, __ctx, __specs);
+
+    // The size of the buffer needed is:
+    // - open bracket characters
+    // - close bracket character
+    // - n elements where every element may have a 
diff erent size
+    // - (n -1) separators
+    // The size of the element is hard to predict, knowing the type helps but
+    // it depends on the format-spec. As an initial estimate we guess 6
+    // characters.
+    // Typically both brackets are 1 character and the separator is 2
+    // characters. Which means there will be
+    //   (n - 1) * 2 + 1 + 1 = n * 2 character
+    // So estimate 8 times the range size as buffer.
+    std::size_t __capacity_hint = 0;
+    if constexpr (std::ranges::sized_range<_Rp>)
+      __capacity_hint = 8 * ranges::size(__range);
+    __format::__retarget_buffer<_CharT> __buffer{__capacity_hint};
+    basic_format_context<typename __format::__retarget_buffer<_CharT>::__iterator, _CharT> __c{
+        __buffer.__make_output_iterator(), __ctx};
+
+    __format_range(__range, __c, __specs);
+
+    return __formatter::__write_string_no_precision(__buffer.__view(), __ctx.out(), __specs);
+  }
+
+  template <ranges::input_range _Rp, class _FormatContext>
+  typename _FormatContext::iterator _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __format_range(_Rp&& __range, _FormatContext& __ctx, __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs) const {
+    if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, _CharT>) {
+      switch (__specs.__std_.__type_) {
+      case __format_spec::__type::__string:
+      case __format_spec::__type::__debug:
+        return __format_as_string(__range, __ctx, __specs.__std_.__type_ == __format_spec::__type::__debug);
+      default:
+        return __format_as_sequence(__range, __ctx);
+      }
+    } else
+      return __format_as_sequence(__range, __ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <ranges::input_range _Rp, class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+  __format_as_string(_Rp&& __range, _FormatContext& __ctx, bool __debug_format) const {
+    // When the range is contiguous use a basic_string_view instead to avoid a
+    // copy of the underlying data. The basic_string_view formatter
+    // specialization is the "basic" string formatter in libc++.
+    if constexpr (ranges::contiguous_range<_Rp> && std::ranges::sized_range<_Rp>) {
+      std::formatter<basic_string_view<_CharT>, _CharT> __formatter;
+      if (__debug_format)
+        __formatter.set_debug_format();
+      return __formatter.format(
+          basic_string_view<_CharT>{
+              ranges::data(__range),
+              ranges::size(__range),
+          },
+          __ctx);
+    } else {
+      std::formatter<basic_string<_CharT>, _CharT> __formatter;
+      if (__debug_format)
+        __formatter.set_debug_format();
+      return __formatter.format(basic_string<_CharT>{from_range, __range}, __ctx);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <ranges::input_range _Rp, class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator
+  __format_as_sequence(_Rp&& __range, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    __ctx.advance_to(ranges::copy(__opening_bracket_, __ctx.out()).out);
+    bool __use_separator = false;
+    for (auto&& __e : __range) {
+      if (__use_separator)
+        __ctx.advance_to(ranges::copy(__separator_, __ctx.out()).out);
+      else
+        __use_separator = true;
+
+      __ctx.advance_to(__underlying_.format(__e, __ctx));
+    }
+
+    return ranges::copy(__closing_bracket_, __ctx.out()).out;
+  }
+
+  __format_spec::__parser<_CharT> __parser_{.__alignment_ = __format_spec::__alignment::__left};
+
+private:
+  template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __parse_type(_Iterator& __begin, _Iterator __end) {
+    switch (*__begin) {
+    case _CharT('m'):
+      if constexpr (__fmt_pair_like<_Tp>) {
+        set_brackets(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "{"), _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "}"));
+        set_separator(_LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, ", "));
+        ++__begin;
+      } else
+        std::__throw_format_error("Type m requires a pair or a tuple with two elements");
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('s'):
+      if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, _CharT>) {
+        __parser_.__type_ = __format_spec::__type::__string;
+        ++__begin;
+      } else
+        std::__throw_format_error("Type s requires character type as formatting argument");
+      break;
+
+    case _CharT('?'):
+      ++__begin;
+      if (__begin == __end || *__begin != _CharT('s'))
+        std::__throw_format_error("The format specifier should consume the input or end with a '}'");
+      if constexpr (same_as<_Tp, _CharT>) {
+        __parser_.__type_ = __format_spec::__type::__debug;
+        ++__begin;
+      } else
+        std::__throw_format_error("Type ?s requires character type as formatting argument");
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator
+  __parse_empty_range_underlying_spec(_ParseContext& __ctx, typename _ParseContext::iterator __begin) {
+    __ctx.advance_to(__begin);
+    [[maybe_unused]] typename _ParseContext::iterator __result = __underlying_.parse(__ctx);
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__result == __begin,
+                            "the underlying's parse function should not advance the input beyond the end of the input");
+    return __begin;
+  }
+
+  formatter<_Tp, _CharT> __underlying_;
+  basic_string_view<_CharT> __separator_       = _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, ", ");
+  basic_string_view<_CharT> __opening_bracket_ = _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "[");
+  basic_string_view<_CharT> __closing_bracket_ = _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "]");
+};
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_RANGE_FORMATTER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/unicode.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/unicode.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..de7d0fea1df56a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/unicode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,602 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_UNICODE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_UNICODE_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__bit/countl.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/extended_grapheme_cluster_table.h>
+#include <__format/indic_conjunct_break_table.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h> // iter_value_t
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __unicode {
+
+// Helper struct for the result of a consume operation.
+//
+// The status value for a correct code point is 0. This allows a valid value to
+// be used without masking.
+// When the decoding fails it know the number of code units affected. For the
+// current use-cases that value is not needed, therefore it is not stored.
+// The escape routine needs the number of code units for both a valid and
+// invalid character and keeps track of it itself. Doing it in this result
+// unconditionally would give some overhead when the value is unneeded.
+struct __consume_result {
+  // When __status == __ok it contains the decoded code point.
+  // Else it contains the replacement character U+FFFD
+  char32_t __code_point : 31;
+
+  enum : char32_t {
+    // Consumed a well-formed code point.
+    __ok = 0,
+    // Encountered invalid UTF-8
+    __error = 1
+  } __status : 1 {__ok};
+};
+static_assert(sizeof(__consume_result) == sizeof(char32_t));
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+
+/// Implements the grapheme cluster boundary rules
+///
+/// These rules are used to implement format's width estimation as stated in
+/// [format.string.std]/11
+///
+/// The Standard refers to UAX \#29 for Unicode 12.0.0
+/// https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Grapheme_Cluster_Boundary_Rules
+///
+/// The data tables used are
+/// https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/auxiliary/GraphemeBreakProperty.txt
+/// https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/emoji/emoji-data.txt
+/// https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/auxiliary/GraphemeBreakTest.txt (for testing only)
+
+inline constexpr char32_t __replacement_character = U'\ufffd';
+
+// The error of a consume operation.
+//
+// This sets the code point to the replacement character. This code point does
+// not participate in the grapheme clustering, so grapheme clustering code can
+// ignore the error status and always use the code point.
+inline constexpr __consume_result __consume_result_error{__replacement_character, __consume_result::__error};
+
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_high_surrogate(char32_t __value) {
+  return __value >= 0xd800 && __value <= 0xdbff;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_low_surrogate(char32_t __value) {
+  return __value >= 0xdc00 && __value <= 0xdfff;
+}
+
+// https://www.unicode.org/glossary/#surrogate_code_point
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool __is_surrogate(char32_t __value) {
+  return __value >= 0xd800 && __value <= 0xdfff;
+}
+
+// https://www.unicode.org/glossary/#code_point
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool __is_code_point(char32_t __value) {
+  return __value <= 0x10ffff;
+}
+
+// https://www.unicode.org/glossary/#unicode_scalar_value
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool __is_scalar_value(char32_t __value) {
+  return __unicode::__is_code_point(__value) && !__unicode::__is_surrogate(__value);
+}
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+  requires same_as<iter_value_t<_Iterator>, char>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_continuation(_Iterator __char, int __count) {
+  do {
+    if ((*__char & 0b1100'0000) != 0b1000'0000)
+      return false;
+    --__count;
+    ++__char;
+  } while (__count);
+  return true;
+}
+
+/// Helper class to extract a code unit from a Unicode character range.
+///
+/// The stored range is a view. There are multiple specialization for 
diff erent
+/// character types.
+template <class _CharT>
+class __code_point_view;
+
+/// UTF-8 specialization.
+template <>
+class __code_point_view<char> {
+  using _Iterator = basic_string_view<char>::const_iterator;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __code_point_view(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __last)
+      : __first_(__first), __last_(__last) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __at_end() const noexcept { return __first_ == __last_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iterator __position() const noexcept { return __first_; }
+
+  // https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/ch03.pdf#G7404
+  // Based on Table 3-7, Well-Formed UTF-8 Byte Sequences
+  //
+  // Code Points        First Byte Second Byte Third Byte Fourth Byte  Remarks
+  // U+0000..U+007F     00..7F                                         U+0000..U+007F 1 code unit range
+  //                    C0..C1     80..BF                              invalid overlong encoding
+  // U+0080..U+07FF     C2..DF     80..BF                              U+0080..U+07FF 2 code unit range
+  //                    E0         80..9F      80..BF                  invalid overlong encoding
+  // U+0800..U+0FFF     E0         A0..BF      80..BF                  U+0800..U+FFFF 3 code unit range
+  // U+1000..U+CFFF     E1..EC     80..BF      80..BF
+  // U+D000..U+D7FF     ED         80..9F      80..BF
+  // U+D800..U+DFFF     ED         A0..BF      80..BF                  invalid encoding of surrogate code point
+  // U+E000..U+FFFF     EE..EF     80..BF      80..BF
+  //                    F0         80..8F      80..BF     80..BF       invalid overlong encoding
+  // U+10000..U+3FFFF   F0         90..BF      80..BF     80..BF       U+10000..U+10FFFF 4 code unit range
+  // U+40000..U+FFFFF   F1..F3     80..BF      80..BF     80..BF
+  // U+100000..U+10FFFF F4         80..8F      80..BF     80..BF
+  //                    F4         90..BF      80..BF     80..BF       U+110000.. invalid code point range
+  //
+  // Unlike other parsers, these invalid entries are tested after decoding.
+  // - The parser always needs to consume these code units
+  // - The code is optimized for well-formed UTF-8
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __consume_result __consume() noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__first_ != __last_, "can't move beyond the end of input");
+
+    // Based on the number of leading 1 bits the number of code units in the
+    // code point can be determined. See
+    // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#Encoding
+    switch (std::countl_one(static_cast<unsigned char>(*__first_))) {
+    case 0:
+      return {static_cast<unsigned char>(*__first_++)};
+
+    case 2: {
+      if (__last_ - __first_ < 2 || !__unicode::__is_continuation(__first_ + 1, 1)) [[unlikely]]
+        break;
+
+      char32_t __value = static_cast<unsigned char>(*__first_++) & 0x1f;
+      __value <<= 6;
+      __value |= static_cast<unsigned char>(*__first_++) & 0x3f;
+
+      // These values should be encoded in 1 UTF-8 code unit.
+      if (__value < 0x0080) [[unlikely]]
+        return __consume_result_error;
+
+      return {__value};
+    }
+
+    case 3: {
+      if (__last_ - __first_ < 3 || !__unicode::__is_continuation(__first_ + 1, 2)) [[unlikely]]
+        break;
+
+      char32_t __value = static_cast<unsigned char>(*__first_++) & 0x0f;
+      __value <<= 6;
+      __value |= static_cast<unsigned char>(*__first_++) & 0x3f;
+      __value <<= 6;
+      __value |= static_cast<unsigned char>(*__first_++) & 0x3f;
+
+      // These values should be encoded in 1 or 2 UTF-8 code units.
+      if (__value < 0x0800) [[unlikely]]
+        return __consume_result_error;
+
+      // A surrogate value is always encoded in 3 UTF-8 code units.
+      if (__unicode::__is_surrogate(__value)) [[unlikely]]
+        return __consume_result_error;
+
+      return {__value};
+    }
+
+    case 4: {
+      if (__last_ - __first_ < 4 || !__unicode::__is_continuation(__first_ + 1, 3)) [[unlikely]]
+        break;
+
+      char32_t __value = static_cast<unsigned char>(*__first_++) & 0x07;
+      __value <<= 6;
+      __value |= static_cast<unsigned char>(*__first_++) & 0x3f;
+      __value <<= 6;
+      __value |= static_cast<unsigned char>(*__first_++) & 0x3f;
+      __value <<= 6;
+      __value |= static_cast<unsigned char>(*__first_++) & 0x3f;
+
+      // These values should be encoded in 1, 2, or 3 UTF-8 code units.
+      if (__value < 0x10000) [[unlikely]]
+        return __consume_result_error;
+
+      // A value too large is always encoded in 4 UTF-8 code units.
+      if (!__unicode::__is_code_point(__value)) [[unlikely]]
+        return __consume_result_error;
+
+      return {__value};
+    }
+    }
+    // An invalid number of leading ones can be garbage or a code unit in the
+    // middle of a code point. By consuming one code unit the parser may get
+    // "in sync" after a few code units.
+    ++__first_;
+    return __consume_result_error;
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Iterator __first_;
+  _Iterator __last_;
+};
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_surrogate_pair_high(wchar_t __value) {
+  return __value >= 0xd800 && __value <= 0xdbff;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_surrogate_pair_low(wchar_t __value) {
+  return __value >= 0xdc00 && __value <= 0xdfff;
+}
+
+/// This specialization depends on the size of wchar_t
+/// - 2 UTF-16 (for example Windows and AIX)
+/// - 4 UTF-32 (for example Linux)
+template <>
+class __code_point_view<wchar_t> {
+  using _Iterator = typename basic_string_view<wchar_t>::const_iterator;
+
+public:
+  static_assert(sizeof(wchar_t) == 2 || sizeof(wchar_t) == 4, "sizeof(wchar_t) has a not implemented value");
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __code_point_view(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __last)
+      : __first_(__first), __last_(__last) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iterator __position() const noexcept { return __first_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __at_end() const noexcept { return __first_ == __last_; }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __consume_result __consume() noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__first_ != __last_, "can't move beyond the end of input");
+
+    char32_t __value = static_cast<char32_t>(*__first_++);
+    if constexpr (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2) {
+      if (__unicode::__is_low_surrogate(__value)) [[unlikely]]
+        return __consume_result_error;
+
+      if (__unicode::__is_high_surrogate(__value)) {
+        if (__first_ == __last_ || !__unicode::__is_low_surrogate(static_cast<char32_t>(*__first_))) [[unlikely]]
+          return __consume_result_error;
+
+        __value -= 0xd800;
+        __value <<= 10;
+        __value += static_cast<char32_t>(*__first_++) - 0xdc00;
+        __value += 0x10000;
+
+        if (!__unicode::__is_code_point(__value)) [[unlikely]]
+          return __consume_result_error;
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (!__unicode::__is_scalar_value(__value)) [[unlikely]]
+        return __consume_result_error;
+    }
+
+    return {__value};
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Iterator __first_;
+  _Iterator __last_;
+};
+#    endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+// State machine to implement the Extended Grapheme Cluster Boundary
+//
+// The exact rules may change between Unicode versions.
+// This implements the extended rules see
+// https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Grapheme_Cluster_Boundaries
+class __extended_grapheme_cluster_break {
+  using __EGC_property  = __extended_grapheme_custer_property_boundary::__property;
+  using __inCB_property = __indic_conjunct_break::__property;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __extended_grapheme_cluster_break(char32_t __first_code_point)
+      : __prev_code_point_(__first_code_point),
+        __prev_property_(__extended_grapheme_custer_property_boundary::__get_property(__first_code_point)) {
+    // Initializes the active rule.
+    if (__prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__Extended_Pictographic)
+      __active_rule_ = __rule::__GB11_emoji;
+    else if (__prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__Regional_Indicator)
+      __active_rule_ = __rule::__GB12_GB13_regional_indicator;
+    else if (__indic_conjunct_break::__get_property(__first_code_point) == __inCB_property::__Consonant)
+      __active_rule_ = __rule::__GB9c_indic_conjunct_break;
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(char32_t __next_code_point) {
+    __EGC_property __next_property = __extended_grapheme_custer_property_boundary::__get_property(__next_code_point);
+    bool __result                  = __evaluate(__next_code_point, __next_property);
+    __prev_code_point_             = __next_code_point;
+    __prev_property_               = __next_property;
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  // The code point whose break propery are considered during the next
+  // evaluation cyle.
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr char32_t __current_code_point() const { return __prev_code_point_; }
+
+private:
+  // The naming of the identifiers matches the Unicode standard.
+  // NOLINTBEGIN(readability-identifier-naming)
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  __evaluate(char32_t __next_code_point, __EGC_property __next_property) {
+    switch (__active_rule_) {
+    case __rule::__none:
+      return __evaluate_none(__next_code_point, __next_property);
+    case __rule::__GB9c_indic_conjunct_break:
+      return __evaluate_GB9c_indic_conjunct_break(__next_code_point, __next_property);
+    case __rule::__GB11_emoji:
+      return __evaluate_GB11_emoji(__next_code_point, __next_property);
+    case __rule::__GB12_GB13_regional_indicator:
+      return __evaluate_GB12_GB13_regional_indicator(__next_code_point, __next_property);
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __evaluate_none(char32_t __next_code_point, __EGC_property __next_property) {
+    // *** Break at the start and end of text, unless the text is empty. ***
+
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__prev_property_ != __EGC_property::__sot, "should be handled in the constructor"); // GB1
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__prev_property_ != __EGC_property::__eot, "should be handled by our caller");      // GB2
+
+    // *** Do not break between a CR and LF. Otherwise, break before and after controls. ***
+    if (__prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__CR && __next_property == __EGC_property::__LF) // GB3
+      return false;
+
+    if (__prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__Control || __prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__CR ||
+        __prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__LF) // GB4
+      return true;
+
+    if (__next_property == __EGC_property::__Control || __next_property == __EGC_property::__CR ||
+        __next_property == __EGC_property::__LF) // GB5
+      return true;
+
+    // *** Do not break Hangul syllable sequences. ***
+    if (__prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__L &&
+        (__next_property == __EGC_property::__L || __next_property == __EGC_property::__V ||
+         __next_property == __EGC_property::__LV || __next_property == __EGC_property::__LVT)) // GB6
+      return false;
+
+    if ((__prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__LV || __prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__V) &&
+        (__next_property == __EGC_property::__V || __next_property == __EGC_property::__T)) // GB7
+      return false;
+
+    if ((__prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__LVT || __prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__T) &&
+        __next_property == __EGC_property::__T) // GB8
+      return false;
+
+    // *** Do not break before extending characters or ZWJ. ***
+    if (__next_property == __EGC_property::__Extend || __next_property == __EGC_property::__ZWJ)
+      return false; // GB9
+
+    // *** Do not break before SpacingMarks, or after Prepend characters. ***
+    if (__next_property == __EGC_property::__SpacingMark) // GB9a
+      return false;
+
+    if (__prev_property_ == __EGC_property::__Prepend) // GB9b
+      return false;
+
+    // *** Do not break within certain combinations with Indic_Conjunct_Break (InCB)=Linker. ***
+    if (__indic_conjunct_break::__get_property(__next_code_point) == __inCB_property::__Consonant) {
+      __active_rule_                     = __rule::__GB9c_indic_conjunct_break;
+      __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state_ = __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state::__Consonant;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // *** Do not break within emoji modifier sequences or emoji zwj sequences. ***
+    if (__next_property == __EGC_property::__Extended_Pictographic) {
+      __active_rule_      = __rule::__GB11_emoji;
+      __GB11_emoji_state_ = __GB11_emoji_state::__Extended_Pictographic;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // *** Do not break within emoji flag sequences ***
+
+    // That is, do not break between regional indicator (RI) symbols if there
+    // is an odd number of RI characters before the break point.
+    if (__next_property == __EGC_property::__Regional_Indicator) { // GB12 + GB13
+      __active_rule_ = __rule::__GB12_GB13_regional_indicator;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // *** Otherwise, break everywhere. ***
+    return true; // GB999
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  __evaluate_GB9c_indic_conjunct_break(char32_t __next_code_point, __EGC_property __next_property) {
+    __inCB_property __break = __indic_conjunct_break::__get_property(__next_code_point);
+    if (__break == __inCB_property::__none) {
+      __active_rule_ = __rule::__none;
+      return __evaluate_none(__next_code_point, __next_property);
+    }
+
+    switch (__GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state_) {
+    case __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state::__Consonant:
+      if (__break == __inCB_property::__Extend) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (__break == __inCB_property::__Linker) {
+        __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state_ = __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state::__Linker;
+        return false;
+      }
+      __active_rule_ = __rule::__none;
+      return __evaluate_none(__next_code_point, __next_property);
+
+    case __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state::__Linker:
+      if (__break == __inCB_property::__Extend) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (__break == __inCB_property::__Linker) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (__break == __inCB_property::__Consonant) {
+        __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state_ = __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state::__Consonant;
+        return false;
+      }
+      __active_rule_ = __rule::__none;
+      return __evaluate_none(__next_code_point, __next_property);
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  __evaluate_GB11_emoji(char32_t __next_code_point, __EGC_property __next_property) {
+    switch (__GB11_emoji_state_) {
+    case __GB11_emoji_state::__Extended_Pictographic:
+      if (__next_property == __EGC_property::__Extend) {
+        __GB11_emoji_state_ = __GB11_emoji_state::__Extend;
+        return false;
+      }
+      [[fallthrough]];
+    case __GB11_emoji_state::__Extend:
+      if (__next_property == __EGC_property::__ZWJ) {
+        __GB11_emoji_state_ = __GB11_emoji_state::__ZWJ;
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (__next_property == __EGC_property::__Extend)
+        return false;
+      __active_rule_ = __rule::__none;
+      return __evaluate_none(__next_code_point, __next_property);
+
+    case __GB11_emoji_state::__ZWJ:
+      if (__next_property == __EGC_property::__Extended_Pictographic) {
+        __GB11_emoji_state_ = __GB11_emoji_state::__Extended_Pictographic;
+        return false;
+      }
+      __active_rule_ = __rule::__none;
+      return __evaluate_none(__next_code_point, __next_property);
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+  __evaluate_GB12_GB13_regional_indicator(char32_t __next_code_point, __EGC_property __next_property) {
+    __active_rule_ = __rule::__none;
+    if (__next_property == __EGC_property::__Regional_Indicator)
+      return false;
+    return __evaluate_none(__next_code_point, __next_property);
+  }
+
+  char32_t __prev_code_point_;
+  __EGC_property __prev_property_;
+
+  enum class __rule {
+    __none,
+    __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break,
+    __GB11_emoji,
+    __GB12_GB13_regional_indicator,
+  };
+  __rule __active_rule_ = __rule::__none;
+
+  enum class __GB11_emoji_state {
+    __Extended_Pictographic,
+    __Extend,
+    __ZWJ,
+  };
+  __GB11_emoji_state __GB11_emoji_state_ = __GB11_emoji_state::__Extended_Pictographic;
+
+  enum class __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state {
+    __Consonant,
+    __Linker,
+  };
+
+  __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state_ = __GB9c_indic_conjunct_break_state::__Consonant;
+
+  // NOLINTEND(readability-identifier-naming)
+};
+
+/// Helper class to extract an extended grapheme cluster from a Unicode character range.
+///
+/// This function is used to determine the column width of an extended grapheme
+/// cluster. In order to do that only the first code point is evaluated.
+/// Therefore only this code point is extracted.
+template <class _CharT>
+class __extended_grapheme_cluster_view {
+  using _Iterator = typename basic_string_view<_CharT>::const_iterator;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __extended_grapheme_cluster_view(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __last)
+      : __code_point_view_(__first, __last), __at_break_(__code_point_view_.__consume().__code_point) {}
+
+  struct __cluster {
+    /// The first code point of the extended grapheme cluster.
+    ///
+    /// The first code point is used to estimate the width of the extended
+    /// grapheme cluster.
+    char32_t __code_point_;
+
+    /// Points one beyond the last code unit in the extended grapheme cluster.
+    ///
+    /// It's expected the caller has the start position and thus can determine
+    /// the code unit range of the extended grapheme cluster.
+    _Iterator __last_;
+  };
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __cluster __consume() {
+    char32_t __code_point = __at_break_.__current_code_point();
+    _Iterator __position  = __code_point_view_.__position();
+    while (!__code_point_view_.__at_end()) {
+      if (__at_break_(__code_point_view_.__consume().__code_point))
+        break;
+      __position = __code_point_view_.__position();
+    }
+    return {__code_point, __position};
+  }
+
+private:
+  __code_point_view<_CharT> __code_point_view_;
+  __extended_grapheme_cluster_break __at_break_;
+};
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _Iterator>
+__extended_grapheme_cluster_view(_Iterator, _Iterator) -> __extended_grapheme_cluster_view<iter_value_t<_Iterator>>;
+
+#  else //  _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+
+// For ASCII every character is a "code point".
+// This makes it easier to write code agnostic of the _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE define.
+template <class _CharT>
+class __code_point_view {
+  using _Iterator = typename basic_string_view<_CharT>::const_iterator;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __code_point_view(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __last)
+      : __first_(__first), __last_(__last) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __at_end() const noexcept { return __first_ == __last_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iterator __position() const noexcept { return __first_; }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __consume_result __consume() noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__first_ != __last_, "can't move beyond the end of input");
+    return {static_cast<char32_t>(*__first_++)};
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Iterator __first_;
+  _Iterator __last_;
+};
+
+#  endif //  _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+
+} // namespace __unicode
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_UNICODE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/width_estimation_table.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/width_estimation_table.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..11f61dea18d696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/width_estimation_table.h
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// WARNING, this entire header is generated by
+// utils/generate_width_estimation_table.py
+// DO NOT MODIFY!
+
+// UNICODE, INC. LICENSE AGREEMENT - DATA FILES AND SOFTWARE
+//
+// See Terms of Use <https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html>
+// for definitions of Unicode Inc.'s Data Files and Software.
+//
+// NOTICE TO USER: Carefully read the following legal agreement.
+// BY DOWNLOADING, INSTALLING, COPYING OR OTHERWISE USING UNICODE INC.'S
+// DATA FILES ("DATA FILES"), AND/OR SOFTWARE ("SOFTWARE"),
+// YOU UNEQUIVOCALLY ACCEPT, AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY, ALL OF THE
+// TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
+// IF YOU DO NOT AGREE, DO NOT DOWNLOAD, INSTALL, COPY, DISTRIBUTE OR USE
+// THE DATA FILES OR SOFTWARE.
+//
+// COPYRIGHT AND PERMISSION NOTICE
+//
+// Copyright (c) 1991-2022 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved.
+// Distributed under the Terms of Use in https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+// a copy of the Unicode data files and any associated documentation
+// (the "Data Files") or Unicode software and any associated documentation
+// (the "Software") to deal in the Data Files or Software
+// without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+// copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, and/or sell copies of
+// the Data Files or Software, and to permit persons to whom the Data Files
+// or Software are furnished to do so, provided that either
+// (a) this copyright and permission notice appear with all copies
+// of the Data Files or Software, or
+// (b) this copyright and permission notice appear in associated
+// Documentation.
+//
+// THE DATA FILES AND SOFTWARE ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+// ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
+// WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+// NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+// IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR HOLDERS INCLUDED IN THIS
+// NOTICE BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY SPECIAL INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+// DAMAGES, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
+// TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+// PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA FILES OR SOFTWARE.
+//
+// Except as contained in this notice, the name of a copyright holder
+// shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale,
+// use or other dealings in these Data Files or Software without prior
+// written authorization of the copyright holder.
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_WIDTH_ESTIMATION_TABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_WIDTH_ESTIMATION_TABLE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_upper_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace __width_estimation_table {
+
+/// The entries of the characters with an estimated width of 2.
+///
+/// Contains the entries for [format.string.std]/12
+///  -  Any code point with the East_Asian_Width="W" or East_Asian_Width="F"
+///     Derived Extracted Property as described by UAX #44
+/// - U+4DC0 - U+4DFF (Yijing Hexagram Symbols)
+/// - U+1F300 - U+1F5FF (Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs)
+/// - U+1F900 - U+1F9FF (Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs)
+///
+/// The data is generated from
+/// - https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/EastAsianWidth.txt
+/// - The "overrides" in [format.string.std]/12
+///
+/// The format of EastAsianWidth.txt is two fields separated by a semicolon.
+/// Field 0: Unicode code point value or range of code point values
+/// Field 1: East_Asian_Width property, consisting of one of the following values:
+///         "A", "F", "H", "N", "Na", "W"
+///  - All code points, assigned or unassigned, that are not listed
+///      explicitly are given the value "N".
+///  - The unassigned code points in the following blocks default to "W":
+///         CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A: U+3400..U+4DBF
+///         CJK Unified Ideographs:             U+4E00..U+9FFF
+///         CJK Compatibility Ideographs:       U+F900..U+FAFF
+///  - All undesignated code points in Planes 2 and 3, whether inside or
+///      outside of allocated blocks, default to "W":
+///         Plane 2:                            U+20000..U+2FFFD
+///         Plane 3:                            U+30000..U+3FFFD
+///
+/// The table is similar to the table
+///  __extended_grapheme_custer_property_boundary::__entries
+/// which explains the details of these classes. The only 
diff erence is this
+/// table lacks a property, thus having more bits available for the size.
+///
+/// The maximum code point that has an estimated width of 2 is U+3FFFD. This
+/// value can be encoded in 18 bits. Thus the upper 3 bits of the code point
+/// are always 0. These 3 bits are used to enlarge the offset range. This
+/// optimization reduces the table in Unicode 15 from 184 to 104 entries,
+/// saving 320 bytes.
+///
+/// The data has 2 values:
+/// - bits [0, 13] The size of the range, allowing 16384 elements.
+/// - bits [14, 31] The lower bound code point of the range. The upper bound of
+///   the range is lower bound + size.
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr uint32_t __entries[107] = {
+    0x0440005f /* 00001100 - 0000115f [   96] */, //
+    0x08c68001 /* 0000231a - 0000231b [    2] */, //
+    0x08ca4001 /* 00002329 - 0000232a [    2] */, //
+    0x08fa4003 /* 000023e9 - 000023ec [    4] */, //
+    0x08fc0000 /* 000023f0 - 000023f0 [    1] */, //
+    0x08fcc000 /* 000023f3 - 000023f3 [    1] */, //
+    0x097f4001 /* 000025fd - 000025fe [    2] */, //
+    0x09850001 /* 00002614 - 00002615 [    2] */, //
+    0x0992000b /* 00002648 - 00002653 [   12] */, //
+    0x099fc000 /* 0000267f - 0000267f [    1] */, //
+    0x09a4c000 /* 00002693 - 00002693 [    1] */, //
+    0x09a84000 /* 000026a1 - 000026a1 [    1] */, //
+    0x09aa8001 /* 000026aa - 000026ab [    2] */, //
+    0x09af4001 /* 000026bd - 000026be [    2] */, //
+    0x09b10001 /* 000026c4 - 000026c5 [    2] */, //
+    0x09b38000 /* 000026ce - 000026ce [    1] */, //
+    0x09b50000 /* 000026d4 - 000026d4 [    1] */, //
+    0x09ba8000 /* 000026ea - 000026ea [    1] */, //
+    0x09bc8001 /* 000026f2 - 000026f3 [    2] */, //
+    0x09bd4000 /* 000026f5 - 000026f5 [    1] */, //
+    0x09be8000 /* 000026fa - 000026fa [    1] */, //
+    0x09bf4000 /* 000026fd - 000026fd [    1] */, //
+    0x09c14000 /* 00002705 - 00002705 [    1] */, //
+    0x09c28001 /* 0000270a - 0000270b [    2] */, //
+    0x09ca0000 /* 00002728 - 00002728 [    1] */, //
+    0x09d30000 /* 0000274c - 0000274c [    1] */, //
+    0x09d38000 /* 0000274e - 0000274e [    1] */, //
+    0x09d4c002 /* 00002753 - 00002755 [    3] */, //
+    0x09d5c000 /* 00002757 - 00002757 [    1] */, //
+    0x09e54002 /* 00002795 - 00002797 [    3] */, //
+    0x09ec0000 /* 000027b0 - 000027b0 [    1] */, //
+    0x09efc000 /* 000027bf - 000027bf [    1] */, //
+    0x0ac6c001 /* 00002b1b - 00002b1c [    2] */, //
+    0x0ad40000 /* 00002b50 - 00002b50 [    1] */, //
+    0x0ad54000 /* 00002b55 - 00002b55 [    1] */, //
+    0x0ba00019 /* 00002e80 - 00002e99 [   26] */, //
+    0x0ba6c058 /* 00002e9b - 00002ef3 [   89] */, //
+    0x0bc000d5 /* 00002f00 - 00002fd5 [  214] */, //
+    0x0bfc004e /* 00002ff0 - 0000303e [   79] */, //
+    0x0c104055 /* 00003041 - 00003096 [   86] */, //
+    0x0c264066 /* 00003099 - 000030ff [  103] */, //
+    0x0c41402a /* 00003105 - 0000312f [   43] */, //
+    0x0c4c405d /* 00003131 - 0000318e [   94] */, //
+    0x0c640053 /* 00003190 - 000031e3 [   84] */, //
+    0x0c7bc02f /* 000031ef - 0000321e [   48] */, //
+    0x0c880027 /* 00003220 - 00003247 [   40] */, //
+    0x0c943fff /* 00003250 - 0000724f [16384] */, //
+    0x1c94323c /* 00007250 - 0000a48c [12861] */, //
+    0x29240036 /* 0000a490 - 0000a4c6 [   55] */, //
+    0x2a58001c /* 0000a960 - 0000a97c [   29] */, //
+    0x2b002ba3 /* 0000ac00 - 0000d7a3 [11172] */, //
+    0x3e4001ff /* 0000f900 - 0000faff [  512] */, //
+    0x3f840009 /* 0000fe10 - 0000fe19 [   10] */, //
+    0x3f8c0022 /* 0000fe30 - 0000fe52 [   35] */, //
+    0x3f950012 /* 0000fe54 - 0000fe66 [   19] */, //
+    0x3f9a0003 /* 0000fe68 - 0000fe6b [    4] */, //
+    0x3fc0405f /* 0000ff01 - 0000ff60 [   96] */, //
+    0x3ff80006 /* 0000ffe0 - 0000ffe6 [    7] */, //
+    0x5bf80004 /* 00016fe0 - 00016fe4 [    5] */, //
+    0x5bfc0001 /* 00016ff0 - 00016ff1 [    2] */, //
+    0x5c0017f7 /* 00017000 - 000187f7 [ 6136] */, //
+    0x620004d5 /* 00018800 - 00018cd5 [ 1238] */, //
+    0x63400008 /* 00018d00 - 00018d08 [    9] */, //
+    0x6bfc0003 /* 0001aff0 - 0001aff3 [    4] */, //
+    0x6bfd4006 /* 0001aff5 - 0001affb [    7] */, //
+    0x6bff4001 /* 0001affd - 0001affe [    2] */, //
+    0x6c000122 /* 0001b000 - 0001b122 [  291] */, //
+    0x6c4c8000 /* 0001b132 - 0001b132 [    1] */, //
+    0x6c540002 /* 0001b150 - 0001b152 [    3] */, //
+    0x6c554000 /* 0001b155 - 0001b155 [    1] */, //
+    0x6c590003 /* 0001b164 - 0001b167 [    4] */, //
+    0x6c5c018b /* 0001b170 - 0001b2fb [  396] */, //
+    0x7c010000 /* 0001f004 - 0001f004 [    1] */, //
+    0x7c33c000 /* 0001f0cf - 0001f0cf [    1] */, //
+    0x7c638000 /* 0001f18e - 0001f18e [    1] */, //
+    0x7c644009 /* 0001f191 - 0001f19a [   10] */, //
+    0x7c800002 /* 0001f200 - 0001f202 [    3] */, //
+    0x7c84002b /* 0001f210 - 0001f23b [   44] */, //
+    0x7c900008 /* 0001f240 - 0001f248 [    9] */, //
+    0x7c940001 /* 0001f250 - 0001f251 [    2] */, //
+    0x7c980005 /* 0001f260 - 0001f265 [    6] */, //
+    0x7cc0034f /* 0001f300 - 0001f64f [  848] */, //
+    0x7da00045 /* 0001f680 - 0001f6c5 [   70] */, //
+    0x7db30000 /* 0001f6cc - 0001f6cc [    1] */, //
+    0x7db40002 /* 0001f6d0 - 0001f6d2 [    3] */, //
+    0x7db54002 /* 0001f6d5 - 0001f6d7 [    3] */, //
+    0x7db70003 /* 0001f6dc - 0001f6df [    4] */, //
+    0x7dbac001 /* 0001f6eb - 0001f6ec [    2] */, //
+    0x7dbd0008 /* 0001f6f4 - 0001f6fc [    9] */, //
+    0x7df8000b /* 0001f7e0 - 0001f7eb [   12] */, //
+    0x7dfc0000 /* 0001f7f0 - 0001f7f0 [    1] */, //
+    0x7e4000ff /* 0001f900 - 0001f9ff [  256] */, //
+    0x7e9c000c /* 0001fa70 - 0001fa7c [   13] */, //
+    0x7ea00008 /* 0001fa80 - 0001fa88 [    9] */, //
+    0x7ea4002d /* 0001fa90 - 0001fabd [   46] */, //
+    0x7eafc006 /* 0001fabf - 0001fac5 [    7] */, //
+    0x7eb3800d /* 0001face - 0001fadb [   14] */, //
+    0x7eb80008 /* 0001fae0 - 0001fae8 [    9] */, //
+    0x7ebc0008 /* 0001faf0 - 0001faf8 [    9] */, //
+    0x80003fff /* 00020000 - 00023fff [16384] */, //
+    0x90003fff /* 00024000 - 00027fff [16384] */, //
+    0xa0003fff /* 00028000 - 0002bfff [16384] */, //
+    0xb0003ffd /* 0002c000 - 0002fffd [16382] */, //
+    0xc0003fff /* 00030000 - 00033fff [16384] */, //
+    0xd0003fff /* 00034000 - 00037fff [16384] */, //
+    0xe0003fff /* 00038000 - 0003bfff [16384] */, //
+    0xf0003ffd /* 0003c000 - 0003fffd [16382] */};
+
+/// The upper bound entry of EastAsianWidth.txt.
+///
+/// Values greater than this value may have more than 18 significant bits.
+/// They always have a width of 1. This property makes it possible to store
+/// the table in its compact form.
+inline constexpr uint32_t __table_upper_bound = 0x0003fffd;
+
+/// Returns the estimated width of a Unicode code point.
+///
+/// \\pre The code point is a valid Unicode code point.
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr int __estimated_width(const char32_t __code_point) noexcept {
+  // Since __table_upper_bound contains the unshifted range do the
+  // comparison without shifting.
+  if (__code_point > __table_upper_bound) [[unlikely]]
+    return 1;
+
+  // When the code-point is less than the first element in the table
+  // the lookup is quite expensive. Since quite some scripts are in
+  // that range, it makes sense to validate that first.
+  // The std_format_spec_string_unicode benchmark gives a measurable
+  // improvement.
+  if (__code_point < (__entries[0] >> 14))
+    return 1;
+
+  ptr
diff _t __i = std::ranges::upper_bound(__entries, (__code_point << 14) | 0x3fffu) - __entries;
+  if (__i == 0)
+    return 1;
+
+  --__i;
+  uint32_t __upper_bound = (__entries[__i] >> 14) + (__entries[__i] & 0x3fffu);
+  return 1 + (__code_point <= __upper_bound);
+}
+
+} // namespace __width_estimation_table
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_WIDTH_ESTIMATION_TABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/write_escaped.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/write_escaped.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..052ea98c3c3b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__format/write_escaped.h
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FORMAT_WRITE_ESCAPED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FORMAT_WRITE_ESCAPED_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_for_each.h>
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_integral.h>
+#include <__charconv/to_chars_result.h>
+#include <__chrono/statically_widen.h>
+#include <__format/escaped_output_table.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_output.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__format/unicode.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__system_error/errc.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __formatter {
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+/// Writes a string using format's width estimation algorithm.
+///
+/// \note When \c _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE is defined the function assumes the
+/// input is ASCII.
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__write_string(basic_string_view<_CharT> __str,
+               output_iterator<const _CharT&> auto __out_it,
+               __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  if (!__specs.__has_precision())
+    return __formatter::__write_string_no_precision(__str, std::move(__out_it), __specs);
+
+  int __size = __formatter::__truncate(__str, __specs.__precision_);
+
+  return __formatter::__write(__str.begin(), __str.end(), std::move(__out_it), __specs, __size);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+struct __nul_terminator {};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const _CharT* __cstr, __nul_terminator) {
+  return *__cstr == _CharT('\0');
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__write_escaped_code_unit(basic_string<_CharT>& __str, char32_t __value, const _CharT* __prefix) {
+  back_insert_iterator __out_it{__str};
+  std::ranges::copy(__prefix, __nul_terminator{}, __out_it);
+
+  char __buffer[8];
+  to_chars_result __r = std::to_chars(std::begin(__buffer), std::end(__buffer), __value, 16);
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__r.ec == errc(0), "Internal buffer too small");
+  std::ranges::copy(std::begin(__buffer), __r.ptr, __out_it);
+
+  __str += _CharT('}');
+}
+
+// [format.string.escaped]/2.2.1.2
+// ...
+// then the sequence \u{hex-digit-sequence} is appended to E, where
+// hex-digit-sequence is the shortest hexadecimal representation of C using
+// lower-case hexadecimal digits.
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __write_well_formed_escaped_code_unit(basic_string<_CharT>& __str, char32_t __value) {
+  __formatter::__write_escaped_code_unit(__str, __value, _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "\\u{"));
+}
+
+// [format.string.escaped]/2.2.3
+// Otherwise (X is a sequence of ill-formed code units), each code unit U is
+// appended to E in order as the sequence \x{hex-digit-sequence}, where
+// hex-digit-sequence is the shortest hexadecimal representation of U using
+// lower-case hexadecimal digits.
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __write_escape_ill_formed_code_unit(basic_string<_CharT>& __str, char32_t __value) {
+  __formatter::__write_escaped_code_unit(__str, __value, _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "\\x{"));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+__is_escaped_sequence_written(basic_string<_CharT>& __str, bool __last_escaped, char32_t __value) {
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+  // For ASCII assume everything above 127 is printable.
+  if (__value > 127)
+    return false;
+#  endif
+
+  // [format.string.escaped]/2.2.1.2.1
+  //   CE is UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32 and C corresponds to a Unicode scalar
+  //   value whose Unicode property General_Category has a value in the groups
+  //   Separator (Z) or Other (C), as described by UAX #44 of the Unicode Standard,
+  if (!__escaped_output_table::__needs_escape(__value))
+    // [format.string.escaped]/2.2.1.2.2
+    //   CE is UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32 and C corresponds to a Unicode scalar
+    //   value with the Unicode property Grapheme_Extend=Yes as described by UAX
+    //   #44 of the Unicode Standard and C is not immediately preceded in S by a
+    //   character P appended to E without translation to an escape sequence,
+    if (!__last_escaped || __extended_grapheme_custer_property_boundary::__get_property(__value) !=
+                               __extended_grapheme_custer_property_boundary::__property::__Extend)
+      return false;
+
+  __formatter::__write_well_formed_escaped_code_unit(__str, __value);
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr char32_t __to_char32(_CharT __value) {
+  return static_cast<make_unsigned_t<_CharT>>(__value);
+}
+
+enum class __escape_quotation_mark { __apostrophe, __double_quote };
+
+// [format.string.escaped]/2
+template <class _CharT>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_escaped_sequence_written(
+    basic_string<_CharT>& __str, char32_t __value, bool __last_escaped, __escape_quotation_mark __mark) {
+  // 2.2.1.1 - Mapped character in [tab:format.escape.sequences]
+  switch (__value) {
+  case _CharT('\t'):
+    __str += _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "\\t");
+    return true;
+  case _CharT('\n'):
+    __str += _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "\\n");
+    return true;
+  case _CharT('\r'):
+    __str += _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, "\\r");
+    return true;
+  case _CharT('\''):
+    if (__mark == __escape_quotation_mark::__apostrophe)
+      __str += _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, R"(\')");
+    else
+      __str += __value;
+    return true;
+  case _CharT('"'):
+    if (__mark == __escape_quotation_mark::__double_quote)
+      __str += _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, R"(\")");
+    else
+      __str += __value;
+    return true;
+  case _CharT('\\'):
+    __str += _LIBCPP_STATICALLY_WIDEN(_CharT, R"(\\)");
+    return true;
+
+  // 2.2.1.2 - Space
+  case _CharT(' '):
+    __str += __value;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // 2.2.2
+  //   Otherwise, if X is a shift sequence, the effect on E and further
+  //   decoding of S is unspecified.
+  // For now shift sequences are ignored and treated as Unicode. Other parts
+  // of the format library do the same. It's unknown how ostream treats them.
+  // TODO FMT determine what to do with shift sequences.
+
+  // 2.2.1.2.1 and 2.2.1.2.2 - Escape
+  return __formatter::__is_escaped_sequence_written(__str, __last_escaped, __formatter::__to_char32(__value));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__escape(basic_string<_CharT>& __str, basic_string_view<_CharT> __values, __escape_quotation_mark __mark) {
+  __unicode::__code_point_view<_CharT> __view{__values.begin(), __values.end()};
+
+  // When the first code unit has the property Grapheme_Extend=Yes it needs to
+  // be escaped. This happens when the previous code unit was also escaped.
+  bool __escape = true;
+  while (!__view.__at_end()) {
+    auto __first                                  = __view.__position();
+    typename __unicode::__consume_result __result = __view.__consume();
+    if (__result.__status == __unicode::__consume_result::__ok) {
+      __escape = __formatter::__is_escaped_sequence_written(__str, __result.__code_point, __escape, __mark);
+      if (!__escape)
+        // 2.2.1.3 - Add the character
+        ranges::copy(__first, __view.__position(), std::back_insert_iterator(__str));
+    } else {
+      // 2.2.3 sequence of ill-formed code units
+      ranges::for_each(__first, __view.__position(), [&](_CharT __value) {
+        __formatter::__write_escape_ill_formed_code_unit(__str, __formatter::__to_char32(__value));
+      });
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__format_escaped_char(_CharT __value,
+                      output_iterator<const _CharT&> auto __out_it,
+                      __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  basic_string<_CharT> __str;
+  __str += _CharT('\'');
+  __formatter::__escape(__str, basic_string_view{std::addressof(__value), 1}, __escape_quotation_mark::__apostrophe);
+  __str += _CharT('\'');
+  return __formatter::__write(__str.data(), __str.data() + __str.size(), std::move(__out_it), __specs, __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__format_escaped_string(basic_string_view<_CharT> __values,
+                        output_iterator<const _CharT&> auto __out_it,
+                        __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs) -> decltype(__out_it) {
+  basic_string<_CharT> __str;
+  __str += _CharT('"');
+  __formatter::__escape(__str, __values, __escape_quotation_mark::__double_quote);
+  __str += _CharT('"');
+  return __formatter::__write_string(basic_string_view{__str}, std::move(__out_it), __specs);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+} // namespace __formatter
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FORMAT_WRITE_ESCAPED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binary_function.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binary_function.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ddee3b170311f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binary_function.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINARY_FUNCTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINARY_FUNCTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_UNARY_BINARY_FUNCTION)
+
+template <class _Arg1, class _Arg2, class _Result>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 binary_function {
+  typedef _Arg1 first_argument_type;
+  typedef _Arg2 second_argument_type;
+  typedef _Result result_type;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_UNARY_BINARY_FUNCTION)
+
+template <class _Arg1, class _Arg2, class _Result>
+struct __binary_function_keep_layout_base {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using first_argument_type _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17  = _Arg1;
+  using second_argument_type _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Arg2;
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17          = _Result;
+#endif
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_UNARY_BINARY_FUNCTION)
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+_LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wdeprecated-declarations")
+template <class _Arg1, class _Arg2, class _Result>
+using __binary_function = binary_function<_Arg1, _Arg2, _Result>;
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#else
+template <class _Arg1, class _Arg2, class _Result>
+using __binary_function = __binary_function_keep_layout_base<_Arg1, _Arg2, _Result>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINARY_FUNCTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binary_negate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binary_negate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ce52b5ae9fc499
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binary_negate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINARY_NEGATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINARY_NEGATE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/binary_function.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_NEGATORS)
+
+template <class _Predicate>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 binary_negate
+    : public __binary_function<typename _Predicate::first_argument_type,
+                               typename _Predicate::second_argument_type,
+                               bool> {
+  _Predicate __pred_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 binary_negate(const _Predicate& __pred)
+      : __pred_(__pred) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(
+      const typename _Predicate::first_argument_type& __x, const typename _Predicate::second_argument_type& __y) const {
+    return !__pred_(__x, __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI binary_negate<_Predicate>
+not2(const _Predicate& __pred) {
+  return binary_negate<_Predicate>(__pred);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_NEGATORS)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINARY_NEGATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/bind.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/bind.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b4f46441da5074
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/bind.h
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BIND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BIND_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/weak_result_type.h>
+#include <__fwd/functional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference_wrapper.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_bind_expression
+    : _If< _IsSame<_Tp, __remove_cvref_t<_Tp> >::value, false_type, is_bind_expression<__remove_cvref_t<_Tp> > > {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_bind_expression_v = is_bind_expression<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_placeholder
+    : _If< _IsSame<_Tp, __remove_cvref_t<_Tp> >::value,
+           integral_constant<int, 0>,
+           is_placeholder<__remove_cvref_t<_Tp> > > {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr int is_placeholder_v = is_placeholder<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+namespace placeholders {
+
+template <int _Np>
+struct __ph {};
+
+// C++17 recommends that we implement placeholders as `inline constexpr`, but allows
+// implementing them as `extern <implementation-defined>`. Libc++ implements them as
+// `extern const` in all standard modes to avoid an ABI break in C++03: making them
+// `inline constexpr` requires removing their definition in the shared library to
+// avoid ODR violations, which is an ABI break.
+//
+// In practice, since placeholders are empty, `extern const` is almost impossible
+// to distinguish from `inline constexpr` from a usage stand point.
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI extern const __ph<1> _1;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI extern const __ph<2> _2;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI extern const __ph<3> _3;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI extern const __ph<4> _4;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI extern const __ph<5> _5;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI extern const __ph<6> _6;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI extern const __ph<7> _7;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI extern const __ph<8> _8;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI extern const __ph<9> _9;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI extern const __ph<10> _10;
+
+} // namespace placeholders
+
+template <int _Np>
+struct is_placeholder<placeholders::__ph<_Np> > : public integral_constant<int, _Np> {};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Uj>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& __mu(reference_wrapper<_Tp> __t, _Uj&) {
+  return __t.get();
+}
+
+template <class _Ti, class... _Uj, size_t... _Indx>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename __invoke_of<_Ti&, _Uj...>::type
+__mu_expand(_Ti& __ti, tuple<_Uj...>& __uj, __tuple_indices<_Indx...>) {
+  return __ti(std::forward<_Uj>(std::get<_Indx>(__uj))...);
+}
+
+template <class _Ti, class... _Uj, __enable_if_t<is_bind_expression<_Ti>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename __invoke_of<_Ti&, _Uj...>::type
+__mu(_Ti& __ti, tuple<_Uj...>& __uj) {
+  typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Uj)>::type __indices;
+  return std::__mu_expand(__ti, __uj, __indices());
+}
+
+template <bool _IsPh, class _Ti, class _Uj>
+struct __mu_return2 {};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _Uj>
+struct __mu_return2<true, _Ti, _Uj> {
+  typedef typename tuple_element<is_placeholder<_Ti>::value - 1, _Uj>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _Uj, __enable_if_t<0 < is_placeholder<_Ti>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+typename __mu_return2<0 < is_placeholder<_Ti>::value, _Ti, _Uj>::type
+__mu(_Ti&, _Uj& __uj) {
+  const size_t __indx = is_placeholder<_Ti>::value - 1;
+  return std::forward<typename tuple_element<__indx, _Uj>::type>(std::get<__indx>(__uj));
+}
+
+template <class _Ti,
+          class _Uj,
+          __enable_if_t<!is_bind_expression<_Ti>::value && is_placeholder<_Ti>::value == 0 &&
+                            !__is_reference_wrapper<_Ti>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Ti& __mu(_Ti& __ti, _Uj&) {
+  return __ti;
+}
+
+template <class _Ti, bool _IsReferenceWrapper, bool _IsBindEx, bool _IsPh, class _TupleUj>
+struct __mu_return_impl;
+
+template <bool _Invokable, class _Ti, class... _Uj>
+struct __mu_return_invokable // false
+{
+  typedef __nat type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class... _Uj>
+struct __mu_return_invokable<true, _Ti, _Uj...> {
+  typedef typename __invoke_of<_Ti&, _Uj...>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class... _Uj>
+struct __mu_return_impl<_Ti, false, true, false, tuple<_Uj...> >
+    : public __mu_return_invokable<__invokable<_Ti&, _Uj...>::value, _Ti, _Uj...> {};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct __mu_return_impl<_Ti, false, false, true, _TupleUj> {
+  typedef typename tuple_element<is_placeholder<_Ti>::value - 1, _TupleUj>::type&& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct __mu_return_impl<_Ti, true, false, false, _TupleUj> {
+  typedef typename _Ti::type& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct __mu_return_impl<_Ti, false, false, false, _TupleUj> {
+  typedef _Ti& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ti, class _TupleUj>
+struct __mu_return
+    : public __mu_return_impl<
+          _Ti,
+          __is_reference_wrapper<_Ti>::value,
+          is_bind_expression<_Ti>::value,
+          0 < is_placeholder<_Ti>::value && is_placeholder<_Ti>::value <= tuple_size<_TupleUj>::value,
+          _TupleUj> {};
+
+template <class _Fp, class _BoundArgs, class _TupleUj>
+struct __is_valid_bind_return {
+  static const bool value = false;
+};
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _BoundArgs, class _TupleUj>
+struct __is_valid_bind_return<_Fp, tuple<_BoundArgs...>, _TupleUj> {
+  static const bool value = __invokable<_Fp, typename __mu_return<_BoundArgs, _TupleUj>::type...>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _BoundArgs, class _TupleUj>
+struct __is_valid_bind_return<_Fp, const tuple<_BoundArgs...>, _TupleUj> {
+  static const bool value = __invokable<_Fp, typename __mu_return<const _BoundArgs, _TupleUj>::type...>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Fp, class _BoundArgs, class _TupleUj, bool = __is_valid_bind_return<_Fp, _BoundArgs, _TupleUj>::value>
+struct __bind_return;
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _BoundArgs, class _TupleUj>
+struct __bind_return<_Fp, tuple<_BoundArgs...>, _TupleUj, true> {
+  typedef typename __invoke_of< _Fp&, typename __mu_return< _BoundArgs, _TupleUj >::type... >::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _BoundArgs, class _TupleUj>
+struct __bind_return<_Fp, const tuple<_BoundArgs...>, _TupleUj, true> {
+  typedef typename __invoke_of< _Fp&, typename __mu_return< const _BoundArgs, _TupleUj >::type... >::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Fp, class _BoundArgs, size_t... _Indx, class _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename __bind_return<_Fp, _BoundArgs, _Args>::type
+__apply_functor(_Fp& __f, _BoundArgs& __bound_args, __tuple_indices<_Indx...>, _Args&& __args) {
+  return std::__invoke(__f, std::__mu(std::get<_Indx>(__bound_args), __args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _BoundArgs>
+class __bind : public __weak_result_type<__decay_t<_Fp> > {
+protected:
+  using _Fd = __decay_t<_Fp>;
+  typedef tuple<__decay_t<_BoundArgs>...> _Td;
+
+private:
+  _Fd __f_;
+  _Td __bound_args_;
+
+  typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_BoundArgs)>::type __indices;
+
+public:
+  template <
+      class _Gp,
+      class... _BA,
+      __enable_if_t<is_constructible<_Fd, _Gp>::value && !is_same<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Gp>, __bind>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit __bind(_Gp&& __f, _BA&&... __bound_args)
+      : __f_(std::forward<_Gp>(__f)), __bound_args_(std::forward<_BA>(__bound_args)...) {}
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename __bind_return<_Fd, _Td, tuple<_Args&&...> >::type
+  operator()(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return std::__apply_functor(__f_, __bound_args_, __indices(), tuple<_Args&&...>(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  typename __bind_return<const _Fd, const _Td, tuple<_Args&&...> >::type
+  operator()(_Args&&... __args) const {
+    return std::__apply_functor(__f_, __bound_args_, __indices(), tuple<_Args&&...>(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _BoundArgs>
+struct is_bind_expression<__bind<_Fp, _BoundArgs...> > : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp, class... _BoundArgs>
+class __bind_r : public __bind<_Fp, _BoundArgs...> {
+  typedef __bind<_Fp, _BoundArgs...> base;
+  typedef typename base::_Fd _Fd;
+  typedef typename base::_Td _Td;
+
+public:
+  typedef _Rp result_type;
+
+  template <
+      class _Gp,
+      class... _BA,
+      __enable_if_t<is_constructible<_Fd, _Gp>::value && !is_same<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Gp>, __bind_r>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit __bind_r(_Gp&& __f, _BA&&... __bound_args)
+      : base(std::forward<_Gp>(__f), std::forward<_BA>(__bound_args)...) {}
+
+  template <
+      class... _Args,
+      __enable_if_t<is_convertible<typename __bind_return<_Fd, _Td, tuple<_Args&&...> >::type, result_type>::value ||
+                        is_void<_Rp>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 result_type operator()(_Args&&... __args) {
+    typedef __invoke_void_return_wrapper<_Rp> _Invoker;
+    return _Invoker::__call(static_cast<base&>(*this), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args,
+            __enable_if_t<is_convertible<typename __bind_return<const _Fd, const _Td, tuple<_Args&&...> >::type,
+                                         result_type>::value ||
+                              is_void<_Rp>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 result_type operator()(_Args&&... __args) const {
+    typedef __invoke_void_return_wrapper<_Rp> _Invoker;
+    return _Invoker::__call(static_cast<base const&>(*this), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp, class... _BoundArgs>
+struct is_bind_expression<__bind_r<_Rp, _Fp, _BoundArgs...> > : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _BoundArgs>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bind<_Fp, _BoundArgs...>
+bind(_Fp&& __f, _BoundArgs&&... __bound_args) {
+  typedef __bind<_Fp, _BoundArgs...> type;
+  return type(std::forward<_Fp>(__f), std::forward<_BoundArgs>(__bound_args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp, class... _BoundArgs>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __bind_r<_Rp, _Fp, _BoundArgs...>
+bind(_Fp&& __f, _BoundArgs&&... __bound_args) {
+  typedef __bind_r<_Rp, _Fp, _BoundArgs...> type;
+  return type(std::forward<_Fp>(__f), std::forward<_BoundArgs>(__bound_args)...);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BIND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/bind_back.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/bind_back.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e44768d2283c08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/bind_back.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BIND_BACK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BIND_BACK_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/perfect_forward.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <size_t _NBound, class = make_index_sequence<_NBound>>
+struct __bind_back_op;
+
+template <size_t _NBound, size_t... _Ip>
+struct __bind_back_op<_NBound, index_sequence<_Ip...>> {
+  template <class _Fn, class _BoundArgs, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Fn&& __f, _BoundArgs&& __bound_args, _Args&&... __args) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn>(__f),
+                                    std::forward<_Args>(__args)...,
+                                    std::get<_Ip>(std::forward<_BoundArgs>(__bound_args))...)))
+          -> decltype(std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn>(__f),
+                                  std::forward<_Args>(__args)...,
+                                  std::get<_Ip>(std::forward<_BoundArgs>(__bound_args))...)) {
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn>(__f),
+                       std::forward<_Args>(__args)...,
+                       std::get<_Ip>(std::forward<_BoundArgs>(__bound_args))...);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class _BoundArgs>
+struct __bind_back_t : __perfect_forward<__bind_back_op<tuple_size_v<_BoundArgs>>, _Fn, _BoundArgs> {
+  using __perfect_forward<__bind_back_op<tuple_size_v<_BoundArgs>>, _Fn, _BoundArgs>::__perfect_forward;
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+  requires is_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fn>, _Fn> && is_move_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fn>> &&
+               (is_constructible_v<decay_t<_Args>, _Args> && ...) && (is_move_constructible_v<decay_t<_Args>> && ...)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __bind_back(_Fn&& __f, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(
+    noexcept(__bind_back_t<decay_t<_Fn>, tuple<decay_t<_Args>...>>(
+        std::forward<_Fn>(__f), std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...))))
+    -> decltype(__bind_back_t<decay_t<_Fn>, tuple<decay_t<_Args>...>>(
+        std::forward<_Fn>(__f), std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...))) {
+  return __bind_back_t<decay_t<_Fn>, tuple<decay_t<_Args>...>>(
+      std::forward<_Fn>(__f), std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto bind_back(_Fn&& __f, _Args&&... __args) {
+  static_assert(is_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fn>, _Fn>, "bind_back requires decay_t<F> to be constructible from F");
+  static_assert(is_move_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fn>>, "bind_back requires decay_t<F> to be move constructible");
+  static_assert((is_constructible_v<decay_t<_Args>, _Args> && ...),
+                "bind_back requires all decay_t<Args> to be constructible from respective Args");
+  static_assert((is_move_constructible_v<decay_t<_Args>> && ...),
+                "bind_back requires all decay_t<Args> to be move constructible");
+  return __bind_back_t<decay_t<_Fn>, tuple<decay_t<_Args>...>>(
+      std::forward<_Fn>(__f), std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BIND_BACK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/bind_front.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/bind_front.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..87ef3affe80b63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/bind_front.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BIND_FRONT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BIND_FRONT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/perfect_forward.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+struct __bind_front_op {
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Args&&... __args) const noexcept(
+      noexcept(std::invoke(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...))) -> decltype(std::invoke(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _BoundArgs>
+struct __bind_front_t : __perfect_forward<__bind_front_op, _Fn, _BoundArgs...> {
+  using __perfect_forward<__bind_front_op, _Fn, _BoundArgs...>::__perfect_forward;
+};
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+  requires is_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fn>, _Fn> && is_move_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fn>> &&
+           (is_constructible_v<decay_t<_Args>, _Args> && ...) && (is_move_constructible_v<decay_t<_Args>> && ...)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto bind_front(_Fn&& __f, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return __bind_front_t<decay_t<_Fn>, decay_t<_Args>...>(std::forward<_Fn>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BIND_FRONT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binder1st.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binder1st.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..04b51fefab70a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binder1st.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINDER1ST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINDER1ST_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_BINDERS)
+
+template <class _Operation>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 binder1st
+    : public __unary_function<typename _Operation::second_argument_type, typename _Operation::result_type> {
+protected:
+  _Operation op;
+  typename _Operation::first_argument_type value;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI binder1st(const _Operation& __x, const typename _Operation::first_argument_type __y)
+      : op(__x), value(__y) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Operation::result_type
+  operator()(typename _Operation::second_argument_type& __x) const {
+    return op(value, __x);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Operation::result_type
+  operator()(const typename _Operation::second_argument_type& __x) const {
+    return op(value, __x);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Operation, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI binder1st<_Operation>
+bind1st(const _Operation& __op, const _Tp& __x) {
+  return binder1st<_Operation>(__op, __x);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_BINDERS)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINDER1ST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binder2nd.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binder2nd.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9d22e4430b1b34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/binder2nd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINDER2ND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINDER2ND_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_BINDERS)
+
+template <class _Operation>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 binder2nd
+    : public __unary_function<typename _Operation::first_argument_type, typename _Operation::result_type> {
+protected:
+  _Operation op;
+  typename _Operation::second_argument_type value;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI binder2nd(const _Operation& __x, const typename _Operation::second_argument_type __y)
+      : op(__x), value(__y) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Operation::result_type
+  operator()(typename _Operation::first_argument_type& __x) const {
+    return op(__x, value);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Operation::result_type
+  operator()(const typename _Operation::first_argument_type& __x) const {
+    return op(__x, value);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Operation, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI binder2nd<_Operation>
+bind2nd(const _Operation& __op, const _Tp& __x) {
+  return binder2nd<_Operation>(__op, __x);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_BINDERS)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BINDER2ND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/boyer_moore_searcher.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/boyer_moore_searcher.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..648b60c5052191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/boyer_moore_searcher.h
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BOYER_MOORE_SEARCHER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BOYER_MOORE_SEARCHER_H
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#include <__algorithm/fill_n.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Key, class _Value, class _Hash, class _BinaryPredicate, bool /*useArray*/>
+class _BMSkipTable;
+
+// General case for BM data searching; use a map
+template <class _Key, class _Value, class _Hash, class _BinaryPredicate>
+class _BMSkipTable<_Key, _Value, _Hash, _BinaryPredicate, false> {
+private:
+  using value_type = _Value;
+  using key_type   = _Key;
+
+  const value_type __default_value_;
+  unordered_map<_Key, _Value, _Hash, _BinaryPredicate> __table_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _BMSkipTable(
+      size_t __sz, value_type __default_value, _Hash __hash, _BinaryPredicate __pred)
+      : __default_value_(__default_value), __table_(__sz, __hash, __pred) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(const key_type& __key, value_type __val) { __table_[__key] = __val; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type operator[](const key_type& __key) const {
+    auto __it = __table_.find(__key);
+    return __it == __table_.end() ? __default_value_ : __it->second;
+  }
+};
+
+// Special case small numeric values; use an array
+template <class _Key, class _Value, class _Hash, class _BinaryPredicate>
+class _BMSkipTable<_Key, _Value, _Hash, _BinaryPredicate, true> {
+private:
+  using value_type = _Value;
+  using key_type   = _Key;
+
+  using unsigned_key_type = make_unsigned_t<key_type>;
+  std::array<value_type, 256> __table_;
+  static_assert(numeric_limits<unsigned_key_type>::max() < 256);
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _BMSkipTable(size_t, value_type __default_value, _Hash, _BinaryPredicate) {
+    std::fill_n(__table_.data(), __table_.size(), __default_value);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(key_type __key, value_type __val) {
+    __table_[static_cast<unsigned_key_type>(__key)] = __val;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type operator[](key_type __key) const {
+    return __table_[static_cast<unsigned_key_type>(__key)];
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator1,
+          class _Hash            = hash<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator1>::value_type>,
+          class _BinaryPredicate = equal_to<>>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS boyer_moore_searcher {
+private:
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator1>::
diff erence_type;
+  using value_type      = typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator1>::value_type;
+  using __skip_table_type =
+      _BMSkipTable<value_type,
+                   
diff erence_type,
+                   _Hash,
+                   _BinaryPredicate,
+                   is_integral_v<value_type> && sizeof(value_type) == 1 && is_same_v<_Hash, hash<value_type>> &&
+                       is_same_v<_BinaryPredicate, equal_to<>>>;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI boyer_moore_searcher(
+      _RandomAccessIterator1 __first,
+      _RandomAccessIterator1 __last,
+      _Hash __hash            = _Hash(),
+      _BinaryPredicate __pred = _BinaryPredicate())
+      : __first_(__first),
+        __last_(__last),
+        __pred_(__pred),
+        __pattern_length_(__last - __first),
+        __skip_table_(std::make_shared<__skip_table_type>(__pattern_length_, -1, __hash, __pred_)),
+        __suffix_(std::__allocate_shared_unbounded_array<
diff erence_type[]>(
+            allocator<
diff erence_type>(), __pattern_length_ + 1)) {
+    
diff erence_type __i = 0;
+    while (__first != __last) {
+      __skip_table_->insert(*__first, __i);
+      ++__first;
+      ++__i;
+    }
+    __build_suffix_table(__first_, __last_, __pred_);
+  }
+
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_RandomAccessIterator2, _RandomAccessIterator2>
+  operator()(_RandomAccessIterator2 __first, _RandomAccessIterator2 __last) const {
+    static_assert(__is_same_uncvref<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator1>::value_type,
+                                    typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator2>::value_type>::value,
+                  "Corpus and Pattern iterators must point to the same type");
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return std::make_pair(__last, __last);
+    if (__first_ == __last_)
+      return std::make_pair(__first, __first);
+
+    if (__pattern_length_ > (__last - __first))
+      return std::make_pair(__last, __last);
+    return __search(__first, __last);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _RandomAccessIterator1 __first_;
+  _RandomAccessIterator1 __last_;
+  _BinaryPredicate __pred_;
+  
diff erence_type __pattern_length_;
+  shared_ptr<__skip_table_type> __skip_table_;
+  shared_ptr<
diff erence_type[]> __suffix_;
+
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_RandomAccessIterator2, _RandomAccessIterator2>
+  __search(_RandomAccessIterator2 __f, _RandomAccessIterator2 __l) const {
+    _RandomAccessIterator2 __current      = __f;
+    const _RandomAccessIterator2 __last   = __l - __pattern_length_;
+    const __skip_table_type& __skip_table = *__skip_table_;
+
+    while (__current <= __last) {
+      
diff erence_type __j = __pattern_length_;
+      while (__pred_(__first_[__j - 1], __current[__j - 1])) {
+        --__j;
+        if (__j == 0)
+          return std::make_pair(__current, __current + __pattern_length_);
+      }
+
+      
diff erence_type __k = __skip_table[__current[__j - 1]];
+      
diff erence_type __m = __j - __k - 1;
+      if (__k < __j && __m > __suffix_[__j])
+        __current += __m;
+      else
+        __current += __suffix_[__j];
+    }
+    return std::make_pair(__l, __l);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Container>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __compute_bm_prefix(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __last, _BinaryPredicate __pred, _Container& __prefix) {
+    const size_t __count = __last - __first;
+
+    __prefix[0] = 0;
+    size_t __k  = 0;
+
+    for (size_t __i = 1; __i != __count; ++__i) {
+      while (__k > 0 && !__pred(__first[__k], __first[__i]))
+        __k = __prefix[__k - 1];
+
+      if (__pred(__first[__k], __first[__i]))
+        ++__k;
+      __prefix[__i] = __k;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __build_suffix_table(_RandomAccessIterator1 __first, _RandomAccessIterator1 __last, _BinaryPredicate __pred) {
+    const size_t __count = __last - __first;
+
+    if (__count == 0)
+      return;
+
+    vector<
diff erence_type> __scratch(__count);
+
+    __compute_bm_prefix(__first, __last, __pred, __scratch);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i <= __count; ++__i)
+      __suffix_[__i] = __count - __scratch[__count - 1];
+
+    using _ReverseIter = reverse_iterator<_RandomAccessIterator1>;
+    __compute_bm_prefix(_ReverseIter(__last), _ReverseIter(__first), __pred, __scratch);
+
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i != __count; ++__i) {
+      const size_t __j          = __count - __scratch[__i];
+      const 
diff erence_type __k = __i - __scratch[__i] + 1;
+
+      if (__suffix_[__j] > __k)
+        __suffix_[__j] = __k;
+    }
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(boyer_moore_searcher);
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator1,
+          class _Hash            = hash<typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator1>::value_type>,
+          class _BinaryPredicate = equal_to<>>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS boyer_moore_horspool_searcher {
+private:
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator1>::
diff erence_type;
+  using value_type      = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator1>::value_type;
+  using __skip_table_type =
+      _BMSkipTable<value_type,
+                   
diff erence_type,
+                   _Hash,
+                   _BinaryPredicate,
+                   is_integral_v<value_type> && sizeof(value_type) == 1 && is_same_v<_Hash, hash<value_type>> &&
+                       is_same_v<_BinaryPredicate, equal_to<>>>;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI boyer_moore_horspool_searcher(
+      _RandomAccessIterator1 __first,
+      _RandomAccessIterator1 __last,
+      _Hash __hash            = _Hash(),
+      _BinaryPredicate __pred = _BinaryPredicate())
+      : __first_(__first),
+        __last_(__last),
+        __pred_(__pred),
+        __pattern_length_(__last - __first),
+        __skip_table_(std::make_shared<__skip_table_type>(__pattern_length_, __pattern_length_, __hash, __pred_)) {
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return;
+    --__last;
+    
diff erence_type __i = 0;
+    while (__first != __last) {
+      __skip_table_->insert(*__first, __pattern_length_ - 1 - __i);
+      ++__first;
+      ++__i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_RandomAccessIterator2, _RandomAccessIterator2>
+  operator()(_RandomAccessIterator2 __first, _RandomAccessIterator2 __last) const {
+    static_assert(__is_same_uncvref<typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator1>::value_type,
+                                    typename std::iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator2>::value_type>::value,
+                  "Corpus and Pattern iterators must point to the same type");
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return std::make_pair(__last, __last);
+    if (__first_ == __last_)
+      return std::make_pair(__first, __first);
+
+    if (__pattern_length_ > __last - __first)
+      return std::make_pair(__last, __last);
+
+    return __search(__first, __last);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _RandomAccessIterator1 __first_;
+  _RandomAccessIterator1 __last_;
+  _BinaryPredicate __pred_;
+  
diff erence_type __pattern_length_;
+  shared_ptr<__skip_table_type> __skip_table_;
+
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_RandomAccessIterator2, _RandomAccessIterator2>
+  __search(_RandomAccessIterator2 __f, _RandomAccessIterator2 __l) const {
+    _RandomAccessIterator2 __current      = __f;
+    const _RandomAccessIterator2 __last   = __l - __pattern_length_;
+    const __skip_table_type& __skip_table = *__skip_table_;
+
+    while (__current <= __last) {
+      
diff erence_type __j = __pattern_length_;
+      while (__pred_(__first_[__j - 1], __current[__j - 1])) {
+        --__j;
+        if (__j == 0)
+          return std::make_pair(__current, __current + __pattern_length_);
+      }
+      __current += __skip_table[__current[__pattern_length_ - 1]];
+    }
+    return std::make_pair(__l, __l);
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(boyer_moore_horspool_searcher);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_BOYER_MOORE_SEARCHER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/compose.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/compose.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4b86dd37cd48a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/compose.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_COMPOSE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_COMPOSE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/perfect_forward.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+struct __compose_op {
+  template <class _Fn1, class _Fn2, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Fn1&& __f1, _Fn2&& __f2, _Args&&... __args) const noexcept(noexcept(
+      std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn1>(__f1), std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn2>(__f2), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...))))
+      -> decltype(std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn1>(__f1),
+                              std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn2>(__f2), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...))) {
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn1>(__f1), std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn2>(__f2), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Fn1, class _Fn2>
+struct __compose_t : __perfect_forward<__compose_op, _Fn1, _Fn2> {
+  using __perfect_forward<__compose_op, _Fn1, _Fn2>::__perfect_forward;
+};
+
+template <class _Fn1, class _Fn2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __compose(_Fn1&& __f1, _Fn2&& __f2) noexcept(
+    noexcept(__compose_t<decay_t<_Fn1>, decay_t<_Fn2>>(std::forward<_Fn1>(__f1), std::forward<_Fn2>(__f2))))
+    -> decltype(__compose_t<decay_t<_Fn1>, decay_t<_Fn2>>(std::forward<_Fn1>(__f1), std::forward<_Fn2>(__f2))) {
+  return __compose_t<decay_t<_Fn1>, decay_t<_Fn2>>(std::forward<_Fn1>(__f1), std::forward<_Fn2>(__f2));
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_COMPOSE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/default_searcher.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/default_searcher.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..db89d10757c1b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/default_searcher.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_DEFAULT_SEARCHER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_DEFAULT_SEARCHER_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/search.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+// default searcher
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _BinaryPredicate = equal_to<>>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS default_searcher {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  default_searcher(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, _BinaryPredicate __p = _BinaryPredicate())
+      : __first_(__f), __last_(__l), __pred_(__p) {}
+
+  template <typename _ForwardIterator2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair<_ForwardIterator2, _ForwardIterator2>
+  operator()(_ForwardIterator2 __f, _ForwardIterator2 __l) const {
+    auto __proj = __identity();
+    return std::__search_impl(__f, __l, __first_, __last_, __pred_, __proj, __proj);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _ForwardIterator __first_;
+  _ForwardIterator __last_;
+  _BinaryPredicate __pred_;
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(default_searcher);
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_DEFAULT_SEARCHER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/function.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/function.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c7b98035e34bfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/function.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1048 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_FUNCTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_FUNCTION_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/exception.h>
+#include <__functional/binary_function.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_destructor.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/builtin_new_allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/compressed_pair.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__type_traits/aligned_storage.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_core_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_scalar.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/strip_signature.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/piecewise_construct.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <new>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <typeinfo>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// bad_function_call
+
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+#  if !_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_BAD_FUNCTION_CALL_KEY_FUNCTION
+_LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wweak-vtables")
+#  endif
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bad_function_call : public exception {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_function_call() _NOEXCEPT                                    = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_function_call(const bad_function_call&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_function_call& operator=(const bad_function_call&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+// Note that when a key function is not used, every translation unit that uses
+// bad_function_call will end up containing a weak definition of the vtable and
+// typeinfo.
+#  if _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_BAD_FUNCTION_CALL_KEY_FUNCTION
+  ~bad_function_call() _NOEXCEPT override;
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~bad_function_call() _NOEXCEPT override {}
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BAD_FUNCTION_CALL_GOOD_WHAT_MESSAGE
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+#  endif
+};
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_bad_function_call() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw bad_function_call();
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("bad_function_call was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#  endif
+}
+
+template <class _Fp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS function; // undefined
+
+namespace __function {
+
+template <class _Rp>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _A1>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_Rp(_A1)> : public __unary_function<_A1, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_Rp(_A1, _A2)> : public __binary_function<_A1, _A2, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __not_null(_Fp const&) {
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __not_null(_Fp* __ptr) {
+  return __ptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Ret, class _Class>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __not_null(_Ret _Class::*__ptr) {
+  return __ptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __not_null(function<_Fp> const& __f) {
+  return !!__f;
+}
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_EXTENSION_BLOCKS
+template <class _Rp, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __not_null(_Rp (^__p)(_Args...)) {
+  return __p;
+}
+#  endif
+
+} // namespace __function
+
+namespace __function {
+
+// __alloc_func holds a functor and an allocator.
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Ap, class _FB>
+class __alloc_func;
+template <class _Fp, class _FB>
+class __default_alloc_func;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Ap, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class __alloc_func<_Fp, _Ap, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+  __compressed_pair<_Fp, _Ap> __f_;
+
+public:
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Fp _Target;
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Ap _Alloc;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Target& __target() const { return __f_.first(); }
+
+  // WIN32 APIs may define __allocator, so use __get_allocator instead.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Alloc& __get_allocator() const { return __f_.second(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __alloc_func(_Target&& __f)
+      : __f_(piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(__f)), std::forward_as_tuple()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __alloc_func(const _Target& __f, const _Alloc& __a)
+      : __f_(piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(__f), std::forward_as_tuple(__a)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __alloc_func(const _Target& __f, _Alloc&& __a)
+      : __f_(piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(__f), std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(__a))) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __alloc_func(_Target&& __f, _Alloc&& __a)
+      : __f_(piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(__f)), std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(__a))) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp operator()(_ArgTypes&&... __arg) {
+    typedef __invoke_void_return_wrapper<_Rp> _Invoker;
+    return _Invoker::__call(__f_.first(), std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__arg)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __alloc_func* __clone() const {
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+    typedef __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, __alloc_func> _AA;
+    _AA __a(__f_.second());
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_AA> _Dp;
+    unique_ptr<__alloc_func, _Dp> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _Dp(__a, 1));
+    ::new ((void*)__hold.get()) __alloc_func(__f_.first(), _Alloc(__a));
+    return __hold.release();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void destroy() _NOEXCEPT { __f_.~__compressed_pair<_Target, _Alloc>(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __destroy_and_delete(__alloc_func* __f) {
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+    typedef __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, __alloc_func> _FunAlloc;
+    _FunAlloc __a(__f->__get_allocator());
+    __f->destroy();
+    __a.deallocate(__f, 1);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class __default_alloc_func<_Fp, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+  _Fp __f_;
+
+public:
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Fp _Target;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Target& __target() const { return __f_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __default_alloc_func(_Target&& __f) : __f_(std::move(__f)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __default_alloc_func(const _Target& __f) : __f_(__f) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp operator()(_ArgTypes&&... __arg) {
+    typedef __invoke_void_return_wrapper<_Rp> _Invoker;
+    return _Invoker::__call(__f_, std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__arg)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __default_alloc_func* __clone() const {
+    __builtin_new_allocator::__holder_t __hold = __builtin_new_allocator::__allocate_type<__default_alloc_func>(1);
+    __default_alloc_func* __res                = ::new ((void*)__hold.get()) __default_alloc_func(__f_);
+    (void)__hold.release();
+    return __res;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void destroy() _NOEXCEPT { __f_.~_Target(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __destroy_and_delete(__default_alloc_func* __f) {
+    __f->destroy();
+    __builtin_new_allocator::__deallocate_type<__default_alloc_func>(__f, 1);
+  }
+};
+
+// __base provides an abstract interface for copyable functors.
+
+template <class _Fp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __base;
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class __base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+public:
+  __base(const __base&)            = delete;
+  __base& operator=(const __base&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __base() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual ~__base() {}
+  virtual __base* __clone() const             = 0;
+  virtual void __clone(__base*) const         = 0;
+  virtual void destroy() _NOEXCEPT            = 0;
+  virtual void destroy_deallocate() _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+  virtual _Rp operator()(_ArgTypes&&...)      = 0;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+  virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+  virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const _NOEXCEPT  = 0;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+// __func implements __base for a given functor type.
+
+template <class _FD, class _Alloc, class _FB>
+class __func;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class __func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)> : public __base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+  __alloc_func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)> __f_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __func(_Fp&& __f) : __f_(std::move(__f)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __func(const _Fp& __f, const _Alloc& __a) : __f_(__f, __a) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __func(const _Fp& __f, _Alloc&& __a) : __f_(__f, std::move(__a)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __func(_Fp&& __f, _Alloc&& __a) : __f_(std::move(__f), std::move(__a)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual __base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>* __clone() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __clone(__base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>*) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void destroy() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void destroy_deallocate() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual _Rp operator()(_ArgTypes&&... __arg);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual const void* target(const type_info&) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const _NOEXCEPT;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+__base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>* __func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::__clone() const {
+  typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, __func> _Ap;
+  _Ap __a(__f_.__get_allocator());
+  typedef __allocator_destructor<_Ap> _Dp;
+  unique_ptr<__func, _Dp> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _Dp(__a, 1));
+  ::new ((void*)__hold.get()) __func(__f_.__target(), _Alloc(__a));
+  return __hold.release();
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+void __func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::__clone(__base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>* __p) const {
+  ::new ((void*)__p) __func(__f_.__target(), __f_.__get_allocator());
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+void __func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::destroy() _NOEXCEPT {
+  __f_.destroy();
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+void __func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::destroy_deallocate() _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, __func> _Ap;
+  _Ap __a(__f_.__get_allocator());
+  __f_.destroy();
+  __a.deallocate(this, 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+_Rp __func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes&&... __arg) {
+  return __f_(std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__arg)...);
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+const void* __func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::target(const type_info& __ti) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__ti == typeid(_Fp))
+    return std::addressof(__f_.__target());
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+const std::type_info& __func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::target_type() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return typeid(_Fp);
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+
+// __value_func creates a value-type from a __func.
+
+template <class _Fp>
+class __value_func;
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class __value_func<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  typename aligned_storage<3 * sizeof(void*)>::type __buf_;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+  typedef __base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> __func;
+  __func* __f_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_CFI static __func* __as_base(void* __p) { return reinterpret_cast<__func*>(__p); }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __value_func() _NOEXCEPT : __f_(nullptr) {}
+
+  template <class _Fp, class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __value_func(_Fp&& __f, const _Alloc& __a) : __f_(nullptr) {
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+    typedef __function::__func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)> _Fun;
+    typedef __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, _Fun> _FunAlloc;
+
+    if (__function::__not_null(__f)) {
+      _FunAlloc __af(__a);
+      if (sizeof(_Fun) <= sizeof(__buf_) && is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Fp>::value &&
+          is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_FunAlloc>::value) {
+        __f_ = ::new ((void*)&__buf_) _Fun(std::move(__f), _Alloc(__af));
+      } else {
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<_FunAlloc> _Dp;
+        unique_ptr<__func, _Dp> __hold(__af.allocate(1), _Dp(__af, 1));
+        ::new ((void*)__hold.get()) _Fun(std::move(__f), _Alloc(__a));
+        __f_ = __hold.release();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Fp, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__decay_t<_Fp>, __value_func>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __value_func(_Fp&& __f) : __value_func(std::forward<_Fp>(__f), allocator<_Fp>()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __value_func(const __value_func& __f) {
+    if (__f.__f_ == nullptr)
+      __f_ = nullptr;
+    else if ((void*)__f.__f_ == &__f.__buf_) {
+      __f_ = __as_base(&__buf_);
+      __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    } else
+      __f_ = __f.__f_->__clone();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __value_func(__value_func&& __f) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__f.__f_ == nullptr)
+      __f_ = nullptr;
+    else if ((void*)__f.__f_ == &__f.__buf_) {
+      __f_ = __as_base(&__buf_);
+      __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    } else {
+      __f_     = __f.__f_;
+      __f.__f_ = nullptr;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__value_func() {
+    if ((void*)__f_ == &__buf_)
+      __f_->destroy();
+    else if (__f_)
+      __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __value_func& operator=(__value_func&& __f) {
+    *this = nullptr;
+    if (__f.__f_ == nullptr)
+      __f_ = nullptr;
+    else if ((void*)__f.__f_ == &__f.__buf_) {
+      __f_ = __as_base(&__buf_);
+      __f.__f_->__clone(__f_);
+    } else {
+      __f_     = __f.__f_;
+      __f.__f_ = nullptr;
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __value_func& operator=(nullptr_t) {
+    __func* __f = __f_;
+    __f_        = nullptr;
+    if ((void*)__f == &__buf_)
+      __f->destroy();
+    else if (__f)
+      __f->destroy_deallocate();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp operator()(_ArgTypes&&... __args) const {
+    if (__f_ == nullptr)
+      __throw_bad_function_call();
+    return (*__f_)(std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__value_func& __f) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (&__f == this)
+      return;
+    if ((void*)__f_ == &__buf_ && (void*)__f.__f_ == &__f.__buf_) {
+      _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+      typename aligned_storage<sizeof(__buf_)>::type __tempbuf;
+      _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+      __func* __t = __as_base(&__tempbuf);
+      __f_->__clone(__t);
+      __f_->destroy();
+      __f_ = nullptr;
+      __f.__f_->__clone(__as_base(&__buf_));
+      __f.__f_->destroy();
+      __f.__f_ = nullptr;
+      __f_     = __as_base(&__buf_);
+      __t->__clone(__as_base(&__f.__buf_));
+      __t->destroy();
+      __f.__f_ = __as_base(&__f.__buf_);
+    } else if ((void*)__f_ == &__buf_) {
+      __f_->__clone(__as_base(&__f.__buf_));
+      __f_->destroy();
+      __f_     = __f.__f_;
+      __f.__f_ = __as_base(&__f.__buf_);
+    } else if ((void*)__f.__f_ == &__f.__buf_) {
+      __f.__f_->__clone(__as_base(&__buf_));
+      __f.__f_->destroy();
+      __f.__f_ = __f_;
+      __f_     = __as_base(&__buf_);
+    } else
+      std::swap(__f_, __f.__f_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT { return __f_ != nullptr; }
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const std::type_info& target_type() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__f_ == nullptr)
+      return typeid(void);
+    return __f_->target_type();
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Tp* target() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__f_ == nullptr)
+      return nullptr;
+    return (const _Tp*)__f_->target(typeid(_Tp));
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+// Storage for a functor object, to be used with __policy to manage copy and
+// destruction.
+union __policy_storage {
+  mutable char __small[sizeof(void*) * 2];
+  void* __large;
+};
+
+// True if _Fun can safely be held in __policy_storage.__small.
+template <typename _Fun>
+struct __use_small_storage
+    : public integral_constant<
+          bool,
+          sizeof(_Fun) <= sizeof(__policy_storage)&& _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Fun) <= _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(__policy_storage) &&
+              is_trivially_copy_constructible<_Fun>::value && is_trivially_destructible<_Fun>::value> {};
+
+// Policy contains information about how to copy, destroy, and move the
+// underlying functor. You can think of it as a vtable of sorts.
+struct __policy {
+  // Used to copy or destroy __large values. null for trivial objects.
+  void* (*const __clone)(const void*);
+  void (*const __destroy)(void*);
+
+  // True if this is the null policy (no value).
+  const bool __is_null;
+
+  // The target type. May be null if RTTI is disabled.
+  const std::type_info* const __type_info;
+
+  // Returns a pointer to a static policy object suitable for the functor
+  // type.
+  template <typename _Fun>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static const __policy* __create() {
+    return __choose_policy<_Fun>(__use_small_storage<_Fun>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static const __policy* __create_empty() {
+    static constexpr __policy __policy = {
+        nullptr,
+        nullptr,
+        true,
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+        &typeid(void)
+#  else
+        nullptr
+#  endif
+    };
+    return &__policy;
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <typename _Fun>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void* __large_clone(const void* __s) {
+    const _Fun* __f = static_cast<const _Fun*>(__s);
+    return __f->__clone();
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Fun>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __large_destroy(void* __s) {
+    _Fun::__destroy_and_delete(static_cast<_Fun*>(__s));
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Fun>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static const __policy* __choose_policy(/* is_small = */ false_type) {
+    static constexpr __policy __policy = {
+        &__large_clone<_Fun>,
+        &__large_destroy<_Fun>,
+        false,
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+        &typeid(typename _Fun::_Target)
+#  else
+        nullptr
+#  endif
+    };
+    return &__policy;
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Fun>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static const __policy* __choose_policy(/* is_small = */ true_type) {
+    static constexpr __policy __policy = {
+        nullptr,
+        nullptr,
+        false,
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+        &typeid(typename _Fun::_Target)
+#  else
+        nullptr
+#  endif
+    };
+    return &__policy;
+  }
+};
+
+// Used to choose between perfect forwarding or pass-by-value. Pass-by-value is
+// faster for types that can be passed in registers.
+template <typename _Tp>
+using __fast_forward = __conditional_t<is_scalar<_Tp>::value, _Tp, _Tp&&>;
+
+// __policy_invoker calls an instance of __alloc_func held in __policy_storage.
+
+template <class _Fp>
+struct __policy_invoker;
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+struct __policy_invoker<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+  typedef _Rp (*__Call)(const __policy_storage*, __fast_forward<_ArgTypes>...);
+
+  __Call __call_;
+
+  // Creates an invoker that throws bad_function_call.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __policy_invoker() : __call_(&__call_empty) {}
+
+  // Creates an invoker that calls the given instance of __func.
+  template <typename _Fun>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __policy_invoker __create() {
+    return __policy_invoker(&__call_impl<_Fun>);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __policy_invoker(__Call __c) : __call_(__c) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Rp __call_empty(const __policy_storage*, __fast_forward<_ArgTypes>...) {
+    __throw_bad_function_call();
+  }
+
+  template <typename _Fun>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Rp __call_impl(const __policy_storage* __buf, __fast_forward<_ArgTypes>... __args) {
+    _Fun* __f = reinterpret_cast<_Fun*>(__use_small_storage<_Fun>::value ? &__buf->__small : __buf->__large);
+    return (*__f)(std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
+  }
+};
+
+// __policy_func uses a __policy and __policy_invoker to create a type-erased,
+// copyable functor.
+
+template <class _Fp>
+class __policy_func;
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class __policy_func<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+  // Inline storage for small objects.
+  __policy_storage __buf_;
+
+  // Calls the value stored in __buf_. This could technically be part of
+  // policy, but storing it here eliminates a level of indirection inside
+  // operator().
+  typedef __function::__policy_invoker<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> __invoker;
+  __invoker __invoker_;
+
+  // The policy that describes how to move / copy / destroy __buf_. Never
+  // null, even if the function is empty.
+  const __policy* __policy_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __policy_func() : __policy_(__policy::__create_empty()) {}
+
+  template <class _Fp, class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __policy_func(_Fp&& __f, const _Alloc& __a) : __policy_(__policy::__create_empty()) {
+    typedef __alloc_func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)> _Fun;
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+    typedef __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, _Fun> _FunAlloc;
+
+    if (__function::__not_null(__f)) {
+      __invoker_ = __invoker::template __create<_Fun>();
+      __policy_  = __policy::__create<_Fun>();
+
+      _FunAlloc __af(__a);
+      if (__use_small_storage<_Fun>()) {
+        ::new ((void*)&__buf_.__small) _Fun(std::move(__f), _Alloc(__af));
+      } else {
+        typedef __allocator_destructor<_FunAlloc> _Dp;
+        unique_ptr<_Fun, _Dp> __hold(__af.allocate(1), _Dp(__af, 1));
+        ::new ((void*)__hold.get()) _Fun(std::move(__f), _Alloc(__af));
+        __buf_.__large = __hold.release();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Fp, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__decay_t<_Fp>, __policy_func>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __policy_func(_Fp&& __f) : __policy_(__policy::__create_empty()) {
+    typedef __default_alloc_func<_Fp, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)> _Fun;
+
+    if (__function::__not_null(__f)) {
+      __invoker_ = __invoker::template __create<_Fun>();
+      __policy_  = __policy::__create<_Fun>();
+      if (__use_small_storage<_Fun>()) {
+        ::new ((void*)&__buf_.__small) _Fun(std::move(__f));
+      } else {
+        __builtin_new_allocator::__holder_t __hold = __builtin_new_allocator::__allocate_type<_Fun>(1);
+        __buf_.__large                             = ::new ((void*)__hold.get()) _Fun(std::move(__f));
+        (void)__hold.release();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __policy_func(const __policy_func& __f)
+      : __buf_(__f.__buf_), __invoker_(__f.__invoker_), __policy_(__f.__policy_) {
+    if (__policy_->__clone)
+      __buf_.__large = __policy_->__clone(__f.__buf_.__large);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __policy_func(__policy_func&& __f)
+      : __buf_(__f.__buf_), __invoker_(__f.__invoker_), __policy_(__f.__policy_) {
+    if (__policy_->__destroy) {
+      __f.__policy_  = __policy::__create_empty();
+      __f.__invoker_ = __invoker();
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__policy_func() {
+    if (__policy_->__destroy)
+      __policy_->__destroy(__buf_.__large);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __policy_func& operator=(__policy_func&& __f) {
+    *this          = nullptr;
+    __buf_         = __f.__buf_;
+    __invoker_     = __f.__invoker_;
+    __policy_      = __f.__policy_;
+    __f.__policy_  = __policy::__create_empty();
+    __f.__invoker_ = __invoker();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __policy_func& operator=(nullptr_t) {
+    const __policy* __p = __policy_;
+    __policy_           = __policy::__create_empty();
+    __invoker_          = __invoker();
+    if (__p->__destroy)
+      __p->__destroy(__buf_.__large);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp operator()(_ArgTypes&&... __args) const {
+    return __invoker_.__call_(std::addressof(__buf_), std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__policy_func& __f) {
+    std::swap(__invoker_, __f.__invoker_);
+    std::swap(__policy_, __f.__policy_);
+    std::swap(__buf_, __f.__buf_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT { return !__policy_->__is_null; }
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const std::type_info& target_type() const _NOEXCEPT { return *__policy_->__type_info; }
+
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Tp* target() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__policy_->__is_null || typeid(_Tp) != *__policy_->__type_info)
+      return nullptr;
+    if (__policy_->__clone) // Out of line storage.
+      return reinterpret_cast<const _Tp*>(__buf_.__large);
+    else
+      return reinterpret_cast<const _Tp*>(&__buf_.__small);
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_BLOCKS_RUNTIME)
+
+extern "C" void* _Block_copy(const void*);
+extern "C" void _Block_release(const void*);
+
+template <class _Rp1, class... _ArgTypes1, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class __func<_Rp1 (^)(_ArgTypes1...), _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)> : public __base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+  typedef _Rp1 (^__block_type)(_ArgTypes1...);
+  __block_type __f_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __func(__block_type const& __f)
+#    ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC
+      : __f_(__f)
+#    else
+      : __f_(reinterpret_cast<__block_type>(__f ? _Block_copy(__f) : nullptr))
+#    endif
+  {
+  }
+
+  // [TODO] add && to save on a retain
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __func(__block_type __f, const _Alloc& /* unused */)
+#    ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC
+      : __f_(__f)
+#    else
+      : __f_(reinterpret_cast<__block_type>(__f ? _Block_copy(__f) : nullptr))
+#    endif
+  {
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual __base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>* __clone() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(
+        false,
+        "Block pointers are just pointers, so they should always fit into "
+        "std::function's small buffer optimization. This function should "
+        "never be invoked.");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __clone(__base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>* __p) const {
+    ::new ((void*)__p) __func(__f_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void destroy() _NOEXCEPT {
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC
+    if (__f_)
+      _Block_release(__f_);
+#    endif
+    __f_ = 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void destroy_deallocate() _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(
+        false,
+        "Block pointers are just pointers, so they should always fit into "
+        "std::function's small buffer optimization. This function should "
+        "never be invoked.");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual _Rp operator()(_ArgTypes&&... __arg) {
+    return std::__invoke(__f_, std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__arg)...);
+  }
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual const void* target(type_info const& __ti) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__ti == typeid(__func::__block_type))
+      return &__f_;
+    return (const void*)nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual const std::type_info& target_type() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return typeid(__func::__block_type);
+  }
+#    endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_EXTENSION_BLOCKS
+
+} // namespace __function
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>
+    : public __function::__maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>,
+      public __function::__maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_OPTIMIZED_FUNCTION
+  typedef __function::__value_func<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> __func;
+#  else
+  typedef __function::__policy_func<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> __func;
+#  endif
+
+  __func __f_;
+
+  template <class _Fp,
+            bool = _And< _IsNotSame<__remove_cvref_t<_Fp>, function>, __invokable<_Fp, _ArgTypes...> >::value>
+  struct __callable;
+  template <class _Fp>
+  struct __callable<_Fp, true> {
+    static const bool value =
+        is_void<_Rp>::value || __is_core_convertible<typename __invoke_of<_Fp, _ArgTypes...>::type, _Rp>::value;
+  };
+  template <class _Fp>
+  struct __callable<_Fp, false> {
+    static const bool value = false;
+  };
+
+  template <class _Fp>
+  using _EnableIfLValueCallable = __enable_if_t<__callable<_Fp&>::value>;
+
+public:
+  typedef _Rp result_type;
+
+  // construct/copy/destroy:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function() _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function(const function&);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function(function&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <class _Fp, class = _EnableIfLValueCallable<_Fp>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function(_Fp);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {}
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const function&);
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, function&&);
+  template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class = _EnableIfLValueCallable<_Fp>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _Fp __f);
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function& operator=(const function&);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function& operator=(function&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function& operator=(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <class _Fp, class = _EnableIfLValueCallable<__decay_t<_Fp>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI function& operator=(_Fp&&);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~function();
+
+  // function modifiers:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(function&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+  template <class _Fp, class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(_Fp&& __f, const _Alloc& __a) {
+    function(allocator_arg, __a, std::forward<_Fp>(__f)).swap(*this);
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  // function capacity:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<bool>(__f_); }
+
+  // deleted overloads close possible hole in the type system
+  template <class _R2, class... _ArgTypes2>
+  bool operator==(const function<_R2(_ArgTypes2...)>&) const = delete;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  template <class _R2, class... _ArgTypes2>
+  bool operator!=(const function<_R2(_ArgTypes2...)>&) const = delete;
+#  endif
+
+public:
+  // function invocation:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp operator()(_ArgTypes...) const;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+  // function target access:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const std::type_info& target_type() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* target() _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Tp* target() const _NOEXCEPT;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Rp, class... _Ap>
+function(_Rp (*)(_Ap...)) -> function<_Rp(_Ap...)>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Stripped = typename __strip_signature<decltype(&_Fp::operator())>::type>
+function(_Fp) -> function<_Stripped>;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::function(const function& __f) : __f_(__f.__f_) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+template <class _Alloc>
+function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const function& __f) : __f_(__f.__f_) {}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::function(function&& __f) _NOEXCEPT : __f_(std::move(__f.__f_)) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+template <class _Alloc>
+function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, function&& __f) : __f_(std::move(__f.__f_)) {}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+template <class _Fp, class>
+function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::function(_Fp __f) : __f_(std::move(__f)) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class>
+function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _Fp __f) : __f_(std::move(__f), __a) {}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::operator=(const function& __f) {
+  function(__f).swap(*this);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::operator=(function&& __f) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __f_ = std::move(__f.__f_);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::operator=(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __f_ = nullptr;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+template <class _Fp, class>
+function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::operator=(_Fp&& __f) {
+  function(std::forward<_Fp>(__f)).swap(*this);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::~function() {}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+void function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::swap(function& __f) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __f_.swap(__f.__f_);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+_Rp function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes... __arg) const {
+  return __f_(std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__arg)...);
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+const std::type_info& function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::target_type() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __f_.target_type();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+template <typename _Tp>
+_Tp* function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::target() _NOEXCEPT {
+  return (_Tp*)(__f_.template target<_Tp>());
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+template <typename _Tp>
+const _Tp* function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::target() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __f_.template target<_Tp>();
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& __f, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !__f;
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(nullptr_t, const function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& __f) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !__f;
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& __f, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return (bool)__f;
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& __f) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return (bool)__f;
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& __x, function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_FUNCTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/hash.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/hash.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a9e450edd39f53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/hash.h
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_HASH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_HASH_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__fwd/functional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/invoke.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_enum.h>
+#include <__type_traits/underlying_type.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Size __loadword(const void* __p) {
+  _Size __r;
+  std::memcpy(&__r, __p, sizeof(__r));
+  return __r;
+}
+
+// We use murmur2 when size_t is 32 bits, and cityhash64 when size_t
+// is 64 bits.  This is because cityhash64 uses 64bit x 64bit
+// multiplication, which can be very slow on 32-bit systems.
+template <class _Size, size_t = sizeof(_Size) * __CHAR_BIT__>
+struct __murmur2_or_cityhash;
+
+template <class _Size>
+struct __murmur2_or_cityhash<_Size, 32> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK _Size
+  operator()(const void* __key, _Size __len) const {
+    // murmur2
+    const _Size __m             = 0x5bd1e995;
+    const _Size __r             = 24;
+    _Size __h                   = __len;
+    const unsigned char* __data = static_cast<const unsigned char*>(__key);
+    for (; __len >= 4; __data += 4, __len -= 4) {
+      _Size __k = std::__loadword<_Size>(__data);
+      __k *= __m;
+      __k ^= __k >> __r;
+      __k *= __m;
+      __h *= __m;
+      __h ^= __k;
+    }
+    switch (__len) {
+    case 3:
+      __h ^= static_cast<_Size>(__data[2] << 16);
+      _LIBCPP_FALLTHROUGH();
+    case 2:
+      __h ^= static_cast<_Size>(__data[1] << 8);
+      _LIBCPP_FALLTHROUGH();
+    case 1:
+      __h ^= __data[0];
+      __h *= __m;
+    }
+    __h ^= __h >> 13;
+    __h *= __m;
+    __h ^= __h >> 15;
+    return __h;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Size>
+struct __murmur2_or_cityhash<_Size, 64> {
+  // cityhash64
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK _Size
+  operator()(const void* __key, _Size __len) const {
+    const char* __s = static_cast<const char*>(__key);
+    if (__len <= 32) {
+      if (__len <= 16) {
+        return __hash_len_0_to_16(__s, __len);
+      } else {
+        return __hash_len_17_to_32(__s, __len);
+      }
+    } else if (__len <= 64) {
+      return __hash_len_33_to_64(__s, __len);
+    }
+
+    // For strings over 64 bytes we hash the end first, and then as we
+    // loop we keep 56 bytes of state: v, w, x, y, and z.
+    _Size __x = std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 40);
+    _Size __y = std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 16) + std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 56);
+    _Size __z =
+        __hash_len_16(std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 48) + __len, std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 24));
+    pair<_Size, _Size> __v = __weak_hash_len_32_with_seeds(__s + __len - 64, __len, __z);
+    pair<_Size, _Size> __w = __weak_hash_len_32_with_seeds(__s + __len - 32, __y + __k1, __x);
+    __x                    = __x * __k1 + std::__loadword<_Size>(__s);
+
+    // Decrease len to the nearest multiple of 64, and operate on 64-byte chunks.
+    __len = (__len - 1) & ~static_cast<_Size>(63);
+    do {
+      __x = __rotate(__x + __y + __v.first + std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 8), 37) * __k1;
+      __y = __rotate(__y + __v.second + std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 48), 42) * __k1;
+      __x ^= __w.second;
+      __y += __v.first + std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 40);
+      __z = __rotate(__z + __w.first, 33) * __k1;
+      __v = __weak_hash_len_32_with_seeds(__s, __v.second * __k1, __x + __w.first);
+      __w = __weak_hash_len_32_with_seeds(__s + 32, __z + __w.second, __y + std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 16));
+      std::swap(__z, __x);
+      __s += 64;
+      __len -= 64;
+    } while (__len != 0);
+    return __hash_len_16(__hash_len_16(__v.first, __w.first) + __shift_mix(__y) * __k1 + __z,
+                         __hash_len_16(__v.second, __w.second) + __x);
+  }
+
+private:
+  // Some primes between 2^63 and 2^64.
+  static const _Size __k0 = 0xc3a5c85c97cb3127ULL;
+  static const _Size __k1 = 0xb492b66fbe98f273ULL;
+  static const _Size __k2 = 0x9ae16a3b2f90404fULL;
+  static const _Size __k3 = 0xc949d7c7509e6557ULL;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Size __rotate(_Size __val, int __shift) {
+    return __shift == 0 ? __val : ((__val >> __shift) | (__val << (64 - __shift)));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Size __rotate_by_at_least_1(_Size __val, int __shift) {
+    return (__val >> __shift) | (__val << (64 - __shift));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Size __shift_mix(_Size __val) { return __val ^ (__val >> 47); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK static _Size __hash_len_16(_Size __u, _Size __v) {
+    const _Size __mul = 0x9ddfea08eb382d69ULL;
+    _Size __a         = (__u ^ __v) * __mul;
+    __a ^= (__a >> 47);
+    _Size __b = (__v ^ __a) * __mul;
+    __b ^= (__b >> 47);
+    __b *= __mul;
+    return __b;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK static _Size
+  __hash_len_0_to_16(const char* __s, _Size __len) {
+    if (__len > 8) {
+      const _Size __a = std::__loadword<_Size>(__s);
+      const _Size __b = std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 8);
+      return __hash_len_16(__a, __rotate_by_at_least_1(__b + __len, __len)) ^ __b;
+    }
+    if (__len >= 4) {
+      const uint32_t __a = std::__loadword<uint32_t>(__s);
+      const uint32_t __b = std::__loadword<uint32_t>(__s + __len - 4);
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_FIX_CITYHASH_IMPLEMENTATION
+      return __hash_len_16(__len + (static_cast<_Size>(__a) << 3), __b);
+#else
+      return __hash_len_16(__len + (__a << 3), __b);
+#endif
+    }
+    if (__len > 0) {
+      const unsigned char __a = static_cast<unsigned char>(__s[0]);
+      const unsigned char __b = static_cast<unsigned char>(__s[__len >> 1]);
+      const unsigned char __c = static_cast<unsigned char>(__s[__len - 1]);
+      const uint32_t __y      = static_cast<uint32_t>(__a) + (static_cast<uint32_t>(__b) << 8);
+      const uint32_t __z      = __len + (static_cast<uint32_t>(__c) << 2);
+      return __shift_mix(__y * __k2 ^ __z * __k3) * __k2;
+    }
+    return __k2;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK static _Size
+  __hash_len_17_to_32(const char* __s, _Size __len) {
+    const _Size __a = std::__loadword<_Size>(__s) * __k1;
+    const _Size __b = std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 8);
+    const _Size __c = std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 8) * __k2;
+    const _Size __d = std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 16) * __k0;
+    return __hash_len_16(
+        __rotate(__a - __b, 43) + __rotate(__c, 30) + __d, __a + __rotate(__b ^ __k3, 20) - __c + __len);
+  }
+
+  // Return a 16-byte hash for 48 bytes.  Quick and dirty.
+  // Callers do best to use "random-looking" values for a and b.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK static pair<_Size, _Size>
+  __weak_hash_len_32_with_seeds(_Size __w, _Size __x, _Size __y, _Size __z, _Size __a, _Size __b) {
+    __a += __w;
+    __b             = __rotate(__b + __a + __z, 21);
+    const _Size __c = __a;
+    __a += __x;
+    __a += __y;
+    __b += __rotate(__a, 44);
+    return pair<_Size, _Size>(__a + __z, __b + __c);
+  }
+
+  // Return a 16-byte hash for s[0] ... s[31], a, and b.  Quick and dirty.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK static pair<_Size, _Size>
+  __weak_hash_len_32_with_seeds(const char* __s, _Size __a, _Size __b) {
+    return __weak_hash_len_32_with_seeds(
+        std::__loadword<_Size>(__s),
+        std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 8),
+        std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 16),
+        std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 24),
+        __a,
+        __b);
+  }
+
+  // Return an 8-byte hash for 33 to 64 bytes.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK static _Size
+  __hash_len_33_to_64(const char* __s, size_t __len) {
+    _Size __z = std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 24);
+    _Size __a = std::__loadword<_Size>(__s) + (__len + std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 16)) * __k0;
+    _Size __b = __rotate(__a + __z, 52);
+    _Size __c = __rotate(__a, 37);
+    __a += std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 8);
+    __c += __rotate(__a, 7);
+    __a += std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 16);
+    _Size __vf = __a + __z;
+    _Size __vs = __b + __rotate(__a, 31) + __c;
+    __a        = std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + 16) + std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 32);
+    __z += std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 8);
+    __b = __rotate(__a + __z, 52);
+    __c = __rotate(__a, 37);
+    __a += std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 24);
+    __c += __rotate(__a, 7);
+    __a += std::__loadword<_Size>(__s + __len - 16);
+    _Size __wf = __a + __z;
+    _Size __ws = __b + __rotate(__a, 31) + __c;
+    _Size __r  = __shift_mix((__vf + __ws) * __k2 + (__wf + __vs) * __k0);
+    return __shift_mix(__r * __k0 + __vs) * __k2;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t = sizeof(_Tp) / sizeof(size_t)>
+struct __scalar_hash;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __scalar_hash<_Tp, 0> : public __unary_function<_Tp, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(_Tp __v) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    union {
+      _Tp __t;
+      size_t __a;
+    } __u;
+    __u.__a = 0;
+    __u.__t = __v;
+    return __u.__a;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __scalar_hash<_Tp, 1> : public __unary_function<_Tp, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(_Tp __v) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    union {
+      _Tp __t;
+      size_t __a;
+    } __u;
+    __u.__t = __v;
+    return __u.__a;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __scalar_hash<_Tp, 2> : public __unary_function<_Tp, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(_Tp __v) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    union {
+      _Tp __t;
+      struct {
+        size_t __a;
+        size_t __b;
+      } __s;
+    } __u;
+    __u.__t = __v;
+    return __murmur2_or_cityhash<size_t>()(&__u, sizeof(__u));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __scalar_hash<_Tp, 3> : public __unary_function<_Tp, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(_Tp __v) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    union {
+      _Tp __t;
+      struct {
+        size_t __a;
+        size_t __b;
+        size_t __c;
+      } __s;
+    } __u;
+    __u.__t = __v;
+    return __murmur2_or_cityhash<size_t>()(&__u, sizeof(__u));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __scalar_hash<_Tp, 4> : public __unary_function<_Tp, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(_Tp __v) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    union {
+      _Tp __t;
+      struct {
+        size_t __a;
+        size_t __b;
+        size_t __c;
+        size_t __d;
+      } __s;
+    } __u;
+    __u.__t = __v;
+    return __murmur2_or_cityhash<size_t>()(&__u, sizeof(__u));
+  }
+};
+
+struct _PairT {
+  size_t first;
+  size_t second;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline size_t __hash_combine(size_t __lhs, size_t __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef __scalar_hash<_PairT> _HashT;
+  const _PairT __p = {__lhs, __rhs};
+  return _HashT()(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<_Tp*> : public __unary_function<_Tp*, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(_Tp* __v) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    union {
+      _Tp* __t;
+      size_t __a;
+    } __u;
+    __u.__t = __v;
+    return __murmur2_or_cityhash<size_t>()(&__u, sizeof(__u));
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<bool> : public __unary_function<bool, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(bool __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<char> : public __unary_function<char, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(char __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<signed char> : public __unary_function<signed char, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(signed char __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<unsigned char> : public __unary_function<unsigned char, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(unsigned char __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<char8_t> : public __unary_function<char8_t, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(char8_t __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<char16_t> : public __unary_function<char16_t, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(char16_t __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<char32_t> : public __unary_function<char32_t, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(char32_t __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<wchar_t> : public __unary_function<wchar_t, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(wchar_t __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<short> : public __unary_function<short, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(short __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<unsigned short> : public __unary_function<unsigned short, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(unsigned short __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<int> : public __unary_function<int, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(int __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<unsigned int> : public __unary_function<unsigned int, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(unsigned int __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<long> : public __unary_function<long, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(long __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<unsigned long> : public __unary_function<unsigned long, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(unsigned long __v) const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<size_t>(__v); }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<long long> : public __scalar_hash<long long> {};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<unsigned long long> : public __scalar_hash<unsigned long long> {};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<__int128_t> : public __scalar_hash<__int128_t> {};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<__uint128_t> : public __scalar_hash<__uint128_t> {};
+
+#endif
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<float> : public __scalar_hash<float> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(float __v) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    // -0.0 and 0.0 should return same hash
+    if (__v == 0.0f)
+      return 0;
+    return __scalar_hash<float>::operator()(__v);
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<double> : public __scalar_hash<double> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(double __v) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    // -0.0 and 0.0 should return same hash
+    if (__v == 0.0)
+      return 0;
+    return __scalar_hash<double>::operator()(__v);
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<long double> : public __scalar_hash<long double> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(long double __v) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    // -0.0 and 0.0 should return same hash
+    if (__v == 0.0L)
+      return 0;
+#if defined(__i386__) || (defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__ILP32__))
+    // Zero out padding bits
+    union {
+      long double __t;
+      struct {
+        size_t __a;
+        size_t __b;
+        size_t __c;
+        size_t __d;
+      } __s;
+    } __u;
+    __u.__s.__a = 0;
+    __u.__s.__b = 0;
+    __u.__s.__c = 0;
+    __u.__s.__d = 0;
+    __u.__t     = __v;
+    return __u.__s.__a ^ __u.__s.__b ^ __u.__s.__c ^ __u.__s.__d;
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+    // Zero out padding bits
+    union {
+      long double __t;
+      struct {
+        size_t __a;
+        size_t __b;
+      } __s;
+    } __u;
+    __u.__s.__a = 0;
+    __u.__s.__b = 0;
+    __u.__t     = __v;
+    return __u.__s.__a ^ __u.__s.__b;
+#else
+    return __scalar_hash<long double>::operator()(__v);
+#endif
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_enum<_Tp>::value>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __enum_hash : public __unary_function<_Tp, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(_Tp __v) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    typedef typename underlying_type<_Tp>::type type;
+    return hash<type>()(static_cast<type>(__v));
+  }
+};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __enum_hash<_Tp, false> {
+  __enum_hash()                              = delete;
+  __enum_hash(__enum_hash const&)            = delete;
+  __enum_hash& operator=(__enum_hash const&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash : public __enum_hash<_Tp> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<nullptr_t> : public __unary_function<nullptr_t, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(nullptr_t) const _NOEXCEPT { return 662607004ull; }
+};
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Key, class _Hash>
+using __check_hash_requirements _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+    integral_constant<bool,
+                      is_copy_constructible<_Hash>::value && is_move_constructible<_Hash>::value &&
+                          __invokable_r<size_t, _Hash, _Key const&>::value >;
+
+template <class _Key, class _Hash = hash<_Key> >
+using __has_enabled_hash _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+    integral_constant<bool, __check_hash_requirements<_Key, _Hash>::value && is_default_constructible<_Hash>::value >;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Type, class>
+using __enable_hash_helper_imp _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = _Type;
+
+template <class _Type, class... _Keys>
+using __enable_hash_helper _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+    __enable_hash_helper_imp<_Type, __enable_if_t<__all<__has_enabled_hash<_Keys>::value...>::value> >;
+#  else
+template <class _Type, class...>
+using __enable_hash_helper _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = _Type;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_HASH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/identity.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/identity.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8468de3dae26c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/identity.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_IDENTITY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_IDENTITY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/functional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_identity : false_type {};
+
+struct __identity {
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Tp&& operator()(_Tp&& __t) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::forward<_Tp>(__t);
+  }
+
+  using is_transparent = void;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __is_identity<__identity> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __is_identity<reference_wrapper<__identity> > : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __is_identity<reference_wrapper<const __identity> > : true_type {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+struct identity {
+  template <class _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp&& operator()(_Tp&& __t) const noexcept {
+    return std::forward<_Tp>(__t);
+  }
+
+  using is_transparent = void;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __is_identity<identity> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __is_identity<reference_wrapper<identity> > : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __is_identity<reference_wrapper<const identity> > : true_type {};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_IDENTITY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/invoke.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/invoke.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ef4bf25f07759f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/invoke.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_INVOKE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_INVOKE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/invoke.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 invoke_result_t<_Fn, _Args...>
+invoke(_Fn&& __f, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(is_nothrow_invocable_v<_Fn, _Args...>) {
+  return std::__invoke(std::forward<_Fn>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _Result, class _Fn, class... _Args>
+  requires is_invocable_r_v<_Result, _Fn, _Args...>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Result
+invoke_r(_Fn&& __f, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(is_nothrow_invocable_r_v<_Result, _Fn, _Args...>) {
+  if constexpr (is_void_v<_Result>) {
+    static_cast<void>(std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  } else {
+    // TODO: Use reference_converts_from_temporary_v once implemented
+    // using _ImplicitInvokeResult = invoke_result_t<_Fn, _Args...>;
+    // static_assert(!reference_converts_from_temporary_v<_Result, _ImplicitInvokeResult>,
+    static_assert(true,
+                  "Returning from invoke_r would bind a temporary object to the reference return type, "
+                  "which would result in a dangling reference.");
+    return std::invoke(std::forward<_Fn>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_INVOKE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/is_transparent.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/is_transparent.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b2d62f2e3ead84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/is_transparent.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_IS_TRANSPARENT
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_IS_TRANSPARENT
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+template <class _Tp, class, class = void>
+inline const bool __is_transparent_v = false;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline const bool __is_transparent_v<_Tp, _Up, __void_t<typename _Tp::is_transparent> > = true;
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_IS_TRANSPARENT

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/mem_fn.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/mem_fn.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ee07a71774f9a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/mem_fn.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_MEM_FN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_MEM_FN_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/binary_function.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/weak_result_type.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class __mem_fn : public __weak_result_type<_Tp> {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _Tp type;
+
+private:
+  type __f_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __mem_fn(type __f) _NOEXCEPT : __f_(__f) {}
+
+  // invoke
+  template <class... _ArgTypes>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+
+  typename __invoke_return<type, _ArgTypes...>::type
+  operator()(_ArgTypes&&... __args) const {
+    return std::__invoke(__f_, std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __mem_fn<_Rp _Tp::*> mem_fn(_Rp _Tp::*__pm) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __mem_fn<_Rp _Tp::*>(__pm);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_MEM_FN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/mem_fun_ref.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/mem_fun_ref.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c344420b0299e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/mem_fun_ref.h
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_MEM_FUN_REF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_MEM_FUN_REF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/binary_function.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_BINDERS)
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 mem_fun_t : public __unary_function<_Tp*, _Sp> {
+  _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)();
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit mem_fun_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)()) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Sp operator()(_Tp* __p) const { return (__p->*__p_)(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 mem_fun1_t : public __binary_function<_Tp*, _Ap, _Sp> {
+  _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)(_Ap);
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit mem_fun1_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)(_Ap)) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Sp operator()(_Tp* __p, _Ap __x) const { return (__p->*__p_)(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mem_fun_t<_Sp, _Tp> mem_fun(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)()) {
+  return mem_fun_t<_Sp, _Tp>(__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mem_fun1_t<_Sp, _Tp, _Ap> mem_fun(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)(_Ap)) {
+  return mem_fun1_t<_Sp, _Tp, _Ap>(__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 mem_fun_ref_t : public __unary_function<_Tp, _Sp> {
+  _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)();
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit mem_fun_ref_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)()) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Sp operator()(_Tp& __p) const { return (__p.*__p_)(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 mem_fun1_ref_t : public __binary_function<_Tp, _Ap, _Sp> {
+  _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)(_Ap);
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit mem_fun1_ref_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)(_Ap)) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Sp operator()(_Tp& __p, _Ap __x) const { return (__p.*__p_)(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mem_fun_ref_t<_Sp, _Tp> mem_fun_ref(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)()) {
+  return mem_fun_ref_t<_Sp, _Tp>(__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mem_fun1_ref_t<_Sp, _Tp, _Ap>
+mem_fun_ref(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)(_Ap)) {
+  return mem_fun1_ref_t<_Sp, _Tp, _Ap>(__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 const_mem_fun_t : public __unary_function<const _Tp*, _Sp> {
+  _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)() const;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit const_mem_fun_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)() const) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Sp operator()(const _Tp* __p) const { return (__p->*__p_)(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 const_mem_fun1_t : public __binary_function<const _Tp*, _Ap, _Sp> {
+  _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)(_Ap) const;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit const_mem_fun1_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)(_Ap) const) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Sp operator()(const _Tp* __p, _Ap __x) const { return (__p->*__p_)(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_mem_fun_t<_Sp, _Tp> mem_fun(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)() const) {
+  return const_mem_fun_t<_Sp, _Tp>(__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_mem_fun1_t<_Sp, _Tp, _Ap>
+mem_fun(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)(_Ap) const) {
+  return const_mem_fun1_t<_Sp, _Tp, _Ap>(__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 const_mem_fun_ref_t : public __unary_function<_Tp, _Sp> {
+  _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)() const;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit const_mem_fun_ref_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)() const) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Sp operator()(const _Tp& __p) const { return (__p.*__p_)(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 const_mem_fun1_ref_t : public __binary_function<_Tp, _Ap, _Sp> {
+  _Sp (_Tp::*__p_)(_Ap) const;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit const_mem_fun1_ref_t(_Sp (_Tp::*__p)(_Ap) const) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Sp operator()(const _Tp& __p, _Ap __x) const { return (__p.*__p_)(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_mem_fun_ref_t<_Sp, _Tp>
+mem_fun_ref(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)() const) {
+  return const_mem_fun_ref_t<_Sp, _Tp>(__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Tp, class _Ap>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_mem_fun1_ref_t<_Sp, _Tp, _Ap>
+mem_fun_ref(_Sp (_Tp::*__f)(_Ap) const) {
+  return const_mem_fun1_ref_t<_Sp, _Tp, _Ap>(__f);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_BINDERS)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_MEM_FUN_REF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/not_fn.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/not_fn.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4b3ce5524a7434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/not_fn.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_NOT_FN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_NOT_FN_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/perfect_forward.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+struct __not_fn_op {
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 auto operator()(_Args&&... __args) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(!std::invoke(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)))
+          -> decltype(!std::invoke(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {
+    return !std::invoke(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Fn>
+struct __not_fn_t : __perfect_forward<__not_fn_op, _Fn> {
+  using __perfect_forward<__not_fn_op, _Fn>::__perfect_forward;
+};
+
+template <class _Fn,
+          class = enable_if_t< is_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fn>, _Fn> && is_move_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fn>> >>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 auto not_fn(_Fn&& __f) {
+  return __not_fn_t<decay_t<_Fn>>(std::forward<_Fn>(__f));
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_NOT_FN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/operations.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/operations.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0a6320f19de3f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/operations.h
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_OPERATIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_OPERATIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/binary_function.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/desugars_to.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Arithmetic operations
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS plus : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x + __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(plus);
+
+// The non-transparent std::plus specialization is only equivalent to a raw plus
+// operator when we don't perform an implicit conversion when calling it.
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const bool __desugars_to_v<__plus_tag, plus<_Tp>, _Tp, _Tp> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline const bool __desugars_to_v<__plus_tag, plus<void>, _Tp, _Up> = true;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS plus<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) + std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) + std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) + std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS minus : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x - __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(minus);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS minus<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) - std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) - std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) - std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multiplies : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x * __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(multiplies);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multiplies<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) * std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) * std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) * std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS divides : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x / __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(divides);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS divides<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) / std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) / std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) / std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS modulus : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x % __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(modulus);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS modulus<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) % std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) % std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) % std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS negate : __unary_function<_Tp, _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return -__x; }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(negate);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS negate<void> {
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_Tp&& __x) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(-std::forward<_Tp>(__x))) //
+      -> decltype(-std::forward<_Tp>(__x)) {
+    return -std::forward<_Tp>(__x);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+// Bitwise operations
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bit_and : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x & __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(bit_and);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bit_and<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) &
+                        std::forward<_T2>(__u))) -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) & std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) & std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bit_not : __unary_function<_Tp, _Tp> {
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return ~__x; }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(bit_not);
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bit_not<void> {
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_Tp&& __x) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(~std::forward<_Tp>(__x))) //
+      -> decltype(~std::forward<_Tp>(__x)) {
+    return ~std::forward<_Tp>(__x);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bit_or : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x | __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(bit_or);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bit_or<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) | std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) | std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) | std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bit_xor : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x ^ __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(bit_xor);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bit_xor<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) ^ std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) ^ std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) ^ std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+// Comparison operations
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS equal_to : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool> {
+  typedef bool __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x == __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(equal_to);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS equal_to<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) == std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) == std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) == std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+// The non-transparent std::equal_to specialization is only equivalent to a raw equality
+// comparison when we don't perform an implicit conversion when calling it.
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const bool __desugars_to_v<__equal_tag, equal_to<_Tp>, _Tp, _Tp> = true;
+
+// In the transparent case, we do not enforce that
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline const bool __desugars_to_v<__equal_tag, equal_to<void>, _Tp, _Up> = true;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS not_equal_to : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool> {
+  typedef bool __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x != __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(not_equal_to);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS not_equal_to<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) != std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) != std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) != std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS less : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool> {
+  typedef bool __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x < __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(less);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const bool __desugars_to_v<__less_tag, less<_Tp>, _Tp, _Tp> = true;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS less<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) < std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) < std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) < std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const bool __desugars_to_v<__less_tag, less<>, _Tp, _Tp> = true;
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS less_equal : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool> {
+  typedef bool __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x <= __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(less_equal);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS less_equal<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) <= std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) <= std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) <= std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS greater_equal : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool> {
+  typedef bool __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x >= __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(greater_equal);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS greater_equal<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) >=
+                        std::forward<_T2>(__u))) -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) >= std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) >= std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS greater : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool> {
+  typedef bool __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x > __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(greater);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS greater<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) > std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) > std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) > std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+// Logical operations
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS logical_and : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool> {
+  typedef bool __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x && __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(logical_and);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS logical_and<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) && std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) && std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) && std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS logical_not : __unary_function<_Tp, bool> {
+  typedef bool __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return !__x; }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(logical_not);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS logical_not<void> {
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_Tp&& __x) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(!std::forward<_Tp>(__x))) //
+      -> decltype(!std::forward<_Tp>(__x)) {
+    return !std::forward<_Tp>(__x);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp = void>
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS logical_or : __binary_function<_Tp, _Tp, bool> {
+  typedef bool __result_type; // used by valarray
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __x || __y;
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(logical_or);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS logical_or<void> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator()(_T1&& __t, _T2&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_T1>(__t) || std::forward<_T2>(__u))) //
+      -> decltype(std::forward<_T1>(__t) || std::forward<_T2>(__u)) {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__t) || std::forward<_T2>(__u);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_OPERATIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/perfect_forward.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/perfect_forward.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..74177c789b4ad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/perfect_forward.h
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_PERFECT_FORWARD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_PERFECT_FORWARD_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/invoke.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Op, class _Indices, class... _BoundArgs>
+struct __perfect_forward_impl;
+
+template <class _Op, size_t... _Idx, class... _BoundArgs>
+struct __perfect_forward_impl<_Op, index_sequence<_Idx...>, _BoundArgs...> {
+private:
+  tuple<_BoundArgs...> __bound_args_;
+
+public:
+  template <class... _Args, class = enable_if_t< is_constructible_v<tuple<_BoundArgs...>, _Args&&...> >>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr __perfect_forward_impl(_Args&&... __bound_args)
+      : __bound_args_(std::forward<_Args>(__bound_args)...) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __perfect_forward_impl(__perfect_forward_impl const&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __perfect_forward_impl(__perfect_forward_impl&&)      = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __perfect_forward_impl& operator=(__perfect_forward_impl const&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __perfect_forward_impl& operator=(__perfect_forward_impl&&)      = default;
+
+  template <class... _Args, class = enable_if_t<is_invocable_v<_Op, _BoundArgs&..., _Args...>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Args&&... __args) & noexcept(
+      noexcept(_Op()(std::get<_Idx>(__bound_args_)..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)))
+      -> decltype(_Op()(std::get<_Idx>(__bound_args_)..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {
+    return _Op()(std::get<_Idx>(__bound_args_)..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args, class = enable_if_t<!is_invocable_v<_Op, _BoundArgs&..., _Args...>>>
+  auto operator()(_Args&&...) & = delete;
+
+  template <class... _Args, class = enable_if_t<is_invocable_v<_Op, _BoundArgs const&..., _Args...>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Args&&... __args) const& noexcept(
+      noexcept(_Op()(std::get<_Idx>(__bound_args_)..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)))
+      -> decltype(_Op()(std::get<_Idx>(__bound_args_)..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {
+    return _Op()(std::get<_Idx>(__bound_args_)..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args, class = enable_if_t<!is_invocable_v<_Op, _BoundArgs const&..., _Args...>>>
+  auto operator()(_Args&&...) const& = delete;
+
+  template <class... _Args, class = enable_if_t<is_invocable_v<_Op, _BoundArgs..., _Args...>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Args&&... __args) && noexcept(
+      noexcept(_Op()(std::get<_Idx>(std::move(__bound_args_))..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)))
+      -> decltype(_Op()(std::get<_Idx>(std::move(__bound_args_))..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {
+    return _Op()(std::get<_Idx>(std::move(__bound_args_))..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args, class = enable_if_t<!is_invocable_v<_Op, _BoundArgs..., _Args...>>>
+  auto operator()(_Args&&...) && = delete;
+
+  template <class... _Args, class = enable_if_t<is_invocable_v<_Op, _BoundArgs const..., _Args...>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Args&&... __args) const&& noexcept(
+      noexcept(_Op()(std::get<_Idx>(std::move(__bound_args_))..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)))
+      -> decltype(_Op()(std::get<_Idx>(std::move(__bound_args_))..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {
+    return _Op()(std::get<_Idx>(std::move(__bound_args_))..., std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args, class = enable_if_t<!is_invocable_v<_Op, _BoundArgs const..., _Args...>>>
+  auto operator()(_Args&&...) const&& = delete;
+};
+
+// __perfect_forward implements a perfect-forwarding call wrapper as explained in [func.require].
+template <class _Op, class... _Args>
+using __perfect_forward = __perfect_forward_impl<_Op, index_sequence_for<_Args...>, _Args...>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_PERFECT_FORWARD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/pointer_to_binary_function.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/pointer_to_binary_function.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e345250dcdd872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/pointer_to_binary_function.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_POINTER_TO_BINARY_FUNCTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_POINTER_TO_BINARY_FUNCTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/binary_function.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_BINDERS)
+
+template <class _Arg1, class _Arg2, class _Result>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 pointer_to_binary_function : public __binary_function<_Arg1, _Arg2, _Result> {
+  _Result (*__f_)(_Arg1, _Arg2);
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit pointer_to_binary_function(_Result (*__f)(_Arg1, _Arg2)) : __f_(__f) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Result operator()(_Arg1 __x, _Arg2 __y) const { return __f_(__x, __y); }
+};
+
+template <class _Arg1, class _Arg2, class _Result>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer_to_binary_function<_Arg1, _Arg2, _Result>
+ptr_fun(_Result (*__f)(_Arg1, _Arg2)) {
+  return pointer_to_binary_function<_Arg1, _Arg2, _Result>(__f);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_POINTER_TO_BINARY_FUNCTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/pointer_to_unary_function.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/pointer_to_unary_function.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3a5d153d36178c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/pointer_to_unary_function.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_POINTER_TO_UNARY_FUNCTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_POINTER_TO_UNARY_FUNCTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_BINDERS)
+
+template <class _Arg, class _Result>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 pointer_to_unary_function : public __unary_function<_Arg, _Result> {
+  _Result (*__f_)(_Arg);
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit pointer_to_unary_function(_Result (*__f)(_Arg)) : __f_(__f) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Result operator()(_Arg __x) const { return __f_(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Arg, class _Result>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer_to_unary_function<_Arg, _Result>
+ptr_fun(_Result (*__f)(_Arg)) {
+  return pointer_to_unary_function<_Arg, _Result>(__f);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_BINDERS)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_POINTER_TO_UNARY_FUNCTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/ranges_operations.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/ranges_operations.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..27f06eadd0eb11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/ranges_operations.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_RANGES_OPERATIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_RANGES_OPERATIONS_H
+
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/totally_ordered.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/desugars_to.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+struct equal_to {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires equality_comparable_with<_Tp, _Up>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(bool(std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u)))) {
+    return std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u);
+  }
+
+  using is_transparent = void;
+};
+
+struct not_equal_to {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires equality_comparable_with<_Tp, _Up>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(bool(!(std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u))))) {
+    return !(std::forward<_Tp>(__t) == std::forward<_Up>(__u));
+  }
+
+  using is_transparent = void;
+};
+
+struct less {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires totally_ordered_with<_Tp, _Up>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(bool(std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u)))) {
+    return std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u);
+  }
+
+  using is_transparent = void;
+};
+
+struct less_equal {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires totally_ordered_with<_Tp, _Up>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(bool(!(std::forward<_Up>(__u) < std::forward<_Tp>(__t))))) {
+    return !(std::forward<_Up>(__u) < std::forward<_Tp>(__t));
+  }
+
+  using is_transparent = void;
+};
+
+struct greater {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires totally_ordered_with<_Tp, _Up>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(bool(std::forward<_Up>(__u) < std::forward<_Tp>(__t)))) {
+    return std::forward<_Up>(__u) < std::forward<_Tp>(__t);
+  }
+
+  using is_transparent = void;
+};
+
+struct greater_equal {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    requires totally_ordered_with<_Tp, _Up>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(_Tp&& __t, _Up&& __u) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(bool(!(std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u))))) {
+    return !(std::forward<_Tp>(__t) < std::forward<_Up>(__u));
+  }
+
+  using is_transparent = void;
+};
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// For ranges we do not require that the types on each side of the equality
+// operator are of the same type
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline const bool __desugars_to_v<__equal_tag, ranges::equal_to, _Tp, _Up> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline const bool __desugars_to_v<__less_tag, ranges::less, _Tp, _Up> = true;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_RANGES_OPERATIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/reference_wrapper.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/reference_wrapper.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3570e2673c8005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/reference_wrapper.h
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_REFERENCE_WRAPPER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_REFERENCE_WRAPPER_H
+
+#include <__compare/synth_three_way.h>
+#include <__concepts/boolean_testable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/weak_result_type.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS reference_wrapper : public __weak_result_type<_Tp> {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _Tp type;
+
+private:
+  type* __f_;
+
+  static void __fun(_Tp&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  static void __fun(_Tp&&) = delete; // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-delete) ; This is llvm.org/PR54276
+
+public:
+  template <class _Up,
+            class = __void_t<decltype(__fun(std::declval<_Up>()))>,
+            __enable_if_t<!__is_same_uncvref<_Up, reference_wrapper>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference_wrapper(_Up&& __u)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(noexcept(__fun(std::declval<_Up>()))) {
+    type& __f = static_cast<_Up&&>(__u);
+    __f_      = std::addressof(__f);
+  }
+
+  // access
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 operator type&() const _NOEXCEPT { return *__f_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 type& get() const _NOEXCEPT { return *__f_; }
+
+  // invoke
+  template <class... _ArgTypes>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename __invoke_of<type&, _ArgTypes...>::type
+  operator()(_ArgTypes&&... __args) const
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+      // Since is_nothrow_invocable requires C++17 LWG3764 is not backported
+      // to earlier versions.
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_invocable_v<_Tp&, _ArgTypes...>)
+#endif
+  {
+    return std::__invoke(get(), std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  // [refwrap.comparisons], comparisons
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(reference_wrapper __x, reference_wrapper __y)
+    requires requires {
+      { __x.get() == __y.get() } -> __boolean_testable;
+    }
+  {
+    return __x.get() == __y.get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(reference_wrapper __x, const _Tp& __y)
+    requires requires {
+      { __x.get() == __y } -> __boolean_testable;
+    }
+  {
+    return __x.get() == __y;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(reference_wrapper __x, reference_wrapper<const _Tp> __y)
+    requires(!is_const_v<_Tp>) && requires {
+      { __x.get() == __y.get() } -> __boolean_testable;
+    }
+  {
+    return __x.get() == __y.get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr auto operator<=>(reference_wrapper __x, reference_wrapper __y)
+    requires requires { std::__synth_three_way(__x.get(), __y.get()); }
+  {
+    return std::__synth_three_way(__x.get(), __y.get());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr auto operator<=>(reference_wrapper __x, const _Tp& __y)
+    requires requires { std::__synth_three_way(__x.get(), __y); }
+  {
+    return std::__synth_three_way(__x.get(), __y);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr auto operator<=>(reference_wrapper __x, reference_wrapper<const _Tp> __y)
+    requires(!is_const_v<_Tp>) && requires { std::__synth_three_way(__x.get(), __y.get()); }
+  {
+    return std::__synth_three_way(__x.get(), __y.get());
+  }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+reference_wrapper(_Tp&) -> reference_wrapper<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference_wrapper<_Tp> ref(_Tp& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return reference_wrapper<_Tp>(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference_wrapper<_Tp>
+ref(reference_wrapper<_Tp> __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference_wrapper<const _Tp> cref(const _Tp& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return reference_wrapper<const _Tp>(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference_wrapper<const _Tp>
+cref(reference_wrapper<_Tp> __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+void ref(const _Tp&&) = delete;
+template <class _Tp>
+void cref(const _Tp&&) = delete;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_REFERENCE_WRAPPER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/unary_function.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/unary_function.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..69b1bc94220ae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/unary_function.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_UNARY_FUNCTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_UNARY_FUNCTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_UNARY_BINARY_FUNCTION)
+
+template <class _Arg, class _Result>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 unary_function {
+  typedef _Arg argument_type;
+  typedef _Result result_type;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+
+template <class _Arg, class _Result>
+struct __unary_function_keep_layout_base {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using argument_type _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Arg;
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17   = _Result;
+#endif
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_UNARY_BINARY_FUNCTION)
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+_LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wdeprecated-declarations")
+template <class _Arg, class _Result>
+using __unary_function = unary_function<_Arg, _Result>;
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#else
+template <class _Arg, class _Result>
+using __unary_function = __unary_function_keep_layout_base<_Arg, _Result>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_UNARY_FUNCTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/unary_negate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/unary_negate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5bd487a97bcb33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/unary_negate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_UNARY_NEGATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_UNARY_NEGATE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_NEGATORS)
+
+template <class _Predicate>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 unary_negate : public __unary_function<typename _Predicate::argument_type, bool> {
+  _Predicate __pred_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit unary_negate(const _Predicate& __pred)
+      : __pred_(__pred) {}
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator()(const typename _Predicate::argument_type& __x) const {
+    return !__pred_(__x);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unary_negate<_Predicate>
+not1(const _Predicate& __pred) {
+  return unary_negate<_Predicate>(__pred);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_NEGATORS)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_UNARY_NEGATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/weak_result_type.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/weak_result_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ad7a8395186cd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__functional/weak_result_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_WEAK_RESULT_TYPE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_WEAK_RESULT_TYPE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/binary_function.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_result_type {
+private:
+  template <class _Up>
+  static false_type __test(...);
+  template <class _Up>
+  static true_type __test(typename _Up::result_type* = 0);
+
+public:
+  static const bool value = decltype(__test<_Tp>(0))::value;
+};
+
+// __weak_result_type
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __derives_from_unary_function {
+private:
+  struct __two {
+    char __lx;
+    char __lxx;
+  };
+  static __two __test(...);
+  template <class _Ap, class _Rp>
+  static __unary_function<_Ap, _Rp> __test(const volatile __unary_function<_Ap, _Rp>*);
+
+public:
+  static const bool value = !is_same<decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)), __two>::value;
+  typedef decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __derives_from_binary_function {
+private:
+  struct __two {
+    char __lx;
+    char __lxx;
+  };
+  static __two __test(...);
+  template <class _A1, class _A2, class _Rp>
+  static __binary_function<_A1, _A2, _Rp> __test(const volatile __binary_function<_A1, _A2, _Rp>*);
+
+public:
+  static const bool value = !is_same<decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)), __two>::value;
+  typedef decltype(__test((_Tp*)0)) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = __derives_from_unary_function<_Tp>::value>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function // bool is true
+    : public __derives_from_unary_function<_Tp>::type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_Tp, false> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = __derives_from_binary_function<_Tp>::value>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function // bool is true
+    : public __derives_from_binary_function<_Tp>::type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_Tp, false> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = __has_result_type<_Tp>::value>
+struct __weak_result_type_imp // bool is true
+    : public __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_Tp>,
+      public __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_Tp> {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = typename _Tp::result_type;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __weak_result_type_imp<_Tp, false>
+    : public __maybe_derive_from_unary_function<_Tp>, public __maybe_derive_from_binary_function<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __weak_result_type : public __weak_result_type_imp<_Tp> {};
+
+// 0 argument case
+
+template <class _Rp>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp()> {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Rp;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (&)()> {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Rp;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (*)()> {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Rp;
+#endif
+};
+
+// 1 argument case
+
+template <class _Rp, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp(_A1)> : public __unary_function<_A1, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (&)(_A1)> : public __unary_function<_A1, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (*)(_A1)> : public __unary_function<_A1, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)()> : public __unary_function<_Cp*, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)() const> : public __unary_function<const _Cp*, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)() volatile> : public __unary_function<volatile _Cp*, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)() const volatile> : public __unary_function<const volatile _Cp*, _Rp> {};
+
+// 2 argument case
+
+template <class _Rp, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp(_A1, _A2)> : public __binary_function<_A1, _A2, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (*)(_A1, _A2)> : public __binary_function<_A1, _A2, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _A1, class _A2>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (&)(_A1, _A2)> : public __binary_function<_A1, _A2, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)(_A1)> : public __binary_function<_Cp*, _A1, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)(_A1) const> : public __binary_function<const _Cp*, _A1, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)(_A1) volatile> : public __binary_function<volatile _Cp*, _A1, _Rp> {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp, class _A1>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)(_A1) const volatile> : public __binary_function<const volatile _Cp*, _A1, _Rp> {
+};
+
+// 3 or more arguments
+
+template <class _Rp, class _A1, class _A2, class _A3, class... _A4>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp(_A1, _A2, _A3, _A4...)> {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Rp;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _A1, class _A2, class _A3, class... _A4>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (&)(_A1, _A2, _A3, _A4...)> {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Rp;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _A1, class _A2, class _A3, class... _A4>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (*)(_A1, _A2, _A3, _A4...)> {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Rp;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp, class _A1, class _A2, class... _A3>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)(_A1, _A2, _A3...)> {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Rp;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp, class _A1, class _A2, class... _A3>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)(_A1, _A2, _A3...) const> {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Rp;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp, class _A1, class _A2, class... _A3>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)(_A1, _A2, _A3...) volatile> {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Rp;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Cp, class _A1, class _A2, class... _A3>
+struct __weak_result_type<_Rp (_Cp::*)(_A1, _A2, _A3...) const volatile> {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  using result_type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = _Rp;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct __invoke_return {
+  typedef decltype(std::__invoke(std::declval<_Tp>(), std::declval<_Args>()...)) type;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_WEAK_RESULT_TYPE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/array.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/array.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b429d0c5a95427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/array.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_ARRAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_ARRAY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS array;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp& get(array<_Tp, _Size>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Tp& get(const array<_Tp, _Size>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp&& get(array<_Tp, _Size>&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Tp&& get(const array<_Tp, _Size>&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+
+template <class>
+struct __is_std_array : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct __is_std_array<array<_Tp, _Size> > : true_type {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_ARRAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/bit_reference.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/bit_reference.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..237efb6db66429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/bit_reference.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_BIT_REFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_BIT_REFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Cp, bool _IsConst, typename _Cp::__storage_type = 0>
+class __bit_iterator;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_BIT_REFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/complex.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/complex.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..22c78c5cc3c77a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/complex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_COMPLEX_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_COMPLEX_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS complex;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& get(complex<_Tp>&) noexcept;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp&& get(complex<_Tp>&&) noexcept;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp& get(const complex<_Tp>&) noexcept;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp&& get(const complex<_Tp>&&) noexcept;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_COMPLEX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/deque.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/deque.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fd2fb5bb4b8e92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/deque.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_DEQUE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_DEQUE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/memory.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator = allocator<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS deque;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_DEQUE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/format.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/format.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b30c220f8a0435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/format.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_FORMAT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_FORMAT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Context>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_format_arg;
+
+template <class _OutIt, class _CharT>
+  requires output_iterator<_OutIt, const _CharT&>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_format_context;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT = char>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter;
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_FORMAT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/fstream.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/fstream.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b4a112bfd4de64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/fstream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_FSTREAM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_FSTREAM_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_filebuf;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_ifstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_ofstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_fstream;
+
+using filebuf  = basic_filebuf<char>;
+using ifstream = basic_ifstream<char>;
+using ofstream = basic_ofstream<char>;
+using fstream  = basic_fstream<char>;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wfilebuf  = basic_filebuf<wchar_t>;
+using wifstream = basic_ifstream<wchar_t>;
+using wofstream = basic_ofstream<wchar_t>;
+using wfstream  = basic_fstream<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(filebuf) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wfilebuf)) basic_filebuf;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(ifstream) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wifstream)) basic_ifstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(ofstream) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wofstream)) basic_ofstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(fstream) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wfstream)) basic_fstream;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_FSTREAM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/functional.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/functional.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..32c9ef33e453b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/functional.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_FUNCTIONAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_FUNCTIONAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash;
+
+template <class>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS reference_wrapper;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_FUNCTIONAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/ios.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/ios.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..48350709d4ce25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/ios.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_IOS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_IOS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ios_base;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_ios;
+
+using ios = basic_ios<char>;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wios = basic_ios<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(ios) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wios)) basic_ios;
+
+#if defined(_NEWLIB_VERSION)
+// On newlib, off_t is 'long int'
+using streamoff = long int; // for char_traits in <string>
+#else
+using streamoff = long long; // for char_traits in <string>
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_IOS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/istream.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/istream.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a06907a6c8ef91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/istream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_ISTREAM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_ISTREAM_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_istream;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_iostream;
+
+using istream  = basic_istream<char>;
+using iostream = basic_iostream<char>;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wistream  = basic_istream<wchar_t>;
+using wiostream = basic_iostream<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(istream) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wistream)) basic_istream;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(iostream) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wiostream)) basic_iostream;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_ISTREAM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/mdspan.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/mdspan.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8889567a047f6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/mdspan.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//                        Kokkos v. 4.0
+//       Copyright (2022) National Technology & Engineering
+//               Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS).
+//
+// Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with NTESS,
+// the U.S. Government retains certain rights in this software.
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUTS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+// Layout policy with a mapping which corresponds to FORTRAN-style array layouts
+struct layout_left {
+  template <class _Extents>
+  class mapping;
+};
+
+// Layout policy with a mapping which corresponds to C-style array layouts
+struct layout_right {
+  template <class _Extents>
+  class mapping;
+};
+
+// Layout policy with a unique mapping where strides are arbitrary
+struct layout_stride {
+  template <class _Extents>
+  class mapping;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/memory.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/memory.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b9e151855ad7d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/memory.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_MEMORY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_MEMORY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS allocator;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_MEMORY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/memory_resource.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/memory_resource.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d68b2c2b631543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/memory_resource.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_MEMORY_RESOURCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_MEMORY_RESOURCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace pmr {
+template <class _ValueType>
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS polymorphic_allocator;
+} // namespace pmr
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_MEMORY_RESOURCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/ostream.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/ostream.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3347e0f71d7a1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/ostream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_OSTREAM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_OSTREAM_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_ostream;
+
+using ostream = basic_ostream<char>;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wostream = basic_ostream<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(ostream) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wostream)) basic_ostream;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_OSTREAM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/pair.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/pair.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..af32628fe1e0d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/pair.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_PAIR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_PAIR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/tuple.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class, class>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS pair;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&
+get(pair<_T1, _T2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&
+get(const pair<_T1, _T2>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&&
+get(pair<_T1, _T2>&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&&
+get(const pair<_T1, _T2>&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_PAIR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/queue.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/queue.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..50d99ad9c29f45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/queue.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_QUEUE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_QUEUE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__fwd/deque.h>
+#include <__fwd/vector.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container = deque<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS queue;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container = vector<_Tp>, class _Compare = less<typename _Container::value_type> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS priority_queue;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_QUEUE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/span.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/span.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8dafa742c19df5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/span.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_SPAN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_SPAN_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+inline constexpr size_t dynamic_extent = numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+template <typename _Tp, size_t _Extent = dynamic_extent>
+class span;
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_SPAN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/sstream.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/sstream.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..39a9c3faf1f800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/sstream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_SSTREAM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_SSTREAM_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/memory.h>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>, class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_stringbuf;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>, class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_istringstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>, class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_ostringstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>, class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_stringstream;
+
+using stringbuf     = basic_stringbuf<char>;
+using istringstream = basic_istringstream<char>;
+using ostringstream = basic_ostringstream<char>;
+using stringstream  = basic_stringstream<char>;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wstringbuf     = basic_stringbuf<wchar_t>;
+using wistringstream = basic_istringstream<wchar_t>;
+using wostringstream = basic_ostringstream<wchar_t>;
+using wstringstream  = basic_stringstream<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(stringbuf) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wstringbuf)) basic_stringbuf;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(istringstream)
+    _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wistringstream)) basic_istringstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(ostringstream)
+    _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wostringstream)) basic_ostringstream;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(stringstream)
+    _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wstringstream)) basic_stringstream;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_SSTREAM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/stack.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/stack.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7dab6c1a4f4e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/stack.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_STACK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_STACK_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/deque.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container = deque<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS stack;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_STACK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/streambuf.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/streambuf.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b35afa6afe3437
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/streambuf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_STREAMBUF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_STREAMBUF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_streambuf;
+
+using streambuf = basic_streambuf<char>;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wstreambuf = basic_streambuf<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(streambuf) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wstreambuf)) basic_streambuf;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_STREAMBUF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/string.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/string.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2418e1f9b23d0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/string.h
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_STRING_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_STRING_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/memory.h>
+#include <__fwd/memory_resource.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS char_traits;
+template <>
+struct char_traits<char>;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+template <>
+struct char_traits<char8_t>;
+#endif
+
+template <>
+struct char_traits<char16_t>;
+template <>
+struct char_traits<char32_t>;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+struct char_traits<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>, class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_string;
+
+using string = basic_string<char>;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wstring = basic_string<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+using u8string = basic_string<char8_t>;
+#endif
+
+using u16string = basic_string<char16_t>;
+using u32string = basic_string<char32_t>;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+namespace pmr {
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>>
+using basic_string _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = std::basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, polymorphic_allocator<_CharT>>;
+
+using string _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = basic_string<char>;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wstring _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = basic_string<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+using u8string _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = basic_string<char8_t>;
+#  endif
+
+using u16string _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = basic_string<char16_t>;
+using u32string _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = basic_string<char32_t>;
+} // namespace pmr
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(string)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wstring)
+#endif
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(u8string)
+#endif
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(u16string)
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(u32string)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(pmr::string)
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(pmr::wstring)
+#  endif
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(pmr::u8string)
+#  endif
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(pmr::u16string)
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(pmr::u32string)
+#endif
+      basic_string;
+// clang-format on
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_STRING_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/string_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/string_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..72a64be5b00b54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/string_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_STRING_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_STRING_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_string_view;
+
+typedef basic_string_view<char> string_view;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+typedef basic_string_view<char8_t> u8string_view;
+#endif
+typedef basic_string_view<char16_t> u16string_view;
+typedef basic_string_view<char32_t> u32string_view;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+typedef basic_string_view<wchar_t> wstring_view;
+#endif
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(string_view)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wstring_view)
+#endif
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(u8string_view)
+#endif
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(u16string_view)
+      _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(u32string_view)
+      basic_string_view;
+// clang-format on
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_STRING_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/subrange.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/subrange.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..60a41da23dd44e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/subrange.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_SUBRANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_SUBRANGE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+enum class subrange_kind : bool { unsized, sized };
+
+template <input_or_output_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
+  requires(_Kind == subrange_kind::sized || !sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _Iter>)
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS subrange;
+
+template <size_t _Index, class _Iter, class _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
+  requires((_Index == 0 && copyable<_Iter>) || _Index == 1)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto get(const subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>&);
+
+template <size_t _Index, class _Iter, class _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
+  requires(_Index < 2)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto get(subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>&&);
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+using ranges::get;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_SUBRANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/tuple.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/tuple.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..902770c29555ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/tuple.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_TUPLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_TUPLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <size_t, class>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_element;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class...>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple;
+
+template <class>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_size;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&
+get(tuple<_Tp...>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&
+get(const tuple<_Tp...>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&&
+get(tuple<_Tp...>&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&&
+get(const tuple<_Tp...>&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_TUPLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/vector.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/vector.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c9cc96137449f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__fwd/vector.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FWD_VECTOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FWD_VECTOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/memory.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc = allocator<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS vector;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FWD_VECTOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__hash_table b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__hash_table
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..025758528573f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__hash_table
@@ -0,0 +1,2044 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___HASH_TABLE
+#define _LIBCPP___HASH_TABLE
+
+#include <__algorithm/max.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__bit/countl.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/compressed_pair.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/swap_allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__type_traits/can_extract_key.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <new> // __launder
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp>
+struct __hash_value_type;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_hash_value_type_imp : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Value>
+struct __is_hash_value_type_imp<__hash_value_type<_Key, _Value> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class... _Args>
+struct __is_hash_value_type : false_type {};
+
+template <class _One>
+struct __is_hash_value_type<_One> : __is_hash_value_type_imp<__remove_cvref_t<_One> > {};
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI size_t __next_prime(size_t __n);
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+struct __hash_node_base {
+  typedef typename pointer_traits<_NodePtr>::element_type __node_type;
+  typedef __hash_node_base __first_node;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_NodePtr, __first_node> __node_base_pointer;
+  typedef _NodePtr __node_pointer;
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_FIX_UNORDERED_NODE_POINTER_UB)
+  typedef __node_base_pointer __next_pointer;
+#else
+  typedef __conditional_t<is_pointer<__node_pointer>::value, __node_base_pointer, __node_pointer> __next_pointer;
+#endif
+
+  __next_pointer __next_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __next_pointer __ptr() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<__next_pointer>(pointer_traits<__node_base_pointer>::pointer_to(*this));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_pointer __upcast() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<__node_pointer>(pointer_traits<__node_base_pointer>::pointer_to(*this));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __hash() const _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<__node_type const&>(*this).__hash_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_node_base() _NOEXCEPT : __next_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __hash_node_base(__next_pointer __next) _NOEXCEPT : __next_(__next) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __hash_node : public __hash_node_base< __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __hash_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> > > {
+  typedef _Tp __node_value_type;
+  using _Base          = __hash_node_base<__rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __hash_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> > >;
+  using __next_pointer = typename _Base::__next_pointer;
+
+  size_t __hash_;
+
+  // We allow starting the lifetime of nodes without initializing the value held by the node,
+  // since that is handled by the hash table itself in order to be allocator-aware.
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+private:
+  union {
+    _Tp __value_;
+  };
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& __get_value() { return __value_; }
+#else
+
+private:
+  _ALIGNAS_TYPE(_Tp) char __buffer_[sizeof(_Tp)];
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& __get_value() { return *std::__launder(reinterpret_cast<_Tp*>(&__buffer_)); }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __hash_node(__next_pointer __next, size_t __hash) : _Base(__next), __hash_(__hash) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__hash_node() {}
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_hash_power2(size_t __bc) { return __bc > 2 && !(__bc & (__bc - 1)); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __constrain_hash(size_t __h, size_t __bc) {
+  return !(__bc & (__bc - 1)) ? __h & (__bc - 1) : (__h < __bc ? __h : __h % __bc);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __next_hash_pow2(size_t __n) {
+  return __n < 2 ? __n : (size_t(1) << (numeric_limits<size_t>::digits - __libcpp_clz(__n - 1)));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+class __hash_table;
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_iterator;
+template <class _ConstNodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_iterator;
+template <class _NodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_local_iterator;
+template <class _ConstNodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_local_iterator;
+template <class _HashIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_iterator;
+template <class _HashIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_const_iterator;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __hash_key_value_types {
+  static_assert(!is_reference<_Tp>::value && !is_const<_Tp>::value, "");
+  typedef _Tp key_type;
+  typedef _Tp __node_value_type;
+  typedef _Tp __container_value_type;
+  static const bool __is_map = false;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static key_type const& __get_key(_Tp const& __v) { return __v; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type const& __get_value(__node_value_type const& __v) { return __v; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type* __get_ptr(__node_value_type& __n) { return std::addressof(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type&& __move(__node_value_type& __v) { return std::move(__v); }
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp>
+struct __hash_key_value_types<__hash_value_type<_Key, _Tp> > {
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef __hash_value_type<_Key, _Tp> __node_value_type;
+  typedef pair<const _Key, _Tp> __container_value_type;
+  typedef __container_value_type __map_value_type;
+  static const bool __is_map = true;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static key_type const& __get_key(__container_value_type const& __v) { return __v.first; }
+
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t<__is_same_uncvref<_Up, __node_value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type const& __get_value(_Up& __t) {
+    return __t.__get_value();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t<__is_same_uncvref<_Up, __container_value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type const& __get_value(_Up& __t) {
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type* __get_ptr(__node_value_type& __n) {
+    return std::addressof(__n.__get_value());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static pair<key_type&&, mapped_type&&> __move(__node_value_type& __v) { return __v.__move(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _AllocPtr, class _KVTypes = __hash_key_value_types<_Tp>, bool = _KVTypes::__is_map>
+struct __hash_map_pointer_types {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _AllocPtr, class _KVTypes>
+struct __hash_map_pointer_types<_Tp, _AllocPtr, _KVTypes, true> {
+  typedef typename _KVTypes::__map_value_type _Mv;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_AllocPtr, _Mv> __map_value_type_pointer;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_AllocPtr, const _Mv> __const_map_value_type_pointer;
+};
+
+template <class _NodePtr, class _NodeT = typename pointer_traits<_NodePtr>::element_type>
+struct __hash_node_types;
+
+template <class _NodePtr, class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __hash_node_types<_NodePtr, __hash_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> >
+    : public __hash_key_value_types<_Tp>,
+      __hash_map_pointer_types<_Tp, _VoidPtr>
+
+{
+  typedef __hash_key_value_types<_Tp> __base;
+
+public:
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef size_t size_type;
+
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_NodePtr, void> __void_pointer;
+
+  typedef typename pointer_traits<_NodePtr>::element_type __node_type;
+  typedef _NodePtr __node_pointer;
+
+  typedef __hash_node_base<__node_pointer> __node_base_type;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_NodePtr, __node_base_type> __node_base_pointer;
+
+  typedef typename __node_base_type::__next_pointer __next_pointer;
+
+  typedef _Tp __node_value_type;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __node_value_type> __node_value_type_pointer;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, const __node_value_type> __const_node_value_type_pointer;
+
+private:
+  static_assert(!is_const<__node_type>::value, "_NodePtr should never be a pointer to const");
+  static_assert(is_same<typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::element_type, void>::value,
+                "_VoidPtr does not point to unqualified void type");
+  static_assert(is_same<__rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __node_type>, _NodePtr>::value,
+                "_VoidPtr does not rebind to _NodePtr.");
+};
+
+template <class _HashIterator>
+struct __hash_node_types_from_iterator;
+template <class _NodePtr>
+struct __hash_node_types_from_iterator<__hash_iterator<_NodePtr> > : __hash_node_types<_NodePtr> {};
+template <class _NodePtr>
+struct __hash_node_types_from_iterator<__hash_const_iterator<_NodePtr> > : __hash_node_types<_NodePtr> {};
+template <class _NodePtr>
+struct __hash_node_types_from_iterator<__hash_local_iterator<_NodePtr> > : __hash_node_types<_NodePtr> {};
+template <class _NodePtr>
+struct __hash_node_types_from_iterator<__hash_const_local_iterator<_NodePtr> > : __hash_node_types<_NodePtr> {};
+
+template <class _NodeValueTp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __make_hash_node_types {
+  typedef __hash_node<_NodeValueTp, _VoidPtr> _NodeTp;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, _NodeTp> _NodePtr;
+  typedef __hash_node_types<_NodePtr> type;
+};
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_iterator {
+  typedef __hash_node_types<_NodePtr> _NodeTypes;
+  typedef _NodePtr __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__next_pointer __next_pointer;
+
+  __next_pointer __node_;
+
+public:
+  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_value_type_pointer pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_iterator() _NOEXCEPT : __node_(nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable unordered container iterator");
+    return __node_->__upcast()->__get_value();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable unordered container iterator");
+    return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__node_->__upcast()->__get_value());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_iterator& operator++() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to increment a non-incrementable unordered container iterator");
+    __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __hash_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __hash_iterator& __x, const __hash_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__node_ == __y.__node_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __hash_iterator& __x, const __hash_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __hash_iterator(__next_pointer __node) _NOEXCEPT : __node_(__node) {}
+
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class __hash_table;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_iterator;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_iterator;
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_map;
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_multimap;
+};
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_iterator {
+  static_assert(!is_const<typename pointer_traits<_NodePtr>::element_type>::value, "");
+  typedef __hash_node_types<_NodePtr> _NodeTypes;
+  typedef _NodePtr __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__next_pointer __next_pointer;
+
+  __next_pointer __node_;
+
+public:
+  typedef __hash_iterator<_NodePtr> __non_const_iterator;
+
+  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef const value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__const_node_value_type_pointer pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_const_iterator() _NOEXCEPT : __node_(nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_const_iterator(const __non_const_iterator& __x) _NOEXCEPT : __node_(__x.__node_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable unordered container const_iterator");
+    return __node_->__upcast()->__get_value();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable unordered container const_iterator");
+    return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__node_->__upcast()->__get_value());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_const_iterator& operator++() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to increment a non-incrementable unordered container const_iterator");
+    __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_const_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __hash_const_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __hash_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__node_ == __y.__node_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __hash_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __hash_const_iterator(__next_pointer __node) _NOEXCEPT : __node_(__node) {}
+
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class __hash_table;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_const_iterator;
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_map;
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_multimap;
+};
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_local_iterator {
+  typedef __hash_node_types<_NodePtr> _NodeTypes;
+  typedef _NodePtr __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__next_pointer __next_pointer;
+
+  __next_pointer __node_;
+  size_t __bucket_;
+  size_t __bucket_count_;
+
+public:
+  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_value_type_pointer pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_local_iterator() _NOEXCEPT : __node_(nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable unordered container local_iterator");
+    return __node_->__upcast()->__get_value();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable unordered container local_iterator");
+    return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__node_->__upcast()->__get_value());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_local_iterator& operator++() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to increment a non-incrementable unordered container local_iterator");
+    __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+    if (__node_ != nullptr && std::__constrain_hash(__node_->__hash(), __bucket_count_) != __bucket_)
+      __node_ = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_local_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __hash_local_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __hash_local_iterator& __x, const __hash_local_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__node_ == __y.__node_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __hash_local_iterator& __x, const __hash_local_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __hash_local_iterator(
+      __next_pointer __node, size_t __bucket, size_t __bucket_count) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __node_(__node),
+        __bucket_(__bucket),
+        __bucket_count_(__bucket_count) {
+    if (__node_ != nullptr)
+      __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+  }
+
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class __hash_table;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_local_iterator;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _ConstNodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_local_iterator {
+  typedef __hash_node_types<_ConstNodePtr> _NodeTypes;
+  typedef _ConstNodePtr __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__next_pointer __next_pointer;
+
+  __next_pointer __node_;
+  size_t __bucket_;
+  size_t __bucket_count_;
+
+  typedef pointer_traits<__node_pointer> __pointer_traits;
+  typedef typename __pointer_traits::element_type __node;
+  typedef __remove_const_t<__node> __non_const_node;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<__node_pointer, __non_const_node> __non_const_node_pointer;
+
+public:
+  typedef __hash_local_iterator<__non_const_node_pointer> __non_const_iterator;
+
+  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef const value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__const_node_value_type_pointer pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_const_local_iterator() _NOEXCEPT : __node_(nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_const_local_iterator(const __non_const_iterator& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __node_(__x.__node_),
+        __bucket_(__x.__bucket_),
+        __bucket_count_(__x.__bucket_count_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable unordered container const_local_iterator");
+    return __node_->__upcast()->__get_value();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable unordered container const_local_iterator");
+    return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__node_->__upcast()->__get_value());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_const_local_iterator& operator++() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __node_ != nullptr, "Attempted to increment a non-incrementable unordered container const_local_iterator");
+    __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+    if (__node_ != nullptr && std::__constrain_hash(__node_->__hash(), __bucket_count_) != __bucket_)
+      __node_ = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_const_local_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __hash_const_local_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const __hash_const_local_iterator& __x, const __hash_const_local_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__node_ == __y.__node_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const __hash_const_local_iterator& __x, const __hash_const_local_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __hash_const_local_iterator(
+      __next_pointer __node_ptr, size_t __bucket, size_t __bucket_count) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __node_(__node_ptr),
+        __bucket_(__bucket),
+        __bucket_count_(__bucket_count) {
+    if (__node_ != nullptr)
+      __node_ = __node_->__next_;
+  }
+
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class __hash_table;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __bucket_list_deallocator {
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+
+  __compressed_pair<size_type, allocator_type> __data_;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bucket_list_deallocator() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+      : __data_(0, __default_init_tag()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bucket_list_deallocator(const allocator_type& __a, size_type __size)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+      : __data_(__size, __a) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bucket_list_deallocator(__bucket_list_deallocator&& __x)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+      : __data_(std::move(__x.__data_)) {
+    __x.size() = 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type& size() _NOEXCEPT { return __data_.first(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __data_.first(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT { return __data_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const allocator_type& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT { return __data_.second(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT { __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __p, size()); }
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __hash_map_node_destructor;
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __hash_node_destructor {
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+
+private:
+  typedef __hash_node_types<pointer> _NodeTypes;
+
+  allocator_type& __na_;
+
+public:
+  bool __value_constructed;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_node_destructor(__hash_node_destructor const&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_node_destructor& operator=(const __hash_node_destructor&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __hash_node_destructor(allocator_type& __na, bool __constructed = false) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __na_(__na),
+        __value_constructed(__constructed) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__value_constructed) {
+      __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, _NodeTypes::__get_ptr(__p->__get_value()));
+      std::__destroy_at(std::addressof(*__p));
+    }
+    if (__p)
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__na_, __p, 1);
+  }
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class __hash_map_node_destructor;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _NodeType, class _Alloc>
+struct __generic_container_node_destructor;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr, class _Alloc>
+struct __generic_container_node_destructor<__hash_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr>, _Alloc> : __hash_node_destructor<_Alloc> {
+  using __hash_node_destructor<_Alloc>::__hash_node_destructor;
+};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Hash, class _Equal>
+struct __enforce_unordered_container_requirements {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  static_assert(__check_hash_requirements<_Key, _Hash>::value,
+                "the specified hash does not meet the Hash requirements");
+  static_assert(is_copy_constructible<_Equal>::value, "the specified comparator is required to be copy constructible");
+#endif
+  typedef int type;
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Hash, class _Equal>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSE_WARNING(!__invokable<_Equal const&, _Key const&, _Key const&>::value,
+                         "the specified comparator type does not provide a viable const call operator")
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSE_WARNING(!__invokable<_Hash const&, _Key const&>::value,
+                         "the specified hash functor does not provide a viable const call operator")
+#endif
+    typename __enforce_unordered_container_requirements<_Key, _Hash, _Equal>::type
+    __diagnose_unordered_container_requirements(int);
+
+// This dummy overload is used so that the compiler won't emit a spurious
+// "no matching function for call to __diagnose_unordered_xxx" diagnostic
+// when the overload above causes a hard error.
+template <class _Key, class _Hash, class _Equal>
+int __diagnose_unordered_container_requirements(void*);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+class __hash_table {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef _Hash hasher;
+  typedef _Equal key_equal;
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+
+private:
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+  typedef typename __make_hash_node_types<value_type, typename __alloc_traits::void_pointer>::type _NodeTypes;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_value_type __node_value_type;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__container_value_type __container_value_type;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::key_type key_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_FIX_UNORDERED_CONTAINER_SIZE_TYPE
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+#else
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::size_type size_type;
+#endif
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+public:
+  // Create __node
+
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_type __node;
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, __node> __node_allocator;
+  typedef allocator_traits<__node_allocator> __node_traits;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__void_pointer __void_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_pointer __node_const_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_base_type __first_node;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_base_pointer __node_base_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__next_pointer __next_pointer;
+
+private:
+  // check for sane allocator pointer rebinding semantics. Rebinding the
+  // allocator for a new pointer type should be exactly the same as rebinding
+  // the pointer using 'pointer_traits'.
+  static_assert(is_same<__node_pointer, typename __node_traits::pointer>::value,
+                "Allocator does not rebind pointers in a sane manner.");
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<__node_traits, __first_node> __node_base_allocator;
+  typedef allocator_traits<__node_base_allocator> __node_base_traits;
+  static_assert(is_same<__node_base_pointer, typename __node_base_traits::pointer>::value,
+                "Allocator does not rebind pointers in a sane manner.");
+
+private:
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<__node_traits, __next_pointer> __pointer_allocator;
+  typedef __bucket_list_deallocator<__pointer_allocator> __bucket_list_deleter;
+  typedef unique_ptr<__next_pointer[], __bucket_list_deleter> __bucket_list;
+  typedef allocator_traits<__pointer_allocator> __pointer_alloc_traits;
+  typedef typename __bucket_list_deleter::pointer __node_pointer_pointer;
+
+  // --- Member data begin ---
+  __bucket_list __bucket_list_;
+  __compressed_pair<__first_node, __node_allocator> __p1_;
+  __compressed_pair<size_type, hasher> __p2_;
+  __compressed_pair<float, key_equal> __p3_;
+  // --- Member data end ---
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type& size() _NOEXCEPT { return __p2_.first(); }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __p2_.first(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hasher& hash_function() _NOEXCEPT { return __p2_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const hasher& hash_function() const _NOEXCEPT { return __p2_.second(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float& max_load_factor() _NOEXCEPT { return __p3_.first(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float max_load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT { return __p3_.first(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_equal& key_eq() _NOEXCEPT { return __p3_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const key_equal& key_eq() const _NOEXCEPT { return __p3_.second(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_allocator& __node_alloc() _NOEXCEPT { return __p1_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const __node_allocator& __node_alloc() const _NOEXCEPT { return __p1_.second(); }
+
+public:
+  typedef __hash_iterator<__node_pointer> iterator;
+  typedef __hash_const_iterator<__node_pointer> const_iterator;
+  typedef __hash_local_iterator<__node_pointer> local_iterator;
+  typedef __hash_const_local_iterator<__node_pointer> const_local_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_table() _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<__bucket_list>::value&& is_nothrow_default_constructible<__first_node>::value&&
+          is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value&&
+              is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_table(const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_table(const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __hash_table(const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_table(const __hash_table& __u);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_table(const __hash_table& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_table(__hash_table&& __u) _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_move_constructible<__bucket_list>::value&& is_nothrow_move_constructible<__first_node>::value&&
+          is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value&&
+              is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_table(__hash_table&& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__hash_table();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_table& operator=(const __hash_table& __u);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_table& operator=(__hash_table&& __u)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value&&
+                     is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value&&
+                         is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_unique(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_multi(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::min<size_type>(__node_traits::max_size(__node_alloc()), numeric_limits<
diff erence_type >::max());
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __next_pointer __node_insert_multi_prepare(size_t __cp_hash, value_type& __cp_val);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __node_insert_multi_perform(__node_pointer __cp, __next_pointer __pn) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __next_pointer __node_insert_unique_prepare(size_t __nd_hash, value_type& __nd_val);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __node_insert_unique_perform(__node_pointer __ptr) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __node_insert_unique(__node_pointer __nd);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __node_insert_multi(__node_pointer __nd);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __node_insert_multi(const_iterator __p, __node_pointer __nd);
+
+  template <class _Key, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique_key_args(_Key const& __k, _Args&&... __args);
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique_impl(_Args&&... __args);
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique(_Pp&& __x) {
+    return __emplace_unique_extract_key(std::forward<_Pp>(__x), __can_extract_key<_Pp, key_type>());
+  }
+
+  template <class _First,
+            class _Second,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_extract_map_key<_First, key_type, __container_value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique(_First&& __f, _Second&& __s) {
+    return __emplace_unique_key_args(__f, std::forward<_First>(__f), std::forward<_Second>(__s));
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __emplace_unique_impl(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique_extract_key(_Pp&& __x, __extract_key_fail_tag) {
+    return __emplace_unique_impl(std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique_extract_key(_Pp&& __x, __extract_key_self_tag) {
+    return __emplace_unique_key_args(__x, std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique_extract_key(_Pp&& __x, __extract_key_first_tag) {
+    return __emplace_unique_key_args(__x.first, std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __emplace_multi(_Args&&... __args);
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __emplace_hint_multi(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __insert_unique(__container_value_type&& __x) {
+    return __emplace_unique_key_args(_NodeTypes::__get_key(__x), std::move(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp, __enable_if_t<!__is_same_uncvref<_Pp, __container_value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __insert_unique(_Pp&& __x) {
+    return __emplace_unique(std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_multi(_Pp&& __x) {
+    return __emplace_multi(std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_multi(const_iterator __p, _Pp&& __x) {
+    return __emplace_hint_multi(__p, std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __insert_unique(const __container_value_type& __x) {
+    return __emplace_unique_key_args(_NodeTypes::__get_key(__x), __x);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  template <class _NodeHandle, class _InsertReturnType>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _InsertReturnType __node_handle_insert_unique(_NodeHandle&& __nh);
+  template <class _NodeHandle>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __node_handle_insert_unique(const_iterator __hint, _NodeHandle&& __nh);
+  template <class _Table>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __node_handle_merge_unique(_Table& __source);
+
+  template <class _NodeHandle>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __node_handle_insert_multi(_NodeHandle&& __nh);
+  template <class _NodeHandle>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __node_handle_insert_multi(const_iterator __hint, _NodeHandle&& __nh);
+  template <class _Table>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __node_handle_merge_multi(_Table& __source);
+
+  template <class _NodeHandle>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodeHandle __node_handle_extract(key_type const& __key);
+  template <class _NodeHandle>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodeHandle __node_handle_extract(const_iterator __it);
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __rehash_unique(size_type __n) { __rehash<true>(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __rehash_multi(size_type __n) { __rehash<false>(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __reserve_unique(size_type __n) {
+    __rehash_unique(static_cast<size_type>(std::ceil(__n / max_load_factor())));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __reserve_multi(size_type __n) {
+    __rehash_multi(static_cast<size_type>(std::ceil(__n / max_load_factor())));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __bucket_list_.get_deleter().size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket(const _Key& __k) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        bucket_count() > 0, "unordered container::bucket(key) called when bucket_count() == 0");
+    return std::__constrain_hash(hash_function()(__k), bucket_count());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const _Key& __x);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const _Key& __x) const;
+
+  typedef __hash_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _Dp;
+  typedef unique_ptr<__node, _Dp> __node_holder;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __erase_unique(const _Key& __k);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __erase_multi(const _Key& __k);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_holder remove(const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __count_unique(const _Key& __k) const;
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __count_multi(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> __equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> __equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> __equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> __equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__hash_table& __u)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 11
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<hasher>&& __is_nothrow_swappable_v<key_equal> &&
+                 (!allocator_traits<__pointer_allocator>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                  __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__pointer_allocator>) &&
+                 (!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__node_allocator>));
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<hasher>&& __is_nothrow_swappable_v<key_equal>);
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return max_size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_size(size_type __n) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+    return __bc != 0 ? (float)size() / __bc : 0.f;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void max_load_factor(float __mlf) _NOEXCEPT {
+    // While passing a non-positive load factor is undefined behavior, in practice the result will be benign (the
+    // call will be equivalent to `max_load_factor(load_factor())`, which is also the case for passing a valid value
+    // less than the current `load_factor`).
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(__mlf > 0, "unordered container::max_load_factor(lf) called with lf <= 0");
+    max_load_factor() = std::max(__mlf, load_factor());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_iterator begin(size_type __n) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __n < bucket_count(), "unordered container::begin(n) called with n >= bucket_count()");
+    return local_iterator(__bucket_list_[__n], __n, bucket_count());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_iterator end(size_type __n) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __n < bucket_count(), "unordered container::end(n) called with n >= bucket_count()");
+    return local_iterator(nullptr, __n, bucket_count());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type __n) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __n < bucket_count(), "unordered container::cbegin(n) called with n >= bucket_count()");
+    return const_local_iterator(__bucket_list_[__n], __n, bucket_count());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator cend(size_type __n) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __n < bucket_count(), "unordered container::cend(n) called with n >= bucket_count()");
+    return const_local_iterator(nullptr, __n, bucket_count());
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <bool _UniqueKeys>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __rehash(size_type __n);
+  template <bool _UniqueKeys>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __do_rehash(size_type __n);
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_holder __construct_node(_Args&&... __args);
+
+  template <class _First, class... _Rest>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_holder __construct_node_hash(size_t __hash, _First&& __f, _Rest&&... __rest);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __hash_table& __u) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(__u, integral_constant<bool, __node_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __hash_table& __u, true_type);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __hash_table&, false_type) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(__hash_table& __u, false_type);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(__hash_table& __u, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value&&
+                     is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__hash_table& __u) _NOEXCEPT_(
+      !__node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+      (is_nothrow_move_assignable<__pointer_allocator>::value && is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)) {
+    __move_assign_alloc(__u, integral_constant<bool, __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__hash_table& __u, true_type) _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_move_assignable<__pointer_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value) {
+    __bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc() = std::move(__u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc());
+    __node_alloc()                         = std::move(__u.__node_alloc());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__hash_table&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __deallocate_node(__next_pointer __np) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __next_pointer __detach() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_map;
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_multimap;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table() _NOEXCEPT_(
+    is_nothrow_default_constructible<__bucket_list>::value&& is_nothrow_default_constructible<__first_node>::value&&
+        is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value&&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value)
+    : __p2_(0, __default_init_tag()), __p3_(1.0f, __default_init_tag()) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr, __bucket_list_deleter()), __p1_(), __p2_(0, __hf), __p3_(1.0f, __eql) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(
+    const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr, __bucket_list_deleter(__pointer_allocator(__a), 0)),
+      __p1_(__default_init_tag(), __node_allocator(__a)),
+      __p2_(0, __hf),
+      __p3_(1.0f, __eql) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr, __bucket_list_deleter(__pointer_allocator(__a), 0)),
+      __p1_(__default_init_tag(), __node_allocator(__a)),
+      __p2_(0, __default_init_tag()),
+      __p3_(1.0f, __default_init_tag()) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(const __hash_table& __u)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr,
+                     __bucket_list_deleter(allocator_traits<__pointer_allocator>::select_on_container_copy_construction(
+                                               __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc()),
+                                           0)),
+      __p1_(__default_init_tag(),
+            allocator_traits<__node_allocator>::select_on_container_copy_construction(__u.__node_alloc())),
+      __p2_(0, __u.hash_function()),
+      __p3_(__u.__p3_) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(const __hash_table& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr, __bucket_list_deleter(__pointer_allocator(__a), 0)),
+      __p1_(__default_init_tag(), __node_allocator(__a)),
+      __p2_(0, __u.hash_function()),
+      __p3_(__u.__p3_) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(__hash_table&& __u) _NOEXCEPT_(
+    is_nothrow_move_constructible<__bucket_list>::value&& is_nothrow_move_constructible<__first_node>::value&&
+        is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value&&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value)
+    : __bucket_list_(std::move(__u.__bucket_list_)),
+      __p1_(std::move(__u.__p1_)),
+      __p2_(std::move(__u.__p2_)),
+      __p3_(std::move(__u.__p3_)) {
+  if (size() > 0) {
+    __bucket_list_[std::__constrain_hash(__p1_.first().__next_->__hash(), bucket_count())] = __p1_.first().__ptr();
+    __u.__p1_.first().__next_                                                              = nullptr;
+    __u.size()                                                                             = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__hash_table(__hash_table&& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __bucket_list_(nullptr, __bucket_list_deleter(__pointer_allocator(__a), 0)),
+      __p1_(__default_init_tag(), __node_allocator(__a)),
+      __p2_(0, std::move(__u.hash_function())),
+      __p3_(std::move(__u.__p3_)) {
+  if (__a == allocator_type(__u.__node_alloc())) {
+    __bucket_list_.reset(__u.__bucket_list_.release());
+    __bucket_list_.get_deleter().size()     = __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size();
+    __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size() = 0;
+    if (__u.size() > 0) {
+      __p1_.first().__next_     = __u.__p1_.first().__next_;
+      __u.__p1_.first().__next_ = nullptr;
+      __bucket_list_[std::__constrain_hash(__p1_.first().__next_->__hash(), bucket_count())] = __p1_.first().__ptr();
+      size()                                                                                 = __u.size();
+      __u.size()                                                                             = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::~__hash_table() {
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+  static_assert(is_copy_constructible<key_equal>::value, "Predicate must be copy-constructible.");
+  static_assert(is_copy_constructible<hasher>::value, "Hasher must be copy-constructible.");
+#endif
+
+  __deallocate_node(__p1_.first().__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__copy_assign_alloc(const __hash_table& __u, true_type) {
+  if (__node_alloc() != __u.__node_alloc()) {
+    clear();
+    __bucket_list_.reset();
+    __bucket_list_.get_deleter().size() = 0;
+  }
+  __bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc() = __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc();
+  __node_alloc()                         = __u.__node_alloc();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>& __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::operator=(const __hash_table& __u) {
+  if (this != std::addressof(__u)) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(__u);
+    hash_function()   = __u.hash_function();
+    key_eq()          = __u.key_eq();
+    max_load_factor() = __u.max_load_factor();
+    __assign_multi(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__deallocate_node(__next_pointer __np) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+  while (__np != nullptr) {
+    __next_pointer __next    = __np->__next_;
+    __node_pointer __real_np = __np->__upcast();
+    __node_traits::destroy(__na, _NodeTypes::__get_ptr(__real_np->__get_value()));
+    std::__destroy_at(std::addressof(*__real_np));
+    __node_traits::deallocate(__na, __real_np, 1);
+    __np = __next;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__next_pointer
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__detach() _NOEXCEPT {
+  size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+  for (size_type __i = 0; __i < __bc; ++__i)
+    __bucket_list_[__i] = nullptr;
+  size()                 = 0;
+  __next_pointer __cache = __p1_.first().__next_;
+  __p1_.first().__next_  = nullptr;
+  return __cache;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__move_assign(__hash_table& __u, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value&&
+                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value) {
+  clear();
+  __bucket_list_.reset(__u.__bucket_list_.release());
+  __bucket_list_.get_deleter().size()     = __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size();
+  __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size() = 0;
+  __move_assign_alloc(__u);
+  size()                = __u.size();
+  hash_function()       = std::move(__u.hash_function());
+  max_load_factor()     = __u.max_load_factor();
+  key_eq()              = std::move(__u.key_eq());
+  __p1_.first().__next_ = __u.__p1_.first().__next_;
+  if (size() > 0) {
+    __bucket_list_[std::__constrain_hash(__p1_.first().__next_->__hash(), bucket_count())] = __p1_.first().__ptr();
+    __u.__p1_.first().__next_                                                              = nullptr;
+    __u.size()                                                                             = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__move_assign(__hash_table& __u, false_type) {
+  if (__node_alloc() == __u.__node_alloc())
+    __move_assign(__u, true_type());
+  else {
+    hash_function()   = std::move(__u.hash_function());
+    key_eq()          = std::move(__u.key_eq());
+    max_load_factor() = __u.max_load_factor();
+    if (bucket_count() != 0) {
+      __next_pointer __cache = __detach();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        const_iterator __i = __u.begin();
+        while (__cache != nullptr && __u.size() != 0) {
+          __cache->__upcast()->__get_value() = std::move(__u.remove(__i++)->__get_value());
+          __next_pointer __next              = __cache->__next_;
+          __node_insert_multi(__cache->__upcast());
+          __cache = __next;
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      } catch (...) {
+        __deallocate_node(__cache);
+        throw;
+      }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      __deallocate_node(__cache);
+    }
+    const_iterator __i = __u.begin();
+    while (__u.size() != 0) {
+      __node_holder __h = __construct_node(_NodeTypes::__move(__u.remove(__i++)->__get_value()));
+      __node_insert_multi(__h.get());
+      __h.release();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>&
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::operator=(__hash_table&& __u) _NOEXCEPT_(
+    __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value&&
+        is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value) {
+  __move_assign(__u, integral_constant<bool, __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__assign_unique(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  typedef iterator_traits<_InputIterator> _ITraits;
+  typedef typename _ITraits::value_type _ItValueType;
+  static_assert(is_same<_ItValueType, __container_value_type>::value,
+                "__assign_unique may only be called with the containers value type");
+
+  if (bucket_count() != 0) {
+    __next_pointer __cache = __detach();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (; __cache != nullptr && __first != __last; ++__first) {
+        __cache->__upcast()->__get_value() = *__first;
+        __next_pointer __next              = __cache->__next_;
+        __node_insert_unique(__cache->__upcast());
+        __cache = __next;
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __deallocate_node(__cache);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __deallocate_node(__cache);
+  }
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__assign_multi(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  typedef iterator_traits<_InputIterator> _ITraits;
+  typedef typename _ITraits::value_type _ItValueType;
+  static_assert(
+      (is_same<_ItValueType, __container_value_type>::value || is_same<_ItValueType, __node_value_type>::value),
+      "__assign_multi may only be called with the containers value type"
+      " or the nodes value type");
+  if (bucket_count() != 0) {
+    __next_pointer __cache = __detach();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (; __cache != nullptr && __first != __last; ++__first) {
+        __cache->__upcast()->__get_value() = *__first;
+        __next_pointer __next              = __cache->__next_;
+        __node_insert_multi(__cache->__upcast());
+        __cache = __next;
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __deallocate_node(__cache);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __deallocate_node(__cache);
+  }
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __insert_multi(_NodeTypes::__get_value(*__first));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::begin() _NOEXCEPT {
+  return iterator(__p1_.first().__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::end() _NOEXCEPT {
+  return iterator(nullptr);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::begin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return const_iterator(__p1_.first().__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::end() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return const_iterator(nullptr);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::clear() _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (size() > 0) {
+    __deallocate_node(__p1_.first().__next_);
+    __p1_.first().__next_ = nullptr;
+    size_type __bc        = bucket_count();
+    for (size_type __i = 0; __i < __bc; ++__i)
+      __bucket_list_[__i] = nullptr;
+    size() = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+// Prepare the container for an insertion of the value __value with the hash
+// __hash. This does a lookup into the container to see if __value is already
+// present, and performs a rehash if necessary. Returns a pointer to the
+// existing element if it exists, otherwise nullptr.
+//
+// Note that this function does forward exceptions if key_eq() throws, and never
+// mutates __value or actually inserts into the map.
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__next_pointer
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_insert_unique_prepare(size_t __hash, value_type& __value) {
+  size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+
+  if (__bc != 0) {
+    size_t __chash         = std::__constrain_hash(__hash, __bc);
+    __next_pointer __ndptr = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+    if (__ndptr != nullptr) {
+      for (__ndptr = __ndptr->__next_;
+           __ndptr != nullptr &&
+           (__ndptr->__hash() == __hash || std::__constrain_hash(__ndptr->__hash(), __bc) == __chash);
+           __ndptr = __ndptr->__next_) {
+        if ((__ndptr->__hash() == __hash) && key_eq()(__ndptr->__upcast()->__get_value(), __value))
+          return __ndptr;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (size() + 1 > __bc * max_load_factor() || __bc == 0) {
+    __rehash_unique(std::max<size_type>(
+        2 * __bc + !std::__is_hash_power2(__bc), size_type(std::ceil(float(size() + 1) / max_load_factor()))));
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+// Insert the node __nd into the container by pushing it into the right bucket,
+// and updating size(). Assumes that __nd->__hash is up-to-date, and that
+// rehashing has already occurred and that no element with the same key exists
+// in the map.
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_insert_unique_perform(__node_pointer __nd) _NOEXCEPT {
+  size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+  size_t __chash = std::__constrain_hash(__nd->__hash(), __bc);
+  // insert_after __bucket_list_[__chash], or __first_node if bucket is null
+  __next_pointer __pn = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+  if (__pn == nullptr) {
+    __pn          = __p1_.first().__ptr();
+    __nd->__next_ = __pn->__next_;
+    __pn->__next_ = __nd->__ptr();
+    // fix up __bucket_list_
+    __bucket_list_[__chash] = __pn;
+    if (__nd->__next_ != nullptr)
+      __bucket_list_[std::__constrain_hash(__nd->__next_->__hash(), __bc)] = __nd->__ptr();
+  } else {
+    __nd->__next_ = __pn->__next_;
+    __pn->__next_ = __nd->__ptr();
+  }
+  ++size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator, bool>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_insert_unique(__node_pointer __nd) {
+  __nd->__hash_                  = hash_function()(__nd->__get_value());
+  __next_pointer __existing_node = __node_insert_unique_prepare(__nd->__hash(), __nd->__get_value());
+
+  // Insert the node, unless it already exists in the container.
+  bool __inserted = false;
+  if (__existing_node == nullptr) {
+    __node_insert_unique_perform(__nd);
+    __existing_node = __nd->__ptr();
+    __inserted      = true;
+  }
+  return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__existing_node), __inserted);
+}
+
+// Prepare the container for an insertion of the value __cp_val with the hash
+// __cp_hash. This does a lookup into the container to see if __cp_value is
+// already present, and performs a rehash if necessary. Returns a pointer to the
+// last occurrence of __cp_val in the map.
+//
+// Note that this function does forward exceptions if key_eq() throws, and never
+// mutates __value or actually inserts into the map.
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__next_pointer
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_insert_multi_prepare(size_t __cp_hash, value_type& __cp_val) {
+  size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+  if (size() + 1 > __bc * max_load_factor() || __bc == 0) {
+    __rehash_multi(std::max<size_type>(
+        2 * __bc + !std::__is_hash_power2(__bc), size_type(std::ceil(float(size() + 1) / max_load_factor()))));
+    __bc = bucket_count();
+  }
+  size_t __chash      = std::__constrain_hash(__cp_hash, __bc);
+  __next_pointer __pn = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+  if (__pn != nullptr) {
+    for (bool __found = false;
+         __pn->__next_ != nullptr && std::__constrain_hash(__pn->__next_->__hash(), __bc) == __chash;
+         __pn = __pn->__next_) {
+      //      __found    key_eq()     action
+      //      false       false       loop
+      //      true        true        loop
+      //      false       true        set __found to true
+      //      true        false       break
+      if (__found !=
+          (__pn->__next_->__hash() == __cp_hash && key_eq()(__pn->__next_->__upcast()->__get_value(), __cp_val))) {
+        if (!__found)
+          __found = true;
+        else
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __pn;
+}
+
+// Insert the node __cp into the container after __pn (which is the last node in
+// the bucket that compares equal to __cp). Rehashing, and checking for
+// uniqueness has already been performed (in __node_insert_multi_prepare), so
+// all we need to do is update the bucket and size(). Assumes that __cp->__hash
+// is up-to-date.
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_insert_multi_perform(
+    __node_pointer __cp, __next_pointer __pn) _NOEXCEPT {
+  size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+  size_t __chash = std::__constrain_hash(__cp->__hash_, __bc);
+  if (__pn == nullptr) {
+    __pn          = __p1_.first().__ptr();
+    __cp->__next_ = __pn->__next_;
+    __pn->__next_ = __cp->__ptr();
+    // fix up __bucket_list_
+    __bucket_list_[__chash] = __pn;
+    if (__cp->__next_ != nullptr)
+      __bucket_list_[std::__constrain_hash(__cp->__next_->__hash(), __bc)] = __cp->__ptr();
+  } else {
+    __cp->__next_ = __pn->__next_;
+    __pn->__next_ = __cp->__ptr();
+    if (__cp->__next_ != nullptr) {
+      size_t __nhash = std::__constrain_hash(__cp->__next_->__hash(), __bc);
+      if (__nhash != __chash)
+        __bucket_list_[__nhash] = __cp->__ptr();
+    }
+  }
+  ++size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_insert_multi(__node_pointer __cp) {
+  __cp->__hash_       = hash_function()(__cp->__get_value());
+  __next_pointer __pn = __node_insert_multi_prepare(__cp->__hash(), __cp->__get_value());
+  __node_insert_multi_perform(__cp, __pn);
+
+  return iterator(__cp->__ptr());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_insert_multi(const_iterator __p, __node_pointer __cp) {
+  if (__p != end() && key_eq()(*__p, __cp->__get_value())) {
+    __next_pointer __np = __p.__node_;
+    __cp->__hash_       = __np->__hash();
+    size_type __bc      = bucket_count();
+    if (size() + 1 > __bc * max_load_factor() || __bc == 0) {
+      __rehash_multi(std::max<size_type>(
+          2 * __bc + !std::__is_hash_power2(__bc), size_type(std::ceil(float(size() + 1) / max_load_factor()))));
+      __bc = bucket_count();
+    }
+    size_t __chash      = std::__constrain_hash(__cp->__hash_, __bc);
+    __next_pointer __pp = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+    while (__pp->__next_ != __np)
+      __pp = __pp->__next_;
+    __cp->__next_ = __np;
+    __pp->__next_ = static_cast<__next_pointer>(__cp);
+    ++size();
+    return iterator(static_cast<__next_pointer>(__cp));
+  }
+  return __node_insert_multi(__cp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key, class... _Args>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator, bool>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__emplace_unique_key_args(_Key const& __k, _Args&&... __args) {
+  size_t __hash   = hash_function()(__k);
+  size_type __bc  = bucket_count();
+  bool __inserted = false;
+  __next_pointer __nd;
+  size_t __chash;
+  if (__bc != 0) {
+    __chash = std::__constrain_hash(__hash, __bc);
+    __nd    = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+    if (__nd != nullptr) {
+      for (__nd = __nd->__next_;
+           __nd != nullptr && (__nd->__hash() == __hash || std::__constrain_hash(__nd->__hash(), __bc) == __chash);
+           __nd = __nd->__next_) {
+        if ((__nd->__hash() == __hash) && key_eq()(__nd->__upcast()->__get_value(), __k))
+          goto __done;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node_hash(__hash, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    if (size() + 1 > __bc * max_load_factor() || __bc == 0) {
+      __rehash_unique(std::max<size_type>(
+          2 * __bc + !std::__is_hash_power2(__bc), size_type(std::ceil(float(size() + 1) / max_load_factor()))));
+      __bc    = bucket_count();
+      __chash = std::__constrain_hash(__hash, __bc);
+    }
+    // insert_after __bucket_list_[__chash], or __first_node if bucket is null
+    __next_pointer __pn = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+    if (__pn == nullptr) {
+      __pn          = __p1_.first().__ptr();
+      __h->__next_  = __pn->__next_;
+      __pn->__next_ = __h.get()->__ptr();
+      // fix up __bucket_list_
+      __bucket_list_[__chash] = __pn;
+      if (__h->__next_ != nullptr)
+        __bucket_list_[std::__constrain_hash(__h->__next_->__hash(), __bc)] = __h.get()->__ptr();
+    } else {
+      __h->__next_  = __pn->__next_;
+      __pn->__next_ = static_cast<__next_pointer>(__h.get());
+    }
+    __nd = static_cast<__next_pointer>(__h.release());
+    // increment size
+    ++size();
+    __inserted = true;
+  }
+__done:
+  return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__nd), __inserted);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator, bool>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__emplace_unique_impl(_Args&&... __args) {
+  __node_holder __h        = __construct_node(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  pair<iterator, bool> __r = __node_insert_unique(__h.get());
+  if (__r.second)
+    __h.release();
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__emplace_multi(_Args&&... __args) {
+  __node_holder __h = __construct_node(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  iterator __r      = __node_insert_multi(__h.get());
+  __h.release();
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__emplace_hint_multi(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+  __node_holder __h = __construct_node(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  iterator __r      = __node_insert_multi(__p, __h.get());
+  __h.release();
+  return __r;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _NodeHandle, class _InsertReturnType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _InsertReturnType
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_handle_insert_unique(_NodeHandle&& __nh) {
+  if (__nh.empty())
+    return _InsertReturnType{end(), false, _NodeHandle()};
+  pair<iterator, bool> __result = __node_insert_unique(__nh.__ptr_);
+  if (__result.second)
+    __nh.__release_ptr();
+  return _InsertReturnType{__result.first, __result.second, std::move(__nh)};
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _NodeHandle>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_handle_insert_unique(const_iterator, _NodeHandle&& __nh) {
+  if (__nh.empty())
+    return end();
+  pair<iterator, bool> __result = __node_insert_unique(__nh.__ptr_);
+  if (__result.second)
+    __nh.__release_ptr();
+  return __result.first;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _NodeHandle>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodeHandle
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_handle_extract(key_type const& __key) {
+  iterator __i = find(__key);
+  if (__i == end())
+    return _NodeHandle();
+  return __node_handle_extract<_NodeHandle>(__i);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _NodeHandle>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodeHandle __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_handle_extract(const_iterator __p) {
+  allocator_type __alloc(__node_alloc());
+  return _NodeHandle(remove(__p).release(), __alloc);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Table>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_handle_merge_unique(_Table& __source) {
+  static_assert(is_same<__node, typename _Table::__node>::value, "");
+
+  for (typename _Table::iterator __it = __source.begin(); __it != __source.end();) {
+    __node_pointer __src_ptr       = __it.__node_->__upcast();
+    size_t __hash                  = hash_function()(__src_ptr->__get_value());
+    __next_pointer __existing_node = __node_insert_unique_prepare(__hash, __src_ptr->__get_value());
+    auto __prev_iter               = __it++;
+    if (__existing_node == nullptr) {
+      (void)__source.remove(__prev_iter).release();
+      __src_ptr->__hash_ = __hash;
+      __node_insert_unique_perform(__src_ptr);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _NodeHandle>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_handle_insert_multi(_NodeHandle&& __nh) {
+  if (__nh.empty())
+    return end();
+  iterator __result = __node_insert_multi(__nh.__ptr_);
+  __nh.__release_ptr();
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _NodeHandle>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_handle_insert_multi(const_iterator __hint, _NodeHandle&& __nh) {
+  if (__nh.empty())
+    return end();
+  iterator __result = __node_insert_multi(__hint, __nh.__ptr_);
+  __nh.__release_ptr();
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Table>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_handle_merge_multi(_Table& __source) {
+  static_assert(is_same<typename _Table::__node, __node>::value, "");
+
+  for (typename _Table::iterator __it = __source.begin(); __it != __source.end();) {
+    __node_pointer __src_ptr = __it.__node_->__upcast();
+    size_t __src_hash        = hash_function()(__src_ptr->__get_value());
+    __next_pointer __pn      = __node_insert_multi_prepare(__src_hash, __src_ptr->__get_value());
+    (void)__source.remove(__it++).release();
+    __src_ptr->__hash_ = __src_hash;
+    __node_insert_multi_perform(__src_ptr, __pn);
+  }
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <bool _UniqueKeys>
+void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__rehash(size_type __n) _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK {
+  if (__n == 1)
+    __n = 2;
+  else if (__n & (__n - 1))
+    __n = std::__next_prime(__n);
+  size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+  if (__n > __bc)
+    __do_rehash<_UniqueKeys>(__n);
+  else if (__n < __bc) {
+    __n = std::max<size_type>(
+        __n,
+        std::__is_hash_power2(__bc) ? std::__next_hash_pow2(size_t(std::ceil(float(size()) / max_load_factor())))
+                                    : std::__next_prime(size_t(std::ceil(float(size()) / max_load_factor()))));
+    if (__n < __bc)
+      __do_rehash<_UniqueKeys>(__n);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <bool _UniqueKeys>
+void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__do_rehash(size_type __nbc) {
+  __pointer_allocator& __npa = __bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc();
+  __bucket_list_.reset(__nbc > 0 ? __pointer_alloc_traits::allocate(__npa, __nbc) : nullptr);
+  __bucket_list_.get_deleter().size() = __nbc;
+  if (__nbc > 0) {
+    for (size_type __i = 0; __i < __nbc; ++__i)
+      __bucket_list_[__i] = nullptr;
+    __next_pointer __pp = __p1_.first().__ptr();
+    __next_pointer __cp = __pp->__next_;
+    if (__cp != nullptr) {
+      size_type __chash       = std::__constrain_hash(__cp->__hash(), __nbc);
+      __bucket_list_[__chash] = __pp;
+      size_type __phash       = __chash;
+      for (__pp = __cp, void(), __cp = __cp->__next_; __cp != nullptr; __cp = __pp->__next_) {
+        __chash = std::__constrain_hash(__cp->__hash(), __nbc);
+        if (__chash == __phash)
+          __pp = __cp;
+        else {
+          if (__bucket_list_[__chash] == nullptr) {
+            __bucket_list_[__chash] = __pp;
+            __pp                    = __cp;
+            __phash                 = __chash;
+          } else {
+            __next_pointer __np = __cp;
+            if _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 (!_UniqueKeys) {
+              for (; __np->__next_ != nullptr &&
+                     key_eq()(__cp->__upcast()->__get_value(), __np->__next_->__upcast()->__get_value());
+                   __np = __np->__next_)
+                ;
+            }
+            __pp->__next_                    = __np->__next_;
+            __np->__next_                    = __bucket_list_[__chash]->__next_;
+            __bucket_list_[__chash]->__next_ = __cp;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::find(const _Key& __k) {
+  size_t __hash  = hash_function()(__k);
+  size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+  if (__bc != 0) {
+    size_t __chash      = std::__constrain_hash(__hash, __bc);
+    __next_pointer __nd = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+    if (__nd != nullptr) {
+      for (__nd = __nd->__next_;
+           __nd != nullptr && (__nd->__hash() == __hash || std::__constrain_hash(__nd->__hash(), __bc) == __chash);
+           __nd = __nd->__next_) {
+        if ((__nd->__hash() == __hash) && key_eq()(__nd->__upcast()->__get_value(), __k))
+          return iterator(__nd);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return end();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::find(const _Key& __k) const {
+  size_t __hash  = hash_function()(__k);
+  size_type __bc = bucket_count();
+  if (__bc != 0) {
+    size_t __chash      = std::__constrain_hash(__hash, __bc);
+    __next_pointer __nd = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+    if (__nd != nullptr) {
+      for (__nd = __nd->__next_;
+           __nd != nullptr && (__hash == __nd->__hash() || std::__constrain_hash(__nd->__hash(), __bc) == __chash);
+           __nd = __nd->__next_) {
+        if ((__nd->__hash() == __hash) && key_eq()(__nd->__upcast()->__get_value(), __k))
+          return const_iterator(__nd);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return end();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__construct_node(_Args&&... __args) {
+  static_assert(!__is_hash_value_type<_Args...>::value, "Construct cannot be called with a hash value type");
+  __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+  __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _Dp(__na));
+
+  // Begin the lifetime of the node itself. Note that this doesn't begin the lifetime of the value
+  // held inside the node, since we need to use the allocator's construct() method for that.
+  //
+  // We don't use the allocator's construct() method to construct the node itself since the
+  // Cpp17FooInsertable named requirements don't require the allocator's construct() method
+  // to work on anything other than the value_type.
+  std::__construct_at(std::addressof(*__h), /* next = */ nullptr, /* hash = */ 0);
+
+  // Now construct the value_type using the allocator's construct() method.
+  __node_traits::construct(__na, _NodeTypes::__get_ptr(__h->__get_value()), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  __h.get_deleter().__value_constructed = true;
+
+  __h->__hash_ = hash_function()(__h->__get_value());
+  return __h;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _First, class... _Rest>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__construct_node_hash(size_t __hash, _First&& __f, _Rest&&... __rest) {
+  static_assert(!__is_hash_value_type<_First, _Rest...>::value, "Construct cannot be called with a hash value type");
+  __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+  __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _Dp(__na));
+  std::__construct_at(std::addressof(*__h), /* next = */ nullptr, /* hash = */ __hash);
+  __node_traits::construct(
+      __na, _NodeTypes::__get_ptr(__h->__get_value()), std::forward<_First>(__f), std::forward<_Rest>(__rest)...);
+  __h.get_deleter().__value_constructed = true;
+  return __h;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::erase(const_iterator __p) {
+  __next_pointer __np = __p.__node_;
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+      __p != end(), "unordered container::erase(iterator) called with a non-dereferenceable iterator");
+  iterator __r(__np);
+  ++__r;
+  remove(__p);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) {
+  for (const_iterator __p = __first; __first != __last; __p = __first) {
+    ++__first;
+    erase(__p);
+  }
+  __next_pointer __np = __last.__node_;
+  return iterator(__np);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::size_type
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__erase_unique(const _Key& __k) {
+  iterator __i = find(__k);
+  if (__i == end())
+    return 0;
+  erase(__i);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::size_type
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__erase_multi(const _Key& __k) {
+  size_type __r = 0;
+  iterator __i  = find(__k);
+  if (__i != end()) {
+    iterator __e = end();
+    do {
+      erase(__i++);
+      ++__r;
+    } while (__i != __e && key_eq()(*__i, __k));
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::remove(const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  // current node
+  __next_pointer __cn = __p.__node_;
+  size_type __bc      = bucket_count();
+  size_t __chash      = std::__constrain_hash(__cn->__hash(), __bc);
+  // find previous node
+  __next_pointer __pn = __bucket_list_[__chash];
+  for (; __pn->__next_ != __cn; __pn = __pn->__next_)
+    ;
+  // Fix up __bucket_list_
+  // if __pn is not in same bucket (before begin is not in same bucket) &&
+  //    if __cn->__next_ is not in same bucket (nullptr is not in same bucket)
+  if (__pn == __p1_.first().__ptr() || std::__constrain_hash(__pn->__hash(), __bc) != __chash) {
+    if (__cn->__next_ == nullptr || std::__constrain_hash(__cn->__next_->__hash(), __bc) != __chash)
+      __bucket_list_[__chash] = nullptr;
+  }
+  // if __cn->__next_ is not in same bucket (nullptr is in same bucket)
+  if (__cn->__next_ != nullptr) {
+    size_t __nhash = std::__constrain_hash(__cn->__next_->__hash(), __bc);
+    if (__nhash != __chash)
+      __bucket_list_[__nhash] = __pn;
+  }
+  // remove __cn
+  __pn->__next_ = __cn->__next_;
+  __cn->__next_ = nullptr;
+  --size();
+  return __node_holder(__cn->__upcast(), _Dp(__node_alloc(), true));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+inline typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::size_type
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__count_unique(const _Key& __k) const {
+  return static_cast<size_type>(find(__k) != end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::size_type
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__count_multi(const _Key& __k) const {
+  size_type __r      = 0;
+  const_iterator __i = find(__k);
+  if (__i != end()) {
+    const_iterator __e = end();
+    do {
+      ++__i;
+      ++__r;
+    } while (__i != __e && key_eq()(*__i, __k));
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator,
+     typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k) {
+  iterator __i = find(__k);
+  iterator __j = __i;
+  if (__i != end())
+    ++__j;
+  return pair<iterator, iterator>(__i, __j);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator,
+     typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k) const {
+  const_iterator __i = find(__k);
+  const_iterator __j = __i;
+  if (__i != end())
+    ++__j;
+  return pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>(__i, __j);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator,
+     typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::iterator>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k) {
+  iterator __i = find(__k);
+  iterator __j = __i;
+  if (__i != end()) {
+    iterator __e = end();
+    do {
+      ++__j;
+    } while (__j != __e && key_eq()(*__j, __k));
+  }
+  return pair<iterator, iterator>(__i, __j);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator,
+     typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::const_iterator>
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::__equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k) const {
+  const_iterator __i = find(__k);
+  const_iterator __j = __i;
+  if (__i != end()) {
+    const_iterator __e = end();
+    do {
+      ++__j;
+    } while (__j != __e && key_eq()(*__j, __k));
+  }
+  return pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>(__i, __j);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+void __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::swap(__hash_table& __u)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 11
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<hasher>&& __is_nothrow_swappable_v<key_equal> &&
+               (!allocator_traits<__pointer_allocator>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__pointer_allocator>) &&
+               (!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__node_allocator>))
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<hasher>&& __is_nothrow_swappable_v<key_equal>)
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+      __node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || this->__node_alloc() == __u.__node_alloc(),
+      "unordered container::swap: Either propagate_on_container_swap "
+      "must be true or the allocators must compare equal");
+  {
+    __node_pointer_pointer __npp = __bucket_list_.release();
+    __bucket_list_.reset(__u.__bucket_list_.release());
+    __u.__bucket_list_.reset(__npp);
+  }
+  std::swap(__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size(), __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().size());
+  std::__swap_allocator(__bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc(), __u.__bucket_list_.get_deleter().__alloc());
+  std::__swap_allocator(__node_alloc(), __u.__node_alloc());
+  std::swap(__p1_.first().__next_, __u.__p1_.first().__next_);
+  __p2_.swap(__u.__p2_);
+  __p3_.swap(__u.__p3_);
+  if (size() > 0)
+    __bucket_list_[std::__constrain_hash(__p1_.first().__next_->__hash(), bucket_count())] = __p1_.first().__ptr();
+  if (__u.size() > 0)
+    __u.__bucket_list_[std::__constrain_hash(__u.__p1_.first().__next_->__hash(), __u.bucket_count())] =
+        __u.__p1_.first().__ptr();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+typename __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::size_type
+__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>::bucket_size(size_type __n) const {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+      __n < bucket_count(), "unordered container::bucket_size(n) called with n >= bucket_count()");
+  __next_pointer __np = __bucket_list_[__n];
+  size_type __bc      = bucket_count();
+  size_type __r       = 0;
+  if (__np != nullptr) {
+    for (__np = __np->__next_; __np != nullptr && std::__constrain_hash(__np->__hash(), __bc) == __n;
+         __np = __np->__next_, (void)++__r)
+      ;
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(__hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>& __x, __hash_table<_Tp, _Hash, _Equal, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___HASH_TABLE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ios/fpos.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ios/fpos.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1af1e23ee50da1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ios/fpos.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___IOS_FPOS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___IOS_FPOS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/ios.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _StateT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS fpos {
+private:
+  _StateT __st_;
+  streamoff __off_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI fpos(streamoff __off = streamoff()) : __st_(), __off_(__off) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator streamoff() const { return __off_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _StateT state() const { return __st_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void state(_StateT __st) { __st_ = __st; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI fpos& operator+=(streamoff __off) {
+    __off_ += __off;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI fpos operator+(streamoff __off) const {
+    fpos __t(*this);
+    __t += __off;
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI fpos& operator-=(streamoff __off) {
+    __off_ -= __off;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI fpos operator-(streamoff __off) const {
+    fpos __t(*this);
+    __t -= __off;
+    return __t;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _StateT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streamoff operator-(const fpos<_StateT>& __x, const fpos<_StateT>& __y) {
+  return streamoff(__x) - streamoff(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _StateT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const fpos<_StateT>& __x, const fpos<_StateT>& __y) {
+  return streamoff(__x) == streamoff(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _StateT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const fpos<_StateT>& __x, const fpos<_StateT>& __y) {
+  return streamoff(__x) != streamoff(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___IOS_FPOS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/access.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/access.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..acc4f60bf697ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/access.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ACCESS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ACCESS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Tp* begin(_Tp (&__array)[_Np]) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __array;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Tp* end(_Tp (&__array)[_Np]) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __array + _Np;
+}
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto begin(_Cp& __c) -> decltype(__c.begin()) {
+  return __c.begin();
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto begin(const _Cp& __c) -> decltype(__c.begin()) {
+  return __c.begin();
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto end(_Cp& __c) -> decltype(__c.end()) {
+  return __c.end();
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto end(const _Cp& __c) -> decltype(__c.end()) {
+  return __c.end();
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+cbegin(const _Cp& __c) noexcept(noexcept(std::begin(__c))) -> decltype(std::begin(__c)) {
+  return std::begin(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto cend(const _Cp& __c) noexcept(noexcept(std::end(__c))) -> decltype(std::end(__c)) {
+  return std::end(__c);
+}
+
+#  endif
+
+#else // defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Cp::iterator begin(_Cp& __c) {
+  return __c.begin();
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Cp::const_iterator begin(const _Cp& __c) {
+  return __c.begin();
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Cp::iterator end(_Cp& __c) {
+  return __c.end();
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Cp::const_iterator end(const _Cp& __c) {
+  return __c.end();
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ACCESS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/advance.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/advance.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..296db1aaab6526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/advance.h
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ADVANCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ADVANCE_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/assignable.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__utility/convert_to_integral.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 void
+__advance(_InputIter& __i, typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::
diff erence_type __n, input_iterator_tag) {
+  for (; __n > 0; --__n)
+    ++__i;
+}
+
+template <class _BiDirIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 void
+__advance(_BiDirIter& __i, typename iterator_traits<_BiDirIter>::
diff erence_type __n, bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
+  if (__n >= 0)
+    for (; __n > 0; --__n)
+      ++__i;
+  else
+    for (; __n < 0; ++__n)
+      --__i;
+}
+
+template <class _RandIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 void
+__advance(_RandIter& __i, typename iterator_traits<_RandIter>::
diff erence_type __n, random_access_iterator_tag) {
+  __i += __n;
+}
+
+template < class _InputIter,
+           class _Distance,
+           class _IntegralDistance = decltype(std::__convert_to_integral(std::declval<_Distance>())),
+           __enable_if_t<is_integral<_IntegralDistance>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 void advance(_InputIter& __i, _Distance __orig_n) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::
diff erence_type _Difference;
+  _Difference __n = static_cast<_Difference>(std::__convert_to_integral(__orig_n));
+  // Calling `advance` with a negative value on a non-bidirectional iterator is a no-op in the current implementation.
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(__n >= 0 || __has_bidirectional_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value,
+                          "Attempt to advance(it, n) with negative n on a non-bidirectional iterator");
+  std::__advance(__i, __n, typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [range.iter.op.advance]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __advance {
+
+struct __fn {
+private:
+  template <class _Ip>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr void __advance_forward(_Ip& __i, iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> __n) {
+    while (__n > 0) {
+      --__n;
+      ++__i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Ip>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr void __advance_backward(_Ip& __i, iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> __n) {
+    while (__n < 0) {
+      ++__n;
+      --__i;
+    }
+  }
+
+public:
+  // Preconditions: If `I` does not model `bidirectional_iterator`, `n` is not negative.
+  template <input_or_output_iterator _Ip>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator()(_Ip& __i, iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> __n) const {
+    // Calling `advance` with a negative value on a non-bidirectional iterator is a no-op in the current implementation.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(
+        __n >= 0 || bidirectional_iterator<_Ip>, "If `n < 0`, then `bidirectional_iterator<I>` must be true.");
+
+    // If `I` models `random_access_iterator`, equivalent to `i += n`.
+    if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_Ip>) {
+      __i += __n;
+      return;
+    } else if constexpr (bidirectional_iterator<_Ip>) {
+      // Otherwise, if `n` is non-negative, increments `i` by `n`.
+      __advance_forward(__i, __n);
+      // Otherwise, decrements `i` by `-n`.
+      __advance_backward(__i, __n);
+      return;
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise, if `n` is non-negative, increments `i` by `n`.
+      __advance_forward(__i, __n);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Preconditions: Either `assignable_from<I&, S> || sized_sentinel_for<S, I>` is modeled, or [i, bound_sentinel)
+  // denotes a range.
+  template <input_or_output_iterator _Ip, sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator()(_Ip& __i, _Sp __bound_sentinel) const {
+    // If `I` and `S` model `assignable_from<I&, S>`, equivalent to `i = std::move(bound_sentinel)`.
+    if constexpr (assignable_from<_Ip&, _Sp>) {
+      __i = std::move(__bound_sentinel);
+    }
+    // Otherwise, if `S` and `I` model `sized_sentinel_for<S, I>`, equivalent to `ranges::advance(i, bound_sentinel -
+    // i)`.
+    else if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Sp, _Ip>) {
+      (*this)(__i, __bound_sentinel - __i);
+    }
+    // Otherwise, while `bool(i != bound_sentinel)` is true, increments `i`.
+    else {
+      while (__i != __bound_sentinel) {
+        ++__i;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Preconditions:
+  //   * If `n > 0`, [i, bound_sentinel) denotes a range.
+  //   * If `n == 0`, [i, bound_sentinel) or [bound_sentinel, i) denotes a range.
+  //   * If `n < 0`, [bound_sentinel, i) denotes a range, `I` models `bidirectional_iterator`, and `I` and `S` model
+  //   `same_as<I, S>`.
+  // Returns: `n - M`, where `M` is the 
diff erence between the ending and starting position.
+  template <input_or_output_iterator _Ip, sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip>
+  operator()(_Ip& __i, iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> __n, _Sp __bound_sentinel) const {
+    // Calling `advance` with a negative value on a non-bidirectional iterator is a no-op in the current implementation.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC((__n >= 0) || (bidirectional_iterator<_Ip> && same_as<_Ip, _Sp>),
+                            "If `n < 0`, then `bidirectional_iterator<I> && same_as<I, S>` must be true.");
+    // If `S` and `I` model `sized_sentinel_for<S, I>`:
+    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Sp, _Ip>) {
+      // If |n| >= |bound_sentinel - i|, equivalent to `ranges::advance(i, bound_sentinel)`.
+      // __magnitude_geq(a, b) returns |a| >= |b|, assuming they have the same sign.
+      auto __magnitude_geq = [](auto __a, auto __b) { return __a == 0 ? __b == 0 : __a > 0 ? __a >= __b : __a <= __b; };
+      if (const auto __m = __bound_sentinel - __i; __magnitude_geq(__n, __m)) {
+        (*this)(__i, __bound_sentinel);
+        return __n - __m;
+      }
+
+      // Otherwise, equivalent to `ranges::advance(i, n)`.
+      (*this)(__i, __n);
+      return 0;
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise, if `n` is non-negative, while `bool(i != bound_sentinel)` is true, increments `i` but at
+      // most `n` times.
+      while (__n > 0 && __i != __bound_sentinel) {
+        ++__i;
+        --__n;
+      }
+
+      // Otherwise, while `bool(i != bound_sentinel)` is true, decrements `i` but at most `-n` times.
+      if constexpr (bidirectional_iterator<_Ip> && same_as<_Ip, _Sp>) {
+        while (__n < 0 && __i != __bound_sentinel) {
+          --__i;
+          ++__n;
+        }
+      }
+      return __n;
+    }
+
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __advance
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto advance = __advance::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ADVANCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/aliasing_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/aliasing_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..94ba577078b5e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/aliasing_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ALIASING_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ALIASING_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivial.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// This iterator wrapper is used to type-pun an iterator to return a 
diff erent type. This is done without UB by not
+// actually punning the type, but instead inspecting the object representation of the base type and copying that into
+// an instance of the alias type. For that reason the alias type has to be trivial. The alias is returned as a prvalue
+// when derferencing the iterator, since it is temporary storage. This wrapper is used to vectorize some algorithms.
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _BaseIter, class _Alias>
+struct __aliasing_iterator_wrapper {
+  class __iterator {
+    _BaseIter __base_ = nullptr;
+
+    using __iter_traits     = iterator_traits<_BaseIter>;
+    using __base_value_type = typename __iter_traits::value_type;
+
+    static_assert(__has_random_access_iterator_category<_BaseIter>::value,
+                  "The base iterator has to be a random access iterator!");
+
+  public:
+    using iterator_category = random_access_iterator_tag;
+    using value_type        = _Alias;
+    using 
diff erence_type   = ptr
diff _t;
+    using reference         = value_type&;
+    using pointer           = value_type*;
+
+    static_assert(is_trivial<value_type>::value);
+    static_assert(sizeof(__base_value_type) == sizeof(value_type));
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator() = default;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator(_BaseIter __base) _NOEXCEPT : __base_(__base) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator& operator++() _NOEXCEPT {
+      ++__base_;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator operator++(int) _NOEXCEPT {
+      __iterator __tmp(*this);
+      ++__base_;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator& operator--() _NOEXCEPT {
+      --__base_;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator operator--(int) _NOEXCEPT {
+      __iterator __tmp(*this);
+      --__base_;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend __iterator operator+(__iterator __iter, 
diff erence_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __iterator(__iter.__base_ + __n);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend __iterator operator+(
diff erence_type __n, __iterator __iter) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __iterator(__n + __iter.__base_);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+      __base_ += __n;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend __iterator operator-(__iterator __iter, 
diff erence_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __iterator(__iter.__base_ - __n);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend 
diff erence_type operator-(__iterator __lhs, __iterator __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __lhs.__base_ - __rhs.__base_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+      __base_ -= __n;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _BaseIter __base() const _NOEXCEPT { return __base_; }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Alias operator*() const _NOEXCEPT {
+      _Alias __val;
+      __builtin_memcpy(&__val, std::__to_address(__base_), sizeof(value_type));
+      return __val;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT { return *(*this + __n); }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(const __iterator& __lhs, const __iterator& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __lhs.__base_ == __rhs.__base_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator!=(const __iterator& __lhs, const __iterator& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __lhs.__base_ != __rhs.__base_;
+    }
+  };
+};
+
+// This is required to avoid ADL instantiations on _BaseT
+template <class _BaseT, class _Alias>
+using __aliasing_iterator = typename __aliasing_iterator_wrapper<_BaseT, _Alias>::__iterator;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ALIASING_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6d3dd4b12966fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_BACK_INSERT_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_BACK_INSERT_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Container>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS back_insert_iterator
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES)
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void>
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  _Container* container;
+
+public:
+  typedef output_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef void value_type;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+#else
+  typedef void 
diff erence_type;
+#endif
+  typedef void pointer;
+  typedef void reference;
+  typedef _Container container_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit back_insert_iterator(_Container& __x)
+      : container(std::addressof(__x)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 back_insert_iterator&
+  operator=(const typename _Container::value_type& __value) {
+    container->push_back(__value);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 back_insert_iterator&
+  operator=(typename _Container::value_type&& __value) {
+    container->push_back(std::move(__value));
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 back_insert_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 back_insert_iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 back_insert_iterator operator++(int) { return *this; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Container* __get_container() const { return container; }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(back_insert_iterator);
+
+template <class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 back_insert_iterator<_Container>
+back_inserter(_Container& __x) {
+  return back_insert_iterator<_Container>(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_BACK_INSERT_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/bounded_iter.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/bounded_iter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8a81c9ffbfc3fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/bounded_iter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_BOUNDED_ITER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_BOUNDED_ITER_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Iterator wrapper that carries the valid range it is allowed to access.
+//
+// This is a simple iterator wrapper for contiguous iterators that points
+// within a [begin, end] range and carries these bounds with it. The iterator
+// ensures that it is pointing within [begin, end) range when it is
+// dereferenced. It also ensures that it is never iterated outside of
+// [begin, end]. This is important for two reasons:
+//
+// 1. It allows `operator*` and `operator++` bounds checks to be `iter != end`.
+//    This is both less for the optimizer to prove, and aligns with how callers
+//    typically use iterators.
+//
+// 2. Advancing an iterator out of bounds is undefined behavior (see the table
+//    in [input.iterators]). In particular, when the underlying iterator is a
+//    pointer, it is undefined at the language level (see [expr.add]). If
+//    bounded iterators exhibited this undefined behavior, we risk compiler
+//    optimizations deleting non-redundant bounds checks.
+template <class _Iterator, class = __enable_if_t< __libcpp_is_contiguous_iterator<_Iterator>::value > >
+struct __bounded_iter {
+  using value_type        = typename iterator_traits<_Iterator>::value_type;
+  using 
diff erence_type   = typename iterator_traits<_Iterator>::
diff erence_type;
+  using pointer           = typename iterator_traits<_Iterator>::pointer;
+  using reference         = typename iterator_traits<_Iterator>::reference;
+  using iterator_category = typename iterator_traits<_Iterator>::iterator_category;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  using iterator_concept = contiguous_iterator_tag;
+#endif
+
+  // Create a singular iterator.
+  //
+  // Such an iterator points past the end of an empty span, so it is not dereferenceable.
+  // Observing operations like comparison and assignment are valid.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bounded_iter() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bounded_iter(__bounded_iter const&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bounded_iter(__bounded_iter&&)      = default;
+
+  template <class _OtherIterator, __enable_if_t< is_convertible<_OtherIterator, _Iterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bounded_iter(__bounded_iter<_OtherIterator> const& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __current_(__other.__current_),
+        __begin_(__other.__begin_),
+        __end_(__other.__end_) {}
+
+  // Assign a bounded iterator to another one, rebinding the bounds of the iterator as well.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bounded_iter& operator=(__bounded_iter const&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __bounded_iter& operator=(__bounded_iter&&)      = default;
+
+private:
+  // Create an iterator wrapping the given iterator, and whose bounds are described
+  // by the provided [begin, end] range.
+  //
+  // The constructor does not check whether the resulting iterator is within its bounds. It is a
+  // responsibility of the container to ensure that the given bounds are valid.
+  //
+  // Since it is non-standard for iterators to have this constructor, __bounded_iter must
+  // be created via `std::__make_bounded_iter`.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit __bounded_iter(_Iterator __current, _Iterator __begin, _Iterator __end)
+      : __current_(__current), __begin_(__begin), __end_(__end) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(
+        __begin <= __current, "__bounded_iter(current, begin, end): current and begin are inconsistent");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(
+        __current <= __end, "__bounded_iter(current, begin, end): current and end are inconsistent");
+  }
+
+  template <class _It>
+  friend _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bounded_iter<_It> __make_bounded_iter(_It, _It, _It);
+
+public:
+  // Dereference and indexing operations.
+  //
+  // These operations check that the iterator is dereferenceable. Since the class invariant is
+  // that the iterator is always within `[begin, end]`, we only need to check it's not pointing to
+  // `end`. This is easier for the optimizer because it aligns with the `iter != container.end()`
+  // checks that typical callers already use (see
+  // https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/78829).
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 reference operator*() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __current_ != __end_, "__bounded_iter::operator*: Attempt to dereference an iterator at the end");
+    return *__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pointer operator->() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __current_ != __end_, "__bounded_iter::operator->: Attempt to dereference an iterator at the end");
+    return std::__to_address(__current_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 reference operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __n >= __begin_ - __current_, "__bounded_iter::operator[]: Attempt to index an iterator past the start");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __n < __end_ - __current_, "__bounded_iter::operator[]: Attempt to index an iterator at or past the end");
+    return __current_[__n];
+  }
+
+  // Arithmetic operations.
+  //
+  // These operations check that the iterator remains within `[begin, end]`.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __bounded_iter& operator++() _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __current_ != __end_, "__bounded_iter::operator++: Attempt to advance an iterator past the end");
+    ++__current_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __bounded_iter operator++(int) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __bounded_iter __tmp(*this);
+    ++*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __bounded_iter& operator--() _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __current_ != __begin_, "__bounded_iter::operator--: Attempt to rewind an iterator past the start");
+    --__current_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __bounded_iter operator--(int) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __bounded_iter __tmp(*this);
+    --*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __bounded_iter& operator+=(
diff erence_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __n >= __begin_ - __current_, "__bounded_iter::operator+=: Attempt to rewind an iterator past the start");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __n <= __end_ - __current_, "__bounded_iter::operator+=: Attempt to advance an iterator past the end");
+    __current_ += __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 friend __bounded_iter
+  operator+(__bounded_iter const& __self, 
diff erence_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __bounded_iter __tmp(__self);
+    __tmp += __n;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 friend __bounded_iter
+  operator+(
diff erence_type __n, __bounded_iter const& __self) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __bounded_iter __tmp(__self);
+    __tmp += __n;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __bounded_iter& operator-=(
diff erence_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __n <= __current_ - __begin_, "__bounded_iter::operator-=: Attempt to rewind an iterator past the start");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __n >= __current_ - __end_, "__bounded_iter::operator-=: Attempt to advance an iterator past the end");
+    __current_ -= __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 friend __bounded_iter
+  operator-(__bounded_iter const& __self, 
diff erence_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __bounded_iter __tmp(__self);
+    __tmp -= __n;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 friend 
diff erence_type
+  operator-(__bounded_iter const& __x, __bounded_iter const& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.__current_ - __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  // Comparison operations.
+  //
+  // These operations do not check whether the iterators are within their bounds.
+  // The valid range for each iterator is also not considered as part of the comparison,
+  // i.e. two iterators pointing to the same location will be considered equal even
+  // if they have 
diff erent validity ranges.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR friend bool
+  operator==(__bounded_iter const& __x, __bounded_iter const& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.__current_ == __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR friend bool
+  operator!=(__bounded_iter const& __x, __bounded_iter const& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.__current_ != __y.__current_;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  // TODO(mordante) disable these overloads in the LLVM 20 release.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR friend bool
+  operator<(__bounded_iter const& __x, __bounded_iter const& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.__current_ < __y.__current_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR friend bool
+  operator>(__bounded_iter const& __x, __bounded_iter const& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.__current_ > __y.__current_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR friend bool
+  operator<=(__bounded_iter const& __x, __bounded_iter const& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.__current_ <= __y.__current_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR friend bool
+  operator>=(__bounded_iter const& __x, __bounded_iter const& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.__current_ >= __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr friend strong_ordering
+  operator<=>(__bounded_iter const& __x, __bounded_iter const& __y) noexcept {
+    if constexpr (three_way_comparable<_Iterator, strong_ordering>) {
+      return __x.__current_ <=> __y.__current_;
+    } else {
+      if (__x.__current_ < __y.__current_)
+        return strong_ordering::less;
+
+      if (__x.__current_ == __y.__current_)
+        return strong_ordering::equal;
+
+      return strong_ordering::greater;
+    }
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+private:
+  template <class>
+  friend struct pointer_traits;
+  template <class, class>
+  friend struct __bounded_iter;
+  _Iterator __current_;       // current iterator
+  _Iterator __begin_, __end_; // valid range represented as [begin, end]
+};
+
+template <class _It>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bounded_iter<_It> __make_bounded_iter(_It __it, _It __begin, _It __end) {
+  return __bounded_iter<_It>(std::move(__it), std::move(__begin), std::move(__end));
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+template <class _Iterator>
+struct __libcpp_is_contiguous_iterator<__bounded_iter<_Iterator> > : true_type {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Iterator>
+struct pointer_traits<__bounded_iter<_Iterator> > {
+  using pointer         = __bounded_iter<_Iterator>;
+  using element_type    = typename pointer_traits<_Iterator>::element_type;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename pointer_traits<_Iterator>::
diff erence_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR static element_type* to_address(pointer __it) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__to_address(__it.__current_);
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_BOUNDED_ITER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/common_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/common_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..199de2cc7337b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/common_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_COMMON_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_COMMON_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/assignable.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <variant>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Iter>
+concept __can_use_postfix_proxy =
+    constructible_from<iter_value_t<_Iter>, iter_reference_t<_Iter>> && move_constructible<iter_value_t<_Iter>>;
+
+template <input_or_output_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent>
+  requires(!same_as<_Iter, _Sent> && copyable<_Iter>)
+class common_iterator {
+  struct __proxy {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const iter_value_t<_Iter>* operator->() const noexcept {
+      return std::addressof(__value_);
+    }
+    iter_value_t<_Iter> __value_;
+  };
+
+  struct __postfix_proxy {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const iter_value_t<_Iter>& operator*() const noexcept { return __value_; }
+    iter_value_t<_Iter> __value_;
+  };
+
+  variant<_Iter, _Sent> __hold_;
+  template <input_or_output_iterator _OtherIter, sentinel_for<_OtherIter> _OtherSent>
+    requires(!same_as<_OtherIter, _OtherSent> && copyable<_OtherIter>)
+  friend class common_iterator;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI common_iterator()
+    requires default_initializable<_Iter>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr common_iterator(_Iter __i) : __hold_(in_place_type<_Iter>, std::move(__i)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr common_iterator(_Sent __s) : __hold_(in_place_type<_Sent>, std::move(__s)) {}
+
+  template <class _I2, class _S2>
+    requires convertible_to<const _I2&, _Iter> && convertible_to<const _S2&, _Sent>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr common_iterator(const common_iterator<_I2, _S2>& __other)
+      : __hold_([&]() -> variant<_Iter, _Sent> {
+          _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+              !__other.__hold_.valueless_by_exception(), "Attempted to construct from a valueless common_iterator");
+          if (__other.__hold_.index() == 0)
+            return variant<_Iter, _Sent>{in_place_index<0>, std::__unchecked_get<0>(__other.__hold_)};
+          return variant<_Iter, _Sent>{in_place_index<1>, std::__unchecked_get<1>(__other.__hold_)};
+        }()) {}
+
+  template <class _I2, class _S2>
+    requires convertible_to<const _I2&, _Iter> && convertible_to<const _S2&, _Sent> &&
+             assignable_from<_Iter&, const _I2&> && assignable_from<_Sent&, const _S2&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI common_iterator& operator=(const common_iterator<_I2, _S2>& __other) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !__other.__hold_.valueless_by_exception(), "Attempted to assign from a valueless common_iterator");
+
+    auto __idx       = __hold_.index();
+    auto __other_idx = __other.__hold_.index();
+
+    // If they're the same index, just assign.
+    if (__idx == 0 && __other_idx == 0)
+      std::__unchecked_get<0>(__hold_) = std::__unchecked_get<0>(__other.__hold_);
+    else if (__idx == 1 && __other_idx == 1)
+      std::__unchecked_get<1>(__hold_) = std::__unchecked_get<1>(__other.__hold_);
+
+    // Otherwise replace with the oposite element.
+    else if (__other_idx == 1)
+      __hold_.template emplace<1>(std::__unchecked_get<1>(__other.__hold_));
+    else if (__other_idx == 0)
+      __hold_.template emplace<0>(std::__unchecked_get<0>(__other.__hold_));
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        std::holds_alternative<_Iter>(__hold_), "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable common_iterator");
+    return *std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__hold_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const
+    requires __dereferenceable<const _Iter>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        std::holds_alternative<_Iter>(__hold_), "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable common_iterator");
+    return *std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__hold_);
+  }
+
+  template <class _I2 = _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator->() const
+    requires indirectly_readable<const _I2> && (requires(const _I2& __i) {
+               __i.operator->();
+             } || is_reference_v<iter_reference_t<_I2>> || constructible_from<iter_value_t<_I2>, iter_reference_t<_I2>>)
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        std::holds_alternative<_Iter>(__hold_), "Attempted to dereference a non-dereferenceable common_iterator");
+    if constexpr (is_pointer_v<_Iter> || requires(const _Iter& __i) { __i.operator->(); }) {
+      return std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__hold_);
+    } else if constexpr (is_reference_v<iter_reference_t<_Iter>>) {
+      auto&& __tmp = *std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__hold_);
+      return std::addressof(__tmp);
+    } else {
+      return __proxy{*std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__hold_)};
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI common_iterator& operator++() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        std::holds_alternative<_Iter>(__hold_), "Attempted to increment a non-dereferenceable common_iterator");
+    ++std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__hold_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI decltype(auto) operator++(int) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        std::holds_alternative<_Iter>(__hold_), "Attempted to increment a non-dereferenceable common_iterator");
+    if constexpr (forward_iterator<_Iter>) {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      ++*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    } else if constexpr (requires(_Iter& __i) {
+                           { *__i++ } -> __can_reference;
+                         } || !__can_use_postfix_proxy<_Iter>) {
+      return std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__hold_)++;
+    } else {
+      auto __p = __postfix_proxy{**this};
+      ++*this;
+      return __p;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _I2, sentinel_for<_Iter> _S2>
+    requires sentinel_for<_Sent, _I2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool
+  operator==(const common_iterator& __x, const common_iterator<_I2, _S2>& __y) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !__x.__hold_.valueless_by_exception(), "Attempted to compare a valueless common_iterator");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !__y.__hold_.valueless_by_exception(), "Attempted to compare a valueless common_iterator");
+
+    auto __x_index = __x.__hold_.index();
+    auto __y_index = __y.__hold_.index();
+
+    if (__x_index == __y_index)
+      return true;
+
+    if (__x_index == 0)
+      return std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__x.__hold_) == std::__unchecked_get<_S2>(__y.__hold_);
+
+    return std::__unchecked_get<_Sent>(__x.__hold_) == std::__unchecked_get<_I2>(__y.__hold_);
+  }
+
+  template <class _I2, sentinel_for<_Iter> _S2>
+    requires sentinel_for<_Sent, _I2> && equality_comparable_with<_Iter, _I2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool
+  operator==(const common_iterator& __x, const common_iterator<_I2, _S2>& __y) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !__x.__hold_.valueless_by_exception(), "Attempted to compare a valueless common_iterator");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !__y.__hold_.valueless_by_exception(), "Attempted to compare a valueless common_iterator");
+
+    auto __x_index = __x.__hold_.index();
+    auto __y_index = __y.__hold_.index();
+
+    if (__x_index == 1 && __y_index == 1)
+      return true;
+
+    if (__x_index == 0 && __y_index == 0)
+      return std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__x.__hold_) == std::__unchecked_get<_I2>(__y.__hold_);
+
+    if (__x_index == 0)
+      return std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__x.__hold_) == std::__unchecked_get<_S2>(__y.__hold_);
+
+    return std::__unchecked_get<_Sent>(__x.__hold_) == std::__unchecked_get<_I2>(__y.__hold_);
+  }
+
+  template <sized_sentinel_for<_Iter> _I2, sized_sentinel_for<_Iter> _S2>
+    requires sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _I2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_I2>
+  operator-(const common_iterator& __x, const common_iterator<_I2, _S2>& __y) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !__x.__hold_.valueless_by_exception(), "Attempted to subtract from a valueless common_iterator");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !__y.__hold_.valueless_by_exception(), "Attempted to subtract a valueless common_iterator");
+
+    auto __x_index = __x.__hold_.index();
+    auto __y_index = __y.__hold_.index();
+
+    if (__x_index == 1 && __y_index == 1)
+      return 0;
+
+    if (__x_index == 0 && __y_index == 0)
+      return std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__x.__hold_) - std::__unchecked_get<_I2>(__y.__hold_);
+
+    if (__x_index == 0)
+      return std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__x.__hold_) - std::__unchecked_get<_S2>(__y.__hold_);
+
+    return std::__unchecked_get<_Sent>(__x.__hold_) - std::__unchecked_get<_I2>(__y.__hold_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr iter_rvalue_reference_t<_Iter>
+  iter_move(const common_iterator& __i) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_move(std::declval<const _Iter&>())))
+    requires input_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        std::holds_alternative<_Iter>(__i.__hold_), "Attempted to iter_move a non-dereferenceable common_iterator");
+    return ranges::iter_move(std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__i.__hold_));
+  }
+
+  template <indirectly_swappable<_Iter> _I2, class _S2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void
+  iter_swap(const common_iterator& __x, const common_iterator<_I2, _S2>& __y) noexcept(
+      noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(std::declval<const _Iter&>(), std::declval<const _I2&>()))) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        std::holds_alternative<_Iter>(__x.__hold_), "Attempted to iter_swap a non-dereferenceable common_iterator");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        std::holds_alternative<_I2>(__y.__hold_), "Attempted to iter_swap a non-dereferenceable common_iterator");
+    return ranges::iter_swap(std::__unchecked_get<_Iter>(__x.__hold_), std::__unchecked_get<_I2>(__y.__hold_));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent>
+struct incrementable_traits<common_iterator<_Iter, _Sent>> {
+  using 
diff erence_type = iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+concept __denotes_forward_iter = requires {
+  typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category;
+} && derived_from<typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category, forward_iterator_tag>;
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent>
+concept __common_iter_has_ptr_op = requires(const common_iterator<_Iter, _Sent>& __a) { __a.operator->(); };
+
+template <class, class>
+struct __arrow_type_or_void {
+  using type = void;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent>
+  requires __common_iter_has_ptr_op<_Iter, _Sent>
+struct __arrow_type_or_void<_Iter, _Sent> {
+  using type = decltype(std::declval<const common_iterator<_Iter, _Sent>&>().operator->());
+};
+
+template <input_iterator _Iter, class _Sent>
+struct iterator_traits<common_iterator<_Iter, _Sent>> {
+  using iterator_concept  = _If<forward_iterator<_Iter>, forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>;
+  using iterator_category = _If<__denotes_forward_iter<_Iter>, forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>;
+  using pointer           = typename __arrow_type_or_void<_Iter, _Sent>::type;
+  using value_type        = iter_value_t<_Iter>;
+  using 
diff erence_type   = iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>;
+  using reference         = iter_reference_t<_Iter>;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_COMMON_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/concepts.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/concepts.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0a4878308d55f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/concepts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_CONCEPTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_CONCEPTS_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__concepts/assignable.h>
+#include <__concepts/common_reference_with.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#include <__concepts/movable.h>
+#include <__concepts/predicate.h>
+#include <__concepts/regular.h>
+#include <__concepts/relation.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__concepts/semiregular.h>
+#include <__concepts/totally_ordered.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [iterator.concept.readable]
+template <class _In>
+concept __indirectly_readable_impl =
+    requires(const _In __i) {
+      typename iter_value_t<_In>;
+      typename iter_reference_t<_In>;
+      typename iter_rvalue_reference_t<_In>;
+      { *__i } -> same_as<iter_reference_t<_In>>;
+      { ranges::iter_move(__i) } -> same_as<iter_rvalue_reference_t<_In>>;
+    } && common_reference_with<iter_reference_t<_In>&&, iter_value_t<_In>&> &&
+    common_reference_with<iter_reference_t<_In>&&, iter_rvalue_reference_t<_In>&&> &&
+    common_reference_with<iter_rvalue_reference_t<_In>&&, const iter_value_t<_In>&>;
+
+template <class _In>
+concept indirectly_readable = __indirectly_readable_impl<remove_cvref_t<_In>>;
+
+template <indirectly_readable _Tp>
+using iter_common_reference_t = common_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_Tp>, iter_value_t<_Tp>&>;
+
+// [iterator.concept.writable]
+template <class _Out, class _Tp>
+concept indirectly_writable = requires(_Out&& __o, _Tp&& __t) {
+  *__o                                             = std::forward<_Tp>(__t); // not required to be equality-preserving
+  *std::forward<_Out>(__o)                         = std::forward<_Tp>(__t); // not required to be equality-preserving
+  const_cast<const iter_reference_t<_Out>&&>(*__o) = std::forward<_Tp>(__t); // not required to be equality-preserving
+  const_cast<const iter_reference_t<_Out>&&>(*std::forward<_Out>(__o)) =
+      std::forward<_Tp>(__t); // not required to be equality-preserving
+};
+
+// [iterator.concept.winc]
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __integer_like = integral<_Tp> && !same_as<_Tp, bool>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __signed_integer_like = signed_integral<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept weakly_incrementable =
+    // TODO: remove this once the clang bug is fixed (bugs.llvm.org/PR48173).
+    !same_as<_Ip, bool> && // Currently, clang does not handle bool correctly.
+    movable<_Ip> && requires(_Ip __i) {
+      typename iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip>;
+      requires __signed_integer_like<iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip>>;
+      { ++__i } -> same_as<_Ip&>; // not required to be equality-preserving
+      __i++;                      // not required to be equality-preserving
+    };
+
+// [iterator.concept.inc]
+template <class _Ip>
+concept incrementable = regular<_Ip> && weakly_incrementable<_Ip> && requires(_Ip __i) {
+  { __i++ } -> same_as<_Ip>;
+};
+
+// [iterator.concept.iterator]
+template <class _Ip>
+concept input_or_output_iterator = requires(_Ip __i) {
+  { *__i } -> __can_reference;
+} && weakly_incrementable<_Ip>;
+
+// [iterator.concept.sentinel]
+template <class _Sp, class _Ip>
+concept sentinel_for = semiregular<_Sp> && input_or_output_iterator<_Ip> && __weakly_equality_comparable_with<_Sp, _Ip>;
+
+template <class, class>
+inline constexpr bool disable_sized_sentinel_for = false;
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Ip>
+concept sized_sentinel_for =
+    sentinel_for<_Sp, _Ip> && !disable_sized_sentinel_for<remove_cv_t<_Sp>, remove_cv_t<_Ip>> &&
+    requires(const _Ip& __i, const _Sp& __s) {
+      { __s - __i } -> same_as<iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip>>;
+      { __i - __s } -> same_as<iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip>>;
+    };
+
+// [iterator.concept.input]
+template <class _Ip>
+concept input_iterator = input_or_output_iterator<_Ip> && indirectly_readable<_Ip> && requires {
+  typename _ITER_CONCEPT<_Ip>;
+} && derived_from<_ITER_CONCEPT<_Ip>, input_iterator_tag>;
+
+// [iterator.concept.output]
+template <class _Ip, class _Tp>
+concept output_iterator =
+    input_or_output_iterator<_Ip> && indirectly_writable<_Ip, _Tp> && requires(_Ip __it, _Tp&& __t) {
+      *__it++ = std::forward<_Tp>(__t); // not required to be equality-preserving
+    };
+
+// [iterator.concept.forward]
+template <class _Ip>
+concept forward_iterator =
+    input_iterator<_Ip> && derived_from<_ITER_CONCEPT<_Ip>, forward_iterator_tag> && incrementable<_Ip> &&
+    sentinel_for<_Ip, _Ip>;
+
+// [iterator.concept.bidir]
+template <class _Ip>
+concept bidirectional_iterator =
+    forward_iterator<_Ip> && derived_from<_ITER_CONCEPT<_Ip>, bidirectional_iterator_tag> && requires(_Ip __i) {
+      { --__i } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
+      { __i-- } -> same_as<_Ip>;
+    };
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept random_access_iterator =
+    bidirectional_iterator<_Ip> && derived_from<_ITER_CONCEPT<_Ip>, random_access_iterator_tag> &&
+    totally_ordered<_Ip> && sized_sentinel_for<_Ip, _Ip> &&
+    requires(_Ip __i, const _Ip __j, const iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> __n) {
+      { __i += __n } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
+      { __j + __n } -> same_as<_Ip>;
+      { __n + __j } -> same_as<_Ip>;
+      { __i -= __n } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
+      { __j - __n } -> same_as<_Ip>;
+      { __j[__n] } -> same_as<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>;
+    };
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept contiguous_iterator =
+    random_access_iterator<_Ip> && derived_from<_ITER_CONCEPT<_Ip>, contiguous_iterator_tag> &&
+    is_lvalue_reference_v<iter_reference_t<_Ip>> && same_as<iter_value_t<_Ip>, remove_cvref_t<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>> &&
+    requires(const _Ip& __i) {
+      { std::to_address(__i) } -> same_as<add_pointer_t<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>>;
+    };
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __has_arrow = input_iterator<_Ip> && (is_pointer_v<_Ip> || requires(_Ip __i) { __i.operator->(); });
+
+// [indirectcallable.indirectinvocable]
+template <class _Fp, class _It>
+concept indirectly_unary_invocable =
+    indirectly_readable<_It> && copy_constructible<_Fp> && invocable<_Fp&, iter_value_t<_It>&> &&
+    invocable<_Fp&, iter_reference_t<_It>> &&
+    common_reference_with< invoke_result_t<_Fp&, iter_value_t<_It>&>, invoke_result_t<_Fp&, iter_reference_t<_It>>>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _It>
+concept indirectly_regular_unary_invocable =
+    indirectly_readable<_It> && copy_constructible<_Fp> && regular_invocable<_Fp&, iter_value_t<_It>&> &&
+    regular_invocable<_Fp&, iter_reference_t<_It>> &&
+    common_reference_with< invoke_result_t<_Fp&, iter_value_t<_It>&>, invoke_result_t<_Fp&, iter_reference_t<_It>>>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _It>
+concept indirect_unary_predicate =
+    indirectly_readable<_It> && copy_constructible<_Fp> && predicate<_Fp&, iter_value_t<_It>&> &&
+    predicate<_Fp&, iter_reference_t<_It>>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _It1, class _It2>
+concept indirect_binary_predicate =
+    indirectly_readable<_It1> && indirectly_readable<_It2> && copy_constructible<_Fp> &&
+    predicate<_Fp&, iter_value_t<_It1>&, iter_value_t<_It2>&> &&
+    predicate<_Fp&, iter_value_t<_It1>&, iter_reference_t<_It2>> &&
+    predicate<_Fp&, iter_reference_t<_It1>, iter_value_t<_It2>&> &&
+    predicate<_Fp&, iter_reference_t<_It1>, iter_reference_t<_It2>>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _It1, class _It2 = _It1>
+concept indirect_equivalence_relation =
+    indirectly_readable<_It1> && indirectly_readable<_It2> && copy_constructible<_Fp> &&
+    equivalence_relation<_Fp&, iter_value_t<_It1>&, iter_value_t<_It2>&> &&
+    equivalence_relation<_Fp&, iter_value_t<_It1>&, iter_reference_t<_It2>> &&
+    equivalence_relation<_Fp&, iter_reference_t<_It1>, iter_value_t<_It2>&> &&
+    equivalence_relation<_Fp&, iter_reference_t<_It1>, iter_reference_t<_It2>>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _It1, class _It2 = _It1>
+concept indirect_strict_weak_order =
+    indirectly_readable<_It1> && indirectly_readable<_It2> && copy_constructible<_Fp> &&
+    strict_weak_order<_Fp&, iter_value_t<_It1>&, iter_value_t<_It2>&> &&
+    strict_weak_order<_Fp&, iter_value_t<_It1>&, iter_reference_t<_It2>> &&
+    strict_weak_order<_Fp&, iter_reference_t<_It1>, iter_value_t<_It2>&> &&
+    strict_weak_order<_Fp&, iter_reference_t<_It1>, iter_reference_t<_It2>>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _Its>
+  requires(indirectly_readable<_Its> && ...) && invocable<_Fp, iter_reference_t<_Its>...>
+using indirect_result_t = invoke_result_t<_Fp, iter_reference_t<_Its>...>;
+
+template <class _In, class _Out>
+concept indirectly_movable = indirectly_readable<_In> && indirectly_writable<_Out, iter_rvalue_reference_t<_In>>;
+
+template <class _In, class _Out>
+concept indirectly_movable_storable =
+    indirectly_movable<_In, _Out> && indirectly_writable<_Out, iter_value_t<_In>> && movable<iter_value_t<_In>> &&
+    constructible_from<iter_value_t<_In>, iter_rvalue_reference_t<_In>> &&
+    assignable_from<iter_value_t<_In>&, iter_rvalue_reference_t<_In>>;
+
+template <class _In, class _Out>
+concept indirectly_copyable = indirectly_readable<_In> && indirectly_writable<_Out, iter_reference_t<_In>>;
+
+template <class _In, class _Out>
+concept indirectly_copyable_storable =
+    indirectly_copyable<_In, _Out> && indirectly_writable<_Out, iter_value_t<_In>&> &&
+    indirectly_writable<_Out, const iter_value_t<_In>&> && indirectly_writable<_Out, iter_value_t<_In>&&> &&
+    indirectly_writable<_Out, const iter_value_t<_In>&&> && copyable<iter_value_t<_In>> &&
+    constructible_from<iter_value_t<_In>, iter_reference_t<_In>> &&
+    assignable_from<iter_value_t<_In>&, iter_reference_t<_In>>;
+
+// Note: indirectly_swappable is located in iter_swap.h to prevent a dependency cycle
+// (both iter_swap and indirectly_swappable require indirectly_readable).
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    = integral_constant<bool, random_access_iterator<_Tp>>;
+#else  // _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 20
+    = __has_random_access_iterator_category<_Tp>;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_CONCEPTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/counted_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/counted_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ea2832e3b978dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/counted_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_COUNTED_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_COUNTED_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/assignable.h>
+#include <__concepts/common_with.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class>
+struct __counted_iterator_concept {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+  requires requires { typename _Iter::iterator_concept; }
+struct __counted_iterator_concept<_Iter> {
+  using iterator_concept = typename _Iter::iterator_concept;
+};
+
+template <class>
+struct __counted_iterator_category {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+  requires requires { typename _Iter::iterator_category; }
+struct __counted_iterator_category<_Iter> {
+  using iterator_category = typename _Iter::iterator_category;
+};
+
+template <class>
+struct __counted_iterator_value_type {};
+
+template <indirectly_readable _Iter>
+struct __counted_iterator_value_type<_Iter> {
+  using value_type = iter_value_t<_Iter>;
+};
+
+template <input_or_output_iterator _Iter>
+class counted_iterator
+    : public __counted_iterator_concept<_Iter>,
+      public __counted_iterator_category<_Iter>,
+      public __counted_iterator_value_type<_Iter> {
+public:
+  using iterator_type   = _Iter;
+  using 
diff erence_type = iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator()
+    requires default_initializable<_Iter>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator(_Iter __iter, iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n)
+      : __current_(std::move(__iter)), __count_(__n) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__n >= 0, "__n must not be negative.");
+  }
+
+  template <class _I2>
+    requires convertible_to<const _I2&, _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator(const counted_iterator<_I2>& __other)
+      : __current_(__other.__current_), __count_(__other.__count_) {}
+
+  template <class _I2>
+    requires assignable_from<_Iter&, const _I2&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator& operator=(const counted_iterator<_I2>& __other) {
+    __current_ = __other.__current_;
+    __count_   = __other.__count_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Iter& base() const& noexcept { return __current_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter base() && { return std::move(__current_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> count() const noexcept { return __count_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__count_ > 0, "Iterator is equal to or past end.");
+    return *__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const
+    requires __dereferenceable<const _Iter>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__count_ > 0, "Iterator is equal to or past end.");
+    return *__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator->() const noexcept
+    requires contiguous_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    return std::to_address(__current_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator& operator++() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__count_ > 0, "Iterator already at or past end.");
+    ++__current_;
+    --__count_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator++(int) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__count_ > 0, "Iterator already at or past end.");
+    --__count_;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+      return __current_++;
+    } catch (...) {
+      ++__count_;
+      throw;
+    }
+#  else
+    return __current_++;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator operator++(int)
+    requires forward_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__count_ > 0, "Iterator already at or past end.");
+    counted_iterator __tmp = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator& operator--()
+    requires bidirectional_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    --__current_;
+    ++__count_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator operator--(int)
+    requires bidirectional_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    counted_iterator __tmp = *this;
+    --*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator operator+(iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n) const
+    requires random_access_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    return counted_iterator(__current_ + __n, __count_ - __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr counted_iterator
+  operator+(iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n, const counted_iterator& __x)
+    requires random_access_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    return __x + __n;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator& operator+=(iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n)
+    requires random_access_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__n <= __count_, "Cannot advance iterator past end.");
+    __current_ += __n;
+    __count_ -= __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator operator-(iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n) const
+    requires random_access_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    return counted_iterator(__current_ - __n, __count_ + __n);
+  }
+
+  template <common_with<_Iter> _I2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_I2>
+  operator-(const counted_iterator& __lhs, const counted_iterator<_I2>& __rhs) {
+    return __rhs.__count_ - __lhs.__count_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>
+  operator-(const counted_iterator& __lhs, default_sentinel_t) {
+    return -__lhs.__count_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>
+  operator-(default_sentinel_t, const counted_iterator& __rhs) {
+    return __rhs.__count_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr counted_iterator& operator-=(iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n)
+    requires random_access_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(
+        -__n <= __count_,
+        "Attempt to subtract too large of a size: "
+        "counted_iterator would be decremented before the "
+        "first element of its range.");
+    __current_ -= __n;
+    __count_ += __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n) const
+    requires random_access_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__n < __count_, "Subscript argument must be less than size.");
+    return __current_[__n];
+  }
+
+  template <common_with<_Iter> _I2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool
+  operator==(const counted_iterator& __lhs, const counted_iterator<_I2>& __rhs) {
+    return __lhs.__count_ == __rhs.__count_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const counted_iterator& __lhs, default_sentinel_t) {
+    return __lhs.__count_ == 0;
+  }
+
+  template <common_with<_Iter> _I2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr strong_ordering
+  operator<=>(const counted_iterator& __lhs, const counted_iterator<_I2>& __rhs) {
+    return __rhs.__count_ <=> __lhs.__count_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr iter_rvalue_reference_t<_Iter>
+  iter_move(const counted_iterator& __i) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_move(__i.__current_)))
+    requires input_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__i.__count_ > 0, "Iterator must not be past end of range.");
+    return ranges::iter_move(__i.__current_);
+  }
+
+  template <indirectly_swappable<_Iter> _I2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void
+  iter_swap(const counted_iterator& __x,
+            const counted_iterator<_I2>& __y) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(__x.__current_, __y.__current_))) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __x.__count_ > 0 && __y.__count_ > 0, "Iterators must not be past end of range.");
+    return ranges::iter_swap(__x.__current_, __y.__current_);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Iter __current_ = _Iter();
+  iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __count_          = 0;
+  template <input_or_output_iterator _OtherIter>
+  friend class counted_iterator;
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(counted_iterator);
+
+template <input_iterator _Iter>
+  requires same_as<_ITER_TRAITS<_Iter>, iterator_traits<_Iter>>
+struct iterator_traits<counted_iterator<_Iter>> : iterator_traits<_Iter> {
+  using pointer = conditional_t<contiguous_iterator<_Iter>, add_pointer_t<iter_reference_t<_Iter>>, void>;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_COUNTED_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/cpp17_iterator_concepts.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/cpp17_iterator_concepts.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ba3536b6860991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/cpp17_iterator_concepts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_CPP17_ITERATOR_CONCEPTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_CPP17_ITERATOR_CONCEPTS_H
+
+#include <__concepts/boolean_testable.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__utility/as_const.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __cpp17_move_constructible = is_move_constructible_v<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __cpp17_copy_constructible = __cpp17_move_constructible<_Tp> && is_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __cpp17_move_assignable = requires(_Tp __lhs, _Tp __rhs) {
+  { __lhs = std::move(__rhs) } -> same_as<_Tp&>;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __cpp17_copy_assignable = __cpp17_move_assignable<_Tp> && requires(_Tp __lhs, _Tp __rhs) {
+  { __lhs = __rhs } -> same_as<_Tp&>;
+  { __lhs = std::as_const(__rhs) } -> same_as<_Tp&>;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __cpp17_destructible = requires(_Tp __v) { __v.~_Tp(); };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __cpp17_equality_comparable = requires(_Tp __lhs, _Tp __rhs) {
+  { __lhs == __rhs } -> __boolean_testable;
+  { std::as_const(__lhs) == __rhs } -> __boolean_testable;
+  { __lhs == std::as_const(__rhs) } -> __boolean_testable;
+  { std::as_const(__lhs) == std::as_const(__rhs) } -> __boolean_testable;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __cpp17_default_constructible = is_default_constructible_v<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Iter>
+concept __cpp17_iterator =
+    __cpp17_copy_constructible<_Iter> && __cpp17_copy_assignable<_Iter> && __cpp17_destructible<_Iter> &&
+    (is_signed_v<__iter_
diff _t<_Iter>> || is_void_v<__iter_
diff _t<_Iter>>) && requires(_Iter __iter) {
+      { *__iter };
+      { ++__iter } -> same_as<_Iter&>;
+    };
+
+template <class _Iter>
+concept __cpp17_input_iterator =
+    __cpp17_iterator<_Iter> && __cpp17_equality_comparable<_Iter> && requires(_Iter __lhs, _Iter __rhs) {
+      { __lhs != __rhs } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { std::as_const(__lhs) != __rhs } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { __lhs != std::as_const(__rhs) } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { std::as_const(__lhs) != std::as_const(__rhs) } -> __boolean_testable;
+
+      { *__lhs } -> same_as<__iter_reference<_Iter>>;
+      { *std::as_const(__lhs) } -> same_as<__iter_reference<_Iter>>;
+
+      { ++__lhs } -> same_as<_Iter&>;
+      { (void)__lhs++ };
+      { *__lhs++ };
+    };
+
+template <class _Iter, class _WriteTo>
+concept __cpp17_output_iterator = __cpp17_iterator<_Iter> && requires(_Iter __iter, _WriteTo __write) {
+  { *__iter = std::forward<_WriteTo>(__write) };
+  { ++__iter } -> same_as<_Iter&>;
+  { __iter++ } -> convertible_to<const _Iter&>;
+  { *__iter++ = std::forward<_WriteTo>(__write) };
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+concept __cpp17_forward_iterator =
+    __cpp17_input_iterator<_Iter> && __cpp17_default_constructible<_Iter> && requires(_Iter __iter) {
+      { __iter++ } -> convertible_to<const _Iter&>;
+      { *__iter++ } -> same_as<__iter_reference<_Iter>>;
+    };
+
+template <class _Iter>
+concept __cpp17_bidirectional_iterator = __cpp17_forward_iterator<_Iter> && requires(_Iter __iter) {
+  { --__iter } -> same_as<_Iter&>;
+  { __iter-- } -> convertible_to<const _Iter&>;
+  { *__iter-- } -> same_as<__iter_reference<_Iter>>;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+concept __cpp17_random_access_iterator =
+    __cpp17_bidirectional_iterator<_Iter> && requires(_Iter __iter, __iter_
diff _t<_Iter> __n) {
+      { __iter += __n } -> same_as<_Iter&>;
+
+      { __iter + __n } -> same_as<_Iter>;
+      { __n + __iter } -> same_as<_Iter>;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) + __n } -> same_as<_Iter>;
+      { __n + std::as_const(__iter) } -> same_as<_Iter>;
+
+      { __iter -= __n } -> same_as<_Iter&>;
+      { __iter - __n } -> same_as<_Iter>;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) - __n } -> same_as<_Iter>;
+
+      { __iter - __iter } -> same_as<__iter_
diff _t<_Iter>>;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) - __iter } -> same_as<__iter_
diff _t<_Iter>>;
+      { __iter - std::as_const(__iter) } -> same_as<__iter_
diff _t<_Iter>>;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) - std::as_const(__iter) } -> same_as<__iter_
diff _t<_Iter>>;
+
+      { __iter[__n] } -> convertible_to<__iter_reference<_Iter>>;
+      { std::as_const(__iter)[__n] } -> convertible_to<__iter_reference<_Iter>>;
+
+      { __iter < __iter } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) < __iter } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { __iter < std::as_const(__iter) } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) < std::as_const(__iter) } -> __boolean_testable;
+
+      { __iter > __iter } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) > __iter } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { __iter > std::as_const(__iter) } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) > std::as_const(__iter) } -> __boolean_testable;
+
+      { __iter >= __iter } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) >= __iter } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { __iter >= std::as_const(__iter) } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) >= std::as_const(__iter) } -> __boolean_testable;
+
+      { __iter <= __iter } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) <= __iter } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { __iter <= std::as_const(__iter) } -> __boolean_testable;
+      { std::as_const(__iter) <= std::as_const(__iter) } -> __boolean_testable;
+    };
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_DISABLE_ITERATOR_CHECKS
+#    define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_INPUT_ITERATOR(iter_t, message)                                                      \
+      static_assert(::std::__cpp17_input_iterator<iter_t>, message)
+#    define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(iter_t, write_t, message)                                            \
+      static_assert(::std::__cpp17_output_iterator<iter_t, write_t>, message)
+#    define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(iter_t, message)                                                    \
+      static_assert(::std::__cpp17_forward_iterator<iter_t>, message)
+#    define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_BIDIRECTIONAL_ITERATOR(iter_t, message)                                              \
+      static_assert(::std::__cpp17_bidirectional_iterator<iter_t>, message)
+#    define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_RANDOM_ACCESS_ITERATOR(iter_t, message)                                              \
+      static_assert(::std::__cpp17_random_access_iterator<iter_t>, message)
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_INPUT_ITERATOR(iter_t, message) static_assert(true)
+#    define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(iter_t, write_t, message) static_assert(true)
+#    define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(iter_t, message) static_assert(true)
+#    define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_BIDIRECTIONAL_ITERATOR(iter_t, message) static_assert(true)
+#    define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_RANDOM_ACCESS_ITERATOR(iter_t, message) static_assert(true)
+#  endif
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_INPUT_ITERATOR(iter_t, message) static_assert(true)
+#  define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_OUTPUT_ITERATOR(iter_t, write_t, message) static_assert(true)
+#  define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(iter_t, message) static_assert(true)
+#  define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_BIDIRECTIONAL_ITERATOR(iter_t, message) static_assert(true)
+#  define _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_RANDOM_ACCESS_ITERATOR(iter_t, message) static_assert(true)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_CPP17_ITERATOR_CONCEPTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/data.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/data.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b7c1603652b0e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/data.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_DATA_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_DATA_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Cont>
+constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto data(_Cont& __c) noexcept(noexcept(__c.data())) -> decltype(__c.data()) {
+  return __c.data();
+}
+
+template <class _Cont>
+constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto data(const _Cont& __c) noexcept(noexcept(__c.data())) -> decltype(__c.data()) {
+  return __c.data();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* data(_Tp (&__array)[_Sz]) noexcept {
+  return __array;
+}
+
+template <class _Ep>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Ep* data(initializer_list<_Ep> __il) noexcept {
+  return __il.begin();
+}
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_DATA_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/default_sentinel.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/default_sentinel.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3b65f442f1a85b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/default_sentinel.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_DEFAULT_SENTINEL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_DEFAULT_SENTINEL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+struct default_sentinel_t {};
+inline constexpr default_sentinel_t default_sentinel{};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_DEFAULT_SENTINEL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/distance.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/distance.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..75bd49c9ae732b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/distance.h
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_DISTANCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_DISTANCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::
diff erence_type
+__distance(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last, input_iterator_tag) {
+  typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::
diff erence_type __r(0);
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    ++__r;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _RandIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 typename iterator_traits<_RandIter>::
diff erence_type
+__distance(_RandIter __first, _RandIter __last, random_access_iterator_tag) {
+  return __last - __first;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::
diff erence_type
+distance(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last) {
+  return std::__distance(__first, __last, typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::iterator_category());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [range.iter.op.distance]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __distance {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Ip, sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp>
+    requires(!sized_sentinel_for<_Sp, _Ip>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> operator()(_Ip __first, _Sp __last) const {
+    iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> __n = 0;
+    while (__first != __last) {
+      ++__first;
+      ++__n;
+    }
+    return __n;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Ip, sized_sentinel_for<decay_t<_Ip>> _Sp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> operator()(_Ip&& __first, _Sp __last) const {
+    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Sp, __remove_cvref_t<_Ip>>) {
+      return __last - __first;
+    } else {
+      return __last - decay_t<_Ip>(__first);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <range _Rp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr range_
diff erence_t<_Rp> operator()(_Rp&& __r) const {
+    if constexpr (sized_range<_Rp>) {
+      return static_cast<range_
diff erence_t<_Rp>>(ranges::size(__r));
+    } else {
+      return operator()(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r));
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __distance
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto distance = __distance::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_DISTANCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/empty.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/empty.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..773f2776955b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/empty.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_EMPTY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_EMPTY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Cont>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+empty(const _Cont& __c) noexcept(noexcept(__c.empty())) -> decltype(__c.empty()) {
+  return __c.empty();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty(const _Tp (&)[_Sz]) noexcept {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _Ep>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty(initializer_list<_Ep> __il) noexcept {
+  return __il.size() == 0;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_EMPTY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/erase_if_container.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/erase_if_container.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0f87f50cd1c160
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/erase_if_container.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ERASE_IF_CONTAINER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ERASE_IF_CONTAINER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Container, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Container::size_type __libcpp_erase_if_container(_Container& __c, _Predicate& __pred) {
+  typename _Container::size_type __old_size = __c.size();
+
+  const typename _Container::iterator __last = __c.end();
+  for (typename _Container::iterator __iter = __c.begin(); __iter != __last;) {
+    if (__pred(*__iter))
+      __iter = __c.erase(__iter);
+    else
+      ++__iter;
+  }
+
+  return __old_size - __c.size();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ERASE_IF_CONTAINER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/front_insert_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/front_insert_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7f2c54ec87442e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/front_insert_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_FRONT_INSERT_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_FRONT_INSERT_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Container>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS front_insert_iterator
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES)
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void>
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  _Container* container;
+
+public:
+  typedef output_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef void value_type;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+#else
+  typedef void 
diff erence_type;
+#endif
+  typedef void pointer;
+  typedef void reference;
+  typedef _Container container_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit front_insert_iterator(_Container& __x)
+      : container(std::addressof(__x)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 front_insert_iterator&
+  operator=(const typename _Container::value_type& __value) {
+    container->push_front(__value);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 front_insert_iterator&
+  operator=(typename _Container::value_type&& __value) {
+    container->push_front(std::move(__value));
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 front_insert_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 front_insert_iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 front_insert_iterator operator++(int) { return *this; }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(front_insert_iterator);
+
+template <class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 front_insert_iterator<_Container>
+front_inserter(_Container& __x) {
+  return front_insert_iterator<_Container>(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_FRONT_INSERT_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/incrementable_traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/incrementable_traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a228b228f6e552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/incrementable_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_INCREMENTABLE_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_INCREMENTABLE_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_primary_template.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [incrementable.traits]
+template <class>
+struct incrementable_traits {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires is_object_v<_Tp>
+struct incrementable_traits<_Tp*> {
+  using 
diff erence_type = ptr
diff _t;
+};
+
+template <class _Ip>
+struct incrementable_traits<const _Ip> : incrementable_traits<_Ip> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __has_member_
diff erence_type = requires { typename _Tp::
diff erence_type; };
+
+template <__has_member_
diff erence_type _Tp>
+struct incrementable_traits<_Tp> {
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename _Tp::
diff erence_type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __has_integral_minus = requires(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) {
+  { __x - __y } -> integral;
+};
+
+template <__has_integral_minus _Tp>
+  requires(!__has_member_
diff erence_type<_Tp>)
+struct incrementable_traits<_Tp> {
+  using 
diff erence_type = make_signed_t<decltype(std::declval<_Tp>() - std::declval<_Tp>())>;
+};
+
+template <class>
+struct iterator_traits;
+
+// Let `RI` be `remove_cvref_t<I>`. The type `iter_
diff erence_t<I>` denotes
+// `incrementable_traits<RI>::
diff erence_type` if `iterator_traits<RI>` names a specialization
+// generated from the primary template, and `iterator_traits<RI>::
diff erence_type` otherwise.
+template <class _Ip>
+using iter_
diff erence_t =
+    typename conditional_t<__is_primary_template<iterator_traits<remove_cvref_t<_Ip> > >::value,
+                           incrementable_traits<remove_cvref_t<_Ip> >,
+                           iterator_traits<remove_cvref_t<_Ip> > >::
diff erence_type;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_INCREMENTABLE_TRAITS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e8a7398bacd2b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_INDIRECTLY_COMPARABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_INDIRECTLY_COMPARABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _I1, class _I2, class _Rp, class _P1 = identity, class _P2 = identity>
+concept indirectly_comparable = indirect_binary_predicate<_Rp, projected<_I1, _P1>, projected<_I2, _P2>>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_INDIRECTLY_COMPARABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/insert_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/insert_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8b7574dc9ec0af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/insert_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_INSERT_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_INSERT_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Container>
+using __insert_iterator_iter_t = ranges::iterator_t<_Container>;
+#else
+template <class _Container>
+using __insert_iterator_iter_t = typename _Container::iterator;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Container>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS insert_iterator
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES)
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void>
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  _Container* container;
+  __insert_iterator_iter_t<_Container> iter;
+
+public:
+  typedef output_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef void value_type;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+#else
+  typedef void 
diff erence_type;
+#endif
+  typedef void pointer;
+  typedef void reference;
+  typedef _Container container_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  insert_iterator(_Container& __x, __insert_iterator_iter_t<_Container> __i)
+      : container(std::addressof(__x)), iter(__i) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 insert_iterator&
+  operator=(const typename _Container::value_type& __value) {
+    iter = container->insert(iter, __value);
+    ++iter;
+    return *this;
+  }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 insert_iterator&
+  operator=(typename _Container::value_type&& __value) {
+    iter = container->insert(iter, std::move(__value));
+    ++iter;
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 insert_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 insert_iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 insert_iterator& operator++(int) { return *this; }
+};
+
+template <class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 insert_iterator<_Container>
+inserter(_Container& __x, __insert_iterator_iter_t<_Container> __i) {
+  return insert_iterator<_Container>(__x, __i);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_INSERT_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/istream_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/istream_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..58c9ac6d4cccea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/istream_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ISTREAM_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ISTREAM_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/istream.h>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+#include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT = char, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>, class _Distance = ptr
diff _t>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS istream_iterator
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES)
+    : public iterator<input_iterator_tag, _Tp, _Distance, const _Tp*, const _Tp&>
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+public:
+  typedef input_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef _Distance 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef const _Tp* pointer;
+  typedef const _Tp& reference;
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> istream_type;
+
+private:
+  istream_type* __in_stream_;
+  _Tp __value_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR istream_iterator() : __in_stream_(nullptr), __value_() {}
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr istream_iterator(default_sentinel_t) : istream_iterator() {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI istream_iterator(istream_type& __s) : __in_stream_(std::addressof(__s)) {
+    if (!(*__in_stream_ >> __value_))
+      __in_stream_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Tp& operator*() const { return __value_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Tp* operator->() const { return std::addressof((operator*())); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI istream_iterator& operator++() {
+    if (!(*__in_stream_ >> __value_))
+      __in_stream_ = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI istream_iterator operator++(int) {
+    istream_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up, class _CharU, class _TraitsU, class _DistanceU>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const istream_iterator<_Up, _CharU, _TraitsU, _DistanceU>& __x,
+                                               const istream_iterator<_Up, _CharU, _TraitsU, _DistanceU>& __y);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const istream_iterator& __i, default_sentinel_t) {
+    return __i.__in_stream_ == nullptr;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Distance>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const istream_iterator<_Tp, _CharT, _Traits, _Distance>& __x,
+                                             const istream_iterator<_Tp, _CharT, _Traits, _Distance>& __y) {
+  return __x.__in_stream_ == __y.__in_stream_;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Distance>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const istream_iterator<_Tp, _CharT, _Traits, _Distance>& __x,
+                                             const istream_iterator<_Tp, _CharT, _Traits, _Distance>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ISTREAM_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/istreambuf_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/istreambuf_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..51c4ecff351f52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/istreambuf_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ISTREAMBUF_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ISTREAMBUF_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/istream.h>
+#include <__fwd/streambuf.h>
+#include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS istreambuf_iterator
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES)
+    : public iterator<input_iterator_tag, _CharT, typename _Traits::off_type, _CharT*, _CharT>
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+public:
+  typedef input_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef _CharT value_type;
+  typedef typename _Traits::off_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef _CharT* pointer;
+  typedef _CharT reference;
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename _Traits::int_type int_type;
+  typedef basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits> streambuf_type;
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> istream_type;
+
+private:
+  mutable streambuf_type* __sbuf_;
+
+  class __proxy {
+    char_type __keep_;
+    streambuf_type* __sbuf_;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __proxy(char_type __c, streambuf_type* __s) : __keep_(__c), __sbuf_(__s) {}
+    friend class istreambuf_iterator;
+
+  public:
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type operator*() const { return __keep_; }
+  };
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __test_for_eof() const {
+    if (__sbuf_ && traits_type::eq_int_type(__sbuf_->sgetc(), traits_type::eof()))
+      __sbuf_ = nullptr;
+    return __sbuf_ == nullptr;
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR istreambuf_iterator() _NOEXCEPT : __sbuf_(nullptr) {}
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr istreambuf_iterator(default_sentinel_t) noexcept : istreambuf_iterator() {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI istreambuf_iterator(istream_type& __s) _NOEXCEPT : __sbuf_(__s.rdbuf()) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI istreambuf_iterator(streambuf_type* __s) _NOEXCEPT : __sbuf_(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI istreambuf_iterator(const __proxy& __p) _NOEXCEPT : __sbuf_(__p.__sbuf_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type operator*() const { return static_cast<char_type>(__sbuf_->sgetc()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI istreambuf_iterator& operator++() {
+    __sbuf_->sbumpc();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __proxy operator++(int) { return __proxy(__sbuf_->sbumpc(), __sbuf_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool equal(const istreambuf_iterator& __b) const {
+    return __test_for_eof() == __b.__test_for_eof();
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const istreambuf_iterator& __i, default_sentinel_t) {
+    return __i.__test_for_eof();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits>& __a, const istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits>& __b) {
+  return __a.equal(__b);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits>& __a, const istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits>& __b) {
+  return !__a.equal(__b);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ISTREAMBUF_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iter_move.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iter_move.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ba8aed3c0ffbbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iter_move.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITER_MOVE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITER_MOVE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/class_or_enum.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [iterator.cust.move]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __iter_move {
+
+void iter_move() = delete;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __unqualified_iter_move = __class_or_enum<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(libcpp-robust-against-adl) iter_swap ADL calls should only be made through ranges::iter_swap
+  iter_move(std::forward<_Tp>(__t));
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __move_deref = !__unqualified_iter_move<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  *__t;
+  requires is_lvalue_reference_v<decltype(*__t)>;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __just_deref = !__unqualified_iter_move<_Tp> && !__move_deref<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  *__t;
+  requires(!is_lvalue_reference_v<decltype(*__t)>);
+};
+
+// [iterator.cust.move]
+
+struct __fn {
+  // NOLINTBEGIN(libcpp-robust-against-adl) iter_move ADL calls should only be made through ranges::iter_move
+  template <class _Ip>
+    requires __unqualified_iter_move<_Ip>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Ip&& __i) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(iter_move(std::forward<_Ip>(__i)))) {
+    return iter_move(std::forward<_Ip>(__i));
+  }
+  // NOLINTEND(libcpp-robust-against-adl)
+
+  template <class _Ip>
+    requires __move_deref<_Ip>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Ip&& __i) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::move(*std::forward<_Ip>(__i)))) -> decltype(std::move(*std::forward<_Ip>(__i))) {
+    return std::move(*std::forward<_Ip>(__i));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Ip>
+    requires __just_deref<_Ip>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Ip&& __i) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(*std::forward<_Ip>(__i))) -> decltype(*std::forward<_Ip>(__i)) {
+    return *std::forward<_Ip>(__i);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __iter_move
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto iter_move = __iter_move::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+template <__dereferenceable _Tp>
+  requires requires(_Tp& __t) {
+    { ranges::iter_move(__t) } -> __can_reference;
+  }
+using iter_rvalue_reference_t = decltype(ranges::iter_move(std::declval<_Tp&>()));
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITER_MOVE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iter_swap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iter_swap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..01ab1b97d6501f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iter_swap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITER_SWAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITER_SWAP_H
+
+#include <__concepts/class_or_enum.h>
+#include <__concepts/swappable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [iter.cust.swap]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __iter_swap {
+template <class _I1, class _I2>
+void iter_swap(_I1, _I2) = delete;
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+concept __unqualified_iter_swap =
+    (__class_or_enum<remove_cvref_t<_T1>> || __class_or_enum<remove_cvref_t<_T2>>) && requires(_T1&& __x, _T2&& __y) {
+      // NOLINTNEXTLINE(libcpp-robust-against-adl) iter_swap ADL calls should only be made through ranges::iter_swap
+      iter_swap(std::forward<_T1>(__x), std::forward<_T2>(__y));
+    };
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+concept __readable_swappable =
+    indirectly_readable<_T1> && indirectly_readable<_T2> &&
+    swappable_with<iter_reference_t<_T1>, iter_reference_t<_T2>>;
+
+struct __fn {
+  // NOLINTBEGIN(libcpp-robust-against-adl) iter_swap ADL calls should only be made through ranges::iter_swap
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+    requires __unqualified_iter_swap<_T1, _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator()(_T1&& __x, _T2&& __y) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(iter_swap(std::forward<_T1>(__x), std::forward<_T2>(__y)))) {
+    (void)iter_swap(std::forward<_T1>(__x), std::forward<_T2>(__y));
+  }
+  // NOLINTEND(libcpp-robust-against-adl)
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+    requires(!__unqualified_iter_swap<_T1, _T2>) && __readable_swappable<_T1, _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator()(_T1&& __x, _T2&& __y) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::swap(*std::forward<_T1>(__x), *std::forward<_T2>(__y)))) {
+    ranges::swap(*std::forward<_T1>(__x), *std::forward<_T2>(__y));
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+    requires(!__unqualified_iter_swap<_T1, _T2> &&   //
+             !__readable_swappable<_T1, _T2>) &&     //
+            indirectly_movable_storable<_T1, _T2> && //
+            indirectly_movable_storable<_T2, _T1>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator()(_T1&& __x, _T2&& __y) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(iter_value_t<_T2>(ranges::iter_move(__y))) && //
+               noexcept(*__y = ranges::iter_move(__x)) &&             //
+               noexcept(*std::forward<_T1>(__x) = std::declval<iter_value_t<_T2>>())) {
+    iter_value_t<_T2> __old(ranges::iter_move(__y));
+    *__y                    = ranges::iter_move(__x);
+    *std::forward<_T1>(__x) = std::move(__old);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __iter_swap
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto iter_swap = __iter_swap::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+template <class _I1, class _I2 = _I1>
+concept indirectly_swappable =
+    indirectly_readable<_I1> && indirectly_readable<_I2> && requires(const _I1 __i1, const _I2 __i2) {
+      ranges::iter_swap(__i1, __i1);
+      ranges::iter_swap(__i2, __i2);
+      ranges::iter_swap(__i1, __i2);
+      ranges::iter_swap(__i2, __i1);
+    };
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITER_SWAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ba9308f3c22430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Category, class _Tp, class _Distance = ptr
diff _t, class _Pointer = _Tp*, class _Reference = _Tp&>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 iterator {
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef _Distance 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef _Pointer pointer;
+  typedef _Reference reference;
+  typedef _Category iterator_category;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iterator_traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iterator_traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..11af9e301842cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iterator_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__concepts/totally_ordered.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/pair.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/disjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_primary_template.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_valid_expansion.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __with_reference = _Tp&;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __can_reference = requires { typename __with_reference<_Tp>; };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __dereferenceable = requires(_Tp& __t) {
+  { *__t } -> __can_reference; // not required to be equality-preserving
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]
+template <__dereferenceable _Tp>
+using iter_reference_t = decltype(*std::declval<_Tp&>());
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS iterator_traits;
+
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS input_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS output_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS forward_iterator_tag : public input_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bidirectional_iterator_tag : public forward_iterator_tag {};
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS random_access_iterator_tag : public bidirectional_iterator_tag {};
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS contiguous_iterator_tag : public random_access_iterator_tag {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __iter_traits_cache {
+  using type = _If< __is_primary_template<iterator_traits<_Iter> >::value, _Iter, iterator_traits<_Iter> >;
+};
+template <class _Iter>
+using _ITER_TRAITS = typename __iter_traits_cache<_Iter>::type;
+
+struct __iter_concept_concept_test {
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using _Apply = typename _ITER_TRAITS<_Iter>::iterator_concept;
+};
+struct __iter_concept_category_test {
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using _Apply = typename _ITER_TRAITS<_Iter>::iterator_category;
+};
+struct __iter_concept_random_fallback {
+  template <class _Iter>
+  using _Apply = __enable_if_t< __is_primary_template<iterator_traits<_Iter> >::value, random_access_iterator_tag >;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Tester>
+struct __test_iter_concept : _IsValidExpansion<_Tester::template _Apply, _Iter>, _Tester {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __iter_concept_cache {
+  using type = _Or< __test_iter_concept<_Iter, __iter_concept_concept_test>,
+                    __test_iter_concept<_Iter, __iter_concept_category_test>,
+                    __test_iter_concept<_Iter, __iter_concept_random_fallback> >;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+using _ITER_CONCEPT = typename __iter_concept_cache<_Iter>::type::template _Apply<_Iter>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_iterator_typedefs {
+private:
+  template <class _Up>
+  static false_type __test(...);
+  template <class _Up>
+  static true_type
+  __test(__void_t<typename _Up::iterator_category>* = nullptr,
+         __void_t<typename _Up::
diff erence_type>*   = nullptr,
+         __void_t<typename _Up::value_type>*        = nullptr,
+         __void_t<typename _Up::reference>*         = nullptr,
+         __void_t<typename _Up::pointer>*           = nullptr);
+
+public:
+  static const bool value = decltype(__test<_Tp>(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr))::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_iterator_category {
+private:
+  template <class _Up>
+  static false_type __test(...);
+  template <class _Up>
+  static true_type __test(typename _Up::iterator_category* = nullptr);
+
+public:
+  static const bool value = decltype(__test<_Tp>(nullptr))::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_iterator_concept {
+private:
+  template <class _Up>
+  static false_type __test(...);
+  template <class _Up>
+  static true_type __test(typename _Up::iterator_concept* = nullptr);
+
+public:
+  static const bool value = decltype(__test<_Tp>(nullptr))::value;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// The `cpp17-*-iterator` exposition-only concepts have very similar names to the `Cpp17*Iterator` named requirements
+// from `[iterator.cpp17]`. To avoid confusion between the two, the exposition-only concepts have been banished to
+// a "detail" namespace indicating they have a niche use-case.
+namespace __iterator_traits_detail {
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __cpp17_iterator = requires(_Ip __i) {
+  { *__i } -> __can_reference;
+  { ++__i } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
+  { *__i++ } -> __can_reference;
+} && copyable<_Ip>;
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __cpp17_input_iterator = __cpp17_iterator<_Ip> && equality_comparable<_Ip> && requires(_Ip __i) {
+  typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::
diff erence_type;
+  typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type;
+  typename common_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_Ip>&&, typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type&>;
+  typename common_reference_t<decltype(*__i++)&&, typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type&>;
+  requires signed_integral<typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::
diff erence_type>;
+};
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __cpp17_forward_iterator =
+    __cpp17_input_iterator<_Ip> && constructible_from<_Ip> && is_reference_v<iter_reference_t<_Ip>> &&
+    same_as<remove_cvref_t<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>, typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type> &&
+    requires(_Ip __i) {
+      { __i++ } -> convertible_to<_Ip const&>;
+      { *__i++ } -> same_as<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>;
+    };
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __cpp17_bidirectional_iterator = __cpp17_forward_iterator<_Ip> && requires(_Ip __i) {
+  { --__i } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
+  { __i-- } -> convertible_to<_Ip const&>;
+  { *__i-- } -> same_as<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>;
+};
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __cpp17_random_access_iterator =
+    __cpp17_bidirectional_iterator<_Ip> && totally_ordered<_Ip> &&
+    requires(_Ip __i, typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::
diff erence_type __n) {
+      { __i += __n } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
+      { __i -= __n } -> same_as<_Ip&>;
+      { __i + __n } -> same_as<_Ip>;
+      { __n + __i } -> same_as<_Ip>;
+      { __i - __n } -> same_as<_Ip>;
+      { __i - __i } -> same_as<decltype(__n)>; // NOLINT(misc-redundant-expression) ; This is llvm.org/PR54114
+      { __i[__n] } -> convertible_to<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>;
+    };
+} // namespace __iterator_traits_detail
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __has_member_reference = requires { typename _Ip::reference; };
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __has_member_pointer = requires { typename _Ip::pointer; };
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __has_member_iterator_category = requires { typename _Ip::iterator_category; };
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __specifies_members = requires {
+  typename _Ip::value_type;
+  typename _Ip::
diff erence_type;
+  requires __has_member_reference<_Ip>;
+  requires __has_member_iterator_category<_Ip>;
+};
+
+template <class>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_void {
+  using type = void;
+};
+
+template <__has_member_pointer _Tp>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_void<_Tp> {
+  using type = typename _Tp::pointer;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __cpp17_iterator_missing_members = !__specifies_members<_Tp> && __iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_iterator<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __cpp17_input_iterator_missing_members =
+    __cpp17_iterator_missing_members<_Tp> && __iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_input_iterator<_Tp>;
+
+// Otherwise, `pointer` names `void`.
+template <class>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_arrow_or_void {
+  using type = void;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.1
+// If the qualified-id `I::pointer` is valid and denotes a type, `pointer` names that type.
+template <__has_member_pointer _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_arrow_or_void<_Ip> {
+  using type = typename _Ip::pointer;
+};
+
+// Otherwise, if `decltype(declval<I&>().operator->())` is well-formed, then `pointer` names that
+// type.
+template <class _Ip>
+  requires requires(_Ip& __i) { __i.operator->(); } && (!__has_member_pointer<_Ip>)
+struct __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_arrow_or_void<_Ip> {
+  using type = decltype(std::declval<_Ip&>().operator->());
+};
+
+// Otherwise, `reference` names `iter-reference-t<I>`.
+template <class _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_reference {
+  using type = iter_reference_t<_Ip>;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.2
+// If the qualified-id `I::reference` is valid and denotes a type, `reference` names that type.
+template <__has_member_reference _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits_member_reference<_Ip> {
+  using type = typename _Ip::reference;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.4
+// input_iterator_tag
+template <class _Ip>
+struct __deduce_iterator_category {
+  using type = input_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.1
+// `random_access_iterator_tag` if `I` satisfies `cpp17-random-access-iterator`, or otherwise
+template <__iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_random_access_iterator _Ip>
+struct __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {
+  using type = random_access_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.2
+// `bidirectional_iterator_tag` if `I` satisfies `cpp17-bidirectional-iterator`, or otherwise
+template <__iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_bidirectional_iterator _Ip>
+struct __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {
+  using type = bidirectional_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3.3
+// `forward_iterator_tag` if `I` satisfies `cpp17-forward-iterator`, or otherwise
+template <__iterator_traits_detail::__cpp17_forward_iterator _Ip>
+struct __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {
+  using type = forward_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+template <class _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits_iterator_category : __deduce_iterator_category<_Ip> {};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2.3
+// If the qualified-id `I::iterator-category` is valid and denotes a type, `iterator-category` names
+// that type.
+template <__has_member_iterator_category _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits_iterator_category<_Ip> {
+  using type = typename _Ip::iterator_category;
+};
+
+// otherwise, it names void.
+template <class>
+struct __iterator_traits_
diff erence_type {
+  using type = void;
+};
+
+// If the qualified-id `incrementable_traits<I>::
diff erence_type` is valid and denotes a type, then
+// `
diff erence_type` names that type;
+template <class _Ip>
+  requires requires { typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::
diff erence_type; }
+struct __iterator_traits_
diff erence_type<_Ip> {
+  using type = typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::
diff erence_type;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.4
+// Otherwise, `iterator_traits<I>` has no members by any of the above names.
+template <class>
+struct __iterator_traits {};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.1
+// If `I` has valid ([temp.deduct]) member types `
diff erence-type`, `value-type`, `reference`, and
+// `iterator-category`, then `iterator-traits<I>` has the following publicly accessible members:
+template <__specifies_members _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
+  using iterator_category = typename _Ip::iterator_category;
+  using value_type        = typename _Ip::value_type;
+  using 
diff erence_type   = typename _Ip::
diff erence_type;
+  using pointer           = typename __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_void<_Ip>::type;
+  using reference         = typename _Ip::reference;
+};
+
+// [iterator.traits]/3.2
+// Otherwise, if `I` satisfies the exposition-only concept `cpp17-input-iterator`,
+// `iterator-traits<I>` has the following publicly accessible members:
+template <__cpp17_input_iterator_missing_members _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
+  using iterator_category = typename __iterator_traits_iterator_category<_Ip>::type;
+  using value_type        = typename indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip>::value_type;
+  using 
diff erence_type   = typename incrementable_traits<_Ip>::
diff erence_type;
+  using pointer           = typename __iterator_traits_member_pointer_or_arrow_or_void<_Ip>::type;
+  using reference         = typename __iterator_traits_member_reference<_Ip>::type;
+};
+
+// Otherwise, if `I` satisfies the exposition-only concept `cpp17-iterator`, then
+// `iterator_traits<I>` has the following publicly accessible members:
+template <__cpp17_iterator_missing_members _Ip>
+struct __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
+  using iterator_category = output_iterator_tag;
+  using value_type        = void;
+  using 
diff erence_type   = typename __iterator_traits_
diff erence_type<_Ip>::type;
+  using pointer           = void;
+  using reference         = void;
+};
+
+template <class _Ip>
+struct iterator_traits : __iterator_traits<_Ip> {
+  using __primary_template = iterator_traits;
+};
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Iter, bool>
+struct __iterator_traits {};
+
+template <class _Iter, bool>
+struct __iterator_traits_impl {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __iterator_traits_impl<_Iter, true> {
+  typedef typename _Iter::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename _Iter::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _Iter::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename _Iter::reference reference;
+  typedef typename _Iter::iterator_category iterator_category;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __iterator_traits<_Iter, true>
+    : __iterator_traits_impl< _Iter,
+                              is_convertible<typename _Iter::iterator_category, input_iterator_tag>::value ||
+                                  is_convertible<typename _Iter::iterator_category, output_iterator_tag>::value > {};
+
+// iterator_traits<Iterator> will only have the nested types if Iterator::iterator_category
+//    exists.  Else iterator_traits<Iterator> will be an empty class.  This is a
+//    conforming extension which allows some programs to compile and behave as
+//    the client expects instead of failing at compile time.
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS iterator_traits : __iterator_traits<_Iter, __has_iterator_typedefs<_Iter>::value> {
+  using __primary_template = iterator_traits;
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  requires is_object_v<_Tp>
+#endif
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS iterator_traits<_Tp*> {
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef __remove_cv_t<_Tp> value_type;
+  typedef _Tp* pointer;
+  typedef _Tp& reference;
+  typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef contiguous_iterator_tag iterator_concept;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_iterator_category<iterator_traits<_Tp> >::value>
+struct __has_iterator_category_convertible_to : is_convertible<typename iterator_traits<_Tp>::iterator_category, _Up> {
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, _Up, false> : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_iterator_concept<_Tp>::value>
+struct __has_iterator_concept_convertible_to : is_convertible<typename _Tp::iterator_concept, _Up> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __has_iterator_concept_convertible_to<_Tp, _Up, false> : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __has_input_iterator_category = __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, input_iterator_tag>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __has_forward_iterator_category = __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, forward_iterator_tag>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __has_bidirectional_iterator_category = __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, bidirectional_iterator_tag>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __has_random_access_iterator_category = __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, random_access_iterator_tag>;
+
+// __libcpp_is_contiguous_iterator determines if an iterator is known by
+// libc++ to be contiguous, either because it advertises itself as such
+// (in C++20) or because it is a pointer type or a known trivial wrapper
+// around a (possibly fancy) pointer type, such as __wrap_iter<T*>.
+// Such iterators receive special "contiguous" optimizations in
+// std::copy and std::sort.
+//
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_contiguous_iterator
+    : _Or< __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, contiguous_iterator_tag>,
+           __has_iterator_concept_convertible_to<_Tp, contiguous_iterator_tag> > {};
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_contiguous_iterator : false_type {};
+#endif
+
+// Any native pointer which is an iterator is also a contiguous iterator.
+template <class _Up>
+struct __libcpp_is_contiguous_iterator<_Up*> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+class __wrap_iter;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __has_exactly_input_iterator_category =
+    integral_constant<bool,
+                      __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, input_iterator_tag>::value &&
+                          !__has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, forward_iterator_tag>::value>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __has_exactly_forward_iterator_category =
+    integral_constant<bool,
+                      __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, forward_iterator_tag>::value &&
+                          !__has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, bidirectional_iterator_tag>::value>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __has_exactly_bidirectional_iterator_category =
+    integral_constant<bool,
+                      __has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, bidirectional_iterator_tag>::value &&
+                          !__has_iterator_category_convertible_to<_Tp, random_access_iterator_tag>::value>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator>
+using __iter_value_type = typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type;
+
+template <class _InputIterator>
+using __iter_key_type = __remove_const_t<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::first_type>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator>
+using __iter_mapped_type = typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::second_type;
+
+template <class _InputIterator>
+using __iter_to_alloc_type =
+    pair<const typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::first_type,
+         typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type::second_type>;
+
+template <class _Iter>
+using __iterator_category_type = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category;
+
+template <class _Iter>
+using __iterator_pointer_type = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::pointer;
+
+template <class _Iter>
+using __iter_
diff _t = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::
diff erence_type;
+
+template <class _Iter>
+using __iter_reference = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::reference;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [readable.traits]
+
+// Let `RI` be `remove_cvref_t<I>`. The type `iter_value_t<I>` denotes
+// `indirectly_readable_traits<RI>::value_type` if `iterator_traits<RI>` names a specialization
+// generated from the primary template, and `iterator_traits<RI>::value_type` otherwise.
+// This has to be in this file and not readable_traits.h to break the include cycle between the two.
+template <class _Ip>
+using iter_value_t =
+    typename conditional_t<__is_primary_template<iterator_traits<remove_cvref_t<_Ip> > >::value,
+                           indirectly_readable_traits<remove_cvref_t<_Ip> >,
+                           iterator_traits<remove_cvref_t<_Ip> > >::value_type;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_TRAITS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iterator_with_data.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iterator_with_data.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..afdc0a4e12e21c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/iterator_with_data.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_WITH_DATA_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_WITH_DATA_H
+
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way_result.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <forward_iterator _Iterator, class _Data>
+class __iterator_with_data {
+  _Iterator __iter_{};
+  _Data __data_{};
+
+public:
+  using value_type      = iter_value_t<_Iterator>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = iter_
diff erence_t<_Iterator>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator_with_data() = default;
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator_with_data(_Iterator __iter, _Data __data)
+      : __iter_(std::move(__iter)), __data_(std::move(__data)) {}
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Iterator __get_iter() const { return __iter_; }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Data __get_data() && { return std::move(__data_); }
+
+  friend constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const __iterator_with_data& __lhs, const __iterator_with_data& __rhs) {
+    return __lhs.__iter_ == __rhs.__iter_;
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator_with_data& operator++() {
+    ++__iter_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator_with_data operator++(int) {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    __iter_++;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator_with_data& operator--()
+    requires bidirectional_iterator<_Iterator>
+  {
+    --__iter_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator_with_data operator--(int)
+    requires bidirectional_iterator<_Iterator>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    --__iter_;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_reference_t<_Iterator> operator*() const { return *__iter_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr iter_rvalue_reference_t<_Iterator>
+  iter_move(const __iterator_with_data& __iter) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_move(__iter.__iter_))) {
+    return ranges::iter_move(__iter.__iter_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void
+  iter_swap(const __iterator_with_data& __lhs,
+            const __iterator_with_data& __rhs) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(__lhs.__iter_, __rhs.__iter_)))
+    requires indirectly_swappable<_Iterator>
+  {
+    return ranges::iter_swap(__lhs.__data_, __rhs.__iter_);
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_ITERATOR_WITH_DATA_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/mergeable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/mergeable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7976d751095e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/mergeable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_MERGEABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_MERGEABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Input1,
+          class _Input2,
+          class _Output,
+          class _Comp  = ranges::less,
+          class _Proj1 = identity,
+          class _Proj2 = identity>
+concept mergeable =
+    input_iterator<_Input1> && input_iterator<_Input2> && weakly_incrementable<_Output> &&
+    indirectly_copyable<_Input1, _Output> && indirectly_copyable<_Input2, _Output> &&
+    indirect_strict_weak_order<_Comp, projected<_Input1, _Proj1>, projected<_Input2, _Proj2>>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_MERGEABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/move_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/move_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a1c53e9bd2b596
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/move_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_MOVE_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_MOVE_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way_result.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/assignable.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/move_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Iter, class = void>
+struct __move_iter_category_base {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+  requires requires { typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category; }
+struct __move_iter_category_base<_Iter> {
+  using iterator_category =
+      _If< derived_from<typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category, random_access_iterator_tag>,
+           random_access_iterator_tag,
+           typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category >;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent>
+concept __move_iter_comparable = requires {
+  { std::declval<const _Iter&>() == std::declval<_Sent>() } -> convertible_to<bool>;
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Iter>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS move_iterator
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    : public __move_iter_category_base<_Iter>
+#endif
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __get_iter_concept() {
+    if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_Iter>) {
+      return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+    } else if constexpr (bidirectional_iterator<_Iter>) {
+      return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+    } else if constexpr (forward_iterator<_Iter>) {
+      return forward_iterator_tag{};
+    } else {
+      return input_iterator_tag{};
+    }
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+public:
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  using iterator_type    = _Iter;
+  using iterator_concept = decltype(__get_iter_concept());
+  // iterator_category is inherited and not always present
+  using value_type      = iter_value_t<_Iter>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>;
+  using pointer         = _Iter;
+  using reference       = iter_rvalue_reference_t<_Iter>;
+#else
+  typedef _Iter iterator_type;
+  typedef _If< __has_random_access_iterator_category<_Iter>::value,
+               random_access_iterator_tag,
+               typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category >
+      iterator_category;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef iterator_type pointer;
+
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::reference __reference;
+  typedef __conditional_t<is_reference<__reference>::value, __libcpp_remove_reference_t<__reference>&&, __reference>
+      reference;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 explicit move_iterator(_Iter __i) : __current_(std::move(__i)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++__current_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 pointer operator->() const {
+    return __current_;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr move_iterator()
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Iter>
+      : __current_() {}
+
+  template <class _Up>
+    requires(!_IsSame<_Up, _Iter>::value) && convertible_to<const _Up&, _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr move_iterator(const move_iterator<_Up>& __u) : __current_(__u.base()) {}
+
+  template <class _Up>
+    requires(!_IsSame<_Up, _Iter>::value) && convertible_to<const _Up&, _Iter> && assignable_from<_Iter&, const _Up&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr move_iterator& operator=(const move_iterator<_Up>& __u) {
+    __current_ = __u.base();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Iter& base() const& noexcept { return __current_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter base() && { return std::move(__current_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference operator*() const { return ranges::iter_move(__current_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    return ranges::iter_move(__current_ + __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator++(int)
+    requires forward_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    move_iterator __tmp(*this);
+    ++__current_;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator++(int) { ++__current_; }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator() : __current_() {}
+
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t< !is_same<_Up, _Iter>::value && is_convertible<const _Up&, _Iter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator(const move_iterator<_Up>& __u)
+      : __current_(__u.base()) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            __enable_if_t< !is_same<_Up, _Iter>::value && is_convertible<const _Up&, _Iter>::value &&
+                               is_assignable<_Iter&, const _Up&>::value,
+                           int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator& operator=(const move_iterator<_Up>& __u) {
+    __current_ = __u.base();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _Iter base() const { return __current_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference operator*() const {
+    return static_cast<reference>(*__current_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    return static_cast<reference>(__current_[__n]);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator operator++(int) {
+    move_iterator __tmp(*this);
+    ++__current_;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator& operator--() {
+    --__current_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator operator--(int) {
+    move_iterator __tmp(*this);
+    --__current_;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator operator+(
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    return move_iterator(__current_ + __n);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type __n) {
+    __current_ += __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator operator-(
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    return move_iterator(__current_ - __n);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type __n) {
+    __current_ -= __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(const move_iterator& __x, const move_sentinel<_Sent>& __y)
+    requires __move_iter_comparable<_Iter, _Sent>
+  {
+    return __x.base() == __y.base();
+  }
+
+  template <sized_sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>
+  operator-(const move_sentinel<_Sent>& __x, const move_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.base() - __y.base();
+  }
+
+  template <sized_sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>
+  operator-(const move_iterator& __x, const move_sentinel<_Sent>& __y) {
+    return __x.base() - __y.base();
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iter_rvalue_reference_t<_Iter>
+  iter_move(const move_iterator& __i) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_move(__i.__current_))) {
+    return ranges::iter_move(__i.__current_);
+  }
+
+  template <indirectly_swappable<_Iter> _It2>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+  iter_swap(const move_iterator& __x,
+            const move_iterator<_It2>& __y) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(__x.__current_, __y.__current_))) {
+    return ranges::iter_swap(__x.__current_, __y.__current_);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+private:
+  template <class _It2>
+  friend class move_iterator;
+
+  _Iter __current_;
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(move_iterator);
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator==(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) {
+  return __x.base() == __y.base();
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator!=(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) {
+  return __x.base() != __y.base();
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator<(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) {
+  return __x.base() < __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator>(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) {
+  return __x.base() > __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator<=(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) {
+  return __x.base() <= __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator>=(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) {
+  return __x.base() >= __y.base();
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Iter1, three_way_comparable_with<_Iter1> _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+operator<=>(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x,
+            const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) -> compare_three_way_result_t<_Iter1, _Iter2> {
+  return __x.base() <=> __y.base();
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto
+operator-(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) -> decltype(__x.base() - __y.base()) {
+  return __x.base() - __y.base();
+}
+#else
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename move_iterator<_Iter1>::
diff erence_type
+operator-(const move_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const move_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) {
+  return __x.base() - __y.base();
+}
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Iter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr move_iterator<_Iter>
+operator+(iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n, const move_iterator<_Iter>& __x)
+  requires requires {
+    { __x.base() + __n } -> same_as<_Iter>;
+  }
+{
+  return __x + __n;
+}
+#else
+template <class _Iter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator<_Iter>
+operator+(typename move_iterator<_Iter>::
diff erence_type __n, const move_iterator<_Iter>& __x) {
+  return move_iterator<_Iter>(__x.base() + __n);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+  requires(!sized_sentinel_for<_Iter1, _Iter2>)
+inline constexpr bool disable_sized_sentinel_for<move_iterator<_Iter1>, move_iterator<_Iter2>> = true;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Iter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 move_iterator<_Iter> make_move_iterator(_Iter __i) {
+  return move_iterator<_Iter>(std::move(__i));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_MOVE_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/move_sentinel.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/move_sentinel.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4a2a09ef0611d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/move_sentinel.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_MOVE_SENTINEL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_MOVE_SENTINEL_H
+
+#include <__concepts/assignable.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/semiregular.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <semiregular _Sent>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS move_sentinel {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI move_sentinel() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit move_sentinel(_Sent __s) : __last_(std::move(__s)) {}
+
+  template <class _S2>
+    requires convertible_to<const _S2&, _Sent>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr move_sentinel(const move_sentinel<_S2>& __s) : __last_(__s.base()) {}
+
+  template <class _S2>
+    requires assignable_from<_Sent&, const _S2&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr move_sentinel& operator=(const move_sentinel<_S2>& __s) {
+    __last_ = __s.base();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Sent base() const { return __last_; }
+
+private:
+  _Sent __last_ = _Sent();
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(move_sentinel);
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_MOVE_SENTINEL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/next.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/next.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..21d3688ad9eb60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/next.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_NEXT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_NEXT_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _InputIter
+next(_InputIter __x, typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::
diff erence_type __n = 1) {
+  // Calling `advance` with a negative value on a non-bidirectional iterator is a no-op in the current implementation.
+  // Note that this check duplicates the similar check in `std::advance`.
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(__n >= 0 || __has_bidirectional_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value,
+                          "Attempt to next(it, n) with negative n on a non-bidirectional iterator");
+
+  std::advance(__x, __n);
+  return __x;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [range.iter.op.next]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __next {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_or_output_iterator _Ip>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip operator()(_Ip __x) const {
+    ++__x;
+    return __x;
+  }
+
+  template <input_or_output_iterator _Ip>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip operator()(_Ip __x, iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> __n) const {
+    ranges::advance(__x, __n);
+    return __x;
+  }
+
+  template <input_or_output_iterator _Ip, sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip operator()(_Ip __x, _Sp __bound_sentinel) const {
+    ranges::advance(__x, __bound_sentinel);
+    return __x;
+  }
+
+  template <input_or_output_iterator _Ip, sentinel_for<_Ip> _Sp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip operator()(_Ip __x, iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> __n, _Sp __bound_sentinel) const {
+    ranges::advance(__x, __n, __bound_sentinel);
+    return __x;
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __next
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto next = __next::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_NEXT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/ostream_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/ostream_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..05697e62d9dcb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/ostream_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_OSTREAM_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_OSTREAM_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/ostream.h>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT = char, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ostream_iterator
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES)
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void>
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+public:
+  typedef output_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef void value_type;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+#else
+  typedef void 
diff erence_type;
+#endif
+  typedef void pointer;
+  typedef void reference;
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> ostream_type;
+
+private:
+  ostream_type* __out_stream_;
+  const char_type* __delim_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_iterator(ostream_type& __s) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __out_stream_(std::addressof(__s)),
+        __delim_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_iterator(ostream_type& __s, const _CharT* __delimiter) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __out_stream_(std::addressof(__s)),
+        __delim_(__delimiter) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_iterator& operator=(const _Tp& __value) {
+    *__out_stream_ << __value;
+    if (__delim_)
+      *__out_stream_ << __delim_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_iterator& operator++(int) { return *this; }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_OSTREAM_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/ostreambuf_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/ostreambuf_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..dda0094dc3f535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/ostreambuf_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_OSTREAMBUF_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_OSTREAMBUF_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <iosfwd> // for forward declaration of basic_streambuf
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ostreambuf_iterator
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES)
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void>
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+public:
+  typedef output_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef void value_type;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+#else
+  typedef void 
diff erence_type;
+#endif
+  typedef void pointer;
+  typedef void reference;
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits> streambuf_type;
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> ostream_type;
+
+private:
+  streambuf_type* __sbuf_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostreambuf_iterator(ostream_type& __s) _NOEXCEPT : __sbuf_(__s.rdbuf()) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostreambuf_iterator(streambuf_type* __s) _NOEXCEPT : __sbuf_(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostreambuf_iterator& operator=(_CharT __c) {
+    if (__sbuf_ && traits_type::eq_int_type(__sbuf_->sputc(__c), traits_type::eof()))
+      __sbuf_ = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostreambuf_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostreambuf_iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostreambuf_iterator& operator++(int) { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool failed() const _NOEXCEPT { return __sbuf_ == nullptr; }
+
+  template <class _Ch, class _Tr>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostreambuf_iterator<_Ch, _Tr> __pad_and_output(
+      ostreambuf_iterator<_Ch, _Tr> __s, const _Ch* __ob, const _Ch* __op, const _Ch* __oe, ios_base& __iob, _Ch __fl);
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_OSTREAMBUF_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/permutable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/permutable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f65ba3bfbbaad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/permutable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_PERMUTABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_PERMUTABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Iterator>
+concept permutable =
+    forward_iterator<_Iterator> && indirectly_movable_storable<_Iterator, _Iterator> &&
+    indirectly_swappable<_Iterator, _Iterator>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_PERMUTABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/prev.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/prev.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2f0e6a088edb36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/prev.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_PREV_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_PREV_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _InputIter
+prev(_InputIter __x, typename iterator_traits<_InputIter>::
diff erence_type __n = 1) {
+  // Calling `advance` with a negative value on a non-bidirectional iterator is a no-op in the current implementation.
+  // Note that this check duplicates the similar check in `std::advance`.
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(__n <= 0 || __has_bidirectional_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value,
+                          "Attempt to prev(it, n) with a positive n on a non-bidirectional iterator");
+  std::advance(__x, -__n);
+  return __x;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [range.iter.op.prev]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __prev {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <bidirectional_iterator _Ip>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip operator()(_Ip __x) const {
+    --__x;
+    return __x;
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_iterator _Ip>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip operator()(_Ip __x, iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> __n) const {
+    ranges::advance(__x, -__n);
+    return __x;
+  }
+
+  template <bidirectional_iterator _Ip>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Ip operator()(_Ip __x, iter_
diff erence_t<_Ip> __n, _Ip __bound_iter) const {
+    ranges::advance(__x, -__n, __bound_iter);
+    return __x;
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __prev
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto prev = __prev::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_PREV_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/projected.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/projected.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..463d07b0d33c2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/projected.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_PROJECTED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_PROJECTED_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h> // iter_
diff erence_t
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _It, class _Proj>
+struct __projected_impl {
+  struct __type {
+    using value_type = remove_cvref_t<indirect_result_t<_Proj&, _It>>;
+    indirect_result_t<_Proj&, _It> operator*() const; // not defined
+  };
+};
+
+template <weakly_incrementable _It, class _Proj>
+struct __projected_impl<_It, _Proj> {
+  struct __type {
+    using value_type      = remove_cvref_t<indirect_result_t<_Proj&, _It>>;
+    using 
diff erence_type = iter_
diff erence_t<_It>;
+    indirect_result_t<_Proj&, _It> operator*() const; // not defined
+  };
+};
+
+// Note that we implement std::projected in a way that satisfies P2538R1 even in standard
+// modes before C++26 to avoid breaking the ABI between standard modes (even though ABI
+// breaks with std::projected are expected to have essentially no impact).
+template <indirectly_readable _It, indirectly_regular_unary_invocable<_It> _Proj>
+using projected = typename __projected_impl<_It, _Proj>::__type;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_PROJECTED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/ranges_iterator_traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/ranges_iterator_traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..859e7082048ac1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/ranges_iterator_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_RANGES_ITERATOR_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_RANGES_ITERATOR_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/pair.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range>
+using __range_key_type = __remove_const_t<typename ranges::range_value_t<_Range>::first_type>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range>
+using __range_mapped_type = typename ranges::range_value_t<_Range>::second_type;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range>
+using __range_to_alloc_type =
+    pair<const typename ranges::range_value_t<_Range>::first_type, typename ranges::range_value_t<_Range>::second_type>;
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_RANGES_ITERATOR_TRAITS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/readable_traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/readable_traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..25e74567fff11d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/readable_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_READABLE_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_READABLE_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_primary_template.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_extent.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [readable.traits]
+template <class>
+struct __cond_value_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires is_object_v<_Tp>
+struct __cond_value_type<_Tp> {
+  using value_type = remove_cv_t<_Tp>;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __has_member_value_type = requires { typename _Tp::value_type; };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __has_member_element_type = requires { typename _Tp::element_type; };
+
+template <class>
+struct indirectly_readable_traits {};
+
+template <class _Ip>
+  requires is_array_v<_Ip>
+struct indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip> {
+  using value_type = remove_cv_t<remove_extent_t<_Ip>>;
+};
+
+template <class _Ip>
+struct indirectly_readable_traits<const _Ip> : indirectly_readable_traits<_Ip> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct indirectly_readable_traits<_Tp*> : __cond_value_type<_Tp> {};
+
+template <__has_member_value_type _Tp>
+struct indirectly_readable_traits<_Tp> : __cond_value_type<typename _Tp::value_type> {};
+
+template <__has_member_element_type _Tp>
+struct indirectly_readable_traits<_Tp> : __cond_value_type<typename _Tp::element_type> {};
+
+template <__has_member_value_type _Tp>
+  requires __has_member_element_type<_Tp>
+struct indirectly_readable_traits<_Tp> {};
+
+template <__has_member_value_type _Tp>
+  requires __has_member_element_type<_Tp> &&
+           same_as<remove_cv_t<typename _Tp::element_type>, remove_cv_t<typename _Tp::value_type>>
+struct indirectly_readable_traits<_Tp> : __cond_value_type<typename _Tp::value_type> {};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_READABLE_TRAITS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/reverse_access.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/reverse_access.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..54d7270b04a537
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/reverse_access.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_REVERSE_ACCESS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_REVERSE_ACCESS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator<_Tp*> rbegin(_Tp (&__array)[_Np]) {
+  return reverse_iterator<_Tp*>(__array + _Np);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator<_Tp*> rend(_Tp (&__array)[_Np]) {
+  return reverse_iterator<_Tp*>(__array);
+}
+
+template <class _Ep>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator<const _Ep*> rbegin(initializer_list<_Ep> __il) {
+  return reverse_iterator<const _Ep*>(__il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Ep>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator<const _Ep*> rend(initializer_list<_Ep> __il) {
+  return reverse_iterator<const _Ep*>(__il.begin());
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto rbegin(_Cp& __c) -> decltype(__c.rbegin()) {
+  return __c.rbegin();
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto rbegin(const _Cp& __c) -> decltype(__c.rbegin()) {
+  return __c.rbegin();
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto rend(_Cp& __c) -> decltype(__c.rend()) {
+  return __c.rend();
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto rend(const _Cp& __c) -> decltype(__c.rend()) {
+  return __c.rend();
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto crbegin(const _Cp& __c) -> decltype(std::rbegin(__c)) {
+  return std::rbegin(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _Cp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto crend(const _Cp& __c) -> decltype(std::rend(__c)) {
+  return std::rend(__c);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_REVERSE_ACCESS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/reverse_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/reverse_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..50c0f21eaa286b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/reverse_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_REVERSE_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_REVERSE_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way_result.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/prev.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/segmented_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Iter>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS reverse_iterator
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES)
+    : public iterator<typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category,
+                      typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type,
+                      typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::
diff erence_type,
+                      typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::pointer,
+                      typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::reference>
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+private:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES
+  _Iter __t_; // no longer used as of LWG #2360, not removed due to ABI break
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  static_assert(__has_bidirectional_iterator_category<_Iter>::value || bidirectional_iterator<_Iter>,
+                "reverse_iterator<It> requires It to be a bidirectional iterator.");
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+protected:
+  _Iter current;
+
+public:
+  using iterator_type = _Iter;
+
+  using iterator_category =
+      _If<__has_random_access_iterator_category<_Iter>::value,
+          random_access_iterator_tag,
+          typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category>;
+  using pointer = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::pointer;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  using iterator_concept = _If<random_access_iterator<_Iter>, random_access_iterator_tag, bidirectional_iterator_tag>;
+  using value_type       = iter_value_t<_Iter>;
+  using 
diff erence_type  = iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>;
+  using reference        = iter_reference_t<_Iter>;
+#else
+  using value_type      = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::
diff erence_type;
+  using reference       = typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::reference;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator() : __t_(), current() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 explicit reverse_iterator(_Iter __x) : __t_(__x), current(__x) {}
+
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t<!is_same<_Up, _Iter>::value && is_convertible<_Up const&, _Iter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator(const reverse_iterator<_Up>& __u)
+      : __t_(__u.base()), current(__u.base()) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            __enable_if_t<!is_same<_Up, _Iter>::value && is_convertible<_Up const&, _Iter>::value &&
+                              is_assignable<_Iter&, _Up const&>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator& operator=(const reverse_iterator<_Up>& __u) {
+    __t_ = current = __u.base();
+    return *this;
+  }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator() : current() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 explicit reverse_iterator(_Iter __x) : current(__x) {}
+
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t<!is_same<_Up, _Iter>::value && is_convertible<_Up const&, _Iter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator(const reverse_iterator<_Up>& __u)
+      : current(__u.base()) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            __enable_if_t<!is_same<_Up, _Iter>::value && is_convertible<_Up const&, _Iter>::value &&
+                              is_assignable<_Iter&, _Up const&>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator& operator=(const reverse_iterator<_Up>& __u) {
+    current = __u.base();
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _Iter base() const { return current; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference operator*() const {
+    _Iter __tmp = current;
+    return *--__tmp;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr pointer operator->() const
+    requires is_pointer_v<_Iter> || requires(const _Iter __i) { __i.operator->(); }
+  {
+    if constexpr (is_pointer_v<_Iter>) {
+      return std::prev(current);
+    } else {
+      return std::prev(current).operator->();
+    }
+  }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 pointer operator->() const { return std::addressof(operator*()); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator& operator++() {
+    --current;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator operator++(int) {
+    reverse_iterator __tmp(*this);
+    --current;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator& operator--() {
+    ++current;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator operator--(int) {
+    reverse_iterator __tmp(*this);
+    ++current;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator operator+(
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    return reverse_iterator(current - __n);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type __n) {
+    current -= __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator operator-(
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    return reverse_iterator(current + __n);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type __n) {
+    current += __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    return *(*this + __n);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr iter_rvalue_reference_t<_Iter> iter_move(const reverse_iterator& __i) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iter> && noexcept(ranges::iter_move(--std::declval<_Iter&>()))) {
+    auto __tmp = __i.base();
+    return ranges::iter_move(--__tmp);
+  }
+
+  template <indirectly_swappable<_Iter> _Iter2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void
+  iter_swap(const reverse_iterator& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iter> && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Iter2> &&
+      noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(--std::declval<_Iter&>(), --std::declval<_Iter2&>()))) {
+    auto __xtmp = __x.base();
+    auto __ytmp = __y.base();
+    ranges::iter_swap(--__xtmp, --__ytmp);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+};
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator==(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  requires requires {
+    { __x.base() == __y.base() } -> convertible_to<bool>;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+{
+  return __x.base() == __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator<(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  requires requires {
+    { __x.base() > __y.base() } -> convertible_to<bool>;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+{
+  return __x.base() > __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator!=(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  requires requires {
+    { __x.base() != __y.base() } -> convertible_to<bool>;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+{
+  return __x.base() != __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator>(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  requires requires {
+    { __x.base() < __y.base() } -> convertible_to<bool>;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+{
+  return __x.base() < __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator>=(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  requires requires {
+    { __x.base() <= __y.base() } -> convertible_to<bool>;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+{
+  return __x.base() <= __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 bool
+operator<=(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  requires requires {
+    { __x.base() >= __y.base() } -> convertible_to<bool>;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+{
+  return __x.base() >= __y.base();
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Iter1, three_way_comparable_with<_Iter1> _Iter2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr compare_three_way_result_t<_Iter1, _Iter2>
+operator<=>(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) {
+  return __y.base() <=> __x.base();
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 auto
+operator-(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x,
+          const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) -> decltype(__y.base() - __x.base()) {
+  return __y.base() - __x.base();
+}
+#else
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename reverse_iterator<_Iter1>::
diff erence_type
+operator-(const reverse_iterator<_Iter1>& __x, const reverse_iterator<_Iter2>& __y) {
+  return __y.base() - __x.base();
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Iter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator<_Iter>
+operator+(typename reverse_iterator<_Iter>::
diff erence_type __n, const reverse_iterator<_Iter>& __x) {
+  return reverse_iterator<_Iter>(__x.base() - __n);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+  requires(!sized_sentinel_for<_Iter1, _Iter2>)
+inline constexpr bool disable_sized_sentinel_for<reverse_iterator<_Iter1>, reverse_iterator<_Iter2>> = true;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Iter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator<_Iter> make_reverse_iterator(_Iter __i) {
+  return reverse_iterator<_Iter>(__i);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <ranges::bidirectional_range _Range>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ranges::subrange<reverse_iterator<ranges::iterator_t<_Range>>,
+                                                 reverse_iterator<ranges::iterator_t<_Range>>>
+__reverse_range(_Range&& __range) {
+  auto __first = ranges::begin(__range);
+  return {std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::next(__first, ranges::end(__range))), std::make_reverse_iterator(__first)};
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Iter, bool __b>
+struct __unwrap_iter_impl<reverse_iterator<reverse_iterator<_Iter> >, __b> {
+  using _UnwrappedIter  = decltype(__unwrap_iter_impl<_Iter>::__unwrap(std::declval<_Iter>()));
+  using _ReverseWrapper = reverse_iterator<reverse_iterator<_Iter> >;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _ReverseWrapper
+  __rewrap(_ReverseWrapper __orig_iter, _UnwrappedIter __unwrapped_iter) {
+    return _ReverseWrapper(
+        reverse_iterator<_Iter>(__unwrap_iter_impl<_Iter>::__rewrap(__orig_iter.base().base(), __unwrapped_iter)));
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _UnwrappedIter __unwrap(_ReverseWrapper __i) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __unwrap_iter_impl<_Iter>::__unwrap(__i.base().base());
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_REVERSE_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/segmented_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/segmented_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f3cd1e5fa1f5da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/segmented_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SEGMENTED_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___SEGMENTED_ITERATOR_H
+
+// Segmented iterators are iterators over (not necessarily contiguous) sub-ranges.
+//
+// For example, std::deque stores its data into multiple blocks of contiguous memory,
+// which are not stored contiguously themselves. The concept of segmented iterators
+// allows algorithms to operate over these multi-level iterators natively, opening the
+// door to various optimizations. See http://lafstern.org/matt/segmented.pdf for details.
+//
+// If __segmented_iterator_traits can be instantiated, the following functions and associated types must be provided:
+// - Traits::__local_iterator
+//   The type of iterators used to iterate inside a segment.
+//
+// - Traits::__segment_iterator
+//   The type of iterators used to iterate over segments.
+//   Segment iterators can be forward iterators or bidirectional iterators, depending on the
+//   underlying data structure.
+//
+// - static __segment_iterator Traits::__segment(It __it)
+//   Returns an iterator to the segment that the provided iterator is in.
+//
+// - static __local_iterator Traits::__local(It __it)
+//   Returns the local iterator pointing to the element that the provided iterator points to.
+//
+// - static __local_iterator Traits::__begin(__segment_iterator __it)
+//   Returns the local iterator to the beginning of the segment that the provided iterator is pointing into.
+//
+// - static __local_iterator Traits::__end(__segment_iterator __it)
+//   Returns the one-past-the-end local iterator to the segment that the provided iterator is pointing into.
+//
+// - static It Traits::__compose(__segment_iterator, __local_iterator)
+//   Returns the iterator composed of the segment iterator and local iterator.
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Iterator>
+struct __segmented_iterator_traits;
+/* exposition-only:
+{
+  using __segment_iterator = ...;
+  using __local_iterator   = ...;
+
+  static __segment_iterator __segment(_Iterator);
+  static __local_iterator __local(_Iterator);
+  static __local_iterator __begin(__segment_iterator);
+  static __local_iterator __end(__segment_iterator);
+  static _Iterator __compose(__segment_iterator, __local_iterator);
+};
+*/
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t = 0>
+struct __has_specialization : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_specialization<_Tp, sizeof(_Tp) * 0> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Iterator>
+using __is_segmented_iterator = __has_specialization<__segmented_iterator_traits<_Iterator> >;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SEGMENTED_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/size.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/size.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..876e6963f77d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/size.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_SIZE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_SIZE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_signed.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Cont>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size(const _Cont& __c) noexcept(noexcept(__c.size())) -> decltype(__c.size()) {
+  return __c.size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t size(const _Tp (&)[_Sz]) noexcept {
+  return _Sz;
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Cont>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+ssize(const _Cont& __c) noexcept(noexcept(static_cast<common_type_t<ptr
diff _t, make_signed_t<decltype(__c.size())>>>(
+    __c.size()))) -> common_type_t<ptr
diff _t, make_signed_t<decltype(__c.size())>> {
+  return static_cast<common_type_t<ptr
diff _t, make_signed_t<decltype(__c.size())>>>(__c.size());
+}
+
+// GCC complains about the implicit conversion from ptr
diff _t to size_t in
+// the array bound.
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+_LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wsign-conversion")
+template <class _Tp, ptr
diff _t _Sz>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ptr
diff _t ssize(const _Tp (&)[_Sz]) noexcept {
+  return _Sz;
+}
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_SIZE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/sortable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/sortable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1444860f2aa105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/sortable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_SORTABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_SORTABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/permutable.h>
+#include <__iterator/projected.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Comp = ranges::less, class _Proj = identity>
+concept sortable = permutable<_Iter> && indirect_strict_weak_order<_Comp, projected<_Iter, _Proj>>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_SORTABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/unreachable_sentinel.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/unreachable_sentinel.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..77e663da4b3a6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/unreachable_sentinel.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_UNREACHABLE_SENTINEL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_UNREACHABLE_SENTINEL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+struct unreachable_sentinel_t {
+  template <weakly_incrementable _Iter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(unreachable_sentinel_t, const _Iter&) noexcept {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+inline constexpr unreachable_sentinel_t unreachable_sentinel{};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_UNREACHABLE_SENTINEL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/wrap_iter.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/wrap_iter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..56183c0ee794d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__iterator/wrap_iter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_WRAP_ITER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_WRAP_ITER_H
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Iter>
+class __wrap_iter {
+public:
+  typedef _Iter iterator_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::reference reference;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator_type>::iterator_category iterator_category;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef contiguous_iterator_tag iterator_concept;
+#endif
+
+private:
+  iterator_type __i_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __wrap_iter() _NOEXCEPT : __i_() {}
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_Up, iterator_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __wrap_iter(const __wrap_iter<_Up>& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __i_(__u.base()) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 reference operator*() const _NOEXCEPT { return *__i_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pointer operator->() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__to_address(__i_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __wrap_iter& operator++() _NOEXCEPT {
+    ++__i_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __wrap_iter operator++(int) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __wrap_iter __tmp(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __wrap_iter& operator--() _NOEXCEPT {
+    --__i_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __wrap_iter operator--(int) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __wrap_iter __tmp(*this);
+    --(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __wrap_iter operator+(
diff erence_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    __wrap_iter __w(*this);
+    __w += __n;
+    return __w;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __wrap_iter& operator+=(
diff erence_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __i_ += __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __wrap_iter operator-(
diff erence_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return *this + (-__n);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __wrap_iter& operator-=(
diff erence_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    *this += -__n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 reference operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __i_[__n];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 iterator_type base() const _NOEXCEPT { return __i_; }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit __wrap_iter(iterator_type __x) _NOEXCEPT : __i_(__x) {}
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend class __wrap_iter;
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Alloc>
+  friend class basic_string;
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend class basic_string_view;
+  template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS vector;
+  template <class _Tp, size_t>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS span;
+  template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+  friend struct array;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter1>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator==(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x.base() == __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator==(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x.base() == __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator<(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x.base() < __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator<(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x.base() < __y.base();
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+template <class _Iter1>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator!=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator!=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+#endif
+
+// TODO(mordante) disable these overloads in the LLVM 20 release.
+template <class _Iter1>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator>(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator>(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator>=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator>=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator<=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool
+operator<=(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr strong_ordering
+operator<=>(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) noexcept {
+  if constexpr (three_way_comparable_with<_Iter1, _Iter2, strong_ordering>) {
+    return __x.base() <=> __y.base();
+  } else {
+    if (__x.base() < __y.base())
+      return strong_ordering::less;
+
+    if (__x.base() == __y.base())
+      return strong_ordering::equal;
+
+    return strong_ordering::greater;
+  }
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Iter1, class _Iter2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    auto
+    operator-(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x,
+              const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT->decltype(__x.base() - __y.base())
+#else
+typename __wrap_iter<_Iter1>::
diff erence_type
+operator-(const __wrap_iter<_Iter1>& __x, const __wrap_iter<_Iter2>& __y) _NOEXCEPT
+#endif // C++03
+{
+  return __x.base() - __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Iter1>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __wrap_iter<_Iter1>
+operator+(typename __wrap_iter<_Iter1>::
diff erence_type __n, __wrap_iter<_Iter1> __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __x += __n;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+template <class _It>
+struct __libcpp_is_contiguous_iterator<__wrap_iter<_It> > : true_type {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _It>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS pointer_traits<__wrap_iter<_It> > {
+  typedef __wrap_iter<_It> pointer;
+  typedef typename pointer_traits<_It>::element_type element_type;
+  typedef typename pointer_traits<_It>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR static element_type* to_address(pointer __w) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__to_address(__w.base());
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ITERATOR_WRAP_ITER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4b382764b44645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale
@@ -0,0 +1,1513 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api.h>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h> // __shared_count
+#include <__mutex/once_flag.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__utility/no_destroy.h>
+#include <__utility/private_constructor_tag.h>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <clocale>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <string>
+
+// Some platforms require more includes than others. Keep the includes on all plaforms for now.
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+#  include <cwchar>
+#else
+#  include <__std_mbstate_t.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI locale;
+
+template <class _Facet>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool has_facet(const locale&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _Facet>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Facet& use_facet(const locale&);
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI locale {
+public:
+  // locale is essentially a shared_ptr that doesn't support weak_ptrs and never got a move constructor.
+  using __trivially_relocatable = locale;
+
+  // types:
+  class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI facet;
+  class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI id;
+
+  typedef int category;
+
+  static const category // values assigned here are for exposition only
+      none    = 0,
+      collate = LC_COLLATE_MASK, ctype = LC_CTYPE_MASK, monetary = LC_MONETARY_MASK, numeric = LC_NUMERIC_MASK,
+      time = LC_TIME_MASK, messages = LC_MESSAGES_MASK, all = collate | ctype | monetary | numeric | time | messages;
+
+  // construct/copy/destroy:
+  locale() _NOEXCEPT;
+  locale(const locale&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  explicit locale(const char*);
+  explicit locale(const string&);
+  locale(const locale&, const char*, category);
+  locale(const locale&, const string&, category);
+  template <class _Facet>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI locale(const locale&, _Facet*);
+  locale(const locale&, const locale&, category);
+
+  ~locale();
+
+  const locale& operator=(const locale&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Facet>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS locale combine(const locale&) const;
+
+  // locale operations:
+  string name() const;
+  bool operator==(const locale&) const;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const locale& __y) const { return !(*this == __y); }
+#endif
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS bool
+  operator()(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&) const;
+
+  // global locale objects:
+  static locale global(const locale&);
+  static const locale& classic();
+
+private:
+  class __imp;
+  __imp* __locale_;
+
+  template <class>
+  friend struct __no_destroy;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit locale(__private_constructor_tag, __imp* __loc) : __locale_(__loc) {}
+
+  void __install_ctor(const locale&, facet*, long);
+  static locale& __global();
+  bool has_facet(id&) const;
+  const facet* use_facet(id&) const;
+
+  template <class _Facet>
+  friend bool has_facet(const locale&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <class _Facet>
+  friend const _Facet& use_facet(const locale&);
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI locale::facet : public __shared_count {
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit facet(size_t __refs = 0) : __shared_count(static_cast<long>(__refs) - 1) {}
+
+  ~facet() override;
+
+  //    facet(const facet&) = delete;     // effectively done in __shared_count
+  //    void operator=(const facet&) = delete;
+
+private:
+  void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI locale::id {
+  once_flag __flag_;
+  int32_t __id_;
+
+  static int32_t __next_id;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR id() : __id_(0) {}
+  void operator=(const id&) = delete;
+  id(const id&)             = delete;
+
+public: // only needed for tests
+  long __get();
+
+  friend class locale;
+  friend class locale::__imp;
+};
+
+template <class _Facet>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI locale::locale(const locale& __other, _Facet* __f) {
+  __install_ctor(__other, __f, __f ? __f->id.__get() : 0);
+}
+
+template <class _Facet>
+locale locale::combine(const locale& __other) const {
+  if (!std::has_facet<_Facet>(__other))
+    __throw_runtime_error("locale::combine: locale missing facet");
+
+  return locale(*this, &const_cast<_Facet&>(std::use_facet<_Facet>(__other)));
+}
+
+template <class _Facet>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool has_facet(const locale& __l) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __l.has_facet(_Facet::id);
+}
+
+template <class _Facet>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Facet& use_facet(const locale& __l) {
+  return static_cast<const _Facet&>(*__l.use_facet(_Facet::id));
+}
+
+// template <class _CharT> class collate;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS collate : public locale::facet {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit collate(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int
+  compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1, const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const {
+    return do_compare(__lo1, __hi1, __lo2, __hi2);
+  }
+
+  // FIXME(EricWF): The _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE is needed on Windows to work
+  // around a dllimport bug that expects an external instantiation.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE string_type
+  transform(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const {
+    return do_transform(__lo, __hi);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long hash(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const { return do_hash(__lo, __hi); }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  ~collate() override;
+  virtual int
+  do_compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1, const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const;
+  virtual string_type do_transform(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const {
+    return string_type(__lo, __hi);
+  }
+  virtual long do_hash(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+locale::id collate<_CharT>::id;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+collate<_CharT>::~collate() {}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+int collate<_CharT>::do_compare(
+    const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1, const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const {
+  for (; __lo2 != __hi2; ++__lo1, ++__lo2) {
+    if (__lo1 == __hi1 || *__lo1 < *__lo2)
+      return -1;
+    if (*__lo2 < *__lo1)
+      return 1;
+  }
+  return __lo1 != __hi1;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+long collate<_CharT>::do_hash(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const {
+  size_t __h          = 0;
+  const size_t __sr   = __CHAR_BIT__ * sizeof(size_t) - 8;
+  const size_t __mask = size_t(0xF) << (__sr + 4);
+  for (const char_type* __p = __lo; __p != __hi; ++__p) {
+    __h        = (__h << 4) + static_cast<size_t>(*__p);
+    size_t __g = __h & __mask;
+    __h ^= __g | (__g >> __sr);
+  }
+  return static_cast<long>(__h);
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS collate<char>;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS collate<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+// template <class CharT> class collate_byname;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS collate_byname;
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI collate_byname<char> : public collate<char> {
+  locale_t __l_;
+
+public:
+  typedef char char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  explicit collate_byname(const char* __n, size_t __refs = 0);
+  explicit collate_byname(const string& __n, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+protected:
+  ~collate_byname() override;
+  int do_compare(
+      const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1, const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const override;
+  string_type do_transform(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const override;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI collate_byname<wchar_t> : public collate<wchar_t> {
+  locale_t __l_;
+
+public:
+  typedef wchar_t char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  explicit collate_byname(const char* __n, size_t __refs = 0);
+  explicit collate_byname(const string& __n, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+protected:
+  ~collate_byname() override;
+
+  int do_compare(
+      const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1, const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const override;
+  string_type do_transform(const char_type* __lo, const char_type* __hi) const override;
+};
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+bool locale::operator()(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x,
+                        const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y) const {
+  return std::use_facet<std::collate<_CharT> >(*this).compare(
+             __x.data(), __x.data() + __x.size(), __y.data(), __y.data() + __y.size()) < 0;
+}
+
+// template <class charT> class ctype
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ctype_base {
+public:
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_PROVIDES_DEFAULT_RUNE_TABLE)
+  typedef unsigned long mask;
+  static const mask space  = 1 << 0;
+  static const mask print  = 1 << 1;
+  static const mask cntrl  = 1 << 2;
+  static const mask upper  = 1 << 3;
+  static const mask lower  = 1 << 4;
+  static const mask alpha  = 1 << 5;
+  static const mask digit  = 1 << 6;
+  static const mask punct  = 1 << 7;
+  static const mask xdigit = 1 << 8;
+  static const mask blank  = 1 << 9;
+#  if defined(__BIONIC__)
+  // Historically this was a part of regex_traits rather than ctype_base. The
+  // historical value of the constant is preserved for ABI compatibility.
+  static const mask __regex_word = 0x8000;
+#  else
+  static const mask __regex_word = 1 << 10;
+#  endif // defined(__BIONIC__)
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+  typedef unsigned short mask;
+  static const mask space  = _ISspace;
+  static const mask print  = _ISprint;
+  static const mask cntrl  = _IScntrl;
+  static const mask upper  = _ISupper;
+  static const mask lower  = _ISlower;
+  static const mask alpha  = _ISalpha;
+  static const mask digit  = _ISdigit;
+  static const mask punct  = _ISpunct;
+  static const mask xdigit = _ISxdigit;
+  static const mask blank  = _ISblank;
+#  if defined(__mips__) || (BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN)
+  static const mask __regex_word = static_cast<mask>(_ISbit(15));
+#  else
+  static const mask __regex_word = 0x80;
+#  endif
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT_LIKE)
+  typedef unsigned short mask;
+  static const mask space        = _SPACE;
+  static const mask print        = _BLANK | _PUNCT | _ALPHA | _DIGIT;
+  static const mask cntrl        = _CONTROL;
+  static const mask upper        = _UPPER;
+  static const mask lower        = _LOWER;
+  static const mask alpha        = _ALPHA;
+  static const mask digit        = _DIGIT;
+  static const mask punct        = _PUNCT;
+  static const mask xdigit       = _HEX;
+  static const mask blank        = _BLANK;
+  static const mask __regex_word = 0x4000; // 0x8000 and 0x0100 and 0x00ff are used
+#  define _LIBCPP_CTYPE_MASK_IS_COMPOSITE_PRINT
+#  define _LIBCPP_CTYPE_MASK_IS_COMPOSITE_ALPHA
+#elif defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
+#  ifdef __APPLE__
+  typedef __uint32_t mask;
+#  elif defined(__FreeBSD__)
+  typedef unsigned long mask;
+#  elif defined(__NetBSD__)
+  typedef unsigned short mask;
+#  endif
+  static const mask space  = _CTYPE_S;
+  static const mask print  = _CTYPE_R;
+  static const mask cntrl  = _CTYPE_C;
+  static const mask upper  = _CTYPE_U;
+  static const mask lower  = _CTYPE_L;
+  static const mask alpha  = _CTYPE_A;
+  static const mask digit  = _CTYPE_D;
+  static const mask punct  = _CTYPE_P;
+  static const mask xdigit = _CTYPE_X;
+
+#  if defined(__NetBSD__)
+  static const mask blank = _CTYPE_BL;
+  // NetBSD defines classes up to 0x2000
+  // see sys/ctype_bits.h, _CTYPE_Q
+  static const mask __regex_word = 0x8000;
+#  else
+  static const mask blank        = _CTYPE_B;
+  static const mask __regex_word = 0x80;
+#  endif
+#elif defined(_AIX)
+  typedef unsigned int mask;
+  static const mask space        = _ISSPACE;
+  static const mask print        = _ISPRINT;
+  static const mask cntrl        = _ISCNTRL;
+  static const mask upper        = _ISUPPER;
+  static const mask lower        = _ISLOWER;
+  static const mask alpha        = _ISALPHA;
+  static const mask digit        = _ISDIGIT;
+  static const mask punct        = _ISPUNCT;
+  static const mask xdigit       = _ISXDIGIT;
+  static const mask blank        = _ISBLANK;
+  static const mask __regex_word = 0x8000;
+#elif defined(_NEWLIB_VERSION)
+  // Same type as Newlib's _ctype_ array in newlib/libc/include/ctype.h.
+  typedef char mask;
+  // In case char is signed, static_cast is needed to avoid warning on
+  // positive value becomming negative.
+  static const mask space  = static_cast<mask>(_S);
+  static const mask print  = static_cast<mask>(_P | _U | _L | _N | _B);
+  static const mask cntrl  = static_cast<mask>(_C);
+  static const mask upper  = static_cast<mask>(_U);
+  static const mask lower  = static_cast<mask>(_L);
+  static const mask alpha  = static_cast<mask>(_U | _L);
+  static const mask digit  = static_cast<mask>(_N);
+  static const mask punct  = static_cast<mask>(_P);
+  static const mask xdigit = static_cast<mask>(_X | _N);
+  static const mask blank  = static_cast<mask>(_B);
+  // mask is already fully saturated, use a 
diff erent type in regex_type_traits.
+  static const unsigned short __regex_word = 0x100;
+#  define _LIBCPP_CTYPE_MASK_IS_COMPOSITE_PRINT
+#  define _LIBCPP_CTYPE_MASK_IS_COMPOSITE_ALPHA
+#  define _LIBCPP_CTYPE_MASK_IS_COMPOSITE_XDIGIT
+#elif defined(__MVS__)
+#  if defined(__NATIVE_ASCII_F)
+  typedef unsigned int mask;
+  static const mask space  = _ISSPACE_A;
+  static const mask print  = _ISPRINT_A;
+  static const mask cntrl  = _ISCNTRL_A;
+  static const mask upper  = _ISUPPER_A;
+  static const mask lower  = _ISLOWER_A;
+  static const mask alpha  = _ISALPHA_A;
+  static const mask digit  = _ISDIGIT_A;
+  static const mask punct  = _ISPUNCT_A;
+  static const mask xdigit = _ISXDIGIT_A;
+  static const mask blank  = _ISBLANK_A;
+#  else
+  typedef unsigned short mask;
+  static const mask space  = __ISSPACE;
+  static const mask print  = __ISPRINT;
+  static const mask cntrl  = __ISCNTRL;
+  static const mask upper  = __ISUPPER;
+  static const mask lower  = __ISLOWER;
+  static const mask alpha  = __ISALPHA;
+  static const mask digit  = __ISDIGIT;
+  static const mask punct  = __ISPUNCT;
+  static const mask xdigit = __ISXDIGIT;
+  static const mask blank  = __ISBLANK;
+#  endif
+  static const mask __regex_word = 0x8000;
+#else
+#  error unknown rune table for this platform -- do you mean to define _LIBCPP_PROVIDES_DEFAULT_RUNE_TABLE?
+#endif
+  static const mask alnum = alpha | digit;
+  static const mask graph = alnum | punct;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ctype_base() {}
+
+  static_assert((__regex_word & ~(std::make_unsigned<mask>::type)(space | print | cntrl | upper | lower | alpha |
+                                                                  digit | punct | xdigit | blank)) == __regex_word,
+                "__regex_word can't overlap other bits");
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ctype;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ctype<wchar_t> : public locale::facet, public ctype_base {
+public:
+  typedef wchar_t char_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit ctype(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is(mask __m, char_type __c) const { return do_is(__m, __c); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char_type* is(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, mask* __vec) const {
+    return do_is(__low, __high, __vec);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char_type* scan_is(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const {
+    return do_scan_is(__m, __low, __high);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char_type* scan_not(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const {
+    return do_scan_not(__m, __low, __high);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type toupper(char_type __c) const { return do_toupper(__c); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char_type* toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const {
+    return do_toupper(__low, __high);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type tolower(char_type __c) const { return do_tolower(__c); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char_type* tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const {
+    return do_tolower(__low, __high);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type widen(char __c) const { return do_widen(__c); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char* widen(const char* __low, const char* __high, char_type* __to) const {
+    return do_widen(__low, __high, __to);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char narrow(char_type __c, char __dfault) const { return do_narrow(__c, __dfault); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char_type*
+  narrow(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, char __dfault, char* __to) const {
+    return do_narrow(__low, __high, __dfault, __to);
+  }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  ~ctype() override;
+  virtual bool do_is(mask __m, char_type __c) const;
+  virtual const char_type* do_is(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, mask* __vec) const;
+  virtual const char_type* do_scan_is(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+  virtual const char_type* do_scan_not(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+  virtual char_type do_toupper(char_type) const;
+  virtual const char_type* do_toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+  virtual char_type do_tolower(char_type) const;
+  virtual const char_type* do_tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+  virtual char_type do_widen(char) const;
+  virtual const char* do_widen(const char* __low, const char* __high, char_type* __dest) const;
+  virtual char do_narrow(char_type, char __dfault) const;
+  virtual const char_type*
+  do_narrow(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, char __dfault, char* __dest) const;
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ctype<char> : public locale::facet, public ctype_base {
+  const mask* __tab_;
+  bool __del_;
+
+public:
+  typedef char char_type;
+
+  explicit ctype(const mask* __tab = nullptr, bool __del = false, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is(mask __m, char_type __c) const {
+    return isascii(__c) ? (__tab_[static_cast<int>(__c)] & __m) != 0 : false;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char_type* is(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, mask* __vec) const {
+    for (; __low != __high; ++__low, ++__vec)
+      *__vec = isascii(*__low) ? __tab_[static_cast<int>(*__low)] : 0;
+    return __low;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char_type* scan_is(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const {
+    for (; __low != __high; ++__low)
+      if (isascii(*__low) && (__tab_[static_cast<int>(*__low)] & __m))
+        break;
+    return __low;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char_type* scan_not(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const {
+    for (; __low != __high; ++__low)
+      if (!isascii(*__low) || !(__tab_[static_cast<int>(*__low)] & __m))
+        break;
+    return __low;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type toupper(char_type __c) const { return do_toupper(__c); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char_type* toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const {
+    return do_toupper(__low, __high);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type tolower(char_type __c) const { return do_tolower(__c); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char_type* tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const {
+    return do_tolower(__low, __high);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type widen(char __c) const { return do_widen(__c); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char* widen(const char* __low, const char* __high, char_type* __to) const {
+    return do_widen(__low, __high, __to);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char narrow(char_type __c, char __dfault) const { return do_narrow(__c, __dfault); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char*
+  narrow(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, char __dfault, char* __to) const {
+    return do_narrow(__low, __high, __dfault, __to);
+  }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+#ifdef _CACHED_RUNES
+  static const size_t table_size = _CACHED_RUNES;
+#else
+  static const size_t table_size = 256; // FIXME: Don't hardcode this.
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const mask* table() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tab_; }
+  static const mask* classic_table() _NOEXCEPT;
+#if defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+  static const int* __classic_upper_table() _NOEXCEPT;
+  static const int* __classic_lower_table() _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+#if defined(__NetBSD__)
+  static const short* __classic_upper_table() _NOEXCEPT;
+  static const short* __classic_lower_table() _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+#if defined(__MVS__)
+  static const unsigned short* __classic_upper_table() _NOEXCEPT;
+  static const unsigned short* __classic_lower_table() _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+
+protected:
+  ~ctype() override;
+  virtual char_type do_toupper(char_type __c) const;
+  virtual const char_type* do_toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+  virtual char_type do_tolower(char_type __c) const;
+  virtual const char_type* do_tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const;
+  virtual char_type do_widen(char __c) const;
+  virtual const char* do_widen(const char* __low, const char* __high, char_type* __to) const;
+  virtual char do_narrow(char_type __c, char __dfault) const;
+  virtual const char* do_narrow(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, char __dfault, char* __to) const;
+};
+
+// template <class CharT> class ctype_byname;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ctype_byname;
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ctype_byname<char> : public ctype<char> {
+  locale_t __l_;
+
+public:
+  explicit ctype_byname(const char*, size_t = 0);
+  explicit ctype_byname(const string&, size_t = 0);
+
+protected:
+  ~ctype_byname() override;
+  char_type do_toupper(char_type) const override;
+  const char_type* do_toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const override;
+  char_type do_tolower(char_type) const override;
+  const char_type* do_tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const override;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ctype_byname<wchar_t> : public ctype<wchar_t> {
+  locale_t __l_;
+
+public:
+  explicit ctype_byname(const char*, size_t = 0);
+  explicit ctype_byname(const string&, size_t = 0);
+
+protected:
+  ~ctype_byname() override;
+  bool do_is(mask __m, char_type __c) const override;
+  const char_type* do_is(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, mask* __vec) const override;
+  const char_type* do_scan_is(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const override;
+  const char_type* do_scan_not(mask __m, const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const override;
+  char_type do_toupper(char_type) const override;
+  const char_type* do_toupper(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const override;
+  char_type do_tolower(char_type) const override;
+  const char_type* do_tolower(char_type* __low, const char_type* __high) const override;
+  char_type do_widen(char) const override;
+  const char* do_widen(const char* __low, const char* __high, char_type* __dest) const override;
+  char do_narrow(char_type, char __dfault) const override;
+  const char_type*
+  do_narrow(const char_type* __low, const char_type* __high, char __dfault, char* __dest) const override;
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isspace(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::space, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isprint(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::print, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool iscntrl(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::cntrl, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isupper(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::upper, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool islower(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::lower, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isalpha(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::alpha, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isdigit(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::digit, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ispunct(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::punct, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isxdigit(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::xdigit, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isalnum(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::alnum, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isgraph(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::graph, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isblank(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).is(ctype_base::blank, __c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _CharT toupper(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).toupper(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _CharT tolower(_CharT __c, const locale& __loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).tolower(__c);
+}
+
+// codecvt_base
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI codecvt_base {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI codecvt_base() {}
+  enum result { ok, partial, error, noconv };
+};
+
+// template <class internT, class externT, class stateT> class codecvt;
+
+template <class _InternT, class _ExternT, class _StateT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS codecvt;
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t> : public locale::facet, public codecvt_base {
+public:
+  typedef char intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  out(state_type& __st,
+      const intern_type* __frm,
+      const intern_type* __frm_end,
+      const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+      extern_type* __to,
+      extern_type* __to_end,
+      extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  in(state_type& __st,
+     const extern_type* __frm,
+     const extern_type* __frm_end,
+     const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+     intern_type* __to,
+     intern_type* __to_end,
+     intern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int encoding() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_encoding(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_always_noconv(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int
+  length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const {
+    return do_length(__st, __frm, __end, __mx);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int max_length() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_max_length(); }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt(const char*, size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  ~codecvt() override;
+
+  virtual result
+  do_out(state_type& __st,
+         const intern_type* __frm,
+         const intern_type* __frm_end,
+         const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+         extern_type* __to,
+         extern_type* __to_end,
+         extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result
+  do_in(state_type& __st,
+        const extern_type* __frm,
+        const extern_type* __frm_end,
+        const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+        intern_type* __to,
+        intern_type* __to_end,
+        intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual int do_length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const;
+  virtual int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+// template <> class codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> : public locale::facet, public codecvt_base {
+  locale_t __l_;
+
+public:
+  typedef wchar_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  explicit codecvt(size_t __refs = 0);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  out(state_type& __st,
+      const intern_type* __frm,
+      const intern_type* __frm_end,
+      const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+      extern_type* __to,
+      extern_type* __to_end,
+      extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  in(state_type& __st,
+     const extern_type* __frm,
+     const extern_type* __frm_end,
+     const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+     intern_type* __to,
+     intern_type* __to_end,
+     intern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int encoding() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_encoding(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_always_noconv(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int
+  length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const {
+    return do_length(__st, __frm, __end, __mx);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int max_length() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_max_length(); }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  explicit codecvt(const char*, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+  ~codecvt() override;
+
+  virtual result
+  do_out(state_type& __st,
+         const intern_type* __frm,
+         const intern_type* __frm_end,
+         const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+         extern_type* __to,
+         extern_type* __to_end,
+         extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result
+  do_in(state_type& __st,
+        const extern_type* __frm,
+        const extern_type* __frm_end,
+        const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+        intern_type* __to,
+        intern_type* __to_end,
+        intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const;
+  virtual int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> // deprecated in C++20
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20 _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
+    : public locale::facet, public codecvt_base {
+public:
+  typedef char16_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  out(state_type& __st,
+      const intern_type* __frm,
+      const intern_type* __frm_end,
+      const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+      extern_type* __to,
+      extern_type* __to_end,
+      extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  in(state_type& __st,
+     const extern_type* __frm,
+     const extern_type* __frm_end,
+     const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+     intern_type* __to,
+     intern_type* __to_end,
+     intern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int encoding() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_encoding(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_always_noconv(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int
+  length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const {
+    return do_length(__st, __frm, __end, __mx);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int max_length() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_max_length(); }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt(const char*, size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  ~codecvt() override;
+
+  virtual result
+  do_out(state_type& __st,
+         const intern_type* __frm,
+         const intern_type* __frm_end,
+         const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+         extern_type* __to,
+         extern_type* __to_end,
+         extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result
+  do_in(state_type& __st,
+        const extern_type* __frm,
+        const extern_type* __frm_end,
+        const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+        intern_type* __to,
+        intern_type* __to_end,
+        intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const;
+  virtual int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char16_t, char8_t, mbstate_t> // C++20
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI codecvt<char16_t, char8_t, mbstate_t> : public locale::facet, public codecvt_base {
+public:
+  typedef char16_t intern_type;
+  typedef char8_t extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  out(state_type& __st,
+      const intern_type* __frm,
+      const intern_type* __frm_end,
+      const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+      extern_type* __to,
+      extern_type* __to_end,
+      extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  in(state_type& __st,
+     const extern_type* __frm,
+     const extern_type* __frm_end,
+     const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+     intern_type* __to,
+     intern_type* __to_end,
+     intern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int encoding() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_encoding(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_always_noconv(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int
+  length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const {
+    return do_length(__st, __frm, __end, __mx);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int max_length() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_max_length(); }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt(const char*, size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  ~codecvt() override;
+
+  virtual result
+  do_out(state_type& __st,
+         const intern_type* __frm,
+         const intern_type* __frm_end,
+         const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+         extern_type* __to,
+         extern_type* __to_end,
+         extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result
+  do_in(state_type& __st,
+        const extern_type* __frm,
+        const extern_type* __frm_end,
+        const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+        intern_type* __to,
+        intern_type* __to_end,
+        intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const;
+  virtual int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+#endif
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> // deprecated in C++20
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20 _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
+    : public locale::facet, public codecvt_base {
+public:
+  typedef char32_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  out(state_type& __st,
+      const intern_type* __frm,
+      const intern_type* __frm_end,
+      const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+      extern_type* __to,
+      extern_type* __to_end,
+      extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  in(state_type& __st,
+     const extern_type* __frm,
+     const extern_type* __frm_end,
+     const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+     intern_type* __to,
+     intern_type* __to_end,
+     intern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int encoding() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_encoding(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_always_noconv(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int
+  length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const {
+    return do_length(__st, __frm, __end, __mx);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int max_length() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_max_length(); }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt(const char*, size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  ~codecvt() override;
+
+  virtual result
+  do_out(state_type& __st,
+         const intern_type* __frm,
+         const intern_type* __frm_end,
+         const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+         extern_type* __to,
+         extern_type* __to_end,
+         extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result
+  do_in(state_type& __st,
+        const extern_type* __frm,
+        const extern_type* __frm_end,
+        const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+        intern_type* __to,
+        intern_type* __to_end,
+        intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const;
+  virtual int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char32_t, char8_t, mbstate_t> // C++20
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI codecvt<char32_t, char8_t, mbstate_t> : public locale::facet, public codecvt_base {
+public:
+  typedef char32_t intern_type;
+  typedef char8_t extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  out(state_type& __st,
+      const intern_type* __frm,
+      const intern_type* __frm_end,
+      const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+      extern_type* __to,
+      extern_type* __to_end,
+      extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result
+  in(state_type& __st,
+     const extern_type* __frm,
+     const extern_type* __frm_end,
+     const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+     intern_type* __to,
+     intern_type* __to_end,
+     intern_type*& __to_nxt) const {
+    return do_in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int encoding() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_encoding(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_always_noconv(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int
+  length(state_type& __st, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const {
+    return do_length(__st, __frm, __end, __mx);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int max_length() const _NOEXCEPT { return do_max_length(); }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt(const char*, size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  ~codecvt() override;
+
+  virtual result
+  do_out(state_type& __st,
+         const intern_type* __frm,
+         const intern_type* __frm_end,
+         const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+         extern_type* __to,
+         extern_type* __to_end,
+         extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result
+  do_in(state_type& __st,
+        const extern_type* __frm,
+        const extern_type* __frm_end,
+        const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+        intern_type* __to,
+        intern_type* __to_end,
+        intern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const;
+  virtual int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const;
+  virtual int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+#endif
+
+// template <class _InternT, class _ExternT, class _StateT> class codecvt_byname
+
+template <class _InternT, class _ExternT, class _StateT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS codecvt_byname : public codecvt<_InternT, _ExternT, _StateT> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+      : codecvt<_InternT, _ExternT, _StateT>(__nm, __refs) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+      : codecvt<_InternT, _ExternT, _StateT>(__nm.c_str(), __refs) {}
+
+protected:
+  ~codecvt_byname() override;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _InternT, class _ExternT, class _StateT>
+codecvt_byname<_InternT, _ExternT, _StateT>::~codecvt_byname() {}
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS codecvt_byname<char, char, mbstate_t>;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>;
+#endif
+extern template class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20
+_LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS codecvt_byname<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>; // deprecated in C++20
+extern template class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20
+_LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS codecvt_byname<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>; // deprecated in C++20
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS codecvt_byname<char16_t, char8_t, mbstate_t>; // C++20
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS codecvt_byname<char32_t, char8_t, mbstate_t>; // C++20
+#endif
+
+template <size_t _Np>
+struct __narrow_to_utf8 {
+  template <class _OutputIterator, class _CharT>
+  _OutputIterator operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const _CharT* __wb, const _CharT* __we) const;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __narrow_to_utf8<8> {
+  template <class _OutputIterator, class _CharT>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutputIterator operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const _CharT* __wb, const _CharT* __we) const {
+    for (; __wb < __we; ++__wb, ++__s)
+      *__s = *__wb;
+    return __s;
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __narrow_to_utf8<16> : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __narrow_to_utf8() : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+  ~__narrow_to_utf8() override;
+
+  template <class _OutputIterator, class _CharT>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutputIterator operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const _CharT* __wb, const _CharT* __we) const {
+    result __r = ok;
+    mbstate_t __mb;
+    while (__wb < __we && __r != error) {
+      const int __sz = 32;
+      char __buf[__sz];
+      char* __bn;
+      const char16_t* __wn = (const char16_t*)__wb;
+      __r = do_out(__mb, (const char16_t*)__wb, (const char16_t*)__we, __wn, __buf, __buf + __sz, __bn);
+      if (__r == codecvt_base::error || __wn == (const char16_t*)__wb)
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+      for (const char* __p = __buf; __p < __bn; ++__p, ++__s)
+        *__s = *__p;
+      __wb = (const _CharT*)__wn;
+    }
+    return __s;
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __narrow_to_utf8<32> : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __narrow_to_utf8() : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+  ~__narrow_to_utf8() override;
+
+  template <class _OutputIterator, class _CharT>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutputIterator operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const _CharT* __wb, const _CharT* __we) const {
+    result __r = ok;
+    mbstate_t __mb;
+    while (__wb < __we && __r != error) {
+      const int __sz = 32;
+      char __buf[__sz];
+      char* __bn;
+      const char32_t* __wn = (const char32_t*)__wb;
+      __r = do_out(__mb, (const char32_t*)__wb, (const char32_t*)__we, __wn, __buf, __buf + __sz, __bn);
+      if (__r == codecvt_base::error || __wn == (const char32_t*)__wb)
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+      for (const char* __p = __buf; __p < __bn; ++__p, ++__s)
+        *__s = *__p;
+      __wb = (const _CharT*)__wn;
+    }
+    return __s;
+  }
+};
+
+template <size_t _Np>
+struct __widen_from_utf8 {
+  template <class _OutputIterator>
+  _OutputIterator operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const char* __nb, const char* __ne) const;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __widen_from_utf8<8> {
+  template <class _OutputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutputIterator operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const char* __nb, const char* __ne) const {
+    for (; __nb < __ne; ++__nb, ++__s)
+      *__s = *__nb;
+    return __s;
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __widen_from_utf8<16> : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __widen_from_utf8() : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+  ~__widen_from_utf8() override;
+
+  template <class _OutputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutputIterator operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const char* __nb, const char* __ne) const {
+    result __r = ok;
+    mbstate_t __mb;
+    while (__nb < __ne && __r != error) {
+      const int __sz = 32;
+      char16_t __buf[__sz];
+      char16_t* __bn;
+      const char* __nn = __nb;
+      __r              = do_in(__mb, __nb, __ne - __nb > __sz ? __nb + __sz : __ne, __nn, __buf, __buf + __sz, __bn);
+      if (__r == codecvt_base::error || __nn == __nb)
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+      for (const char16_t* __p = __buf; __p < __bn; ++__p, ++__s)
+        *__s = *__p;
+      __nb = __nn;
+    }
+    return __s;
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __widen_from_utf8<32> : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __widen_from_utf8() : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+  ~__widen_from_utf8() override;
+
+  template <class _OutputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutputIterator operator()(_OutputIterator __s, const char* __nb, const char* __ne) const {
+    result __r = ok;
+    mbstate_t __mb;
+    while (__nb < __ne && __r != error) {
+      const int __sz = 32;
+      char32_t __buf[__sz];
+      char32_t* __bn;
+      const char* __nn = __nb;
+      __r              = do_in(__mb, __nb, __ne - __nb > __sz ? __nb + __sz : __ne, __nn, __buf, __buf + __sz, __bn);
+      if (__r == codecvt_base::error || __nn == __nb)
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+      for (const char32_t* __p = __buf; __p < __bn; ++__p, ++__s)
+        *__s = *__p;
+      __nb = __nn;
+    }
+    return __s;
+  }
+};
+
+// template <class charT> class numpunct
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS numpunct;
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI numpunct<char> : public locale::facet {
+public:
+  typedef char char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  explicit numpunct(size_t __refs = 0);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type decimal_point() const { return do_decimal_point(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type thousands_sep() const { return do_thousands_sep(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string grouping() const { return do_grouping(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type truename() const { return do_truename(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type falsename() const { return do_falsename(); }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  ~numpunct() override;
+  virtual char_type do_decimal_point() const;
+  virtual char_type do_thousands_sep() const;
+  virtual string do_grouping() const;
+  virtual string_type do_truename() const;
+  virtual string_type do_falsename() const;
+
+  char_type __decimal_point_;
+  char_type __thousands_sep_;
+  string __grouping_;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI numpunct<wchar_t> : public locale::facet {
+public:
+  typedef wchar_t char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  explicit numpunct(size_t __refs = 0);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type decimal_point() const { return do_decimal_point(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type thousands_sep() const { return do_thousands_sep(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string grouping() const { return do_grouping(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type truename() const { return do_truename(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type falsename() const { return do_falsename(); }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  ~numpunct() override;
+  virtual char_type do_decimal_point() const;
+  virtual char_type do_thousands_sep() const;
+  virtual string do_grouping() const;
+  virtual string_type do_truename() const;
+  virtual string_type do_falsename() const;
+
+  char_type __decimal_point_;
+  char_type __thousands_sep_;
+  string __grouping_;
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+// template <class charT> class numpunct_byname
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS numpunct_byname;
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI numpunct_byname<char> : public numpunct<char> {
+public:
+  typedef char char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  explicit numpunct_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0);
+  explicit numpunct_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+protected:
+  ~numpunct_byname() override;
+
+private:
+  void __init(const char*);
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI numpunct_byname<wchar_t> : public numpunct<wchar_t> {
+public:
+  typedef wchar_t char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  explicit numpunct_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0);
+  explicit numpunct_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0);
+
+protected:
+  ~numpunct_byname() override;
+
+private:
+  void __init(const char*);
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8c000c558c5279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api.h
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE_DIR_LOCALE_BASE_API_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE_DIR_LOCALE_BASE_API_H
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT_LIKE)
+#  include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api/win32.h>
+#elif defined(_AIX) || defined(__MVS__)
+#  include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api/ibm.h>
+#elif defined(__ANDROID__)
+#  include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api/android.h>
+#elif defined(__sun__)
+#  include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api/solaris.h>
+#elif defined(_NEWLIB_VERSION)
+#  include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api/newlib.h>
+#elif defined(__OpenBSD__)
+#  include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api/openbsd.h>
+#elif defined(__Fuchsia__)
+#  include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api/fuchsia.h>
+#elif defined(__wasi__) || defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_MUSL_LIBC)
+#  include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api/musl.h>
+#elif defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#  include <xlocale.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+/*
+The platform-specific headers have to provide the following interface:
+
+// TODO: rename this to __libcpp_locale_t
+using locale_t = implementation-defined;
+
+implementation-defined __libcpp_mb_cur_max_l(locale_t);
+wint_t __libcpp_btowc_l(int, locale_t);
+int __libcpp_wctob_l(wint_t, locale_t);
+size_t __libcpp_wcsnrtombs_l(char* dest, const wchar_t** src, size_t wide_char_count, size_t len, mbstate_t, locale_t);
+size_t __libcpp_wcrtomb_l(char* str, wchar_t wide_char, mbstate_t*, locale_t);
+size_t __libcpp_mbsnrtowcs_l(wchar_t* dest, const char** src, size_t max_out, size_t len, mbstate_t*, locale_t);
+size_t __libcpp_mbrtowc_l(wchar_t* dest, cosnt char* src, size_t count, mbstate_t*, locale_t);
+int __libcpp_mbtowc_l(wchar_t* dest, const char* src, size_t count, locale_t);
+size_t __libcpp_mbrlen_l(const char* str, size_t count, mbstate_t*, locale_t);
+lconv* __libcpp_localeconv_l(locale_t);
+size_t __libcpp_mbsrtowcs_l(wchar_t* dest, const char** src, size_t len, mbstate_t*, locale_t);
+int __libcpp_snprintf_l(char* dest, size_t buff_size, locale_t, const char* format, ...);
+int __libcpp_asprintf_l(char** dest, locale_t, const char* format, ...);
+int __libcpp_sscanf_l(const char* dest, locale_t, const char* format, ...);
+
+// TODO: change these to reserved names
+float strtof_l(const char* str, char** str_end, locale_t);
+double strtod_l(const char* str, char** str_end, locale_t);
+long double strtold_l(const char* str, char** str_end, locale_t);
+long long strtoll_l(const char* str, char** str_end, locale_t);
+unsigned long long strtoull_l(const char* str, char** str_end, locale_t);
+
+locale_t newlocale(int category_mask, const char* locale, locale_t base);
+void freelocale(locale_t);
+
+int islower_l(int ch, locale_t);
+int isupper_l(int ch, locale_t);
+int isdigit_l(int ch, locale_t);
+int isxdigit_l(int ch, locale_t);
+int strcoll_l(const char* lhs, const char* rhs, locale_t);
+size_t strxfrm_l(char* dst, const char* src, size_t n, locale_t);
+int wcscoll_l(const char* lhs, const char* rhs, locale_t);
+size_t wcsxfrm_l(wchar_t* dst, const wchar_t* src, size_t n, locale_t);
+int toupper_l(int ch, locale_t);
+int tolower_l(int ch, locale_t);
+int iswspace_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+int iswprint_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+int iswcntrl_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+int iswupper_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+int iswlower_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+int iswalpha_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+int iswblank_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+int iswdigit_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+int iswpunct_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+int iswxdigit_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+wint_t towupper_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+wint_t towlower_l(wint_t ch, locale_t);
+size_t strftime_l(char* str, size_t len, const char* format, const tm*, locale_t);
+
+
+These functions are equivalent to their C counterparts,
+except that locale_t is used instead of the current global locale.
+
+The variadic functions may be implemented as templates with a parameter pack instead of variadic functions.
+*/
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE_DIR_LOCALE_BASE_API_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/android.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/android.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9965d8bbf6a2ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/android.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_ANDROID_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_ANDROID_H
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+// FIXME: Is this actually required?
+extern "C" {
+#include <xlocale.h>
+}
+
+#include <android/api-level.h>
+#if __ANDROID_API__ < 21
+#  include <__support/xlocale/__posix_l_fallback.h>
+#endif
+
+// If we do not have this header, we are in a platform build rather than an NDK
+// build, which will always be at least as new as the ToT NDK, in which case we
+// don't need any of the inlines below since libc provides them.
+#if __has_include(<android/ndk-version.h>)
+#  include <android/ndk-version.h>
+// In NDK versions later than 16, locale-aware functions are provided by
+// legacy_stdlib_inlines.h
+#  if __NDK_MAJOR__ <= 16
+#    if __ANDROID_API__ < 21
+#      include <__support/xlocale/__strtonum_fallback.h>
+#    elif __ANDROID_API__ < 26
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float strtof_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, locale_t) {
+  return ::strtof(__nptr, __endptr);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double strtod_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, locale_t) {
+  return ::strtod(__nptr, __endptr);
+}
+
+#    endif // __ANDROID_API__ < 26
+
+#  endif // __NDK_MAJOR__ <= 16
+#endif   // __has_include(<android/ndk-version.h>)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_ANDROID_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/bsd_locale_defaults.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/bsd_locale_defaults.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1f9607209842ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/bsd_locale_defaults.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// The BSDs have lots of *_l functions.  We don't want to define those symbols
+// on other platforms though, for fear of conflicts with user code.  So here,
+// we will define the mapping from an internal macro to the real BSD symbol.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_BSD_LOCALE_DEFAULTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_BSD_LOCALE_DEFAULTS_H
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#define __libcpp_mb_cur_max_l(loc) MB_CUR_MAX_L(loc)
+#define __libcpp_btowc_l(ch, loc) btowc_l(ch, loc)
+#define __libcpp_wctob_l(wch, loc) wctob_l(wch, loc)
+#define __libcpp_wcsnrtombs_l(dst, src, nwc, len, ps, loc) wcsnrtombs_l(dst, src, nwc, len, ps, loc)
+#define __libcpp_wcrtomb_l(src, wc, ps, loc) wcrtomb_l(src, wc, ps, loc)
+#define __libcpp_mbsnrtowcs_l(dst, src, nms, len, ps, loc) mbsnrtowcs_l(dst, src, nms, len, ps, loc)
+#define __libcpp_mbrtowc_l(pwc, s, n, ps, l) mbrtowc_l(pwc, s, n, ps, l)
+#define __libcpp_mbtowc_l(pwc, pmb, max, l) mbtowc_l(pwc, pmb, max, l)
+#define __libcpp_mbrlen_l(s, n, ps, l) mbrlen_l(s, n, ps, l)
+#define __libcpp_localeconv_l(l) localeconv_l(l)
+#define __libcpp_mbsrtowcs_l(dest, src, len, ps, l) mbsrtowcs_l(dest, src, len, ps, l)
+#define __libcpp_snprintf_l(...) snprintf_l(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define __libcpp_asprintf_l(...) asprintf_l(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define __libcpp_sscanf_l(...) sscanf_l(__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_BSD_LOCALE_DEFAULTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/bsd_locale_fallbacks.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/bsd_locale_fallbacks.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..76b94287cd6cc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/bsd_locale_fallbacks.h
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// The BSDs have lots of *_l functions.  This file provides reimplementations
+// of those functions for non-BSD platforms.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_BSD_LOCALE_FALLBACKS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_BSD_LOCALE_FALLBACKS_H
+
+#include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api/locale_guard.h>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+#  include <cwchar>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI decltype(MB_CUR_MAX) __libcpp_mb_cur_max_l(locale_t __l) {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  return MB_CUR_MAX;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wint_t __libcpp_btowc_l(int __c, locale_t __l) {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  return btowc(__c);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_wctob_l(wint_t __c, locale_t __l) {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  return wctob(__c);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t
+__libcpp_wcsnrtombs_l(char* __dest, const wchar_t** __src, size_t __nwc, size_t __len, mbstate_t* __ps, locale_t __l) {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  return wcsnrtombs(__dest, __src, __nwc, __len, __ps);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __libcpp_wcrtomb_l(char* __s, wchar_t __wc, mbstate_t* __ps, locale_t __l) {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  return wcrtomb(__s, __wc, __ps);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t
+__libcpp_mbsnrtowcs_l(wchar_t* __dest, const char** __src, size_t __nms, size_t __len, mbstate_t* __ps, locale_t __l) {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  return mbsnrtowcs(__dest, __src, __nms, __len, __ps);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t
+__libcpp_mbrtowc_l(wchar_t* __pwc, const char* __s, size_t __n, mbstate_t* __ps, locale_t __l) {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  return mbrtowc(__pwc, __s, __n, __ps);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_mbtowc_l(wchar_t* __pwc, const char* __pmb, size_t __max, locale_t __l) {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  return mbtowc(__pwc, __pmb, __max);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __libcpp_mbrlen_l(const char* __s, size_t __n, mbstate_t* __ps, locale_t __l) {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  return mbrlen(__s, __n, __ps);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI lconv* __libcpp_localeconv_l(locale_t __l) {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  return localeconv();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t
+__libcpp_mbsrtowcs_l(wchar_t* __dest, const char** __src, size_t __len, mbstate_t* __ps, locale_t __l) {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  return mbsrtowcs(__dest, __src, __len, __ps);
+}
+#endif
+
+inline _LIBCPP_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(__printf__, 4, 5) int __libcpp_snprintf_l(
+    char* __s, size_t __n, locale_t __l, const char* __format, ...) {
+  va_list __va;
+  va_start(__va, __format);
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  int __res = vsnprintf(__s, __n, __format, __va);
+  va_end(__va);
+  return __res;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(__printf__, 3, 4) int __libcpp_asprintf_l(
+    char** __s, locale_t __l, const char* __format, ...) {
+  va_list __va;
+  va_start(__va, __format);
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  int __res = vasprintf(__s, __format, __va);
+  va_end(__va);
+  return __res;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(__scanf__, 3, 4) int __libcpp_sscanf_l(
+    const char* __s, locale_t __l, const char* __format, ...) {
+  va_list __va;
+  va_start(__va, __format);
+  __libcpp_locale_guard __current(__l);
+  int __res = vsscanf(__s, __format, __va);
+  va_end(__va);
+  return __res;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_BSD_LOCALE_FALLBACKS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/fuchsia.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/fuchsia.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4c3440f981c6d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/fuchsia.h
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_FUCHSIA_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_FUCHSIA_H
+
+#include <__support/xlocale/__posix_l_fallback.h>
+#include <__support/xlocale/__strtonum_fallback.h>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cwchar>
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_FUCHSIA_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/ibm.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/ibm.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..01af20194428b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/ibm.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_IBM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_IBM_H
+
+#if defined(__MVS__)
+#  include <__support/ibm/locale_mgmt_zos.h>
+#endif // defined(__MVS__)
+
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "cstdlib"
+
+#if defined(__MVS__)
+#  include <wctype.h>
+// POSIX routines
+#  include <__support/xlocale/__posix_l_fallback.h>
+#endif // defined(__MVS__)
+
+namespace {
+
+struct __setAndRestore {
+  explicit __setAndRestore(locale_t locale) {
+    if (locale == (locale_t)0) {
+      __cloc   = newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, "C", /* base */ (locale_t)0);
+      __stored = uselocale(__cloc);
+    } else {
+      __stored = uselocale(locale);
+    }
+  }
+
+  ~__setAndRestore() {
+    uselocale(__stored);
+    if (__cloc)
+      freelocale(__cloc);
+  }
+
+private:
+  locale_t __stored = (locale_t)0;
+  locale_t __cloc   = (locale_t)0;
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
+// The following are not POSIX routines.  These are quick-and-dirty hacks
+// to make things pretend to work
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long strtoll_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, int __base, locale_t locale) {
+  __setAndRestore __newloc(locale);
+  return ::strtoll(__nptr, __endptr, __base);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double strtod_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, locale_t locale) {
+  __setAndRestore __newloc(locale);
+  return ::strtod(__nptr, __endptr);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float strtof_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, locale_t locale) {
+  __setAndRestore __newloc(locale);
+  return ::strtof(__nptr, __endptr);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double strtold_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, locale_t locale) {
+  __setAndRestore __newloc(locale);
+  return ::strtold(__nptr, __endptr);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unsigned long long
+strtoull_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, int __base, locale_t locale) {
+  __setAndRestore __newloc(locale);
+  return ::strtoull(__nptr, __endptr, __base);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(__printf__, 2, 0) int vasprintf(char** strp, const char* fmt, va_list ap) {
+  const size_t buff_size = 256;
+  if ((*strp = (char*)malloc(buff_size)) == NULL) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  va_list ap_copy;
+  // va_copy may not be provided by the C library in C++03 mode.
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG) && __has_builtin(__builtin_va_copy)
+  __builtin_va_copy(ap_copy, ap);
+#else
+  va_copy(ap_copy, ap);
+#endif
+  int str_size = vsnprintf(*strp, buff_size, fmt, ap_copy);
+  va_end(ap_copy);
+
+  if ((size_t)str_size >= buff_size) {
+    if ((*strp = (char*)realloc(*strp, str_size + 1)) == NULL) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+    str_size = vsnprintf(*strp, str_size + 1, fmt, ap);
+  }
+  return str_size;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_IBM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/locale_guard.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/locale_guard.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2baacb51cd0655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/locale_guard.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_LOCALE_GUARD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_LOCALE_GUARD_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__locale> // for locale_t
+#include <clocale>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS)
+struct __libcpp_locale_guard {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __libcpp_locale_guard(locale_t& __loc) : __old_loc_(uselocale(__loc)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__libcpp_locale_guard() {
+    if (__old_loc_)
+      uselocale(__old_loc_);
+  }
+
+  locale_t __old_loc_;
+
+  __libcpp_locale_guard(__libcpp_locale_guard const&)            = delete;
+  __libcpp_locale_guard& operator=(__libcpp_locale_guard const&) = delete;
+};
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT_LIKE)
+struct __libcpp_locale_guard {
+  __libcpp_locale_guard(locale_t __l) : __status(_configthreadlocale(_ENABLE_PER_THREAD_LOCALE)) {
+    // Setting the locale can be expensive even when the locale given is
+    // already the current locale, so do an explicit check to see if the
+    // current locale is already the one we want.
+    const char* __lc = __setlocale(nullptr);
+    // If every category is the same, the locale string will simply be the
+    // locale name, otherwise it will be a semicolon-separated string listing
+    // each category.  In the second case, we know at least one category won't
+    // be what we want, so we only have to check the first case.
+    if (std::strcmp(__l.__get_locale(), __lc) != 0) {
+      __locale_all = _strdup(__lc);
+      if (__locale_all == nullptr)
+        __throw_bad_alloc();
+      __setlocale(__l.__get_locale());
+    }
+  }
+  ~__libcpp_locale_guard() {
+    // The CRT documentation doesn't explicitly say, but setlocale() does the
+    // right thing when given a semicolon-separated list of locale settings
+    // for the 
diff erent categories in the same format as returned by
+    // setlocale(LC_ALL, nullptr).
+    if (__locale_all != nullptr) {
+      __setlocale(__locale_all);
+      free(__locale_all);
+    }
+    _configthreadlocale(__status);
+  }
+  static const char* __setlocale(const char* __locale) {
+    const char* __new_locale = setlocale(LC_ALL, __locale);
+    if (__new_locale == nullptr)
+      __throw_bad_alloc();
+    return __new_locale;
+  }
+  int __status;
+  char* __locale_all = nullptr;
+};
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_LOCALE_GUARD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/musl.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/musl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bf7b849d586342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/musl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// This adds support for the extended locale functions that are currently
+// missing from the Musl C library.
+//
+// This only works when the specified locale is "C" or "POSIX", but that's
+// about as good as we can do without implementing full xlocale support
+// in Musl.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_MUSL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_MUSL_H
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cwchar>
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long strtoll_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, int __base, locale_t) {
+  return ::strtoll(__nptr, __endptr, __base);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unsigned long long strtoull_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, int __base, locale_t) {
+  return ::strtoull(__nptr, __endptr, __base);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_MUSL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/newlib.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/newlib.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a8c1cff16e6d80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/newlib.h
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_NEWLIB_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_NEWLIB_H
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_NEWLIB_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/openbsd.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/openbsd.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0c05d6a0f78874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/openbsd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_OPENBSD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_OPENBSD_H
+
+#include <__support/xlocale/__strtonum_fallback.h>
+#include <clocale>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <cwctype>
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_OPENBSD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/win32.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/win32.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f66baffb692045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__locale_dir/locale_base_api/win32.h
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_WIN32_H
+#define _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_WIN32_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <locale.h> // _locale_t
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string>
+
+#define _X_ALL LC_ALL
+#define _X_COLLATE LC_COLLATE
+#define _X_CTYPE LC_CTYPE
+#define _X_MONETARY LC_MONETARY
+#define _X_NUMERIC LC_NUMERIC
+#define _X_TIME LC_TIME
+#define _X_MAX LC_MAX
+#define _X_MESSAGES 6
+#define _NCAT (_X_MESSAGES + 1)
+
+#define _CATMASK(n) ((1 << (n)) >> 1)
+#define _M_COLLATE _CATMASK(_X_COLLATE)
+#define _M_CTYPE _CATMASK(_X_CTYPE)
+#define _M_MONETARY _CATMASK(_X_MONETARY)
+#define _M_NUMERIC _CATMASK(_X_NUMERIC)
+#define _M_TIME _CATMASK(_X_TIME)
+#define _M_MESSAGES _CATMASK(_X_MESSAGES)
+#define _M_ALL (_CATMASK(_NCAT) - 1)
+
+#define LC_COLLATE_MASK _M_COLLATE
+#define LC_CTYPE_MASK _M_CTYPE
+#define LC_MONETARY_MASK _M_MONETARY
+#define LC_NUMERIC_MASK _M_NUMERIC
+#define LC_TIME_MASK _M_TIME
+#define LC_MESSAGES_MASK _M_MESSAGES
+#define LC_ALL_MASK                                                                                                    \
+  (LC_COLLATE_MASK | LC_CTYPE_MASK | LC_MESSAGES_MASK | LC_MONETARY_MASK | LC_NUMERIC_MASK | LC_TIME_MASK)
+
+class __lconv_storage {
+public:
+  __lconv_storage(const lconv* __lc_input) {
+    __lc_ = *__lc_input;
+
+    __decimal_point_     = __lc_input->decimal_point;
+    __thousands_sep_     = __lc_input->thousands_sep;
+    __grouping_          = __lc_input->grouping;
+    __int_curr_symbol_   = __lc_input->int_curr_symbol;
+    __currency_symbol_   = __lc_input->currency_symbol;
+    __mon_decimal_point_ = __lc_input->mon_decimal_point;
+    __mon_thousands_sep_ = __lc_input->mon_thousands_sep;
+    __mon_grouping_      = __lc_input->mon_grouping;
+    __positive_sign_     = __lc_input->positive_sign;
+    __negative_sign_     = __lc_input->negative_sign;
+
+    __lc_.decimal_point     = const_cast<char*>(__decimal_point_.c_str());
+    __lc_.thousands_sep     = const_cast<char*>(__thousands_sep_.c_str());
+    __lc_.grouping          = const_cast<char*>(__grouping_.c_str());
+    __lc_.int_curr_symbol   = const_cast<char*>(__int_curr_symbol_.c_str());
+    __lc_.currency_symbol   = const_cast<char*>(__currency_symbol_.c_str());
+    __lc_.mon_decimal_point = const_cast<char*>(__mon_decimal_point_.c_str());
+    __lc_.mon_thousands_sep = const_cast<char*>(__mon_thousands_sep_.c_str());
+    __lc_.mon_grouping      = const_cast<char*>(__mon_grouping_.c_str());
+    __lc_.positive_sign     = const_cast<char*>(__positive_sign_.c_str());
+    __lc_.negative_sign     = const_cast<char*>(__negative_sign_.c_str());
+  }
+
+  lconv* __get() { return &__lc_; }
+
+private:
+  lconv __lc_;
+  std::string __decimal_point_;
+  std::string __thousands_sep_;
+  std::string __grouping_;
+  std::string __int_curr_symbol_;
+  std::string __currency_symbol_;
+  std::string __mon_decimal_point_;
+  std::string __mon_thousands_sep_;
+  std::string __mon_grouping_;
+  std::string __positive_sign_;
+  std::string __negative_sign_;
+};
+
+class locale_t {
+public:
+  locale_t() : __locale_(nullptr), __locale_str_(nullptr), __lc_(nullptr) {}
+  locale_t(std::nullptr_t) : __locale_(nullptr), __locale_str_(nullptr), __lc_(nullptr) {}
+  locale_t(_locale_t __xlocale, const char* __xlocale_str)
+      : __locale_(__xlocale), __locale_str_(__xlocale_str), __lc_(nullptr) {}
+  locale_t(const locale_t& __l) : __locale_(__l.__locale_), __locale_str_(__l.__locale_str_), __lc_(nullptr) {}
+
+  ~locale_t() { delete __lc_; }
+
+  locale_t& operator=(const locale_t& __l) {
+    __locale_     = __l.__locale_;
+    __locale_str_ = __l.__locale_str_;
+    // __lc_ not copied
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator==(const locale_t& __left, const locale_t& __right) {
+    return __left.__locale_ == __right.__locale_;
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator==(const locale_t& __left, int __right) { return __left.__locale_ == nullptr && __right == 0; }
+
+  friend bool operator==(const locale_t& __left, long long __right) {
+    return __left.__locale_ == nullptr && __right == 0;
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator==(const locale_t& __left, std::nullptr_t) { return __left.__locale_ == nullptr; }
+
+  friend bool operator==(int __left, const locale_t& __right) { return __left == 0 && nullptr == __right.__locale_; }
+
+  friend bool operator==(std::nullptr_t, const locale_t& __right) { return nullptr == __right.__locale_; }
+
+  friend bool operator!=(const locale_t& __left, const locale_t& __right) { return !(__left == __right); }
+
+  friend bool operator!=(const locale_t& __left, int __right) { return !(__left == __right); }
+
+  friend bool operator!=(const locale_t& __left, long long __right) { return !(__left == __right); }
+
+  friend bool operator!=(const locale_t& __left, std::nullptr_t __right) { return !(__left == __right); }
+
+  friend bool operator!=(int __left, const locale_t& __right) { return !(__left == __right); }
+
+  friend bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t __left, const locale_t& __right) { return !(__left == __right); }
+
+  operator bool() const { return __locale_ != nullptr; }
+
+  const char* __get_locale() const { return __locale_str_; }
+
+  operator _locale_t() const { return __locale_; }
+
+  lconv* __store_lconv(const lconv* __input_lc) {
+    delete __lc_;
+    __lc_ = new __lconv_storage(__input_lc);
+    return __lc_->__get();
+  }
+
+private:
+  _locale_t __locale_;
+  const char* __locale_str_;
+  __lconv_storage* __lc_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+// Locale management functions
+#define freelocale _free_locale
+// FIXME: base currently unused. Needs manual work to construct the new locale
+locale_t newlocale(int __mask, const char* __locale, locale_t __base);
+// uselocale can't be implemented on Windows because Windows allows partial modification
+// of thread-local locale and so _get_current_locale() returns a copy while uselocale does
+// not create any copies.
+// We can still implement raii even without uselocale though.
+
+lconv* localeconv_l(locale_t& __loc);
+size_t mbrlen_l(const char* __restrict __s, size_t __n, mbstate_t* __restrict __ps, locale_t __loc);
+size_t mbsrtowcs_l(
+    wchar_t* __restrict __dst, const char** __restrict __src, size_t __len, mbstate_t* __restrict __ps, locale_t __loc);
+size_t wcrtomb_l(char* __restrict __s, wchar_t __wc, mbstate_t* __restrict __ps, locale_t __loc);
+size_t mbrtowc_l(
+    wchar_t* __restrict __pwc, const char* __restrict __s, size_t __n, mbstate_t* __restrict __ps, locale_t __loc);
+size_t mbsnrtowcs_l(wchar_t* __restrict __dst,
+                    const char** __restrict __src,
+                    size_t __nms,
+                    size_t __len,
+                    mbstate_t* __restrict __ps,
+                    locale_t __loc);
+size_t wcsnrtombs_l(char* __restrict __dst,
+                    const wchar_t** __restrict __src,
+                    size_t __nwc,
+                    size_t __len,
+                    mbstate_t* __restrict __ps,
+                    locale_t __loc);
+wint_t btowc_l(int __c, locale_t __loc);
+int wctob_l(wint_t __c, locale_t __loc);
+
+decltype(MB_CUR_MAX) MB_CUR_MAX_L(locale_t __l);
+
+// the *_l functions are prefixed on Windows, only available for msvcr80+, VS2005+
+#define mbtowc_l _mbtowc_l
+#define strtoll_l _strtoi64_l
+#define strtoull_l _strtoui64_l
+#define strtod_l _strtod_l
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT)
+#  define strtof_l _strtof_l
+#  define strtold_l _strtold_l
+#else
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI float strtof_l(const char*, char**, locale_t);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI long double strtold_l(const char*, char**, locale_t);
+#endif
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int islower_l(int __c, _locale_t __loc) { return _islower_l((int)__c, __loc); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int isupper_l(int __c, _locale_t __loc) { return _isupper_l((int)__c, __loc); }
+
+#define isdigit_l _isdigit_l
+#define isxdigit_l _isxdigit_l
+#define strcoll_l _strcoll_l
+#define strxfrm_l _strxfrm_l
+#define wcscoll_l _wcscoll_l
+#define wcsxfrm_l _wcsxfrm_l
+#define toupper_l _toupper_l
+#define tolower_l _tolower_l
+#define iswspace_l _iswspace_l
+#define iswprint_l _iswprint_l
+#define iswcntrl_l _iswcntrl_l
+#define iswupper_l _iswupper_l
+#define iswlower_l _iswlower_l
+#define iswalpha_l _iswalpha_l
+#define iswdigit_l _iswdigit_l
+#define iswpunct_l _iswpunct_l
+#define iswxdigit_l _iswxdigit_l
+#define towupper_l _towupper_l
+#define towlower_l _towlower_l
+#if defined(__MINGW32__) && __MSVCRT_VERSION__ < 0x0800
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI size_t strftime_l(char* ret, size_t n, const char* format, const struct tm* tm, locale_t loc);
+#else
+#  define strftime_l _strftime_l
+#endif
+#define sscanf_l(__s, __l, __f, ...) _sscanf_l(__s, __f, __l, __VA_ARGS__)
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int snprintf_l(char* __ret, size_t __n, locale_t __loc, const char* __format, ...);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int asprintf_l(char** __ret, locale_t __loc, const char* __format, ...);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int vasprintf_l(char** __ret, locale_t __loc, const char* __format, va_list __ap);
+
+// not-so-pressing FIXME: use locale to determine blank characters
+inline int iswblank_l(wint_t __c, locale_t /*loc*/) { return (__c == L' ' || __c == L'\t'); }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___LOCALE_LOCALE_BASE_API_WIN32_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/abs.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/abs.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ab82a2800f53c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/abs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_ABS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_ABS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// fabs
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float fabs(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_fabsf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double fabs(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fabs(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double fabs(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fabsl(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double fabs(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fabs((double)__x);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_ABS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/copysign.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/copysign.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b38690bb581a11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/copysign.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_COPYSIGN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_COPYSIGN_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// copysign
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float copysign(float __x, float __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return ::__builtin_copysignf(__x, __y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double copysign(long double __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return ::__builtin_copysignl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type copysign(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return ::__builtin_copysign(__x, __y);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_COPYSIGN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/error_functions.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/error_functions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6b528bb290001a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/error_functions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_ERROR_FUNCTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_ERROR_FUNCTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// erf
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float erf(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_erff(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double erf(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_erf(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double erf(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_erfl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double erf(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_erf((double)__x);
+}
+
+// erfc
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float erfc(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_erfcf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double erfc(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_erfc(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double erfc(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_erfcl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double erfc(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_erfc((double)__x);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_ERROR_FUNCTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/exponential_functions.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/exponential_functions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..109c3349970f67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/exponential_functions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_EXPONENTIAL_FUNCTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_EXPONENTIAL_FUNCTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// exp
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float exp(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_expf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double exp(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_exp(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double exp(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_expl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double exp(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_exp((double)__x);
+}
+
+// frexp
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float frexp(float __x, int* __e) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_frexpf(__x, __e); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double frexp(double __x, int* __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_frexp(__x, __e);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double frexp(long double __x, int* __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_frexpl(__x, __e);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double frexp(_A1 __x, int* __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_frexp((double)__x, __e);
+}
+
+// ldexp
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float ldexp(float __x, int __e) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_ldexpf(__x, __e); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double ldexp(double __x, int __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_ldexp(__x, __e);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double ldexp(long double __x, int __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_ldexpl(__x, __e);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double ldexp(_A1 __x, int __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_ldexp((double)__x, __e);
+}
+
+// exp2
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float exp2(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_exp2f(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double exp2(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_exp2(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double exp2(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_exp2l(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double exp2(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_exp2((double)__x);
+}
+
+// expm1
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float expm1(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_expm1f(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double expm1(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_expm1(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double expm1(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_expm1l(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double expm1(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_expm1((double)__x);
+}
+
+// scalbln
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float scalbln(float __x, long __y) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_scalblnf(__x, __y); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double scalbln(double __x, long __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_scalbln(__x, __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double scalbln(long double __x, long __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_scalblnl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double scalbln(_A1 __x, long __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_scalbln((double)__x, __y);
+}
+
+// scalbn
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float scalbn(float __x, int __y) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_scalbnf(__x, __y); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double scalbn(double __x, int __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_scalbn(__x, __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double scalbn(long double __x, int __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_scalbnl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double scalbn(_A1 __x, int __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_scalbn((double)__x, __y);
+}
+
+// pow
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float pow(float __x, float __y) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_powf(__x, __y); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double pow(double __x, double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_pow(__x, __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double pow(long double __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_powl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type pow(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  static_assert(!(_IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value), "");
+  return __math::pow((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_EXPONENTIAL_FUNCTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/fdim.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/fdim.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..dc1b4ecc07dce4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/fdim.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_FDIM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_FDIM_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float fdim(float __x, float __y) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_fdimf(__x, __y); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double fdim(double __x, double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fdim(__x, __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double fdim(long double __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fdiml(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type fdim(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  static_assert(!(_IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value), "");
+  return __math::fdim((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_FDIM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/fma.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/fma.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6ba7a5a2d26d60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/fma.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_FMA_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_FMA_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float fma(float __x, float __y, float __z) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fmaf(__x, __y, __z);
+}
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double fma(double __x, double __y, double __z) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fma(__x, __y, __z);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double fma(long double __x, long double __y, long double __z) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fmal(__x, __y, __z);
+}
+
+template <class _A1,
+          class _A2,
+          class _A3,
+          __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value && is_arithmetic<_A3>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2, _A3>::type fma(_A1 __x, _A2 __y, _A3 __z) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2, _A3>::type;
+  static_assert(
+      !(_IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A3, __result_type>::value),
+      "");
+  return __builtin_fma((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y, (__result_type)__z);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_FMA_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/gamma.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/gamma.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..693e111a84e99d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/gamma.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_GAMMA_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_GAMMA_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// lgamma
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float lgamma(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_lgammaf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double lgamma(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_lgamma(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double lgamma(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_lgammal(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double lgamma(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_lgamma((double)__x);
+}
+
+// nan
+
+// tgamma
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float tgamma(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_tgammaf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double tgamma(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_tgamma(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double tgamma(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_tgammal(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double tgamma(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_tgamma((double)__x);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_GAMMA_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/hyperbolic_functions.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/hyperbolic_functions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..78832bae70c9d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/hyperbolic_functions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_HYPERBOLIC_FUNCTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_HYPERBOLIC_FUNCTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// cosh
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float cosh(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_coshf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double cosh(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_cosh(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double cosh(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_coshl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double cosh(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_cosh((double)__x);
+}
+
+// sinh
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float sinh(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_sinhf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double sinh(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_sinh(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double sinh(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_sinhl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double sinh(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_sinh((double)__x);
+}
+
+// tanh
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float tanh(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_tanhf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double tanh(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_tanh(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double tanh(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_tanhl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double tanh(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_tanh((double)__x);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_HYPERBOLIC_FUNCTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/hypot.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/hypot.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b992163711010a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/hypot.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_HYPOT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_HYPOT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/max.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__math/abs.h>
+#include <__math/exponential_functions.h>
+#include <__math/roots.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float hypot(float __x, float __y) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_hypotf(__x, __y); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double hypot(double __x, double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_hypot(__x, __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double hypot(long double __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_hypotl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type hypot(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  static_assert(!(_IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value), "");
+  return __math::hypot((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+// Computes the three-dimensional hypotenuse: `std::hypot(x,y,z)`.
+// The naive implementation might over-/underflow which is why this implementation is more involved:
+//    If the square of an argument might run into issues, we scale the arguments appropriately.
+// See https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/92782 for a detailed discussion and summary.
+template <class _Real>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Real __hypot(_Real __x, _Real __y, _Real __z) {
+  // Factors needed to determine if over-/underflow might happen
+  constexpr int __exp              = std::numeric_limits<_Real>::max_exponent / 2;
+  const _Real __overflow_threshold = __math::ldexp(_Real(1), __exp);
+  const _Real __overflow_scale     = __math::ldexp(_Real(1), -(__exp + 20));
+
+  // Scale arguments depending on their size
+  const _Real __max_abs = std::max(__math::fabs(__x), std::max(__math::fabs(__y), __math::fabs(__z)));
+  _Real __scale;
+  if (__max_abs > __overflow_threshold) { // x*x + y*y + z*z might overflow
+    __scale = __overflow_scale;
+  } else if (__max_abs < 1 / __overflow_threshold) { // x*x + y*y + z*z might underflow
+    __scale = 1 / __overflow_scale;
+  } else {
+    __scale = 1;
+  }
+  __x *= __scale;
+  __y *= __scale;
+  __z *= __scale;
+
+  // Compute hypot of scaled arguments and undo scaling
+  return __math::sqrt(__x * __x + __y * __y + __z * __z) / __scale;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float hypot(float __x, float __y, float __z) { return __math::__hypot(__x, __y, __z); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double hypot(double __x, double __y, double __z) { return __math::__hypot(__x, __y, __z); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double hypot(long double __x, long double __y, long double __z) {
+  return __math::__hypot(__x, __y, __z);
+}
+
+template <class _A1,
+          class _A2,
+          class _A3,
+          std::enable_if_t< is_arithmetic_v<_A1> && is_arithmetic_v<_A2> && is_arithmetic_v<_A3>, int> = 0 >
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2, _A3>::type hypot(_A1 __x, _A2 __y, _A3 __z) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2, _A3>::type;
+  static_assert(!(
+      std::is_same_v<_A1, __result_type> && std::is_same_v<_A2, __result_type> && std::is_same_v<_A3, __result_type>));
+  return __math::__hypot(
+      static_cast<__result_type>(__x), static_cast<__result_type>(__y), static_cast<__result_type>(__z));
+}
+#endif
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_HYPOT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/inverse_hyperbolic_functions.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/inverse_hyperbolic_functions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4660a58e4eba02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/inverse_hyperbolic_functions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_INVERSE_HYPERBOLIC_FUNCTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_INVERSE_HYPERBOLIC_FUNCTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// acosh
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float acosh(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_acoshf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double acosh(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_acosh(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double acosh(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_acoshl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double acosh(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_acosh((double)__x);
+}
+
+// asinh
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float asinh(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_asinhf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double asinh(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_asinh(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double asinh(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_asinhl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double asinh(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_asinh((double)__x);
+}
+
+// atanh
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float atanh(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_atanhf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double atanh(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_atanh(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double atanh(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_atanhl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double atanh(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_atanh((double)__x);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_INVERSE_HYPERBOLIC_FUNCTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/inverse_trigonometric_functions.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/inverse_trigonometric_functions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cd98b46a6aab8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/inverse_trigonometric_functions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_INVERSE_TRIGONOMETRIC_FUNCTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_INVERSE_TRIGONOMETRIC_FUNCTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// acos
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float acos(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_acosf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double acos(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_acos(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double acos(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_acosl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double acos(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_acos((double)__x);
+}
+
+// asin
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float asin(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_asinf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double asin(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_asin(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double asin(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_asinl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double asin(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_asin((double)__x);
+}
+
+// atan
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float atan(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_atanf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double atan(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_atan(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double atan(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_atanl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double atan(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_atan((double)__x);
+}
+
+// atan2
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float atan2(float __y, float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_atan2f(__y, __x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double atan2(double __x, double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_atan2(__x, __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double atan2(long double __y, long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_atan2l(__y, __x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type atan2(_A1 __y, _A2 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  static_assert(!(_IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value), "");
+  return __math::atan2((__result_type)__y, (__result_type)__x);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_INVERSE_TRIGONOMETRIC_FUNCTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/logarithms.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/logarithms.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5f5f943977a508
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/logarithms.h
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_LOGARITHMS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_LOGARITHMS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// log
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float log(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_logf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double log(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_log(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double log(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_logl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double log(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_log((double)__x);
+}
+
+// log10
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float log10(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_log10f(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double log10(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_log10(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double log10(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_log10l(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double log10(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_log10((double)__x);
+}
+
+// ilogb
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int ilogb(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_ilogbf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double ilogb(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_ilogb(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int ilogb(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_ilogbl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int ilogb(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_ilogb((double)__x);
+}
+
+// log1p
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float log1p(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_log1pf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double log1p(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_log1p(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double log1p(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_log1pl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double log1p(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_log1p((double)__x);
+}
+
+// log2
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float log2(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_log2f(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double log2(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_log2(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double log2(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_log2l(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double log2(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_log2((double)__x);
+}
+
+// logb
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float logb(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_logbf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double logb(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_logb(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double logb(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_logbl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double logb(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_logb((double)__x);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_LOGARITHMS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/min_max.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/min_max.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..27997b44910a12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/min_max.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_MIN_MAX_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_MIN_MAX_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// fmax
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float fmax(float __x, float __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fmaxf(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double fmax(double __x, double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fmax(__x, __y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double fmax(long double __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fmaxl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type fmax(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  static_assert(!(_IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value), "");
+  return __math::fmax((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// fmin
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float fmin(float __x, float __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fminf(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double fmin(double __x, double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fmin(__x, __y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double fmin(long double __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fminl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type fmin(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  static_assert(!(_IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value), "");
+  return __math::fmin((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_MIN_MAX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/modulo.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/modulo.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c8ea506f37d755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/modulo.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_MODULO_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_MODULO_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// fmod
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float fmod(float __x, float __y) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_fmodf(__x, __y); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double fmod(double __x, double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fmod(__x, __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double fmod(long double __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fmodl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type fmod(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  static_assert(!(_IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value), "");
+  return __math::fmod((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// modf
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float modf(float __x, float* __y) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_modff(__x, __y); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double modf(double __x, double* __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_modf(__x, __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double modf(long double __x, long double* __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_modfl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_MODULO_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/remainder.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/remainder.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0fbf0b8ef97b9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/remainder.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_REMAINDER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_REMAINDER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// remainder
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float remainder(float __x, float __y) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_remainderf(__x, __y); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double remainder(double __x, double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_remainder(__x, __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double remainder(long double __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_remainderl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type remainder(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  static_assert(!(_IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value), "");
+  return __math::remainder((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// remquo
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float remquo(float __x, float __y, int* __z) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_remquof(__x, __y, __z);
+}
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double remquo(double __x, double __y, int* __z) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_remquo(__x, __y, __z);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double remquo(long double __x, long double __y, int* __z) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_remquol(__x, __y, __z);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type remquo(_A1 __x, _A2 __y, int* __z) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  static_assert(!(_IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value), "");
+  return __math::remquo((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y, __z);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_REMAINDER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/roots.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/roots.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..359fd747cfbef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/roots.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_ROOTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_ROOTS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// sqrt
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float sqrt(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_sqrtf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double sqrt(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_sqrt(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double sqrt(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_sqrtl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double sqrt(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_sqrt((double)__x);
+}
+
+// cbrt
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float cbrt(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_cbrtf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double cbrt(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_cbrt(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double cbrt(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_cbrtl(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double cbrt(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_cbrt((double)__x);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_ROOTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/rounding_functions.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/rounding_functions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f7246ba7fed0d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/rounding_functions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_ROUNDING_FUNCTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_ROUNDING_FUNCTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// ceil
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float ceil(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_ceilf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double ceil(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_ceil(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double ceil(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_ceill(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double ceil(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_ceil((double)__x);
+}
+
+// floor
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float floor(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_floorf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double floor(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_floor(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double floor(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_floorl(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double floor(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_floor((double)__x);
+}
+
+// llrint
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long llrint(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_llrintf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long llrint(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_llrint(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long llrint(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_llrintl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long llrint(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_llrint((double)__x);
+}
+
+// llround
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long llround(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_llroundf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long llround(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_llround(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long llround(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_llroundl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long llround(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_llround((double)__x);
+}
+
+// lrint
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long lrint(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_lrintf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long lrint(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_lrint(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long lrint(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_lrintl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long lrint(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_lrint((double)__x);
+}
+
+// lround
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long lround(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_lroundf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long lround(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_lround(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long lround(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_lroundl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long lround(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_lround((double)__x);
+}
+
+// nearbyint
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float nearbyint(float __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_nearbyintf(__x);
+}
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double nearbyint(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_nearbyint(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double nearbyint(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_nearbyintl(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double nearbyint(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_nearbyint((double)__x);
+}
+
+// nextafter
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float nextafter(float __x, float __y) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_nextafterf(__x, __y); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double nextafter(double __x, double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_nextafter(__x, __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double nextafter(long double __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_nextafterl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type nextafter(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __result_type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  static_assert(!(_IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value), "");
+  return __math::nextafter((__result_type)__x, (__result_type)__y);
+}
+
+// nexttoward
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float nexttoward(float __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_nexttowardf(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double nexttoward(double __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_nexttoward(__x, __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double nexttoward(long double __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_nexttowardl(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double nexttoward(_A1 __x, long double __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_nexttoward((double)__x, __y);
+}
+
+// rint
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float rint(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_rintf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double rint(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_rint(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double rint(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_rintl(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double rint(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_rint((double)__x);
+}
+
+// round
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float round(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_round(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double round(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_round(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double round(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_roundl(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double round(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_round((double)__x);
+}
+
+// trunc
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float trunc(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_trunc(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double trunc(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_trunc(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double trunc(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_truncl(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double trunc(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_trunc((double)__x);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_ROUNDING_FUNCTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/special_functions.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/special_functions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0b1c753a659ade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/special_functions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_SPECIAL_FUNCTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_SPECIAL_FUNCTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__math/copysign.h>
+#include <__math/traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Real>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Real __hermite(unsigned __n, _Real __x) {
+  // The Hermite polynomial H_n(x).
+  // The implementation is based on the recurrence formula: H_{n+1}(x) = 2x H_n(x) - 2n H_{n-1}.
+  // Press, William H., et al. Numerical recipes 3rd edition: The art of scientific computing.
+  // Cambridge university press, 2007, p. 183.
+
+  // NOLINTBEGIN(readability-identifier-naming)
+  if (__math::isnan(__x))
+    return __x;
+
+  _Real __H_0{1};
+  if (__n == 0)
+    return __H_0;
+
+  _Real __H_n_prev = __H_0;
+  _Real __H_n      = 2 * __x;
+  for (unsigned __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i) {
+    _Real __H_n_next = 2 * (__x * __H_n - __i * __H_n_prev);
+    __H_n_prev       = __H_n;
+    __H_n            = __H_n_next;
+  }
+
+  if (!__math::isfinite(__H_n)) {
+    // Overflow occured. Two possible cases:
+    //    n is odd:  return infinity of the same sign as x.
+    //    n is even: return +Inf
+    _Real __inf = std::numeric_limits<_Real>::infinity();
+    return (__n & 1) ? __math::copysign(__inf, __x) : __inf;
+  }
+  return __H_n;
+  // NOLINTEND(readability-identifier-naming)
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double hermite(unsigned __n, double __x) { return std::__hermite(__n, __x); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float hermite(unsigned __n, float __x) {
+  // use double internally -- float is too prone to overflow!
+  return static_cast<float>(std::hermite(__n, static_cast<double>(__x)));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double hermite(unsigned __n, long double __x) { return std::__hermite(__n, __x); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float hermitef(unsigned __n, float __x) { return std::hermite(__n, __x); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double hermitel(unsigned __n, long double __x) { return std::hermite(__n, __x); }
+
+template <class _Integer, std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<_Integer>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double hermite(unsigned __n, _Integer __x) {
+  return std::hermite(__n, static_cast<double>(__x));
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_SPECIAL_FUNCTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..27ec52ecef022e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// signbit
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool signbit(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_signbit(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value && is_signed<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool signbit(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value && !is_signed<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool signbit(_A1) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return false;
+}
+
+// isfinite
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && numeric_limits<_A1>::has_infinity, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isfinite(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isfinite((typename __promote<_A1>::type)__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && !numeric_limits<_A1>::has_infinity, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isfinite(_A1) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return true;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isfinite(float __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isfinite(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isfinite(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isfinite(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isfinite(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isfinite(__x);
+}
+
+// isinf
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && numeric_limits<_A1>::has_infinity, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isinf(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isinf((typename __promote<_A1>::type)__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && !numeric_limits<_A1>::has_infinity, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isinf(_A1) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return false;
+}
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isinf(float __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isinf(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD bool
+isinf(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isinf(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isinf(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isinf(__x);
+}
+#endif
+
+// isnan
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isnan(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isnan(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isnan(_A1) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return false;
+}
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isnan(float __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isnan(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD bool
+isnan(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isnan(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isnan(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isnan(__x);
+}
+#endif
+
+// isnormal
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isnormal(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isnormal(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isnormal(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x != 0;
+}
+
+// isgreater
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isgreater(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  return __builtin_isgreater((type)__x, (type)__y);
+}
+
+// isgreaterequal
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isgreaterequal(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  return __builtin_isgreaterequal((type)__x, (type)__y);
+}
+
+// isless
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isless(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  return __builtin_isless((type)__x, (type)__y);
+}
+
+// islessequal
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool islessequal(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  return __builtin_islessequal((type)__x, (type)__y);
+}
+
+// islessgreater
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool islessgreater(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  return __builtin_islessgreater((type)__x, (type)__y);
+}
+
+// isunordered
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool isunordered(_A1 __x, _A2 __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using type = typename __promote<_A1, _A2>::type;
+  return __builtin_isunordered((type)__x, (type)__y);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_TRAITS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/trigonometric_functions.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/trigonometric_functions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0ad91c76316091
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__math/trigonometric_functions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MATH_TRIGONOMETRIC_FUNCTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MATH_TRIGONOMETRIC_FUNCTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// cos
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float cos(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_cosf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double cos(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_cos(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double cos(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_cosl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double cos(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_cos((double)__x);
+}
+
+// sin
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float sin(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_sinf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double sin(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_sin(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double sin(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_sinl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double sin(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_sin((double)__x);
+}
+
+// tan
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float tan(float __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_tanf(__x); }
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double tan(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_tan(__x);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double tan(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_tanl(__x); }
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double tan(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_tan((double)__x);
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MATH_TRIGONOMETRIC_FUNCTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mbstate_t.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mbstate_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bfa6d617e2b8f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mbstate_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MBSTATE_T_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MBSTATE_T_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// The goal of this header is to provide mbstate_t without requiring all of
+// <uchar.h> or <wchar.h>. It's also used by the libc++ versions of <uchar.h>
+// and <wchar.h> to get mbstate_t when the C library doesn't provide <uchar.h>
+// or <wchar.h>, hence the #include_next of those headers instead of #include.
+// (e.g. if <wchar.h> isn't present in the C library, the libc++ <wchar.h>
+// will include this header. This header needs to not turn around and cyclically
+// include <wchar.h>, but fall through to <uchar.h>.)
+//
+// This does not define std::mbstate_t -- this only brings in the declaration
+// in the global namespace.
+
+// We define this here to support older versions of glibc <wchar.h> that do
+// not define this for clang. This is also set in libc++'s <wchar.h> header,
+// and we need to do so here too to avoid a 
diff erent function signature given
+// a 
diff erent include order.
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#  define __CORRECT_ISO_CPP_WCHAR_H_PROTO
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_MUSL_LIBC)
+#  define __NEED_mbstate_t
+#  include <bits/alltypes.h>
+#  undef __NEED_mbstate_t
+#elif __has_include(<bits/types/mbstate_t.h>)
+#  include <bits/types/mbstate_t.h> // works on most Unixes
+#elif __has_include(<sys/_types/_mbstate_t.h>)
+#  include <sys/_types/_mbstate_t.h> // works on Darwin
+#elif !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS) && __has_include_next(<wchar.h>)
+#  include_next <wchar.h> // fall back to the C standard provider of mbstate_t
+#elif __has_include_next(<uchar.h>)
+#  include_next <uchar.h> // <uchar.h> is also required to make mbstate_t visible
+#else
+#  error "We don't know how to get the definition of mbstate_t without <wchar.h> on your platform."
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MBSTATE_T_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/default_accessor.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/default_accessor.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1cc5f15545fc8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/default_accessor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//                        Kokkos v. 4.0
+//       Copyright (2022) National Technology & Engineering
+//               Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS).
+//
+// Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with NTESS,
+// the U.S. Government retains certain rights in this software.
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_DEFAULT_ACCESSOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_DEFAULT_ACCESSOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_abstract.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _ElementType>
+struct default_accessor {
+  static_assert(!is_array_v<_ElementType>, "default_accessor: template argument may not be an array type");
+  static_assert(!is_abstract_v<_ElementType>, "default_accessor: template argument may not be an abstract class");
+
+  using offset_policy    = default_accessor;
+  using element_type     = _ElementType;
+  using reference        = _ElementType&;
+  using data_handle_type = _ElementType*;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr default_accessor() noexcept = default;
+  template <class _OtherElementType>
+    requires(is_convertible_v<_OtherElementType (*)[], element_type (*)[]>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr default_accessor(default_accessor<_OtherElementType>) noexcept {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference access(data_handle_type __p, size_t __i) const noexcept { return __p[__i]; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr data_handle_type offset(data_handle_type __p, size_t __i) const noexcept {
+    return __p + __i;
+  }
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_DEFAULT_ACCESSOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/extents.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/extents.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..95082ef3d11ac9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/extents.h
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//                        Kokkos v. 4.0
+//       Copyright (2022) National Technology & Engineering
+//               Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS).
+//
+// Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with NTESS,
+// the U.S. Government retains certain rights in this software.
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_EXTENTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_EXTENTS_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <concepts>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+#include <span>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+namespace __mdspan_detail {
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ------------ __static_array --------------------------------------
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------
+// array like class which provides an array of static values with get
+template <class _Tp, _Tp... _Values>
+struct __static_array {
+  static constexpr array<_Tp, sizeof...(_Values)> __array = {_Values...};
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr size_t __size() { return sizeof...(_Values); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr _Tp __get(size_t __index) noexcept { return __array[__index]; }
+
+  template <size_t _Index>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr _Tp __get() {
+    return __get(_Index);
+  }
+};
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ------------ __possibly_empty_array  -----------------------------
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// array like class which provides get function and operator [], and
+// has a specialization for the size 0 case.
+// This is needed to make the __maybe_static_array be truly empty, for
+// all static values.
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct __possibly_empty_array {
+  _Tp __vals_[_Size];
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& operator[](size_t __index) { return __vals_[__index]; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp& operator[](size_t __index) const { return __vals_[__index]; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __possibly_empty_array<_Tp, 0> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& operator[](size_t) { __libcpp_unreachable(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp& operator[](size_t) const { __libcpp_unreachable(); }
+};
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ------------ static_partial_sums ---------------------------------
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Provides a compile time partial sum one can index into
+
+template <size_t... _Values>
+struct __static_partial_sums {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr array<size_t, sizeof...(_Values)> __static_partial_sums_impl() {
+    array<size_t, sizeof...(_Values)> __values{_Values...};
+    array<size_t, sizeof...(_Values)> __partial_sums{{}};
+    size_t __running_sum = 0;
+    for (int __i = 0; __i != sizeof...(_Values); ++__i) {
+      __partial_sums[__i] = __running_sum;
+      __running_sum += __values[__i];
+    }
+    return __partial_sums;
+  }
+  static constexpr array<size_t, sizeof...(_Values)> __result{__static_partial_sums_impl()};
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr size_t __get(size_t __index) { return __result[__index]; }
+};
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ------------ __maybe_static_array --------------------------------
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// array like class which has a mix of static and runtime values but
+// only stores the runtime values.
+// The type of the static and the runtime values can be 
diff erent.
+// The position of a dynamic value is indicated through a tag value.
+template <class _TDynamic, class _TStatic, _TStatic _DynTag, _TStatic... _Values>
+struct __maybe_static_array {
+  static_assert(is_convertible<_TStatic, _TDynamic>::value,
+                "__maybe_static_array: _TStatic must be convertible to _TDynamic");
+  static_assert(is_convertible<_TDynamic, _TStatic>::value,
+                "__maybe_static_array: _TDynamic must be convertible to _TStatic");
+
+private:
+  // Static values member
+  static constexpr size_t __size_         = sizeof...(_Values);
+  static constexpr size_t __size_dynamic_ = ((_Values == _DynTag) + ... + 0);
+  using _StaticValues                     = __static_array<_TStatic, _Values...>;
+  using _DynamicValues                    = __possibly_empty_array<_TDynamic, __size_dynamic_>;
+
+  // Dynamic values member
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _DynamicValues __dyn_vals_;
+
+  // static mapping of indices to the position in the dynamic values array
+  using _DynamicIdxMap = __static_partial_sums<static_cast<size_t>(_Values == _DynTag)...>;
+
+  template <size_t... _Indices>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr _DynamicValues __zeros(index_sequence<_Indices...>) noexcept {
+    return _DynamicValues{((void)_Indices, 0)...};
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __maybe_static_array() noexcept
+      : __dyn_vals_{__zeros(make_index_sequence<__size_dynamic_>())} {}
+
+  // constructors from dynamic values only -- this covers the case for rank() == 0
+  template <class... _DynVals>
+    requires(sizeof...(_DynVals) == __size_dynamic_)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __maybe_static_array(_DynVals... __vals)
+      : __dyn_vals_{static_cast<_TDynamic>(__vals)...} {}
+
+  template <class _Tp, size_t _Size >
+    requires(_Size == __size_dynamic_)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __maybe_static_array([[maybe_unused]] const span<_Tp, _Size>& __vals) {
+    if constexpr (_Size > 0) {
+      for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Size; __i++)
+        __dyn_vals_[__i] = static_cast<_TDynamic>(__vals[__i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // constructors from all values -- here rank will be greater than 0
+  template <class... _DynVals>
+    requires(sizeof...(_DynVals) != __size_dynamic_)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __maybe_static_array(_DynVals... __vals) {
+    static_assert(sizeof...(_DynVals) == __size_, "Invalid number of values.");
+    _TDynamic __values[__size_] = {static_cast<_TDynamic>(__vals)...};
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; __i++) {
+      _TStatic __static_val = _StaticValues::__get(__i);
+      if (__static_val == _DynTag) {
+        __dyn_vals_[_DynamicIdxMap::__get(__i)] = __values[__i];
+      } else
+        // Not catching this could lead to out of bounds errors later
+        // e.g. using my_mdspan_t = mdspan<int, extents<int, 10>>; my_mdspan_t = m(new int[5], 5);
+        // Right-hand-side construction looks ok with allocation and size matching,
+        // but since (potentially elsewhere defined) my_mdspan_t has static size m now thinks its range is 10 not 5
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+            __values[__i] == static_cast<_TDynamic>(__static_val),
+            "extents construction: mismatch of provided arguments with static extents.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+    requires(_Size != __size_dynamic_)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __maybe_static_array(const span<_Tp, _Size>& __vals) {
+    static_assert(_Size == __size_ || __size_ == dynamic_extent);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; __i++) {
+      _TStatic __static_val = _StaticValues::__get(__i);
+      if (__static_val == _DynTag) {
+        __dyn_vals_[_DynamicIdxMap::__get(__i)] = static_cast<_TDynamic>(__vals[__i]);
+      } else
+        // Not catching this could lead to out of bounds errors later
+        // e.g. using my_mdspan_t = mdspan<int, extents<int, 10>>; my_mdspan_t = m(new int[N], span<int,1>(&N));
+        // Right-hand-side construction looks ok with allocation and size matching,
+        // but since (potentially elsewhere defined) my_mdspan_t has static size m now thinks its range is 10 not N
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+            static_cast<_TDynamic>(__vals[__i]) == static_cast<_TDynamic>(__static_val),
+            "extents construction: mismatch of provided arguments with static extents.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  // access functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr _TStatic __static_value(size_t __i) noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__i < __size_, "extents access: index must be less than rank");
+    return _StaticValues::__get(__i);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _TDynamic __value(size_t __i) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__i < __size_, "extents access: index must be less than rank");
+    _TStatic __static_val = _StaticValues::__get(__i);
+    return __static_val == _DynTag ? __dyn_vals_[_DynamicIdxMap::__get(__i)] : static_cast<_TDynamic>(__static_val);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _TDynamic operator[](size_t __i) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__i < __size_, "extents access: index must be less than rank");
+    return __value(__i);
+  }
+
+  // observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr size_t __size() { return __size_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr size_t __size_dynamic() { return __size_dynamic_; }
+};
+
+// Function to check whether a value is representable as another type
+// value must be a positive integer otherwise returns false
+// if _From is not an integral, we just check positivity
+template <integral _To, class _From>
+  requires(integral<_From>)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_representable_as(_From __value) {
+  using _To_u   = make_unsigned_t<_To>;
+  using _From_u = make_unsigned_t<_From>;
+  if constexpr (is_signed_v<_From>) {
+    if (__value < 0)
+      return false;
+  }
+  if constexpr (static_cast<_To_u>(numeric_limits<_To>::max()) >= static_cast<_From_u>(numeric_limits<_From>::max())) {
+    return true;
+  } else {
+    return static_cast<_To_u>(numeric_limits<_To>::max()) >= static_cast<_From_u>(__value);
+  }
+}
+
+template <integral _To, class _From>
+  requires(!integral<_From>)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_representable_as(_From __value) {
+  if constexpr (is_signed_v<_To>) {
+    if (static_cast<_To>(__value) < 0)
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <integral _To, class... _From>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __are_representable_as(_From... __values) {
+  return (__mdspan_detail::__is_representable_as<_To>(__values) && ... && true);
+}
+
+template <integral _To, class _From, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __are_representable_as(span<_From, _Size> __values) {
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Size; __i++)
+    if (!__mdspan_detail::__is_representable_as<_To>(__values[__i]))
+      return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace __mdspan_detail
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ------------ extents ---------------------------------------------
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Class to describe the extents of a multi dimensional array.
+// Used by mdspan, mdarray and layout mappings.
+// See ISO C++ standard [mdspan.extents]
+
+template <class _IndexType, size_t... _Extents>
+class extents {
+public:
+  // typedefs for integral types used
+  using index_type = _IndexType;
+  using size_type  = make_unsigned_t<index_type>;
+  using rank_type  = size_t;
+
+  static_assert(is_integral<index_type>::value && !is_same<index_type, bool>::value,
+                "extents::index_type must be a signed or unsigned integer type");
+  static_assert(((__mdspan_detail::__is_representable_as<index_type>(_Extents) || (_Extents == dynamic_extent)) && ...),
+                "extents ctor: arguments must be representable as index_type and nonnegative");
+
+private:
+  static constexpr rank_type __rank_         = sizeof...(_Extents);
+  static constexpr rank_type __rank_dynamic_ = ((_Extents == dynamic_extent) + ... + 0);
+
+  // internal storage type using __maybe_static_array
+  using _Values = __mdspan_detail::__maybe_static_array<_IndexType, size_t, dynamic_extent, _Extents...>;
+  [[no_unique_address]] _Values __vals_;
+
+public:
+  // [mdspan.extents.obs], observers of multidimensional index space
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr rank_type rank() noexcept { return __rank_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr rank_type rank_dynamic() noexcept { return __rank_dynamic_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type extent(rank_type __r) const noexcept { return __vals_.__value(__r); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr size_t static_extent(rank_type __r) noexcept {
+    return _Values::__static_value(__r);
+  }
+
+  // [mdspan.extents.cons], constructors
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr extents() noexcept = default;
+
+  // Construction from just dynamic or all values.
+  // Precondition check is deferred to __maybe_static_array constructor
+  template <class... _OtherIndexTypes>
+    requires((is_convertible_v<_OtherIndexTypes, index_type> && ...) &&
+             (is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, _OtherIndexTypes> && ...) &&
+             (sizeof...(_OtherIndexTypes) == __rank_ || sizeof...(_OtherIndexTypes) == __rank_dynamic_))
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit extents(_OtherIndexTypes... __dynvals) noexcept
+      : __vals_(static_cast<index_type>(__dynvals)...) {
+    // Not catching this could lead to out of bounds errors later
+    // e.g. mdspan m(ptr, dextents<char, 1>(200u)); leads to an extent of -56 on m
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__mdspan_detail::__are_representable_as<index_type>(__dynvals...),
+                                        "extents ctor: arguments must be representable as index_type and nonnegative");
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherIndexType, size_t _Size>
+    requires(is_convertible_v<const _OtherIndexType&, index_type> &&
+             is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, const _OtherIndexType&> &&
+             (_Size == __rank_ || _Size == __rank_dynamic_))
+  explicit(_Size != __rank_dynamic_)
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr extents(const array<_OtherIndexType, _Size>& __exts) noexcept
+      : __vals_(span(__exts)) {
+    // Not catching this could lead to out of bounds errors later
+    // e.g. mdspan m(ptr, dextents<char, 1>(array<unsigned,1>(200))); leads to an extent of -56 on m
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__mdspan_detail::__are_representable_as<index_type>(span(__exts)),
+                                        "extents ctor: arguments must be representable as index_type and nonnegative");
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherIndexType, size_t _Size>
+    requires(is_convertible_v<const _OtherIndexType&, index_type> &&
+             is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, const _OtherIndexType&> &&
+             (_Size == __rank_ || _Size == __rank_dynamic_))
+  explicit(_Size != __rank_dynamic_)
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr extents(const span<_OtherIndexType, _Size>& __exts) noexcept
+      : __vals_(__exts) {
+    // Not catching this could lead to out of bounds errors later
+    // e.g. array a{200u}; mdspan<int, dextents<char,1>> m(ptr, extents(span<unsigned,1>(a))); leads to an extent of -56
+    // on m
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__mdspan_detail::__are_representable_as<index_type>(__exts),
+                                        "extents ctor: arguments must be representable as index_type and nonnegative");
+  }
+
+private:
+  // Function to construct extents storage from other extents.
+  template <size_t _DynCount, size_t _Idx, class _OtherExtents, class... _DynamicValues>
+    requires(_Idx < __rank_)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Values __construct_vals_from_extents(
+      integral_constant<size_t, _DynCount>,
+      integral_constant<size_t, _Idx>,
+      const _OtherExtents& __exts,
+      _DynamicValues... __dynamic_values) noexcept {
+    if constexpr (static_extent(_Idx) == dynamic_extent)
+      return __construct_vals_from_extents(
+          integral_constant<size_t, _DynCount + 1>(),
+          integral_constant<size_t, _Idx + 1>(),
+          __exts,
+          __dynamic_values...,
+          __exts.extent(_Idx));
+    else
+      return __construct_vals_from_extents(
+          integral_constant<size_t, _DynCount>(), integral_constant<size_t, _Idx + 1>(), __exts, __dynamic_values...);
+  }
+
+  template <size_t _DynCount, size_t _Idx, class _OtherExtents, class... _DynamicValues>
+    requires((_Idx == __rank_) && (_DynCount == __rank_dynamic_))
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Values __construct_vals_from_extents(
+      integral_constant<size_t, _DynCount>,
+      integral_constant<size_t, _Idx>,
+      const _OtherExtents&,
+      _DynamicValues... __dynamic_values) noexcept {
+    return _Values{static_cast<index_type>(__dynamic_values)...};
+  }
+
+public:
+  // Converting constructor from other extents specializations
+  template <class _OtherIndexType, size_t... _OtherExtents>
+    requires((sizeof...(_OtherExtents) == sizeof...(_Extents)) &&
+             ((_OtherExtents == dynamic_extent || _Extents == dynamic_extent || _OtherExtents == _Extents) && ...))
+  explicit((((_Extents != dynamic_extent) && (_OtherExtents == dynamic_extent)) || ...) ||
+           (static_cast<make_unsigned_t<index_type>>(numeric_limits<index_type>::max()) <
+            static_cast<make_unsigned_t<_OtherIndexType>>(numeric_limits<_OtherIndexType>::max())))
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr extents(const extents<_OtherIndexType, _OtherExtents...>& __other) noexcept
+      : __vals_(
+            __construct_vals_from_extents(integral_constant<size_t, 0>(), integral_constant<size_t, 0>(), __other)) {
+    if constexpr (rank() > 0) {
+      for (size_t __r = 0; __r < rank(); __r++) {
+        if constexpr (static_cast<make_unsigned_t<index_type>>(numeric_limits<index_type>::max()) <
+                      static_cast<make_unsigned_t<_OtherIndexType>>(numeric_limits<_OtherIndexType>::max())) {
+          // Not catching this could lead to out of bounds errors later
+          // e.g. dextents<char,1>> e(dextents<unsigned,1>(200)) leads to an extent of -56 on e
+          _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+              __mdspan_detail::__is_representable_as<index_type>(__other.extent(__r)),
+              "extents ctor: arguments must be representable as index_type and nonnegative");
+        }
+        // Not catching this could lead to out of bounds errors later
+        // e.g. mdspan<int, extents<int, 10>> m = mdspan<int, dextents<int, 1>>(new int[5], 5);
+        // Right-hand-side construction was ok, but m now thinks its range is 10 not 5
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+            (_Values::__static_value(__r) == dynamic_extent) ||
+                (static_cast<index_type>(__other.extent(__r)) == static_cast<index_type>(_Values::__static_value(__r))),
+            "extents construction: mismatch of provided arguments with static extents.");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Comparison operator
+  template <class _OtherIndexType, size_t... _OtherExtents>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool
+  operator==(const extents& __lhs, const extents<_OtherIndexType, _OtherExtents...>& __rhs) noexcept {
+    if constexpr (rank() != sizeof...(_OtherExtents)) {
+      return false;
+    } else {
+      for (rank_type __r = 0; __r < __rank_; __r++) {
+        // avoid warning when comparing signed and unsigner integers and pick the wider of two types
+        using _CommonType = common_type_t<index_type, _OtherIndexType>;
+        if (static_cast<_CommonType>(__lhs.extent(__r)) != static_cast<_CommonType>(__rhs.extent(__r))) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+// Recursive helper classes to implement dextents alias for extents
+namespace __mdspan_detail {
+
+template <class _IndexType, size_t _Rank, class _Extents = extents<_IndexType>>
+struct __make_dextents;
+
+template <class _IndexType, size_t _Rank, size_t... _ExtentsPack>
+struct __make_dextents< _IndexType, _Rank, extents<_IndexType, _ExtentsPack...>> {
+  using type =
+      typename __make_dextents< _IndexType, _Rank - 1, extents<_IndexType, dynamic_extent, _ExtentsPack...>>::type;
+};
+
+template <class _IndexType, size_t... _ExtentsPack>
+struct __make_dextents< _IndexType, 0, extents<_IndexType, _ExtentsPack...>> {
+  using type = extents<_IndexType, _ExtentsPack...>;
+};
+
+} // end namespace __mdspan_detail
+
+// [mdspan.extents.dextents], alias template
+template <class _IndexType, size_t _Rank>
+using dextents = typename __mdspan_detail::__make_dextents<_IndexType, _Rank>::type;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+// [mdspan.extents.dims], alias template `dims`
+template <size_t _Rank, class _IndexType = size_t>
+using dims = dextents<_IndexType, _Rank>;
+#  endif
+
+// Deduction guide for extents
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+template <class... _IndexTypes>
+  requires(is_convertible_v<_IndexTypes, size_t> && ...)
+explicit extents(_IndexTypes...) -> extents<size_t, __maybe_static_ext<_IndexTypes>...>;
+#  else
+template <class... _IndexTypes>
+  requires(is_convertible_v<_IndexTypes, size_t> && ...)
+explicit extents(_IndexTypes...) -> extents<size_t, size_t(((void)sizeof(_IndexTypes), dynamic_extent))...>;
+#  endif
+
+namespace __mdspan_detail {
+
+// Helper type traits for identifying a class as extents.
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_extents : false_type {};
+
+template <class _IndexType, size_t... _ExtentsPack>
+struct __is_extents<extents<_IndexType, _ExtentsPack...>> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_extents_v = __is_extents<_Tp>::value;
+
+// Function to check whether a set of indices are a multidimensional
+// index into extents. This is a word of power in the C++ standard
+// requiring that the indices are larger than 0 and smaller than
+// the respective extents.
+
+template <integral _IndexType, class _From>
+  requires(integral<_From>)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_index_in_extent(_IndexType __extent, _From __value) {
+  if constexpr (is_signed_v<_From>) {
+    if (__value < 0)
+      return false;
+  }
+  using _Tp = common_type_t<_IndexType, _From>;
+  return static_cast<_Tp>(__value) < static_cast<_Tp>(__extent);
+}
+
+template <integral _IndexType, class _From>
+  requires(!integral<_From>)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_index_in_extent(_IndexType __extent, _From __value) {
+  if constexpr (is_signed_v<_IndexType>) {
+    if (static_cast<_IndexType>(__value) < 0)
+      return false;
+  }
+  return static_cast<_IndexType>(__value) < __extent;
+}
+
+template <size_t... _Idxs, class _Extents, class... _From>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool
+__is_multidimensional_index_in_impl(index_sequence<_Idxs...>, const _Extents& __ext, _From... __values) {
+  return (__mdspan_detail::__is_index_in_extent(__ext.extent(_Idxs), __values) && ...);
+}
+
+template <class _Extents, class... _From>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_multidimensional_index_in(const _Extents& __ext, _From... __values) {
+  return __mdspan_detail::__is_multidimensional_index_in_impl(
+      make_index_sequence<_Extents::rank()>(), __ext, __values...);
+}
+
+} // namespace __mdspan_detail
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_EXTENTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/layout_left.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/layout_left.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d058cbccffd96d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/layout_left.h
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//                        Kokkos v. 4.0
+//       Copyright (2022) National Technology & Engineering
+//               Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS).
+//
+// Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with NTESS,
+// the U.S. Government retains certain rights in this software.
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUT_LEFT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUT_LEFT_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/mdspan.h>
+#include <__mdspan/extents.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Extents>
+class layout_left::mapping {
+public:
+  static_assert(__mdspan_detail::__is_extents<_Extents>::value,
+                "layout_left::mapping template argument must be a specialization of extents.");
+
+  using extents_type = _Extents;
+  using index_type   = typename extents_type::index_type;
+  using size_type    = typename extents_type::size_type;
+  using rank_type    = typename extents_type::rank_type;
+  using layout_type  = layout_left;
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __required_span_size_is_representable(const extents_type& __ext) {
+    if constexpr (extents_type::rank() == 0)
+      return true;
+
+    index_type __prod = __ext.extent(0);
+    for (rank_type __r = 1; __r < extents_type::rank(); __r++) {
+      bool __overflowed = __builtin_mul_overflow(__prod, __ext.extent(__r), &__prod);
+      if (__overflowed)
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  static_assert(extents_type::rank_dynamic() > 0 || __required_span_size_is_representable(extents_type()),
+                "layout_left::mapping product of static extents must be representable as index_type.");
+
+public:
+  // [mdspan.layout.left.cons], constructors
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping() noexcept               = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping(const extents_type& __ext) noexcept : __extents_(__ext) {
+    // not catching this could lead to out-of-bounds access later when used inside mdspan
+    // mapping<dextents<char, 2>> map(dextents<char, 2>(40,40)); map(10, 3) == -126
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __required_span_size_is_representable(__ext),
+        "layout_left::mapping extents ctor: product of extents must be representable as index_type.");
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherExtents>
+    requires(is_constructible_v<extents_type, _OtherExtents>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_OtherExtents, extents_type>)
+      mapping(const mapping<_OtherExtents>& __other) noexcept
+      : __extents_(__other.extents()) {
+    // not catching this could lead to out-of-bounds access later when used inside mdspan
+    // mapping<dextents<char, 2>> map(mapping<dextents<int, 2>>(dextents<int, 2>(40,40))); map(10, 3) == -126
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __mdspan_detail::__is_representable_as<index_type>(__other.required_span_size()),
+        "layout_left::mapping converting ctor: other.required_span_size() must be representable as index_type.");
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherExtents>
+    requires(is_constructible_v<extents_type, _OtherExtents> && _OtherExtents::rank() <= 1)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_OtherExtents, extents_type>)
+      mapping(const layout_right::mapping<_OtherExtents>& __other) noexcept
+      : __extents_(__other.extents()) {
+    // not catching this could lead to out-of-bounds access later when used inside mdspan
+    // Note: since this is constraint to rank 1, extents itself would catch the invalid conversion first
+    //       and thus this assertion should never be triggered, but keeping it here for consistency
+    // layout_left::mapping<dextents<char, 1>> map(
+    //           layout_right::mapping<dextents<unsigned, 1>>(dextents<unsigned, 1>(200))); map.extents().extent(0) ==
+    //           -56
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __mdspan_detail::__is_representable_as<index_type>(__other.required_span_size()),
+        "layout_left::mapping converting ctor: other.required_span_size() must be representable as index_type.");
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherExtents>
+    requires(is_constructible_v<extents_type, _OtherExtents>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(extents_type::rank() > 0)
+      mapping(const layout_stride::mapping<_OtherExtents>& __other) noexcept
+      : __extents_(__other.extents()) {
+    if constexpr (extents_type::rank() > 0) {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          ([&]() {
+            using _CommonType = common_type_t<typename extents_type::index_type, typename _OtherExtents::index_type>;
+            for (rank_type __r = 0; __r < extents_type::rank(); __r++)
+              if (static_cast<_CommonType>(stride(__r)) != static_cast<_CommonType>(__other.stride(__r)))
+                return false;
+            return true;
+          }()),
+          "layout_left::mapping from layout_stride ctor: strides are not compatible with layout_left.");
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          __mdspan_detail::__is_representable_as<index_type>(__other.required_span_size()),
+          "layout_left::mapping from layout_stride ctor: other.required_span_size() must be representable as "
+          "index_type.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping& operator=(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+
+  // [mdspan.layout.left.obs], observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const extents_type& extents() const noexcept { return __extents_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type required_span_size() const noexcept {
+    index_type __size = 1;
+    for (size_t __r = 0; __r < extents_type::rank(); __r++)
+      __size *= __extents_.extent(__r);
+    return __size;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Indices>
+    requires((sizeof...(_Indices) == extents_type::rank()) && (is_convertible_v<_Indices, index_type> && ...) &&
+             (is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, _Indices> && ...))
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type operator()(_Indices... __idx) const noexcept {
+    // Mappings are generally meant to be used for accessing allocations and are meant to guarantee to never
+    // return a value exceeding required_span_size(), which is used to know how large an allocation one needs
+    // Thus, this is a canonical point in multi-dimensional data structures to make invalid element access checks
+    // However, mdspan does check this on its own, so for now we avoid double checking in hardened mode
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__mdspan_detail::__is_multidimensional_index_in(__extents_, __idx...),
+                                 "layout_left::mapping: out of bounds indexing");
+    array<index_type, extents_type::rank()> __idx_a{static_cast<index_type>(__idx)...};
+    return [&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+      index_type __res = 0;
+      ((__res = __idx_a[extents_type::rank() - 1 - _Pos] + __extents_.extent(extents_type::rank() - 1 - _Pos) * __res),
+       ...);
+      return __res;
+    }(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Indices)>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_exhaustive() noexcept { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_exhaustive() noexcept { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type stride(rank_type __r) const noexcept
+    requires(extents_type::rank() > 0)
+  {
+    // While it would be caught by extents itself too, using a too large __r
+    // is functionally an out of bounds access on the stored information needed to compute strides
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __r < extents_type::rank(), "layout_left::mapping::stride(): invalid rank index");
+    index_type __s = 1;
+    for (rank_type __i = 0; __i < __r; __i++)
+      __s *= __extents_.extent(__i);
+    return __s;
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherExtents>
+    requires(_OtherExtents::rank() == extents_type::rank())
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool
+  operator==(const mapping& __lhs, const mapping<_OtherExtents>& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.extents() == __rhs.extents();
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS extents_type __extents_{};
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUT_LEFT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/layout_right.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/layout_right.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6842e9dc37fdcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/layout_right.h
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//                        Kokkos v. 4.0
+//       Copyright (2022) National Technology & Engineering
+//               Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS).
+//
+// Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with NTESS,
+// the U.S. Government retains certain rights in this software.
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUT_RIGHT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUT_RIGHT_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/mdspan.h>
+#include <__mdspan/extents.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Extents>
+class layout_right::mapping {
+public:
+  static_assert(__mdspan_detail::__is_extents<_Extents>::value,
+                "layout_right::mapping template argument must be a specialization of extents.");
+
+  using extents_type = _Extents;
+  using index_type   = typename extents_type::index_type;
+  using size_type    = typename extents_type::size_type;
+  using rank_type    = typename extents_type::rank_type;
+  using layout_type  = layout_right;
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __required_span_size_is_representable(const extents_type& __ext) {
+    if constexpr (extents_type::rank() == 0)
+      return true;
+
+    index_type __prod = __ext.extent(0);
+    for (rank_type __r = 1; __r < extents_type::rank(); __r++) {
+      bool __overflowed = __builtin_mul_overflow(__prod, __ext.extent(__r), &__prod);
+      if (__overflowed)
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  static_assert(extents_type::rank_dynamic() > 0 || __required_span_size_is_representable(extents_type()),
+                "layout_right::mapping product of static extents must be representable as index_type.");
+
+public:
+  // [mdspan.layout.right.cons], constructors
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping() noexcept               = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping(const extents_type& __ext) noexcept : __extents_(__ext) {
+    // not catching this could lead to out-of-bounds access later when used inside mdspan
+    // mapping<dextents<char, 2>> map(dextents<char, 2>(40,40)); map(3, 10) == -126
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __required_span_size_is_representable(__ext),
+        "layout_right::mapping extents ctor: product of extents must be representable as index_type.");
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherExtents>
+    requires(is_constructible_v<extents_type, _OtherExtents>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_OtherExtents, extents_type>)
+      mapping(const mapping<_OtherExtents>& __other) noexcept
+      : __extents_(__other.extents()) {
+    // not catching this could lead to out-of-bounds access later when used inside mdspan
+    // mapping<dextents<char, 2>> map(mapping<dextents<int, 2>>(dextents<int, 2>(40,40))); map(3, 10) == -126
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __mdspan_detail::__is_representable_as<index_type>(__other.required_span_size()),
+        "layout_right::mapping converting ctor: other.required_span_size() must be representable as index_type.");
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherExtents>
+    requires(is_constructible_v<extents_type, _OtherExtents> && _OtherExtents::rank() <= 1)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<_OtherExtents, extents_type>)
+      mapping(const layout_left::mapping<_OtherExtents>& __other) noexcept
+      : __extents_(__other.extents()) {
+    // not catching this could lead to out-of-bounds access later when used inside mdspan
+    // Note: since this is constraint to rank 1, extents itself would catch the invalid conversion first
+    //       and thus this assertion should never be triggered, but keeping it here for consistency
+    // layout_right::mapping<dextents<char, 1>> map(
+    //           layout_left::mapping<dextents<unsigned, 1>>(dextents<unsigned, 1>(200))); map.extents().extent(0) ==
+    //           -56
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __mdspan_detail::__is_representable_as<index_type>(__other.required_span_size()),
+        "layout_right::mapping converting ctor: other.required_span_size() must be representable as index_type.");
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherExtents>
+    requires(is_constructible_v<extents_type, _OtherExtents>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(extents_type::rank() > 0)
+      mapping(const layout_stride::mapping<_OtherExtents>& __other) noexcept
+      : __extents_(__other.extents()) {
+    if constexpr (extents_type::rank() > 0) {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          ([&]() {
+            using _CommonType = common_type_t<typename extents_type::index_type, typename _OtherExtents::index_type>;
+            for (rank_type __r = 0; __r < extents_type::rank(); __r++)
+              if (static_cast<_CommonType>(stride(__r)) != static_cast<_CommonType>(__other.stride(__r)))
+                return false;
+            return true;
+          }()),
+          "layout_right::mapping from layout_stride ctor: strides are not compatible with layout_right.");
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          __mdspan_detail::__is_representable_as<index_type>(__other.required_span_size()),
+          "layout_right::mapping from layout_stride ctor: other.required_span_size() must be representable as "
+          "index_type.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping& operator=(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+
+  // [mdspan.layout.right.obs], observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const extents_type& extents() const noexcept { return __extents_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type required_span_size() const noexcept {
+    index_type __size = 1;
+    for (size_t __r = 0; __r < extents_type::rank(); __r++)
+      __size *= __extents_.extent(__r);
+    return __size;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Indices>
+    requires((sizeof...(_Indices) == extents_type::rank()) && (is_convertible_v<_Indices, index_type> && ...) &&
+             (is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, _Indices> && ...))
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type operator()(_Indices... __idx) const noexcept {
+    // Mappings are generally meant to be used for accessing allocations and are meant to guarantee to never
+    // return a value exceeding required_span_size(), which is used to know how large an allocation one needs
+    // Thus, this is a canonical point in multi-dimensional data structures to make invalid element access checks
+    // However, mdspan does check this on its own, so for now we avoid double checking in hardened mode
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__mdspan_detail::__is_multidimensional_index_in(__extents_, __idx...),
+                                 "layout_right::mapping: out of bounds indexing");
+    return [&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+      index_type __res = 0;
+      ((__res = static_cast<index_type>(__idx) + __extents_.extent(_Pos) * __res), ...);
+      return __res;
+    }(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Indices)>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_exhaustive() noexcept { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_exhaustive() noexcept { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type stride(rank_type __r) const noexcept
+    requires(extents_type::rank() > 0)
+  {
+    // While it would be caught by extents itself too, using a too large __r
+    // is functionally an out of bounds access on the stored information needed to compute strides
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __r < extents_type::rank(), "layout_right::mapping::stride(): invalid rank index");
+    index_type __s = 1;
+    for (rank_type __i = extents_type::rank() - 1; __i > __r; __i--)
+      __s *= __extents_.extent(__i);
+    return __s;
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherExtents>
+    requires(_OtherExtents::rank() == extents_type::rank())
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool
+  operator==(const mapping& __lhs, const mapping<_OtherExtents>& __rhs) noexcept {
+    return __lhs.extents() == __rhs.extents();
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS extents_type __extents_{};
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUT_RIGHT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/layout_stride.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/layout_stride.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..86148ac849eca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/layout_stride.h
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//                        Kokkos v. 4.0
+//       Copyright (2022) National Technology & Engineering
+//               Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS).
+//
+// Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with NTESS,
+// the U.S. Government retains certain rights in this software.
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUT_STRIDE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUT_STRIDE_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/mdspan.h>
+#include <__mdspan/extents.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/as_const.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+namespace __mdspan_detail {
+template <class _Layout, class _Mapping>
+constexpr bool __is_mapping_of =
+    is_same_v<typename _Layout::template mapping<typename _Mapping::extents_type>, _Mapping>;
+
+template <class _Mapping>
+concept __layout_mapping_alike = requires {
+  requires __is_mapping_of<typename _Mapping::layout_type, _Mapping>;
+  requires __is_extents_v<typename _Mapping::extents_type>;
+  { _Mapping::is_always_strided() } -> same_as<bool>;
+  { _Mapping::is_always_exhaustive() } -> same_as<bool>;
+  { _Mapping::is_always_unique() } -> same_as<bool>;
+  bool_constant<_Mapping::is_always_strided()>::value;
+  bool_constant<_Mapping::is_always_exhaustive()>::value;
+  bool_constant<_Mapping::is_always_unique()>::value;
+};
+} // namespace __mdspan_detail
+
+template <class _Extents>
+class layout_stride::mapping {
+public:
+  static_assert(__mdspan_detail::__is_extents<_Extents>::value,
+                "layout_stride::mapping template argument must be a specialization of extents.");
+
+  using extents_type = _Extents;
+  using index_type   = typename extents_type::index_type;
+  using size_type    = typename extents_type::size_type;
+  using rank_type    = typename extents_type::rank_type;
+  using layout_type  = layout_stride;
+
+private:
+  static constexpr rank_type __rank_ = extents_type::rank();
+
+  // Used for default construction check and mandates
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __required_span_size_is_representable(const extents_type& __ext) {
+    if constexpr (__rank_ == 0)
+      return true;
+
+    index_type __prod = __ext.extent(0);
+    for (rank_type __r = 1; __r < __rank_; __r++) {
+      bool __overflowed = __builtin_mul_overflow(__prod, __ext.extent(__r), &__prod);
+      if (__overflowed)
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherIndexType>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool
+  __required_span_size_is_representable(const extents_type& __ext, span<_OtherIndexType, __rank_> __strides) {
+    if constexpr (__rank_ == 0)
+      return true;
+
+    index_type __size = 1;
+    for (rank_type __r = 0; __r < __rank_; __r++) {
+      // We can only check correct conversion of _OtherIndexType if it is an integral
+      if constexpr (is_integral_v<_OtherIndexType>) {
+        using _CommonType = common_type_t<index_type, _OtherIndexType>;
+        if (static_cast<_CommonType>(__strides[__r]) > static_cast<_CommonType>(numeric_limits<index_type>::max()))
+          return false;
+      }
+      if (__ext.extent(__r) == static_cast<index_type>(0))
+        return true;
+      index_type __prod     = (__ext.extent(__r) - 1);
+      bool __overflowed_mul = __builtin_mul_overflow(__prod, static_cast<index_type>(__strides[__r]), &__prod);
+      if (__overflowed_mul)
+        return false;
+      bool __overflowed_add = __builtin_add_overflow(__size, __prod, &__size);
+      if (__overflowed_add)
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // compute offset of a strided layout mapping
+  template <class _StridedMapping>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr index_type __offset(const _StridedMapping& __mapping) {
+    if constexpr (_StridedMapping::extents_type::rank() == 0) {
+      return static_cast<index_type>(__mapping());
+    } else if (__mapping.required_span_size() == static_cast<typename _StridedMapping::index_type>(0)) {
+      return static_cast<index_type>(0);
+    } else {
+      return [&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+        return static_cast<index_type>(__mapping((_Pos ? 0 : 0)...));
+      }(make_index_sequence<__rank_>());
+    }
+  }
+
+  // compute the permutation for sorting the stride array
+  // we never actually sort the stride array
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __bubble_sort_by_strides(array<rank_type, __rank_>& __permute) const {
+    for (rank_type __i = __rank_ - 1; __i > 0; __i--) {
+      for (rank_type __r = 0; __r < __i; __r++) {
+        if (__strides_[__permute[__r]] > __strides_[__permute[__r + 1]]) {
+          swap(__permute[__r], __permute[__r + 1]);
+        } else {
+          // if two strides are the same then one of the associated extents must be 1 or 0
+          // both could be, but you can't have one larger than 1 come first
+          if ((__strides_[__permute[__r]] == __strides_[__permute[__r + 1]]) &&
+              (__extents_.extent(__permute[__r]) > static_cast<index_type>(1)))
+            swap(__permute[__r], __permute[__r + 1]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  static_assert(extents_type::rank_dynamic() > 0 || __required_span_size_is_representable(extents_type()),
+                "layout_stride::mapping product of static extents must be representable as index_type.");
+
+public:
+  // [mdspan.layout.stride.cons], constructors
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping() noexcept : __extents_(extents_type()) {
+    // Note the nominal precondition is covered by above static assert since
+    // if rank_dynamic is != 0 required_span_size is zero for default construction
+    if constexpr (__rank_ > 0) {
+      index_type __stride = 1;
+      for (rank_type __r = __rank_ - 1; __r > static_cast<rank_type>(0); __r--) {
+        __strides_[__r] = __stride;
+        __stride *= __extents_.extent(__r);
+      }
+      __strides_[0] = __stride;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+
+  template <class _OtherIndexType>
+    requires(is_convertible_v<const _OtherIndexType&, index_type> &&
+             is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, const _OtherIndexType&>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping(const extents_type& __ext, span<_OtherIndexType, __rank_> __strides) noexcept
+      : __extents_(__ext), __strides_([&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+          return __mdspan_detail::__possibly_empty_array<index_type, __rank_>{
+              static_cast<index_type>(std::as_const(__strides[_Pos]))...};
+        }(make_index_sequence<__rank_>())) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        ([&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+          // For integrals we can do a pre-conversion check, for other types not
+          if constexpr (is_integral_v<_OtherIndexType>) {
+            return ((__strides[_Pos] > static_cast<_OtherIndexType>(0)) && ... && true);
+          } else {
+            return ((static_cast<index_type>(__strides[_Pos]) > static_cast<index_type>(0)) && ... && true);
+          }
+        }(make_index_sequence<__rank_>())),
+        "layout_stride::mapping ctor: all strides must be greater than 0");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __required_span_size_is_representable(__ext, __strides),
+        "layout_stride::mapping ctor: required span size is not representable as index_type.");
+    if constexpr (__rank_ > 1) {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(
+          ([&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+            // basically sort the dimensions based on strides and extents, sorting is represented in permute array
+            array<rank_type, __rank_> __permute{_Pos...};
+            __bubble_sort_by_strides(__permute);
+
+            // check that this permutations represents a growing set
+            for (rank_type __i = 1; __i < __rank_; __i++)
+              if (static_cast<index_type>(__strides[__permute[__i]]) <
+                  static_cast<index_type>(__strides[__permute[__i - 1]]) * __extents_.extent(__permute[__i - 1]))
+                return false;
+            return true;
+          }(make_index_sequence<__rank_>())),
+          "layout_stride::mapping ctor: the provided extents and strides lead to a non-unique mapping");
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherIndexType>
+    requires(is_convertible_v<const _OtherIndexType&, index_type> &&
+             is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, const _OtherIndexType&>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping(const extents_type& __ext,
+                                          const array<_OtherIndexType, __rank_>& __strides) noexcept
+      : mapping(__ext, span(__strides)) {}
+
+  template <class _StridedLayoutMapping>
+    requires(__mdspan_detail::__layout_mapping_alike<_StridedLayoutMapping> &&
+             is_constructible_v<extents_type, typename _StridedLayoutMapping::extents_type> &&
+             _StridedLayoutMapping::is_always_unique() && _StridedLayoutMapping::is_always_strided())
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(
+      !(is_convertible_v<typename _StridedLayoutMapping::extents_type, extents_type> &&
+        (__mdspan_detail::__is_mapping_of<layout_left, _StridedLayoutMapping> ||
+         __mdspan_detail::__is_mapping_of<layout_right, _StridedLayoutMapping> ||
+         __mdspan_detail::__is_mapping_of<layout_stride, _StridedLayoutMapping>)))
+      mapping(const _StridedLayoutMapping& __other) noexcept
+      : __extents_(__other.extents()), __strides_([&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+          // stride() only compiles for rank > 0
+          if constexpr (__rank_ > 0) {
+            return __mdspan_detail::__possibly_empty_array<index_type, __rank_>{
+                static_cast<index_type>(__other.stride(_Pos))...};
+          } else {
+            return __mdspan_detail::__possibly_empty_array<index_type, 0>{};
+          }
+        }(make_index_sequence<__rank_>())) {
+    // stride() only compiles for rank > 0
+    if constexpr (__rank_ > 0) {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+          ([&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+            return ((static_cast<index_type>(__other.stride(_Pos)) > static_cast<index_type>(0)) && ... && true);
+          }(make_index_sequence<__rank_>())),
+          "layout_stride::mapping converting ctor: all strides must be greater than 0");
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __mdspan_detail::__is_representable_as<index_type>(__other.required_span_size()),
+        "layout_stride::mapping converting ctor: other.required_span_size() must be representable as index_type.");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(static_cast<index_type>(0) == __offset(__other),
+                                        "layout_stride::mapping converting ctor: base offset of mapping must be zero.");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mapping& operator=(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+
+  // [mdspan.layout.stride.obs], observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const extents_type& extents() const noexcept { return __extents_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr array<index_type, __rank_> strides() const noexcept {
+    return [&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+      return array<index_type, __rank_>{__strides_[_Pos]...};
+    }(make_index_sequence<__rank_>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type required_span_size() const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__rank_ == 0) {
+      return static_cast<index_type>(1);
+    } else {
+      return [&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+        if ((__extents_.extent(_Pos) * ... * 1) == 0)
+          return static_cast<index_type>(0);
+        else
+          return static_cast<index_type>(
+              static_cast<index_type>(1) +
+              (((__extents_.extent(_Pos) - static_cast<index_type>(1)) * __strides_[_Pos]) + ... +
+               static_cast<index_type>(0)));
+      }(make_index_sequence<__rank_>());
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Indices>
+    requires((sizeof...(_Indices) == __rank_) && (is_convertible_v<_Indices, index_type> && ...) &&
+             (is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, _Indices> && ...))
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type operator()(_Indices... __idx) const noexcept {
+    // Mappings are generally meant to be used for accessing allocations and are meant to guarantee to never
+    // return a value exceeding required_span_size(), which is used to know how large an allocation one needs
+    // Thus, this is a canonical point in multi-dimensional data structures to make invalid element access checks
+    // However, mdspan does check this on its own, so for now we avoid double checking in hardened mode
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__mdspan_detail::__is_multidimensional_index_in(__extents_, __idx...),
+                                 "layout_stride::mapping: out of bounds indexing");
+    return [&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+      return ((static_cast<index_type>(__idx) * __strides_[_Pos]) + ... + index_type(0));
+    }(make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Indices)>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_exhaustive() noexcept { return false; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+  // The answer of this function is fairly complex in the case where one or more
+  // extents are zero.
+  // Technically it is meaningless to query is_exhaustive() in that case, but unfortunately
+  // the way the standard defines this function, we can't give a simple true or false then.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool is_exhaustive() const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__rank_ == 0)
+      return true;
+    else {
+      index_type __span_size = required_span_size();
+      if (__span_size == static_cast<index_type>(0)) {
+        if constexpr (__rank_ == 1)
+          return __strides_[0] == 1;
+        else {
+          rank_type __r_largest = 0;
+          for (rank_type __r = 1; __r < __rank_; __r++)
+            if (__strides_[__r] > __strides_[__r_largest])
+              __r_largest = __r;
+          for (rank_type __r = 0; __r < __rank_; __r++)
+            if (__extents_.extent(__r) == 0 && __r != __r_largest)
+              return false;
+          return true;
+        }
+      } else {
+        return required_span_size() == [&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+          return (__extents_.extent(_Pos) * ... * static_cast<index_type>(1));
+        }(make_index_sequence<__rank_>());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+  // according to the standard layout_stride does not have a constraint on stride(r) for rank>0
+  // it still has the precondition though
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type stride(rank_type __r) const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__r < __rank_, "layout_stride::mapping::stride(): invalid rank index");
+    return __strides_[__r];
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherMapping>
+    requires(__mdspan_detail::__layout_mapping_alike<_OtherMapping> &&
+             (_OtherMapping::extents_type::rank() == __rank_) && _OtherMapping::is_always_strided())
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const mapping& __lhs, const _OtherMapping& __rhs) noexcept {
+    if (__offset(__rhs))
+      return false;
+    if constexpr (__rank_ == 0)
+      return true;
+    else {
+      return __lhs.extents() == __rhs.extents() && [&]<size_t... _Pos>(index_sequence<_Pos...>) {
+        // avoid warning when comparing signed and unsigner integers and pick the wider of two types
+        using _CommonType = common_type_t<index_type, typename _OtherMapping::index_type>;
+        return ((static_cast<_CommonType>(__lhs.stride(_Pos)) == static_cast<_CommonType>(__rhs.stride(_Pos))) && ... &&
+                true);
+      }(make_index_sequence<__rank_>());
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS extents_type __extents_{};
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __mdspan_detail::__possibly_empty_array<index_type, __rank_> __strides_{};
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_LAYOUT_STRIDE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/mdspan.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/mdspan.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1ff4fd4ba4a829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mdspan/mdspan.h
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//                        Kokkos v. 4.0
+//       Copyright (2022) National Technology & Engineering
+//               Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS).
+//
+// Under the terms of Contract DE-NA0003525 with NTESS,
+// the U.S. Government retains certain rights in this software.
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_MDSPAN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_MDSPAN_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/mdspan.h>
+#include <__mdspan/default_accessor.h>
+#include <__mdspan/extents.h>
+#include <__type_traits/extent.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_abstract.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/rank.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_all_extents.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+#include <span>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+// Helper for lightweight test checking that one did pass a layout policy as LayoutPolicy template argument
+namespace __mdspan_detail {
+template <class _Layout, class _Extents>
+concept __has_invalid_mapping = !requires { typename _Layout::template mapping<_Extents>; };
+} // namespace __mdspan_detail
+
+template <class _ElementType,
+          class _Extents,
+          class _LayoutPolicy   = layout_right,
+          class _AccessorPolicy = default_accessor<_ElementType> >
+class mdspan {
+private:
+  static_assert(__mdspan_detail::__is_extents_v<_Extents>,
+                "mdspan: Extents template parameter must be a specialization of extents.");
+  static_assert(!is_array_v<_ElementType>, "mdspan: ElementType template parameter may not be an array type");
+  static_assert(!is_abstract_v<_ElementType>, "mdspan: ElementType template parameter may not be an abstract class");
+  static_assert(is_same_v<_ElementType, typename _AccessorPolicy::element_type>,
+                "mdspan: ElementType template parameter must match AccessorPolicy::element_type");
+  static_assert(!__mdspan_detail::__has_invalid_mapping<_LayoutPolicy, _Extents>,
+                "mdspan: LayoutPolicy template parameter is invalid. A common mistake is to pass a layout mapping "
+                "instead of a layout policy");
+
+public:
+  using extents_type     = _Extents;
+  using layout_type      = _LayoutPolicy;
+  using accessor_type    = _AccessorPolicy;
+  using mapping_type     = typename layout_type::template mapping<extents_type>;
+  using element_type     = _ElementType;
+  using value_type       = remove_cv_t<element_type>;
+  using index_type       = typename extents_type::index_type;
+  using size_type        = typename extents_type::size_type;
+  using rank_type        = typename extents_type::rank_type;
+  using data_handle_type = typename accessor_type::data_handle_type;
+  using reference        = typename accessor_type::reference;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr rank_type rank() noexcept { return extents_type::rank(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr rank_type rank_dynamic() noexcept { return extents_type::rank_dynamic(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr size_t static_extent(rank_type __r) noexcept {
+    return extents_type::static_extent(__r);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type extent(rank_type __r) const noexcept {
+    return __map_.extents().extent(__r);
+  };
+
+public:
+  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // [mdspan.mdspan.cons], mdspan constructors, assignment, and destructor
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mdspan()
+    requires((extents_type::rank_dynamic() > 0) && is_default_constructible_v<data_handle_type> &&
+             is_default_constructible_v<mapping_type> && is_default_constructible_v<accessor_type>)
+  = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mdspan(const mdspan&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mdspan(mdspan&&)      = default;
+
+  template <class... _OtherIndexTypes>
+    requires((is_convertible_v<_OtherIndexTypes, index_type> && ...) &&
+             (is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, _OtherIndexTypes> && ...) &&
+             ((sizeof...(_OtherIndexTypes) == rank()) || (sizeof...(_OtherIndexTypes) == rank_dynamic())) &&
+             is_constructible_v<mapping_type, extents_type> && is_default_constructible_v<accessor_type>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr mdspan(data_handle_type __p, _OtherIndexTypes... __exts)
+      : __ptr_(std::move(__p)), __map_(extents_type(static_cast<index_type>(std::move(__exts))...)), __acc_{} {}
+
+  template <class _OtherIndexType, size_t _Size>
+    requires(is_convertible_v<const _OtherIndexType&, index_type> &&
+             is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, const _OtherIndexType&> &&
+             ((_Size == rank()) || (_Size == rank_dynamic())) && is_constructible_v<mapping_type, extents_type> &&
+             is_default_constructible_v<accessor_type>)
+  explicit(_Size != rank_dynamic())
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mdspan(data_handle_type __p, const array<_OtherIndexType, _Size>& __exts)
+      : __ptr_(std::move(__p)), __map_(extents_type(__exts)), __acc_{} {}
+
+  template <class _OtherIndexType, size_t _Size>
+    requires(is_convertible_v<const _OtherIndexType&, index_type> &&
+             is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, const _OtherIndexType&> &&
+             ((_Size == rank()) || (_Size == rank_dynamic())) && is_constructible_v<mapping_type, extents_type> &&
+             is_default_constructible_v<accessor_type>)
+  explicit(_Size != rank_dynamic())
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mdspan(data_handle_type __p, span<_OtherIndexType, _Size> __exts)
+      : __ptr_(std::move(__p)), __map_(extents_type(__exts)), __acc_{} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mdspan(data_handle_type __p, const extents_type& __exts)
+    requires(is_default_constructible_v<accessor_type> && is_constructible_v<mapping_type, const extents_type&>)
+      : __ptr_(std::move(__p)), __map_(__exts), __acc_{} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mdspan(data_handle_type __p, const mapping_type& __m)
+    requires(is_default_constructible_v<accessor_type>)
+      : __ptr_(std::move(__p)), __map_(__m), __acc_{} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mdspan(data_handle_type __p, const mapping_type& __m, const accessor_type& __a)
+      : __ptr_(std::move(__p)), __map_(__m), __acc_(__a) {}
+
+  template <class _OtherElementType, class _OtherExtents, class _OtherLayoutPolicy, class _OtherAccessor>
+    requires(is_constructible_v<mapping_type, const typename _OtherLayoutPolicy::template mapping<_OtherExtents>&> &&
+             is_constructible_v<accessor_type, const _OtherAccessor&>)
+  explicit(!is_convertible_v<const typename _OtherLayoutPolicy::template mapping<_OtherExtents>&, mapping_type> ||
+           !is_convertible_v<const _OtherAccessor&, accessor_type>)
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mdspan(
+          const mdspan<_OtherElementType, _OtherExtents, _OtherLayoutPolicy, _OtherAccessor>& __other)
+      : __ptr_(__other.__ptr_), __map_(__other.__map_), __acc_(__other.__acc_) {
+    static_assert(is_constructible_v<data_handle_type, const typename _OtherAccessor::data_handle_type&>,
+                  "mdspan: incompatible data_handle_type for mdspan construction");
+    static_assert(
+        is_constructible_v<extents_type, _OtherExtents>, "mdspan: incompatible extents for mdspan construction");
+
+    // The following precondition is part of the standard, but is unlikely to be triggered.
+    // The extents constructor checks this and the mapping must be storing the extents, since
+    // its extents() function returns a const reference to extents_type.
+    // The only way this can be triggered is if the mapping conversion constructor would for example
+    // always construct its extents() only from the dynamic extents, instead of from the other extents.
+    if constexpr (rank() > 0) {
+      for (size_t __r = 0; __r < rank(); __r++) {
+        // Not catching this could lead to out of bounds errors later
+        // e.g. mdspan<int, dextents<char,1>, non_checking_layout> m =
+        //        mdspan<int, dextents<unsigned, 1>, non_checking_layout>(ptr, 200); leads to an extent of -56 on m
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+            (static_extent(__r) == dynamic_extent) ||
+                (static_cast<index_type>(__other.extent(__r)) == static_cast<index_type>(static_extent(__r))),
+            "mdspan: conversion mismatch of source dynamic extents with static extents");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mdspan& operator=(const mdspan&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr mdspan& operator=(mdspan&&)      = default;
+
+  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // [mdspan.mdspan.members], members
+
+  template <class... _OtherIndexTypes>
+    requires((is_convertible_v<_OtherIndexTypes, index_type> && ...) &&
+             (is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, _OtherIndexTypes> && ...) &&
+             (sizeof...(_OtherIndexTypes) == rank()))
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference operator[](_OtherIndexTypes... __indices) const {
+    // Note the standard layouts would also check this, but user provided ones may not, so we
+    // check the precondition here
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__mdspan_detail::__is_multidimensional_index_in(extents(), __indices...),
+                                        "mdspan: operator[] out of bounds access");
+    return __acc_.access(__ptr_, __map_(static_cast<index_type>(std::move(__indices))...));
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherIndexType>
+    requires(is_convertible_v<const _OtherIndexType&, index_type> &&
+             is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, const _OtherIndexType&>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference operator[](const array< _OtherIndexType, rank()>& __indices) const {
+    return __acc_.access(__ptr_, [&]<size_t... _Idxs>(index_sequence<_Idxs...>) {
+      return __map_(__indices[_Idxs]...);
+    }(make_index_sequence<rank()>()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _OtherIndexType>
+    requires(is_convertible_v<const _OtherIndexType&, index_type> &&
+             is_nothrow_constructible_v<index_type, const _OtherIndexType&>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference operator[](span<_OtherIndexType, rank()> __indices) const {
+    return __acc_.access(__ptr_, [&]<size_t... _Idxs>(index_sequence<_Idxs...>) {
+      return __map_(__indices[_Idxs]...);
+    }(make_index_sequence<rank()>()));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_type size() const noexcept {
+    // Could leave this as only checked in debug mode: semantically size() is never
+    // guaranteed to be related to any accessible range
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(
+        false == ([&]<size_t... _Idxs>(index_sequence<_Idxs...>) {
+          size_type __prod = 1;
+          return (__builtin_mul_overflow(__prod, extent(_Idxs), &__prod) || ... || false);
+        }(make_index_sequence<rank()>())),
+        "mdspan: size() is not representable as size_type");
+    return [&]<size_t... _Idxs>(index_sequence<_Idxs...>) {
+      return ((static_cast<size_type>(__map_.extents().extent(_Idxs))) * ... * size_type(1));
+    }(make_index_sequence<rank()>());
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty() const noexcept {
+    return [&]<size_t... _Idxs>(index_sequence<_Idxs...>) {
+      return (rank() > 0) && ((__map_.extents().extent(_Idxs) == index_type(0)) || ... || false);
+    }(make_index_sequence<rank()>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void swap(mdspan& __x, mdspan& __y) noexcept {
+    swap(__x.__ptr_, __y.__ptr_);
+    swap(__x.__map_, __y.__map_);
+    swap(__x.__acc_, __y.__acc_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const extents_type& extents() const noexcept { return __map_.extents(); };
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const data_handle_type& data_handle() const noexcept { return __ptr_; };
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const mapping_type& mapping() const noexcept { return __map_; };
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const accessor_type& accessor() const noexcept { return __acc_; };
+
+  // per LWG-4021 "mdspan::is_always_meow() should be noexcept"
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_unique() noexcept { return mapping_type::is_always_unique(); };
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_exhaustive() noexcept {
+    return mapping_type::is_always_exhaustive();
+  };
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool is_always_strided() noexcept {
+    return mapping_type::is_always_strided();
+  };
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool is_unique() const { return __map_.is_unique(); };
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool is_exhaustive() const { return __map_.is_exhaustive(); };
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool is_strided() const { return __map_.is_strided(); };
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr index_type stride(rank_type __r) const { return __map_.stride(__r); };
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS data_handle_type __ptr_{};
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS mapping_type __map_{};
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS accessor_type __acc_{};
+
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class mdspan;
+};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+template <class _ElementType, class... _OtherIndexTypes>
+  requires((is_convertible_v<_OtherIndexTypes, size_t> && ...) && (sizeof...(_OtherIndexTypes) > 0))
+explicit mdspan(_ElementType*,
+                _OtherIndexTypes...) -> mdspan<_ElementType, extents<size_t, __maybe_static_ext<_OtherIndexTypes>...>>;
+#  else
+template <class _ElementType, class... _OtherIndexTypes>
+  requires((is_convertible_v<_OtherIndexTypes, size_t> && ...) && (sizeof...(_OtherIndexTypes) > 0))
+explicit mdspan(_ElementType*,
+                _OtherIndexTypes...) -> mdspan<_ElementType, dextents<size_t, sizeof...(_OtherIndexTypes)>>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Pointer>
+  requires(is_pointer_v<remove_reference_t<_Pointer>>)
+mdspan(_Pointer&&) -> mdspan<remove_pointer_t<remove_reference_t<_Pointer>>, extents<size_t>>;
+
+template <class _CArray>
+  requires(is_array_v<_CArray> && (rank_v<_CArray> == 1))
+mdspan(_CArray&) -> mdspan<remove_all_extents_t<_CArray>, extents<size_t, extent_v<_CArray, 0>>>;
+
+template <class _ElementType, class _OtherIndexType, size_t _Size>
+mdspan(_ElementType*, const array<_OtherIndexType, _Size>&) -> mdspan<_ElementType, dextents<size_t, _Size>>;
+
+template <class _ElementType, class _OtherIndexType, size_t _Size>
+mdspan(_ElementType*, span<_OtherIndexType, _Size>) -> mdspan<_ElementType, dextents<size_t, _Size>>;
+
+// This one is necessary because all the constructors take `data_handle_type`s, not
+// `_ElementType*`s, and `data_handle_type` is taken from `accessor_type::data_handle_type`, which
+// seems to throw off automatic deduction guides.
+template <class _ElementType, class _OtherIndexType, size_t... _ExtentsPack>
+mdspan(_ElementType*, const extents<_OtherIndexType, _ExtentsPack...>&)
+    -> mdspan<_ElementType, extents<_OtherIndexType, _ExtentsPack...>>;
+
+template <class _ElementType, class _MappingType>
+mdspan(_ElementType*, const _MappingType&)
+    -> mdspan<_ElementType, typename _MappingType::extents_type, typename _MappingType::layout_type>;
+
+template <class _MappingType, class _AccessorType>
+mdspan(const typename _AccessorType::data_handle_type, const _MappingType&, const _AccessorType&)
+    -> mdspan<typename _AccessorType::element_type,
+              typename _MappingType::extents_type,
+              typename _MappingType::layout_type,
+              _AccessorType>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MDSPAN_MDSPAN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/addressof.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/addressof.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fa590212c49b96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/addressof.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ADDRESSOF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ADDRESSOF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _LIBCPP_NO_CFI _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* addressof(_Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_addressof(__x);
+}
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC) && !defined(_LIBCPP_PREDEFINED_OBJC_ARC_ADDRESSOF)
+// Objective-C++ Automatic Reference Counting uses qualified pointers
+// that require special addressof() signatures. When
+// _LIBCPP_PREDEFINED_OBJC_ARC_ADDRESSOF is defined, the compiler
+// itself is providing these definitions. Otherwise, we provide them.
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __strong _Tp* addressof(__strong _Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return &__x;
+}
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC_WEAK
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __weak _Tp* addressof(__weak _Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return &__x;
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __autoreleasing _Tp* addressof(__autoreleasing _Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return &__x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __unsafe_unretained _Tp* addressof(__unsafe_unretained _Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return &__x;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+template <class _Tp>
+_Tp* addressof(const _Tp&&) noexcept = delete;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ADDRESSOF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/align.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/align.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bbb995f4a8c8ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/align.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALIGN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALIGN_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void* align(size_t __align, size_t __sz, void*& __ptr, size_t& __space);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALIGN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/aligned_alloc.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/aligned_alloc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cb424328bcafc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/aligned_alloc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALIGNED_ALLOC_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALIGNED_ALLOC_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION
+
+// Low-level helpers to call the aligned allocation and deallocation functions
+// on the target platform. This is used to implement libc++'s own memory
+// allocation routines -- if you need to allocate memory inside the library,
+// chances are that you want to use `__libcpp_allocate` instead.
+//
+// Returns the allocated memory, or `nullptr` on failure.
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* __libcpp_aligned_alloc(std::size_t __alignment, std::size_t __size) {
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT_LIKE)
+  return ::_aligned_malloc(__size, __alignment);
+#  elif _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_C11_ALIGNED_ALLOC)
+  // aligned_alloc() requires that __size is a multiple of __alignment,
+  // but for C++ [new.delete.general], only states "if the value of an
+  // alignment argument passed to any of these functions is not a valid
+  // alignment value, the behavior is undefined".
+  // To handle calls such as ::operator new(1, std::align_val_t(128)), we
+  // round __size up to the next multiple of __alignment.
+  size_t __rounded_size = (__size + __alignment - 1) & ~(__alignment - 1);
+  // Rounding up could have wrapped around to zero, so we have to add another
+  // max() ternary to the actual call site to avoid succeeded in that case.
+  return ::aligned_alloc(__alignment, __size > __rounded_size ? __size : __rounded_size);
+#  else
+  void* __result = nullptr;
+  (void)::posix_memalign(&__result, __alignment, __size);
+  // If posix_memalign fails, __result is unmodified so we still return `nullptr`.
+  return __result;
+#  endif
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __libcpp_aligned_free(void* __ptr) {
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT_LIKE)
+  ::_aligned_free(__ptr);
+#  else
+  ::free(__ptr);
+#  endif
+}
+
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALIGNED_ALLOC_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocate_at_least.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocate_at_least.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..df73d9a2e94aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocate_at_least.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATE_AT_LEAST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATE_AT_LEAST_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __allocate_at_least(_Alloc& __alloc, size_t __n) {
+  return std::allocator_traits<_Alloc>::allocate_at_least(__alloc, __n);
+}
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Pointer>
+struct __allocation_result {
+  _Pointer ptr;
+  size_t count;
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __allocation_result<typename allocator_traits<_Alloc>::pointer>
+__allocate_at_least(_Alloc& __alloc, size_t __n) {
+  return {__alloc.allocate(__n), __n};
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATE_AT_LEAST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocation_guard.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocation_guard.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cb870af7be6760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocation_guard.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATION_GUARD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATION_GUARD_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Helper class to allocate memory using an Allocator in an exception safe
+// manner.
+//
+// The intended usage of this class is as follows:
+//
+// 0
+// 1     __allocation_guard<SomeAllocator> guard(alloc, 10);
+// 2     do_some_initialization_that_may_throw(guard.__get());
+// 3     save_allocated_pointer_in_a_noexcept_operation(guard.__release_ptr());
+// 4
+//
+// If line (2) throws an exception during initialization of the memory, the
+// guard's destructor will be called, and the memory will be released using
+// Allocator deallocation. Otherwise, we release the memory from the guard on
+// line (3) in an operation that can't throw -- after that, the guard is not
+// responsible for the memory anymore.
+//
+// This is similar to a unique_ptr, except it's easier to use with a
+// custom allocator.
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __allocation_guard {
+  using _Pointer = typename allocator_traits<_Alloc>::pointer;
+  using _Size    = typename allocator_traits<_Alloc>::size_type;
+
+  template <class _AllocT> // we perform the allocator conversion inside the constructor
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __allocation_guard(_AllocT __alloc, _Size __n)
+      : __alloc_(std::move(__alloc)),
+        __n_(__n),
+        __ptr_(allocator_traits<_Alloc>::allocate(__alloc_, __n_)) // initialization order is important
+  {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__allocation_guard() _NOEXCEPT { __destroy(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __allocation_guard(const __allocation_guard&) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __allocation_guard(__allocation_guard&& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __alloc_(std::move(__other.__alloc_)),
+        __n_(__other.__n_),
+        __ptr_(__other.__ptr_) {
+    __other.__ptr_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __allocation_guard& operator=(const __allocation_guard& __other) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __allocation_guard& operator=(__allocation_guard&& __other) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (std::addressof(__other) != this) {
+      __destroy();
+
+      __alloc_       = std::move(__other.__alloc_);
+      __n_           = __other.__n_;
+      __ptr_         = __other.__ptr_;
+      __other.__ptr_ = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Pointer
+  __release_ptr() _NOEXCEPT { // not called __release() because it's a keyword in objective-c++
+    _Pointer __tmp = __ptr_;
+    __ptr_         = nullptr;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Pointer __get() const _NOEXCEPT { return __ptr_; }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __destroy() _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__ptr_ != nullptr) {
+      allocator_traits<_Alloc>::deallocate(__alloc_, __ptr_, __n_);
+    }
+  }
+
+  _Alloc __alloc_;
+  _Size __n_;
+  _Pointer __ptr_;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATION_GUARD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2d8624e771bce0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocate_at_least.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_volatile.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class allocator;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+// These specializations shouldn't be marked _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17.
+// Specializing allocator<void> is deprecated, but not using it.
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS allocator<void> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef void* pointer;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef const void* const_pointer;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef void value_type;
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  struct _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 rebind {
+    typedef allocator<_Up> other;
+  };
+};
+
+// TODO(LLVM 20): Remove the escape hatch
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ENABLE_REMOVED_ALLOCATOR_CONST
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS allocator<const void> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef const void* pointer;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef const void* const_pointer;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef const void value_type;
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  struct _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 rebind {
+    typedef allocator<_Up> other;
+  };
+};
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_ENABLE_REMOVED_ALLOCATOR_CONST
+#endif   // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+// This class provides a non-trivial default constructor to the class that derives from it
+// if the condition is satisfied.
+//
+// The second template parameter exists to allow giving a unique type to __non_trivial_if,
+// which makes it possible to avoid breaking the ABI when making this a base class of an
+// existing class. Without that, imagine we have classes D1 and D2, both of which used to
+// have no base classes, but which now derive from __non_trivial_if. The layout of a class
+// that inherits from both D1 and D2 will change because the two __non_trivial_if base
+// classes are not allowed to share the same address.
+//
+// By making those __non_trivial_if base classes unique, we work around this problem and
+// it is safe to start deriving from __non_trivial_if in existing classes.
+template <bool _Cond, class _Unique>
+struct __non_trivial_if {};
+
+template <class _Unique>
+struct __non_trivial_if<true, _Unique> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __non_trivial_if() _NOEXCEPT {}
+};
+
+// allocator
+//
+// Note: For ABI compatibility between C++20 and previous standards, we make
+//       allocator<void> trivial in C++20.
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS allocator : private __non_trivial_if<!is_void<_Tp>::value, allocator<_Tp> > {
+  static_assert(!is_const<_Tp>::value, "std::allocator does not support const types");
+  static_assert(!is_volatile<_Tp>::value, "std::allocator does not support volatile types");
+
+public:
+  typedef size_t size_type;
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef true_type propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 23 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_ALLOCATOR_MEMBERS)
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 typedef true_type is_always_equal;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 allocator() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 allocator(const allocator<_Up>&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp* allocate(size_t __n) {
+    if (__n > allocator_traits<allocator>::max_size(*this))
+      __throw_bad_array_new_length();
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      return static_cast<_Tp*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(_Tp)));
+    } else {
+      return static_cast<_Tp*>(std::__libcpp_allocate(__n * sizeof(_Tp), _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp)));
+    }
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr allocation_result<_Tp*> allocate_at_least(size_t __n) {
+    return {allocate(__n), __n};
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void deallocate(_Tp* __p, size_t __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      ::operator delete(__p);
+    } else {
+      std::__libcpp_deallocate((void*)__p, __n * sizeof(_Tp), _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // C++20 Removed members
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef _Tp* pointer;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef const _Tp* const_pointer;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef _Tp& reference;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef const _Tp& const_reference;
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  struct _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 rebind {
+    typedef allocator<_Up> other;
+  };
+
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer address(reference __x) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::addressof(__x);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_pointer address(const_reference __x) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::addressof(__x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _Tp* allocate(size_t __n, const void*) {
+    return allocate(__n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return size_type(~0) / sizeof(_Tp);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(_Up* __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    ::new ((void*)__p) _Up(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void destroy(pointer __p) { __p->~_Tp(); }
+#endif
+};
+
+// TODO(LLVM 20): Remove the escape hatch
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ENABLE_REMOVED_ALLOCATOR_CONST
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS allocator<const _Tp>
+    : private __non_trivial_if<!is_void<_Tp>::value, allocator<const _Tp> > {
+  static_assert(!is_volatile<_Tp>::value, "std::allocator does not support volatile types");
+
+public:
+  typedef size_t size_type;
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef const _Tp value_type;
+  typedef true_type propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 23 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_ALLOCATOR_MEMBERS)
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 typedef true_type is_always_equal;
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 allocator() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 allocator(const allocator<_Up>&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const _Tp* allocate(size_t __n) {
+    if (__n > allocator_traits<allocator>::max_size(*this))
+      __throw_bad_array_new_length();
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      return static_cast<const _Tp*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(_Tp)));
+    } else {
+      return static_cast<const _Tp*>(std::__libcpp_allocate(__n * sizeof(_Tp), _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp)));
+    }
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr allocation_result<const _Tp*> allocate_at_least(size_t __n) {
+    return {allocate(__n), __n};
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void deallocate(const _Tp* __p, size_t __n) {
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      ::operator delete(const_cast<_Tp*>(__p));
+    } else {
+      std::__libcpp_deallocate((void*)const_cast<_Tp*>(__p), __n * sizeof(_Tp), _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // C++20 Removed members
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef const _Tp* pointer;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef const _Tp* const_pointer;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef const _Tp& reference;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef const _Tp& const_reference;
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  struct _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 rebind {
+    typedef allocator<_Up> other;
+  };
+
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_pointer address(const_reference __x) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::addressof(__x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 const _Tp* allocate(size_t __n, const void*) {
+    return allocate(__n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return size_type(~0) / sizeof(_Tp);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(_Up* __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    ::new ((void*)__p) _Up(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void destroy(pointer __p) { __p->~_Tp(); }
+#  endif
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ENABLE_REMOVED_ALLOCATOR_CONST
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+operator==(const allocator<_Tp>&, const allocator<_Up>&) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return true;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const allocator<_Tp>&, const allocator<_Up>&) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return false;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator_arg_t.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator_arg_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7e66da740cd4fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator_arg_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_ALLOCATOR_ARG_T_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_ALLOCATOR_ARG_T_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/uses_allocator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS allocator_arg_t {
+  explicit allocator_arg_t() = default;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+inline constexpr allocator_arg_t allocator_arg = allocator_arg_t();
+#elif !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+constexpr allocator_arg_t allocator_arg = allocator_arg_t();
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+// allocator construction
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, class... _Args>
+struct __uses_alloc_ctor_imp {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __remove_cvref_t<_Alloc> _RawAlloc;
+  static const bool __ua = uses_allocator<_Tp, _RawAlloc>::value;
+  static const bool __ic = is_constructible<_Tp, allocator_arg_t, _Alloc, _Args...>::value;
+  static const int value = __ua ? 2 - __ic : 0;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, class... _Args>
+struct __uses_alloc_ctor : integral_constant<int, __uses_alloc_ctor_imp<_Tp, _Alloc, _Args...>::value> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__user_alloc_construct_impl(integral_constant<int, 0>, _Tp* __storage, const _Allocator&, _Args&&... __args) {
+  new (__storage) _Tp(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+// FIXME: This should have a version which takes a non-const alloc.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__user_alloc_construct_impl(integral_constant<int, 1>, _Tp* __storage, const _Allocator& __a, _Args&&... __args) {
+  new (__storage) _Tp(allocator_arg, __a, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+// FIXME: This should have a version which takes a non-const alloc.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__user_alloc_construct_impl(integral_constant<int, 2>, _Tp* __storage, const _Allocator& __a, _Args&&... __args) {
+  new (__storage) _Tp(std::forward<_Args>(__args)..., __a);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FUNCTIONAL_ALLOCATOR_ARG_T_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator_destructor.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator_destructor.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ed3d8918f5fe3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator_destructor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATOR_DESTRUCTOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATOR_DESTRUCTOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __allocator_destructor {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+
+public:
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+
+private:
+  _Alloc& __alloc_;
+  size_type __s_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __allocator_destructor(_Alloc& __a, size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT : __alloc_(__a), __s_(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT { __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc_, __p, __s_); }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATOR_DESTRUCTOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator_traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator_traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c5fcc89327b8f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/allocator_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_empty.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#define _LIBCPP_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(NAME, PROPERTY)                                                               \
+  template <class _Tp, class = void>                                                                                   \
+  struct NAME : false_type {};                                                                                         \
+  template <class _Tp>                                                                                                 \
+  struct NAME<_Tp, __void_t<typename _Tp::PROPERTY > > : true_type {}
+
+// __pointer
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Alloc,
+          class _RawAlloc = __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Alloc>,
+          bool            = __has_pointer<_RawAlloc>::value>
+struct __pointer {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _RawAlloc::pointer;
+};
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, class _RawAlloc>
+struct __pointer<_Tp, _Alloc, _RawAlloc, false> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = _Tp*;
+};
+
+// __const_pointer
+_LIBCPP_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(__has_const_pointer, const_pointer);
+template <class _Tp, class _Ptr, class _Alloc, bool = __has_const_pointer<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __const_pointer {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Alloc::const_pointer;
+};
+template <class _Tp, class _Ptr, class _Alloc>
+struct __const_pointer<_Tp, _Ptr, _Alloc, false> {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  using type = typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<const _Tp>::other;
+#else
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<const _Tp>;
+#endif
+};
+
+// __void_pointer
+_LIBCPP_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(__has_void_pointer, void_pointer);
+template <class _Ptr, class _Alloc, bool = __has_void_pointer<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __void_pointer {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Alloc::void_pointer;
+};
+template <class _Ptr, class _Alloc>
+struct __void_pointer<_Ptr, _Alloc, false> {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<void>::other;
+#else
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<void>;
+#endif
+};
+
+// __const_void_pointer
+_LIBCPP_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(__has_const_void_pointer, const_void_pointer);
+template <class _Ptr, class _Alloc, bool = __has_const_void_pointer<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __const_void_pointer {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Alloc::const_void_pointer;
+};
+template <class _Ptr, class _Alloc>
+struct __const_void_pointer<_Ptr, _Alloc, false> {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<const void>::other;
+#else
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::template rebind<const void>;
+#endif
+};
+
+// __size_type
+_LIBCPP_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(__has_size_type, size_type);
+template <class _Alloc, class _DiffType, bool = __has_size_type<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __size_type : make_unsigned<_DiffType> {};
+template <class _Alloc, class _DiffType>
+struct __size_type<_Alloc, _DiffType, true> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Alloc::size_type;
+};
+
+// __alloc_traits_
diff erence_type
+_LIBCPP_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(__has_alloc_traits_
diff erence_type, 
diff erence_type);
+template <class _Alloc, class _Ptr, bool = __has_alloc_traits_
diff erence_type<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __alloc_traits_
diff erence_type {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename pointer_traits<_Ptr>::
diff erence_type;
+};
+template <class _Alloc, class _Ptr>
+struct __alloc_traits_
diff erence_type<_Alloc, _Ptr, true> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Alloc::
diff erence_type;
+};
+
+// __propagate_on_container_copy_assignment
+_LIBCPP_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(__has_propagate_on_container_copy_assignment, propagate_on_container_copy_assignment);
+template <class _Alloc, bool = __has_propagate_on_container_copy_assignment<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __propagate_on_container_copy_assignment : false_type {};
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __propagate_on_container_copy_assignment<_Alloc, true> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Alloc::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment;
+};
+
+// __propagate_on_container_move_assignment
+_LIBCPP_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(__has_propagate_on_container_move_assignment, propagate_on_container_move_assignment);
+template <class _Alloc, bool = __has_propagate_on_container_move_assignment<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __propagate_on_container_move_assignment : false_type {};
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __propagate_on_container_move_assignment<_Alloc, true> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Alloc::propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+};
+
+// __propagate_on_container_swap
+_LIBCPP_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(__has_propagate_on_container_swap, propagate_on_container_swap);
+template <class _Alloc, bool = __has_propagate_on_container_swap<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __propagate_on_container_swap : false_type {};
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __propagate_on_container_swap<_Alloc, true> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Alloc::propagate_on_container_swap;
+};
+
+// __is_always_equal
+_LIBCPP_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(__has_is_always_equal, is_always_equal);
+template <class _Alloc, bool = __has_is_always_equal<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __is_always_equal : is_empty<_Alloc> {};
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __is_always_equal<_Alloc, true> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Alloc::is_always_equal;
+};
+
+// __allocator_traits_rebind
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class = void>
+struct __has_rebind_other : false_type {};
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __has_rebind_other<_Tp, _Up, __void_t<typename _Tp::template rebind<_Up>::other> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_rebind_other<_Tp, _Up>::value>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind {
+  static_assert(__has_rebind_other<_Tp, _Up>::value, "This allocator has to implement rebind");
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Tp::template rebind<_Up>::other;
+};
+template <template <class, class...> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class... _Args, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp, _Args...>, _Up, true> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Alloc<_Tp, _Args...>::template rebind<_Up>::other;
+};
+template <template <class, class...> class _Alloc, class _Tp, class... _Args, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc<_Tp, _Args...>, _Up, false> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = _Alloc<_Up, _Args...>;
+};
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Tp>
+using __allocator_traits_rebind_t = typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, _Tp>::type;
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+
+// __has_allocate_hint
+template <class _Alloc, class _SizeType, class _ConstVoidPtr, class = void>
+struct __has_allocate_hint : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _SizeType, class _ConstVoidPtr>
+struct __has_allocate_hint<
+    _Alloc,
+    _SizeType,
+    _ConstVoidPtr,
+    decltype((void)std::declval<_Alloc>().allocate(std::declval<_SizeType>(), std::declval<_ConstVoidPtr>()))>
+    : true_type {};
+
+// __has_construct
+template <class, class _Alloc, class... _Args>
+struct __has_construct_impl : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Alloc, class... _Args>
+struct __has_construct_impl<decltype((void)std::declval<_Alloc>().construct(std::declval<_Args>()...)),
+                            _Alloc,
+                            _Args...> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Alloc, class... _Args>
+struct __has_construct : __has_construct_impl<void, _Alloc, _Args...> {};
+
+// __has_destroy
+template <class _Alloc, class _Pointer, class = void>
+struct __has_destroy : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Pointer>
+struct __has_destroy<_Alloc, _Pointer, decltype((void)std::declval<_Alloc>().destroy(std::declval<_Pointer>()))>
+    : true_type {};
+
+// __has_max_size
+template <class _Alloc, class = void>
+struct __has_max_size : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __has_max_size<_Alloc, decltype((void)std::declval<_Alloc&>().max_size())> : true_type {};
+
+// __has_select_on_container_copy_construction
+template <class _Alloc, class = void>
+struct __has_select_on_container_copy_construction : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __has_select_on_container_copy_construction<
+    _Alloc,
+    decltype((void)std::declval<_Alloc>().select_on_container_copy_construction())> : true_type {};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Pointer, class _SizeType = size_t>
+struct allocation_result {
+  _Pointer ptr;
+  _SizeType count;
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(allocation_result);
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS allocator_traits {
+  using allocator_type     = _Alloc;
+  using value_type         = typename allocator_type::value_type;
+  using pointer            = typename __pointer<value_type, allocator_type>::type;
+  using const_pointer      = typename __const_pointer<value_type, pointer, allocator_type>::type;
+  using void_pointer       = typename __void_pointer<pointer, allocator_type>::type;
+  using const_void_pointer = typename __const_void_pointer<pointer, allocator_type>::type;
+  using 
diff erence_type    = typename __alloc_traits_
diff erence_type<allocator_type, pointer>::type;
+  using size_type          = typename __size_type<allocator_type, 
diff erence_type>::type;
+  using propagate_on_container_copy_assignment =
+      typename __propagate_on_container_copy_assignment<allocator_type>::type;
+  using propagate_on_container_move_assignment =
+      typename __propagate_on_container_move_assignment<allocator_type>::type;
+  using propagate_on_container_swap = typename __propagate_on_container_swap<allocator_type>::type;
+  using is_always_equal             = typename __is_always_equal<allocator_type>::type;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Tp>
+  using rebind_alloc = __allocator_traits_rebind_t<allocator_type, _Tp>;
+  template <class _Tp>
+  using rebind_traits = allocator_traits<rebind_alloc<_Tp> >;
+#else  // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Tp>
+  struct rebind_alloc {
+    using other = __allocator_traits_rebind_t<allocator_type, _Tp>;
+  };
+  template <class _Tp>
+  struct rebind_traits {
+    using other = allocator_traits<typename rebind_alloc<_Tp>::other>;
+  };
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static pointer
+  allocate(allocator_type& __a, size_type __n) {
+    return __a.allocate(__n);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Ap = _Alloc, __enable_if_t<__has_allocate_hint<_Ap, size_type, const_void_pointer>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static pointer
+  allocate(allocator_type& __a, size_type __n, const_void_pointer __hint) {
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+    return __a.allocate(__n, __hint);
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  }
+  template <class _Ap                                                                           = _Alloc,
+            class                                                                               = void,
+            __enable_if_t<!__has_allocate_hint<_Ap, size_type, const_void_pointer>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static pointer
+  allocate(allocator_type& __a, size_type __n, const_void_pointer) {
+    return __a.allocate(__n);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _Ap = _Alloc>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr allocation_result<pointer, size_type>
+  allocate_at_least(_Ap& __alloc, size_type __n) {
+    if constexpr (requires { __alloc.allocate_at_least(__n); }) {
+      return __alloc.allocate_at_least(__n);
+    } else {
+      return {__alloc.allocate(__n), __n};
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static void
+  deallocate(allocator_type& __a, pointer __p, size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __a.deallocate(__p, __n);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class... _Args, __enable_if_t<__has_construct<allocator_type, _Tp*, _Args...>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static void
+  construct(allocator_type& __a, _Tp* __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+    __a.construct(__p, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  }
+  template <class _Tp,
+            class... _Args,
+            class                                                                       = void,
+            __enable_if_t<!__has_construct<allocator_type, _Tp*, _Args...>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static void
+  construct(allocator_type&, _Tp* __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    std::__construct_at(__p, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__has_destroy<allocator_type, _Tp*>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static void destroy(allocator_type& __a, _Tp* __p) {
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+    __a.destroy(__p);
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  }
+  template <class _Tp, class = void, __enable_if_t<!__has_destroy<allocator_type, _Tp*>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static void destroy(allocator_type&, _Tp* __p) {
+    std::__destroy_at(__p);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Ap = _Alloc, __enable_if_t<__has_max_size<const _Ap>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static size_type max_size(const allocator_type& __a) _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+    return __a.max_size();
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  }
+  template <class _Ap = _Alloc, class = void, __enable_if_t<!__has_max_size<const _Ap>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static size_type max_size(const allocator_type&) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return numeric_limits<size_type>::max() / sizeof(value_type);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Ap = _Alloc, __enable_if_t<__has_select_on_container_copy_construction<const _Ap>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static allocator_type
+  select_on_container_copy_construction(const allocator_type& __a) {
+    return __a.select_on_container_copy_construction();
+  }
+  template <class _Ap                                                                          = _Alloc,
+            class                                                                              = void,
+            __enable_if_t<!__has_select_on_container_copy_construction<const _Ap>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static allocator_type
+  select_on_container_copy_construction(const allocator_type& __a) {
+    return __a;
+  }
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Traits, class _Tp>
+using __rebind_alloc _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _Traits::template rebind_alloc<_Tp>;
+#else
+template <class _Traits, class _Tp>
+using __rebind_alloc = typename _Traits::template rebind_alloc<_Tp>::other;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __check_valid_allocator : true_type {
+  using _Traits = std::allocator_traits<_Alloc>;
+  static_assert(is_same<_Alloc, __rebind_alloc<_Traits, typename _Traits::value_type> >::value,
+                "[allocator.requirements] states that rebinding an allocator to the same type should result in the "
+                "original allocator");
+};
+
+// __is_default_allocator
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_default_allocator : false_type {};
+
+template <class>
+class allocator;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_default_allocator<allocator<_Tp> > : true_type {};
+
+// __is_cpp17_move_insertable
+template <class _Alloc, class = void>
+struct __is_cpp17_move_insertable : is_move_constructible<typename _Alloc::value_type> {};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __is_cpp17_move_insertable<
+    _Alloc,
+    __enable_if_t< !__is_default_allocator<_Alloc>::value &&
+                   __has_construct<_Alloc, typename _Alloc::value_type*, typename _Alloc::value_type&&>::value > >
+    : true_type {};
+
+// __is_cpp17_copy_insertable
+template <class _Alloc, class = void>
+struct __is_cpp17_copy_insertable
+    : integral_constant<bool,
+                        is_copy_constructible<typename _Alloc::value_type>::value &&
+                            __is_cpp17_move_insertable<_Alloc>::value > {};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __is_cpp17_copy_insertable<
+    _Alloc,
+    __enable_if_t< !__is_default_allocator<_Alloc>::value &&
+                   __has_construct<_Alloc, typename _Alloc::value_type*, const typename _Alloc::value_type&>::value > >
+    : __is_cpp17_move_insertable<_Alloc> {};
+
+#undef _LIBCPP_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_HAS_XXX
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/assume_aligned.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/assume_aligned.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..526eb3334f958c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/assume_aligned.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ASSUME_ALIGNED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ASSUME_ALIGNED_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <size_t _Np, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp* __assume_aligned(_Tp* __ptr) {
+  static_assert(_Np != 0 && (_Np & (_Np - 1)) == 0, "std::assume_aligned<N>(p) requires N to be a power of two");
+
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    (void)__builtin_assume_aligned(__ptr, _Np);
+    return __ptr;
+  } else {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(__ptr) % _Np == 0, "Alignment assumption is violated");
+    return static_cast<_Tp*>(__builtin_assume_aligned(__ptr, _Np));
+  }
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <size_t _Np, class _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* assume_aligned(_Tp* __ptr) {
+  return std::__assume_aligned<_Np>(__ptr);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_ASSUME_ALIGNED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/auto_ptr.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/auto_ptr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..752143616bb20b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/auto_ptr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_AUTO_PTR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_AUTO_PTR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_AUTO_PTR)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 auto_ptr_ref {
+  _Tp* __ptr_;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 auto_ptr {
+private:
+  _Tp* __ptr_;
+
+public:
+  typedef _Tp element_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit auto_ptr(_Tp* __p = 0) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto_ptr(auto_ptr& __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p.release()) {}
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto_ptr(auto_ptr<_Up>& __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p.release()) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    reset(__p.release());
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr<_Up>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    reset(__p.release());
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr_ref<_Tp> __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    reset(__p.__ptr_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~auto_ptr() _NOEXCEPT { delete __ptr_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& operator*() const _NOEXCEPT { return *__ptr_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator->() const _NOEXCEPT { return __ptr_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* get() const _NOEXCEPT { return __ptr_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* release() _NOEXCEPT {
+    _Tp* __t = __ptr_;
+    __ptr_   = nullptr;
+    return __t;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset(_Tp* __p = 0) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__ptr_ != __p)
+      delete __ptr_;
+    __ptr_ = __p;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto_ptr(auto_ptr_ref<_Tp> __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p.__ptr_) {}
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator auto_ptr_ref<_Up>() _NOEXCEPT {
+    auto_ptr_ref<_Up> __t;
+    __t.__ptr_ = release();
+    return __t;
+  }
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator auto_ptr<_Up>() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return auto_ptr<_Up>(release());
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX11 auto_ptr<void> {
+public:
+  typedef void element_type;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_AUTO_PTR)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_AUTO_PTR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/builtin_new_allocator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/builtin_new_allocator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c6f7f3c5ff52a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/builtin_new_allocator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_BUILTIN_NEW_ALLOCATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_BUILTIN_NEW_ALLOCATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// __builtin_new_allocator -- A non-templated helper for allocating and
+// deallocating memory using __builtin_operator_new and
+// __builtin_operator_delete. It should be used in preference to
+// `std::allocator<T>` to avoid additional instantiations.
+struct __builtin_new_allocator {
+  struct __builtin_new_deleter {
+    typedef void* pointer_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __builtin_new_deleter(size_t __size, size_t __align)
+        : __size_(__size), __align_(__align) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(void* __p) const _NOEXCEPT {
+      std::__libcpp_deallocate(__p, __size_, __align_);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    size_t __size_;
+    size_t __align_;
+  };
+
+  typedef unique_ptr<void, __builtin_new_deleter> __holder_t;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __holder_t __allocate_bytes(size_t __s, size_t __align) {
+    return __holder_t(std::__libcpp_allocate(__s, __align), __builtin_new_deleter(__s, __align));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __deallocate_bytes(void* __p, size_t __s, size_t __align) _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__libcpp_deallocate(__p, __s, __align);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __holder_t __allocate_type(size_t __n) {
+    return __allocate_bytes(__n * sizeof(_Tp), _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void
+  __deallocate_type(void* __p, size_t __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __deallocate_bytes(__p, __n * sizeof(_Tp), _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp));
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_BUILTIN_NEW_ALLOCATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/compressed_pair.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/compressed_pair.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..40e5cfc35fb040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/compressed_pair.h
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_COMPRESSED_PAIR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_COMPRESSED_PAIR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/tuple.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_indices.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/dependent_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_empty.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_final.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/piecewise_construct.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Tag used to default initialize one or both of the pair's elements.
+struct __default_init_tag {};
+struct __value_init_tag {};
+
+template <class _Tp, int _Idx, bool _CanBeEmptyBase = is_empty<_Tp>::value && !__libcpp_is_final<_Tp>::value>
+struct __compressed_pair_elem {
+  using _ParamT         = _Tp;
+  using reference       = _Tp&;
+  using const_reference = const _Tp&;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __compressed_pair_elem(__default_init_tag) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __compressed_pair_elem(__value_init_tag) : __value_() {}
+
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__compressed_pair_elem, __decay_t<_Up> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __compressed_pair_elem(_Up&& __u)
+      : __value_(std::forward<_Up>(__u)) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class... _Args, size_t... _Indices>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 explicit __compressed_pair_elem(
+      piecewise_construct_t, tuple<_Args...> __args, __tuple_indices<_Indices...>)
+      : __value_(std::forward<_Args>(std::get<_Indices>(__args))...) {}
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 reference __get() _NOEXCEPT { return __value_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const_reference __get() const _NOEXCEPT { return __value_; }
+
+private:
+  _Tp __value_;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, int _Idx>
+struct __compressed_pair_elem<_Tp, _Idx, true> : private _Tp {
+  using _ParamT         = _Tp;
+  using reference       = _Tp&;
+  using const_reference = const _Tp&;
+  using __value_type    = _Tp;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __compressed_pair_elem() = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __compressed_pair_elem(__default_init_tag) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __compressed_pair_elem(__value_init_tag) : __value_type() {}
+
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__compressed_pair_elem, __decay_t<_Up> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __compressed_pair_elem(_Up&& __u)
+      : __value_type(std::forward<_Up>(__u)) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class... _Args, size_t... _Indices>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17
+  __compressed_pair_elem(piecewise_construct_t, tuple<_Args...> __args, __tuple_indices<_Indices...>)
+      : __value_type(std::forward<_Args>(std::get<_Indices>(__args))...) {}
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 reference __get() _NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const_reference __get() const _NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+class __compressed_pair : private __compressed_pair_elem<_T1, 0>, private __compressed_pair_elem<_T2, 1> {
+public:
+  // NOTE: This static assert should never fire because __compressed_pair
+  // is *almost never* used in a scenario where it's possible for T1 == T2.
+  // (The exception is std::function where it is possible that the function
+  //  object and the allocator have the same type).
+  static_assert(
+      (!is_same<_T1, _T2>::value),
+      "__compressed_pair cannot be instantiated when T1 and T2 are the same type; "
+      "The current implementation is NOT ABI-compatible with the previous implementation for this configuration");
+
+  using _Base1 _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __compressed_pair_elem<_T1, 0>;
+  using _Base2 _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __compressed_pair_elem<_T2, 1>;
+
+  template <bool _Dummy         = true,
+            __enable_if_t< __dependent_type<is_default_constructible<_T1>, _Dummy>::value &&
+                               __dependent_type<is_default_constructible<_T2>, _Dummy>::value,
+                           int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __compressed_pair()
+      : _Base1(__value_init_tag()), _Base2(__value_init_tag()) {}
+
+  template <class _U1, class _U2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __compressed_pair(_U1&& __t1, _U2&& __t2)
+      : _Base1(std::forward<_U1>(__t1)), _Base2(std::forward<_U2>(__t2)) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class... _Args1, class... _Args2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 explicit __compressed_pair(
+      piecewise_construct_t __pc, tuple<_Args1...> __first_args, tuple<_Args2...> __second_args)
+      : _Base1(__pc, std::move(__first_args), typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Args1)>::type()),
+        _Base2(__pc, std::move(__second_args), typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Args2)>::type()) {}
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename _Base1::reference first() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<_Base1&>(*this).__get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR typename _Base1::const_reference first() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<_Base1 const&>(*this).__get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename _Base2::reference second() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<_Base2&>(*this).__get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR typename _Base2::const_reference second() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<_Base2 const&>(*this).__get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR static _Base1* __get_first_base(__compressed_pair* __pair) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<_Base1*>(__pair);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR static _Base2* __get_second_base(__compressed_pair* __pair) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<_Base2*>(__pair);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void swap(__compressed_pair& __x)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_T1>&& __is_nothrow_swappable_v<_T2>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(first(), __x.first());
+    swap(second(), __x.second());
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+swap(__compressed_pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, __compressed_pair<_T1, _T2>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_T1>&& __is_nothrow_swappable_v<_T2>) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_COMPRESSED_PAIR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/concepts.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/concepts.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..216144aad74805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/concepts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_CONCEPTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_CONCEPTS_H
+
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h> // TODO(modules): This should not be required
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+// [special.mem.concepts]
+
+// This concept ensures that uninitialized algorithms can construct an object
+// at the address pointed-to by the iterator, which requires an lvalue.
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __nothrow_input_iterator =
+    input_iterator<_Ip> && is_lvalue_reference_v<iter_reference_t<_Ip>> &&
+    same_as<remove_cvref_t<iter_reference_t<_Ip>>, iter_value_t<_Ip>>;
+
+template <class _Sp, class _Ip>
+concept __nothrow_sentinel_for = sentinel_for<_Sp, _Ip>;
+
+template <class _Rp>
+concept __nothrow_input_range =
+    range<_Rp> && __nothrow_input_iterator<iterator_t<_Rp>> && __nothrow_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Rp>, iterator_t<_Rp>>;
+
+template <class _Ip>
+concept __nothrow_forward_iterator =
+    __nothrow_input_iterator<_Ip> && forward_iterator<_Ip> && __nothrow_sentinel_for<_Ip, _Ip>;
+
+template <class _Rp>
+concept __nothrow_forward_range = __nothrow_input_range<_Rp> && __nothrow_forward_iterator<iterator_t<_Rp>>;
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_CONCEPTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/construct_at.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/construct_at.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..eb021324800644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/construct_at.h
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_CONSTRUCT_AT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_CONSTRUCT_AT_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/voidify.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// construct_at
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args, class = decltype(::new(std::declval<void*>()) _Tp(std::declval<_Args>()...))>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* construct_at(_Tp* __location, _Args&&... __args) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__location != nullptr, "null pointer given to construct_at");
+  return ::new (std::__voidify(*__location)) _Tp(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args, class = decltype(::new(std::declval<void*>()) _Tp(std::declval<_Args>()...))>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp* __construct_at(_Tp* __location, _Args&&... __args) {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  return std::construct_at(__location, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+#else
+  return _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__location != nullptr, "null pointer given to construct_at"),
+         ::new (std::__voidify(*__location)) _Tp(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+#endif
+}
+
+// destroy_at
+
+// The internal functions are available regardless of the language version (with the exception of the `__destroy_at`
+// taking an array).
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator __destroy(_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator);
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<!is_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __destroy_at(_Tp* __loc) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__loc != nullptr, "null pointer given to destroy_at");
+  __loc->~_Tp();
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __destroy_at(_Tp* __loc) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__loc != nullptr, "null pointer given to destroy_at");
+  std::__destroy(std::begin(*__loc), std::end(*__loc));
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator
+__destroy(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    std::__destroy_at(std::addressof(*__first));
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _BidirectionalIterator
+__reverse_destroy(_BidirectionalIterator __first, _BidirectionalIterator __last) {
+  while (__last != __first) {
+    --__last;
+    std::__destroy_at(std::addressof(*__last));
+  }
+  return __last;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, enable_if_t<!is_array_v<_Tp>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void destroy_at(_Tp* __loc) {
+  std::__destroy_at(__loc);
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, enable_if_t<is_array_v<_Tp>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void destroy_at(_Tp* __loc) {
+  std::__destroy_at(__loc);
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void destroy(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  (void)std::__destroy(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _ForwardIterator destroy_n(_ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n) {
+  for (; __n > 0; (void)++__first, --__n)
+    std::__destroy_at(std::addressof(*__first));
+  return __first;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_CONSTRUCT_AT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/destruct_n.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/destruct_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..78635ad0af04bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/destruct_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_DESTRUCT_N_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_DESTRUCT_N_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct __destruct_n {
+private:
+  size_t __size_;
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __process(_Tp* __p, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, ++__p)
+      __p->~_Tp();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __process(_Tp*, true_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __incr(false_type) _NOEXCEPT { ++__size_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __incr(true_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __set(size_t __s, false_type) _NOEXCEPT { __size_ = __s; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __set(size_t, true_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __destruct_n(size_t __s) _NOEXCEPT : __size_(__s) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __incr() _NOEXCEPT {
+    __incr(integral_constant<bool, is_trivially_destructible<_Tp>::value>());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __set(size_t __s, _Tp*) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __set(__s, integral_constant<bool, is_trivially_destructible<_Tp>::value>());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(_Tp* __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __process(__p, integral_constant<bool, is_trivially_destructible<_Tp>::value>());
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_DESTRUCT_N_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/inout_ptr.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/inout_ptr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e5f3ac5d027e8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/inout_ptr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___INOUT_PTR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___INOUT_PTR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_specialization.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Smart, class _Pointer, class... _Args>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS inout_ptr_t {
+  static_assert(!__is_specialization_v<_Smart, shared_ptr>, "std::shared_ptr<> is not supported with std::inout_ptr.");
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit inout_ptr_t(_Smart& __smart, _Args... __args)
+      : __s_(__smart), __a_(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...), __p_([&__smart] {
+          if constexpr (is_pointer_v<_Smart>) {
+            return __smart;
+          } else {
+            return __smart.get();
+          }
+        }()) {
+    if constexpr (requires { __s_.release(); }) {
+      __s_.release();
+    } else {
+      __s_ = _Smart();
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inout_ptr_t(const inout_ptr_t&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~inout_ptr_t() {
+    // LWG-3897 inout_ptr will not update raw pointer to null
+    if constexpr (!is_pointer_v<_Smart>) {
+      if (!__p_) {
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    using _SmartPtr = __pointer_of_or_t<_Smart, _Pointer>;
+    if constexpr (is_pointer_v<_Smart>) {
+      std::apply([&](auto&&... __args) { __s_ = _Smart(static_cast<_SmartPtr>(__p_), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...); },
+                 std::move(__a_));
+    } else if constexpr (__resettable_smart_pointer_with_args<_Smart, _Pointer, _Args...>) {
+      std::apply([&](auto&&... __args) { __s_.reset(static_cast<_SmartPtr>(__p_), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...); },
+                 std::move(__a_));
+    } else {
+      static_assert(is_constructible_v<_Smart, _SmartPtr, _Args...>,
+                    "The smart pointer must be constructible from arguments of types _Smart, _Pointer, _Args...");
+      std::apply([&](auto&&... __args) { __s_ = _Smart(static_cast<_SmartPtr>(__p_), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...); },
+                 std::move(__a_));
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator _Pointer*() const noexcept { return std::addressof(const_cast<_Pointer&>(__p_)); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator void**() const noexcept
+    requires(!is_same_v<_Pointer, void*>)
+  {
+    static_assert(is_pointer_v<_Pointer>, "The conversion to void** requires _Pointer to be a raw pointer.");
+
+    return reinterpret_cast<void**>(static_cast<_Pointer*>(*this));
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Smart& __s_;
+  tuple<_Args...> __a_;
+  _Pointer __p_;
+};
+
+template <class _Pointer = void, class _Smart, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto inout_ptr(_Smart& __s, _Args&&... __args) {
+  using _Ptr = conditional_t<is_void_v<_Pointer>, __pointer_of_t<_Smart>, _Pointer>;
+  return std::inout_ptr_t<_Smart, _Ptr, _Args&&...>(__s, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___INOUT_PTR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/out_ptr.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/out_ptr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fd99110790cc89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/out_ptr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___OUT_PTR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___OUT_PTR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_specialization.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Smart, class _Pointer, class... _Args>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS out_ptr_t {
+  static_assert(!__is_specialization_v<_Smart, shared_ptr> || sizeof...(_Args) > 0,
+                "Using std::shared_ptr<> without a deleter in std::out_ptr is not supported.");
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit out_ptr_t(_Smart& __smart, _Args... __args)
+      : __s_(__smart), __a_(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...), __p_() {
+    using _Ptr = decltype(__smart);
+    if constexpr (__resettable_smart_pointer<_Ptr>) {
+      __s_.reset();
+    } else if constexpr (is_constructible_v<_Smart>) {
+      __s_ = _Smart();
+    } else {
+      static_assert(__resettable_smart_pointer<_Ptr> || is_constructible_v<_Smart>,
+                    "The adapted pointer type must have a reset() member function or be default constructible.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI out_ptr_t(const out_ptr_t&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~out_ptr_t() {
+    if (!__p_) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    using _SmartPtr = __pointer_of_or_t<_Smart, _Pointer>;
+    if constexpr (__resettable_smart_pointer_with_args<_Smart, _Pointer, _Args...>) {
+      std::apply([&](auto&&... __args) { __s_.reset(static_cast<_SmartPtr>(__p_), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...); },
+                 std::move(__a_));
+    } else {
+      static_assert(is_constructible_v<_Smart, _SmartPtr, _Args...>,
+                    "The smart pointer must be constructible from arguments of types _Smart, _Pointer, _Args...");
+      std::apply([&](auto&&... __args) { __s_ = _Smart(static_cast<_SmartPtr>(__p_), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...); },
+                 std::move(__a_));
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator _Pointer*() const noexcept { return std::addressof(const_cast<_Pointer&>(__p_)); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator void**() const noexcept
+    requires(!is_same_v<_Pointer, void*>)
+  {
+    static_assert(is_pointer_v<_Pointer>, "The conversion to void** requires _Pointer to be a raw pointer.");
+
+    return reinterpret_cast<void**>(static_cast<_Pointer*>(*this));
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Smart& __s_;
+  tuple<_Args...> __a_;
+  _Pointer __p_ = _Pointer();
+};
+
+template <class _Pointer = void, class _Smart, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto out_ptr(_Smart& __s, _Args&&... __args) {
+  using _Ptr = conditional_t<is_void_v<_Pointer>, __pointer_of_t<_Smart>, _Pointer>;
+  return std::out_ptr_t<_Smart, _Ptr, _Args&&...>(__s, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___OUT_PTR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/pointer_traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/pointer_traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0914aceb318b74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/pointer_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_POINTER_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_POINTER_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_class.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// clang-format off
+#define _LIBCPP_CLASS_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(NAME, PROPERTY)                                                                   \
+  template <class _Tp, class = void>                                                                                   \
+  struct NAME : false_type {};                                                                                         \
+  template <class _Tp>                                                                                                 \
+  struct NAME<_Tp, __void_t<typename _Tp::PROPERTY> > : true_type {}
+// clang-format on
+
+_LIBCPP_CLASS_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(__has_pointer, pointer);
+_LIBCPP_CLASS_TRAITS_HAS_XXX(__has_element_type, element_type);
+
+template <class _Ptr, bool = __has_element_type<_Ptr>::value>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type {};
+
+template <class _Ptr>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Ptr, true> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename _Ptr::element_type type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class...> class _Sp, class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp, _Args...>, true> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename _Sp<_Tp, _Args...>::element_type type;
+};
+
+template <template <class, class...> class _Sp, class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct __pointer_traits_element_type<_Sp<_Tp, _Args...>, false> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __has_
diff erence_type : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_
diff erence_type<_Tp, __void_t<typename _Tp::
diff erence_type> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Ptr, bool = __has_
diff erence_type<_Ptr>::value>
+struct __pointer_traits_
diff erence_type {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG ptr
diff _t type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ptr>
+struct __pointer_traits_
diff erence_type<_Ptr, true> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename _Ptr::
diff erence_type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __has_rebind {
+private:
+  template <class _Xp>
+  static false_type __test(...);
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  template <class _Xp>
+  static true_type __test(typename _Xp::template rebind<_Up>* = 0);
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+public:
+  static const bool value = decltype(__test<_Tp>(0))::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __has_rebind<_Tp, _Up>::value>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename _Tp::template rebind<_Up> type;
+#else
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename _Tp::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <template <class, class...> class _Sp, class _Tp, class... _Args, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp, _Args...>, _Up, true> {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename _Sp<_Tp, _Args...>::template rebind<_Up> type;
+#else
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename _Sp<_Tp, _Args...>::template rebind<_Up>::other type;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <template <class, class...> class _Sp, class _Tp, class... _Args, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_traits_rebind<_Sp<_Tp, _Args...>, _Up, false> {
+  typedef _Sp<_Up, _Args...> type;
+};
+
+template <class _Ptr, class = void>
+struct __pointer_traits_impl {};
+
+template <class _Ptr>
+struct __pointer_traits_impl<_Ptr, __void_t<typename __pointer_traits_element_type<_Ptr>::type> > {
+  typedef _Ptr pointer;
+  typedef typename __pointer_traits_element_type<pointer>::type element_type;
+  typedef typename __pointer_traits_
diff erence_type<pointer>::type 
diff erence_type;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Up>
+  using rebind = typename __pointer_traits_rebind<pointer, _Up>::type;
+#else
+  template <class _Up>
+  struct rebind {
+    typedef typename __pointer_traits_rebind<pointer, _Up>::type other;
+  };
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+private:
+  struct __nat {};
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static pointer
+  pointer_to(__conditional_t<is_void<element_type>::value, __nat, element_type>& __r) {
+    return pointer::pointer_to(__r);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Ptr>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS pointer_traits : __pointer_traits_impl<_Ptr> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS pointer_traits<_Tp*> {
+  typedef _Tp* pointer;
+  typedef _Tp element_type;
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Up>
+  using rebind = _Up*;
+#else
+  template <class _Up>
+  struct rebind {
+    typedef _Up* other;
+  };
+#endif
+
+private:
+  struct __nat {};
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static pointer
+  pointer_to(__conditional_t<is_void<element_type>::value, __nat, element_type>& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::addressof(__r);
+  }
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _From, class _To>
+using __rebind_pointer_t = typename pointer_traits<_From>::template rebind<_To>;
+#else
+template <class _From, class _To>
+using __rebind_pointer_t = typename pointer_traits<_From>::template rebind<_To>::other;
+#endif
+
+// to_address
+
+template <class _Pointer, class = void>
+struct __to_address_helper;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Tp* __to_address(_Tp* __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(!is_function<_Tp>::value, "_Tp is a function type");
+  return __p;
+}
+
+template <class _Pointer, class = void>
+struct _HasToAddress : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Pointer>
+struct _HasToAddress<_Pointer, decltype((void)pointer_traits<_Pointer>::to_address(std::declval<const _Pointer&>())) >
+    : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Pointer, class = void>
+struct _HasArrow : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Pointer>
+struct _HasArrow<_Pointer, decltype((void)std::declval<const _Pointer&>().operator->()) > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Pointer>
+struct _IsFancyPointer {
+  static const bool value = _HasArrow<_Pointer>::value || _HasToAddress<_Pointer>::value;
+};
+
+// enable_if is needed here to avoid instantiating checks for fancy pointers on raw pointers
+template <class _Pointer, __enable_if_t< _And<is_class<_Pointer>, _IsFancyPointer<_Pointer> >::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __decay_t<decltype(__to_address_helper<_Pointer>::__call(std::declval<const _Pointer&>()))>
+__to_address(const _Pointer& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __to_address_helper<_Pointer>::__call(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Pointer, class>
+struct __to_address_helper {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR static decltype(std::__to_address(std::declval<const _Pointer&>().operator->()))
+  __call(const _Pointer& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__to_address(__p.operator->());
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Pointer>
+struct __to_address_helper<_Pointer,
+                           decltype((void)pointer_traits<_Pointer>::to_address(std::declval<const _Pointer&>()))> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR static decltype(pointer_traits<_Pointer>::to_address(std::declval<const _Pointer&>()))
+  __call(const _Pointer& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return pointer_traits<_Pointer>::to_address(__p);
+  }
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto to_address(_Tp* __p) noexcept {
+  return std::__to_address(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Pointer>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+to_address(const _Pointer& __p) noexcept -> decltype(std::__to_address(__p)) {
+  return std::__to_address(__p);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __pointer_of {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires(__has_pointer<_Tp>::value)
+struct __pointer_of<_Tp> {
+  using type = typename _Tp::pointer;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires(!__has_pointer<_Tp>::value && __has_element_type<_Tp>::value)
+struct __pointer_of<_Tp> {
+  using type = typename _Tp::element_type*;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires(!__has_pointer<_Tp>::value && !__has_element_type<_Tp>::value &&
+           __has_element_type<pointer_traits<_Tp>>::value)
+struct __pointer_of<_Tp> {
+  using type = typename pointer_traits<_Tp>::element_type*;
+};
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+using __pointer_of_t = typename __pointer_of<_Tp>::type;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __pointer_of_or {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = _Up;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  requires requires { typename __pointer_of_t<_Tp>; }
+struct __pointer_of_or<_Tp, _Up> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __pointer_of_t<_Tp>;
+};
+
+template <typename _Tp, typename _Up>
+using __pointer_of_or_t = typename __pointer_of_or<_Tp, _Up>::type;
+
+template <class _Smart>
+concept __resettable_smart_pointer = requires(_Smart __s) { __s.reset(); };
+
+template <class _Smart, class _Pointer, class... _Args>
+concept __resettable_smart_pointer_with_args = requires(_Smart __s, _Pointer __p, _Args... __args) {
+  __s.reset(static_cast<__pointer_of_or_t<_Smart, _Pointer>>(__p), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+};
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_POINTER_TRAITS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/ranges_construct_at.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/ranges_construct_at.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f731e75e7bdc0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/ranges_construct_at.h
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RANGES_CONSTRUCT_AT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RANGES_CONSTRUCT_AT_H
+
+#include <__concepts/destructible.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/concepts.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+namespace ranges {
+
+// construct_at
+
+namespace __construct_at {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp, class... _Args, class = decltype(::new(std::declval<void*>()) _Tp(std::declval<_Args>()...))>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* operator()(_Tp* __location, _Args&&... __args) const {
+    return std::construct_at(__location, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __construct_at
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto construct_at = __construct_at::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// destroy_at
+
+namespace __destroy_at {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <destructible _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator()(_Tp* __location) const noexcept {
+    std::destroy_at(__location);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __destroy_at
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto destroy_at = __destroy_at::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// destroy
+
+namespace __destroy {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <__nothrow_input_iterator _InputIterator, __nothrow_sentinel_for<_InputIterator> _Sentinel>
+    requires destructible<iter_value_t<_InputIterator>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _InputIterator operator()(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) const noexcept {
+    return std::__destroy(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+  }
+
+  template <__nothrow_input_range _InputRange>
+    requires destructible<range_value_t<_InputRange>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<_InputRange> operator()(_InputRange&& __range) const noexcept {
+    return (*this)(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __destroy
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto destroy = __destroy::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// destroy_n
+
+namespace __destroy_n {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <__nothrow_input_iterator _InputIterator>
+    requires destructible<iter_value_t<_InputIterator>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _InputIterator
+  operator()(_InputIterator __first, iter_
diff erence_t<_InputIterator> __n) const noexcept {
+    return std::destroy_n(std::move(__first), __n);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __destroy_n
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto destroy_n = __destroy_n::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RANGES_CONSTRUCT_AT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/ranges_uninitialized_algorithms.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/ranges_uninitialized_algorithms.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..90090055bbbbf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/ranges_uninitialized_algorithms.h
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RANGES_UNINITIALIZED_ALGORITHMS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RANGES_UNINITIALIZED_ALGORITHMS_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/concepts.h>
+#include <__memory/uninitialized_algorithms.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+// uninitialized_default_construct
+
+namespace __uninitialized_default_construct {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <__nothrow_forward_iterator _ForwardIterator, __nothrow_sentinel_for<_ForwardIterator> _Sentinel>
+    requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<_ForwardIterator>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator operator()(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) const {
+    using _ValueType = remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_ForwardIterator>>;
+    return std::__uninitialized_default_construct<_ValueType>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+  }
+
+  template <__nothrow_forward_range _ForwardRange>
+    requires default_initializable<range_value_t<_ForwardRange>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI borrowed_iterator_t<_ForwardRange> operator()(_ForwardRange&& __range) const {
+    return (*this)(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __uninitialized_default_construct
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto uninitialized_default_construct = __uninitialized_default_construct::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// uninitialized_default_construct_n
+
+namespace __uninitialized_default_construct_n {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <__nothrow_forward_iterator _ForwardIterator>
+    requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<_ForwardIterator>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+  operator()(_ForwardIterator __first, iter_
diff erence_t<_ForwardIterator> __n) const {
+    using _ValueType = remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_ForwardIterator>>;
+    return std::__uninitialized_default_construct_n<_ValueType>(std::move(__first), __n);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __uninitialized_default_construct_n
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto uninitialized_default_construct_n = __uninitialized_default_construct_n::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// uninitialized_value_construct
+
+namespace __uninitialized_value_construct {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <__nothrow_forward_iterator _ForwardIterator, __nothrow_sentinel_for<_ForwardIterator> _Sentinel>
+    requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<_ForwardIterator>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator operator()(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) const {
+    using _ValueType = remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_ForwardIterator>>;
+    return std::__uninitialized_value_construct<_ValueType>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+  }
+
+  template <__nothrow_forward_range _ForwardRange>
+    requires default_initializable<range_value_t<_ForwardRange>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI borrowed_iterator_t<_ForwardRange> operator()(_ForwardRange&& __range) const {
+    return (*this)(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __uninitialized_value_construct
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto uninitialized_value_construct = __uninitialized_value_construct::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// uninitialized_value_construct_n
+
+namespace __uninitialized_value_construct_n {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <__nothrow_forward_iterator _ForwardIterator>
+    requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<_ForwardIterator>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+  operator()(_ForwardIterator __first, iter_
diff erence_t<_ForwardIterator> __n) const {
+    using _ValueType = remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_ForwardIterator>>;
+    return std::__uninitialized_value_construct_n<_ValueType>(std::move(__first), __n);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __uninitialized_value_construct_n
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto uninitialized_value_construct_n = __uninitialized_value_construct_n::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// uninitialized_fill
+
+namespace __uninitialized_fill {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <__nothrow_forward_iterator _ForwardIterator, __nothrow_sentinel_for<_ForwardIterator> _Sentinel, class _Tp>
+    requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<_ForwardIterator>, const _Tp&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator operator()(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, const _Tp& __x) const {
+    using _ValueType = remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_ForwardIterator>>;
+    return std::__uninitialized_fill<_ValueType>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __x);
+  }
+
+  template <__nothrow_forward_range _ForwardRange, class _Tp>
+    requires constructible_from<range_value_t<_ForwardRange>, const _Tp&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI borrowed_iterator_t<_ForwardRange> operator()(_ForwardRange&& __range, const _Tp& __x) const {
+    return (*this)(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __x);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __uninitialized_fill
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto uninitialized_fill = __uninitialized_fill::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// uninitialized_fill_n
+
+namespace __uninitialized_fill_n {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <__nothrow_forward_iterator _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+    requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<_ForwardIterator>, const _Tp&>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+  operator()(_ForwardIterator __first, iter_
diff erence_t<_ForwardIterator> __n, const _Tp& __x) const {
+    using _ValueType = remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_ForwardIterator>>;
+    return std::__uninitialized_fill_n<_ValueType>(std::move(__first), __n, __x);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __uninitialized_fill_n
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto uninitialized_fill_n = __uninitialized_fill_n::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// uninitialized_copy
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+using uninitialized_copy_result = in_out_result<_InputIterator, _OutputIterator>;
+
+namespace __uninitialized_copy {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InputIterator,
+            sentinel_for<_InputIterator> _Sentinel1,
+            __nothrow_forward_iterator _OutputIterator,
+            __nothrow_sentinel_for<_OutputIterator> _Sentinel2>
+    requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<_OutputIterator>, iter_reference_t<_InputIterator>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uninitialized_copy_result<_InputIterator, _OutputIterator>
+  operator()(_InputIterator __ifirst, _Sentinel1 __ilast, _OutputIterator __ofirst, _Sentinel2 __olast) const {
+    using _ValueType = remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_OutputIterator>>;
+
+    auto __stop_copying = [&__olast](auto&& __out_iter) -> bool { return __out_iter == __olast; };
+    auto __result       = std::__uninitialized_copy<_ValueType>(
+        std::move(__ifirst), std::move(__ilast), std::move(__ofirst), __stop_copying);
+    return {std::move(__result.first), std::move(__result.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _InputRange, __nothrow_forward_range _OutputRange>
+    requires constructible_from<range_value_t<_OutputRange>, range_reference_t<_InputRange>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uninitialized_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_InputRange>, borrowed_iterator_t<_OutputRange>>
+  operator()(_InputRange&& __in_range, _OutputRange&& __out_range) const {
+    return (*this)(
+        ranges::begin(__in_range), ranges::end(__in_range), ranges::begin(__out_range), ranges::end(__out_range));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __uninitialized_copy
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto uninitialized_copy = __uninitialized_copy::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// uninitialized_copy_n
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+using uninitialized_copy_n_result = in_out_result<_InputIterator, _OutputIterator>;
+
+namespace __uninitialized_copy_n {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InputIterator,
+            __nothrow_forward_iterator _OutputIterator,
+            __nothrow_sentinel_for<_OutputIterator> _Sentinel>
+    requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<_OutputIterator>, iter_reference_t<_InputIterator>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uninitialized_copy_n_result<_InputIterator, _OutputIterator>
+  operator()(_InputIterator __ifirst,
+             iter_
diff erence_t<_InputIterator> __n,
+             _OutputIterator __ofirst,
+             _Sentinel __olast) const {
+    using _ValueType    = remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_OutputIterator>>;
+    auto __stop_copying = [&__olast](auto&& __out_iter) -> bool { return __out_iter == __olast; };
+    auto __result =
+        std::__uninitialized_copy_n<_ValueType>(std::move(__ifirst), __n, std::move(__ofirst), __stop_copying);
+    return {std::move(__result.first), std::move(__result.second)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __uninitialized_copy_n
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto uninitialized_copy_n = __uninitialized_copy_n::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// uninitialized_move
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+using uninitialized_move_result = in_out_result<_InputIterator, _OutputIterator>;
+
+namespace __uninitialized_move {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InputIterator,
+            sentinel_for<_InputIterator> _Sentinel1,
+            __nothrow_forward_iterator _OutputIterator,
+            __nothrow_sentinel_for<_OutputIterator> _Sentinel2>
+    requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<_OutputIterator>, iter_rvalue_reference_t<_InputIterator>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uninitialized_move_result<_InputIterator, _OutputIterator>
+  operator()(_InputIterator __ifirst, _Sentinel1 __ilast, _OutputIterator __ofirst, _Sentinel2 __olast) const {
+    using _ValueType   = remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_OutputIterator>>;
+    auto __iter_move   = [](auto&& __iter) -> decltype(auto) { return ranges::iter_move(__iter); };
+    auto __stop_moving = [&__olast](auto&& __out_iter) -> bool { return __out_iter == __olast; };
+    auto __result      = std::__uninitialized_move<_ValueType>(
+        std::move(__ifirst), std::move(__ilast), std::move(__ofirst), __stop_moving, __iter_move);
+    return {std::move(__result.first), std::move(__result.second)};
+  }
+
+  template <input_range _InputRange, __nothrow_forward_range _OutputRange>
+    requires constructible_from<range_value_t<_OutputRange>, range_rvalue_reference_t<_InputRange>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uninitialized_move_result<borrowed_iterator_t<_InputRange>, borrowed_iterator_t<_OutputRange>>
+  operator()(_InputRange&& __in_range, _OutputRange&& __out_range) const {
+    return (*this)(
+        ranges::begin(__in_range), ranges::end(__in_range), ranges::begin(__out_range), ranges::end(__out_range));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __uninitialized_move
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto uninitialized_move = __uninitialized_move::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+// uninitialized_move_n
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+using uninitialized_move_n_result = in_out_result<_InputIterator, _OutputIterator>;
+
+namespace __uninitialized_move_n {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <input_iterator _InputIterator,
+            __nothrow_forward_iterator _OutputIterator,
+            __nothrow_sentinel_for<_OutputIterator> _Sentinel>
+    requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<_OutputIterator>, iter_rvalue_reference_t<_InputIterator>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uninitialized_move_n_result<_InputIterator, _OutputIterator>
+  operator()(_InputIterator __ifirst,
+             iter_
diff erence_t<_InputIterator> __n,
+             _OutputIterator __ofirst,
+             _Sentinel __olast) const {
+    using _ValueType   = remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_OutputIterator>>;
+    auto __iter_move   = [](auto&& __iter) -> decltype(auto) { return ranges::iter_move(__iter); };
+    auto __stop_moving = [&__olast](auto&& __out_iter) -> bool { return __out_iter == __olast; };
+    auto __result      = std::__uninitialized_move_n<_ValueType>(
+        std::move(__ifirst), __n, std::move(__ofirst), __stop_moving, __iter_move);
+    return {std::move(__result.first), std::move(__result.second)};
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __uninitialized_move_n
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto uninitialized_move_n = __uninitialized_move_n::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RANGES_UNINITIALIZED_ALGORITHMS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/raw_storage_iterator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/raw_storage_iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..774878aa1c5e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/raw_storage_iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RAW_STORAGE_ITERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RAW_STORAGE_ITERATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_RAW_STORAGE_ITERATOR)
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 raw_storage_iterator
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_NO_ITERATOR_BASES)
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void>
+#  endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+private:
+  _OutputIterator __x_;
+
+public:
+  typedef output_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef void value_type;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+#  else
+  typedef void 
diff erence_type;
+#  endif
+  typedef void pointer;
+  typedef void reference;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit raw_storage_iterator(_OutputIterator __x) : __x_(__x) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI raw_storage_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI raw_storage_iterator& operator=(const _Tp& __element) {
+    ::new ((void*)std::addressof(*__x_)) _Tp(__element);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI raw_storage_iterator& operator=(_Tp&& __element) {
+    ::new ((void*)std::addressof(*__x_)) _Tp(std::move(__element));
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI raw_storage_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++__x_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI raw_storage_iterator operator++(int) {
+    raw_storage_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++__x_;
+    return __t;
+  }
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutputIterator base() const { return __x_; }
+#  endif
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_RAW_STORAGE_ITERATOR)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RAW_STORAGE_ITERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/shared_ptr.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/shared_ptr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d487e4fbe3a953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/shared_ptr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1694 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_SHARED_PTR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_SHARED_PTR_H
+
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/exception.h>
+#include <__functional/binary_function.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__functional/reference_wrapper.h>
+#include <__fwd/ostream.h>
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocation_guard.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_destructor.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/auto_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory/compressed_pair.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/uninitialized_algorithms.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/disjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_bounded_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unbounded_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/nat.h>
+#include <__type_traits/negation.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_extent.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <new>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ATOMIC_HEADER)
+#  include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// NOTE: Relaxed and acq/rel atomics (for increment and decrement respectively)
+// should be sufficient for thread safety.
+// See https://llvm.org/PR22803
+#if defined(__clang__) && __has_builtin(__atomic_add_fetch) && defined(__ATOMIC_RELAXED) && defined(__ATOMIC_ACQ_REL)
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_BUILTIN_ATOMIC_SUPPORT
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_BUILTIN_ATOMIC_SUPPORT
+#endif
+
+template <class _ValueType>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ValueType __libcpp_relaxed_load(_ValueType const* __value) {
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS) && defined(__ATOMIC_RELAXED) &&                                                   \
+    (__has_builtin(__atomic_load_n) || defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC))
+  return __atomic_load_n(__value, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+#else
+  return *__value;
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _ValueType>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ValueType __libcpp_acquire_load(_ValueType const* __value) {
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS) && defined(__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE) &&                                                   \
+    (__has_builtin(__atomic_load_n) || defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC))
+  return __atomic_load_n(__value, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+#else
+  return *__value;
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __libcpp_atomic_refcount_increment(_Tp& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_BUILTIN_ATOMIC_SUPPORT) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+  return __atomic_add_fetch(&__t, 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+#else
+  return __t += 1;
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __libcpp_atomic_refcount_decrement(_Tp& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_BUILTIN_ATOMIC_SUPPORT) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+  return __atomic_add_fetch(&__t, -1, __ATOMIC_ACQ_REL);
+#else
+  return __t -= 1;
+#endif
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bad_weak_ptr : public std::exception {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_weak_ptr() _NOEXCEPT                               = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_weak_ptr(const bad_weak_ptr&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_weak_ptr& operator=(const bad_weak_ptr&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~bad_weak_ptr() _NOEXCEPT override;
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_bad_weak_ptr() {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw bad_weak_ptr();
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("bad_weak_ptr was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS weak_ptr;
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __shared_count {
+  __shared_count(const __shared_count&);
+  __shared_count& operator=(const __shared_count&);
+
+protected:
+  long __shared_owners_;
+  virtual ~__shared_count();
+
+private:
+  virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __shared_count(long __refs = 0) _NOEXCEPT : __shared_owners_(__refs) {}
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_SHARED_PTR_DEFINE_LEGACY_INLINE_FUNCTIONS)
+  void __add_shared() noexcept;
+  bool __release_shared() noexcept;
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_shared() _NOEXCEPT { __libcpp_atomic_refcount_increment(__shared_owners_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __release_shared() _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__libcpp_atomic_refcount_decrement(__shared_owners_) == -1) {
+      __on_zero_shared();
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long use_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __libcpp_relaxed_load(&__shared_owners_) + 1; }
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __shared_weak_count : private __shared_count {
+  long __shared_weak_owners_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __shared_weak_count(long __refs = 0) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __shared_count(__refs),
+        __shared_weak_owners_(__refs) {}
+
+protected:
+  ~__shared_weak_count() override;
+
+public:
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_SHARED_PTR_DEFINE_LEGACY_INLINE_FUNCTIONS)
+  void __add_shared() noexcept;
+  void __add_weak() noexcept;
+  void __release_shared() noexcept;
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_shared() _NOEXCEPT { __shared_count::__add_shared(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_weak() _NOEXCEPT { __libcpp_atomic_refcount_increment(__shared_weak_owners_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __release_shared() _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__shared_count::__release_shared())
+      __release_weak();
+  }
+#endif
+  void __release_weak() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long use_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __shared_count::use_count(); }
+  __shared_weak_count* lock() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  virtual const void* __get_deleter(const type_info&) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+  virtual void __on_zero_shared_weak() _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+class __shared_ptr_pointer : public __shared_weak_count {
+  __compressed_pair<__compressed_pair<_Tp, _Dp>, _Alloc> __data_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __shared_ptr_pointer(_Tp __p, _Dp __d, _Alloc __a)
+      : __data_(__compressed_pair<_Tp, _Dp>(__p, std::move(__d)), std::move(__a)) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL const void* __get_deleter(const type_info&) const _NOEXCEPT override;
+#endif
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT override;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared_weak() _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+const void* __shared_ptr_pointer<_Tp, _Dp, _Alloc>::__get_deleter(const type_info& __t) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __t == typeid(_Dp) ? std::addressof(__data_.first().second()) : nullptr;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+void __shared_ptr_pointer<_Tp, _Dp, _Alloc>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT {
+  __data_.first().second()(__data_.first().first());
+  __data_.first().second().~_Dp();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+void __shared_ptr_pointer<_Tp, _Dp, _Alloc>::__on_zero_shared_weak() _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, __shared_ptr_pointer>::type _Al;
+  typedef allocator_traits<_Al> _ATraits;
+  typedef pointer_traits<typename _ATraits::pointer> _PTraits;
+
+  _Al __a(__data_.second());
+  __data_.second().~_Alloc();
+  __a.deallocate(_PTraits::pointer_to(*this), 1);
+}
+
+// This tag is used to instantiate an allocator type. The various shared_ptr control blocks
+// detect that the allocator has been instantiated for this type and perform alternative
+// initialization/destruction based on that.
+struct __for_overwrite_tag {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+struct __shared_ptr_emplace : __shared_weak_count {
+  template <class... _Args,
+            class _Allocator                                                                         = _Alloc,
+            __enable_if_t<is_same<typename _Allocator::value_type, __for_overwrite_tag>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __shared_ptr_emplace(_Alloc __a, _Args&&...) : __storage_(std::move(__a)) {
+    static_assert(
+        sizeof...(_Args) == 0, "No argument should be provided to the control block when using _for_overwrite");
+    ::new ((void*)__get_elem()) _Tp;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args,
+            class _Allocator                                                                          = _Alloc,
+            __enable_if_t<!is_same<typename _Allocator::value_type, __for_overwrite_tag>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __shared_ptr_emplace(_Alloc __a, _Args&&... __args) : __storage_(std::move(__a)) {
+    using _TpAlloc = typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, __remove_cv_t<_Tp> >::type;
+    _TpAlloc __tmp(*__get_alloc());
+    allocator_traits<_TpAlloc>::construct(__tmp, __get_elem(), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Alloc* __get_alloc() _NOEXCEPT { return __storage_.__get_alloc(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* __get_elem() _NOEXCEPT { return __storage_.__get_elem(); }
+
+private:
+  template <class _Allocator                                                                         = _Alloc,
+            __enable_if_t<is_same<typename _Allocator::value_type, __for_overwrite_tag>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __on_zero_shared_impl() _NOEXCEPT {
+    __get_elem()->~_Tp();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Allocator                                                                          = _Alloc,
+            __enable_if_t<!is_same<typename _Allocator::value_type, __for_overwrite_tag>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __on_zero_shared_impl() _NOEXCEPT {
+    using _TpAlloc = typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Allocator, __remove_cv_t<_Tp> >::type;
+    _TpAlloc __tmp(*__get_alloc());
+    allocator_traits<_TpAlloc>::destroy(__tmp, __get_elem());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT override { __on_zero_shared_impl(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared_weak() _NOEXCEPT override {
+    using _ControlBlockAlloc   = typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, __shared_ptr_emplace>::type;
+    using _ControlBlockPointer = typename allocator_traits<_ControlBlockAlloc>::pointer;
+    _ControlBlockAlloc __tmp(*__get_alloc());
+    __storage_.~_Storage();
+    allocator_traits<_ControlBlockAlloc>::deallocate(__tmp, pointer_traits<_ControlBlockPointer>::pointer_to(*this), 1);
+  }
+
+  // This class implements the control block for non-array shared pointers created
+  // through `std::allocate_shared` and `std::make_shared`.
+  //
+  // In previous versions of the library, we used a compressed pair to store
+  // both the _Alloc and the _Tp. This implies using EBO, which is incompatible
+  // with Allocator construction for _Tp. To allow implementing P0674 in C++20,
+  // we now use a properly aligned char buffer while making sure that we maintain
+  // the same layout that we had when we used a compressed pair.
+  using _CompressedPair = __compressed_pair<_Alloc, _Tp>;
+  struct _ALIGNAS_TYPE(_CompressedPair) _Storage {
+    char __blob_[sizeof(_CompressedPair)];
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _Storage(_Alloc&& __a) { ::new ((void*)__get_alloc()) _Alloc(std::move(__a)); }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~_Storage() { __get_alloc()->~_Alloc(); }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Alloc* __get_alloc() _NOEXCEPT {
+      _CompressedPair* __as_pair                = reinterpret_cast<_CompressedPair*>(__blob_);
+      typename _CompressedPair::_Base1* __first = _CompressedPair::__get_first_base(__as_pair);
+      _Alloc* __alloc                           = reinterpret_cast<_Alloc*>(__first);
+      return __alloc;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_CFI _Tp* __get_elem() _NOEXCEPT {
+      _CompressedPair* __as_pair                 = reinterpret_cast<_CompressedPair*>(__blob_);
+      typename _CompressedPair::_Base2* __second = _CompressedPair::__get_second_base(__as_pair);
+      _Tp* __elem                                = reinterpret_cast<_Tp*>(__second);
+      return __elem;
+    }
+  };
+
+  static_assert(_LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Storage) == _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_CompressedPair), "");
+  static_assert(sizeof(_Storage) == sizeof(_CompressedPair), "");
+  _Storage __storage_;
+};
+
+struct __shared_ptr_dummy_rebind_allocator_type;
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS allocator<__shared_ptr_dummy_rebind_allocator_type> {
+public:
+  template <class _Other>
+  struct rebind {
+    typedef allocator<_Other> other;
+  };
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS enable_shared_from_this;
+
+// http://eel.is/c++draft/util.sharedptr#util.smartptr.shared.general-6
+// A pointer type Y* is said to be compatible with a pointer type T*
+// when either Y* is convertible to T* or Y is U[N] and T is cv U[].
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Yp, class _Tp>
+struct __bounded_convertible_to_unbounded : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Up, std::size_t _Np, class _Tp>
+struct __bounded_convertible_to_unbounded<_Up[_Np], _Tp> : is_same<__remove_cv_t<_Tp>, _Up[]> {};
+
+template <class _Yp, class _Tp>
+struct __compatible_with : _Or< is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*>, __bounded_convertible_to_unbounded<_Yp, _Tp> > {};
+#else
+template <class _Yp, class _Tp>
+struct __compatible_with : is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*> {};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+// Constructors that take raw pointers have a 
diff erent set of "compatible" constraints
+// http://eel.is/c++draft/util.sharedptr#util.smartptr.shared.const-9.1
+// - If T is an array type, then either T is U[N] and Y(*)[N] is convertible to T*,
+//   or T is U[] and Y(*)[] is convertible to T*.
+// - If T is not an array type, then Y* is convertible to T*.
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Yp, class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __raw_pointer_compatible_with : _And< _Not<is_array<_Tp>>, is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*> > {};
+
+template <class _Yp, class _Up, std::size_t _Np>
+struct __raw_pointer_compatible_with<_Yp, _Up[_Np], __enable_if_t< is_convertible<_Yp (*)[_Np], _Up (*)[_Np]>::value> >
+    : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Yp, class _Up>
+struct __raw_pointer_compatible_with<_Yp, _Up[], __enable_if_t< is_convertible<_Yp (*)[], _Up (*)[]>::value> >
+    : true_type {};
+
+#else
+template <class _Yp, class _Tp>
+struct __raw_pointer_compatible_with : is_convertible<_Yp*, _Tp*> {};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Ptr, class = void>
+struct __is_deletable : false_type {};
+template <class _Ptr>
+struct __is_deletable<_Ptr, decltype(delete std::declval<_Ptr>())> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Ptr, class = void>
+struct __is_array_deletable : false_type {};
+template <class _Ptr>
+struct __is_array_deletable<_Ptr, decltype(delete[] std::declval<_Ptr>())> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Dp, class _Pt, class = decltype(std::declval<_Dp>()(std::declval<_Pt>()))>
+true_type __well_formed_deleter_test(int);
+
+template <class, class>
+false_type __well_formed_deleter_test(...);
+
+template <class _Dp, class _Pt>
+struct __well_formed_deleter : decltype(std::__well_formed_deleter_test<_Dp, _Pt>(0)) {};
+
+template <class _Dp, class _Yp, class _Tp>
+struct __shared_ptr_deleter_ctor_reqs {
+  static const bool value = __raw_pointer_compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value && is_move_constructible<_Dp>::value &&
+                            __well_formed_deleter<_Dp, _Yp*>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Dp>
+using __shared_ptr_nullptr_deleter_ctor_reqs = _And<is_move_constructible<_Dp>, __well_formed_deleter<_Dp, nullptr_t> >;
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_ENABLE_SHARED_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI)
+#  define _LIBCPP_SHARED_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI __attribute__((__trivial_abi__))
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_SHARED_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_SHARED_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS shared_ptr {
+  struct __nullptr_sfinae_tag {};
+
+public:
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  typedef weak_ptr<_Tp> weak_type;
+  typedef remove_extent_t<_Tp> element_type;
+#else
+  typedef _Tp element_type;
+#endif
+
+  // A shared_ptr contains only two raw pointers which point to the heap and move constructing already doesn't require
+  // any bookkeeping, so it's always trivially relocatable.
+  using __trivially_relocatable = shared_ptr;
+
+private:
+  element_type* __ptr_;
+  __shared_weak_count* __cntrl_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR shared_ptr() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr), __cntrl_(nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR shared_ptr(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr), __cntrl_(nullptr) {}
+
+  template <class _Yp,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< __raw_pointer_compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>
+  // In C++03 we get errors when trying to do SFINAE with the
+  // delete operator, so we always pretend that it's deletable.
+  // The same happens on GCC.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG) && !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+                                 ,
+                                 _If<is_array<_Tp>::value, __is_array_deletable<_Yp*>, __is_deletable<_Yp*> >
+#endif
+                                 >::value,
+                           int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit shared_ptr(_Yp* __p) : __ptr_(__p) {
+    unique_ptr<_Yp> __hold(__p);
+    typedef typename __shared_ptr_default_allocator<_Yp>::type _AllocT;
+    typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<_Yp*, __shared_ptr_default_delete<_Tp, _Yp>, _AllocT> _CntrlBlk;
+    __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__p, __shared_ptr_default_delete<_Tp, _Yp>(), _AllocT());
+    __hold.release();
+    __enable_weak_this(__p, __p);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Yp, class _Dp, __enable_if_t<__shared_ptr_deleter_ctor_reqs<_Dp, _Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d) : __ptr_(__p) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      typedef typename __shared_ptr_default_allocator<_Yp>::type _AllocT;
+      typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<_Yp*, _Dp, _AllocT> _CntrlBlk;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+      __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__p, std::move(__d), _AllocT());
+#else
+    __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__p, __d, _AllocT());
+#endif // not _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+      __enable_weak_this(__p, __p);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __d(__p);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+
+  template <class _Yp,
+            class _Dp,
+            class _Alloc,
+            __enable_if_t<__shared_ptr_deleter_ctor_reqs<_Dp, _Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d, _Alloc __a) : __ptr_(__p) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<_Yp*, _Dp, _Alloc> _CntrlBlk;
+      typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, _CntrlBlk>::type _A2;
+      typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+      _A2 __a2(__a);
+      unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__a2.allocate(1), _D2(__a2, 1));
+      ::new ((void*)std::addressof(*__hold2.get()))
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+          _CntrlBlk(__p, std::move(__d), __a);
+#else
+        _CntrlBlk(__p, __d, __a);
+#endif // not _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+      __cntrl_ = std::addressof(*__hold2.release());
+      __enable_weak_this(__p, __p);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __d(__p);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+
+  template <class _Dp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(
+      nullptr_t __p,
+      _Dp __d,
+      __enable_if_t<__shared_ptr_nullptr_deleter_ctor_reqs<_Dp>::value, __nullptr_sfinae_tag> = __nullptr_sfinae_tag())
+      : __ptr_(nullptr) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      typedef typename __shared_ptr_default_allocator<_Tp>::type _AllocT;
+      typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<nullptr_t, _Dp, _AllocT> _CntrlBlk;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+      __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__p, std::move(__d), _AllocT());
+#else
+    __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__p, __d, _AllocT());
+#endif // not _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __d(__p);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+
+  template <class _Dp, class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(
+      nullptr_t __p,
+      _Dp __d,
+      _Alloc __a,
+      __enable_if_t<__shared_ptr_nullptr_deleter_ctor_reqs<_Dp>::value, __nullptr_sfinae_tag> = __nullptr_sfinae_tag())
+      : __ptr_(nullptr) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<nullptr_t, _Dp, _Alloc> _CntrlBlk;
+      typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, _CntrlBlk>::type _A2;
+      typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+      _A2 __a2(__a);
+      unique_ptr<_CntrlBlk, _D2> __hold2(__a2.allocate(1), _D2(__a2, 1));
+      ::new ((void*)std::addressof(*__hold2.get()))
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+          _CntrlBlk(__p, std::move(__d), __a);
+#else
+        _CntrlBlk(__p, __d, __a);
+#endif // not _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+      __cntrl_ = std::addressof(*__hold2.release());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __d(__p);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+
+  template <class _Yp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<_Yp>& __r, element_type* __p) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__p),
+        __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_) {
+    if (__cntrl_)
+      __cntrl_->__add_shared();
+  }
+
+// LWG-2996
+// We don't backport because it is an evolutionary change.
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _Yp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(shared_ptr<_Yp>&& __r, element_type* __p) noexcept
+      : __ptr_(__p), __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_) {
+    __r.__ptr_   = nullptr;
+    __r.__cntrl_ = nullptr;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(const shared_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_), __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_) {
+    if (__cntrl_)
+      __cntrl_->__add_shared();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<_Yp>& __r) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_), __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_) {
+    if (__cntrl_)
+      __cntrl_->__add_shared();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(shared_ptr&& __r) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_), __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_) {
+    __r.__ptr_   = nullptr;
+    __r.__cntrl_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(shared_ptr<_Yp>&& __r) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_), __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_) {
+    __r.__ptr_   = nullptr;
+    __r.__cntrl_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit shared_ptr(const weak_ptr<_Yp>& __r)
+      : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_), __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_ ? __r.__cntrl_->lock() : __r.__cntrl_) {
+    if (__cntrl_ == nullptr)
+      __throw_bad_weak_ptr();
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_AUTO_PTR)
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_Yp*, element_type*>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(auto_ptr<_Yp>&& __r) : __ptr_(__r.get()) {
+    typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<_Yp*, default_delete<_Yp>, allocator<__remove_cv_t<_Yp> > > _CntrlBlk;
+    __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__r.get(), default_delete<_Yp>(), allocator<__remove_cv_t<_Yp> >());
+    __enable_weak_this(__r.get(), __r.get());
+    __r.release();
+  }
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Yp,
+            class _Dp,
+            __enable_if_t<!is_lvalue_reference<_Dp>::value && __compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value &&
+                              is_convertible<typename unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>::pointer, element_type*>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>&& __r) : __ptr_(__r.get()) {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+    if (__ptr_ == nullptr)
+      __cntrl_ = nullptr;
+    else
+#endif
+    {
+      typedef typename __shared_ptr_default_allocator<_Yp>::type _AllocT;
+      typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<typename unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>::pointer, _Dp, _AllocT> _CntrlBlk;
+      __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__r.get(), std::move(__r.get_deleter()), _AllocT());
+      __enable_weak_this(__r.get(), __r.get());
+    }
+    __r.release();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Yp,
+            class _Dp,
+            class              = void,
+            __enable_if_t<is_lvalue_reference<_Dp>::value && __compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value &&
+                              is_convertible<typename unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>::pointer, element_type*>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>&& __r) : __ptr_(__r.get()) {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+    if (__ptr_ == nullptr)
+      __cntrl_ = nullptr;
+    else
+#endif
+    {
+      typedef typename __shared_ptr_default_allocator<_Yp>::type _AllocT;
+      typedef __shared_ptr_pointer<typename unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>::pointer,
+                                   reference_wrapper<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Dp> >,
+                                   _AllocT>
+          _CntrlBlk;
+      __cntrl_ = new _CntrlBlk(__r.get(), std::ref(__r.get_deleter()), _AllocT());
+      __enable_weak_this(__r.get(), __r.get());
+    }
+    __r.release();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~shared_ptr() {
+    if (__cntrl_)
+      __cntrl_->__release_shared();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp>& operator=(const shared_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+    shared_ptr(__r).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp>& operator=(const shared_ptr<_Yp>& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+    shared_ptr(__r).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp>& operator=(shared_ptr&& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+    shared_ptr(std::move(__r)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp>& operator=(shared_ptr<_Yp>&& __r) {
+    shared_ptr(std::move(__r)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_AUTO_PTR)
+  template <class _Yp,
+            __enable_if_t<!is_array<_Yp>::value && is_convertible<_Yp*, typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type*>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp>& operator=(auto_ptr<_Yp>&& __r) {
+    shared_ptr(std::move(__r)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Yp,
+            class _Dp,
+            __enable_if_t<_And< __compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>,
+                                is_convertible<typename unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>::pointer, element_type*> >::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp>& operator=(unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>&& __r) {
+    shared_ptr(std::move(__r)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(shared_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::swap(__ptr_, __r.__ptr_);
+    std::swap(__cntrl_, __r.__cntrl_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() _NOEXCEPT { shared_ptr().swap(*this); }
+
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__raw_pointer_compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset(_Yp* __p) {
+    shared_ptr(__p).swap(*this);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Yp, class _Dp, __enable_if_t<__shared_ptr_deleter_ctor_reqs<_Dp, _Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d) {
+    shared_ptr(__p, __d).swap(*this);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Yp,
+            class _Dp,
+            class _Alloc,
+            __enable_if_t<__shared_ptr_deleter_ctor_reqs<_Dp, _Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset(_Yp* __p, _Dp __d, _Alloc __a) {
+    shared_ptr(__p, __d, __a).swap(*this);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI element_type* get() const _NOEXCEPT { return __ptr_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __add_lvalue_reference_t<element_type> operator*() const _NOEXCEPT { return *__ptr_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI element_type* operator->() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    static_assert(!is_array<_Tp>::value, "std::shared_ptr<T>::operator-> is only valid when T is not an array type.");
+    return __ptr_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long use_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __cntrl_ ? __cntrl_->use_count() : 0; }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 20 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_SHARED_PTR_UNIQUE)
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool unique() const _NOEXCEPT { return use_count() == 1; }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT { return get() != nullptr; }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool owner_before(shared_ptr<_Up> const& __p) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __cntrl_ < __p.__cntrl_;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool owner_before(weak_ptr<_Up> const& __p) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __cntrl_ < __p.__cntrl_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __owner_equivalent(const shared_ptr& __p) const { return __cntrl_ == __p.__cntrl_; }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __add_lvalue_reference_t<element_type> operator[](ptr
diff _t __i) const {
+    static_assert(is_array<_Tp>::value, "std::shared_ptr<T>::operator[] is only valid when T is an array type.");
+    return __ptr_[__i];
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+  template <class _Dp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Dp* __get_deleter() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<_Dp*>(__cntrl_ ? const_cast<void*>(__cntrl_->__get_deleter(typeid(_Dp))) : nullptr);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+
+  template <class _Yp, class _CntrlBlk>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static shared_ptr<_Tp> __create_with_control_block(_Yp* __p, _CntrlBlk* __cntrl) _NOEXCEPT {
+    shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+    __r.__ptr_   = __p;
+    __r.__cntrl_ = __cntrl;
+    __r.__enable_weak_this(__r.__ptr_, __r.__ptr_);
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <class _Yp, bool = is_function<_Yp>::value>
+  struct __shared_ptr_default_allocator {
+    typedef allocator<__remove_cv_t<_Yp> > type;
+  };
+
+  template <class _Yp>
+  struct __shared_ptr_default_allocator<_Yp, true> {
+    typedef allocator<__shared_ptr_dummy_rebind_allocator_type> type;
+  };
+
+  template <class _Yp,
+            class _OrigPtr,
+            __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_OrigPtr*, const enable_shared_from_this<_Yp>*>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __enable_weak_this(const enable_shared_from_this<_Yp>* __e, _OrigPtr* __ptr) _NOEXCEPT {
+    typedef __remove_cv_t<_Yp> _RawYp;
+    if (__e && __e->__weak_this_.expired()) {
+      __e->__weak_this_ = shared_ptr<_RawYp>(*this, const_cast<_RawYp*>(static_cast<const _Yp*>(__ptr)));
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __enable_weak_this(...) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  template <class, class _Yp>
+  struct __shared_ptr_default_delete : default_delete<_Yp> {};
+
+  template <class _Yp, class _Un, size_t _Sz>
+  struct __shared_ptr_default_delete<_Yp[_Sz], _Un> : default_delete<_Yp[]> {};
+
+  template <class _Yp, class _Un>
+  struct __shared_ptr_default_delete<_Yp[], _Un> : default_delete<_Yp[]> {};
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS shared_ptr;
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS weak_ptr;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+shared_ptr(weak_ptr<_Tp>) -> shared_ptr<_Tp>;
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp>
+shared_ptr(unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp>) -> shared_ptr<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+//
+// std::allocate_shared and std::make_shared
+//
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, class... _Args, __enable_if_t<!is_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _Args&&... __args) {
+  using _ControlBlock          = __shared_ptr_emplace<_Tp, _Alloc>;
+  using _ControlBlockAllocator = typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, _ControlBlock>::type;
+  __allocation_guard<_ControlBlockAllocator> __guard(__a, 1);
+  ::new ((void*)std::addressof(*__guard.__get())) _ControlBlock(__a, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  auto __control_block = __guard.__release_ptr();
+  return shared_ptr<_Tp>::__create_with_control_block(
+      (*__control_block).__get_elem(), std::addressof(*__control_block));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args, __enable_if_t<!is_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared(_Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::allocate_shared<_Tp>(allocator<__remove_cv_t<_Tp> >(), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<!is_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> allocate_shared_for_overwrite(const _Alloc& __a) {
+  using _ForOverwriteAllocator = __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, __for_overwrite_tag>;
+  _ForOverwriteAllocator __alloc(__a);
+  return std::allocate_shared<_Tp>(__alloc);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<!is_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared_for_overwrite() {
+  return std::allocate_shared_for_overwrite<_Tp>(allocator<__remove_cv_t<_Tp>>());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <size_t _Alignment>
+struct __sp_aligned_storage {
+  alignas(_Alignment) char __storage[_Alignment];
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+struct __unbounded_array_control_block;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+struct __unbounded_array_control_block<_Tp[], _Alloc> : __shared_weak_count {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* __get_data() noexcept { return __data_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __unbounded_array_control_block(
+      _Alloc const& __alloc, size_t __count, _Tp const& __arg)
+      : __alloc_(__alloc), __count_(__count) {
+    std::__uninitialized_allocator_fill_n_multidimensional(__alloc_, std::begin(__data_), __count_, __arg);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __unbounded_array_control_block(_Alloc const& __alloc, size_t __count)
+      : __alloc_(__alloc), __count_(__count) {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    if constexpr (is_same_v<typename _Alloc::value_type, __for_overwrite_tag>) {
+      // We are purposefully not using an allocator-aware default construction because the spec says so.
+      // There's currently no way of expressing default initialization in an allocator-aware manner anyway.
+      std::uninitialized_default_construct_n(std::begin(__data_), __count_);
+    } else {
+      std::__uninitialized_allocator_value_construct_n_multidimensional(__alloc_, std::begin(__data_), __count_);
+    }
+#  else
+    std::__uninitialized_allocator_value_construct_n_multidimensional(__alloc_, std::begin(__data_), __count_);
+#  endif
+  }
+
+  // Returns the number of bytes required to store a control block followed by the given number
+  // of elements of _Tp, with the whole storage being aligned to a multiple of _Tp's alignment.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr size_t __bytes_for(size_t __elements) {
+    // When there's 0 elements, the control block alone is enough since it holds one element.
+    // Otherwise, we allocate one fewer element than requested because the control block already
+    // holds one. Also, we use the bitwise formula below to ensure that we allocate enough bytes
+    // for the whole allocation to be a multiple of _Tp's alignment. That formula is taken from [1].
+    //
+    // [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure_alignment#Computing_padding
+    size_t __bytes           = __elements == 0 ? sizeof(__unbounded_array_control_block)
+                                               : (__elements - 1) * sizeof(_Tp) + sizeof(__unbounded_array_control_block);
+    constexpr size_t __align = alignof(_Tp);
+    return (__bytes + __align - 1) & ~(__align - 1);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL
+  ~__unbounded_array_control_block() override {
+  } // can't be `= default` because of the sometimes-non-trivial union member __data_
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT override {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    if constexpr (is_same_v<typename _Alloc::value_type, __for_overwrite_tag>) {
+      std::__reverse_destroy(__data_, __data_ + __count_);
+    } else {
+      __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _Tp> __value_alloc(__alloc_);
+      std::__allocator_destroy_multidimensional(__value_alloc, __data_, __data_ + __count_);
+    }
+#  else
+    __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _Tp> __value_alloc(__alloc_);
+    std::__allocator_destroy_multidimensional(__value_alloc, __data_, __data_ + __count_);
+#  endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared_weak() _NOEXCEPT override {
+    using _AlignedStorage = __sp_aligned_storage<alignof(__unbounded_array_control_block)>;
+    using _StorageAlloc   = __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _AlignedStorage>;
+    using _PointerTraits  = pointer_traits<typename allocator_traits<_StorageAlloc>::pointer>;
+
+    _StorageAlloc __tmp(__alloc_);
+    __alloc_.~_Alloc();
+    size_t __size              = __unbounded_array_control_block::__bytes_for(__count_);
+    _AlignedStorage* __storage = reinterpret_cast<_AlignedStorage*>(this);
+    allocator_traits<_StorageAlloc>::deallocate(
+        __tmp, _PointerTraits::pointer_to(*__storage), __size / sizeof(_AlignedStorage));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Alloc __alloc_;
+  size_t __count_;
+  union {
+    _Tp __data_[1];
+  };
+};
+
+template <class _Array, class _Alloc, class... _Arg>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Array>
+__allocate_shared_unbounded_array(const _Alloc& __a, size_t __n, _Arg&&... __arg) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_is_unbounded_array<_Array>::value);
+  // We compute the number of bytes necessary to hold the control block and the
+  // array elements. Then, we allocate an array of properly-aligned dummy structs
+  // large enough to hold the control block and array. This allows shifting the
+  // burden of aligning memory properly from us to the allocator.
+  using _ControlBlock   = __unbounded_array_control_block<_Array, _Alloc>;
+  using _AlignedStorage = __sp_aligned_storage<alignof(_ControlBlock)>;
+  using _StorageAlloc   = __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _AlignedStorage>;
+  __allocation_guard<_StorageAlloc> __guard(__a, _ControlBlock::__bytes_for(__n) / sizeof(_AlignedStorage));
+  _ControlBlock* __control_block = reinterpret_cast<_ControlBlock*>(std::addressof(*__guard.__get()));
+  std::__construct_at(__control_block, __a, __n, std::forward<_Arg>(__arg)...);
+  __guard.__release_ptr();
+  return shared_ptr<_Array>::__create_with_control_block(__control_block->__get_data(), __control_block);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+struct __bounded_array_control_block;
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Count, class _Alloc>
+struct __bounded_array_control_block<_Tp[_Count], _Alloc> : __shared_weak_count {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* __get_data() noexcept { return __data_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __bounded_array_control_block(_Alloc const& __alloc, _Tp const& __arg)
+      : __alloc_(__alloc) {
+    std::__uninitialized_allocator_fill_n_multidimensional(__alloc_, std::addressof(__data_[0]), _Count, __arg);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __bounded_array_control_block(_Alloc const& __alloc) : __alloc_(__alloc) {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    if constexpr (is_same_v<typename _Alloc::value_type, __for_overwrite_tag>) {
+      // We are purposefully not using an allocator-aware default construction because the spec says so.
+      // There's currently no way of expressing default initialization in an allocator-aware manner anyway.
+      std::uninitialized_default_construct_n(std::addressof(__data_[0]), _Count);
+    } else {
+      std::__uninitialized_allocator_value_construct_n_multidimensional(__alloc_, std::addressof(__data_[0]), _Count);
+    }
+#  else
+    std::__uninitialized_allocator_value_construct_n_multidimensional(__alloc_, std::addressof(__data_[0]), _Count);
+#  endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL
+  ~__bounded_array_control_block() override {
+  } // can't be `= default` because of the sometimes-non-trivial union member __data_
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT override {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    if constexpr (is_same_v<typename _Alloc::value_type, __for_overwrite_tag>) {
+      std::__reverse_destroy(__data_, __data_ + _Count);
+    } else {
+      __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _Tp> __value_alloc(__alloc_);
+      std::__allocator_destroy_multidimensional(__value_alloc, __data_, __data_ + _Count);
+    }
+#  else
+    __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _Tp> __value_alloc(__alloc_);
+    std::__allocator_destroy_multidimensional(__value_alloc, __data_, __data_ + _Count);
+#  endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared_weak() _NOEXCEPT override {
+    using _ControlBlockAlloc = __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, __bounded_array_control_block>;
+    using _PointerTraits     = pointer_traits<typename allocator_traits<_ControlBlockAlloc>::pointer>;
+
+    _ControlBlockAlloc __tmp(__alloc_);
+    __alloc_.~_Alloc();
+    allocator_traits<_ControlBlockAlloc>::deallocate(__tmp, _PointerTraits::pointer_to(*this), 1);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Alloc __alloc_;
+  union {
+    _Tp __data_[_Count];
+  };
+};
+
+template <class _Array, class _Alloc, class... _Arg>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Array> __allocate_shared_bounded_array(const _Alloc& __a, _Arg&&... __arg) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_is_bounded_array<_Array>::value);
+  using _ControlBlock      = __bounded_array_control_block<_Array, _Alloc>;
+  using _ControlBlockAlloc = __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _ControlBlock>;
+
+  __allocation_guard<_ControlBlockAlloc> __guard(__a, 1);
+  _ControlBlock* __control_block = reinterpret_cast<_ControlBlock*>(std::addressof(*__guard.__get()));
+  std::__construct_at(__control_block, __a, std::forward<_Arg>(__arg)...);
+  __guard.__release_ptr();
+  return shared_ptr<_Array>::__create_with_control_block(__control_block->__get_data(), __control_block);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// bounded array variants
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<is_bounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a) {
+  return std::__allocate_shared_bounded_array<_Tp>(__a);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<is_bounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, const remove_extent_t<_Tp>& __u) {
+  return std::__allocate_shared_bounded_array<_Tp>(__a, __u);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<is_bounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> allocate_shared_for_overwrite(const _Alloc& __a) {
+  using _ForOverwriteAllocator = __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, __for_overwrite_tag>;
+  _ForOverwriteAllocator __alloc(__a);
+  return std::__allocate_shared_bounded_array<_Tp>(__alloc);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_bounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared() {
+  return std::__allocate_shared_bounded_array<_Tp>(allocator<_Tp>());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_bounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared(const remove_extent_t<_Tp>& __u) {
+  return std::__allocate_shared_bounded_array<_Tp>(allocator<_Tp>(), __u);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_bounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared_for_overwrite() {
+  return std::__allocate_shared_bounded_array<_Tp>(allocator<__for_overwrite_tag>());
+}
+
+// unbounded array variants
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<is_unbounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, size_t __n) {
+  return std::__allocate_shared_unbounded_array<_Tp>(__a, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<is_unbounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, size_t __n, const remove_extent_t<_Tp>& __u) {
+  return std::__allocate_shared_unbounded_array<_Tp>(__a, __n, __u);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<is_unbounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> allocate_shared_for_overwrite(const _Alloc& __a, size_t __n) {
+  using _ForOverwriteAllocator = __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, __for_overwrite_tag>;
+  _ForOverwriteAllocator __alloc(__a);
+  return std::__allocate_shared_unbounded_array<_Tp>(__alloc, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_unbounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared(size_t __n) {
+  return std::__allocate_shared_unbounded_array<_Tp>(allocator<_Tp>(), __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_unbounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared(size_t __n, const remove_extent_t<_Tp>& __u) {
+  return std::__allocate_shared_unbounded_array<_Tp>(allocator<_Tp>(), __n, __u);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_unbounded_array<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> make_shared_for_overwrite(size_t __n) {
+  return std::__allocate_shared_unbounded_array<_Tp>(allocator<__for_overwrite_tag>(), __n);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, const shared_ptr<_Up>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x.get() == __y.get();
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, const shared_ptr<_Up>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, const shared_ptr<_Up>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 11
+  typedef typename common_type<_Tp*, _Up*>::type _Vp;
+  return less<_Vp>()(__x.get(), __y.get());
+#  else
+  return less<>()(__x.get(), __y.get());
+#  endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, const shared_ptr<_Up>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, const shared_ptr<_Up>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, const shared_ptr<_Up>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strong_ordering operator<=>(shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, shared_ptr<_Up> const& __y) noexcept {
+  return compare_three_way()(__x.get(), __y.get());
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !__x;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !__x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return less<typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type*>()(__x.get(), nullptr);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return less<typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type*>()(nullptr, __x.get());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return nullptr < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x < nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(nullptr < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x < nullptr);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x < nullptr);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(nullptr < __x);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strong_ordering operator<=>(shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, nullptr_t) noexcept {
+  return compare_three_way()(__x.get(), static_cast<typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type*>(nullptr));
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(shared_ptr<_Tp>& __x, shared_ptr<_Tp>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> static_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<_Up>& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, static_cast< typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type*>(__r.get()));
+}
+
+// LWG-2996
+// We don't backport because it is an evolutionary change.
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> static_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<_Up>&& __r) noexcept {
+  return shared_ptr<_Tp>(std::move(__r), static_cast<typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type*>(__r.get()));
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> dynamic_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<_Up>& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type _ET;
+  _ET* __p = dynamic_cast<_ET*>(__r.get());
+  return __p ? shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, __p) : shared_ptr<_Tp>();
+}
+
+// LWG-2996
+// We don't backport because it is an evolutionary change.
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> dynamic_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<_Up>&& __r) noexcept {
+  auto* __p = dynamic_cast<typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type*>(__r.get());
+  return __p ? shared_ptr<_Tp>(std::move(__r), __p) : shared_ptr<_Tp>();
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> const_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<_Up>& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type _RTp;
+  return shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, const_cast<_RTp*>(__r.get()));
+}
+
+// LWG-2996
+// We don't backport because it is an evolutionary change.
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> const_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<_Up>&& __r) noexcept {
+  return shared_ptr<_Tp>(std::move(__r), const_cast<typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type*>(__r.get()));
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> reinterpret_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<_Up>& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, reinterpret_cast< typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type*>(__r.get()));
+}
+
+// LWG-2996
+// We don't backport because it is an evolutionary change.
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> reinterpret_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<_Up>&& __r) noexcept {
+  return shared_ptr<_Tp>(std::move(__r), reinterpret_cast<typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type*>(__r.get()));
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+
+template <class _Dp, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Dp* get_deleter(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __p.template __get_deleter<_Dp>();
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_SHARED_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS weak_ptr {
+public:
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  typedef remove_extent_t<_Tp> element_type;
+#else
+  typedef _Tp element_type;
+#endif
+
+  // A weak_ptr contains only two raw pointers which point to the heap and move constructing already doesn't require
+  // any bookkeeping, so it's always trivially relocatable.
+  using __trivially_relocatable = weak_ptr;
+
+private:
+  element_type* __ptr_;
+  __shared_weak_count* __cntrl_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR weak_ptr() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr(shared_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr(weak_ptr const& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr(weak_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr(weak_ptr&& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr(weak_ptr<_Yp>&& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~weak_ptr();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr const& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr&& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr<_Yp>&& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(weak_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long use_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __cntrl_ ? __cntrl_->use_count() : 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool expired() const _NOEXCEPT { return __cntrl_ == nullptr || __cntrl_->use_count() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> lock() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool owner_before(const shared_ptr<_Up>& __r) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __cntrl_ < __r.__cntrl_;
+  }
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool owner_before(const weak_ptr<_Up>& __r) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __cntrl_ < __r.__cntrl_;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS weak_ptr;
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS shared_ptr;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+weak_ptr(shared_ptr<_Tp>) -> weak_ptr<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR weak_ptr<_Tp>::weak_ptr() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr), __cntrl_(nullptr) {}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline weak_ptr<_Tp>::weak_ptr(weak_ptr const& __r) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_), __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_) {
+  if (__cntrl_)
+    __cntrl_->__add_weak();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> >
+inline weak_ptr<_Tp>::weak_ptr(shared_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_), __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_) {
+  if (__cntrl_)
+    __cntrl_->__add_weak();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> >
+inline weak_ptr<_Tp>::weak_ptr(weak_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr), __cntrl_(nullptr) {
+  shared_ptr<_Yp> __s = __r.lock();
+  *this               = weak_ptr<_Tp>(__s);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline weak_ptr<_Tp>::weak_ptr(weak_ptr&& __r) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__r.__ptr_), __cntrl_(__r.__cntrl_) {
+  __r.__ptr_   = nullptr;
+  __r.__cntrl_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> >
+inline weak_ptr<_Tp>::weak_ptr(weak_ptr<_Yp>&& __r) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr), __cntrl_(nullptr) {
+  shared_ptr<_Yp> __s = __r.lock();
+  *this               = weak_ptr<_Tp>(__s);
+  __r.reset();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+weak_ptr<_Tp>::~weak_ptr() {
+  if (__cntrl_)
+    __cntrl_->__release_weak();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline weak_ptr<_Tp>& weak_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(weak_ptr const& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+  weak_ptr(__r).swap(*this);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> >
+inline weak_ptr<_Tp>& weak_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(weak_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+  weak_ptr(__r).swap(*this);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline weak_ptr<_Tp>& weak_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(weak_ptr&& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+  weak_ptr(std::move(__r)).swap(*this);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> >
+inline weak_ptr<_Tp>& weak_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(weak_ptr<_Yp>&& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+  weak_ptr(std::move(__r)).swap(*this);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Yp, __enable_if_t<__compatible_with<_Yp, _Tp>::value, int> >
+inline weak_ptr<_Tp>& weak_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(shared_ptr<_Yp> const& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+  weak_ptr(__r).swap(*this);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline void weak_ptr<_Tp>::swap(weak_ptr& __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+  std::swap(__ptr_, __r.__ptr_);
+  std::swap(__cntrl_, __r.__cntrl_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(weak_ptr<_Tp>& __x, weak_ptr<_Tp>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline void weak_ptr<_Tp>::reset() _NOEXCEPT {
+  weak_ptr().swap(*this);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+shared_ptr<_Tp> weak_ptr<_Tp>::lock() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  shared_ptr<_Tp> __r;
+  __r.__cntrl_ = __cntrl_ ? __cntrl_->lock() : __cntrl_;
+  if (__r.__cntrl_)
+    __r.__ptr_ = __ptr_;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp = void>
+struct owner_less;
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+struct owner_less;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS owner_less<shared_ptr<_Tp> > : __binary_function<shared_ptr<_Tp>, shared_ptr<_Tp>, bool> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.owner_before(__y);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.owner_before(__y);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.owner_before(__y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS owner_less<weak_ptr<_Tp> > : __binary_function<weak_ptr<_Tp>, weak_ptr<_Tp>, bool> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.owner_before(__y);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.owner_before(__y);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __y) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.owner_before(__y);
+  }
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS owner_less<void> {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, shared_ptr<_Up> const& __y) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.owner_before(__y);
+  }
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, weak_ptr<_Up> const& __y) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.owner_before(__y);
+  }
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, shared_ptr<_Up> const& __y) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.owner_before(__y);
+  }
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, weak_ptr<_Up> const& __y) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __x.owner_before(__y);
+  }
+  typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS enable_shared_from_this {
+  mutable weak_ptr<_Tp> __weak_this_;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR enable_shared_from_this() _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI enable_shared_from_this(enable_shared_from_this const&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI enable_shared_from_this& operator=(enable_shared_from_this const&) _NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~enable_shared_from_this() {}
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> shared_from_this() { return shared_ptr<_Tp>(__weak_this_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp const> shared_from_this() const { return shared_ptr<const _Tp>(__weak_this_); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr<_Tp> weak_from_this() _NOEXCEPT { return __weak_this_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weak_ptr<const _Tp> weak_from_this() const _NOEXCEPT { return __weak_this_; }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend class shared_ptr;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<shared_ptr<_Tp> > {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef shared_ptr<_Tp> argument_type;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef size_t result_type;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __ptr) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return hash<typename shared_ptr<_Tp>::element_type*>()(__ptr.get());
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, shared_ptr<_Yp> const& __p);
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __sp_mut {
+  void* __lx_;
+
+public:
+  void lock() _NOEXCEPT;
+  void unlock() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __sp_mut(void*) _NOEXCEPT;
+  __sp_mut(const __sp_mut&);
+  __sp_mut& operator=(const __sp_mut&);
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __sp_mut& __get_sp_mut(const void*);
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __sp_mut& __get_sp_mut(const void*);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_is_lock_free(const shared_ptr<_Tp>*) {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> atomic_load(const shared_ptr<_Tp>* __p) {
+  __sp_mut& __m = std::__get_sp_mut(__p);
+  __m.lock();
+  shared_ptr<_Tp> __q = *__p;
+  __m.unlock();
+  return __q;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> atomic_load_explicit(const shared_ptr<_Tp>* __p, memory_order) {
+  return std::atomic_load(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void atomic_store(shared_ptr<_Tp>* __p, shared_ptr<_Tp> __r) {
+  __sp_mut& __m = std::__get_sp_mut(__p);
+  __m.lock();
+  __p->swap(__r);
+  __m.unlock();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void atomic_store_explicit(shared_ptr<_Tp>* __p, shared_ptr<_Tp> __r, memory_order) {
+  std::atomic_store(__p, __r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp> atomic_exchange(shared_ptr<_Tp>* __p, shared_ptr<_Tp> __r) {
+  __sp_mut& __m = std::__get_sp_mut(__p);
+  __m.lock();
+  __p->swap(__r);
+  __m.unlock();
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_ptr<_Tp>
+atomic_exchange_explicit(shared_ptr<_Tp>* __p, shared_ptr<_Tp> __r, memory_order) {
+  return std::atomic_exchange(__p, __r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+atomic_compare_exchange_strong(shared_ptr<_Tp>* __p, shared_ptr<_Tp>* __v, shared_ptr<_Tp> __w) {
+  shared_ptr<_Tp> __temp;
+  __sp_mut& __m = std::__get_sp_mut(__p);
+  __m.lock();
+  if (__p->__owner_equivalent(*__v)) {
+    std::swap(__temp, *__p);
+    *__p = __w;
+    __m.unlock();
+    return true;
+  }
+  std::swap(__temp, *__v);
+  *__v = *__p;
+  __m.unlock();
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+atomic_compare_exchange_weak(shared_ptr<_Tp>* __p, shared_ptr<_Tp>* __v, shared_ptr<_Tp> __w) {
+  return std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong(__p, __v, __w);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(
+    shared_ptr<_Tp>* __p, shared_ptr<_Tp>* __v, shared_ptr<_Tp> __w, memory_order, memory_order) {
+  return std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong(__p, __v, __w);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(
+    shared_ptr<_Tp>* __p, shared_ptr<_Tp>* __v, shared_ptr<_Tp> __w, memory_order, memory_order) {
+  return std::atomic_compare_exchange_weak(__p, __v, __w);
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_SHARED_PTR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/swap_allocator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/swap_allocator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b17e082a43c9f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/swap_allocator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_SWAP_ALLOCATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_SWAP_ALLOCATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <typename _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void __swap_allocator(_Alloc& __a1, _Alloc& __a2, true_type)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+    _NOEXCEPT
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Alloc>)
+#endif
+{
+  using std::swap;
+  swap(__a1, __a2);
+}
+
+template <typename _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__swap_allocator(_Alloc&, _Alloc&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+template <typename _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void __swap_allocator(_Alloc& __a1, _Alloc& __a2)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+    _NOEXCEPT
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Alloc>)
+#endif
+{
+  std::__swap_allocator(
+      __a1, __a2, integral_constant<bool, allocator_traits<_Alloc>::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_SWAP_ALLOCATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/temp_value.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/temp_value.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4a133b3fbcf6c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/temp_value.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_TEMP_VALUE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_TEMP_VALUE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/aligned_storage.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+struct __temp_value {
+  typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> _Traits;
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  typename aligned_storage<sizeof(_Tp), _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp)>::type __v;
+#else
+  union {
+    _Tp __v;
+  };
+#endif
+  _Alloc& __a;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp* __addr() {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    return reinterpret_cast<_Tp*>(std::addressof(__v));
+#else
+    return std::addressof(__v);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& get() { return *__addr(); }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_CFI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __temp_value(_Alloc& __alloc, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __a(__alloc) {
+    _Traits::construct(__a, __addr(), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~__temp_value() { _Traits::destroy(__a, __addr()); }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_TEMP_VALUE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/temporary_buffer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/temporary_buffer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..88799ca95c1f35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/temporary_buffer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_TEMPORARY_BUFFER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_TEMPORARY_BUFFER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_CFI _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 pair<_Tp*, ptr
diff _t>
+get_temporary_buffer(ptr
diff _t __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+  pair<_Tp*, ptr
diff _t> __r(0, 0);
+  const ptr
diff _t __m =
+      (~ptr
diff _t(0) ^ ptr
diff _t(ptr
diff _t(1) << (sizeof(ptr
diff _t) * __CHAR_BIT__ - 1))) / sizeof(_Tp);
+  if (__n > __m)
+    __n = __m;
+  while (__n > 0) {
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION)
+    if (__is_overaligned_for_new(_LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp))) {
+      align_val_t __al = align_val_t(_LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp));
+      __r.first        = static_cast<_Tp*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(_Tp), __al, nothrow));
+    } else {
+      __r.first = static_cast<_Tp*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(_Tp), nothrow));
+    }
+#else
+    if (__is_overaligned_for_new(_LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp))) {
+      // Since aligned operator new is unavailable, return an empty
+      // buffer rather than one with invalid alignment.
+      return __r;
+    }
+
+    __r.first = static_cast<_Tp*>(::operator new(__n * sizeof(_Tp), nothrow));
+#endif
+
+    if (__r.first) {
+      __r.second = __n;
+      break;
+    }
+    __n /= 2;
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 void return_temporary_buffer(_Tp* __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  std::__libcpp_deallocate_unsized((void*)__p, _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp));
+}
+
+struct __return_temporary_buffer {
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(_Tp* __p) const {
+    std::return_temporary_buffer(__p);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_TEMPORARY_BUFFER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/uninitialized_algorithms.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/uninitialized_algorithms.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7475ef5cf85def
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/uninitialized_algorithms.h
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_UNINITIALIZED_ALGORITHMS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_UNINITIALIZED_ALGORITHMS_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/move.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_range.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/voidify.h>
+#include <__type_traits/extent.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unbounded_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/negation.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_extent.h>
+#include <__utility/exception_guard.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct __always_false {
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool operator()(_Args&&...) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+// uninitialized_copy
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel1, class _ForwardIterator, class _EndPredicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_InputIterator, _ForwardIterator> __uninitialized_copy(
+    _InputIterator __ifirst, _Sentinel1 __ilast, _ForwardIterator __ofirst, _EndPredicate __stop_copying) {
+  _ForwardIterator __idx = __ofirst;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif
+    for (; __ifirst != __ilast && !__stop_copying(__idx); ++__ifirst, (void)++__idx)
+      ::new (std::__voidify(*__idx)) _ValueType(*__ifirst);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    std::__destroy(__ofirst, __idx);
+    throw;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  return pair<_InputIterator, _ForwardIterator>(std::move(__ifirst), std::move(__idx));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_copy(_InputIterator __ifirst, _InputIterator __ilast, _ForwardIterator __ofirst) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type _ValueType;
+  auto __result = std::__uninitialized_copy<_ValueType>(
+      std::move(__ifirst), std::move(__ilast), std::move(__ofirst), __always_false());
+  return std::move(__result.second);
+}
+
+// uninitialized_copy_n
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _InputIterator, class _Size, class _ForwardIterator, class _EndPredicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_InputIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+__uninitialized_copy_n(_InputIterator __ifirst, _Size __n, _ForwardIterator __ofirst, _EndPredicate __stop_copying) {
+  _ForwardIterator __idx = __ofirst;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif
+    for (; __n > 0 && !__stop_copying(__idx); ++__ifirst, (void)++__idx, (void)--__n)
+      ::new (std::__voidify(*__idx)) _ValueType(*__ifirst);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    std::__destroy(__ofirst, __idx);
+    throw;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  return pair<_InputIterator, _ForwardIterator>(std::move(__ifirst), std::move(__idx));
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Size, class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_copy_n(_InputIterator __ifirst, _Size __n, _ForwardIterator __ofirst) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type _ValueType;
+  auto __result =
+      std::__uninitialized_copy_n<_ValueType>(std::move(__ifirst), __n, std::move(__ofirst), __always_false());
+  return std::move(__result.second);
+}
+
+// uninitialized_fill
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _ForwardIterator, class _Sentinel, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+__uninitialized_fill(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, const _Tp& __x) {
+  _ForwardIterator __idx = __first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif
+    for (; __idx != __last; ++__idx)
+      ::new (std::__voidify(*__idx)) _ValueType(__x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    std::__destroy(__first, __idx);
+    throw;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  return __idx;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+uninitialized_fill(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __x) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type _ValueType;
+  (void)std::__uninitialized_fill<_ValueType>(__first, __last, __x);
+}
+
+// uninitialized_fill_n
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+__uninitialized_fill_n(_ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n, const _Tp& __x) {
+  _ForwardIterator __idx = __first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif
+    for (; __n > 0; ++__idx, (void)--__n)
+      ::new (std::__voidify(*__idx)) _ValueType(__x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    std::__destroy(__first, __idx);
+    throw;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  return __idx;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_fill_n(_ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n, const _Tp& __x) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type _ValueType;
+  return std::__uninitialized_fill_n<_ValueType>(__first, __n, __x);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+// uninitialized_default_construct
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _ForwardIterator, class _Sentinel>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+__uninitialized_default_construct(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+  auto __idx = __first;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif
+    for (; __idx != __last; ++__idx)
+      ::new (std::__voidify(*__idx)) _ValueType;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    std::__destroy(__first, __idx);
+    throw;
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  return __idx;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void uninitialized_default_construct(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  using _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+  (void)std::__uninitialized_default_construct<_ValueType>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+}
+
+// uninitialized_default_construct_n
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator __uninitialized_default_construct_n(_ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n) {
+  auto __idx = __first;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif
+    for (; __n > 0; ++__idx, (void)--__n)
+      ::new (std::__voidify(*__idx)) _ValueType;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    std::__destroy(__first, __idx);
+    throw;
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  return __idx;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator uninitialized_default_construct_n(_ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n) {
+  using _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+  return std::__uninitialized_default_construct_n<_ValueType>(std::move(__first), __n);
+}
+
+// uninitialized_value_construct
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _ForwardIterator, class _Sentinel>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+__uninitialized_value_construct(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+  auto __idx = __first;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif
+    for (; __idx != __last; ++__idx)
+      ::new (std::__voidify(*__idx)) _ValueType();
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    std::__destroy(__first, __idx);
+    throw;
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  return __idx;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void uninitialized_value_construct(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  using _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+  (void)std::__uninitialized_value_construct<_ValueType>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+}
+
+// uninitialized_value_construct_n
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator __uninitialized_value_construct_n(_ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n) {
+  auto __idx = __first;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif
+    for (; __n > 0; ++__idx, (void)--__n)
+      ::new (std::__voidify(*__idx)) _ValueType();
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    std::__destroy(__first, __idx);
+    throw;
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  return __idx;
+}
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator uninitialized_value_construct_n(_ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n) {
+  using _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+  return std::__uninitialized_value_construct_n<_ValueType>(std::move(__first), __n);
+}
+
+// uninitialized_move
+
+template <class _ValueType,
+          class _InputIterator,
+          class _Sentinel1,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _EndPredicate,
+          class _IterMove>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_InputIterator, _ForwardIterator> __uninitialized_move(
+    _InputIterator __ifirst,
+    _Sentinel1 __ilast,
+    _ForwardIterator __ofirst,
+    _EndPredicate __stop_moving,
+    _IterMove __iter_move) {
+  auto __idx = __ofirst;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif
+    for (; __ifirst != __ilast && !__stop_moving(__idx); ++__idx, (void)++__ifirst) {
+      ::new (std::__voidify(*__idx)) _ValueType(__iter_move(__ifirst));
+    }
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    std::__destroy(__ofirst, __idx);
+    throw;
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  return {std::move(__ifirst), std::move(__idx)};
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_move(_InputIterator __ifirst, _InputIterator __ilast, _ForwardIterator __ofirst) {
+  using _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+  auto __iter_move = [](auto&& __iter) -> decltype(auto) { return std::move(*__iter); };
+
+  auto __result = std::__uninitialized_move<_ValueType>(
+      std::move(__ifirst), std::move(__ilast), std::move(__ofirst), __always_false(), __iter_move);
+  return std::move(__result.second);
+}
+
+// uninitialized_move_n
+
+template <class _ValueType,
+          class _InputIterator,
+          class _Size,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _EndPredicate,
+          class _IterMove>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_InputIterator, _ForwardIterator> __uninitialized_move_n(
+    _InputIterator __ifirst, _Size __n, _ForwardIterator __ofirst, _EndPredicate __stop_moving, _IterMove __iter_move) {
+  auto __idx = __ofirst;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif
+    for (; __n > 0 && !__stop_moving(__idx); ++__idx, (void)++__ifirst, --__n)
+      ::new (std::__voidify(*__idx)) _ValueType(__iter_move(__ifirst));
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    std::__destroy(__ofirst, __idx);
+    throw;
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  return {std::move(__ifirst), std::move(__idx)};
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Size, class _ForwardIterator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<_InputIterator, _ForwardIterator>
+uninitialized_move_n(_InputIterator __ifirst, _Size __n, _ForwardIterator __ofirst) {
+  using _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type;
+  auto __iter_move = [](auto&& __iter) -> decltype(auto) { return std::move(*__iter); };
+
+  return std::__uninitialized_move_n<_ValueType>(
+      std::move(__ifirst), __n, std::move(__ofirst), __always_false(), __iter_move);
+}
+
+// TODO: Rewrite this to iterate left to right and use reverse_iterators when calling
+// Destroys every element in the range [first, last) FROM RIGHT TO LEFT using allocator
+// destruction. If elements are themselves C-style arrays, they are recursively destroyed
+// in the same manner.
+//
+// This function assumes that destructors do not throw, and that the allocator is bound to
+// the correct type.
+template <class _Alloc,
+          class _BidirIter,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_bidirectional_iterator_category<_BidirIter>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+__allocator_destroy_multidimensional(_Alloc& __alloc, _BidirIter __first, _BidirIter __last) noexcept {
+  using _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_BidirIter>::value_type;
+  static_assert(is_same_v<typename allocator_traits<_Alloc>::value_type, _ValueType>,
+                "The allocator should already be rebound to the correct type");
+
+  if (__first == __last)
+    return;
+
+  if constexpr (is_array_v<_ValueType>) {
+    static_assert(!__libcpp_is_unbounded_array<_ValueType>::value,
+                  "arrays of unbounded arrays don't exist, but if they did we would mess up here");
+
+    using _Element = remove_extent_t<_ValueType>;
+    __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _Element> __elem_alloc(__alloc);
+    do {
+      --__last;
+      decltype(auto) __array = *__last;
+      std::__allocator_destroy_multidimensional(__elem_alloc, __array, __array + extent_v<_ValueType>);
+    } while (__last != __first);
+  } else {
+    do {
+      --__last;
+      allocator_traits<_Alloc>::destroy(__alloc, std::addressof(*__last));
+    } while (__last != __first);
+  }
+}
+
+// Constructs the object at the given location using the allocator's construct method.
+//
+// If the object being constructed is an array, each element of the array is allocator-constructed,
+// recursively. If an exception is thrown during the construction of an array, the initialized
+// elements are destroyed in reverse order of initialization using allocator destruction.
+//
+// This function assumes that the allocator is bound to the correct type.
+template <class _Alloc, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __allocator_construct_at_multidimensional(_Alloc& __alloc, _Tp* __loc) {
+  static_assert(is_same_v<typename allocator_traits<_Alloc>::value_type, _Tp>,
+                "The allocator should already be rebound to the correct type");
+
+  if constexpr (is_array_v<_Tp>) {
+    using _Element = remove_extent_t<_Tp>;
+    __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _Element> __elem_alloc(__alloc);
+    size_t __i   = 0;
+    _Tp& __array = *__loc;
+
+    // If an exception is thrown, destroy what we have constructed so far in reverse order.
+    auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard([&]() {
+      std::__allocator_destroy_multidimensional(__elem_alloc, __array, __array + __i);
+    });
+
+    for (; __i != extent_v<_Tp>; ++__i) {
+      std::__allocator_construct_at_multidimensional(__elem_alloc, std::addressof(__array[__i]));
+    }
+    __guard.__complete();
+  } else {
+    allocator_traits<_Alloc>::construct(__alloc, __loc);
+  }
+}
+
+// Constructs the object at the given location using the allocator's construct method, passing along
+// the provided argument.
+//
+// If the object being constructed is an array, the argument is also assumed to be an array. Each
+// each element of the array being constructed is allocator-constructed from the corresponding
+// element of the argument array. If an exception is thrown during the construction of an array,
+// the initialized elements are destroyed in reverse order of initialization using allocator
+// destruction.
+//
+// This function assumes that the allocator is bound to the correct type.
+template <class _Alloc, class _Tp, class _Arg>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+__allocator_construct_at_multidimensional(_Alloc& __alloc, _Tp* __loc, _Arg const& __arg) {
+  static_assert(is_same_v<typename allocator_traits<_Alloc>::value_type, _Tp>,
+                "The allocator should already be rebound to the correct type");
+
+  if constexpr (is_array_v<_Tp>) {
+    static_assert(is_array_v<_Arg>,
+                  "Provided non-array initialization argument to __allocator_construct_at_multidimensional when "
+                  "trying to construct an array.");
+
+    using _Element = remove_extent_t<_Tp>;
+    __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _Element> __elem_alloc(__alloc);
+    size_t __i   = 0;
+    _Tp& __array = *__loc;
+
+    // If an exception is thrown, destroy what we have constructed so far in reverse order.
+    auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard([&]() {
+      std::__allocator_destroy_multidimensional(__elem_alloc, __array, __array + __i);
+    });
+    for (; __i != extent_v<_Tp>; ++__i) {
+      std::__allocator_construct_at_multidimensional(__elem_alloc, std::addressof(__array[__i]), __arg[__i]);
+    }
+    __guard.__complete();
+  } else {
+    allocator_traits<_Alloc>::construct(__alloc, __loc, __arg);
+  }
+}
+
+// Given a range starting at it and containing n elements, initializes each element in the
+// range from left to right using the construct method of the allocator (rebound to the
+// correct type).
+//
+// If an exception is thrown, the initialized elements are destroyed in reverse order of
+// initialization using allocator_traits destruction. If the elements in the range are C-style
+// arrays, they are initialized element-wise using allocator construction, and recursively so.
+template <class _Alloc,
+          class _BidirIter,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Size = typename iterator_traits<_BidirIter>::
diff erence_type>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+__uninitialized_allocator_fill_n_multidimensional(_Alloc& __alloc, _BidirIter __it, _Size __n, _Tp const& __value) {
+  using _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_BidirIter>::value_type;
+  __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _ValueType> __value_alloc(__alloc);
+  _BidirIter __begin = __it;
+
+  // If an exception is thrown, destroy what we have constructed so far in reverse order.
+  auto __guard =
+      std::__make_exception_guard([&]() { std::__allocator_destroy_multidimensional(__value_alloc, __begin, __it); });
+  for (; __n != 0; --__n, ++__it) {
+    std::__allocator_construct_at_multidimensional(__value_alloc, std::addressof(*__it), __value);
+  }
+  __guard.__complete();
+}
+
+// Same as __uninitialized_allocator_fill_n_multidimensional, but doesn't pass any initialization argument
+// to the allocator's construct method, which results in value initialization.
+template <class _Alloc, class _BidirIter, class _Size = typename iterator_traits<_BidirIter>::
diff erence_type>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+__uninitialized_allocator_value_construct_n_multidimensional(_Alloc& __alloc, _BidirIter __it, _Size __n) {
+  using _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_BidirIter>::value_type;
+  __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Alloc, _ValueType> __value_alloc(__alloc);
+  _BidirIter __begin = __it;
+
+  // If an exception is thrown, destroy what we have constructed so far in reverse order.
+  auto __guard =
+      std::__make_exception_guard([&]() { std::__allocator_destroy_multidimensional(__value_alloc, __begin, __it); });
+  for (; __n != 0; --__n, ++__it) {
+    std::__allocator_construct_at_multidimensional(__value_alloc, std::addressof(*__it));
+  }
+  __guard.__complete();
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+// Destroy all elements in [__first, __last) from left to right using allocator destruction.
+template <class _Alloc, class _Iter, class _Sent>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__allocator_destroy(_Alloc& __alloc, _Iter __first, _Sent __last) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    allocator_traits<_Alloc>::destroy(__alloc, std::__to_address(__first));
+}
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Iter>
+class _AllocatorDestroyRangeReverse {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14
+  _AllocatorDestroyRangeReverse(_Alloc& __alloc, _Iter& __first, _Iter& __last)
+      : __alloc_(__alloc), __first_(__first), __last_(__last) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void operator()() const {
+    std::__allocator_destroy(__alloc_, std::reverse_iterator<_Iter>(__last_), std::reverse_iterator<_Iter>(__first_));
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Alloc& __alloc_;
+  _Iter& __first_;
+  _Iter& __last_;
+};
+
+// Copy-construct [__first1, __last1) in [__first2, __first2 + N), where N is distance(__first1, __last1).
+//
+// The caller has to ensure that __first2 can hold at least N uninitialized elements. If an exception is thrown the
+// already copied elements are destroyed in reverse order of their construction.
+template <class _Alloc, class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Iter2
+__uninitialized_allocator_copy_impl(_Alloc& __alloc, _Iter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _Iter2 __first2) {
+  auto __destruct_first = __first2;
+  auto __guard =
+      std::__make_exception_guard(_AllocatorDestroyRangeReverse<_Alloc, _Iter2>(__alloc, __destruct_first, __first2));
+  while (__first1 != __last1) {
+    allocator_traits<_Alloc>::construct(__alloc, std::__to_address(__first2), *__first1);
+    ++__first1;
+    ++__first2;
+  }
+  __guard.__complete();
+  return __first2;
+}
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Type>
+struct __allocator_has_trivial_copy_construct : _Not<__has_construct<_Alloc, _Type*, const _Type&> > {};
+
+template <class _Type>
+struct __allocator_has_trivial_copy_construct<allocator<_Type>, _Type> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Alloc,
+          class _In,
+          class _RawTypeIn = __remove_const_t<_In>,
+          class _Out,
+          __enable_if_t<
+              // using _RawTypeIn because of the allocator<T const> extension
+              is_trivially_copy_constructible<_RawTypeIn>::value && is_trivially_copy_assignable<_RawTypeIn>::value &&
+                  is_same<__remove_const_t<_In>, __remove_const_t<_Out> >::value &&
+                  __allocator_has_trivial_copy_construct<_Alloc, _RawTypeIn>::value,
+              int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Out*
+__uninitialized_allocator_copy_impl(_Alloc&, _In* __first1, _In* __last1, _Out* __first2) {
+  // TODO: Remove the const_cast once we drop support for std::allocator<T const>
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    while (__first1 != __last1) {
+      std::__construct_at(std::__to_address(__first2), *__first1);
+      ++__first1;
+      ++__first2;
+    }
+    return __first2;
+  } else {
+    return std::copy(__first1, __last1, const_cast<_RawTypeIn*>(__first2));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Iter1, class _Sent1, class _Iter2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Iter2
+__uninitialized_allocator_copy(_Alloc& __alloc, _Iter1 __first1, _Sent1 __last1, _Iter2 __first2) {
+  auto __unwrapped_range = std::__unwrap_range(__first1, __last1);
+  auto __result          = std::__uninitialized_allocator_copy_impl(
+      __alloc, __unwrapped_range.first, __unwrapped_range.second, std::__unwrap_iter(__first2));
+  return std::__rewrap_iter(__first2, __result);
+}
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Type>
+struct __allocator_has_trivial_move_construct : _Not<__has_construct<_Alloc, _Type*, _Type&&> > {};
+
+template <class _Type>
+struct __allocator_has_trivial_move_construct<allocator<_Type>, _Type> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Alloc, class _Tp>
+struct __allocator_has_trivial_destroy : _Not<__has_destroy<_Alloc, _Tp*> > {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __allocator_has_trivial_destroy<allocator<_Tp>, _Up> : true_type {};
+
+// __uninitialized_allocator_relocate relocates the objects in [__first, __last) into __result.
+// Relocation means that the objects in [__first, __last) are placed into __result as-if by move-construct and destroy,
+// except that the move constructor and destructor may never be called if they are known to be equivalent to a memcpy.
+//
+// Preconditions:  __result doesn't contain any objects and [__first, __last) contains objects
+// Postconditions: __result contains the objects from [__first, __last) and
+//                 [__first, __last) doesn't contain any objects
+//
+// The strong exception guarantee is provided if any of the following are true:
+// - is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Tp>
+// - is_copy_constructible<_Tp>
+// - __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_Tp>
+template <class _Alloc, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__uninitialized_allocator_relocate(_Alloc& __alloc, _Tp* __first, _Tp* __last, _Tp* __result) {
+  static_assert(__is_cpp17_move_insertable<_Alloc>::value,
+                "The specified type does not meet the requirements of Cpp17MoveInsertable");
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated() || !__libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_Tp>::value ||
+      !__allocator_has_trivial_move_construct<_Alloc, _Tp>::value ||
+      !__allocator_has_trivial_destroy<_Alloc, _Tp>::value) {
+    auto __destruct_first = __result;
+    auto __guard =
+        std::__make_exception_guard(_AllocatorDestroyRangeReverse<_Alloc, _Tp*>(__alloc, __destruct_first, __result));
+    auto __iter = __first;
+    while (__iter != __last) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      allocator_traits<_Alloc>::construct(__alloc, __result, std::move_if_noexcept(*__iter));
+#else
+      allocator_traits<_Alloc>::construct(__alloc, __result, std::move(*__iter));
+#endif
+      ++__iter;
+      ++__result;
+    }
+    __guard.__complete();
+    std::__allocator_destroy(__alloc, __first, __last);
+  } else {
+    __builtin_memcpy(const_cast<__remove_const_t<_Tp>*>(__result), __first, sizeof(_Tp) * (__last - __first));
+  }
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_UNINITIALIZED_ALGORITHMS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/unique_ptr.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/unique_ptr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f75259473efb12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/unique_ptr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,693 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_UNIQUE_PTR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_UNIQUE_PTR_H
+
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way_result.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h> // __pointer
+#include <__memory/auto_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory/compressed_pair.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/dependent_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_extent.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Ptr>
+struct __is_noexcept_deref_or_void {
+  static constexpr bool value = noexcept(*std::declval<_Ptr>());
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __is_noexcept_deref_or_void<void*> : true_type {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS default_delete {
+  static_assert(!is_function<_Tp>::value, "default_delete cannot be instantiated for function types");
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr default_delete() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI default_delete() {}
+#endif
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_Up*, _Tp*>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 default_delete(const default_delete<_Up>&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void operator()(_Tp* __ptr) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) >= 0, "cannot delete an incomplete type");
+    static_assert(!is_void<_Tp>::value, "cannot delete an incomplete type");
+    delete __ptr;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS default_delete<_Tp[]> {
+private:
+  template <class _Up>
+  struct _EnableIfConvertible : enable_if<is_convertible<_Up (*)[], _Tp (*)[]>::value> {};
+
+public:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr default_delete() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI default_delete() {}
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23
+  default_delete(const default_delete<_Up[]>&, typename _EnableIfConvertible<_Up>::type* = 0) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 typename _EnableIfConvertible<_Up>::type
+  operator()(_Up* __ptr) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Up) >= 0, "cannot delete an incomplete type");
+    delete[] __ptr;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Deleter>
+struct __unique_ptr_deleter_sfinae {
+  static_assert(!is_reference<_Deleter>::value, "incorrect specialization");
+  typedef const _Deleter& __lval_ref_type;
+  typedef _Deleter&& __good_rval_ref_type;
+  typedef true_type __enable_rval_overload;
+};
+
+template <class _Deleter>
+struct __unique_ptr_deleter_sfinae<_Deleter const&> {
+  typedef const _Deleter& __lval_ref_type;
+  typedef const _Deleter&& __bad_rval_ref_type;
+  typedef false_type __enable_rval_overload;
+};
+
+template <class _Deleter>
+struct __unique_ptr_deleter_sfinae<_Deleter&> {
+  typedef _Deleter& __lval_ref_type;
+  typedef _Deleter&& __bad_rval_ref_type;
+  typedef false_type __enable_rval_overload;
+};
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_ENABLE_UNIQUE_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI)
+#  define _LIBCPP_UNIQUE_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI __attribute__((__trivial_abi__))
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_UNIQUE_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp = default_delete<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_UNIQUE_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unique_ptr {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp element_type;
+  typedef _Dp deleter_type;
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename __pointer<_Tp, deleter_type>::type pointer;
+
+  static_assert(!is_rvalue_reference<deleter_type>::value, "the specified deleter type cannot be an rvalue reference");
+
+  // A unique_ptr contains the following members which may be trivially relocatable:
+  // - pointer : this may be trivially relocatable, so it's checked
+  // - deleter_type: this may be trivially relocatable, so it's checked
+  //
+  // This unique_ptr implementation only contains a pointer to the unique object and a deleter, so there are no
+  // references to itself. This means that the entire structure is trivially relocatable if its members are.
+  using __trivially_relocatable = __conditional_t<
+      __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<pointer>::value && __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<deleter_type>::value,
+      unique_ptr,
+      void>;
+
+private:
+  __compressed_pair<pointer, deleter_type> __ptr_;
+
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __unique_ptr_deleter_sfinae<_Dp> _DeleterSFINAE;
+
+  template <bool _Dummy>
+  using _LValRefType _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename __dependent_type<_DeleterSFINAE, _Dummy>::__lval_ref_type;
+
+  template <bool _Dummy>
+  using _GoodRValRefType _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename __dependent_type<_DeleterSFINAE, _Dummy>::__good_rval_ref_type;
+
+  template <bool _Dummy>
+  using _BadRValRefType _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename __dependent_type<_DeleterSFINAE, _Dummy>::__bad_rval_ref_type;
+
+  template <bool _Dummy, class _Deleter = typename __dependent_type< __type_identity<deleter_type>, _Dummy>::type>
+  using _EnableIfDeleterDefaultConstructible _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+      __enable_if_t<is_default_constructible<_Deleter>::value && !is_pointer<_Deleter>::value>;
+
+  template <class _ArgType>
+  using _EnableIfDeleterConstructible _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __enable_if_t<is_constructible<deleter_type, _ArgType>::value>;
+
+  template <class _UPtr, class _Up>
+  using _EnableIfMoveConvertible _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+      __enable_if_t< is_convertible<typename _UPtr::pointer, pointer>::value && !is_array<_Up>::value >;
+
+  template <class _UDel>
+  using _EnableIfDeleterConvertible _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+      __enable_if_t< (is_reference<_Dp>::value && is_same<_Dp, _UDel>::value) ||
+                     (!is_reference<_Dp>::value && is_convertible<_UDel, _Dp>::value) >;
+
+  template <class _UDel>
+  using _EnableIfDeleterAssignable = __enable_if_t< is_assignable<_Dp&, _UDel&&>::value >;
+
+public:
+  template <bool _Dummy = true, class = _EnableIfDeleterDefaultConstructible<_Dummy> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR unique_ptr() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__value_init_tag(), __value_init_tag()) {}
+
+  template <bool _Dummy = true, class = _EnableIfDeleterDefaultConstructible<_Dummy> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR unique_ptr(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__value_init_tag(), __value_init_tag()) {}
+
+  template <bool _Dummy = true, class = _EnableIfDeleterDefaultConstructible<_Dummy> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 explicit unique_ptr(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p, __value_init_tag()) {}
+
+  template <bool _Dummy = true, class = _EnableIfDeleterConstructible<_LValRefType<_Dummy> > >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr(pointer __p, _LValRefType<_Dummy> __d) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__p, __d) {}
+
+  template <bool _Dummy = true, class = _EnableIfDeleterConstructible<_GoodRValRefType<_Dummy> > >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr(pointer __p, _GoodRValRefType<_Dummy> __d) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__p, std::move(__d)) {
+    static_assert(!is_reference<deleter_type>::value, "rvalue deleter bound to reference");
+  }
+
+  template <bool _Dummy = true, class = _EnableIfDeleterConstructible<_BadRValRefType<_Dummy> > >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_ptr(pointer __p, _BadRValRefType<_Dummy> __d) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__u.release(), std::forward<deleter_type>(__u.get_deleter())) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            class _Ep,
+            class = _EnableIfMoveConvertible<unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>, _Up>,
+            class = _EnableIfDeleterConvertible<_Ep> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr(unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>&& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__u.release(), std::forward<_Ep>(__u.get_deleter())) {}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_AUTO_PTR)
+  template <class _Up,
+            __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_Up*, _Tp*>::value && is_same<_Dp, default_delete<_Tp> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_ptr(auto_ptr<_Up>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p.release(), __value_init_tag()) {}
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& __u) _NOEXCEPT {
+    reset(__u.release());
+    __ptr_.second() = std::forward<deleter_type>(__u.get_deleter());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            class _Ep,
+            class = _EnableIfMoveConvertible<unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>, _Up>,
+            class = _EnableIfDeleterAssignable<_Ep> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>&& __u) _NOEXCEPT {
+    reset(__u.release());
+    __ptr_.second() = std::forward<_Ep>(__u.get_deleter());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_AUTO_PTR)
+  template <class _Up,
+            __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_Up*, _Tp*>::value && is_same<_Dp, default_delete<_Tp> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr<_Up> __p) {
+    reset(__p.release());
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  unique_ptr(unique_ptr const&)            = delete;
+  unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr const&) = delete;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 ~unique_ptr() { reset(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+    reset();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 __add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp> operator*() const
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__is_noexcept_deref_or_void<pointer>::value) {
+    return *__ptr_.first();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 pointer operator->() const _NOEXCEPT { return __ptr_.first(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 pointer get() const _NOEXCEPT { return __ptr_.first(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 deleter_type& get_deleter() _NOEXCEPT { return __ptr_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 const deleter_type& get_deleter() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __ptr_.second();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __ptr_.first() != nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 pointer release() _NOEXCEPT {
+    pointer __t    = __ptr_.first();
+    __ptr_.first() = pointer();
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void reset(pointer __p = pointer()) _NOEXCEPT {
+    pointer __tmp  = __ptr_.first();
+    __ptr_.first() = __p;
+    if (__tmp)
+      __ptr_.second()(__tmp);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void swap(unique_ptr& __u) _NOEXCEPT { __ptr_.swap(__u.__ptr_); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp>
+class _LIBCPP_UNIQUE_PTR_TRIVIAL_ABI _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unique_ptr<_Tp[], _Dp> {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp element_type;
+  typedef _Dp deleter_type;
+  typedef typename __pointer<_Tp, deleter_type>::type pointer;
+
+  // A unique_ptr contains the following members which may be trivially relocatable:
+  // - pointer : this may be trivially relocatable, so it's checked
+  // - deleter_type: this may be trivially relocatable, so it's checked
+  //
+  // This unique_ptr implementation only contains a pointer to the unique object and a deleter, so there are no
+  // references to itself. This means that the entire structure is trivially relocatable if its members are.
+  using __trivially_relocatable = __conditional_t<
+      __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<pointer>::value && __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<deleter_type>::value,
+      unique_ptr,
+      void>;
+
+private:
+  __compressed_pair<pointer, deleter_type> __ptr_;
+
+  template <class _From>
+  struct _CheckArrayPointerConversion : is_same<_From, pointer> {};
+
+  template <class _FromElem>
+  struct _CheckArrayPointerConversion<_FromElem*>
+      : integral_constant<bool,
+                          is_same<_FromElem*, pointer>::value ||
+                              (is_same<pointer, element_type*>::value &&
+                               is_convertible<_FromElem (*)[], element_type (*)[]>::value) > {};
+
+  typedef __unique_ptr_deleter_sfinae<_Dp> _DeleterSFINAE;
+
+  template <bool _Dummy>
+  using _LValRefType _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename __dependent_type<_DeleterSFINAE, _Dummy>::__lval_ref_type;
+
+  template <bool _Dummy>
+  using _GoodRValRefType _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename __dependent_type<_DeleterSFINAE, _Dummy>::__good_rval_ref_type;
+
+  template <bool _Dummy>
+  using _BadRValRefType _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename __dependent_type<_DeleterSFINAE, _Dummy>::__bad_rval_ref_type;
+
+  template <bool _Dummy, class _Deleter = typename __dependent_type< __type_identity<deleter_type>, _Dummy>::type>
+  using _EnableIfDeleterDefaultConstructible _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+      __enable_if_t<is_default_constructible<_Deleter>::value && !is_pointer<_Deleter>::value>;
+
+  template <class _ArgType>
+  using _EnableIfDeleterConstructible _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __enable_if_t<is_constructible<deleter_type, _ArgType>::value>;
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  using _EnableIfPointerConvertible _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __enable_if_t< _CheckArrayPointerConversion<_Pp>::value >;
+
+  template <class _UPtr, class _Up, class _ElemT = typename _UPtr::element_type>
+  using _EnableIfMoveConvertible _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+      __enable_if_t< is_array<_Up>::value && is_same<pointer, element_type*>::value &&
+                     is_same<typename _UPtr::pointer, _ElemT*>::value &&
+                     is_convertible<_ElemT (*)[], element_type (*)[]>::value >;
+
+  template <class _UDel>
+  using _EnableIfDeleterConvertible _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+      __enable_if_t< (is_reference<_Dp>::value && is_same<_Dp, _UDel>::value) ||
+                     (!is_reference<_Dp>::value && is_convertible<_UDel, _Dp>::value) >;
+
+  template <class _UDel>
+  using _EnableIfDeleterAssignable _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __enable_if_t< is_assignable<_Dp&, _UDel&&>::value >;
+
+public:
+  template <bool _Dummy = true, class = _EnableIfDeleterDefaultConstructible<_Dummy> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR unique_ptr() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__value_init_tag(), __value_init_tag()) {}
+
+  template <bool _Dummy = true, class = _EnableIfDeleterDefaultConstructible<_Dummy> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR unique_ptr(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__value_init_tag(), __value_init_tag()) {}
+
+  template <class _Pp,
+            bool _Dummy = true,
+            class       = _EnableIfDeleterDefaultConstructible<_Dummy>,
+            class       = _EnableIfPointerConvertible<_Pp> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 explicit unique_ptr(_Pp __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p, __value_init_tag()) {}
+
+  template <class _Pp,
+            bool _Dummy = true,
+            class       = _EnableIfDeleterConstructible<_LValRefType<_Dummy> >,
+            class       = _EnableIfPointerConvertible<_Pp> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr(_Pp __p, _LValRefType<_Dummy> __d) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__p, __d) {}
+
+  template <bool _Dummy = true, class = _EnableIfDeleterConstructible<_LValRefType<_Dummy> > >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr(nullptr_t, _LValRefType<_Dummy> __d) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(nullptr, __d) {}
+
+  template <class _Pp,
+            bool _Dummy = true,
+            class       = _EnableIfDeleterConstructible<_GoodRValRefType<_Dummy> >,
+            class       = _EnableIfPointerConvertible<_Pp> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr(_Pp __p, _GoodRValRefType<_Dummy> __d) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__p, std::move(__d)) {
+    static_assert(!is_reference<deleter_type>::value, "rvalue deleter bound to reference");
+  }
+
+  template <bool _Dummy = true, class = _EnableIfDeleterConstructible<_GoodRValRefType<_Dummy> > >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr(nullptr_t, _GoodRValRefType<_Dummy> __d) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(nullptr, std::move(__d)) {
+    static_assert(!is_reference<deleter_type>::value, "rvalue deleter bound to reference");
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp,
+            bool _Dummy = true,
+            class       = _EnableIfDeleterConstructible<_BadRValRefType<_Dummy> >,
+            class       = _EnableIfPointerConvertible<_Pp> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_ptr(_Pp __p, _BadRValRefType<_Dummy> __d) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__u.release(), std::forward<deleter_type>(__u.get_deleter())) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& __u) _NOEXCEPT {
+    reset(__u.release());
+    __ptr_.second() = std::forward<deleter_type>(__u.get_deleter());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            class _Ep,
+            class = _EnableIfMoveConvertible<unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>, _Up>,
+            class = _EnableIfDeleterConvertible<_Ep> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr(unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>&& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__u.release(), std::forward<_Ep>(__u.get_deleter())) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            class _Ep,
+            class = _EnableIfMoveConvertible<unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>, _Up>,
+            class = _EnableIfDeleterAssignable<_Ep> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<_Up, _Ep>&& __u) _NOEXCEPT {
+    reset(__u.release());
+    __ptr_.second() = std::forward<_Ep>(__u.get_deleter());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  unique_ptr(unique_ptr const&)            = delete;
+  unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr const&) = delete;
+#endif
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 ~unique_ptr() { reset(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+    reset();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 __add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp> operator[](size_t __i) const {
+    return __ptr_.first()[__i];
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 pointer get() const _NOEXCEPT { return __ptr_.first(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 deleter_type& get_deleter() _NOEXCEPT { return __ptr_.second(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 const deleter_type& get_deleter() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __ptr_.second();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __ptr_.first() != nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 pointer release() _NOEXCEPT {
+    pointer __t    = __ptr_.first();
+    __ptr_.first() = pointer();
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp, __enable_if_t<_CheckArrayPointerConversion<_Pp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void reset(_Pp __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    pointer __tmp  = __ptr_.first();
+    __ptr_.first() = __p;
+    if (__tmp)
+      __ptr_.second()(__tmp);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void reset(nullptr_t = nullptr) _NOEXCEPT {
+    pointer __tmp  = __ptr_.first();
+    __ptr_.first() = nullptr;
+    if (__tmp)
+      __ptr_.second()(__tmp);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void swap(unique_ptr& __u) _NOEXCEPT { __ptr_.swap(__u.__ptr_); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp, __enable_if_t<__is_swappable_v<_Dp>, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void
+swap(unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp>& __x, unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool
+operator==(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {
+  return __x.get() == __y.get();
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {
+  typedef typename unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>::pointer _P1;
+  typedef typename unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>::pointer _P2;
+  typedef typename common_type<_P1, _P2>::type _Vp;
+  return less<_Vp>()(__x.get(), __y.get());
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _T1, class _D1, class _T2, class _D2>
+  requires three_way_comparable_with<typename unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>::pointer, typename unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>::pointer>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+compare_three_way_result_t<typename unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>::pointer, typename unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>::pointer>
+operator<=>(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, const unique_ptr<_T2, _D2>& __y) {
+  return compare_three_way()(__x.get(), __y.get());
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool
+operator==(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !__x;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !__x;
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool operator<(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, nullptr_t) {
+  typedef typename unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>::pointer _P1;
+  return less<_P1>()(__x.get(), nullptr);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool operator<(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x) {
+  typedef typename unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>::pointer _P1;
+  return less<_P1>()(nullptr, __x.get());
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool operator>(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, nullptr_t) {
+  return nullptr < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool operator>(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x) {
+  return __x < nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, nullptr_t) {
+  return !(nullptr < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool operator<=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x) {
+  return !(__x < nullptr);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, nullptr_t) {
+  return !(__x < nullptr);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool operator>=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x) {
+  return !(nullptr < __x);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _T1, class _D1>
+  requires three_way_comparable< typename unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>::pointer>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 compare_three_way_result_t<typename unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>::pointer>
+operator<=>(const unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>& __x, nullptr_t) {
+  return compare_three_way()(__x.get(), static_cast<typename unique_ptr<_T1, _D1>::pointer>(nullptr));
+}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __unique_if {
+  typedef unique_ptr<_Tp> __unique_single;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __unique_if<_Tp[]> {
+  typedef unique_ptr<_Tp[]> __unique_array_unknown_bound;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+struct __unique_if<_Tp[_Np]> {
+  typedef void __unique_array_known_bound;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 typename __unique_if<_Tp>::__unique_single
+make_unique(_Args&&... __args) {
+  return unique_ptr<_Tp>(new _Tp(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 typename __unique_if<_Tp>::__unique_array_unknown_bound
+make_unique(size_t __n) {
+  typedef __remove_extent_t<_Tp> _Up;
+  return unique_ptr<_Tp>(new _Up[__n]());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+typename __unique_if<_Tp>::__unique_array_known_bound make_unique(_Args&&...) = delete;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 typename __unique_if<_Tp>::__unique_single
+make_unique_for_overwrite() {
+  return unique_ptr<_Tp>(new _Tp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 typename __unique_if<_Tp>::__unique_array_unknown_bound
+make_unique_for_overwrite(size_t __n) {
+  return unique_ptr<_Tp>(new __remove_extent_t<_Tp>[__n]);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+typename __unique_if<_Tp>::__unique_array_known_bound make_unique_for_overwrite(_Args&&...) = delete;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Dp>
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp> >
+#else
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<__enable_hash_helper< unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp>, typename unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp>::pointer> >
+#endif
+{
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp> argument_type;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef size_t result_type;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp>& __ptr) const {
+    typedef typename unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp>::pointer pointer;
+    return hash<pointer>()(__ptr.get());
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_UNIQUE_PTR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/uses_allocator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/uses_allocator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..84310c3fa56739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/uses_allocator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_USES_ALLOCATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_USES_ALLOCATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __has_allocator_type {
+private:
+  template <class _Up>
+  static false_type __test(...);
+  template <class _Up>
+  static true_type __test(typename _Up::allocator_type* = 0);
+
+public:
+  static const bool value = decltype(__test<_Tp>(0))::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc, bool = __has_allocator_type<_Tp>::value>
+struct __uses_allocator : public integral_constant<bool, is_convertible<_Alloc, typename _Tp::allocator_type>::value> {
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+struct __uses_allocator<_Tp, _Alloc, false> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS uses_allocator : public __uses_allocator<_Tp, _Alloc> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline constexpr bool uses_allocator_v = uses_allocator<_Tp, _Alloc>::value;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_USES_ALLOCATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/uses_allocator_construction.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/uses_allocator_construction.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5e5819d4c281e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/uses_allocator_construction.h
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_USES_ALLOCATOR_CONSTRUCTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_USES_ALLOCATOR_CONSTRUCTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/uses_allocator.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_like_no_subrange.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Type>
+inline constexpr bool __is_std_pair = false;
+
+template <class _Type1, class _Type2>
+inline constexpr bool __is_std_pair<pair<_Type1, _Type2>> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_cv_std_pair = __is_std_pair<remove_cv_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Type, class _Alloc, class... _Args, __enable_if_t<!__is_cv_std_pair<_Type>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+__uses_allocator_construction_args(const _Alloc& __alloc, _Args&&... __args) noexcept {
+  if constexpr (!uses_allocator_v<remove_cv_t<_Type>, _Alloc> && is_constructible_v<_Type, _Args...>) {
+    return std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  } else if constexpr (uses_allocator_v<remove_cv_t<_Type>, _Alloc> &&
+                       is_constructible_v<_Type, allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, _Args...>) {
+    return tuple<allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, _Args&&...>(allocator_arg, __alloc, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  } else if constexpr (uses_allocator_v<remove_cv_t<_Type>, _Alloc> &&
+                       is_constructible_v<_Type, _Args..., const _Alloc&>) {
+    return std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)..., __alloc);
+  } else {
+    static_assert(
+        sizeof(_Type) + 1 == 0, "If uses_allocator_v<Type> is true, the type has to be allocator-constructible");
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Pair, class _Alloc, class _Tuple1, class _Tuple2, __enable_if_t<__is_cv_std_pair<_Pair>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __uses_allocator_construction_args(
+    const _Alloc& __alloc, piecewise_construct_t, _Tuple1&& __x, _Tuple2&& __y) noexcept {
+  return std::make_tuple(
+      piecewise_construct,
+      std::apply(
+          [&__alloc](auto&&... __args1) {
+            return std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<typename _Pair::first_type>(
+                __alloc, std::forward<decltype(__args1)>(__args1)...);
+          },
+          std::forward<_Tuple1>(__x)),
+      std::apply(
+          [&__alloc](auto&&... __args2) {
+            return std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<typename _Pair::second_type>(
+                __alloc, std::forward<decltype(__args2)>(__args2)...);
+          },
+          std::forward<_Tuple2>(__y)));
+}
+
+template <class _Pair, class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<__is_cv_std_pair<_Pair>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __uses_allocator_construction_args(const _Alloc& __alloc) noexcept {
+  return std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<_Pair>(__alloc, piecewise_construct, tuple<>{}, tuple<>{});
+}
+
+template <class _Pair, class _Alloc, class _Up, class _Vp, __enable_if_t<__is_cv_std_pair<_Pair>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+__uses_allocator_construction_args(const _Alloc& __alloc, _Up&& __u, _Vp&& __v) noexcept {
+  return std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<_Pair>(
+      __alloc,
+      piecewise_construct,
+      std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Up>(__u)),
+      std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Vp>(__v)));
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _Pair, class _Alloc, class _Up, class _Vp, __enable_if_t<__is_cv_std_pair<_Pair>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+__uses_allocator_construction_args(const _Alloc& __alloc, pair<_Up, _Vp>& __pair) noexcept {
+  return std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<_Pair>(
+      __alloc, piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(__pair.first), std::forward_as_tuple(__pair.second));
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Pair, class _Alloc, class _Up, class _Vp, __enable_if_t<__is_cv_std_pair<_Pair>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+__uses_allocator_construction_args(const _Alloc& __alloc, const pair<_Up, _Vp>& __pair) noexcept {
+  return std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<_Pair>(
+      __alloc, piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(__pair.first), std::forward_as_tuple(__pair.second));
+}
+
+template <class _Pair, class _Alloc, class _Up, class _Vp, __enable_if_t<__is_cv_std_pair<_Pair>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+__uses_allocator_construction_args(const _Alloc& __alloc, pair<_Up, _Vp>&& __pair) noexcept {
+  return std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<_Pair>(
+      __alloc,
+      piecewise_construct,
+      std::forward_as_tuple(std::get<0>(std::move(__pair))),
+      std::forward_as_tuple(std::get<1>(std::move(__pair))));
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _Pair, class _Alloc, class _Up, class _Vp, __enable_if_t<__is_cv_std_pair<_Pair>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+__uses_allocator_construction_args(const _Alloc& __alloc, const pair<_Up, _Vp>&& __pair) noexcept {
+  return std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<_Pair>(
+      __alloc,
+      piecewise_construct,
+      std::forward_as_tuple(std::get<0>(std::move(__pair))),
+      std::forward_as_tuple(std::get<1>(std::move(__pair))));
+}
+
+template <class _Pair, class _Alloc, __pair_like_no_subrange _PairLike, __enable_if_t<__is_cv_std_pair<_Pair>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+__uses_allocator_construction_args(const _Alloc& __alloc, _PairLike&& __p) noexcept {
+  return std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<_Pair>(
+      __alloc,
+      piecewise_construct,
+      std::forward_as_tuple(std::get<0>(std::forward<_PairLike>(__p))),
+      std::forward_as_tuple(std::get<1>(std::forward<_PairLike>(__p))));
+}
+#  endif
+
+namespace __uses_allocator_detail {
+
+template <class _Ap, class _Bp>
+void __fun(const pair<_Ap, _Bp>&);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+decltype(__uses_allocator_detail::__fun(std::declval<_Tp>()), true_type()) __convertible_to_const_pair_ref_impl(int);
+
+template <class>
+false_type __convertible_to_const_pair_ref_impl(...);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __convertible_to_const_pair_ref =
+    decltype(__uses_allocator_detail::__convertible_to_const_pair_ref_impl<_Tp>(0))::value;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline constexpr bool __uses_allocator_constraints =
+    __is_cv_std_pair<_Tp> && !__pair_like_no_subrange<_Up> && !__convertible_to_const_pair_ref<_Up>;
+#  else
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline constexpr bool __uses_allocator_constraints = __is_cv_std_pair<_Tp> && !__convertible_to_const_pair_ref<_Up>;
+#  endif
+
+} // namespace __uses_allocator_detail
+
+template < class _Pair,
+           class _Alloc,
+           class _Type,
+           __enable_if_t<__uses_allocator_detail::__uses_allocator_constraints<_Pair, _Type>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+__uses_allocator_construction_args(const _Alloc& __alloc, _Type&& __value) noexcept;
+
+template <class _Type, class _Alloc, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Type __make_obj_using_allocator(const _Alloc& __alloc, _Args&&... __args);
+
+template < class _Pair,
+           class _Alloc,
+           class _Type,
+           __enable_if_t< __uses_allocator_detail::__uses_allocator_constraints<_Pair, _Type>, int>>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+__uses_allocator_construction_args(const _Alloc& __alloc, _Type&& __value) noexcept {
+  struct __pair_constructor {
+    using _PairMutable = remove_cv_t<_Pair>;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDDEN constexpr auto __do_construct(const _PairMutable& __pair) const {
+      return std::__make_obj_using_allocator<_PairMutable>(__alloc_, __pair);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDDEN constexpr auto __do_construct(_PairMutable&& __pair) const {
+      return std::__make_obj_using_allocator<_PairMutable>(__alloc_, std::move(__pair));
+    }
+
+    const _Alloc& __alloc_;
+    _Type& __value_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDDEN constexpr operator _PairMutable() const { return __do_construct(std::forward<_Type>(__value_)); }
+  };
+
+  return std::make_tuple(__pair_constructor{__alloc, __value});
+}
+
+template <class _Type, class _Alloc, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Type __make_obj_using_allocator(const _Alloc& __alloc, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::make_from_tuple<_Type>(
+      std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<_Type>(__alloc, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+}
+
+template <class _Type, class _Alloc, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Type*
+__uninitialized_construct_using_allocator(_Type* __ptr, const _Alloc& __alloc, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::apply(
+      [&__ptr](auto&&... __xs) { return std::__construct_at(__ptr, std::forward<decltype(__xs)>(__xs)...); },
+      std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<_Type>(__alloc, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Type, class _Alloc, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const _Alloc& __alloc, _Args&&... __args) noexcept
+    -> decltype(std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<_Type>(__alloc, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {
+  return /*--*/ std::__uses_allocator_construction_args<_Type>(__alloc, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Type, class _Alloc, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto make_obj_using_allocator(const _Alloc& __alloc, _Args&&... __args)
+    -> decltype(std::__make_obj_using_allocator<_Type>(__alloc, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {
+  return /*--*/ std::__make_obj_using_allocator<_Type>(__alloc, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Type, class _Alloc, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+uninitialized_construct_using_allocator(_Type* __ptr, const _Alloc& __alloc, _Args&&... __args)
+    -> decltype(std::__uninitialized_construct_using_allocator(__ptr, __alloc, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {
+  return /*--*/ std::__uninitialized_construct_using_allocator(__ptr, __alloc, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_USES_ALLOCATOR_CONSTRUCTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/voidify.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/voidify.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..dbd083bd8c1e9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory/voidify.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_VOIDIFY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_VOIDIFY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void* __voidify(_Tp& __from) {
+  // Cast away cv-qualifiers to allow modifying elements of a range through const iterators.
+  return const_cast<void*>(static_cast<const volatile void*>(std::addressof(__from)));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_VOIDIFY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/memory_resource.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/memory_resource.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ea85e50cd568bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/memory_resource.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_MEMORY_RESOURCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_MEMORY_RESOURCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/memory_resource.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace pmr {
+
+// [mem.res.class]
+
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI memory_resource {
+  static const size_t __max_align = alignof(max_align_t);
+
+public:
+  virtual ~memory_resource();
+
+  [[nodiscard]] [[using __gnu__: __returns_nonnull__, __alloc_size__(2), __alloc_align__(3)]]
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* allocate(size_t __bytes, size_t __align = __max_align) {
+    return do_allocate(__bytes, __align);
+  }
+
+  [[__gnu__::__nonnull__]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  deallocate(void* __p, size_t __bytes, size_t __align = __max_align) {
+    do_deallocate(__p, __bytes, __align);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_equal(const memory_resource& __other) const noexcept { return do_is_equal(__other); }
+
+private:
+  virtual void* do_allocate(size_t, size_t)                       = 0;
+  virtual void do_deallocate(void*, size_t, size_t)               = 0;
+  virtual bool do_is_equal(memory_resource const&) const noexcept = 0;
+};
+
+// [mem.res.eq]
+
+inline _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const memory_resource& __lhs, const memory_resource& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return &__lhs == &__rhs || __lhs.is_equal(__rhs);
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+inline _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const memory_resource& __lhs, const memory_resource& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+#  endif
+
+// [mem.res.global]
+
+[[__gnu__::__returns_nonnull__]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI memory_resource*
+get_default_resource() noexcept;
+
+[[__gnu__::__returns_nonnull__]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI memory_resource*
+set_default_resource(memory_resource*) noexcept;
+
+[[using __gnu__: __returns_nonnull__, __const__]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI memory_resource*
+new_delete_resource() noexcept;
+
+[[using __gnu__: __returns_nonnull__, __const__]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI memory_resource*
+null_memory_resource() noexcept;
+
+} // namespace pmr
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_MEMORY_RESOURCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/monotonic_buffer_resource.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/monotonic_buffer_resource.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f45b30fdb38616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/monotonic_buffer_resource.h
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_MONOTONIC_BUFFER_RESOURCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_MONOTONIC_BUFFER_RESOURCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/memory_resource.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace pmr {
+
+// [mem.res.monotonic.buffer]
+
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI monotonic_buffer_resource : public memory_resource {
+  static const size_t __default_buffer_capacity  = 1024;
+  static const size_t __default_buffer_alignment = 16;
+
+  struct __chunk_footer {
+    __chunk_footer* __next_;
+    char* __start_;
+    char* __cur_;
+    size_t __align_;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __allocation_size() {
+      return (reinterpret_cast<char*>(this) - __start_) + sizeof(*this);
+    }
+    void* __try_allocate_from_chunk(size_t, size_t);
+  };
+
+  struct __initial_descriptor {
+    char* __start_;
+    char* __cur_;
+    union {
+      char* __end_;
+      size_t __size_;
+    };
+    void* __try_allocate_from_chunk(size_t, size_t);
+  };
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI monotonic_buffer_resource()
+      : monotonic_buffer_resource(nullptr, __default_buffer_capacity, get_default_resource()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit monotonic_buffer_resource(size_t __initial_size)
+      : monotonic_buffer_resource(nullptr, __initial_size, get_default_resource()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI monotonic_buffer_resource(void* __buffer, size_t __buffer_size)
+      : monotonic_buffer_resource(__buffer, __buffer_size, get_default_resource()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit monotonic_buffer_resource(memory_resource* __upstream)
+      : monotonic_buffer_resource(nullptr, __default_buffer_capacity, __upstream) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI monotonic_buffer_resource(size_t __initial_size, memory_resource* __upstream)
+      : monotonic_buffer_resource(nullptr, __initial_size, __upstream) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI monotonic_buffer_resource(void* __buffer, size_t __buffer_size, memory_resource* __upstream)
+      : __res_(__upstream) {
+    __initial_.__start_ = static_cast<char*>(__buffer);
+    if (__buffer != nullptr) {
+      __initial_.__cur_ = static_cast<char*>(__buffer) + __buffer_size;
+      __initial_.__end_ = static_cast<char*>(__buffer) + __buffer_size;
+    } else {
+      __initial_.__cur_  = nullptr;
+      __initial_.__size_ = __buffer_size;
+    }
+    __chunks_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  monotonic_buffer_resource(const monotonic_buffer_resource&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~monotonic_buffer_resource() override { release(); }
+
+  monotonic_buffer_resource& operator=(const monotonic_buffer_resource&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void release() {
+    if (__initial_.__start_ != nullptr)
+      __initial_.__cur_ = __initial_.__end_;
+    while (__chunks_ != nullptr) {
+      __chunk_footer* __next = __chunks_->__next_;
+      __res_->deallocate(__chunks_->__start_, __chunks_->__allocation_size(), __chunks_->__align_);
+      __chunks_ = __next;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI memory_resource* upstream_resource() const { return __res_; }
+
+protected:
+  void* do_allocate(size_t __bytes, size_t __alignment) override; // key function
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void do_deallocate(void*, size_t, size_t) override {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL bool do_is_equal(const memory_resource& __other) const _NOEXCEPT override {
+    return this == std::addressof(__other);
+  }
+
+private:
+  __initial_descriptor __initial_;
+  __chunk_footer* __chunks_;
+  memory_resource* __res_;
+};
+
+} // namespace pmr
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_MONOTONIC_BUFFER_RESOURCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a71096d3e47847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_POLYMORPHIC_ALLOCATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_POLYMORPHIC_ALLOCATOR_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/pair.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/memory_resource.h>
+#include <__utility/exception_guard.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+#include <new>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace pmr {
+
+// [mem.poly.allocator.class]
+
+template <class _ValueType
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+          = byte
+#  endif
+          >
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS polymorphic_allocator {
+
+public:
+  using value_type = _ValueType;
+
+  // [mem.poly.allocator.ctor]
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI polymorphic_allocator() noexcept : __res_(std::pmr::get_default_resource()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI polymorphic_allocator(memory_resource* __r) noexcept : __res_(__r) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI polymorphic_allocator(const polymorphic_allocator&) = default;
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI polymorphic_allocator(const polymorphic_allocator<_Tp>& __other) noexcept
+      : __res_(__other.resource()) {}
+
+  polymorphic_allocator& operator=(const polymorphic_allocator&) = delete;
+
+  // [mem.poly.allocator.mem]
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ValueType* allocate(size_t __n) {
+    if (__n > __max_size()) {
+      __throw_bad_array_new_length();
+    }
+    return static_cast<_ValueType*>(__res_->allocate(__n * sizeof(_ValueType), alignof(_ValueType)));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void deallocate(_ValueType* __p, size_t __n) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_DEALLOCATION(
+        __n <= __max_size(),
+        "deallocate() called for a size which exceeds max_size(), leading to a memory leak "
+        "(the argument will overflow and result in too few objects being deleted)");
+    __res_->deallocate(__p, __n * sizeof(_ValueType), alignof(_ValueType));
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  [[nodiscard]] [[using __gnu__: __alloc_size__(2), __alloc_align__(3)]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void*
+  allocate_bytes(size_t __nbytes, size_t __alignment = alignof(max_align_t)) {
+    return __res_->allocate(__nbytes, __alignment);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void deallocate_bytes(void* __ptr, size_t __nbytes, size_t __alignment = alignof(max_align_t)) {
+    __res_->deallocate(__ptr, __nbytes, __alignment);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Type>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Type* allocate_object(size_t __n = 1) {
+    if (numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / sizeof(_Type) < __n)
+      std::__throw_bad_array_new_length();
+    return static_cast<_Type*>(allocate_bytes(__n * sizeof(_Type), alignof(_Type)));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Type>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void deallocate_object(_Type* __ptr, size_t __n = 1) {
+    deallocate_bytes(__ptr, __n * sizeof(_Type), alignof(_Type));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Type, class... _CtorArgs>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Type* new_object(_CtorArgs&&... __ctor_args) {
+    _Type* __ptr = allocate_object<_Type>();
+    auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard([&] { deallocate_object(__ptr); });
+    construct(__ptr, std::forward<_CtorArgs>(__ctor_args)...);
+    __guard.__complete();
+    return __ptr;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Type>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void delete_object(_Type* __ptr) {
+    destroy(__ptr);
+    deallocate_object(__ptr);
+  }
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  template <class _Tp, class... _Ts>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(_Tp* __p, _Ts&&... __args) {
+    std::__user_alloc_construct_impl(
+        typename __uses_alloc_ctor<_Tp, polymorphic_allocator&, _Ts...>::type(),
+        __p,
+        *this,
+        std::forward<_Ts>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2, class... _Args1, class... _Args2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  construct(pair<_T1, _T2>* __p, piecewise_construct_t, tuple<_Args1...> __x, tuple<_Args2...> __y) {
+    ::new ((void*)__p) pair<_T1, _T2>(
+        piecewise_construct,
+        __transform_tuple(typename __uses_alloc_ctor< _T1, polymorphic_allocator&, _Args1... >::type(),
+                          std::move(__x),
+                          typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Args1)>::type{}),
+        __transform_tuple(typename __uses_alloc_ctor< _T2, polymorphic_allocator&, _Args2... >::type(),
+                          std::move(__y),
+                          typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Args2)>::type{}));
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(pair<_T1, _T2>* __p) {
+    construct(__p, piecewise_construct, tuple<>(), tuple<>());
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2, class _Up, class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(pair<_T1, _T2>* __p, _Up&& __u, _Vp&& __v) {
+    construct(__p,
+              piecewise_construct,
+              std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Up>(__u)),
+              std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Vp>(__v)));
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2, class _U1, class _U2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(pair<_T1, _T2>* __p, const pair<_U1, _U2>& __pr) {
+    construct(__p, piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(__pr.first), std::forward_as_tuple(__pr.second));
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2, class _U1, class _U2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(pair<_T1, _T2>* __p, pair<_U1, _U2>&& __pr) {
+    construct(__p,
+              piecewise_construct,
+              std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_U1>(__pr.first)),
+              std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_U2>(__pr.second)));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void destroy(_Tp* __p) {
+    __p->~_Tp();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI polymorphic_allocator select_on_container_copy_construction() const noexcept {
+    return polymorphic_allocator();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI memory_resource* resource() const noexcept { return __res_; }
+
+private:
+  template <class... _Args, size_t... _Is>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI tuple<_Args&&...>
+  __transform_tuple(integral_constant<int, 0>, tuple<_Args...>&& __t, __tuple_indices<_Is...>) {
+    return std::forward_as_tuple(std::get<_Is>(std::move(__t))...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args, size_t... _Is>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI tuple<allocator_arg_t const&, polymorphic_allocator&, _Args&&...>
+  __transform_tuple(integral_constant<int, 1>, tuple<_Args...>&& __t, __tuple_indices<_Is...>) {
+    using _Tup = tuple<allocator_arg_t const&, polymorphic_allocator&, _Args&&...>;
+    return _Tup(allocator_arg, *this, std::get<_Is>(std::move(__t))...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args, size_t... _Is>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI tuple<_Args&&..., polymorphic_allocator&>
+  __transform_tuple(integral_constant<int, 2>, tuple<_Args...>&& __t, __tuple_indices<_Is...>) {
+    using _Tup = tuple<_Args&&..., polymorphic_allocator&>;
+    return _Tup(std::get<_Is>(std::move(__t))..., *this);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __max_size() const noexcept {
+    return numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / sizeof(value_type);
+  }
+
+  memory_resource* __res_;
+};
+
+// [mem.poly.allocator.eq]
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const polymorphic_allocator<_Tp>& __lhs, const polymorphic_allocator<_Up>& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return *__lhs.resource() == *__rhs.resource();
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const polymorphic_allocator<_Tp>& __lhs, const polymorphic_allocator<_Up>& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+#  endif
+
+} // namespace pmr
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_POLYMORPHIC_ALLOCATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/pool_options.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/pool_options.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..442959836c7ef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/pool_options.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_POOL_OPTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_POOL_OPTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace pmr {
+
+// [mem.res.pool.options]
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI pool_options {
+  size_t max_blocks_per_chunk        = 0;
+  size_t largest_required_pool_block = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace pmr
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_POOL_OPTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/synchronized_pool_resource.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/synchronized_pool_resource.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..50a673c2861d10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/synchronized_pool_resource.h
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_SYNCHRONIZED_POOL_RESOURCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_SYNCHRONIZED_POOL_RESOURCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory_resource/memory_resource.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/pool_options.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/unsynchronized_pool_resource.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <mutex>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace pmr {
+
+// [mem.res.pool.overview]
+
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI synchronized_pool_resource : public memory_resource {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI synchronized_pool_resource(const pool_options& __opts, memory_resource* __upstream)
+      : __unsync_(__opts, __upstream) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI synchronized_pool_resource()
+      : synchronized_pool_resource(pool_options(), get_default_resource()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit synchronized_pool_resource(memory_resource* __upstream)
+      : synchronized_pool_resource(pool_options(), __upstream) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit synchronized_pool_resource(const pool_options& __opts)
+      : synchronized_pool_resource(__opts, get_default_resource()) {}
+
+  synchronized_pool_resource(const synchronized_pool_resource&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~synchronized_pool_resource() override = default;
+
+  synchronized_pool_resource& operator=(const synchronized_pool_resource&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void release() {
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+#  endif
+    __unsync_.release();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI memory_resource* upstream_resource() const { return __unsync_.upstream_resource(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pool_options options() const { return __unsync_.options(); }
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void* do_allocate(size_t __bytes, size_t __align) override {
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+#  endif
+    return __unsync_.allocate(__bytes, __align);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void do_deallocate(void* __p, size_t __bytes, size_t __align) override {
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+    unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+#  endif
+    return __unsync_.deallocate(__p, __bytes, __align);
+  }
+
+  bool do_is_equal(const memory_resource& __other) const noexcept override; // key function
+
+private:
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+  mutex __mut_;
+#  endif
+  unsynchronized_pool_resource __unsync_;
+};
+
+} // namespace pmr
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_SYNCHRONIZED_POOL_RESOURCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/unsynchronized_pool_resource.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/unsynchronized_pool_resource.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..783db84262af72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__memory_resource/unsynchronized_pool_resource.h
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_UNSYNCHRONIZED_POOL_RESOURCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_UNSYNCHRONIZED_POOL_RESOURCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory_resource/memory_resource.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/pool_options.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace pmr {
+
+// [mem.res.pool.overview]
+
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI unsynchronized_pool_resource : public memory_resource {
+  class __fixed_pool;
+
+  class __adhoc_pool {
+    struct __chunk_footer;
+    __chunk_footer* __first_;
+
+  public:
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __adhoc_pool() : __first_(nullptr) {}
+
+    void __release_ptr(memory_resource* __upstream);
+    void* __do_allocate(memory_resource* __upstream, size_t __bytes, size_t __align);
+    void __do_deallocate(memory_resource* __upstream, void* __p, size_t __bytes, size_t __align);
+  };
+
+  static const size_t __min_blocks_per_chunk = 16;
+  static const size_t __min_bytes_per_chunk  = 1024;
+  static const size_t __max_blocks_per_chunk = (size_t(1) << 20);
+  static const size_t __max_bytes_per_chunk  = (size_t(1) << 30);
+
+  static const int __log2_smallest_block_size      = 3;
+  static const size_t __smallest_block_size        = 8;
+  static const size_t __default_largest_block_size = (size_t(1) << 20);
+  static const size_t __max_largest_block_size     = (size_t(1) << 30);
+
+  size_t __pool_block_size(int __i) const;
+  int __log2_pool_block_size(int __i) const;
+  int __pool_index(size_t __bytes, size_t __align) const;
+
+public:
+  unsynchronized_pool_resource(const pool_options& __opts, memory_resource* __upstream);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unsynchronized_pool_resource()
+      : unsynchronized_pool_resource(pool_options(), get_default_resource()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit unsynchronized_pool_resource(memory_resource* __upstream)
+      : unsynchronized_pool_resource(pool_options(), __upstream) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit unsynchronized_pool_resource(const pool_options& __opts)
+      : unsynchronized_pool_resource(__opts, get_default_resource()) {}
+
+  unsynchronized_pool_resource(const unsynchronized_pool_resource&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~unsynchronized_pool_resource() override { release(); }
+
+  unsynchronized_pool_resource& operator=(const unsynchronized_pool_resource&) = delete;
+
+  void release();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI memory_resource* upstream_resource() const { return __res_; }
+
+  [[__gnu__::__pure__]] pool_options options() const;
+
+protected:
+  void* do_allocate(size_t __bytes, size_t __align) override; // key function
+
+  void do_deallocate(void* __p, size_t __bytes, size_t __align) override;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL bool do_is_equal(const memory_resource& __other) const _NOEXCEPT override {
+    return &__other == this;
+  }
+
+private:
+  memory_resource* __res_;
+  __adhoc_pool __adhoc_pool_;
+  __fixed_pool* __fixed_pools_;
+  int __num_fixed_pools_;
+  uint32_t __options_max_blocks_per_chunk_;
+};
+
+} // namespace pmr
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MEMORY_RESOURCE_UNSYNCHRONIZED_POOL_RESOURCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/lock_guard.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/lock_guard.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ef56896be9f68c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/lock_guard.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MUTEX_LOCK_GUARD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MUTEX_LOCK_GUARD_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__mutex/tag_types.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(scoped_lockable) lock_guard {
+public:
+  typedef _Mutex mutex_type;
+
+private:
+  mutex_type& __m_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit lock_guard(mutex_type& __m) _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(acquire_capability(__m))
+      : __m_(__m) {
+    __m_.lock();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI lock_guard(mutex_type& __m, adopt_lock_t)
+      _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(requires_capability(__m))
+      : __m_(__m) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~lock_guard() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(release_capability()) { __m_.unlock(); }
+
+  lock_guard(lock_guard const&)            = delete;
+  lock_guard& operator=(lock_guard const&) = delete;
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(lock_guard);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MUTEX_LOCK_GUARD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/mutex.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/mutex.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1ed01547126f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/mutex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MUTEX_MUTEX_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MUTEX_MUTEX_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__thread/support.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(capability("mutex")) mutex {
+  __libcpp_mutex_t __m_ = _LIBCPP_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR mutex() = default;
+
+  mutex(const mutex&)            = delete;
+  mutex& operator=(const mutex&) = delete;
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_TRIVIAL_MUTEX_DESTRUCTION)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~mutex() = default;
+#  else
+  ~mutex() _NOEXCEPT;
+#  endif
+
+  void lock() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(acquire_capability());
+  bool try_lock() _NOEXCEPT _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(try_acquire_capability(true));
+  void unlock() _NOEXCEPT _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(release_capability());
+
+  typedef __libcpp_mutex_t* native_handle_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI native_handle_type native_handle() { return &__m_; }
+};
+
+static_assert(is_nothrow_default_constructible<mutex>::value, "the default constructor for std::mutex must be nothrow");
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MUTEX_MUTEX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/once_flag.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/once_flag.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9d7baecbc70859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/once_flag.h
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MUTEX_ONCE_FLAG_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MUTEX_ONCE_FLAG_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h> // __libcpp_acquire_load
+#include <__tuple/tuple_indices.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#  include <tuple>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS once_flag;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Callable, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void call_once(once_flag&, _Callable&&, _Args&&...);
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Callable>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void call_once(once_flag&, _Callable&);
+
+template <class _Callable>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void call_once(once_flag&, const _Callable&);
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS once_flag {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR once_flag() _NOEXCEPT : __state_(_Unset) {}
+  once_flag(const once_flag&)            = delete;
+  once_flag& operator=(const once_flag&) = delete;
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT)
+  typedef uintptr_t _State_type;
+#else
+  typedef unsigned long _State_type;
+#endif
+
+  static const _State_type _Unset    = 0;
+  static const _State_type _Pending  = 1;
+  static const _State_type _Complete = ~_State_type(0);
+
+private:
+  _State_type __state_;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Callable, class... _Args>
+  friend void call_once(once_flag&, _Callable&&, _Args&&...);
+#else  // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Callable>
+  friend void call_once(once_flag&, _Callable&);
+
+  template <class _Callable>
+  friend void call_once(once_flag&, const _Callable&);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Fp>
+class __call_once_param {
+  _Fp& __f_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __call_once_param(_Fp& __f) : __f_(__f) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()() {
+    typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size<_Fp>::value, 1>::type _Index;
+    __execute(_Index());
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <size_t... _Indices>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __execute(__tuple_indices<_Indices...>) {
+    std::__invoke(std::get<0>(std::move(__f_)), std::get<_Indices>(std::move(__f_))...);
+  }
+};
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Fp>
+class __call_once_param {
+  _Fp& __f_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __call_once_param(_Fp& __f) : __f_(__f) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()() { __f_(); }
+};
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _Fp>
+void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __call_once_proxy(void* __vp) {
+  __call_once_param<_Fp>* __p = static_cast<__call_once_param<_Fp>*>(__vp);
+  (*__p)();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __call_once(volatile once_flag::_State_type&, void*, void (*)(void*));
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Callable, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void call_once(once_flag& __flag, _Callable&& __func, _Args&&... __args) {
+  if (__libcpp_acquire_load(&__flag.__state_) != once_flag::_Complete) {
+    typedef tuple<_Callable&&, _Args&&...> _Gp;
+    _Gp __f(std::forward<_Callable>(__func), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __call_once_param<_Gp> __p(__f);
+    std::__call_once(__flag.__state_, &__p, &__call_once_proxy<_Gp>);
+  }
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Callable>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void call_once(once_flag& __flag, _Callable& __func) {
+  if (__libcpp_acquire_load(&__flag.__state_) != once_flag::_Complete) {
+    __call_once_param<_Callable> __p(__func);
+    std::__call_once(__flag.__state_, &__p, &__call_once_proxy<_Callable>);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Callable>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void call_once(once_flag& __flag, const _Callable& __func) {
+  if (__libcpp_acquire_load(&__flag.__state_) != once_flag::_Complete) {
+    __call_once_param<const _Callable> __p(__func);
+    std::__call_once(__flag.__state_, &__p, &__call_once_proxy<const _Callable>);
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MUTEX_ONCE_FLAG_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/tag_types.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/tag_types.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2b2dd58ee4e80b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/tag_types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MUTEX_TAG_TYPES_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MUTEX_TAG_TYPES_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI defer_lock_t {
+  explicit defer_lock_t() = default;
+};
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI try_to_lock_t {
+  explicit try_to_lock_t() = default;
+};
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI adopt_lock_t {
+  explicit adopt_lock_t() = default;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+inline constexpr defer_lock_t defer_lock   = defer_lock_t();
+inline constexpr try_to_lock_t try_to_lock = try_to_lock_t();
+inline constexpr adopt_lock_t adopt_lock   = adopt_lock_t();
+#elif !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+constexpr defer_lock_t defer_lock   = defer_lock_t();
+constexpr try_to_lock_t try_to_lock = try_to_lock_t();
+constexpr adopt_lock_t adopt_lock   = adopt_lock_t();
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MUTEX_TAG_TYPES_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/unique_lock.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/unique_lock.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4a616ba51ee1cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__mutex/unique_lock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___MUTEX_UNIQUE_LOCK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___MUTEX_UNIQUE_LOCK_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__mutex/tag_types.h>
+#include <__system_error/system_error.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unique_lock {
+public:
+  typedef _Mutex mutex_type;
+
+private:
+  mutex_type* __m_;
+  bool __owns_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_lock() _NOEXCEPT : __m_(nullptr), __owns_(false) {}
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit unique_lock(mutex_type& __m)
+      : __m_(std::addressof(__m)), __owns_(true) {
+    __m_->lock();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_lock(mutex_type& __m, defer_lock_t) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __m_(std::addressof(__m)),
+        __owns_(false) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_lock(mutex_type& __m, try_to_lock_t)
+      : __m_(std::addressof(__m)), __owns_(__m.try_lock()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_lock(mutex_type& __m, adopt_lock_t)
+      : __m_(std::addressof(__m)), __owns_(true) {}
+
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_lock(mutex_type& __m, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t)
+      : __m_(std::addressof(__m)), __owns_(__m.try_lock_until(__t)) {}
+
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_lock(mutex_type& __m, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d)
+      : __m_(std::addressof(__m)), __owns_(__m.try_lock_for(__d)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~unique_lock() {
+    if (__owns_)
+      __m_->unlock();
+  }
+
+  unique_lock(unique_lock const&)            = delete;
+  unique_lock& operator=(unique_lock const&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_lock(unique_lock&& __u) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __m_(__u.__m_),
+        __owns_(__u.__owns_) {
+    __u.__m_    = nullptr;
+    __u.__owns_ = false;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unique_lock& operator=(unique_lock&& __u) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__owns_)
+      __m_->unlock();
+
+    __m_        = __u.__m_;
+    __owns_     = __u.__owns_;
+    __u.__m_    = nullptr;
+    __u.__owns_ = false;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  void lock();
+  bool try_lock();
+
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d);
+
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t);
+
+  void unlock();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(unique_lock& __u) _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::swap(__m_, __u.__m_);
+    std::swap(__owns_, __u.__owns_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mutex_type* release() _NOEXCEPT {
+    mutex_type* __m = __m_;
+    __m_            = nullptr;
+    __owns_         = false;
+    return __m;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool owns_lock() const _NOEXCEPT { return __owns_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT { return __owns_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mutex_type* mutex() const _NOEXCEPT { return __m_; }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(unique_lock);
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+void unique_lock<_Mutex>::lock() {
+  if (__m_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_system_error(EPERM, "unique_lock::lock: references null mutex");
+  if (__owns_)
+    __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "unique_lock::lock: already locked");
+  __m_->lock();
+  __owns_ = true;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+bool unique_lock<_Mutex>::try_lock() {
+  if (__m_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_system_error(EPERM, "unique_lock::try_lock: references null mutex");
+  if (__owns_)
+    __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "unique_lock::try_lock: already locked");
+  __owns_ = __m_->try_lock();
+  return __owns_;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+bool unique_lock<_Mutex>::try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d) {
+  if (__m_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_system_error(EPERM, "unique_lock::try_lock_for: references null mutex");
+  if (__owns_)
+    __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "unique_lock::try_lock_for: already locked");
+  __owns_ = __m_->try_lock_for(__d);
+  return __owns_;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+bool unique_lock<_Mutex>::try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  if (__m_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_system_error(EPERM, "unique_lock::try_lock_until: references null mutex");
+  if (__owns_)
+    __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "unique_lock::try_lock_until: already locked");
+  __owns_ = __m_->try_lock_until(__t);
+  return __owns_;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+void unique_lock<_Mutex>::unlock() {
+  if (!__owns_)
+    __throw_system_error(EPERM, "unique_lock::unlock: not locked");
+  __m_->unlock();
+  __owns_ = false;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(unique_lock<_Mutex>& __x, unique_lock<_Mutex>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___MUTEX_UNIQUE_LOCK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__node_handle b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__node_handle
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d0b35bfd193409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__node_handle
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NODE_HANDLE
+#define _LIBCPP___NODE_HANDLE
+
+/*
+
+template<unspecified>
+class node-handle {
+public:
+  using value_type     = see below;     // not present for map containers
+  using key_type       = see below;     // not present for set containers
+  using mapped_type    = see below;     // not present for set containers
+  using allocator_type = see below;
+
+private:
+  using container_node_type = unspecified;                  // exposition only
+  using ator_traits = allocator_traits<allocator_type>;     // exposition only
+
+  typename ator_traits::template
+    rebind_traits<container_node_type>::pointer ptr_;       // exposition only
+  optional<allocator_type> alloc_;                          // exposition only
+
+public:
+  // [container.node.cons], constructors, copy, and assignment
+  constexpr node-handle() noexcept : ptr_(), alloc_() {}
+  node-handle(node-handle&&) noexcept;
+  node-handle& operator=(node-handle&&);
+
+  // [container.node.dtor], destructor
+  ~node-handle();
+
+  // [container.node.observers], observers
+  value_type& value() const;            // not present for map containers
+  key_type& key() const;                // not present for set containers
+  mapped_type& mapped() const;          // not present for set containers
+
+  allocator_type get_allocator() const;
+  explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+  [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept; // nodiscard since C++20
+
+  // [container.node.modifiers], modifiers
+  void swap(node-handle&)
+    noexcept(ator_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             ator_traits::is_always_equal::value);
+
+  friend void swap(node-handle& x, node-handle& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y))) {
+    x.swap(y);
+  }
+};
+
+*/
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+// Specialized in __tree & __hash_table for their _NodeType.
+template <class _NodeType, class _Alloc>
+struct __generic_container_node_destructor;
+
+template <class _NodeType, class _Alloc, template <class, class> class _MapOrSetSpecifics>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __basic_node_handle
+    : public _MapOrSetSpecifics< _NodeType, __basic_node_handle<_NodeType, _Alloc, _MapOrSetSpecifics>> {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+  friend class __tree;
+  template <class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Equal, class _Allocator>
+  friend class __hash_table;
+  friend struct _MapOrSetSpecifics< _NodeType, __basic_node_handle<_NodeType, _Alloc, _MapOrSetSpecifics>>;
+
+  typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> __alloc_traits;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<typename __alloc_traits::void_pointer, _NodeType> __node_pointer_type;
+
+public:
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+
+private:
+  __node_pointer_type __ptr_ = nullptr;
+  optional<allocator_type> __alloc_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __release_ptr() {
+    __ptr_   = nullptr;
+    __alloc_ = std::nullopt;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __destroy_node_pointer() {
+    if (__ptr_ != nullptr) {
+      typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind< allocator_type, _NodeType>::type __node_alloc_type;
+      __node_alloc_type __alloc(*__alloc_);
+      __generic_container_node_destructor<_NodeType, __node_alloc_type>(__alloc, true)(__ptr_);
+      __ptr_ = nullptr;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_node_handle(__node_pointer_type __ptr, allocator_type const& __alloc)
+      : __ptr_(__ptr), __alloc_(__alloc) {}
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_node_handle() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_node_handle(__basic_node_handle&& __other) noexcept
+      : __ptr_(__other.__ptr_), __alloc_(std::move(__other.__alloc_)) {
+    __other.__ptr_   = nullptr;
+    __other.__alloc_ = std::nullopt;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __basic_node_handle& operator=(__basic_node_handle&& __other) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __alloc_ == std::nullopt || __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+            __alloc_ == __other.__alloc_,
+        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to "
+        "node_type::operator=(node_type&&)");
+
+    __destroy_node_pointer();
+    __ptr_ = __other.__ptr_;
+
+    if (__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value || __alloc_ == std::nullopt)
+      __alloc_ = std::move(__other.__alloc_);
+
+    __other.__ptr_   = nullptr;
+    __other.__alloc_ = std::nullopt;
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const { return *__alloc_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const { return __ptr_ != nullptr; }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const { return __ptr_ == nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__basic_node_handle& __other) noexcept(
+      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __alloc_traits::is_always_equal::value) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(__ptr_, __other.__ptr_);
+    if (__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __alloc_ == std::nullopt ||
+        __other.__alloc_ == std::nullopt)
+      swap(__alloc_, __other.__alloc_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend void
+  swap(__basic_node_handle& __a, __basic_node_handle& __b) noexcept(noexcept(__a.swap(__b))) {
+    __a.swap(__b);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__basic_node_handle() { __destroy_node_pointer(); }
+};
+
+template <class _NodeType, class _Derived>
+struct __set_node_handle_specifics {
+  typedef typename _NodeType::__node_value_type value_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type& value() const { return static_cast<_Derived const*>(this)->__ptr_->__get_value(); }
+};
+
+template <class _NodeType, class _Derived>
+struct __map_node_handle_specifics {
+  typedef typename _NodeType::__node_value_type::key_type key_type;
+  typedef typename _NodeType::__node_value_type::mapped_type mapped_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_type& key() const {
+    return static_cast<_Derived const*>(this)->__ptr_->__get_value().__ref().first;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mapped_type& mapped() const {
+    return static_cast<_Derived const*>(this)->__ptr_->__get_value().__ref().second;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _NodeType, class _Alloc>
+using __set_node_handle = __basic_node_handle< _NodeType, _Alloc, __set_node_handle_specifics>;
+
+template <class _NodeType, class _Alloc>
+using __map_node_handle = __basic_node_handle< _NodeType, _Alloc, __map_node_handle_specifics>;
+
+template <class _Iterator, class _NodeType>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __insert_return_type {
+  _Iterator position;
+  bool inserted;
+  _NodeType node;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NODE_HANDLE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/accumulate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/accumulate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fedc1c46dfd022
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/accumulate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_ACCUMULATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_ACCUMULATE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp
+accumulate(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    __init = std::move(__init) + *__first;
+#else
+    __init = __init + *__first;
+#endif
+  return __init;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOperation>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp
+accumulate(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init, _BinaryOperation __binary_op) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    __init = __binary_op(std::move(__init), *__first);
+#else
+    __init = __binary_op(__init, *__first);
+#endif
+  return __init;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_ACCUMULATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/adjacent_
diff erence.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/adjacent_
diff erence.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..62b53342d9a414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/adjacent_
diff erence.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_ADJACENT_DIFFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_ADJACENT_DIFFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+adjacent_
diff erence(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __acc(*__first);
+    *__result = __acc;
+    for (++__first, (void)++__result; __first != __last; ++__first, (void)++__result) {
+      typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __val(*__first);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+      *__result = __val - std::move(__acc);
+#else
+      *__result = __val - __acc;
+#endif
+      __acc = std::move(__val);
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _BinaryOperation>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator adjacent_
diff erence(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryOperation __binary_op) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __acc(*__first);
+    *__result = __acc;
+    for (++__first, (void)++__result; __first != __last; ++__first, (void)++__result) {
+      typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __val(*__first);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+      *__result = __binary_op(__val, std::move(__acc));
+#else
+      *__result = __binary_op(__val, __acc);
+#endif
+      __acc = std::move(__val);
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_ADJACENT_DIFFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/exclusive_scan.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/exclusive_scan.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..af85b477dfe68f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/exclusive_scan.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_EXCLUSIVE_SCAN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_EXCLUSIVE_SCAN_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+exclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _Tp __init, _BinaryOp __b) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _Tp __tmp(__b(__init, *__first));
+    while (true) {
+      *__result = std::move(__init);
+      ++__result;
+      ++__first;
+      if (__first == __last)
+        break;
+      __init = std::move(__tmp);
+      __tmp  = __b(__init, *__first);
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+exclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _Tp __init) {
+  return std::exclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result, __init, std::plus<>());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_EXCLUSIVE_SCAN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/gcd_lcm.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/gcd_lcm.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9be6cf8516b131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/gcd_lcm.h
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_GCD_LCM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_GCD_LCM_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__bit/countr.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <typename _Result, typename _Source, bool _IsSigned = is_signed<_Source>::value>
+struct __ct_abs;
+
+template <typename _Result, typename _Source>
+struct __ct_abs<_Result, _Source, true> {
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Result operator()(_Source __t) const noexcept {
+    if (__t >= 0)
+      return __t;
+    if (__t == numeric_limits<_Source>::min())
+      return -static_cast<_Result>(__t);
+    return -__t;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename _Result, typename _Source>
+struct __ct_abs<_Result, _Source, false> {
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Result operator()(_Source __t) const noexcept { return __t; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDDEN _Tp __gcd(_Tp __a, _Tp __b) {
+  static_assert(!is_signed<_Tp>::value, "");
+
+  // From: https://lemire.me/blog/2013/12/26/fastest-way-to-compute-the-greatest-common-divisor
+  //
+  // If power of two divides both numbers, we can push it out.
+  // - gcd( 2^x * a, 2^x * b) = 2^x * gcd(a, b)
+  //
+  // If and only if exactly one number is even, we can divide that number by that power.
+  // - if a, b are odd, then gcd(2^x * a, b) = gcd(a, b)
+  //
+  // And standard gcd algorithm where instead of modulo, minus is used.
+
+  if (__a < __b) {
+    _Tp __tmp = __b;
+    __b       = __a;
+    __a       = __tmp;
+  }
+  if (__b == 0)
+    return __a;
+  __a %= __b; // Make both argument of the same size, and early result in the easy case.
+  if (__a == 0)
+    return __b;
+
+  int __az    = std::__countr_zero(__a);
+  int __bz    = std::__countr_zero(__b);
+  int __shift = std::min(__az, __bz);
+  __a >>= __az;
+  __b >>= __bz;
+  do {
+    _Tp __
diff  = __a - __b;
+    if (__a > __b) {
+      __a = __b;
+      __b = __
diff ;
+    } else {
+      __b = __b - __a;
+    }
+    if (__
diff  != 0)
+      __b >>= std::__countr_zero(__
diff );
+  } while (__b != 0);
+  return __a << __shift;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI common_type_t<_Tp, _Up> gcd(_Tp __m, _Up __n) {
+  static_assert(is_integral<_Tp>::value && is_integral<_Up>::value, "Arguments to gcd must be integer types");
+  static_assert(!is_same<__remove_cv_t<_Tp>, bool>::value, "First argument to gcd cannot be bool");
+  static_assert(!is_same<__remove_cv_t<_Up>, bool>::value, "Second argument to gcd cannot be bool");
+  using _Rp = common_type_t<_Tp, _Up>;
+  using _Wp = make_unsigned_t<_Rp>;
+  return static_cast<_Rp>(
+      std::__gcd(static_cast<_Wp>(__ct_abs<_Rp, _Tp>()(__m)), static_cast<_Wp>(__ct_abs<_Rp, _Up>()(__n))));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI common_type_t<_Tp, _Up> lcm(_Tp __m, _Up __n) {
+  static_assert(is_integral<_Tp>::value && is_integral<_Up>::value, "Arguments to lcm must be integer types");
+  static_assert(!is_same<__remove_cv_t<_Tp>, bool>::value, "First argument to lcm cannot be bool");
+  static_assert(!is_same<__remove_cv_t<_Up>, bool>::value, "Second argument to lcm cannot be bool");
+  if (__m == 0 || __n == 0)
+    return 0;
+
+  using _Rp  = common_type_t<_Tp, _Up>;
+  _Rp __val1 = __ct_abs<_Rp, _Tp>()(__m) / std::gcd(__m, __n);
+  _Rp __val2 = __ct_abs<_Rp, _Up>()(__n);
+  _Rp __res;
+  [[maybe_unused]] bool __overflow = __builtin_mul_overflow(__val1, __val2, &__res);
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(!__overflow, "Overflow in lcm");
+  return __res;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_GCD_LCM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/inclusive_scan.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/inclusive_scan.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d714f102d74eff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/inclusive_scan.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_INCLUSIVE_SCAN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_INCLUSIVE_SCAN_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryOp __b, _Tp __init) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first, (void)++__result) {
+    __init    = __b(__init, *__first);
+    *__result = __init;
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _BinaryOp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryOp __b) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __init = *__first;
+    *__result++                                                 = __init;
+    if (++__first != __last)
+      return std::inclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result, __b, __init);
+  }
+
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result) {
+  return std::inclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result, std::plus<>());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_INCLUSIVE_SCAN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/inner_product.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/inner_product.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0deab3d421b771
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/inner_product.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_INNER_PRODUCT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_INNER_PRODUCT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp
+inner_product(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _Tp __init) {
+  for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, (void)++__first2)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    __init = std::move(__init) + *__first1 * *__first2;
+#else
+    __init = __init + *__first1 * *__first2;
+#endif
+  return __init;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Tp, class _BinaryOperation1, class _BinaryOperation2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp inner_product(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _Tp __init,
+    _BinaryOperation1 __binary_op1,
+    _BinaryOperation2 __binary_op2) {
+  for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, (void)++__first2)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    __init = __binary_op1(std::move(__init), __binary_op2(*__first1, *__first2));
+#else
+    __init = __binary_op1(__init, __binary_op2(*__first1, *__first2));
+#endif
+  return __init;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_INNER_PRODUCT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/iota.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/iota.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..27bd84e395a3a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/iota.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_IOTA_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_IOTA_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+iota(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Tp __value) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first, (void)++__value)
+    *__first = __value;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_IOTA_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/midpoint.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/midpoint.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5ef30d4ec50f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/midpoint.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_MIDPOINT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_MIDPOINT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_null_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_pointer.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<is_integral_v<_Tp> && !is_same_v<bool, _Tp> && !is_null_pointer_v<_Tp>, _Tp>
+midpoint(_Tp __a, _Tp __b) noexcept _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK {
+  using _Up                = make_unsigned_t<_Tp>;
+  constexpr _Up __bitshift = numeric_limits<_Up>::digits - 1;
+
+  _Up __
diff      = _Up(__b) - _Up(__a);
+  _Up __sign_bit = __b < __a;
+
+  _Up __half_
diff  = (__
diff  / 2) + (__sign_bit << __bitshift) + (__sign_bit & __
diff );
+
+  return __a + __half_
diff ;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, enable_if_t<is_object_v<_Tp> && !is_void_v<_Tp> && (sizeof(_Tp) > 0), int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* midpoint(_Tp* __a, _Tp* __b) noexcept {
+  return __a + std::midpoint(ptr
diff _t(0), __b - __a);
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr int __sign(_Tp __val) {
+  return (_Tp(0) < __val) - (__val < _Tp(0));
+}
+
+template <typename _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Fp __fp_abs(_Fp __f) {
+  return __f >= 0 ? __f : -__f;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<is_floating_point_v<_Fp>, _Fp> midpoint(_Fp __a, _Fp __b) noexcept {
+  constexpr _Fp __lo = numeric_limits<_Fp>::min() * 2;
+  constexpr _Fp __hi = numeric_limits<_Fp>::max() / 2;
+
+  // typical case: overflow is impossible
+  if (std::__fp_abs(__a) <= __hi && std::__fp_abs(__b) <= __hi)
+    return (__a + __b) / 2; // always correctly rounded
+  if (std::__fp_abs(__a) < __lo)
+    return __a + __b / 2; // not safe to halve a
+  if (std::__fp_abs(__b) < __lo)
+    return __a / 2 + __b; // not safe to halve b
+
+  return __a / 2 + __b / 2; // otherwise correctly rounded
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_MIDPOINT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/partial_sum.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/partial_sum.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7c3cf7fb20b040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/partial_sum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_PARTIAL_SUM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_PARTIAL_SUM_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+partial_sum(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __t(*__first);
+    *__result = __t;
+    for (++__first, (void)++__result; __first != __last; ++__first, (void)++__result) {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+      __t = std::move(__t) + *__first;
+#else
+      __t = __t + *__first;
+#endif
+      *__result = __t;
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _BinaryOperation>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator
+partial_sum(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryOperation __binary_op) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __t(*__first);
+    *__result = __t;
+    for (++__first, (void)++__result; __first != __last; ++__first, (void)++__result) {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+      __t = __binary_op(std::move(__t), *__first);
+#else
+      __t = __binary_op(__t, *__first);
+#endif
+      *__result = __t;
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_PARTIAL_SUM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/pstl.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/pstl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7557686a3663db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/pstl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_PSTL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_PSTL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_PSTL) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#  include <__functional/identity.h>
+#  include <__functional/operations.h>
+#  include <__iterator/cpp17_iterator_concepts.h>
+#  include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#  include <__pstl/backend.h>
+#  include <__pstl/dispatch.h>
+#  include <__pstl/handle_exception.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#  include <__utility/forward.h>
+#  include <__utility/move.h>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _BinaryOperation,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp reduce(
+    _ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Tp __init, _BinaryOperation __op) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "reduce requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__reduce, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first),
+      std::move(__last),
+      std::move(__init),
+      std::move(__op));
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+reduce(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Tp __init) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "reduce requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__reduce, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__init), plus{});
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iter_value_type<_ForwardIterator>
+reduce(_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "reduce requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__reduce, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first),
+      std::move(__last),
+      __iter_value_type<_ForwardIterator>(),
+      plus{});
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator1,
+          class _ForwardIterator2,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _BinaryOperation1,
+          class _BinaryOperation2,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp transform_reduce(
+    _ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+    _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+    _Tp __init,
+    _BinaryOperation1 __reduce,
+    _BinaryOperation2 __transform) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator1, "transform_reduce requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator2, "transform_reduce requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation =
+      __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__transform_reduce_binary, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__init),
+      std::move(__reduce),
+      std::move(__transform));
+}
+
+// This overload doesn't get a customization point because it's trivial to detect (through e.g.
+// __desugars_to_v) when specializing the more general variant, which should always be preferred
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator1,
+          class _ForwardIterator2,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp transform_reduce(
+    _ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+    _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+    _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+    _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+    _Tp __init) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator1, "transform_reduce requires ForwardIterators");
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator2, "transform_reduce requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation =
+      __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__transform_reduce_binary, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first1),
+      std::move(__last1),
+      std::move(__first2),
+      std::move(__init),
+      plus{},
+      multiplies{});
+}
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
+          class _ForwardIterator,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _BinaryOperation,
+          class _UnaryOperation,
+          class _RawPolicy                                    = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
+          enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp transform_reduce(
+    _ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
+    _ForwardIterator __first,
+    _ForwardIterator __last,
+    _Tp __init,
+    _BinaryOperation __reduce,
+    _UnaryOperation __transform) {
+  _LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator, "transform_reduce requires ForwardIterators");
+  using _Implementation = __pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__transform_reduce, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
+  return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
+      std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
+      std::move(__first),
+      std::move(__last),
+      std::move(__init),
+      std::move(__reduce),
+      std::move(__transform));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_PSTL) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_PSTL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/reduce.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/reduce.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6c205bf581fb95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/reduce.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_REDUCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_REDUCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp
+reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init, _BinaryOp __b) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __init = __b(std::move(__init), *__first);
+  return __init;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp
+reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init) {
+  return std::reduce(__first, __last, __init, std::plus<>());
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type
+reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  return std::reduce(__first, __last, typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type{});
+}
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_REDUCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/saturation_arithmetic.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/saturation_arithmetic.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2390b42aaec31e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/saturation_arithmetic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_SATURATION_ARITHMETIC_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_SATURATION_ARITHMETIC_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/cmp.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp __add_sat(_Tp __x, _Tp __y) noexcept {
+  if (_Tp __sum; !__builtin_add_overflow(__x, __y, &__sum))
+    return __sum;
+  // Handle overflow
+  if constexpr (__libcpp_unsigned_integer<_Tp>) {
+    return std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+  } else {
+    // Signed addition overflow
+    if (__x > 0)
+      // Overflows if (x > 0 && y > 0)
+      return std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+    else
+      // Overflows if  (x < 0 && y < 0)
+      return std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::min();
+  }
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp __sub_sat(_Tp __x, _Tp __y) noexcept {
+  if (_Tp __sub; !__builtin_sub_overflow(__x, __y, &__sub))
+    return __sub;
+  // Handle overflow
+  if constexpr (__libcpp_unsigned_integer<_Tp>) {
+    // Overflows if (x < y)
+    return std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::min();
+  } else {
+    // Signed subtration overflow
+    if (__x >= 0)
+      // Overflows if (x >= 0 && y < 0)
+      return std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+    else
+      // Overflows if (x < 0 && y > 0)
+      return std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::min();
+  }
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp __mul_sat(_Tp __x, _Tp __y) noexcept {
+  if (_Tp __mul; !__builtin_mul_overflow(__x, __y, &__mul))
+    return __mul;
+  // Handle overflow
+  if constexpr (__libcpp_unsigned_integer<_Tp>) {
+    return std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+  } else {
+    // Signed multiplication overflow
+    if ((__x > 0 && __y > 0) || (__x < 0 && __y < 0))
+      return std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+    // Overflows if (x < 0 && y > 0) || (x > 0 && y < 0)
+    return std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::min();
+  }
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp __div_sat(_Tp __x, _Tp __y) noexcept {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__y != 0, "Division by 0 is undefined");
+  if constexpr (__libcpp_unsigned_integer<_Tp>) {
+    return __x / __y;
+  } else {
+    // Handle signed division overflow
+    if (__x == std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::min() && __y == _Tp{-1})
+      return std::numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+    return __x / __y;
+  }
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Rp, __libcpp_integer _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Rp __saturate_cast(_Tp __x) noexcept {
+  // Saturation is impossible edge case when ((min _Rp) < (min _Tp) && (max _Rp) > (max _Tp)) and it is expected to be
+  // optimized out by the compiler.
+
+  // Handle overflow
+  if (std::cmp_less(__x, std::numeric_limits<_Rp>::min()))
+    return std::numeric_limits<_Rp>::min();
+  if (std::cmp_greater(__x, std::numeric_limits<_Rp>::max()))
+    return std::numeric_limits<_Rp>::max();
+  // No overflow
+  return static_cast<_Rp>(__x);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp add_sat(_Tp __x, _Tp __y) noexcept {
+  return std::__add_sat(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp sub_sat(_Tp __x, _Tp __y) noexcept {
+  return std::__sub_sat(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp mul_sat(_Tp __x, _Tp __y) noexcept {
+  return std::__mul_sat(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp div_sat(_Tp __x, _Tp __y) noexcept {
+  return std::__div_sat(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Rp, __libcpp_integer _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Rp saturate_cast(_Tp __x) noexcept {
+  return std::__saturate_cast<_Rp>(__x);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_SATURATION_ARITHMETIC_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/transform_exclusive_scan.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/transform_exclusive_scan.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fb88aa52cd1052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/transform_exclusive_scan.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_TRANSFORM_EXCLUSIVE_SCAN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_TRANSFORM_EXCLUSIVE_SCAN_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOp, class _UnaryOp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator transform_exclusive_scan(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _Tp __init, _BinaryOp __b, _UnaryOp __u) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _Tp __saved = __init;
+    do {
+      __init    = __b(__init, __u(*__first));
+      *__result = __saved;
+      __saved   = __init;
+      ++__result;
+    } while (++__first != __last);
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_TRANSFORM_EXCLUSIVE_SCAN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/transform_inclusive_scan.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/transform_inclusive_scan.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2eab1a142439ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/transform_inclusive_scan.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_TRANSFORM_INCLUSIVE_SCAN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_TRANSFORM_INCLUSIVE_SCAN_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOp, class _UnaryOp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator transform_inclusive_scan(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryOp __b, _UnaryOp __u, _Tp __init) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first, (void)++__result) {
+    __init    = __b(__init, __u(*__first));
+    *__result = __init;
+  }
+
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _OutputIterator, class _BinaryOp, class _UnaryOp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _OutputIterator transform_inclusive_scan(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryOp __b, _UnaryOp __u) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type __init = __u(*__first);
+    *__result++                                                 = __init;
+    if (++__first != __last)
+      return std::transform_inclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result, __b, __u, __init);
+  }
+
+  return __result;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_TRANSFORM_INCLUSIVE_SCAN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/transform_reduce.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/transform_reduce.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f1150510f0c36f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__numeric/transform_reduce.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_TRANSFORM_REDUCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_TRANSFORM_REDUCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOp, class _UnaryOp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp
+transform_reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init, _BinaryOp __b, _UnaryOp __u) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __init = __b(std::move(__init), __u(*__first));
+  return __init;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Tp, class _BinaryOp1, class _BinaryOp2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp transform_reduce(
+    _InputIterator1 __first1,
+    _InputIterator1 __last1,
+    _InputIterator2 __first2,
+    _Tp __init,
+    _BinaryOp1 __b1,
+    _BinaryOp2 __b2) {
+  for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, (void)++__first2)
+    __init = __b1(std::move(__init), __b2(*__first1, *__first2));
+  return __init;
+}
+
+template <class _InputIterator1, class _InputIterator2, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp
+transform_reduce(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1, _InputIterator2 __first2, _Tp __init) {
+  return std::transform_reduce(__first1, __last1, __first2, std::move(__init), std::plus<>(), std::multiplies<>());
+}
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___NUMERIC_TRANSFORM_REDUCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ostream/basic_ostream.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ostream/basic_ostream.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..178359d6815671
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ostream/basic_ostream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,860 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___OSTREAM_BASIC_OSTREAM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___OSTREAM_BASIC_OSTREAM_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/operations.h>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_code.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_base_of.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <bitset>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <ios>
+#include <locale>
+#include <new> // for __throw_bad_alloc
+#include <streambuf>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_ostream : virtual public basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  // types (inherited from basic_ios (27.5.4)):
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+  // 27.7.2.2 Constructor/destructor:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 explicit basic_ostream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb) {
+    this->init(__sb);
+  }
+  ~basic_ostream() override;
+
+  basic_ostream(const basic_ostream& __rhs)            = delete;
+  basic_ostream& operator=(const basic_ostream& __rhs) = delete;
+
+protected:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream(basic_ostream&& __rhs);
+
+  // 27.7.2.3 Assign/swap
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream& operator=(basic_ostream&& __rhs);
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 void swap(basic_ostream& __rhs) {
+    basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+  }
+
+public:
+  // 27.7.2.4 Prefix/suffix:
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS sentry;
+
+  // 27.7.2.6 Formatted output:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_ostream& operator<<(basic_ostream& (*__pf)(basic_ostream&)) {
+    return __pf(*this);
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_ostream&
+  operator<<(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>& (*__pf)(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&)) {
+    __pf(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_ostream& operator<<(ios_base& (*__pf)(ios_base&)) {
+    __pf(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(bool __n);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(short __n);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned short __n);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(int __n);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned int __n);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(long __n);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned long __n);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(long long __n);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned long long __n);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(float __f);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(double __f);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(long double __f);
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(const void* __p);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream& operator<<(const volatile void* __p) {
+    return operator<<(const_cast<const void*>(__p));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  basic_ostream& operator<<(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  // LWG 2221 - nullptr. This is not backported to older standards modes.
+  // See https://reviews.llvm.org/D127033 for more info on the rationale.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream& operator<<(nullptr_t) { return *this << "nullptr"; }
+#endif
+
+  // 27.7.2.7 Unformatted output:
+  basic_ostream& put(char_type __c);
+  basic_ostream& write(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+  basic_ostream& flush();
+
+  // 27.7.2.5 seeks:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 pos_type tellp();
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_ostream& seekp(pos_type __pos);
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_ostream& seekp(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __dir);
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream() {} // extension, intentially does not initialize
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry {
+  bool __ok_;
+  basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os_;
+
+public:
+  explicit sentry(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os);
+  ~sentry();
+  sentry(const sentry&)            = delete;
+  sentry& operator=(const sentry&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const { return __ok_; }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry::sentry(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os) : __ok_(false), __os_(__os) {
+  if (__os.good()) {
+    if (__os.tie())
+      __os.tie()->flush();
+    __ok_ = true;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry::~sentry() {
+  if (__os_.rdbuf() && __os_.good() && (__os_.flags() & ios_base::unitbuf) && !uncaught_exception()) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      if (__os_.rdbuf()->pubsync() == -1)
+        __os_.setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ostream(basic_ostream&& __rhs) {
+  this->move(__rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_ostream&& __rhs) {
+  swap(__rhs);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_ostream() {}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      if (__sb) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+          typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Ip;
+          typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Op;
+          _Ip __i(__sb);
+          _Ip __eof;
+          _Op __o(*this);
+          size_t __c = 0;
+          for (; __i != __eof; ++__i, ++__o, ++__c) {
+            *__o = *__i;
+            if (__o.failed())
+              break;
+          }
+          if (__c == 0)
+            this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        } catch (...) {
+          this->__set_failbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+        }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      } else
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(bool __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(short __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      ios_base::fmtflags __flags = ios_base::flags() & ios_base::basefield;
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this,
+                  *this,
+                  this->fill(),
+                  __flags == ios_base::oct || __flags == ios_base::hex
+                      ? static_cast<long>(static_cast<unsigned short>(__n))
+                      : static_cast<long>(__n))
+              .failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(unsigned short __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), static_cast<unsigned long>(__n)).failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(int __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      ios_base::fmtflags __flags = ios_base::flags() & ios_base::basefield;
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this,
+                  *this,
+                  this->fill(),
+                  __flags == ios_base::oct || __flags == ios_base::hex
+                      ? static_cast<long>(static_cast<unsigned int>(__n))
+                      : static_cast<long>(__n))
+              .failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(unsigned int __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), static_cast<unsigned long>(__n)).failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(unsigned long __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long long __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(unsigned long long __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(float __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), static_cast<double>(__n)).failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(double __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long double __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(const void* __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef num_put<char_type, ostreambuf_iterator<char_type, traits_type> > _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __f = std::use_facet<_Fp>(this->getloc());
+      if (__f.put(*this, *this, this->fill(), __n).failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+__put_character_sequence(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const _CharT* __str, size_t __len) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Ip;
+      if (std::__pad_and_output(
+              _Ip(__os),
+              __str,
+              (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ? __str + __len : __str,
+              __str + __len,
+              __os,
+              __os.fill())
+              .failed())
+        __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, _CharT __c) {
+  return std::__put_character_sequence(__os, &__c, 1);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, char __cn) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+    if (__s) {
+      _CharT __c = __os.widen(__cn);
+      typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Ip;
+      if (std::__pad_and_output(
+              _Ip(__os),
+              &__c,
+              (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ? &__c + 1 : &__c,
+              &__c + 1,
+              __os,
+              __os.fill())
+              .failed())
+        __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, char __c) {
+  return std::__put_character_sequence(__os, &__c, 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, signed char __c) {
+  return std::__put_character_sequence(__os, (char*)&__c, 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, unsigned char __c) {
+  return std::__put_character_sequence(__os, (char*)&__c, 1);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const _CharT* __str) {
+  return std::__put_character_sequence(__os, __str, _Traits::length(__str));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const char* __strn) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Ip;
+      size_t __len   = char_traits<char>::length(__strn);
+      const int __bs = 100;
+      _CharT __wbb[__bs];
+      _CharT* __wb = __wbb;
+      unique_ptr<_CharT, void (*)(void*)> __h(0, free);
+      if (__len > __bs) {
+        __wb = (_CharT*)malloc(__len * sizeof(_CharT));
+        if (__wb == 0)
+          __throw_bad_alloc();
+        __h.reset(__wb);
+      }
+      for (_CharT* __p = __wb; *__strn != '\0'; ++__strn, ++__p)
+        *__p = __os.widen(*__strn);
+      if (std::__pad_and_output(
+              _Ip(__os),
+              __wb,
+              (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ? __wb + __len : __wb,
+              __wb + __len,
+              __os,
+              __os.fill())
+              .failed())
+        __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, const char* __str) {
+  return std::__put_character_sequence(__os, __str, _Traits::length(__str));
+}
+
+template <class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, const signed char* __str) {
+  const char* __s = (const char*)__str;
+  return std::__put_character_sequence(__os, __s, _Traits::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __os, const unsigned char* __str) {
+  const char* __s = (const char*)__str;
+  return std::__put_character_sequence(__os, __s, _Traits::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::put(char_type __c) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Op;
+      _Op __o(*this);
+      *__o = __c;
+      if (__o.failed())
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::write(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    sentry __sen(*this);
+    if (__sen && __n) {
+      if (this->rdbuf()->sputn(__s, __n) != __n)
+        this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::flush() {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (this->rdbuf()) {
+      sentry __s(*this);
+      if (__s) {
+        if (this->rdbuf()->pubsync() == -1)
+          this->setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+      }
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::tellp() {
+  if (this->fail())
+    return pos_type(-1);
+  return this->rdbuf()->pubseekoff(0, ios_base::cur, ios_base::out);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::seekp(pos_type __pos) {
+  sentry __s(*this);
+  if (!this->fail()) {
+    if (this->rdbuf()->pubseekpos(__pos, ios_base::out) == pos_type(-1))
+      this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::seekp(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __dir) {
+  sentry __s(*this);
+  if (!this->fail()) {
+    if (this->rdbuf()->pubseekoff(__off, __dir, ios_base::out) == pos_type(-1))
+      this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& endl(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os) {
+  __os.put(__os.widen('\n'));
+  __os.flush();
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& ends(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os) {
+  __os.put(_CharT());
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& flush(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os) {
+  __os.flush();
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _Stream, class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __is_ostreamable : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Stream, class _Tp>
+struct __is_ostreamable<_Stream, _Tp, decltype(std::declval<_Stream>() << std::declval<_Tp>(), void())> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Stream,
+          class _Tp,
+          __enable_if_t<_And<is_base_of<ios_base, _Stream>, __is_ostreamable<_Stream&, const _Tp&> >::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Stream&& operator<<(_Stream&& __os, const _Tp& __x) {
+  __os << __x;
+  return std::move(__os);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str) {
+  return std::__put_character_sequence(__os, __str.data(), __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __sv) {
+  return std::__put_character_sequence(__os, __sv.data(), __sv.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const error_code& __ec) {
+  return __os << __ec.category().name() << ':' << __ec.value();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Yp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, shared_ptr<_Yp> const& __p) {
+  return __os << __p.get();
+}
+
+template <
+    class _CharT,
+    class _Traits,
+    class _Yp,
+    class _Dp,
+    __enable_if_t<is_same<void,
+                          __void_t<decltype((std::declval<basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&>()
+                                             << std::declval<typename unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp>::pointer>()))> >::value,
+                  int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, unique_ptr<_Yp, _Dp> const& __p) {
+  return __os << __p.get();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const bitset<_Size>& __x) {
+  return __os << __x.template to_string<_CharT, _Traits>(std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__os.getloc()).widen('0'),
+                                                         std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__os.getloc()).widen('1'));
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, wchar_t) = delete;
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, const wchar_t*) = delete;
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>&, char16_t) = delete;
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>&, char32_t) = delete;
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>&, const char16_t*) = delete;
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>&, const char32_t*) = delete;
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, char8_t) = delete;
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>&, char8_t) = delete;
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, const char8_t*) = delete;
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, _Traits>&, const char8_t*) = delete;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, char16_t) = delete;
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, char32_t) = delete;
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, const char16_t*) = delete;
+
+template <class _Traits>
+basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, const char32_t*) = delete;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_ostream<char>;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_ostream<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___OSTREAM_BASIC_OSTREAM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ostream/print.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ostream/print.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8265ac00777e25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ostream/print.h
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___OSTREAM_PRINT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___OSTREAM_PRINT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/ostream.h>
+#include <__iterator/ostreambuf_iterator.h>
+#include <__ostream/basic_ostream.h>
+#include <format>
+#include <ios>
+#include <locale>
+#include <print>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
+__vprint_nonunicode(ostream& __os, string_view __fmt, format_args __args, bool __write_nl) {
+  // [ostream.formatted.print]/3
+  // Effects: Behaves as a formatted output function
+  // ([ostream.formatted.reqmts]) of os, except that:
+  // - failure to generate output is reported as specified below, and
+  // - any exception thrown by the call to vformat is propagated without regard
+  //   to the value of os.exceptions() and without turning on ios_base::badbit
+  //   in the error state of os.
+  // After constructing a sentry object, the function initializes an automatic
+  // variable via
+  //   string out = vformat(os.getloc(), fmt, args);
+
+  ostream::sentry __s(__os);
+  if (__s) {
+    string __o = std::vformat(__os.getloc(), __fmt, __args);
+    if (__write_nl)
+      __o += '\n';
+
+    const char* __str = __o.data();
+    size_t __len      = __o.size();
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      typedef ostreambuf_iterator<char> _Ip;
+      if (std::__pad_and_output(
+              _Ip(__os),
+              __str,
+              (__os.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left ? __str + __len : __str,
+              __str + __len,
+              __os,
+              __os.fill())
+              .failed())
+        __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit | ios_base::failbit);
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+    }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_nonunicode(ostream& __os, string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
+  std::__vprint_nonunicode(__os, __fmt, __args, false);
+}
+
+// Returns the FILE* associated with the __os.
+// Returns a nullptr when no FILE* is associated with __os.
+// This function is in the dylib since the type of the buffer associated
+// with std::cout, std::cerr, and std::clog is only known in the dylib.
+//
+// This function implements part of the implementation-defined behavior
+// of [ostream.formatted.print]/3
+//   If the function is vprint_unicode and os is a stream that refers to
+//   a terminal capable of displaying Unicode which is determined in an
+//   implementation-defined manner, writes out to the terminal using the
+//   native Unicode API;
+// Whether the returned FILE* is "a terminal capable of displaying Unicode"
+// is determined in the same way as the print(FILE*, ...) overloads.
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI FILE* __get_ostream_file(ostream& __os);
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __vprint_unicode(ostream& __os, string_view __fmt, format_args __args, bool __write_nl) {
+#    if _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_PRINT == 0
+  return std::__vprint_nonunicode(__os, __fmt, __args, __write_nl);
+#    else
+  FILE* __file = std::__get_ostream_file(__os);
+  if (!__file || !__print::__is_terminal(__file))
+    return std::__vprint_nonunicode(__os, __fmt, __args, __write_nl);
+
+  // [ostream.formatted.print]/3
+  //    If the function is vprint_unicode and os is a stream that refers to a
+  //    terminal capable of displaying Unicode which is determined in an
+  //    implementation-defined manner, writes out to the terminal using the
+  //    native Unicode API; if out contains invalid code units, the behavior is
+  //    undefined and implementations are encouraged to diagnose it. If the
+  //    native Unicode API is used, the function flushes os before writing out.
+  //
+  // This is the path for the native API, start with flushing.
+  __os.flush();
+
+#      ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#      endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    ostream::sentry __s(__os);
+    if (__s) {
+#      ifndef _LIBCPP_WIN32API
+      __print::__vprint_unicode_posix(__file, __fmt, __args, __write_nl, true);
+#      elif !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
+    __print::__vprint_unicode_windows(__file, __fmt, __args, __write_nl, true);
+#      else
+#        error "Windows builds with wchar_t disabled are not supported."
+#      endif
+    }
+
+#      ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#      endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#    endif   // _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_PRINT
+}
+
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_unicode(ostream& __os, string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
+  std::__vprint_unicode(__os, __fmt, __args, false);
+}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void print(ostream& __os, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+  if constexpr (__print::__use_unicode_execution_charset)
+    std::__vprint_unicode(__os, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
+  else
+    std::__vprint_nonunicode(__os, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
+#  else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+  std::__vprint_nonunicode(__os, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+}
+
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void println(ostream& __os, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+  // Note the wording in the Standard is inefficient. The output of
+  // std::format is a std::string which is then copied. This solution
+  // just appends a newline at the end of the output.
+  if constexpr (__print::__use_unicode_execution_charset)
+    std::__vprint_unicode(__os, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
+  else
+    std::__vprint_nonunicode(__os, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
+#  else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+  std::__vprint_nonunicode(__os, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+}
+
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void println(ostream& __os) {
+  std::print(__os, "\n");
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___OSTREAM_PRINT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backend.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backend.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..86d9f28c77fa8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backend.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKEND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKEND_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_PSTL_BACKEND_SERIAL)
+#  include <__pstl/backends/default.h>
+#  include <__pstl/backends/serial.h>
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_PSTL_BACKEND_STD_THREAD)
+#  include <__pstl/backends/default.h>
+#  include <__pstl/backends/std_thread.h>
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_PSTL_BACKEND_LIBDISPATCH)
+#  include <__pstl/backends/default.h>
+#  include <__pstl/backends/libdispatch.h>
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKEND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backend_fwd.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backend_fwd.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..32c5da576fb3c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backend_fwd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKEND_FWD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKEND_FWD_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+//
+// This header declares available PSTL backends and the functions that must be implemented in order for the
+// PSTL algorithms to be provided.
+//
+// Backends often do not implement the full set of functions themselves -- a configuration of the PSTL is
+// usually a set of backends "stacked" together which each implement some algorithms under some execution
+// policies. It is only necessary for the "stack" of backends to implement all algorithms under all execution
+// policies, but a single backend is not required to implement everything on its own.
+//
+// The signatures used by each backend function are documented below.
+//
+// Exception handling
+// ==================
+//
+// PSTL backends are expected to report errors (i.e. failure to allocate) by returning a disengaged `optional` from
+// their implementation. Exceptions shouldn't be used to report an internal failure-to-allocate, since all exceptions
+// are turned into a program termination at the front-end level. When a backend returns a disengaged `optional` to the
+// frontend, the frontend will turn that into a call to `std::__throw_bad_alloc();` to report the internal failure to
+// the user.
+//
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+template <class... _Backends>
+struct __backend_configuration;
+
+struct __default_backend_tag;
+struct __libdispatch_backend_tag;
+struct __serial_backend_tag;
+struct __std_thread_backend_tag;
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_PSTL_BACKEND_SERIAL)
+using __current_configuration = __backend_configuration<__serial_backend_tag, __default_backend_tag>;
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_PSTL_BACKEND_STD_THREAD)
+using __current_configuration = __backend_configuration<__std_thread_backend_tag, __default_backend_tag>;
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_PSTL_BACKEND_LIBDISPATCH)
+using __current_configuration = __backend_configuration<__libdispatch_backend_tag, __default_backend_tag>;
+#else
+
+// ...New vendors can add parallel backends here...
+
+#  error "Invalid PSTL backend configuration"
+#endif
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __find_if;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+// optional<_ForwardIterator>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __find_if_not;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+// optional<_ForwardIterator>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __find;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+// optional<_ForwardIterator>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __any_of;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+// optional<bool>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __all_of;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+// optional<bool>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __none_of;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+// optional<bool>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __is_partitioned;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+// optional<bool>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __for_each;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Function>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Function __func) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __for_each_n;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Function>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __size, _Function __func) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __fill;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Tp const& __value) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __fill_n;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n, _Tp const& __value) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __replace;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+//                       _Tp const& __old, _Tp const& __new) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __replace_if;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate, class _Tp>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+//                       _Predicate __pred, _Tp const& __new_value) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __generate;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Generator>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Generator __gen) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __generate_n;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Generator>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n, _Generator __gen) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __merge;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _ForwardOutIterator, class _Comp>
+// optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+//                       _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+//                       _ForwardOutIterator __result, _Comp __comp) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __stable_sort;
+// template <class _Policy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Comp>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp __comp) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __sort;
+// template <class _Policy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Comp>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp __comp) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator, class _UnaryOperation>
+// optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+//                       _ForwardOutIterator __result,
+//                       _UnaryOperation __op) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_binary;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2,
+//                          class _ForwardOutIterator,
+//                          class _BinaryOperation>
+// optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+//                       _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+//                       _ForwardOutIterator __result,
+//                       _BinaryOperation __op) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __replace_copy_if;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator, class _Predicate, class _Tp>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+//                       _ForwardOutIterator __out_it,
+//                       _Predicate __pred,
+//                       _Tp const& __new_value) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __replace_copy;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator, class _Tp>
+// optional<__empty>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+//                       _ForwardOutIterator __out_it,
+//                       _Tp const& __old_value,
+//                       _Tp const& __new_value) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __move;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator>
+// optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+//                       _ForwardOutIterator __out_it) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __copy;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator>
+// optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+//                       _ForwardOutIterator __out_it) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __copy_n;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _ForwardOutIterator>
+// optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n, _ForwardOutIterator __out_it) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __rotate_copy;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator>
+// optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __middle, _ForwardIterator __last,
+//                       _ForwardOutIterator __out_it) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_reduce;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOperation, class _UnaryOperation>
+// optional<_Tp>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+//                       _Tp __init,
+//                       _BinaryOperation __reduce,
+//                       _UnaryOperation __transform) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_reduce_binary;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2,
+//           class _Tp, class _BinaryOperation1, class _BinaryOperation2>
+// optional<_Tp> operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+//                                     _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+//                                     _Tp __init,
+//                                     _BinaryOperation1 __reduce,
+//                                     _BinaryOperation2 __transform) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __count_if;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+// optional<__iter_
diff _t<_ForwardIterator>>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __count;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+// optional<__iter_
diff _t<_ForwardIterator>>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Tp const& __value) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __equal_3leg;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _Predicate>
+// optional<bool>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+//                       _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+//                       _Predicate __pred) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __equal;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _Predicate>
+// optional<bool>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+//                       _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+//                       _Predicate __pred) const noexcept;
+
+template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __reduce;
+// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOperation>
+// optional<_Tp>
+// operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last,
+//                       _Tp __init, _BinaryOperation __op) const noexcept;
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKEND_FWD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/default.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/default.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..61a128805f8549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/default.h
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_DEFAULT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_DEFAULT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/fill_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/for_each_n.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__functional/not_fn.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__pstl/dispatch.h>
+#include <__utility/empty.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+//
+// This file provides an incomplete PSTL backend that implements all of the PSTL algorithms
+// based on a smaller set of basis operations.
+//
+// It is intended as a building block for other PSTL backends that implement some operations more
+// efficiently but may not want to define the full set of PSTL algorithms.
+//
+// This backend implements all the PSTL algorithms based on the following basis operations:
+//
+// find_if family
+// --------------
+// - find
+// - find_if_not
+// - any_of
+// - all_of
+// - none_of
+// - is_partitioned
+//
+// for_each family
+// ---------------
+// - for_each_n
+// - fill
+// - fill_n
+// - replace
+// - replace_if
+// - generate
+// - generate_n
+//
+// merge family
+// ------------
+// No other algorithms based on merge
+//
+// stable_sort family
+// ------------------
+// - sort
+//
+// transform_reduce and transform_reduce_binary family
+// ---------------------------------------------------
+// - count_if
+// - count
+// - equal(3 legs)
+// - equal
+// - reduce
+//
+// transform and transform_binary family
+// -------------------------------------
+// - replace_copy_if
+// - replace_copy
+// - move
+// - copy
+// - copy_n
+// - rotate_copy
+//
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// find_if family
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __find<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardIterator>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) const noexcept {
+    using _FindIf = __dispatch<__find_if, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    return _FindIf()(
+        __policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), [&](__iter_reference<_ForwardIterator> __element) {
+          return __element == __value;
+        });
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __find_if_not<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardIterator>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Pred&& __pred) const noexcept {
+    using _FindIf = __dispatch<__find_if, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    return _FindIf()(__policy, __first, __last, std::not_fn(std::forward<_Pred>(__pred)));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __any_of<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<bool>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Pred&& __pred) const noexcept {
+    using _FindIf = __dispatch<__find_if, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    auto __res    = _FindIf()(__policy, __first, __last, std::forward<_Pred>(__pred));
+    if (!__res)
+      return nullopt;
+    return *__res != __last;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __all_of<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<bool>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Pred&& __pred) const noexcept {
+    using _AnyOf = __dispatch<__any_of, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    auto __res   = _AnyOf()(__policy, __first, __last, [&](__iter_reference<_ForwardIterator> __value) {
+      return !__pred(__value);
+    });
+    if (!__res)
+      return nullopt;
+    return !*__res;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __none_of<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<bool>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Pred&& __pred) const noexcept {
+    using _AnyOf = __dispatch<__any_of, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    auto __res   = _AnyOf()(__policy, __first, __last, std::forward<_Pred>(__pred));
+    if (!__res)
+      return nullopt;
+    return !*__res;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __is_partitioned<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<bool>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Pred&& __pred) const noexcept {
+    using _FindIfNot   = __dispatch<__find_if_not, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    auto __maybe_first = _FindIfNot()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred);
+    if (__maybe_first == nullopt)
+      return nullopt;
+
+    __first = *__maybe_first;
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return true;
+    ++__first;
+    using _NoneOf = __dispatch<__none_of, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    return _NoneOf()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __pred);
+  }
+};
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// for_each family
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __for_each_n<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Function>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __size, _Function __func) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      using _ForEach          = __dispatch<__for_each, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+      _ForwardIterator __last = __first + __size;
+      return _ForEach()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__func));
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise, use the serial algorithm to avoid doing two passes over the input
+      std::for_each_n(std::move(__first), __size, std::move(__func));
+      return __empty{};
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __fill<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Tp const& __value) const noexcept {
+    using _ForEach = __dispatch<__for_each, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    using _Ref     = __iter_reference<_ForwardIterator>;
+    return _ForEach()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), [&](_Ref __element) { __element = __value; });
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __fill_n<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n, _Tp const& __value) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      using _Fill             = __dispatch<__fill, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+      _ForwardIterator __last = __first + __n;
+      return _Fill()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __value);
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise, use the serial algorithm to avoid doing two passes over the input
+      std::fill_n(std::move(__first), __n, __value);
+      return optional<__empty>{__empty{}};
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __replace<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Tp const& __old, _Tp const& __new)
+      const noexcept {
+    using _ReplaceIf = __dispatch<__replace_if, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    using _Ref       = __iter_reference<_ForwardIterator>;
+    return _ReplaceIf()(
+        __policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), [&](_Ref __element) { return __element == __old; }, __new);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __replace_if<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Pred, class _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty> operator()(
+      _Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Pred&& __pred, _Tp const& __new_value)
+      const noexcept {
+    using _ForEach = __dispatch<__for_each, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    using _Ref     = __iter_reference<_ForwardIterator>;
+    return _ForEach()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), [&](_Ref __element) {
+      if (__pred(__element))
+        __element = __new_value;
+    });
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __generate<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Generator>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Generator&& __gen) const noexcept {
+    using _ForEach = __dispatch<__for_each, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    using _Ref     = __iter_reference<_ForwardIterator>;
+    return _ForEach()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), [&](_Ref __element) { __element = __gen(); });
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __generate_n<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _Generator>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n, _Generator&& __gen) const noexcept {
+    using _ForEachN = __dispatch<__for_each_n, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    using _Ref      = __iter_reference<_ForwardIterator>;
+    return _ForEachN()(__policy, std::move(__first), __n, [&](_Ref __element) { __element = __gen(); });
+  }
+};
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// stable_sort family
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __sort<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty> operator()(
+      _Policy&& __policy, _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp&& __comp) const noexcept {
+    using _StableSort = __dispatch<__stable_sort, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    return _StableSort()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::forward<_Comp>(__comp));
+  }
+};
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// transform_reduce family
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __count_if<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__iter_
diff _t<_ForwardIterator>> operator()(
+      _Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate&& __pred) const noexcept {
+    using _TransformReduce = __dispatch<__transform_reduce, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    using _DiffT           = __iter_
diff _t<_ForwardIterator>;
+    using _Ref             = __iter_reference<_ForwardIterator>;
+    return _TransformReduce()(
+        __policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), _DiffT{}, std::plus{}, [&](_Ref __element) -> _DiffT {
+          return __pred(__element) ? _DiffT(1) : _DiffT(0);
+        });
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __count<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__iter_
diff _t<_ForwardIterator>>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Tp const& __value) const noexcept {
+    using _CountIf = __dispatch<__count_if, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    using _Ref     = __iter_reference<_ForwardIterator>;
+    return _CountIf()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), [&](_Ref __element) -> bool {
+      return __element == __value;
+    });
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __equal_3leg<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _Predicate>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<bool>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy,
+             _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+             _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+             _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+             _Predicate&& __pred) const noexcept {
+    using _TransformReduce = __dispatch<__transform_reduce_binary, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    return _TransformReduce()(
+        __policy,
+        std::move(__first1),
+        std::move(__last1),
+        std::move(__first2),
+        true,
+        std::logical_and{},
+        std::forward<_Predicate>(__pred));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __equal<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _Predicate>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<bool>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy,
+             _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+             _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+             _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+             _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+             _Predicate&& __pred) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__has_random_access_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator1>::value &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator2>::value) {
+      if (__last1 - __first1 != __last2 - __first2)
+        return false;
+      // Fall back to the 3 legged algorithm
+      using _Equal3Leg = __dispatch<__equal_3leg, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+      return _Equal3Leg()(
+          __policy, std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), std::forward<_Predicate>(__pred));
+    } else {
+      // If we don't have random access, fall back to the serial algorithm cause we can't do much
+      return std::equal(
+          std::move(__first1),
+          std::move(__last1),
+          std::move(__first2),
+          std::move(__last2),
+          std::forward<_Predicate>(__pred));
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __reduce<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOperation>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_Tp>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Tp __init, _BinaryOperation&& __op)
+      const noexcept {
+    using _TransformReduce = __dispatch<__transform_reduce, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    return _TransformReduce()(
+        __policy,
+        std::move(__first),
+        std::move(__last),
+        std::move(__init),
+        std::forward<_BinaryOperation>(__op),
+        __identity{});
+  }
+};
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// transform family
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __replace_copy_if<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator, class _Pred, class _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy,
+             _ForwardIterator __first,
+             _ForwardIterator __last,
+             _ForwardOutIterator __out_it,
+             _Pred&& __pred,
+             _Tp const& __new_value) const noexcept {
+    using _Transform = __dispatch<__transform, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    using _Ref       = __iter_reference<_ForwardIterator>;
+    auto __res =
+        _Transform()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__out_it), [&](_Ref __element) {
+          return __pred(__element) ? __new_value : __element;
+        });
+    if (__res == nullopt)
+      return nullopt;
+    return __empty{};
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __replace_copy<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator, class _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy,
+             _ForwardIterator __first,
+             _ForwardIterator __last,
+             _ForwardOutIterator __out_it,
+             _Tp const& __old_value,
+             _Tp const& __new_value) const noexcept {
+    using _ReplaceCopyIf = __dispatch<__replace_copy_if, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    using _Ref           = __iter_reference<_ForwardIterator>;
+    return _ReplaceCopyIf()(
+        __policy,
+        std::move(__first),
+        std::move(__last),
+        std::move(__out_it),
+        [&](_Ref __element) { return __element == __old_value; },
+        __new_value);
+  }
+};
+
+// TODO: Use the std::copy/move shenanigans to forward to std::memmove
+//       Investigate whether we want to still forward to std::transform(policy)
+//       in that case for the execution::par part, or whether we actually want
+//       to run everything serially in that case.
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __move<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _ForwardOutIterator __out_it)
+      const noexcept {
+    using _Transform = __dispatch<__transform, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    return _Transform()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__out_it), [&](auto&& __element) {
+      return std::move(__element);
+    });
+  }
+};
+
+// TODO: Use the std::copy/move shenanigans to forward to std::memmove
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __copy<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _ForwardOutIterator __out_it)
+      const noexcept {
+    using _Transform = __dispatch<__transform, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    return _Transform()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__out_it), __identity());
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __copy_n<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Size, class _ForwardOutIterator>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _Size __n, _ForwardOutIterator __out_it) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      using _Copy             = __dispatch<__copy, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+      _ForwardIterator __last = __first + __n;
+      return _Copy()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__out_it));
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise, use the serial algorithm to avoid doing two passes over the input
+      return std::copy_n(std::move(__first), __n, std::move(__out_it));
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __rotate_copy<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy,
+             _ForwardIterator __first,
+             _ForwardIterator __middle,
+             _ForwardIterator __last,
+             _ForwardOutIterator __out_it) const noexcept {
+    using _Copy       = __dispatch<__copy, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
+    auto __result_mid = _Copy()(__policy, __middle, std::move(__last), std::move(__out_it));
+    if (__result_mid == nullopt)
+      return nullopt;
+    return _Copy()(__policy, std::move(__first), std::move(__middle), *std::move(__result_mid));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_DEFAULT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/libdispatch.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/libdispatch.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a0c3ad980ed1b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/libdispatch.h
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_LIBDISPATCH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_LIBDISPATCH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/inplace_merge.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lower_bound.h>
+#include <__algorithm/max.h>
+#include <__algorithm/merge.h>
+#include <__algorithm/upper_bound.h>
+#include <__atomic/atomic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/terminate.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/move_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__numeric/reduce.h>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/any_of.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/fill.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/find_if.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/for_each.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/merge.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/stable_sort.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/transform.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/transform_reduce.h>
+#include <__utility/empty.h>
+#include <__utility/exception_guard.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <new>
+#include <optional>
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+namespace __libdispatch {
+// ::dispatch_apply is marked as __attribute__((nothrow)) because it doesn't let exceptions propagate, and neither do
+// we.
+// TODO: Do we want to add [[_Clang::__callback__(__func, __context, __)]]?
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__dispatch_apply(size_t __chunk_count, void* __context, void (*__func)(void* __context, size_t __chunk)) noexcept;
+
+template <class _Func>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __dispatch_apply(size_t __chunk_count, _Func __func) noexcept {
+  __libdispatch::__dispatch_apply(__chunk_count, &__func, [](void* __context, size_t __chunk) {
+    (*static_cast<_Func*>(__context))(__chunk);
+  });
+}
+
+struct __chunk_partitions {
+  ptr
diff _t __chunk_count_; // includes the first chunk
+  ptr
diff _t __chunk_size_;
+  ptr
diff _t __first_chunk_size_;
+};
+
+[[__gnu__::__const__]] _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __chunk_partitions __partition_chunks(ptr
diff _t __size) noexcept;
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Functor>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+__dispatch_parallel_for(__chunk_partitions __partitions, _RandomAccessIterator __first, _Functor __func) {
+  // Perform the chunked execution.
+  __libdispatch::__dispatch_apply(__partitions.__chunk_count_, [&](size_t __chunk) {
+    auto __this_chunk_size = __chunk == 0 ? __partitions.__first_chunk_size_ : __partitions.__chunk_size_;
+    auto __index =
+        __chunk == 0
+            ? 0
+            : (__chunk * __partitions.__chunk_size_) + (__partitions.__first_chunk_size_ - __partitions.__chunk_size_);
+    __func(__first + __index, __first + __index + __this_chunk_size);
+  });
+
+  return __empty{};
+}
+} // namespace __libdispatch
+
+template <>
+struct __cpu_traits<__libdispatch_backend_tag> {
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Functor>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static optional<__empty>
+  __for_each(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Functor __func) {
+    return __libdispatch::__dispatch_parallel_for(
+        __libdispatch::__partition_chunks(__last - __first), std::move(__first), std::move(__func));
+  }
+
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator1, class _RandomAccessIterator2, class _RandomAccessIteratorOut>
+  struct __merge_range {
+    __merge_range(_RandomAccessIterator1 __mid1, _RandomAccessIterator2 __mid2, _RandomAccessIteratorOut __result)
+        : __mid1_(__mid1), __mid2_(__mid2), __result_(__result) {}
+
+    _RandomAccessIterator1 __mid1_;
+    _RandomAccessIterator2 __mid2_;
+    _RandomAccessIteratorOut __result_;
+  };
+
+  template <typename _RandomAccessIterator1,
+            typename _RandomAccessIterator2,
+            typename _RandomAccessIterator3,
+            typename _Compare,
+            typename _LeafMerge>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static optional<__empty>
+  __merge(_RandomAccessIterator1 __first1,
+          _RandomAccessIterator1 __last1,
+          _RandomAccessIterator2 __first2,
+          _RandomAccessIterator2 __last2,
+          _RandomAccessIterator3 __result,
+          _Compare __comp,
+          _LeafMerge __leaf_merge) noexcept {
+    __libdispatch::__chunk_partitions __partitions =
+        __libdispatch::__partition_chunks(std::max<ptr
diff _t>(__last1 - __first1, __last2 - __first2));
+
+    if (__partitions.__chunk_count_ == 0)
+      return __empty{};
+
+    if (__partitions.__chunk_count_ == 1) {
+      __leaf_merge(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __comp);
+      return __empty{};
+    }
+
+    using __merge_range_t = __merge_range<_RandomAccessIterator1, _RandomAccessIterator2, _RandomAccessIterator3>;
+    auto const __n_ranges = __partitions.__chunk_count_ + 1;
+
+    // TODO: use __uninitialized_buffer
+    auto __destroy = [=](__merge_range_t* __ptr) {
+      std::destroy_n(__ptr, __n_ranges);
+      std::allocator<__merge_range_t>().deallocate(__ptr, __n_ranges);
+    };
+
+    unique_ptr<__merge_range_t[], decltype(__destroy)> __ranges(
+        [&]() -> __merge_range_t* {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+          try {
+#endif
+            return std::allocator<__merge_range_t>().allocate(__n_ranges);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+          } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
+            return nullptr;
+          }
+#endif
+        }(),
+        __destroy);
+
+    if (!__ranges)
+      return nullopt;
+
+    // TODO: Improve the case where the smaller range is merged into just a few (or even one) chunks of the larger case
+    __merge_range_t* __r = __ranges.get();
+    std::__construct_at(__r++, __first1, __first2, __result);
+
+    bool __iterate_first_range = __last1 - __first1 > __last2 - __first2;
+
+    auto __compute_chunk = [&](size_t __chunk_size) -> __merge_range_t {
+      auto [__mid1, __mid2] = [&] {
+        if (__iterate_first_range) {
+          auto __m1 = __first1 + __chunk_size;
+          auto __m2 = std::lower_bound(__first2, __last2, __m1[-1], __comp);
+          return std::make_pair(__m1, __m2);
+        } else {
+          auto __m2 = __first2 + __chunk_size;
+          auto __m1 = std::lower_bound(__first1, __last1, __m2[-1], __comp);
+          return std::make_pair(__m1, __m2);
+        }
+      }();
+
+      __result += (__mid1 - __first1) + (__mid2 - __first2);
+      __first1 = __mid1;
+      __first2 = __mid2;
+      return {std::move(__mid1), std::move(__mid2), __result};
+    };
+
+    // handle first chunk
+    std::__construct_at(__r++, __compute_chunk(__partitions.__first_chunk_size_));
+
+    // handle 2 -> N - 1 chunks
+    for (ptr
diff _t __i = 0; __i != __partitions.__chunk_count_ - 2; ++__i)
+      std::__construct_at(__r++, __compute_chunk(__partitions.__chunk_size_));
+
+    // handle last chunk
+    std::__construct_at(__r, __last1, __last2, __result);
+
+    __libdispatch::__dispatch_apply(__partitions.__chunk_count_, [&](size_t __index) {
+      auto __first_iters = __ranges[__index];
+      auto __last_iters  = __ranges[__index + 1];
+      __leaf_merge(
+          __first_iters.__mid1_,
+          __last_iters.__mid1_,
+          __first_iters.__mid2_,
+          __last_iters.__mid2_,
+          __first_iters.__result_,
+          __comp);
+    });
+
+    return __empty{};
+  }
+
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Transform, class _Value, class _Combiner, class _Reduction>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static optional<_Value> __transform_reduce(
+      _RandomAccessIterator __first,
+      _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+      _Transform __transform,
+      _Value __init,
+      _Combiner __combiner,
+      _Reduction __reduction) {
+    if (__first == __last)
+      return __init;
+
+    auto __partitions = __libdispatch::__partition_chunks(__last - __first);
+
+    auto __destroy = [__count = __partitions.__chunk_count_](_Value* __ptr) {
+      std::destroy_n(__ptr, __count);
+      std::allocator<_Value>().deallocate(__ptr, __count);
+    };
+
+    // TODO: use __uninitialized_buffer
+    // TODO: allocate one element per worker instead of one element per chunk
+    unique_ptr<_Value[], decltype(__destroy)> __values(
+        std::allocator<_Value>().allocate(__partitions.__chunk_count_), __destroy);
+
+    // __dispatch_apply is noexcept
+    __libdispatch::__dispatch_apply(__partitions.__chunk_count_, [&](size_t __chunk) {
+      auto __this_chunk_size = __chunk == 0 ? __partitions.__first_chunk_size_ : __partitions.__chunk_size_;
+      auto __index           = __chunk == 0 ? 0
+                                            : (__chunk * __partitions.__chunk_size_) +
+                                        (__partitions.__first_chunk_size_ - __partitions.__chunk_size_);
+      if (__this_chunk_size != 1) {
+        std::__construct_at(
+            __values.get() + __chunk,
+            __reduction(__first + __index + 2,
+                        __first + __index + __this_chunk_size,
+                        __combiner(__transform(__first + __index), __transform(__first + __index + 1))));
+      } else {
+        std::__construct_at(__values.get() + __chunk, __transform(__first + __index));
+      }
+    });
+
+    return std::reduce(
+        std::make_move_iterator(__values.get()),
+        std::make_move_iterator(__values.get() + __partitions.__chunk_count_),
+        std::move(__init),
+        __combiner);
+  }
+
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Comp, class _LeafSort>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static optional<__empty>
+  __stable_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp __comp, _LeafSort __leaf_sort) {
+    const auto __size = __last - __first;
+    auto __partitions = __libdispatch::__partition_chunks(__size);
+
+    if (__partitions.__chunk_count_ == 0)
+      return __empty{};
+
+    if (__partitions.__chunk_count_ == 1) {
+      __leaf_sort(__first, __last, __comp);
+      return __empty{};
+    }
+
+    using _Value = __iter_value_type<_RandomAccessIterator>;
+
+    auto __destroy = [__size](_Value* __ptr) {
+      std::destroy_n(__ptr, __size);
+      std::allocator<_Value>().deallocate(__ptr, __size);
+    };
+
+    // TODO: use __uninitialized_buffer
+    unique_ptr<_Value[], decltype(__destroy)> __values(std::allocator<_Value>().allocate(__size), __destroy);
+
+    // Initialize all elements to a moved-from state
+    // TODO: Don't do this - this can be done in the first merge - see https://llvm.org/PR63928
+    std::__construct_at(__values.get(), std::move(*__first));
+    for (__iter_
diff _t<_RandomAccessIterator> __i = 1; __i != __size; ++__i) {
+      std::__construct_at(__values.get() + __i, std::move(__values.get()[__i - 1]));
+    }
+    *__first = std::move(__values.get()[__size - 1]);
+
+    __libdispatch::__dispatch_parallel_for(
+        __partitions,
+        __first,
+        [&__leaf_sort, &__comp](_RandomAccessIterator __chunk_first, _RandomAccessIterator __chunk_last) {
+          __leaf_sort(std::move(__chunk_first), std::move(__chunk_last), __comp);
+        });
+
+    bool __objects_are_in_buffer = false;
+    do {
+      const auto __old_chunk_size = __partitions.__chunk_size_;
+      if (__partitions.__chunk_count_ % 2 == 1) {
+        auto __inplace_merge_chunks = [&__comp, &__partitions](auto __first_chunk_begin) {
+          std::inplace_merge(
+              __first_chunk_begin,
+              __first_chunk_begin + __partitions.__first_chunk_size_,
+              __first_chunk_begin + __partitions.__first_chunk_size_ + __partitions.__chunk_size_,
+              __comp);
+        };
+        if (__objects_are_in_buffer)
+          __inplace_merge_chunks(__values.get());
+        else
+          __inplace_merge_chunks(__first);
+        __partitions.__first_chunk_size_ += 2 * __partitions.__chunk_size_;
+      } else {
+        __partitions.__first_chunk_size_ += __partitions.__chunk_size_;
+      }
+
+      __partitions.__chunk_size_ *= 2;
+      __partitions.__chunk_count_ /= 2;
+
+      auto __merge_chunks = [__partitions, __old_chunk_size, &__comp](auto __from_first, auto __to_first) {
+        __libdispatch::__dispatch_parallel_for(
+            __partitions,
+            __from_first,
+            [__old_chunk_size, &__from_first, &__to_first, &__comp](auto __chunk_first, auto __chunk_last) {
+              std::merge(std::make_move_iterator(__chunk_first),
+                         std::make_move_iterator(__chunk_last - __old_chunk_size),
+                         std::make_move_iterator(__chunk_last - __old_chunk_size),
+                         std::make_move_iterator(__chunk_last),
+                         __to_first + (__chunk_first - __from_first),
+                         __comp);
+            });
+      };
+
+      if (__objects_are_in_buffer)
+        __merge_chunks(__values.get(), __first);
+      else
+        __merge_chunks(__first, __values.get());
+      __objects_are_in_buffer = !__objects_are_in_buffer;
+    } while (__partitions.__chunk_count_ > 1);
+
+    if (__objects_are_in_buffer) {
+      std::move(__values.get(), __values.get() + __size, __first);
+    }
+
+    return __empty{};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __cancel_execution() {}
+
+  static constexpr size_t __lane_size = 64;
+};
+
+// Mandatory implementations of the computational basis
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __find_if<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_find_if<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __for_each<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_for_each<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __merge<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_merge<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __stable_sort<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_stable_sort<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_transform<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_binary<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_transform_binary<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_reduce<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_transform_reduce<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_reduce_binary<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_transform_reduce_binary<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+// Not mandatory, but better optimized
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __any_of<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_any_of<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __fill<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_fill<__libdispatch_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_LIBDISPATCH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/serial.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/serial.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5f24499899bd20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/serial.h
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_SERIAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_SERIAL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/find_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/for_each.h>
+#include <__algorithm/merge.h>
+#include <__algorithm/stable_sort.h>
+#include <__algorithm/transform.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__numeric/transform_reduce.h>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__utility/empty.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+//
+// This partial PSTL backend runs everything serially.
+//
+// TODO: Right now, the serial backend must be used with another backend
+//       like the "default backend" because it doesn't implement all the
+//       necessary PSTL operations. It would be better to dispatch all
+//       algorithms to their serial counterpart directly, since this can
+//       often be more efficient than the "default backend"'s implementation
+//       if we end up running serially anyways.
+//
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __find_if<__serial_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardIterator>
+  operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Pred&& __pred) const noexcept {
+    return std::find_if(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __for_each<__serial_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Function>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Function&& __func) const noexcept {
+    std::for_each(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::forward<_Function>(__func));
+    return __empty{};
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __merge<__serial_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _ForwardOutIterator, class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardOutIterator> operator()(
+      _Policy&&,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+      _ForwardOutIterator __outit,
+      _Comp&& __comp) const noexcept {
+    return std::merge(
+        std::move(__first1),
+        std::move(__last1),
+        std::move(__first2),
+        std::move(__last2),
+        std::move(__outit),
+        std::forward<_Comp>(__comp));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __stable_sort<__serial_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&&, _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp&& __comp) const noexcept {
+    std::stable_sort(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::forward<_Comp>(__comp));
+    return __empty{};
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform<__serial_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator, class _UnaryOperation>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardOutIterator> operator()(
+      _Policy&&, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _ForwardOutIterator __outit, _UnaryOperation&& __op)
+      const noexcept {
+    return std::transform(
+        std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__outit), std::forward<_UnaryOperation>(__op));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_binary<__serial_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy,
+            class _ForwardIterator1,
+            class _ForwardIterator2,
+            class _ForwardOutIterator,
+            class _BinaryOperation>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+  operator()(_Policy&&,
+             _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+             _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+             _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+             _ForwardOutIterator __outit,
+             _BinaryOperation&& __op) const noexcept {
+    return std::transform(
+        std::move(__first1),
+        std::move(__last1),
+        std::move(__first2),
+        std::move(__outit),
+        std::forward<_BinaryOperation>(__op));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_reduce<__serial_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOperation, class _UnaryOperation>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_Tp>
+  operator()(_Policy&&,
+             _ForwardIterator __first,
+             _ForwardIterator __last,
+             _Tp __init,
+             _BinaryOperation&& __reduce,
+             _UnaryOperation&& __transform) const noexcept {
+    return std::transform_reduce(
+        std::move(__first),
+        std::move(__last),
+        std::move(__init),
+        std::forward<_BinaryOperation>(__reduce),
+        std::forward<_UnaryOperation>(__transform));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_reduce_binary<__serial_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  template <class _Policy,
+            class _ForwardIterator1,
+            class _ForwardIterator2,
+            class _Tp,
+            class _BinaryOperation1,
+            class _BinaryOperation2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_Tp> operator()(
+      _Policy&&,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+      _Tp __init,
+      _BinaryOperation1&& __reduce,
+      _BinaryOperation2&& __transform) const noexcept {
+    return std::transform_reduce(
+        std::move(__first1),
+        std::move(__last1),
+        std::move(__first2),
+        std::move(__init),
+        std::forward<_BinaryOperation1>(__reduce),
+        std::forward<_BinaryOperation2>(__transform));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_SERIAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/std_thread.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/std_thread.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..49570bd30b0828
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/backends/std_thread.h
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_STD_THREAD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_STD_THREAD_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/any_of.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/fill.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/find_if.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/for_each.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/merge.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/stable_sort.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/transform.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/transform_reduce.h>
+#include <__utility/empty.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+//
+// This partial backend implementation is for testing purposes only and not meant for production use. This will be
+// replaced by a proper implementation once the PSTL implementation is somewhat stable.
+//
+// This is intended to be used on top of the "default backend".
+//
+
+template <>
+struct __cpu_traits<__std_thread_backend_tag> {
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Fp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static optional<__empty>
+  __for_each(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Fp __f) {
+    __f(__first, __last);
+    return __empty{};
+  }
+
+  template <class _Index, class _UnaryOp, class _Tp, class _BinaryOp, class _Reduce>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static optional<_Tp>
+  __transform_reduce(_Index __first, _Index __last, _UnaryOp, _Tp __init, _BinaryOp, _Reduce __reduce) {
+    return __reduce(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__init));
+  }
+
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Compare, class _LeafSort>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static optional<__empty>
+  __stable_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Compare __comp, _LeafSort __leaf_sort) {
+    __leaf_sort(__first, __last, __comp);
+    return __empty{};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __cancel_execution() {}
+
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator1,
+            class _RandomAccessIterator2,
+            class _RandomAccessIterator3,
+            class _Compare,
+            class _LeafMerge>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static optional<__empty>
+  __merge(_RandomAccessIterator1 __first1,
+          _RandomAccessIterator1 __last1,
+          _RandomAccessIterator2 __first2,
+          _RandomAccessIterator2 __last2,
+          _RandomAccessIterator3 __outit,
+          _Compare __comp,
+          _LeafMerge __leaf_merge) {
+    __leaf_merge(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __outit, __comp);
+    return __empty{};
+  }
+
+  static constexpr size_t __lane_size = 64;
+};
+
+// Mandatory implementations of the computational basis
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __find_if<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_find_if<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __for_each<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_for_each<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __merge<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_merge<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __stable_sort<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_stable_sort<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_transform<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_binary<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_transform_binary<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_reduce<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_transform_reduce<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __transform_reduce_binary<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_transform_reduce_binary<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+// Not mandatory, but better optimized
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __any_of<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_any_of<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __fill<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : __cpu_parallel_fill<__std_thread_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_BACKENDS_STD_THREAD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/any_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/any_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b33c787a29db26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/any_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_ANY_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_ANY_OF_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/any_of.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__atomic/atomic.h>
+#include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <optional>
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+template <class _Backend, class _Index, class _Brick>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<bool> __parallel_or(_Index __first, _Index __last, _Brick __f) {
+  std::atomic<bool> __found(false);
+  auto __ret = __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__for_each(__first, __last, [__f, &__found](_Index __i, _Index __j) {
+    if (!__found.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) && __f(__i, __j)) {
+      __found.store(true, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+      __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__cancel_execution();
+    }
+  });
+  if (!__ret)
+    return nullopt;
+  return static_cast<bool>(__found);
+}
+
+// TODO: check whether __simd_first() can be used here
+template <class _Index, class _DifferenceType, class _Pred>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __simd_or(_Index __first, _DifferenceType __n, _Pred __pred) noexcept {
+  _DifferenceType __block_size = 4 < __n ? 4 : __n;
+  const _Index __last          = __first + __n;
+  while (__last != __first) {
+    int32_t __flag = 1;
+    _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_REDUCTION(& : __flag)
+    for (_DifferenceType __i = 0; __i < __block_size; ++__i)
+      if (__pred(*(__first + __i)))
+        __flag = 0;
+    if (!__flag)
+      return true;
+
+    __first += __block_size;
+    if (__last - __first >= __block_size << 1) {
+      // Double the block _Size.  Any unnecessary iterations can be amortized against work done so far.
+      __block_size <<= 1;
+    } else {
+      __block_size = __last - __first;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _Backend, class _RawExecutionPolicy>
+struct __cpu_parallel_any_of {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<bool>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__is_parallel_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      return __pstl::__parallel_or<_Backend>(
+          __first, __last, [&__policy, &__pred](_ForwardIterator __brick_first, _ForwardIterator __brick_last) {
+            using _AnyOfUnseq = __pstl::__any_of<_Backend, __remove_parallel_policy_t<_RawExecutionPolicy>>;
+            auto __res = _AnyOfUnseq()(std::__remove_parallel_policy(__policy), __brick_first, __brick_last, __pred);
+            _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__res, "unseq/seq should never try to allocate!");
+            return *std::move(__res);
+          });
+    } else if constexpr (__is_unsequenced_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      return __pstl::__simd_or(__first, __last - __first, __pred);
+    } else {
+      return std::any_of(__first, __last, __pred);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_ANY_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0483d6918fd01d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_CPU_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_CPU_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+// __cpu_traits
+//
+// This traits class encapsulates the basis operations for a CPU-based implementation of the PSTL.
+// All the operations in the PSTL can be implemented from these basis operations, so a pure CPU backend
+// only needs to customize these traits in order to get an implementation of the whole PSTL.
+//
+// Basis operations
+// ================
+//
+//  template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Functor>
+//  optional<__empty> __for_each(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Functor __func);
+//    - __func must take a subrange of [__first, __last) that should be executed in serial
+//
+//  template <class _Iterator, class _UnaryOp, class _Tp, class _BinaryOp, class _Reduction>
+//  optional<_Tp> __transform_reduce(_Iterator __first, _Iterator __last, _UnaryOp, _Tp __init, _BinaryOp, _Reduction);
+//
+//  template <class _RandomAccessIterator1,
+//            class _RandomAccessIterator2,
+//            class _RandomAccessIterator3,
+//            class _Compare,
+//            class _LeafMerge>
+//  optional<_RandomAccessIterator3> __merge(_RandomAccessIterator1 __first1,
+//                                           _RandomAccessIterator1 __last1,
+//                                           _RandomAccessIterator2 __first2,
+//                                           _RandomAccessIterator2 __last2,
+//                                           _RandomAccessIterator3 __outit,
+//                                           _Compare __comp,
+//                                           _LeafMerge __leaf_merge);
+//
+//  template <class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Comp, class _LeafSort>
+//  optional<__empty> __stable_sort(_RandomAccessIterator __first,
+//                                  _RandomAccessIterator __last,
+//                                  _Comp __comp,
+//                                  _LeafSort __leaf_sort);
+//
+//   void __cancel_execution();
+//      Cancel the execution of other jobs - they aren't needed anymore. This is not a binding request,
+//      some backends may not actually be able to cancel jobs.
+//
+//   constexpr size_t __lane_size;
+//      Size of SIMD lanes.
+//      TODO: Merge this with __native_vector_size from __algorithm/simd_utils.h
+//
+//
+// Exception handling
+// ==================
+//
+// CPU backends are expected to report errors (i.e. failure to allocate) by returning a disengaged `optional` from their
+// implementation. Exceptions shouldn't be used to report an internal failure-to-allocate, since all exceptions are
+// turned into a program termination at the front-end level. When a backend returns a disengaged `optional` to the
+// frontend, the frontend will turn that into a call to `std::__throw_bad_alloc();` to report the internal failure to
+// the user.
+
+template <class _Backend>
+struct __cpu_traits;
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_CPU_TRAITS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/fill.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/fill.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4e6d29b30cc69d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/fill.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_FILL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_FILL_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/fill.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h>
+#include <__utility/empty.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+template <class _Index, class _DifferenceType, class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Index __simd_fill_n(_Index __first, _DifferenceType __n, const _Tp& __value) noexcept {
+  _PSTL_USE_NONTEMPORAL_STORES_IF_ALLOWED
+  _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD
+  for (_DifferenceType __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __first[__i] = __value;
+  return __first + __n;
+}
+
+template <class _Backend, class _RawExecutionPolicy>
+struct __cpu_parallel_fill {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const _Tp& __value) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__is_parallel_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      return __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__for_each(
+          __first, __last, [&__policy, &__value](_ForwardIterator __brick_first, _ForwardIterator __brick_last) {
+            using _FillUnseq = __pstl::__fill<_Backend, __remove_parallel_policy_t<_RawExecutionPolicy>>;
+            [[maybe_unused]] auto __res =
+                _FillUnseq()(std::__remove_parallel_policy(__policy), __brick_first, __brick_last, __value);
+            _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__res, "unseq/seq should never try to allocate!");
+          });
+    } else if constexpr (__is_unsequenced_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      __pstl::__simd_fill_n(__first, __last - __first, __value);
+      return __empty{};
+    } else {
+      std::fill(__first, __last, __value);
+      return __empty{};
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_FILL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/find_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/find_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..12b2e88971df7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/find_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_FIND_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_FIND_IF_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/find_if.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__atomic/atomic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+template <class _Backend, class _Index, class _Brick, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_Index>
+__parallel_find(_Index __first, _Index __last, _Brick __f, _Compare __comp, bool __b_first) {
+  typedef typename std::iterator_traits<_Index>::
diff erence_type _DifferenceType;
+  const _DifferenceType __n      = __last - __first;
+  _DifferenceType __initial_dist = __b_first ? __n : -1;
+  std::atomic<_DifferenceType> __extremum(__initial_dist);
+  // TODO: find out what is better here: parallel_for or parallel_reduce
+  auto __res =
+      __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__for_each(__first, __last, [__comp, __f, __first, &__extremum](_Index __i, _Index __j) {
+        // See "Reducing Contention Through Priority Updates", PPoPP '13, for discussion of
+        // why using a shared variable scales fairly well in this situation.
+        if (__comp(__i - __first, __extremum)) {
+          _Index __result = __f(__i, __j);
+          // If not '__last' returned then we found what we want so put this to extremum
+          if (__result != __j) {
+            const _DifferenceType __k = __result - __first;
+            for (_DifferenceType __old = __extremum; __comp(__k, __old); __old = __extremum) {
+              __extremum.compare_exchange_weak(__old, __k);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      });
+  if (!__res)
+    return nullopt;
+  return __extremum.load() != __initial_dist ? __first + __extremum.load() : __last;
+}
+
+template <class _Backend, class _Index, class _DifferenceType, class _Compare>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Index
+__simd_first(_Index __first, _DifferenceType __begin, _DifferenceType __end, _Compare __comp) noexcept {
+  // Experiments show good block sizes like this
+  const _DifferenceType __block_size                                                = 8;
+  alignas(__cpu_traits<_Backend>::__lane_size) _DifferenceType __lane[__block_size] = {0};
+  while (__end - __begin >= __block_size) {
+    _DifferenceType __found = 0;
+    _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_REDUCTION(| : __found) for (_DifferenceType __i = __begin; __i < __begin + __block_size; ++__i) {
+      const _DifferenceType __t = __comp(__first, __i);
+      __lane[__i - __begin]     = __t;
+      __found |= __t;
+    }
+    if (__found) {
+      _DifferenceType __i;
+      // This will vectorize
+      for (__i = 0; __i < __block_size; ++__i) {
+        if (__lane[__i]) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      return __first + __begin + __i;
+    }
+    __begin += __block_size;
+  }
+
+  // Keep remainder scalar
+  while (__begin != __end) {
+    if (__comp(__first, __begin)) {
+      return __first + __begin;
+    }
+    ++__begin;
+  }
+  return __first + __end;
+}
+
+template <class _Backend, class _RawExecutionPolicy>
+struct __cpu_parallel_find_if {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Predicate>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardIterator>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Predicate __pred) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__is_parallel_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      return __pstl::__parallel_find<_Backend>(
+          __first,
+          __last,
+          [&__policy, &__pred](_ForwardIterator __brick_first, _ForwardIterator __brick_last) {
+            using _FindIfUnseq = __pstl::__find_if<_Backend, __remove_parallel_policy_t<_RawExecutionPolicy>>;
+            auto __res = _FindIfUnseq()(std::__remove_parallel_policy(__policy), __brick_first, __brick_last, __pred);
+            _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__res, "unseq/seq should never try to allocate!");
+            return *std::move(__res);
+          },
+          less<>{},
+          true);
+    } else if constexpr (__is_unsequenced_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      using __
diff _t = __iter_
diff _t<_ForwardIterator>;
+      return __pstl::__simd_first<_Backend>(
+          __first, __
diff _t(0), __last - __first, [&__pred](_ForwardIterator __iter, __
diff _t __i) {
+            return __pred(__iter[__i]);
+          });
+    } else {
+      return std::find_if(__first, __last, __pred);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_FIND_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/for_each.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/for_each.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d4d7862135ff91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/for_each.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_FOR_EACH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_FOR_EACH_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/for_each.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h>
+#include <__utility/empty.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+template <class _Iterator, class _DifferenceType, class _Function>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Iterator __simd_for_each(_Iterator __first, _DifferenceType __n, _Function __f) noexcept {
+  _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD
+  for (_DifferenceType __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __f(__first[__i]);
+
+  return __first + __n;
+}
+
+template <class _Backend, class _RawExecutionPolicy>
+struct __cpu_parallel_for_each {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Function>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Function __func) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__is_parallel_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      return __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__for_each(
+          __first, __last, [&__policy, __func](_ForwardIterator __brick_first, _ForwardIterator __brick_last) {
+            using _ForEachUnseq = __pstl::__for_each<_Backend, __remove_parallel_policy_t<_RawExecutionPolicy>>;
+            [[maybe_unused]] auto __res =
+                _ForEachUnseq()(std::__remove_parallel_policy(__policy), __brick_first, __brick_last, __func);
+            _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__res, "unseq/seq should never try to allocate!");
+          });
+    } else if constexpr (__is_unsequenced_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      __pstl::__simd_for_each(__first, __last - __first, __func);
+      return __empty{};
+    } else {
+      std::for_each(__first, __last, __func);
+      return __empty{};
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_FOR_EACH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/merge.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/merge.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..dfa4cbf69b1470
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/merge.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_MERGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_MERGE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/merge.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+template <class _Backend, class _RawExecutionPolicy>
+struct __cpu_parallel_merge {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _ForwardOutIterator, class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardOutIterator> operator()(
+      _Policy&& __policy,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __last2,
+      _ForwardOutIterator __result,
+      _Comp __comp) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__is_parallel_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator1>::value &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator2>::value &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardOutIterator>::value) {
+      auto __res = __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__merge(
+          __first1,
+          __last1,
+          __first2,
+          __last2,
+          __result,
+          __comp,
+          [&__policy](_ForwardIterator1 __g_first1,
+                      _ForwardIterator1 __g_last1,
+                      _ForwardIterator2 __g_first2,
+                      _ForwardIterator2 __g_last2,
+                      _ForwardOutIterator __g_result,
+                      _Comp __g_comp) {
+            using _MergeUnseq             = __pstl::__merge<_Backend, __remove_parallel_policy_t<_RawExecutionPolicy>>;
+            [[maybe_unused]] auto __g_res = _MergeUnseq()(
+                std::__remove_parallel_policy(__policy),
+                std::move(__g_first1),
+                std::move(__g_last1),
+                std::move(__g_first2),
+                std::move(__g_last2),
+                std::move(__g_result),
+                std::move(__g_comp));
+            _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__g_res, "unsed/sed should never try to allocate!");
+          });
+      if (!__res)
+        return nullopt;
+      return __result + (__last1 - __first1) + (__last2 - __first2);
+    } else {
+      return std::merge(__first1, __last1, __first2, __last2, __result, __comp);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_MERGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/stable_sort.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/stable_sort.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8e64f3e537c072
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/stable_sort.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_STABLE_SORT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_STABLE_SORT_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/stable_sort.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h>
+#include <__utility/empty.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+template <class _Backend, class _RawExecutionPolicy>
+struct __cpu_parallel_stable_sort {
+  template <class _Policy, class _RandomAccessIterator, class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<__empty>
+  operator()(_Policy&&, _RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last, _Comp __comp) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__is_parallel_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy>) {
+      return __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__stable_sort(
+          __first, __last, __comp, [](_RandomAccessIterator __g_first, _RandomAccessIterator __g_last, _Comp __g_comp) {
+            std::stable_sort(__g_first, __g_last, __g_comp);
+          });
+    } else {
+      std::stable_sort(__first, __last, __comp);
+      return __empty{};
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_STABLE_SORT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/transform.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/transform.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..27ce8e27b242af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/transform.h
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_TRANSFORM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_TRANSFORM_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/transform.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+template <class _Iterator1, class _DifferenceType, class _Iterator2, class _Function>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Iterator2
+__simd_transform(_Iterator1 __first1, _DifferenceType __n, _Iterator2 __first2, _Function __f) noexcept {
+  _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD
+  for (_DifferenceType __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __f(__first1[__i], __first2[__i]);
+  return __first2 + __n;
+}
+
+template <class _Iterator1, class _DifferenceType, class _Iterator2, class _Iterator3, class _Function>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Iterator3 __simd_transform(
+    _Iterator1 __first1, _DifferenceType __n, _Iterator2 __first2, _Iterator3 __first3, _Function __f) noexcept {
+  _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD
+  for (_DifferenceType __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __f(__first1[__i], __first2[__i], __first3[__i]);
+  return __first3 + __n;
+}
+
+template <class _Backend, class _RawExecutionPolicy>
+struct __cpu_parallel_transform {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _ForwardOutIterator, class _UnaryOperation>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy,
+             _ForwardIterator __first,
+             _ForwardIterator __last,
+             _ForwardOutIterator __result,
+             _UnaryOperation __op) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__is_parallel_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardOutIterator>::value) {
+      __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__for_each(
+          __first,
+          __last,
+          [&__policy, __op, __first, __result](_ForwardIterator __brick_first, _ForwardIterator __brick_last) {
+            using _TransformUnseq = __pstl::__transform<_Backend, __remove_parallel_policy_t<_RawExecutionPolicy>>;
+            auto __res            = _TransformUnseq()(
+                std::__remove_parallel_policy(__policy),
+                __brick_first,
+                __brick_last,
+                __result + (__brick_first - __first),
+                __op);
+            _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__res, "unseq/seq should never try to allocate!");
+            return *std::move(__res);
+          });
+      return __result + (__last - __first);
+    } else if constexpr (__is_unsequenced_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardOutIterator>::value) {
+      return __pstl::__simd_transform(
+          __first,
+          __last - __first,
+          __result,
+          [&](__iter_reference<_ForwardIterator> __in_value, __iter_reference<_ForwardOutIterator> __out_value) {
+            __out_value = __op(__in_value);
+          });
+    } else {
+      return std::transform(__first, __last, __result, __op);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Backend, class _RawExecutionPolicy>
+struct __cpu_parallel_transform_binary {
+  template <class _Policy,
+            class _ForwardIterator1,
+            class _ForwardIterator2,
+            class _ForwardOutIterator,
+            class _BinaryOperation>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardOutIterator>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy,
+             _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+             _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+             _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+             _ForwardOutIterator __result,
+             _BinaryOperation __op) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__is_parallel_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator1>::value &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator2>::value &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardOutIterator>::value) {
+      auto __res = __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__for_each(
+          __first1,
+          __last1,
+          [&__policy, __op, __first1, __first2, __result](
+              _ForwardIterator1 __brick_first, _ForwardIterator1 __brick_last) {
+            using _TransformBinaryUnseq =
+                __pstl::__transform_binary<_Backend, __remove_parallel_policy_t<_RawExecutionPolicy>>;
+            return _TransformBinaryUnseq()(
+                std::__remove_parallel_policy(__policy),
+                __brick_first,
+                __brick_last,
+                __first2 + (__brick_first - __first1),
+                __result + (__brick_first - __first1),
+                __op);
+          });
+      if (!__res)
+        return nullopt;
+      return __result + (__last1 - __first1);
+    } else if constexpr (__is_unsequenced_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator1>::value &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator2>::value &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardOutIterator>::value) {
+      return __pstl::__simd_transform(
+          __first1,
+          __last1 - __first1,
+          __first2,
+          __result,
+          [&](__iter_reference<_ForwardIterator1> __in1,
+              __iter_reference<_ForwardIterator2> __in2,
+              __iter_reference<_ForwardOutIterator> __out_value) { __out_value = __op(__in1, __in2); });
+    } else {
+      return std::transform(__first1, __last1, __first2, __result, __op);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_TRANSFORM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/transform_reduce.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/transform_reduce.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..36ac1a9072a89e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/cpu_algos/transform_reduce.h
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_TRANSFORM_REDUCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_TRANSFORM_REDUCE_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__numeric/transform_reduce.h>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/desugars_to.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <new>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+template <typename _Backend,
+          typename _DifferenceType,
+          typename _Tp,
+          typename _BinaryOperation,
+          typename _UnaryOperation,
+          typename _UnaryResult = invoke_result_t<_UnaryOperation, _DifferenceType>,
+          __enable_if_t<__desugars_to_v<__plus_tag, _BinaryOperation, _Tp, _UnaryResult> && is_arithmetic_v<_Tp> &&
+                            is_arithmetic_v<_UnaryResult>,
+                        int>    = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__simd_transform_reduce(_DifferenceType __n, _Tp __init, _BinaryOperation, _UnaryOperation __f) noexcept {
+  _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD_REDUCTION(+ : __init)
+  for (_DifferenceType __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __init += __f(__i);
+  return __init;
+}
+
+template <typename _Backend,
+          typename _Size,
+          typename _Tp,
+          typename _BinaryOperation,
+          typename _UnaryOperation,
+          typename _UnaryResult = invoke_result_t<_UnaryOperation, _Size>,
+          __enable_if_t<!(__desugars_to_v<__plus_tag, _BinaryOperation, _Tp, _UnaryResult> && is_arithmetic_v<_Tp> &&
+                          is_arithmetic_v<_UnaryResult>),
+                        int>    = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__simd_transform_reduce(_Size __n, _Tp __init, _BinaryOperation __binary_op, _UnaryOperation __f) noexcept {
+  constexpr size_t __lane_size = __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__lane_size;
+  const _Size __block_size     = __lane_size / sizeof(_Tp);
+  if (__n > 2 * __block_size && __block_size > 1) {
+    alignas(__lane_size) char __lane_buffer[__lane_size];
+    _Tp* __lane = reinterpret_cast<_Tp*>(__lane_buffer);
+
+    // initializer
+    _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD
+    for (_Size __i = 0; __i < __block_size; ++__i) {
+      ::new (__lane + __i) _Tp(__binary_op(__f(__i), __f(__block_size + __i)));
+    }
+    // main loop
+    _Size __i                    = 2 * __block_size;
+    const _Size __last_iteration = __block_size * (__n / __block_size);
+    for (; __i < __last_iteration; __i += __block_size) {
+      _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD
+      for (_Size __j = 0; __j < __block_size; ++__j) {
+        __lane[__j] = __binary_op(std::move(__lane[__j]), __f(__i + __j));
+      }
+    }
+    // remainder
+    _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD
+    for (_Size __j = 0; __j < __n - __last_iteration; ++__j) {
+      __lane[__j] = __binary_op(std::move(__lane[__j]), __f(__last_iteration + __j));
+    }
+    // combiner
+    for (_Size __j = 0; __j < __block_size; ++__j) {
+      __init = __binary_op(std::move(__init), std::move(__lane[__j]));
+    }
+    // destroyer
+    _PSTL_PRAGMA_SIMD
+    for (_Size __j = 0; __j < __block_size; ++__j) {
+      __lane[__j].~_Tp();
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (_Size __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i) {
+      __init = __binary_op(std::move(__init), __f(__i));
+    }
+  }
+  return __init;
+}
+
+template <class _Backend, class _RawExecutionPolicy>
+struct __cpu_parallel_transform_reduce_binary {
+  template <class _Policy,
+            class _ForwardIterator1,
+            class _ForwardIterator2,
+            class _Tp,
+            class _BinaryOperation1,
+            class _BinaryOperation2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_Tp> operator()(
+      _Policy&& __policy,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __first1,
+      _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
+      _ForwardIterator2 __first2,
+      _Tp __init,
+      _BinaryOperation1 __reduce,
+      _BinaryOperation2 __transform) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__is_parallel_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator1>::value &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator2>::value) {
+      return __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__transform_reduce(
+          __first1,
+          std::move(__last1),
+          [__first1, __first2, __transform](_ForwardIterator1 __iter) {
+            return __transform(*__iter, *(__first2 + (__iter - __first1)));
+          },
+          std::move(__init),
+          std::move(__reduce),
+          [&__policy, __first1, __first2, __reduce, __transform](
+              _ForwardIterator1 __brick_first, _ForwardIterator1 __brick_last, _Tp __brick_init) {
+            using _TransformReduceBinaryUnseq =
+                __pstl::__transform_reduce_binary<_Backend, __remove_parallel_policy_t<_RawExecutionPolicy>>;
+            return *_TransformReduceBinaryUnseq()(
+                std::__remove_parallel_policy(__policy),
+                __brick_first,
+                std::move(__brick_last),
+                __first2 + (__brick_first - __first1),
+                std::move(__brick_init),
+                std::move(__reduce),
+                std::move(__transform));
+          });
+    } else if constexpr (__is_unsequenced_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator1>::value &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator2>::value) {
+      return __pstl::__simd_transform_reduce<_Backend>(
+          __last1 - __first1, std::move(__init), std::move(__reduce), [&](__iter_
diff _t<_ForwardIterator1> __i) {
+            return __transform(__first1[__i], __first2[__i]);
+          });
+    } else {
+      return std::transform_reduce(
+          std::move(__first1),
+          std::move(__last1),
+          std::move(__first2),
+          std::move(__init),
+          std::move(__reduce),
+          std::move(__transform));
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Backend, class _RawExecutionPolicy>
+struct __cpu_parallel_transform_reduce {
+  template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp, class _BinaryOperation, class _UnaryOperation>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_Tp>
+  operator()(_Policy&& __policy,
+             _ForwardIterator __first,
+             _ForwardIterator __last,
+             _Tp __init,
+             _BinaryOperation __reduce,
+             _UnaryOperation __transform) const noexcept {
+    if constexpr (__is_parallel_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                  __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      return __cpu_traits<_Backend>::__transform_reduce(
+          std::move(__first),
+          std::move(__last),
+          [__transform](_ForwardIterator __iter) { return __transform(*__iter); },
+          std::move(__init),
+          __reduce,
+          [&__policy, __transform, __reduce](auto __brick_first, auto __brick_last, _Tp __brick_init) {
+            using _TransformReduceUnseq =
+                __pstl::__transform_reduce<_Backend, __remove_parallel_policy_t<_RawExecutionPolicy>>;
+            auto __res = _TransformReduceUnseq()(
+                std::__remove_parallel_policy(__policy),
+                std::move(__brick_first),
+                std::move(__brick_last),
+                std::move(__brick_init),
+                std::move(__reduce),
+                std::move(__transform));
+            _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__res, "unseq/seq should never try to allocate!");
+            return *std::move(__res);
+          });
+    } else if constexpr (__is_unsequenced_execution_policy_v<_RawExecutionPolicy> &&
+                         __has_random_access_iterator_category_or_concept<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+      return __pstl::__simd_transform_reduce<_Backend>(
+          __last - __first,
+          std::move(__init),
+          std::move(__reduce),
+          [=, &__transform](__iter_
diff _t<_ForwardIterator> __i) { return __transform(__first[__i]); });
+    } else {
+      return std::transform_reduce(
+          std::move(__first), std::move(__last), std::move(__init), std::move(__reduce), std::move(__transform));
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_CPU_ALGOS_TRANSFORM_REDUCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/dispatch.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/dispatch.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5e903f7524fe9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/dispatch.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_DISPATCH_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_DISPATCH_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__pstl/backend_fwd.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Algorithm, class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy, class = void>
+constexpr bool __is_implemented_v = false;
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Algorithm, class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+constexpr bool __is_implemented_v<_Algorithm,
+                                  _Backend,
+                                  _ExecutionPolicy,
+                                  __enable_if_t<sizeof(_Algorithm<_Backend, _ExecutionPolicy>)>> = true;
+
+// Helpful to provide better error messages. This will show the algorithm and the execution policy
+// in the compiler diagnostic.
+template <template <class, class> class _Algorithm, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+constexpr bool __cant_find_backend_for = false;
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Algorithm, class _BackendConfiguration, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __find_first_implemented;
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Algorithm, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __find_first_implemented<_Algorithm, __backend_configuration<>, _ExecutionPolicy> {
+  static_assert(__cant_find_backend_for<_Algorithm, _ExecutionPolicy>,
+                "Could not find a PSTL backend for the given algorithm and execution policy");
+};
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Algorithm, class _B1, class... _Bn, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+struct __find_first_implemented<_Algorithm, __backend_configuration<_B1, _Bn...>, _ExecutionPolicy>
+    : _If<__is_implemented_v<_Algorithm, _B1, _ExecutionPolicy>,
+          __type_identity<_Algorithm<_B1, _ExecutionPolicy>>,
+          __find_first_implemented<_Algorithm, __backend_configuration<_Bn...>, _ExecutionPolicy> > {};
+
+template <template <class, class> class _Algorithm, class _BackendConfiguration, class _ExecutionPolicy>
+using __dispatch = typename __find_first_implemented<_Algorithm, _BackendConfiguration, _ExecutionPolicy>::type;
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_DISPATCH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/handle_exception.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/handle_exception.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d6270958c3a7c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__pstl/handle_exception.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___PSTL_HANDLE_EXCEPTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___PSTL_HANDLE_EXCEPTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <new> // __throw_bad_alloc
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace __pstl {
+
+template <class _BackendFunction, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __handle_exception_impl(_Args&&... __args) noexcept {
+  return _BackendFunction{}(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+// This function is used to call a backend PSTL algorithm from a frontend algorithm.
+//
+// All PSTL backend algorithms return an optional denoting whether there was an
+// "infrastructure"-level failure (aka failure to allocate). This function takes
+// care of unwrapping that and throwing `bad_alloc()` in case there was a problem
+// in the underlying implementation.
+//
+// We must also be careful not to call any user code that could throw an exception
+// (such as moving or copying iterators) in here since that should terminate the
+// program, which is why we delegate to a noexcept helper below.
+template <class _BackendFunction, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __handle_exception(_Args&&... __args) {
+  auto __result = __pstl::__handle_exception_impl<_BackendFunction>(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  if (__result == nullopt)
+    std::__throw_bad_alloc();
+  else
+    return std::move(*__result);
+}
+
+} // namespace __pstl
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___PSTL_HANDLE_EXCEPTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/bernoulli_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/bernoulli_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4f33dca132d100
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/bernoulli_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_BERNOULLI_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_BERNOULLI_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bernoulli_distribution {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef bool result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    double __p_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef bernoulli_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(double __p = 0.5) : __p_(__p) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double p() const { return __p_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bernoulli_distribution() : bernoulli_distribution(0.5) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit bernoulli_distribution(double __p) : __p_(param_type(__p)) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit bernoulli_distribution(double __p = 0.5) : __p_(param_type(__p)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit bernoulli_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double p() const { return __p_.p(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return false; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return true; }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const bernoulli_distribution& __x, const bernoulli_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const bernoulli_distribution& __x, const bernoulli_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _URNG>
+inline bernoulli_distribution::result_type bernoulli_distribution::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  uniform_real_distribution<double> __gen;
+  return __gen(__g) < __p.p();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const bernoulli_distribution& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  return __os << __x.p();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, bernoulli_distribution& __x) {
+  typedef bernoulli_distribution _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  double __p;
+  __is >> __p;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__p));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_BERNOULLI_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/binomial_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/binomial_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e8774bb8d67ee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/binomial_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_BINOMIAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_BINOMIAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _IntType = int>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS binomial_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<_IntType>::value, "IntType must be a supported integer type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __t_;
+    double __p_;
+    double __pr_;
+    double __odds_ratio_;
+    result_type __r0_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef binomial_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __t = 1, double __p = 0.5);
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type t() const { return __t_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double p() const { return __p_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__t_ == __y.__t_ && __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+
+    friend class binomial_distribution;
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI binomial_distribution() : binomial_distribution(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit binomial_distribution(result_type __t, double __p = 0.5)
+      : __p_(param_type(__t, __p)) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit binomial_distribution(result_type __t = 1, double __p = 0.5)
+      : __p_(param_type(__t, __p)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit binomial_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type t() const { return __p_.t(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double p() const { return __p_.p(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return t(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const binomial_distribution& __x, const binomial_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const binomial_distribution& __x, const binomial_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_MSVCRT_LIKE
+extern "C" double lgamma_r(double, int*);
+#endif
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double __libcpp_lgamma(double __d) {
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT_LIKE)
+  return lgamma(__d);
+#else
+  int __sign;
+  return lgamma_r(__d, &__sign);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _IntType>
+binomial_distribution<_IntType>::param_type::param_type(result_type __t, double __p) : __t_(__t), __p_(__p) {
+  if (0 < __p_ && __p_ < 1) {
+    __r0_ = static_cast<result_type>((__t_ + 1) * __p_);
+    __pr_ = std::exp(
+        std::__libcpp_lgamma(__t_ + 1.) - std::__libcpp_lgamma(__r0_ + 1.) - std::__libcpp_lgamma(__t_ - __r0_ + 1.) +
+        __r0_ * std::log(__p_) + (__t_ - __r0_) * std::log(1 - __p_));
+    __odds_ratio_ = __p_ / (1 - __p_);
+  }
+}
+
+// Reference: Kemp, C.D. (1986). `A modal method for generating binomial
+//           variables', Commun. Statist. - Theor. Meth. 15(3), 805-813.
+template <class _IntType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_IntType binomial_distribution<_IntType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __pr) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  if (__pr.__t_ == 0 || __pr.__p_ == 0)
+    return 0;
+  if (__pr.__p_ == 1)
+    return __pr.__t_;
+  uniform_real_distribution<double> __gen;
+  double __u = __gen(__g) - __pr.__pr_;
+  if (__u < 0)
+    return __pr.__r0_;
+  double __pu      = __pr.__pr_;
+  double __pd      = __pu;
+  result_type __ru = __pr.__r0_;
+  result_type __rd = __ru;
+  while (true) {
+    bool __break = true;
+    if (__rd >= 1) {
+      __pd *= __rd / (__pr.__odds_ratio_ * (__pr.__t_ - __rd + 1));
+      __u -= __pd;
+      __break = false;
+      if (__u < 0)
+        return __rd - 1;
+    }
+    if (__rd != 0)
+      --__rd;
+    ++__ru;
+    if (__ru <= __pr.__t_) {
+      __pu *= (__pr.__t_ - __ru + 1) * __pr.__odds_ratio_ / __ru;
+      __u -= __pu;
+      __break = false;
+      if (__u < 0)
+        return __ru;
+    }
+    if (__break)
+      return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const binomial_distribution<_IntType>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  return __os << __x.t() << __sp << __x.p();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, binomial_distribution<_IntType>& __x) {
+  typedef binomial_distribution<_IntType> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __t;
+  double __p;
+  __is >> __t >> __p;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__t, __p));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_BINOMIAL_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/cauchy_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/cauchy_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bd341427a1523a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/cauchy_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_CAUCHY_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_CAUCHY_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS cauchy_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __a_;
+    result_type __b_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef cauchy_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = 1) : __a_(__a), __b_(__b) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type a() const { return __a_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type b() const { return __b_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__a_ == __y.__a_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructor and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI cauchy_distribution() : cauchy_distribution(0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit cauchy_distribution(result_type __a, result_type __b = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit cauchy_distribution(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit cauchy_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type a() const { return __p_.a(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type b() const { return __p_.b(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return -numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const cauchy_distribution& __x, const cauchy_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const cauchy_distribution& __x, const cauchy_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _URNG>
+inline _RealType cauchy_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  uniform_real_distribution<result_type> __gen;
+  // purposefully let tan arg get as close to pi/2 as it wants, tan will return a finite
+  return __p.a() + __p.b() * std::tan(3.1415926535897932384626433832795 * __gen(__g));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const cauchy_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  __os << __x.a() << __sp << __x.b();
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, cauchy_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  typedef cauchy_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __a;
+  result_type __b;
+  __is >> __a >> __b;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__a, __b));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_CAUCHY_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/chi_squared_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/chi_squared_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..efa96dcdaafb5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/chi_squared_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_CHI_SQUARED_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_CHI_SQUARED_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/gamma_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS chi_squared_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __n_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef chi_squared_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __n = 1) : __n_(__n) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type n() const { return __n_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__n_ == __y.__n_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructor and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI chi_squared_distribution() : chi_squared_distribution(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit chi_squared_distribution(result_type __n) : __p_(param_type(__n)) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit chi_squared_distribution(result_type __n = 1) : __p_(param_type(__n)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit chi_squared_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+    return gamma_distribution<result_type>(__p.n() / 2, 2)(__g);
+  }
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type n() const { return __p_.n(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const chi_squared_distribution& __x, const chi_squared_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const chi_squared_distribution& __x, const chi_squared_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const chi_squared_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  __os << __x.n();
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, chi_squared_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  typedef chi_squared_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __n;
+  __is >> __n;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__n));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_CHI_SQUARED_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/clamp_to_integral.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/clamp_to_integral.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d9bfd31b7f012d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/clamp_to_integral.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_CLAMP_TO_INTEGRAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_CLAMP_TO_INTEGRAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _IntT,
+          class _FloatT,
+          bool _FloatBigger = (numeric_limits<_FloatT>::digits > numeric_limits<_IntT>::digits),
+          int _Bits         = (numeric_limits<_IntT>::digits - numeric_limits<_FloatT>::digits)>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _IntT __max_representable_int_for_float() _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(is_floating_point<_FloatT>::value, "must be a floating point type");
+  static_assert(is_integral<_IntT>::value, "must be an integral type");
+  static_assert(numeric_limits<_FloatT>::radix == 2, "FloatT has incorrect radix");
+  static_assert(
+      (_IsSame<_FloatT, float>::value || _IsSame<_FloatT, double>::value || _IsSame<_FloatT, long double>::value),
+      "unsupported floating point type");
+  return _FloatBigger ? numeric_limits<_IntT>::max() : (numeric_limits<_IntT>::max() >> _Bits << _Bits);
+}
+
+// Convert a floating point number to the specified integral type after
+// clamping to the integral type's representable range.
+//
+// The behavior is undefined if `__r` is NaN.
+template <class _IntT, class _RealT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _IntT __clamp_to_integral(_RealT __r) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using _Lim            = numeric_limits<_IntT>;
+  const _IntT __max_val = __max_representable_int_for_float<_IntT, _RealT>();
+  if (__r >= ::nextafter(static_cast<_RealT>(__max_val), INFINITY)) {
+    return _Lim::max();
+  } else if (__r <= _Lim::lowest()) {
+    return _Lim::min();
+  }
+  return static_cast<_IntT>(__r);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_CLAMP_TO_INTEGRAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/default_random_engine.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/default_random_engine.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..89792f4f0d43ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/default_random_engine.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_DEFAULT_RANDOM_ENGINE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_DEFAULT_RANDOM_ENGINE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/linear_congruential_engine.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+typedef minstd_rand default_random_engine;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_DEFAULT_RANDOM_ENGINE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/discard_block_engine.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/discard_block_engine.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..07f599067279e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/discard_block_engine.h
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_DISCARD_BLOCK_ENGINE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_DISCARD_BLOCK_ENGINE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_seed_sequence.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Engine, size_t __p, size_t __r>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS discard_block_engine {
+  _Engine __e_;
+  int __n_;
+
+  static_assert(0 < __r, "discard_block_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__r <= __p, "discard_block_engine invalid parameters");
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG // numeric_limits::max() is not constexpr in C++03
+  static_assert(__r <= numeric_limits<int>::max(), "discard_block_engine invalid parameters");
+#endif
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef typename _Engine::result_type result_type;
+
+  // engine characteristics
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t block_size = __p;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t used_block = __r;
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  static const result_type _Min = _Engine::_Min;
+  static const result_type _Max = _Engine::_Max;
+#else
+  static constexpr result_type _Min = _Engine::min();
+  static constexpr result_type _Max = _Engine::max();
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type min() { return _Engine::min(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type max() { return _Engine::max(); }
+
+  // constructors and seeding functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI discard_block_engine() : __n_(0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit discard_block_engine(const _Engine& __e) : __e_(__e), __n_(0) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit discard_block_engine(_Engine&& __e) : __e_(std::move(__e)), __n_(0) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit discard_block_engine(result_type __sd) : __e_(__sd), __n_(0) {}
+  template <
+      class _Sseq,
+      __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, discard_block_engine>::value && !is_convertible<_Sseq, _Engine>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit discard_block_engine(_Sseq& __q) : __e_(__q), __n_(0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed() {
+    __e_.seed();
+    __n_ = 0;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(result_type __sd) {
+    __e_.seed(__sd);
+    __n_ = 0;
+  }
+  template <class _Sseq, __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, discard_block_engine>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(_Sseq& __q) {
+    __e_.seed(__q);
+    __n_ = 0;
+  }
+
+  // generating functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void discard(unsigned long long __z) {
+    for (; __z; --__z)
+      operator()();
+  }
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Engine& base() const _NOEXCEPT { return __e_; }
+
+  template <class _Eng, size_t _Pp, size_t _Rp>
+  friend bool
+  operator==(const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __x, const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __y);
+
+  template <class _Eng, size_t _Pp, size_t _Rp>
+  friend bool
+  operator!=(const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __x, const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __y);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Pp, size_t _Rp>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __x);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Pp, size_t _Rp>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _Engine, size_t __p, size_t __r>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t discard_block_engine<_Engine, __p, __r>::block_size;
+
+template <class _Engine, size_t __p, size_t __r>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t discard_block_engine<_Engine, __p, __r>::used_block;
+
+template <class _Engine, size_t __p, size_t __r>
+typename discard_block_engine<_Engine, __p, __r>::result_type discard_block_engine<_Engine, __p, __r>::operator()() {
+  if (__n_ >= static_cast<int>(__r)) {
+    __e_.discard(__p - __r);
+    __n_ = 0;
+  }
+  ++__n_;
+  return __e_();
+}
+
+template <class _Eng, size_t _Pp, size_t _Rp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __x, const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __y) {
+  return __x.__n_ == __y.__n_ && __x.__e_ == __y.__e_;
+}
+
+template <class _Eng, size_t _Pp, size_t _Rp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __x, const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Pp, size_t _Rp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _Ostream;
+  __os.flags(_Ostream::dec | _Ostream::left);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  return __os << __x.__e_ << __sp << __x.__n_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Pp, size_t _Rp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, discard_block_engine<_Eng, _Pp, _Rp>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  _Eng __e;
+  int __n;
+  __is >> __e >> __n;
+  if (!__is.fail()) {
+    __x.__e_ = __e;
+    __x.__n_ = __n;
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_DISCARD_BLOCK_ENGINE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/discrete_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/discrete_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bb72dd6cb5074c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/discrete_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_DISCRETE_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_DISCRETE_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/upper_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _IntType = int>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS discrete_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<_IntType>::value, "IntType must be a supported integer type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    vector<double> __p_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef discrete_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type() {}
+    template <class _InputIterator>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l) : __p_(__f, __l) {
+      __init();
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type(initializer_list<double> __wl) : __p_(__wl.begin(), __wl.end()) { __init(); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    template <class _UnaryOperation>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type(size_t __nw, double __xmin, double __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw);
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<double> probabilities() const;
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+
+  private:
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __init();
+
+    friend class discrete_distribution;
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+    friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+    friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x);
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructor and reset functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI discrete_distribution() {}
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI discrete_distribution(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l) : __p_(__f, __l) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI discrete_distribution(initializer_list<double> __wl) : __p_(__wl) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _UnaryOperation>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI discrete_distribution(size_t __nw, double __xmin, double __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+      : __p_(__nw, __xmin, __xmax, __fw) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit discrete_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<double> probabilities() const { return __p_.probabilities(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return __p_.__p_.size(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const discrete_distribution& __x, const discrete_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const discrete_distribution& __x, const discrete_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _IntType>
+template <class _UnaryOperation>
+discrete_distribution<_IntType>::param_type::param_type(
+    size_t __nw, double __xmin, double __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw) {
+  if (__nw > 1) {
+    __p_.reserve(__nw - 1);
+    double __d  = (__xmax - __xmin) / __nw;
+    double __d2 = __d / 2;
+    for (size_t __k = 0; __k < __nw; ++__k)
+      __p_.push_back(__fw(__xmin + __k * __d + __d2));
+    __init();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _IntType>
+void discrete_distribution<_IntType>::param_type::__init() {
+  if (!__p_.empty()) {
+    if (__p_.size() > 1) {
+      double __s = std::accumulate(__p_.begin(), __p_.end(), 0.0);
+      for (vector<double>::iterator __i = __p_.begin(), __e = __p_.end(); __i < __e; ++__i)
+        *__i /= __s;
+      vector<double> __t(__p_.size() - 1);
+      std::partial_sum(__p_.begin(), __p_.end() - 1, __t.begin());
+      swap(__p_, __t);
+    } else {
+      __p_.clear();
+      __p_.shrink_to_fit();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _IntType>
+vector<double> discrete_distribution<_IntType>::param_type::probabilities() const {
+  size_t __n = __p_.size();
+  vector<double> __p(__n + 1);
+  std::adjacent_
diff erence(__p_.begin(), __p_.end(), __p.begin());
+  if (__n > 0)
+    __p[__n] = 1 - __p_[__n - 1];
+  else
+    __p[0] = 1;
+  return __p;
+}
+
+template <class _IntType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_IntType discrete_distribution<_IntType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  uniform_real_distribution<double> __gen;
+  return static_cast<_IntType>(std::upper_bound(__p.__p_.begin(), __p.__p_.end(), __gen(__g)) - __p.__p_.begin());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  size_t __n = __x.__p_.__p_.size();
+  __os << __n;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__p_[__i];
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, discrete_distribution<_IT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  size_t __n;
+  __is >> __n;
+  vector<double> __p(__n);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __is >> __p[__i];
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    swap(__x.__p_.__p_, __p);
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_DISCRETE_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/exponential_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/exponential_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e0e38841172f90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/exponential_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_EXPONENTIAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_EXPONENTIAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/generate_canonical.h>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS exponential_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __lambda_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef exponential_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __lambda = 1) : __lambda_(__lambda) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type lambda() const { return __lambda_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__lambda_ == __y.__lambda_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI exponential_distribution() : exponential_distribution(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit exponential_distribution(result_type __lambda) : __p_(param_type(__lambda)) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit exponential_distribution(result_type __lambda = 1) : __p_(param_type(__lambda)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit exponential_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type lambda() const { return __p_.lambda(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const exponential_distribution& __x, const exponential_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const exponential_distribution& __x, const exponential_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_RealType exponential_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  return -std::log(result_type(1) - std::generate_canonical<result_type, numeric_limits<result_type>::digits>(__g)) /
+         __p.lambda();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RealType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const exponential_distribution<_RealType>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  return __os << __x.lambda();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RealType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, exponential_distribution<_RealType>& __x) {
+  typedef exponential_distribution<_RealType> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __lambda;
+  __is >> __lambda;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__lambda));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_EXPONENTIAL_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/extreme_value_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/extreme_value_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5505f93274f5c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/extreme_value_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_EXTREME_VALUE_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_EXTREME_VALUE_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS extreme_value_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __a_;
+    result_type __b_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef extreme_value_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = 1) : __a_(__a), __b_(__b) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type a() const { return __a_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type b() const { return __b_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__a_ == __y.__a_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructor and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI extreme_value_distribution() : extreme_value_distribution(0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit extreme_value_distribution(result_type __a, result_type __b = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit extreme_value_distribution(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit extreme_value_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type a() const { return __p_.a(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type b() const { return __p_.b(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return -numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const extreme_value_distribution& __x, const extreme_value_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const extreme_value_distribution& __x, const extreme_value_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_RealType extreme_value_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  return __p.a() - __p.b() * std::log(-std::log(1 - uniform_real_distribution<result_type>()(__g)));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const extreme_value_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  __os << __x.a() << __sp << __x.b();
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, extreme_value_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  typedef extreme_value_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __a;
+  result_type __b;
+  __is >> __a >> __b;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__a, __b));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_EXTREME_VALUE_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/fisher_f_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/fisher_f_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cd170b3af388f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/fisher_f_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_FISHER_F_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_FISHER_F_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/gamma_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS fisher_f_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __m_;
+    result_type __n_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef fisher_f_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __m = 1, result_type __n = 1) : __m_(__m), __n_(__n) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type m() const { return __m_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type n() const { return __n_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__m_ == __y.__m_ && __x.__n_ == __y.__n_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructor and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI fisher_f_distribution() : fisher_f_distribution(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit fisher_f_distribution(result_type __m, result_type __n = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__m, __n)) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit fisher_f_distribution(result_type __m = 1, result_type __n = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__m, __n)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit fisher_f_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type m() const { return __p_.m(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type n() const { return __p_.n(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const fisher_f_distribution& __x, const fisher_f_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const fisher_f_distribution& __x, const fisher_f_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_RealType fisher_f_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  gamma_distribution<result_type> __gdm(__p.m() * result_type(.5));
+  gamma_distribution<result_type> __gdn(__p.n() * result_type(.5));
+  return __p.n() * __gdm(__g) / (__p.m() * __gdn(__g));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const fisher_f_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  __os << __x.m() << __sp << __x.n();
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, fisher_f_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  typedef fisher_f_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __m;
+  result_type __n;
+  __is >> __m >> __n;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__m, __n));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_FISHER_F_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/gamma_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/gamma_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..986e42c1c7f5ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/gamma_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_GAMMA_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_GAMMA_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/exponential_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS gamma_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __alpha_;
+    result_type __beta_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef gamma_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __alpha = 1, result_type __beta = 1)
+        : __alpha_(__alpha), __beta_(__beta) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type alpha() const { return __alpha_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type beta() const { return __beta_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__alpha_ == __y.__alpha_ && __x.__beta_ == __y.__beta_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI gamma_distribution() : gamma_distribution(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit gamma_distribution(result_type __alpha, result_type __beta = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__alpha, __beta)) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit gamma_distribution(result_type __alpha = 1, result_type __beta = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__alpha, __beta)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit gamma_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type alpha() const { return __p_.alpha(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type beta() const { return __p_.beta(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const gamma_distribution& __x, const gamma_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const gamma_distribution& __x, const gamma_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_RealType gamma_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  result_type __a = __p.alpha();
+  uniform_real_distribution<result_type> __gen(0, 1);
+  exponential_distribution<result_type> __egen;
+  result_type __x;
+  if (__a == 1)
+    __x = __egen(__g);
+  else if (__a > 1) {
+    const result_type __b = __a - 1;
+    const result_type __c = 3 * __a - result_type(0.75);
+    while (true) {
+      const result_type __u = __gen(__g);
+      const result_type __v = __gen(__g);
+      const result_type __w = __u * (1 - __u);
+      if (__w != 0) {
+        const result_type __y = std::sqrt(__c / __w) * (__u - result_type(0.5));
+        __x                   = __b + __y;
+        if (__x >= 0) {
+          const result_type __z = 64 * __w * __w * __w * __v * __v;
+          if (__z <= 1 - 2 * __y * __y / __x)
+            break;
+          if (std::log(__z) <= 2 * (__b * std::log(__x / __b) - __y))
+            break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else // __a < 1
+  {
+    while (true) {
+      const result_type __u  = __gen(__g);
+      const result_type __es = __egen(__g);
+      if (__u <= 1 - __a) {
+        __x = std::pow(__u, 1 / __a);
+        if (__x <= __es)
+          break;
+      } else {
+        const result_type __e = -std::log((1 - __u) / __a);
+        __x                   = std::pow(1 - __a + __a * __e, 1 / __a);
+        if (__x <= __e + __es)
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __x * __p.beta();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const gamma_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  __os << __x.alpha() << __sp << __x.beta();
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, gamma_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  typedef gamma_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __alpha;
+  result_type __beta;
+  __is >> __alpha >> __beta;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__alpha, __beta));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_GAMMA_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/generate_canonical.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/generate_canonical.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..738de1517e2867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/generate_canonical.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_GENERATE_CANONICAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_GENERATE_CANONICAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/log2.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// generate_canonical
+
+template <class _RealType, size_t __bits, class _URNG>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _RealType generate_canonical(_URNG& __g) {
+  const size_t __dt = numeric_limits<_RealType>::digits;
+  const size_t __b  = __dt < __bits ? __dt : __bits;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  const size_t __log_r = __log2<uint64_t, _URNG::_Max - _URNG::_Min + uint64_t(1)>::value;
+#else
+  const size_t __log_r = __log2<uint64_t, _URNG::max() - _URNG::min() + uint64_t(1)>::value;
+#endif
+  const size_t __k     = __b / __log_r + (__b % __log_r != 0) + (__b == 0);
+  const _RealType __rp = static_cast<_RealType>(_URNG::max() - _URNG::min()) + _RealType(1);
+  _RealType __base     = __rp;
+  _RealType __sp       = __g() - _URNG::min();
+  for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __k; ++__i, __base *= __rp)
+    __sp += (__g() - _URNG::min()) * __base;
+  return __sp / __base;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_GENERATE_CANONICAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/geometric_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/geometric_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cecd7e57cfa641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/geometric_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_GEOMETRIC_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_GEOMETRIC_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/negative_binomial_distribution.h>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _IntType = int>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS geometric_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<_IntType>::value, "IntType must be a supported integer type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    double __p_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef geometric_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(double __p = 0.5) : __p_(__p) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double p() const { return __p_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI geometric_distribution() : geometric_distribution(0.5) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit geometric_distribution(double __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit geometric_distribution(double __p = 0.5) : __p_(__p) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit geometric_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+    return negative_binomial_distribution<result_type>(1, __p.p())(__g);
+  }
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double p() const { return __p_.p(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::max(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const geometric_distribution& __x, const geometric_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const geometric_distribution& __x, const geometric_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const geometric_distribution<_IntType>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  return __os << __x.p();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, geometric_distribution<_IntType>& __x) {
+  typedef geometric_distribution<_IntType> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  double __p;
+  __is >> __p;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__p));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_GEOMETRIC_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/independent_bits_engine.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/independent_bits_engine.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0f4a7b82b98f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/independent_bits_engine.h
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_INDEPENDENT_BITS_ENGINE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_INDEPENDENT_BITS_ENGINE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/istream.h>
+#include <__fwd/ostream.h>
+#include <__random/is_seed_sequence.h>
+#include <__random/log2.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Engine, size_t __w, class _UIntType>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS independent_bits_engine {
+  template <class _UInt, _UInt _R0, size_t _Wp, size_t _Mp>
+  class __get_n {
+    static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t _Dt = numeric_limits<_UInt>::digits;
+    static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t _Np = _Wp / _Mp + (_Wp % _Mp != 0);
+    static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t _W0 = _Wp / _Np;
+    static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const _UInt _Y0  = _W0 >= _Dt ? 0 : (_R0 >> _W0) << _W0;
+
+  public:
+    static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t value = _R0 - _Y0 > _Y0 / _Np ? _Np + 1 : _Np;
+  };
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _UIntType result_type;
+
+private:
+  _Engine __e_;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Dt = numeric_limits<result_type>::digits;
+  static_assert(0 < __w, "independent_bits_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__w <= _Dt, "independent_bits_engine invalid parameters");
+
+  typedef typename _Engine::result_type _Engine_result_type;
+  typedef __conditional_t<sizeof(_Engine_result_type) <= sizeof(result_type), result_type, _Engine_result_type>
+      _Working_result_type;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  static const _Working_result_type _Rp = _Engine::_Max - _Engine::_Min + _Working_result_type(1);
+#else
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const _Working_result_type _Rp = _Engine::max() - _Engine::min() + _Working_result_type(1);
+#endif
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t __m                = __log2<_Working_result_type, _Rp>::value;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t __n                = __get_n<_Working_result_type, _Rp, __w, __m>::value;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t __w0               = __w / __n;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t __n0               = __n - __w % __n;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t _WDt               = numeric_limits<_Working_result_type>::digits;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t _EDt               = numeric_limits<_Engine_result_type>::digits;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const _Working_result_type __y0 = __w0 >= _WDt ? 0 : (_Rp >> __w0) << __w0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const _Working_result_type __y1 = __w0 >= _WDt - 1 ? 0 : (_Rp >> (__w0 + 1)) << (__w0 + 1);
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const
+      _Engine_result_type __mask0 = __w0 > 0 ? _Engine_result_type(~0) >> (_EDt - __w0) : _Engine_result_type(0);
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const _Engine_result_type __mask1 =
+      __w0 < _EDt - 1 ? _Engine_result_type(~0) >> (_EDt - (__w0 + 1)) : _Engine_result_type(~0);
+
+public:
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Min = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Max =
+      __w == _Dt ? result_type(~0) : (result_type(1) << __w) - result_type(1);
+  static_assert(_Min < _Max, "independent_bits_engine invalid parameters");
+
+  // engine characteristics
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type min() { return _Min; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type max() { return _Max; }
+
+  // constructors and seeding functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI independent_bits_engine() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit independent_bits_engine(const _Engine& __e) : __e_(__e) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit independent_bits_engine(_Engine&& __e) : __e_(std::move(__e)) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit independent_bits_engine(result_type __sd) : __e_(__sd) {}
+  template <
+      class _Sseq,
+      __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, independent_bits_engine>::value && !is_convertible<_Sseq, _Engine>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit independent_bits_engine(_Sseq& __q) : __e_(__q) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed() { __e_.seed(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(result_type __sd) { __e_.seed(__sd); }
+  template <class _Sseq, __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, independent_bits_engine>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(_Sseq& __q) {
+    __e_.seed(__q);
+  }
+
+  // generating functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()() { return __eval(integral_constant<bool, _Rp != 0>()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void discard(unsigned long long __z) {
+    for (; __z; --__z)
+      operator()();
+  }
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Engine& base() const _NOEXCEPT { return __e_; }
+
+  template <class _Eng, size_t _Wp, class _UInt>
+  friend bool operator==(const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __x,
+                         const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __y);
+
+  template <class _Eng, size_t _Wp, class _UInt>
+  friend bool operator!=(const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __x,
+                         const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __y);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Wp, class _UInt>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __x);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Wp, class _UInt>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __x);
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type __eval(false_type);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type __eval(true_type);
+
+  template <size_t __count,
+            __enable_if_t<__count< _Dt, int> = 0> _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type __lshift(result_type __x) {
+    return __x << __count;
+  }
+
+  template <size_t __count, __enable_if_t<(__count >= _Dt), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type __lshift(result_type) {
+    return result_type(0);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Engine, size_t __w, class _UIntType>
+inline _UIntType independent_bits_engine<_Engine, __w, _UIntType>::__eval(false_type) {
+  return static_cast<result_type>(__e_() & __mask0);
+}
+
+template <class _Engine, size_t __w, class _UIntType>
+_UIntType independent_bits_engine<_Engine, __w, _UIntType>::__eval(true_type) {
+  result_type __sp = 0;
+  for (size_t __k = 0; __k < __n0; ++__k) {
+    _Engine_result_type __u;
+    do {
+      __u = __e_() - _Engine::min();
+    } while (__u >= __y0);
+    __sp = static_cast<result_type>(__lshift<__w0>(__sp) + (__u & __mask0));
+  }
+  for (size_t __k = __n0; __k < __n; ++__k) {
+    _Engine_result_type __u;
+    do {
+      __u = __e_() - _Engine::min();
+    } while (__u >= __y1);
+    __sp = static_cast<result_type>(__lshift<__w0 + 1>(__sp) + (__u & __mask1));
+  }
+  return __sp;
+}
+
+template <class _Eng, size_t _Wp, class _UInt>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __x, const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __y) {
+  return __x.base() == __y.base();
+}
+
+template <class _Eng, size_t _Wp, class _UInt>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __x, const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Wp, class _UInt>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __x) {
+  return __os << __x.base();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Wp, class _UInt>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, independent_bits_engine<_Eng, _Wp, _UInt>& __x) {
+  _Eng __e;
+  __is >> __e;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.__e_ = __e;
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_INDEPENDENT_BITS_ENGINE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/is_seed_sequence.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/is_seed_sequence.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c7171cff2eda09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/is_seed_sequence.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_IS_SEED_SEQUENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_IS_SEED_SEQUENCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Sseq, class _Engine>
+struct __is_seed_sequence {
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool value =
+      !is_convertible<_Sseq, typename _Engine::result_type>::value && !is_same<__remove_cv_t<_Sseq>, _Engine>::value;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_IS_SEED_SEQUENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/is_valid.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/is_valid.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a3e0f143ae86a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/is_valid.h
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_IS_VALID_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_IS_VALID_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// [rand.req.genl]/1.4:
+// The effect of instantiating a template that has a template type parameter
+// named RealType is undefined unless the corresponding template argument is
+// cv-unqualified and is one of float, double, or long double.
+
+template <class>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype : false_type {};
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<float> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<double> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<long double> : true_type {};
+
+// [rand.req.genl]/1.5:
+// The effect of instantiating a template that has a template type parameter
+// named IntType is undefined unless the corresponding template argument is
+// cv-unqualified and is one of short, int, long, long long, unsigned short,
+// unsigned int, unsigned long, or unsigned long long.
+
+template <class>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype : false_type {};
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<int8_t> : true_type {}; // extension
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<short> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<int> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<long> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<long long> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<uint8_t> : true_type {}; // extension
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<unsigned short> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<unsigned int> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<unsigned long> : true_type {};
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<unsigned long long> : true_type {};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<__int128_t> : true_type {}; // extension
+template <>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<__uint128_t> : true_type {}; // extension
+#endif                                                               // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+
+// [rand.req.urng]/3:
+// A class G meets the uniform random bit generator requirements if G models
+// uniform_random_bit_generator, invoke_result_t<G&> is an unsigned integer type,
+// and G provides a nested typedef-name result_type that denotes the same type
+// as invoke_result_t<G&>.
+// (In particular, reject URNGs with signed result_types; our distributions cannot
+// handle such generator types.)
+
+template <class, class = void>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_urng : false_type {};
+template <class _Gp>
+struct __libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<
+    _Gp,
+    __enable_if_t< is_unsigned<typename _Gp::result_type>::value &&
+                   _IsSame<decltype(std::declval<_Gp&>()()), typename _Gp::result_type>::value > > : true_type {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_IS_VALID_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/knuth_b.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/knuth_b.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f5b31cb64fa4ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/knuth_b.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_KNUTH_B_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_KNUTH_B_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/linear_congruential_engine.h>
+#include <__random/shuffle_order_engine.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+typedef shuffle_order_engine<minstd_rand0, 256> knuth_b;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_KNUTH_B_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/linear_congruential_engine.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/linear_congruential_engine.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9d77649e9cfc8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/linear_congruential_engine.h
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_LINEAR_CONGRUENTIAL_ENGINE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_LINEAR_CONGRUENTIAL_ENGINE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_seed_sequence.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+enum __lce_alg_type {
+  _LCE_Full,
+  _LCE_Part,
+  _LCE_Schrage,
+  _LCE_Promote,
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long __a,
+          unsigned long long __c,
+          unsigned long long __m,
+          unsigned long long _Mp,
+          bool _HasOverflow = (__a != 0ull && (__m & (__m - 1ull)) != 0ull),      // a != 0, m != 0, m != 2^n
+          bool _Full        = (!_HasOverflow || __m - 1ull <= (_Mp - __c) / __a), // (a * x + c) % m works
+          bool _Part        = (!_HasOverflow || __m - 1ull <= _Mp / __a),         // (a * x) % m works
+          bool _Schrage     = (_HasOverflow && __m % __a <= __m / __a)>               // r <= q
+struct __lce_alg_picker {
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const __lce_alg_type __mode =
+      _Full      ? _LCE_Full
+      : _Part    ? _LCE_Part
+      : _Schrage ? _LCE_Schrage
+                 : _LCE_Promote;
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+  static_assert(_Mp != (unsigned long long)(-1) || _Full || _Part || _Schrage,
+                "The current values for a, c, and m are not currently supported on platforms without __int128");
+#endif
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long __a,
+          unsigned long long __c,
+          unsigned long long __m,
+          unsigned long long _Mp,
+          __lce_alg_type _Mode = __lce_alg_picker<__a, __c, __m, _Mp>::__mode>
+struct __lce_ta;
+
+// 64
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+template <unsigned long long _Ap, unsigned long long _Cp, unsigned long long _Mp>
+struct __lce_ta<_Ap, _Cp, _Mp, (unsigned long long)(-1), _LCE_Promote> {
+  typedef unsigned long long result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __xp) {
+    __extension__ using __calc_type = unsigned __int128;
+    const __calc_type __a           = static_cast<__calc_type>(_Ap);
+    const __calc_type __c           = static_cast<__calc_type>(_Cp);
+    const __calc_type __m           = static_cast<__calc_type>(_Mp);
+    const __calc_type __x           = static_cast<__calc_type>(__xp);
+    return static_cast<result_type>((__a * __x + __c) % __m);
+  }
+};
+#endif
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __c, unsigned long long __m>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, (unsigned long long)(-1), _LCE_Schrage> {
+  typedef unsigned long long result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) {
+    // Schrage's algorithm
+    const result_type __q  = __m / __a;
+    const result_type __r  = __m % __a;
+    const result_type __t0 = __a * (__x % __q);
+    const result_type __t1 = __r * (__x / __q);
+    __x                    = __t0 + (__t0 < __t1) * __m - __t1;
+    __x += __c - (__x >= __m - __c) * __m;
+    return __x;
+  }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __m>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, 0ull, __m, (unsigned long long)(-1), _LCE_Schrage> {
+  typedef unsigned long long result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) {
+    // Schrage's algorithm
+    const result_type __q  = __m / __a;
+    const result_type __r  = __m % __a;
+    const result_type __t0 = __a * (__x % __q);
+    const result_type __t1 = __r * (__x / __q);
+    __x                    = __t0 + (__t0 < __t1) * __m - __t1;
+    return __x;
+  }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __c, unsigned long long __m>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, (unsigned long long)(-1), _LCE_Part> {
+  typedef unsigned long long result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) {
+    // Use (((a*x) % m) + c) % m
+    __x = (__a * __x) % __m;
+    __x += __c - (__x >= __m - __c) * __m;
+    return __x;
+  }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __c, unsigned long long __m>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, (unsigned long long)(-1), _LCE_Full> {
+  typedef unsigned long long result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) { return (__a * __x + __c) % __m; }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __c>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, __c, 0ull, (unsigned long long)(-1), _LCE_Full> {
+  typedef unsigned long long result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) { return __a * __x + __c; }
+};
+
+// 32
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __c, unsigned long long __m>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, unsigned(-1), _LCE_Promote> {
+  typedef unsigned result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) {
+    return static_cast<result_type>(__lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, (unsigned long long)(-1)>::next(__x));
+  }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long _Ap, unsigned long long _Cp, unsigned long long _Mp>
+struct __lce_ta<_Ap, _Cp, _Mp, unsigned(-1), _LCE_Schrage> {
+  typedef unsigned result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) {
+    const result_type __a = static_cast<result_type>(_Ap);
+    const result_type __c = static_cast<result_type>(_Cp);
+    const result_type __m = static_cast<result_type>(_Mp);
+    // Schrage's algorithm
+    const result_type __q  = __m / __a;
+    const result_type __r  = __m % __a;
+    const result_type __t0 = __a * (__x % __q);
+    const result_type __t1 = __r * (__x / __q);
+    __x                    = __t0 + (__t0 < __t1) * __m - __t1;
+    __x += __c - (__x >= __m - __c) * __m;
+    return __x;
+  }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long _Ap, unsigned long long _Mp>
+struct __lce_ta<_Ap, 0ull, _Mp, unsigned(-1), _LCE_Schrage> {
+  typedef unsigned result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) {
+    const result_type __a = static_cast<result_type>(_Ap);
+    const result_type __m = static_cast<result_type>(_Mp);
+    // Schrage's algorithm
+    const result_type __q  = __m / __a;
+    const result_type __r  = __m % __a;
+    const result_type __t0 = __a * (__x % __q);
+    const result_type __t1 = __r * (__x / __q);
+    __x                    = __t0 + (__t0 < __t1) * __m - __t1;
+    return __x;
+  }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long _Ap, unsigned long long _Cp, unsigned long long _Mp>
+struct __lce_ta<_Ap, _Cp, _Mp, unsigned(-1), _LCE_Part> {
+  typedef unsigned result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) {
+    const result_type __a = static_cast<result_type>(_Ap);
+    const result_type __c = static_cast<result_type>(_Cp);
+    const result_type __m = static_cast<result_type>(_Mp);
+    // Use (((a*x) % m) + c) % m
+    __x = (__a * __x) % __m;
+    __x += __c - (__x >= __m - __c) * __m;
+    return __x;
+  }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long _Ap, unsigned long long _Cp, unsigned long long _Mp>
+struct __lce_ta<_Ap, _Cp, _Mp, unsigned(-1), _LCE_Full> {
+  typedef unsigned result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) {
+    const result_type __a = static_cast<result_type>(_Ap);
+    const result_type __c = static_cast<result_type>(_Cp);
+    const result_type __m = static_cast<result_type>(_Mp);
+    return (__a * __x + __c) % __m;
+  }
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long _Ap, unsigned long long _Cp>
+struct __lce_ta<_Ap, _Cp, 0ull, unsigned(-1), _LCE_Full> {
+  typedef unsigned result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) {
+    const result_type __a = static_cast<result_type>(_Ap);
+    const result_type __c = static_cast<result_type>(_Cp);
+    return __a * __x + __c;
+  }
+};
+
+// 16
+
+template <unsigned long long __a, unsigned long long __c, unsigned long long __m, __lce_alg_type __mode>
+struct __lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, (unsigned short)(-1), __mode> {
+  typedef unsigned short result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type next(result_type __x) {
+    return static_cast<result_type>(__lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, unsigned(-1)>::next(__x));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS linear_congruential_engine;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Up, _Up _Ap, _Up _Cp, _Up _Np>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const linear_congruential_engine<_Up, _Ap, _Cp, _Np>&);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Up, _Up _Ap, _Up _Cp, _Up _Np>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, linear_congruential_engine<_Up, _Ap, _Cp, _Np>& __x);
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS linear_congruential_engine {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _UIntType result_type;
+
+private:
+  result_type __x_;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Mp = result_type(-1);
+
+  static_assert(__m == 0 || __a < __m, "linear_congruential_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__m == 0 || __c < __m, "linear_congruential_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(is_unsigned<_UIntType>::value, "_UIntType must be unsigned type");
+
+public:
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Min = __c == 0u ? 1u : 0u;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Max = __m - _UIntType(1u);
+  static_assert(_Min < _Max, "linear_congruential_engine invalid parameters");
+
+  // engine characteristics
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type multiplier = __a;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type increment  = __c;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type modulus    = __m;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type min() { return _Min; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type max() { return _Max; }
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type default_seed = 1u;
+
+  // constructors and seeding functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI linear_congruential_engine() : linear_congruential_engine(default_seed) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit linear_congruential_engine(result_type __s) { seed(__s); }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit linear_congruential_engine(result_type __s = default_seed) { seed(__s); }
+#endif
+  template <class _Sseq, __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, linear_congruential_engine>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit linear_congruential_engine(_Sseq& __q) {
+    seed(__q);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(result_type __s = default_seed) {
+    seed(integral_constant<bool, __m == 0>(), integral_constant<bool, __c == 0>(), __s);
+  }
+  template <class _Sseq, __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, linear_congruential_engine>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(_Sseq& __q) {
+    __seed(
+        __q,
+        integral_constant<unsigned,
+                          1 + (__m == 0 ? (sizeof(result_type) * __CHAR_BIT__ - 1) / 32 : (__m > 0x100000000ull))>());
+  }
+
+  // generating functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()() {
+    return __x_ = static_cast<result_type>(__lce_ta<__a, __c, __m, _Mp>::next(__x_));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void discard(unsigned long long __z) {
+    for (; __z; --__z)
+      operator()();
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const linear_congruential_engine& __x, const linear_congruential_engine& __y) {
+    return __x.__x_ == __y.__x_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const linear_congruential_engine& __x, const linear_congruential_engine& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(true_type, true_type, result_type __s) { __x_ = __s == 0 ? 1 : __s; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(true_type, false_type, result_type __s) { __x_ = __s; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(false_type, true_type, result_type __s) { __x_ = __s % __m == 0 ? 1 : __s % __m; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(false_type, false_type, result_type __s) { __x_ = __s % __m; }
+
+  template <class _Sseq>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>);
+  template <class _Sseq>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Up, _Up _Ap, _Up _Cp, _Up _Np>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const linear_congruential_engine<_Up, _Ap, _Cp, _Np>&);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Up, _Up _Ap, _Up _Cp, _Up _Np>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, linear_congruential_engine<_Up, _Ap, _Cp, _Np>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::result_type
+    linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::multiplier;
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::result_type
+    linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::increment;
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::result_type
+    linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::modulus;
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::result_type
+    linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::default_seed;
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+template <class _Sseq>
+void linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::__seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>) {
+  const unsigned __k = 1;
+  uint32_t __ar[__k + 3];
+  __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __k + 3);
+  result_type __s = static_cast<result_type>(__ar[3] % __m);
+  __x_            = __c == 0 && __s == 0 ? result_type(1) : __s;
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+template <class _Sseq>
+void linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>::__seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>) {
+  const unsigned __k = 2;
+  uint32_t __ar[__k + 3];
+  __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __k + 3);
+  result_type __s = static_cast<result_type>((__ar[3] + ((uint64_t)__ar[4] << 32)) % __m);
+  __x_            = __c == 0 && __s == 0 ? result_type(1) : __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _Ostream;
+  __os.flags(_Ostream::dec | _Ostream::left);
+  __os.fill(__os.widen(' '));
+  return __os << __x.__x_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _UIntType, _UIntType __a, _UIntType __c, _UIntType __m>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, linear_congruential_engine<_UIntType, __a, __c, __m>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  _UIntType __t;
+  __is >> __t;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.__x_ = __t;
+  return __is;
+}
+
+typedef linear_congruential_engine<uint_fast32_t, 16807, 0, 2147483647> minstd_rand0;
+typedef linear_congruential_engine<uint_fast32_t, 48271, 0, 2147483647> minstd_rand;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_LINEAR_CONGRUENTIAL_ENGINE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/log2.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/log2.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..74b4889c6402b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/log2.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_LOG2_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_LOG2_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType _Xp, size_t _Rp>
+struct __log2_imp;
+
+template <unsigned long long _Xp, size_t _Rp>
+struct __log2_imp<unsigned long long, _Xp, _Rp> {
+  static const size_t value =
+      _Xp & ((unsigned long long)(1) << _Rp) ? _Rp : __log2_imp<unsigned long long, _Xp, _Rp - 1>::value;
+};
+
+template <unsigned long long _Xp>
+struct __log2_imp<unsigned long long, _Xp, 0> {
+  static const size_t value = 0;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Rp>
+struct __log2_imp<unsigned long long, 0, _Rp> {
+  static const size_t value = _Rp + 1;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+
+template <__uint128_t _Xp, size_t _Rp>
+struct __log2_imp<__uint128_t, _Xp, _Rp> {
+  static const size_t value =
+      (_Xp >> 64) ? (64 + __log2_imp<unsigned long long, (_Xp >> 64), 63>::value)
+                  : __log2_imp<unsigned long long, _Xp, 63>::value;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+
+template <class _UIntType, _UIntType _Xp>
+struct __log2 {
+  static const size_t value = __log2_imp<
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+      __conditional_t<sizeof(_UIntType) <= sizeof(unsigned long long), unsigned long long, __uint128_t>,
+#else
+      unsigned long long,
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+      _Xp,
+      sizeof(_UIntType) * __CHAR_BIT__ - 1>::value;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_LOG2_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/lognormal_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/lognormal_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d8724f8bc5ceca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/lognormal_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_LOGNORMAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_LOGNORMAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/normal_distribution.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS lognormal_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __m_;
+    result_type __s_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef lognormal_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __m = 0, result_type __s = 1) : __m_(__m), __s_(__s) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type m() const { return __m_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type s() const { return __s_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__m_ == __y.__m_ && __x.__s_ == __y.__s_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  normal_distribution<result_type> __nd_;
+
+public:
+  // constructor and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI lognormal_distribution() : lognormal_distribution(0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit lognormal_distribution(result_type __m, result_type __s = 1) : __nd_(__m, __s) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit lognormal_distribution(result_type __m = 0, result_type __s = 1) : __nd_(__m, __s) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit lognormal_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __nd_(__p.m(), __p.s()) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() { __nd_.reset(); }
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return std::exp(__nd_(__g));
+  }
+
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+    typename normal_distribution<result_type>::param_type __pn(__p.m(), __p.s());
+    return std::exp(__nd_(__g, __pn));
+  }
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type m() const { return __nd_.mean(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type s() const { return __nd_.stddev(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return param_type(__nd_.mean(), __nd_.stddev()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) {
+    typename normal_distribution<result_type>::param_type __pn(__p.m(), __p.s());
+    __nd_.param(__pn);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const lognormal_distribution& __x, const lognormal_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__nd_ == __y.__nd_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const lognormal_distribution& __x, const lognormal_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const lognormal_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, lognormal_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const lognormal_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  return __os << __x.__nd_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, lognormal_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  return __is >> __x.__nd_;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_LOGNORMAL_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/mersenne_twister_engine.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/mersenne_twister_engine.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..65280d7c5505f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/mersenne_twister_engine.h
@@ -0,0 +1,914 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_MERSENNE_TWISTER_ENGINE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_MERSENNE_TWISTER_ENGINE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_seed_sequence.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS mersenne_twister_engine;
+
+template <class _UInt,
+          size_t _Wp,
+          size_t _Np,
+          size_t _Mp,
+          size_t _Rp,
+          _UInt _Ap,
+          size_t _Up,
+          _UInt _Dp,
+          size_t _Sp,
+          _UInt _Bp,
+          size_t _Tp,
+          _UInt _Cp,
+          size_t _Lp,
+          _UInt _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __y);
+
+template <class _UInt,
+          size_t _Wp,
+          size_t _Np,
+          size_t _Mp,
+          size_t _Rp,
+          _UInt _Ap,
+          size_t _Up,
+          _UInt _Dp,
+          size_t _Sp,
+          _UInt _Bp,
+          size_t _Tp,
+          _UInt _Cp,
+          size_t _Lp,
+          _UInt _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __y);
+
+template <class _CharT,
+          class _Traits,
+          class _UInt,
+          size_t _Wp,
+          size_t _Np,
+          size_t _Mp,
+          size_t _Rp,
+          _UInt _Ap,
+          size_t _Up,
+          _UInt _Dp,
+          size_t _Sp,
+          _UInt _Bp,
+          size_t _Tp,
+          _UInt _Cp,
+          size_t _Lp,
+          _UInt _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x);
+
+template <class _CharT,
+          class _Traits,
+          class _UInt,
+          size_t _Wp,
+          size_t _Np,
+          size_t _Mp,
+          size_t _Rp,
+          _UInt _Ap,
+          size_t _Up,
+          _UInt _Dp,
+          size_t _Sp,
+          _UInt _Bp,
+          size_t _Tp,
+          _UInt _Cp,
+          size_t _Lp,
+          _UInt _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x);
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS mersenne_twister_engine {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _UIntType result_type;
+
+private:
+  result_type __x_[__n];
+  size_t __i_;
+
+  static_assert(0 < __m, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__m <= __n, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Dt = numeric_limits<result_type>::digits;
+  static_assert(__w <= _Dt, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(2 <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__r <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__u <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__s <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__t <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__l <= __w, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+
+public:
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Min = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Max =
+      __w == _Dt ? result_type(~0) : (result_type(1) << __w) - result_type(1);
+  static_assert(_Min < _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__a <= _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__b <= _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__c <= _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__d <= _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__f <= _Max, "mersenne_twister_engine invalid parameters");
+
+  // engine characteristics
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t word_size                      = __w;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t state_size                     = __n;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t shift_size                     = __m;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t mask_bits                      = __r;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type xor_mask                  = __a;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t tempering_u                    = __u;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type tempering_d               = __d;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t tempering_s                    = __s;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type tempering_b               = __b;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t tempering_t                    = __t;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type tempering_c               = __c;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t tempering_l                    = __l;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type initialization_multiplier = __f;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type min() { return _Min; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type max() { return _Max; }
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type default_seed = 5489u;
+
+  // constructors and seeding functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mersenne_twister_engine() : mersenne_twister_engine(default_seed) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit mersenne_twister_engine(result_type __sd) { seed(__sd); }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit mersenne_twister_engine(result_type __sd = default_seed) { seed(__sd); }
+#endif
+  template <class _Sseq, __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, mersenne_twister_engine>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit mersenne_twister_engine(_Sseq& __q) {
+    seed(__q);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(result_type __sd = default_seed);
+  template <class _Sseq, __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, mersenne_twister_engine>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(_Sseq& __q) {
+    __seed(__q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1 + (__w - 1) / 32>());
+  }
+
+  // generating functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void discard(unsigned long long __z) {
+    for (; __z; --__z)
+      operator()();
+  }
+
+  template <class _UInt,
+            size_t _Wp,
+            size_t _Np,
+            size_t _Mp,
+            size_t _Rp,
+            _UInt _Ap,
+            size_t _Up,
+            _UInt _Dp,
+            size_t _Sp,
+            _UInt _Bp,
+            size_t _Tp,
+            _UInt _Cp,
+            size_t _Lp,
+            _UInt _Fp>
+  friend bool operator==(
+      const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x,
+      const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __y);
+
+  template <class _UInt,
+            size_t _Wp,
+            size_t _Np,
+            size_t _Mp,
+            size_t _Rp,
+            _UInt _Ap,
+            size_t _Up,
+            _UInt _Dp,
+            size_t _Sp,
+            _UInt _Bp,
+            size_t _Tp,
+            _UInt _Cp,
+            size_t _Lp,
+            _UInt _Fp>
+  friend bool operator!=(
+      const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x,
+      const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __y);
+
+  template <class _CharT,
+            class _Traits,
+            class _UInt,
+            size_t _Wp,
+            size_t _Np,
+            size_t _Mp,
+            size_t _Rp,
+            _UInt _Ap,
+            size_t _Up,
+            _UInt _Dp,
+            size_t _Sp,
+            _UInt _Bp,
+            size_t _Tp,
+            _UInt _Cp,
+            size_t _Lp,
+            _UInt _Fp>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(
+      basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+      const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x);
+
+  template <class _CharT,
+            class _Traits,
+            class _UInt,
+            size_t _Wp,
+            size_t _Np,
+            size_t _Mp,
+            size_t _Rp,
+            _UInt _Ap,
+            size_t _Up,
+            _UInt _Dp,
+            size_t _Sp,
+            _UInt _Bp,
+            size_t _Tp,
+            _UInt _Cp,
+            size_t _Lp,
+            _UInt _Fp>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+             mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x);
+
+private:
+  template <class _Sseq>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>);
+  template <class _Sseq>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>);
+
+  template <size_t __count,
+            __enable_if_t<__count< __w, int> = 0> _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type __lshift(result_type __x) {
+    return (__x << __count) & _Max;
+  }
+
+  template <size_t __count, __enable_if_t<(__count >= __w), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type __lshift(result_type) {
+    return result_type(0);
+  }
+
+  template <size_t __count,
+            __enable_if_t<__count< _Dt, int> = 0> _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type __rshift(result_type __x) {
+    return __x >> __count;
+  }
+
+  template <size_t __count, __enable_if_t<(__count >= _Dt), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type __rshift(result_type) {
+    return result_type(0);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::word_size;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::state_size;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::shift_size;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::mask_bits;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename mersenne_twister_engine<
+    _UIntType,
+    __w,
+    __n,
+    __m,
+    __r,
+    __a,
+    __u,
+    __d,
+    __s,
+    __b,
+    __t,
+    __c,
+    __l,
+    __f>::result_type
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::xor_mask;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::tempering_u;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename mersenne_twister_engine<
+    _UIntType,
+    __w,
+    __n,
+    __m,
+    __r,
+    __a,
+    __u,
+    __d,
+    __s,
+    __b,
+    __t,
+    __c,
+    __l,
+    __f>::result_type
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::tempering_d;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::tempering_s;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename mersenne_twister_engine<
+    _UIntType,
+    __w,
+    __n,
+    __m,
+    __r,
+    __a,
+    __u,
+    __d,
+    __s,
+    __b,
+    __t,
+    __c,
+    __l,
+    __f>::result_type
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::tempering_b;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::tempering_t;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename mersenne_twister_engine<
+    _UIntType,
+    __w,
+    __n,
+    __m,
+    __r,
+    __a,
+    __u,
+    __d,
+    __s,
+    __b,
+    __t,
+    __c,
+    __l,
+    __f>::result_type
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::tempering_c;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::tempering_l;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename mersenne_twister_engine<
+    _UIntType,
+    __w,
+    __n,
+    __m,
+    __r,
+    __a,
+    __u,
+    __d,
+    __s,
+    __b,
+    __t,
+    __c,
+    __l,
+    __f>::result_type
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::
+        initialization_multiplier;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename mersenne_twister_engine<
+    _UIntType,
+    __w,
+    __n,
+    __m,
+    __r,
+    __a,
+    __u,
+    __d,
+    __s,
+    __b,
+    __t,
+    __c,
+    __l,
+    __f>::result_type
+    mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::default_seed;
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+void mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::seed(
+    result_type __sd) _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK { // __w >= 2
+  __x_[0] = __sd & _Max;
+  for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __x_[__i] = (__f * (__x_[__i - 1] ^ __rshift<__w - 2>(__x_[__i - 1])) + __i) & _Max;
+  __i_ = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+template <class _Sseq>
+void mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::__seed(
+    _Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>) {
+  const unsigned __k = 1;
+  uint32_t __ar[__n * __k];
+  __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __n * __k);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __x_[__i] = static_cast<result_type>(__ar[__i] & _Max);
+  const result_type __mask = __r == _Dt ? result_type(~0) : (result_type(1) << __r) - result_type(1);
+  __i_                     = 0;
+  if ((__x_[0] & ~__mask) == 0) {
+    for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i)
+      if (__x_[__i] != 0)
+        return;
+    __x_[0] = result_type(1) << (__w - 1);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+template <class _Sseq>
+void mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::__seed(
+    _Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>) {
+  const unsigned __k = 2;
+  uint32_t __ar[__n * __k];
+  __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __n * __k);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __x_[__i] = static_cast<result_type>((__ar[2 * __i] + ((uint64_t)__ar[2 * __i + 1] << 32)) & _Max);
+  const result_type __mask = __r == _Dt ? result_type(~0) : (result_type(1) << __r) - result_type(1);
+  __i_                     = 0;
+  if ((__x_[0] & ~__mask) == 0) {
+    for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i)
+      if (__x_[__i] != 0)
+        return;
+    __x_[0] = result_type(1) << (__w - 1);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType,
+          size_t __w,
+          size_t __n,
+          size_t __m,
+          size_t __r,
+          _UIntType __a,
+          size_t __u,
+          _UIntType __d,
+          size_t __s,
+          _UIntType __b,
+          size_t __t,
+          _UIntType __c,
+          size_t __l,
+          _UIntType __f>
+_UIntType
+mersenne_twister_engine<_UIntType, __w, __n, __m, __r, __a, __u, __d, __s, __b, __t, __c, __l, __f>::operator()() {
+  const size_t __j         = (__i_ + 1) % __n;
+  const result_type __mask = __r == _Dt ? result_type(~0) : (result_type(1) << __r) - result_type(1);
+  const result_type __yp   = (__x_[__i_] & ~__mask) | (__x_[__j] & __mask);
+  const size_t __k         = (__i_ + __m) % __n;
+  __x_[__i_]               = __x_[__k] ^ __rshift<1>(__yp) ^ (__a * (__yp & 1));
+  result_type __z          = __x_[__i_] ^ (__rshift<__u>(__x_[__i_]) & __d);
+  __i_                     = __j;
+  __z ^= __lshift<__s>(__z) & __b;
+  __z ^= __lshift<__t>(__z) & __c;
+  return __z ^ __rshift<__l>(__z);
+}
+
+template <class _UInt,
+          size_t _Wp,
+          size_t _Np,
+          size_t _Mp,
+          size_t _Rp,
+          _UInt _Ap,
+          size_t _Up,
+          _UInt _Dp,
+          size_t _Sp,
+          _UInt _Bp,
+          size_t _Tp,
+          _UInt _Cp,
+          size_t _Lp,
+          _UInt _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __y) {
+  if (__x.__i_ == __y.__i_)
+    return std::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + _Np, __y.__x_);
+  if (__x.__i_ == 0 || __y.__i_ == 0) {
+    size_t __j = std::min(_Np - __x.__i_, _Np - __y.__i_);
+    if (!std::equal(__x.__x_ + __x.__i_, __x.__x_ + __x.__i_ + __j, __y.__x_ + __y.__i_))
+      return false;
+    if (__x.__i_ == 0)
+      return std::equal(__x.__x_ + __j, __x.__x_ + _Np, __y.__x_);
+    return std::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + (_Np - __j), __y.__x_ + __j);
+  }
+  if (__x.__i_ < __y.__i_) {
+    size_t __j = _Np - __y.__i_;
+    if (!std::equal(__x.__x_ + __x.__i_, __x.__x_ + (__x.__i_ + __j), __y.__x_ + __y.__i_))
+      return false;
+    if (!std::equal(__x.__x_ + (__x.__i_ + __j), __x.__x_ + _Np, __y.__x_))
+      return false;
+    return std::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + __x.__i_, __y.__x_ + (_Np - (__x.__i_ + __j)));
+  }
+  size_t __j = _Np - __x.__i_;
+  if (!std::equal(__y.__x_ + __y.__i_, __y.__x_ + (__y.__i_ + __j), __x.__x_ + __x.__i_))
+    return false;
+  if (!std::equal(__y.__x_ + (__y.__i_ + __j), __y.__x_ + _Np, __x.__x_))
+    return false;
+  return std::equal(__y.__x_, __y.__x_ + __y.__i_, __x.__x_ + (_Np - (__y.__i_ + __j)));
+}
+
+template <class _UInt,
+          size_t _Wp,
+          size_t _Np,
+          size_t _Mp,
+          size_t _Rp,
+          _UInt _Ap,
+          size_t _Up,
+          _UInt _Dp,
+          size_t _Sp,
+          _UInt _Bp,
+          size_t _Tp,
+          _UInt _Cp,
+          size_t _Lp,
+          _UInt _Fp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT,
+          class _Traits,
+          class _UInt,
+          size_t _Wp,
+          size_t _Np,
+          size_t _Mp,
+          size_t _Rp,
+          _UInt _Ap,
+          size_t _Up,
+          _UInt _Dp,
+          size_t _Sp,
+          _UInt _Bp,
+          size_t _Tp,
+          _UInt _Cp,
+          size_t _Lp,
+          _UInt _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _Ostream;
+  __os.flags(_Ostream::dec | _Ostream::left);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  __os << __x.__x_[__x.__i_];
+  for (size_t __j = __x.__i_ + 1; __j < _Np; ++__j)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__x_[__j];
+  for (size_t __j = 0; __j < __x.__i_; ++__j)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__x_[__j];
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT,
+          class _Traits,
+          class _UInt,
+          size_t _Wp,
+          size_t _Np,
+          size_t _Mp,
+          size_t _Rp,
+          _UInt _Ap,
+          size_t _Up,
+          _UInt _Dp,
+          size_t _Sp,
+          _UInt _Bp,
+          size_t _Tp,
+          _UInt _Cp,
+          size_t _Lp,
+          _UInt _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
+           mersenne_twister_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Np, _Mp, _Rp, _Ap, _Up, _Dp, _Sp, _Bp, _Tp, _Cp, _Lp, _Fp>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  _UInt __t[_Np];
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Np; ++__i)
+    __is >> __t[__i];
+  if (!__is.fail()) {
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Np; ++__i)
+      __x.__x_[__i] = __t[__i];
+    __x.__i_ = 0;
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+typedef mersenne_twister_engine<
+    uint_fast32_t,
+    32,
+    624,
+    397,
+    31,
+    0x9908b0df,
+    11,
+    0xffffffff,
+    7,
+    0x9d2c5680,
+    15,
+    0xefc60000,
+    18,
+    1812433253>
+    mt19937;
+typedef mersenne_twister_engine<
+    uint_fast64_t,
+    64,
+    312,
+    156,
+    31,
+    0xb5026f5aa96619e9ULL,
+    29,
+    0x5555555555555555ULL,
+    17,
+    0x71d67fffeda60000ULL,
+    37,
+    0xfff7eee000000000ULL,
+    43,
+    6364136223846793005ULL>
+    mt19937_64;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_MERSENNE_TWISTER_ENGINE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/negative_binomial_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/negative_binomial_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6d0055d01ed432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/negative_binomial_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_NEGATIVE_BINOMIAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_NEGATIVE_BINOMIAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/bernoulli_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/gamma_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/poisson_distribution.h>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _IntType = int>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS negative_binomial_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<_IntType>::value, "IntType must be a supported integer type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __k_;
+    double __p_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef negative_binomial_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __k = 1, double __p = 0.5) : __k_(__k), __p_(__p) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type k() const { return __k_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double p() const { return __p_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__k_ == __y.__k_ && __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructor and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI negative_binomial_distribution() : negative_binomial_distribution(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit negative_binomial_distribution(result_type __k, double __p = 0.5) : __p_(__k, __p) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit negative_binomial_distribution(result_type __k = 1, double __p = 0.5)
+      : __p_(__k, __p) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit negative_binomial_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type k() const { return __p_.k(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double p() const { return __p_.p(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::max(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const negative_binomial_distribution& __x, const negative_binomial_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const negative_binomial_distribution& __x, const negative_binomial_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _IntType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_IntType negative_binomial_distribution<_IntType>::operator()(_URNG& __urng, const param_type& __pr) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  result_type __k = __pr.k();
+  double __p      = __pr.p();
+  // When the number of bits in _IntType is small, we are too likely to
+  // overflow __f below to use this technique.
+  if (__k <= 21 * __p && sizeof(_IntType) > 1) {
+    bernoulli_distribution __gen(__p);
+    result_type __f = 0;
+    result_type __s = 0;
+    while (__s < __k) {
+      if (__gen(__urng))
+        ++__s;
+      else
+        ++__f;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__f >= 0,
+                            "std::negative_binomial_distribution should never produce negative values. "
+                            "This is almost certainly a signed integer overflow issue on __f.");
+    return __f;
+  }
+  return poisson_distribution<result_type>(gamma_distribution<double>(__k, (1 - __p) / __p)(__urng))(__urng);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const negative_binomial_distribution<_IntType>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  return __os << __x.k() << __sp << __x.p();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, negative_binomial_distribution<_IntType>& __x) {
+  typedef negative_binomial_distribution<_IntType> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __k;
+  double __p;
+  __is >> __k >> __p;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__k, __p));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_NEGATIVE_BINOMIAL_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/normal_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/normal_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..889f189e4161be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/normal_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_NORMAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_NORMAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS normal_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __mean_;
+    result_type __stddev_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef normal_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __mean = 0, result_type __stddev = 1)
+        : __mean_(__mean), __stddev_(__stddev) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type mean() const { return __mean_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type stddev() const { return __stddev_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__mean_ == __y.__mean_ && __x.__stddev_ == __y.__stddev_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+  result_type __v_;
+  bool __v_hot_;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI normal_distribution() : normal_distribution(0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit normal_distribution(result_type __mean, result_type __stddev = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__mean, __stddev)), __v_hot_(false) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit normal_distribution(result_type __mean = 0, result_type __stddev = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__mean, __stddev)), __v_hot_(false) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit normal_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p), __v_hot_(false) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() { __v_hot_ = false; }
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type mean() const { return __p_.mean(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type stddev() const { return __p_.stddev(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return -numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const normal_distribution& __x, const normal_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_ && __x.__v_hot_ == __y.__v_hot_ && (!__x.__v_hot_ || __x.__v_ == __y.__v_);
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const normal_distribution& __x, const normal_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const normal_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, normal_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_RealType normal_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  result_type __up;
+  if (__v_hot_) {
+    __v_hot_ = false;
+    __up     = __v_;
+  } else {
+    uniform_real_distribution<result_type> __uni(-1, 1);
+    result_type __u;
+    result_type __v;
+    result_type __s;
+    do {
+      __u = __uni(__g);
+      __v = __uni(__g);
+      __s = __u * __u + __v * __v;
+    } while (__s > 1 || __s == 0);
+    result_type __fp = std::sqrt(-2 * std::log(__s) / __s);
+    __v_             = __v * __fp;
+    __v_hot_         = true;
+    __up             = __u * __fp;
+  }
+  return __up * __p.stddev() + __p.mean();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const normal_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  __os << __x.mean() << __sp << __x.stddev() << __sp << __x.__v_hot_;
+  if (__x.__v_hot_)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__v_;
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, normal_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  typedef normal_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __mean;
+  result_type __stddev;
+  result_type __vp = 0;
+  bool __v_hot     = false;
+  __is >> __mean >> __stddev >> __v_hot;
+  if (__v_hot)
+    __is >> __vp;
+  if (!__is.fail()) {
+    __x.param(param_type(__mean, __stddev));
+    __x.__v_hot_ = __v_hot;
+    __x.__v_     = __vp;
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_NORMAL_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/piecewise_constant_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/piecewise_constant_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e19380f97c35ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/piecewise_constant_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_PIECEWISE_CONSTANT_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_PIECEWISE_CONSTANT_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/upper_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS piecewise_constant_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    vector<result_type> __b_;
+    vector<result_type> __densities_;
+    vector<result_type> __areas_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef piecewise_constant_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type();
+    template <class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type(_InputIteratorB __f_b, _InputIteratorB __l_b, _InputIteratorW __f_w);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    template <class _UnaryOperation>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type(initializer_list<result_type> __bl, _UnaryOperation __fw);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    template <class _UnaryOperation>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type(size_t __nw, result_type __xmin, result_type __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw);
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type(param_type const&) = default;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type& operator=(const param_type& __rhs);
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<result_type> intervals() const { return __b_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<result_type> densities() const { return __densities_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__densities_ == __y.__densities_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+
+  private:
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __init();
+
+    friend class piecewise_constant_distribution;
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructor and reset functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI piecewise_constant_distribution() {}
+  template <class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  piecewise_constant_distribution(_InputIteratorB __f_b, _InputIteratorB __l_b, _InputIteratorW __f_w)
+      : __p_(__f_b, __l_b, __f_w) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _UnaryOperation>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI piecewise_constant_distribution(initializer_list<result_type> __bl, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+      : __p_(__bl, __fw) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <class _UnaryOperation>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  piecewise_constant_distribution(size_t __nw, result_type __xmin, result_type __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+      : __p_(__nw, __xmin, __xmax, __fw) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit piecewise_constant_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<result_type> intervals() const { return __p_.intervals(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<result_type> densities() const { return __p_.densities(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return __p_.__b_.front(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return __p_.__b_.back(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const piecewise_constant_distribution& __x, const piecewise_constant_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const piecewise_constant_distribution& __x, const piecewise_constant_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+typename piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type&
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::operator=(const param_type& __rhs) {
+  //  These can throw
+  __b_.reserve(__rhs.__b_.size());
+  __densities_.reserve(__rhs.__densities_.size());
+  __areas_.reserve(__rhs.__areas_.size());
+
+  //  These can not throw
+  __b_         = __rhs.__b_;
+  __densities_ = __rhs.__densities_;
+  __areas_     = __rhs.__areas_;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _RealType>
+void piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::__init() {
+  // __densities_ contains non-normalized areas
+  result_type __total_area = std::accumulate(__densities_.begin(), __densities_.end(), result_type());
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __densities_.size(); ++__i)
+    __densities_[__i] /= __total_area;
+  // __densities_ contains normalized areas
+  __areas_.assign(__densities_.size(), result_type());
+  std::partial_sum(__densities_.begin(), __densities_.end() - 1, __areas_.begin() + 1);
+  // __areas_ contains partial sums of normalized areas: [0, __densities_ - 1]
+  __densities_.back() = 1 - __areas_.back(); // correct round off error
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __densities_.size(); ++__i)
+    __densities_[__i] /= (__b_[__i + 1] - __b_[__i]);
+  // __densities_ now contains __densities_
+}
+
+template <class _RealType>
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type() : __b_(2), __densities_(1, 1.0), __areas_(1, 0.0) {
+  __b_[1] = 1;
+}
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+    _InputIteratorB __f_b, _InputIteratorB __l_b, _InputIteratorW __f_w)
+    : __b_(__f_b, __l_b) {
+  if (__b_.size() < 2) {
+    __b_.resize(2);
+    __b_[0] = 0;
+    __b_[1] = 1;
+    __densities_.assign(1, 1.0);
+    __areas_.assign(1, 0.0);
+  } else {
+    __densities_.reserve(__b_.size() - 1);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b_.size() - 1; ++__i, ++__f_w)
+      __densities_.push_back(*__f_w);
+    __init();
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _UnaryOperation>
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+    initializer_list<result_type> __bl, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+    : __b_(__bl.begin(), __bl.end()) {
+  if (__b_.size() < 2) {
+    __b_.resize(2);
+    __b_[0] = 0;
+    __b_[1] = 1;
+    __densities_.assign(1, 1.0);
+    __areas_.assign(1, 0.0);
+  } else {
+    __densities_.reserve(__b_.size() - 1);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b_.size() - 1; ++__i)
+      __densities_.push_back(__fw((__b_[__i + 1] + __b_[__i]) * .5));
+    __init();
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _UnaryOperation>
+piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+    size_t __nw, result_type __xmin, result_type __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+    : __b_(__nw == 0 ? 2 : __nw + 1) {
+  size_t __n      = __b_.size() - 1;
+  result_type __d = (__xmax - __xmin) / __n;
+  __densities_.reserve(__n);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i) {
+    __b_[__i] = __xmin + __i * __d;
+    __densities_.push_back(__fw(__b_[__i] + __d * .5));
+  }
+  __b_[__n] = __xmax;
+  __init();
+}
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_RealType piecewise_constant_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  typedef uniform_real_distribution<result_type> _Gen;
+  result_type __u = _Gen()(__g);
+  ptr
diff _t __k   = std::upper_bound(__p.__areas_.begin(), __p.__areas_.end(), __u) - __p.__areas_.begin() - 1;
+  return (__u - __p.__areas_[__k]) / __p.__densities_[__k] + __p.__b_[__k];
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  size_t __n = __x.__p_.__b_.size();
+  __os << __n;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__b_[__i];
+  __n = __x.__p_.__densities_.size();
+  __os << __sp << __n;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__densities_[__i];
+  __n = __x.__p_.__areas_.size();
+  __os << __sp << __n;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__areas_[__i];
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  typedef piecewise_constant_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  size_t __n;
+  __is >> __n;
+  vector<result_type> __b(__n);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __is >> __b[__i];
+  __is >> __n;
+  vector<result_type> __densities(__n);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __is >> __densities[__i];
+  __is >> __n;
+  vector<result_type> __areas(__n);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __is >> __areas[__i];
+  if (!__is.fail()) {
+    swap(__x.__p_.__b_, __b);
+    swap(__x.__p_.__densities_, __densities);
+    swap(__x.__p_.__areas_, __areas);
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_PIECEWISE_CONSTANT_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/piecewise_linear_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/piecewise_linear_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..43769dc825e65b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/piecewise_linear_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/upper_bound.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS piecewise_linear_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    vector<result_type> __b_;
+    vector<result_type> __densities_;
+    vector<result_type> __areas_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef piecewise_linear_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type();
+    template <class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type(_InputIteratorB __f_b, _InputIteratorB __l_b, _InputIteratorW __f_w);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    template <class _UnaryOperation>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type(initializer_list<result_type> __bl, _UnaryOperation __fw);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    template <class _UnaryOperation>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type(size_t __nw, result_type __xmin, result_type __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw);
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type(param_type const&) = default;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type& operator=(const param_type& __rhs);
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<result_type> intervals() const { return __b_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<result_type> densities() const { return __densities_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__densities_ == __y.__densities_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+
+  private:
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __init();
+
+    friend class piecewise_linear_distribution;
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+    template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+    friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructor and reset functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI piecewise_linear_distribution() {}
+  template <class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  piecewise_linear_distribution(_InputIteratorB __f_b, _InputIteratorB __l_b, _InputIteratorW __f_w)
+      : __p_(__f_b, __l_b, __f_w) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _UnaryOperation>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI piecewise_linear_distribution(initializer_list<result_type> __bl, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+      : __p_(__bl, __fw) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <class _UnaryOperation>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  piecewise_linear_distribution(size_t __nw, result_type __xmin, result_type __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+      : __p_(__nw, __xmin, __xmax, __fw) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit piecewise_linear_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<result_type> intervals() const { return __p_.intervals(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<result_type> densities() const { return __p_.densities(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return __p_.__b_.front(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return __p_.__b_.back(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const piecewise_linear_distribution& __x, const piecewise_linear_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const piecewise_linear_distribution& __x, const piecewise_linear_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+typename piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type&
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::operator=(const param_type& __rhs) {
+  //  These can throw
+  __b_.reserve(__rhs.__b_.size());
+  __densities_.reserve(__rhs.__densities_.size());
+  __areas_.reserve(__rhs.__areas_.size());
+
+  //  These can not throw
+  __b_         = __rhs.__b_;
+  __densities_ = __rhs.__densities_;
+  __areas_     = __rhs.__areas_;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _RealType>
+void piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::__init() {
+  __areas_.assign(__densities_.size() - 1, result_type());
+  result_type __sp = 0;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __areas_.size(); ++__i) {
+    __areas_[__i] = (__densities_[__i + 1] + __densities_[__i]) * (__b_[__i + 1] - __b_[__i]) * .5;
+    __sp += __areas_[__i];
+  }
+  for (size_t __i = __areas_.size(); __i > 1;) {
+    --__i;
+    __areas_[__i] = __areas_[__i - 1] / __sp;
+  }
+  __areas_[0] = 0;
+  for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __areas_.size(); ++__i)
+    __areas_[__i] += __areas_[__i - 1];
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __densities_.size(); ++__i)
+    __densities_[__i] /= __sp;
+}
+
+template <class _RealType>
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type() : __b_(2), __densities_(2, 1.0), __areas_(1, 0.0) {
+  __b_[1] = 1;
+}
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _InputIteratorB, class _InputIteratorW>
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+    _InputIteratorB __f_b, _InputIteratorB __l_b, _InputIteratorW __f_w)
+    : __b_(__f_b, __l_b) {
+  if (__b_.size() < 2) {
+    __b_.resize(2);
+    __b_[0] = 0;
+    __b_[1] = 1;
+    __densities_.assign(2, 1.0);
+    __areas_.assign(1, 0.0);
+  } else {
+    __densities_.reserve(__b_.size());
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b_.size(); ++__i, ++__f_w)
+      __densities_.push_back(*__f_w);
+    __init();
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _UnaryOperation>
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+    initializer_list<result_type> __bl, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+    : __b_(__bl.begin(), __bl.end()) {
+  if (__b_.size() < 2) {
+    __b_.resize(2);
+    __b_[0] = 0;
+    __b_[1] = 1;
+    __densities_.assign(2, 1.0);
+    __areas_.assign(1, 0.0);
+  } else {
+    __densities_.reserve(__b_.size());
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b_.size(); ++__i)
+      __densities_.push_back(__fw(__b_[__i]));
+    __init();
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _UnaryOperation>
+piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::param_type::param_type(
+    size_t __nw, result_type __xmin, result_type __xmax, _UnaryOperation __fw)
+    : __b_(__nw == 0 ? 2 : __nw + 1) {
+  size_t __n      = __b_.size() - 1;
+  result_type __d = (__xmax - __xmin) / __n;
+  __densities_.reserve(__b_.size());
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i) {
+    __b_[__i] = __xmin + __i * __d;
+    __densities_.push_back(__fw(__b_[__i]));
+  }
+  __b_[__n] = __xmax;
+  __densities_.push_back(__fw(__b_[__n]));
+  __init();
+}
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_RealType piecewise_linear_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  typedef uniform_real_distribution<result_type> _Gen;
+  result_type __u = _Gen()(__g);
+  ptr
diff _t __k   = std::upper_bound(__p.__areas_.begin(), __p.__areas_.end(), __u) - __p.__areas_.begin() - 1;
+  __u -= __p.__areas_[__k];
+  const result_type __dk     = __p.__densities_[__k];
+  const result_type __dk1    = __p.__densities_[__k + 1];
+  const result_type __deltad = __dk1 - __dk;
+  const result_type __bk     = __p.__b_[__k];
+  if (__deltad == 0)
+    return __u / __dk + __bk;
+  const result_type __bk1    = __p.__b_[__k + 1];
+  const result_type __deltab = __bk1 - __bk;
+  return (__bk * __dk1 - __bk1 * __dk + std::sqrt(__deltab * (__deltab * __dk * __dk + 2 * __deltad * __u))) / __deltad;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  size_t __n = __x.__p_.__b_.size();
+  __os << __n;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__b_[__i];
+  __n = __x.__p_.__densities_.size();
+  __os << __sp << __n;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__densities_[__i];
+  __n = __x.__p_.__areas_.size();
+  __os << __sp << __n;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__p_.__areas_[__i];
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  typedef piecewise_linear_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  size_t __n;
+  __is >> __n;
+  vector<result_type> __b(__n);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __is >> __b[__i];
+  __is >> __n;
+  vector<result_type> __densities(__n);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __is >> __densities[__i];
+  __is >> __n;
+  vector<result_type> __areas(__n);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __is >> __areas[__i];
+  if (!__is.fail()) {
+    swap(__x.__p_.__b_, __b);
+    swap(__x.__p_.__densities_, __densities);
+    swap(__x.__p_.__areas_, __areas);
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/poisson_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/poisson_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..61a092ef9dd4dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/poisson_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_POISSON_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_POISSON_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/clamp_to_integral.h>
+#include <__random/exponential_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/normal_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _IntType = int>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS poisson_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<_IntType>::value, "IntType must be a supported integer type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    double __mean_;
+    double __s_;
+    double __d_;
+    double __l_;
+    double __omega_;
+    double __c0_;
+    double __c1_;
+    double __c2_;
+    double __c3_;
+    double __c_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef poisson_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(double __mean = 1.0);
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double mean() const { return __mean_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__mean_ == __y.__mean_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+
+    friend class poisson_distribution;
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI poisson_distribution() : poisson_distribution(1.0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit poisson_distribution(double __mean) : __p_(__mean) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit poisson_distribution(double __mean = 1.0) : __p_(__mean) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit poisson_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double mean() const { return __p_.mean(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::max(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const poisson_distribution& __x, const poisson_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const poisson_distribution& __x, const poisson_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _IntType>
+poisson_distribution<_IntType>::param_type::param_type(double __mean)
+    // According to the standard `inf` is a valid input, but it causes the
+    // distribution to hang, so we replace it with the maximum representable
+    // mean.
+    : __mean_(isinf(__mean) ? numeric_limits<double>::max() : __mean) {
+  if (__mean_ < 10) {
+    __s_     = 0;
+    __d_     = 0;
+    __l_     = std::exp(-__mean_);
+    __omega_ = 0;
+    __c3_    = 0;
+    __c2_    = 0;
+    __c1_    = 0;
+    __c0_    = 0;
+    __c_     = 0;
+  } else {
+    __s_        = std::sqrt(__mean_);
+    __d_        = 6 * __mean_ * __mean_;
+    __l_        = std::trunc(__mean_ - 1.1484);
+    __omega_    = .3989423 / __s_;
+    double __b1 = .4166667E-1 / __mean_;
+    double __b2 = .3 * __b1 * __b1;
+    __c3_       = .1428571 * __b1 * __b2;
+    __c2_       = __b2 - 15. * __c3_;
+    __c1_       = __b1 - 6. * __b2 + 45. * __c3_;
+    __c0_       = 1. - __b1 + 3. * __b2 - 15. * __c3_;
+    __c_        = .1069 / __mean_;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _IntType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_IntType poisson_distribution<_IntType>::operator()(_URNG& __urng, const param_type& __pr) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  double __tx;
+  uniform_real_distribution<double> __urd;
+  if (__pr.__mean_ < 10) {
+    __tx = 0;
+    for (double __p = __urd(__urng); __p > __pr.__l_; ++__tx)
+      __p *= __urd(__urng);
+  } else {
+    double __difmuk;
+    double __g = __pr.__mean_ + __pr.__s_ * normal_distribution<double>()(__urng);
+    double __u;
+    if (__g > 0) {
+      __tx = std::trunc(__g);
+      if (__tx >= __pr.__l_)
+        return std::__clamp_to_integral<result_type>(__tx);
+      __difmuk = __pr.__mean_ - __tx;
+      __u      = __urd(__urng);
+      if (__pr.__d_ * __u >= __difmuk * __difmuk * __difmuk)
+        return std::__clamp_to_integral<result_type>(__tx);
+    }
+    exponential_distribution<double> __edist;
+    for (bool __using_exp_dist = false; true; __using_exp_dist = true) {
+      double __e;
+      if (__using_exp_dist || __g <= 0) {
+        double __t;
+        do {
+          __e = __edist(__urng);
+          __u = __urd(__urng);
+          __u += __u - 1;
+          __t = 1.8 + (__u < 0 ? -__e : __e);
+        } while (__t <= -.6744);
+        __tx             = std::trunc(__pr.__mean_ + __pr.__s_ * __t);
+        __difmuk         = __pr.__mean_ - __tx;
+        __using_exp_dist = true;
+      }
+      double __px;
+      double __py;
+      if (__tx < 10 && __tx >= 0) {
+        const double __fac[] = {1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040, 40320, 362880};
+        __px                 = -__pr.__mean_;
+        __py                 = std::pow(__pr.__mean_, (double)__tx) / __fac[static_cast<int>(__tx)];
+      } else {
+        double __del = .8333333E-1 / __tx;
+        __del -= 4.8 * __del * __del * __del;
+        double __v = __difmuk / __tx;
+        if (std::abs(__v) > 0.25)
+          __px = __tx * std::log(1 + __v) - __difmuk - __del;
+        else
+          __px = __tx * __v * __v *
+                     (((((((.1250060 * __v + -.1384794) * __v + .1421878) * __v + -.1661269) * __v + .2000118) * __v +
+                        -.2500068) *
+                           __v +
+                       .3333333) *
+                          __v +
+                      -.5) -
+                 __del;
+        __py = .3989423 / std::sqrt(__tx);
+      }
+      double __r  = (0.5 - __difmuk) / __pr.__s_;
+      double __r2 = __r * __r;
+      double __fx = -0.5 * __r2;
+      double __fy = __pr.__omega_ * (((__pr.__c3_ * __r2 + __pr.__c2_) * __r2 + __pr.__c1_) * __r2 + __pr.__c0_);
+      if (__using_exp_dist) {
+        if (__pr.__c_ * std::abs(__u) <= __py * std::exp(__px + __e) - __fy * std::exp(__fx + __e))
+          break;
+      } else {
+        if (__fy - __u * __fy <= __py * std::exp(__px - __fx))
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return std::__clamp_to_integral<result_type>(__tx);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const poisson_distribution<_IntType>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  return __os << __x.mean();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IntType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, poisson_distribution<_IntType>& __x) {
+  typedef poisson_distribution<_IntType> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  double __mean;
+  __is >> __mean;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__mean));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_POISSON_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/random_device.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/random_device.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..52407943d2ec70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/random_device.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_RANDOM_DEVICE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_RANDOM_DEVICE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <string>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANDOM_DEVICE)
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI random_device {
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_USING_DEV_RANDOM
+  int __f_;
+#  elif !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_NO_RANDOM_DEVICE_COMPATIBILITY_LAYOUT)
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+  _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wunused-private-field")
+
+  // Apple platforms used to use the `_LIBCPP_USING_DEV_RANDOM` code path, and now
+  // use `arc4random()` as of this comment. In order to avoid breaking the ABI, we
+  // retain the same layout as before.
+#    if defined(__APPLE__)
+  int __padding_; // padding to fake the `__f_` field above
+#    endif
+
+  // ... vendors can add workarounds here if they switch to a 
diff erent representation ...
+
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#  endif
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef unsigned result_type;
+
+  // generator characteristics
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Min = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Max = 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type min() { return _Min; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type max() { return _Max; }
+
+  // constructors
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI random_device() : random_device("/dev/urandom") {}
+  explicit random_device(const string& __token);
+#  else
+  explicit random_device(const string& __token = "/dev/urandom");
+#  endif
+  ~random_device();
+
+  // generating functions
+  result_type operator()();
+
+  // property functions
+  double entropy() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  random_device(const random_device&)  = delete;
+  void operator=(const random_device&) = delete;
+};
+
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RANDOM_DEVICE
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_RANDOM_DEVICE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/ranlux.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/ranlux.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..952afde91b1094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/ranlux.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_RANLUX_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_RANLUX_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/discard_block_engine.h>
+#include <__random/subtract_with_carry_engine.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+typedef subtract_with_carry_engine<uint_fast32_t, 24, 10, 24> ranlux24_base;
+typedef subtract_with_carry_engine<uint_fast64_t, 48, 5, 12> ranlux48_base;
+
+typedef discard_block_engine<ranlux24_base, 223, 23> ranlux24;
+typedef discard_block_engine<ranlux48_base, 389, 11> ranlux48;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_RANLUX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/seed_seq.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/seed_seq.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5cf84aeb8a72b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/seed_seq.h
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_SEED_SEQ_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_SEED_SEQ_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/fill.h>
+#include <__algorithm/max.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS seed_seq {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef uint32_t result_type;
+
+  // constructors
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI seed_seq() _NOEXCEPT {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI seed_seq(initializer_list<_Tp> __il) {
+    __init(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI seed_seq(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+    static_assert(is_integral<typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type>::value,
+                  "Mandates: iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type is an integer type");
+    __init(__first, __last);
+  }
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void generate(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __v_.size(); }
+  template <class _OutputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(_OutputIterator __dest) const {
+    std::copy(__v_.begin(), __v_.end(), __dest);
+  }
+
+  seed_seq(const seed_seq&)       = delete;
+  void operator=(const seed_seq&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static result_type _Tp(result_type __x) { return __x ^ (__x >> 27); }
+
+private:
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __init(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+  vector<result_type> __v_;
+};
+
+template <class _InputIterator>
+void seed_seq::__init(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  for (_InputIterator __s = __first; __s != __last; ++__s)
+    __v_.push_back(*__s & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+}
+
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+void seed_seq::generate(_RandomAccessIterator __first, _RandomAccessIterator __last) {
+  using _ValueType = typename iterator_traits<_RandomAccessIterator>::value_type;
+  static_assert(is_unsigned<_ValueType>::value && sizeof(_ValueType) >= sizeof(uint32_t),
+                "[rand.util.seedseq]/7 requires the value_type of the iterator to be an unsigned "
+                "integer capable of accommodating 32-bit quantities.");
+
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    std::fill(__first, __last, 0x8b8b8b8b);
+    const size_t __n = static_cast<size_t>(__last - __first);
+    const size_t __s = __v_.size();
+    const size_t __t = (__n >= 623) ? 11 : (__n >= 68) ? 7 : (__n >= 39) ? 5 : (__n >= 7) ? 3 : (__n - 1) / 2;
+    const size_t __p = (__n - __t) / 2;
+    const size_t __q = __p + __t;
+    const size_t __m = std::max(__s + 1, __n);
+    // __k = 0;
+    {
+      result_type __r = 1664525 * _Tp(__first[0] ^ __first[__p] ^ __first[__n - 1]);
+      __first[__p] += __r;
+      __r += __s;
+      __first[__q] += __r;
+      __first[0] = __r;
+    }
+    // Initialize indexing terms used with if statements as an optimization to
+    // avoid calculating modulo n on every loop iteration for each term.
+    size_t __kmodn  = 0;         // __k % __n
+    size_t __k1modn = __n - 1;   // (__k - 1) % __n
+    size_t __kpmodn = __p % __n; // (__k + __p) % __n
+    size_t __kqmodn = __q % __n; // (__k + __q) % __n
+
+    for (size_t __k = 1; __k <= __s; ++__k) {
+      if (++__kmodn == __n)
+        __kmodn = 0;
+      if (++__k1modn == __n)
+        __k1modn = 0;
+      if (++__kpmodn == __n)
+        __kpmodn = 0;
+      if (++__kqmodn == __n)
+        __kqmodn = 0;
+
+      result_type __r = 1664525 * _Tp(__first[__kmodn] ^ __first[__kpmodn] ^ __first[__k1modn]);
+      __first[__kpmodn] += __r;
+      __r += __kmodn + __v_[__k - 1];
+      __first[__kqmodn] += __r;
+      __first[__kmodn] = __r;
+    }
+    for (size_t __k = __s + 1; __k < __m; ++__k) {
+      if (++__kmodn == __n)
+        __kmodn = 0;
+      if (++__k1modn == __n)
+        __k1modn = 0;
+      if (++__kpmodn == __n)
+        __kpmodn = 0;
+      if (++__kqmodn == __n)
+        __kqmodn = 0;
+
+      result_type __r = 1664525 * _Tp(__first[__kmodn] ^ __first[__kpmodn] ^ __first[__k1modn]);
+      __first[__kpmodn] += __r;
+      __r += __kmodn;
+      __first[__kqmodn] += __r;
+      __first[__kmodn] = __r;
+    }
+    for (size_t __k = __m; __k < __m + __n; ++__k) {
+      if (++__kmodn == __n)
+        __kmodn = 0;
+      if (++__k1modn == __n)
+        __k1modn = 0;
+      if (++__kpmodn == __n)
+        __kpmodn = 0;
+      if (++__kqmodn == __n)
+        __kqmodn = 0;
+
+      result_type __r = 1566083941 * _Tp(__first[__kmodn] + __first[__kpmodn] + __first[__k1modn]);
+      __first[__kpmodn] ^= __r;
+      __r -= __kmodn;
+      __first[__kqmodn] ^= __r;
+      __first[__kmodn] = __r;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_SEED_SEQ_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/shuffle_order_engine.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/shuffle_order_engine.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f54ed17e38383a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/shuffle_order_engine.h
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_SHUFFLE_ORDER_ENGINE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_SHUFFLE_ORDER_ENGINE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_seed_sequence.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <uint64_t _Xp, uint64_t _Yp>
+struct __ugcd {
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const uint64_t value = __ugcd<_Yp, _Xp % _Yp>::value;
+};
+
+template <uint64_t _Xp>
+struct __ugcd<_Xp, 0> {
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const uint64_t value = _Xp;
+};
+
+template <uint64_t _Np, uint64_t _Dp>
+class __uratio {
+  static_assert(_Dp != 0, "__uratio divide by 0");
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const uint64_t __gcd = __ugcd<_Np, _Dp>::value;
+
+public:
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const uint64_t num = _Np / __gcd;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const uint64_t den = _Dp / __gcd;
+
+  typedef __uratio<num, den> type;
+};
+
+template <class _Engine, size_t __k>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS shuffle_order_engine {
+  static_assert(0 < __k, "shuffle_order_engine invalid parameters");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef typename _Engine::result_type result_type;
+
+private:
+  _Engine __e_;
+  result_type __v_[__k];
+  result_type __y_;
+
+public:
+  // engine characteristics
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t table_size = __k;
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  static const result_type _Min = _Engine::_Min;
+  static const result_type _Max = _Engine::_Max;
+#else
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Min = _Engine::min();
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Max = _Engine::max();
+#endif
+  static_assert(_Min < _Max, "shuffle_order_engine invalid parameters");
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type min() { return _Min; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type max() { return _Max; }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const unsigned long long _Rp = _Max - _Min + 1ull;
+
+  // constructors and seeding functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shuffle_order_engine() { __init(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit shuffle_order_engine(const _Engine& __e) : __e_(__e) { __init(); }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit shuffle_order_engine(_Engine&& __e) : __e_(std::move(__e)) { __init(); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit shuffle_order_engine(result_type __sd) : __e_(__sd) { __init(); }
+  template <
+      class _Sseq,
+      __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, shuffle_order_engine>::value && !is_convertible<_Sseq, _Engine>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit shuffle_order_engine(_Sseq& __q) : __e_(__q) {
+    __init();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed() {
+    __e_.seed();
+    __init();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(result_type __sd) {
+    __e_.seed(__sd);
+    __init();
+  }
+  template <class _Sseq, __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, shuffle_order_engine>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(_Sseq& __q) {
+    __e_.seed(__q);
+    __init();
+  }
+
+  // generating functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()() { return __eval(integral_constant<bool, _Rp != 0>()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void discard(unsigned long long __z) {
+    for (; __z; --__z)
+      operator()();
+  }
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Engine& base() const _NOEXCEPT { return __e_; }
+
+private:
+  template <class _Eng, size_t _Kp>
+  friend bool operator==(const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __x, const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __y);
+
+  template <class _Eng, size_t _Kp>
+  friend bool operator!=(const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __x, const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __y);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Kp>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __x);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Kp>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __x);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __init() {
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __k; ++__i)
+      __v_[__i] = __e_();
+    __y_ = __e_();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type __eval(false_type) { return __eval2(integral_constant<bool, __k & 1>()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type __eval(true_type) { return __eval(__uratio<__k, _Rp>()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type __eval2(false_type) { return __eval(__uratio<__k / 2, 0x8000000000000000ull>()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type __eval2(true_type) { return __evalf<__k, 0>(); }
+
+  template <uint64_t _Np,
+            uint64_t _Dp,
+            __enable_if_t<(__uratio<_Np, _Dp>::num > 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFull / (_Max - _Min)), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type __eval(__uratio<_Np, _Dp>) {
+    return __evalf<__uratio<_Np, _Dp>::num, __uratio<_Np, _Dp>::den>();
+  }
+
+  template <uint64_t _Np,
+            uint64_t _Dp,
+            __enable_if_t<__uratio<_Np, _Dp>::num <= 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFull / (_Max - _Min), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type __eval(__uratio<_Np, _Dp>) {
+    const size_t __j = static_cast<size_t>(__uratio<_Np, _Dp>::num * (__y_ - _Min) / __uratio<_Np, _Dp>::den);
+    __y_             = __v_[__j];
+    __v_[__j]        = __e_();
+    return __y_;
+  }
+
+  template <uint64_t __n, uint64_t __d>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type __evalf() {
+    const double __fp = __d == 0 ? __n / (2. * 0x8000000000000000ull) : __n / (double)__d;
+    const size_t __j  = static_cast<size_t>(__fp * (__y_ - _Min));
+    __y_              = __v_[__j];
+    __v_[__j]         = __e_();
+    return __y_;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Engine, size_t __k>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t shuffle_order_engine<_Engine, __k>::table_size;
+
+template <class _Eng, size_t _Kp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __x, const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __y) {
+  return __x.__y_ == __y.__y_ && std::equal(__x.__v_, __x.__v_ + _Kp, __y.__v_) && __x.__e_ == __y.__e_;
+}
+
+template <class _Eng, size_t _Kp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __x, const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Kp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _Ostream;
+  __os.flags(_Ostream::dec | _Ostream::left);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  __os << __x.__e_ << __sp << __x.__v_[0];
+  for (size_t __i = 1; __i < _Kp; ++__i)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__v_[__i];
+  return __os << __sp << __x.__y_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Eng, size_t _Kp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>& __x) {
+  typedef typename shuffle_order_engine<_Eng, _Kp>::result_type result_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  _Eng __e;
+  result_type __vp[_Kp + 1];
+  __is >> __e;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Kp + 1; ++__i)
+    __is >> __vp[__i];
+  if (!__is.fail()) {
+    __x.__e_ = __e;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Kp; ++__i)
+      __x.__v_[__i] = __vp[__i];
+    __x.__y_ = __vp[_Kp];
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_SHUFFLE_ORDER_ENGINE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/student_t_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/student_t_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..110a856ee65868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/student_t_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_STUDENT_T_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_STUDENT_T_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/gamma_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/normal_distribution.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS student_t_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __n_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef student_t_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __n = 1) : __n_(__n) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type n() const { return __n_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__n_ == __y.__n_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+  normal_distribution<result_type> __nd_;
+
+public:
+  // constructor and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI student_t_distribution() : student_t_distribution(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit student_t_distribution(result_type __n) : __p_(param_type(__n)) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit student_t_distribution(result_type __n = 1) : __p_(param_type(__n)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit student_t_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() { __nd_.reset(); }
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type n() const { return __p_.n(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return -numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const student_t_distribution& __x, const student_t_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const student_t_distribution& __x, const student_t_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _URNG>
+_RealType student_t_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  gamma_distribution<result_type> __gd(__p.n() * .5, 2);
+  return __nd_(__g) * std::sqrt(__p.n() / __gd(__g));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const student_t_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  __os << __x.n();
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, student_t_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  typedef student_t_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __n;
+  __is >> __n;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__n));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_STUDENT_T_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/subtract_with_carry_engine.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/subtract_with_carry_engine.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ec25fed49f9498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/subtract_with_carry_engine.h
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_SUBTRACT_WITH_CARRY_ENGINE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_SUBTRACT_WITH_CARRY_ENGINE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_seed_sequence.h>
+#include <__random/linear_congruential_engine.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS subtract_with_carry_engine;
+
+template <class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x,
+                                      const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __y);
+
+template <class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x,
+                                      const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __y);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x);
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS subtract_with_carry_engine {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _UIntType result_type;
+
+private:
+  result_type __x_[__r];
+  result_type __c_;
+  size_t __i_;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Dt = numeric_limits<result_type>::digits;
+  static_assert(0 < __w, "subtract_with_carry_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__w <= _Dt, "subtract_with_carry_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(0 < __s, "subtract_with_carry_engine invalid parameters");
+  static_assert(__s < __r, "subtract_with_carry_engine invalid parameters");
+
+public:
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Min = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type _Max =
+      __w == _Dt ? result_type(~0) : (result_type(1) << __w) - result_type(1);
+  static_assert(_Min < _Max, "subtract_with_carry_engine invalid parameters");
+
+  // engine characteristics
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t word_size = __w;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t short_lag = __s;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t long_lag  = __r;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type min() { return _Min; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR result_type max() { return _Max; }
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const result_type default_seed = 19780503u;
+
+  // constructors and seeding functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI subtract_with_carry_engine() : subtract_with_carry_engine(default_seed) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit subtract_with_carry_engine(result_type __sd) { seed(__sd); }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit subtract_with_carry_engine(result_type __sd = default_seed) { seed(__sd); }
+#endif
+  template <class _Sseq, __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, subtract_with_carry_engine>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit subtract_with_carry_engine(_Sseq& __q) {
+    seed(__q);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(result_type __sd = default_seed) {
+    seed(__sd, integral_constant<unsigned, 1 + (__w - 1) / 32>());
+  }
+  template <class _Sseq, __enable_if_t<__is_seed_sequence<_Sseq, subtract_with_carry_engine>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(_Sseq& __q) {
+    __seed(__q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1 + (__w - 1) / 32>());
+  }
+
+  // generating functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void discard(unsigned long long __z) {
+    for (; __z; --__z)
+      operator()();
+  }
+
+  template <class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+  friend bool operator==(const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x,
+                         const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __y);
+
+  template <class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+  friend bool operator!=(const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x,
+                         const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __y);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x);
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x);
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(result_type __sd, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void seed(result_type __sd, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>);
+  template <class _Sseq>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>);
+  template <class _Sseq>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>);
+};
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::word_size;
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::short_lag;
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::long_lag;
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::result_type
+    subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::default_seed;
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+void subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::seed(result_type __sd, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>) {
+  linear_congruential_engine<result_type, 40014u, 0u, 2147483563u> __e(__sd == 0u ? default_seed : __sd);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __r; ++__i)
+    __x_[__i] = static_cast<result_type>(__e() & _Max);
+  __c_ = __x_[__r - 1] == 0;
+  __i_ = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+void subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::seed(result_type __sd, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>) {
+  linear_congruential_engine<result_type, 40014u, 0u, 2147483563u> __e(__sd == 0u ? default_seed : __sd);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __r; ++__i) {
+    result_type __e0 = __e();
+    __x_[__i]        = static_cast<result_type>((__e0 + ((uint64_t)__e() << 32)) & _Max);
+  }
+  __c_ = __x_[__r - 1] == 0;
+  __i_ = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+template <class _Sseq>
+void subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::__seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 1>) {
+  const unsigned __k = 1;
+  uint32_t __ar[__r * __k];
+  __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __r * __k);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __r; ++__i)
+    __x_[__i] = static_cast<result_type>(__ar[__i] & _Max);
+  __c_ = __x_[__r - 1] == 0;
+  __i_ = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+template <class _Sseq>
+void subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::__seed(_Sseq& __q, integral_constant<unsigned, 2>) {
+  const unsigned __k = 2;
+  uint32_t __ar[__r * __k];
+  __q.generate(__ar, __ar + __r * __k);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __r; ++__i)
+    __x_[__i] = static_cast<result_type>((__ar[2 * __i] + ((uint64_t)__ar[2 * __i + 1] << 32)) & _Max);
+  __c_ = __x_[__r - 1] == 0;
+  __i_ = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _UIntType, size_t __w, size_t __s, size_t __r>
+_UIntType subtract_with_carry_engine<_UIntType, __w, __s, __r>::operator()() {
+  const result_type& __xs = __x_[(__i_ + (__r - __s)) % __r];
+  result_type& __xr       = __x_[__i_];
+  result_type __new_c     = __c_ == 0 ? __xs < __xr : __xs != 0 ? __xs <= __xr : 1;
+  __xr                    = (__xs - __xr - __c_) & _Max;
+  __c_                    = __new_c;
+  __i_                    = (__i_ + 1) % __r;
+  return __xr;
+}
+
+template <class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x,
+                                      const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __y) {
+  if (__x.__c_ != __y.__c_)
+    return false;
+  if (__x.__i_ == __y.__i_)
+    return std::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + _Rp, __y.__x_);
+  if (__x.__i_ == 0 || __y.__i_ == 0) {
+    size_t __j = std::min(_Rp - __x.__i_, _Rp - __y.__i_);
+    if (!std::equal(__x.__x_ + __x.__i_, __x.__x_ + __x.__i_ + __j, __y.__x_ + __y.__i_))
+      return false;
+    if (__x.__i_ == 0)
+      return std::equal(__x.__x_ + __j, __x.__x_ + _Rp, __y.__x_);
+    return std::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + (_Rp - __j), __y.__x_ + __j);
+  }
+  if (__x.__i_ < __y.__i_) {
+    size_t __j = _Rp - __y.__i_;
+    if (!std::equal(__x.__x_ + __x.__i_, __x.__x_ + (__x.__i_ + __j), __y.__x_ + __y.__i_))
+      return false;
+    if (!std::equal(__x.__x_ + (__x.__i_ + __j), __x.__x_ + _Rp, __y.__x_))
+      return false;
+    return std::equal(__x.__x_, __x.__x_ + __x.__i_, __y.__x_ + (_Rp - (__x.__i_ + __j)));
+  }
+  size_t __j = _Rp - __x.__i_;
+  if (!std::equal(__y.__x_ + __y.__i_, __y.__x_ + (__y.__i_ + __j), __x.__x_ + __x.__i_))
+    return false;
+  if (!std::equal(__y.__x_ + (__y.__i_ + __j), __y.__x_ + _Rp, __x.__x_))
+    return false;
+  return std::equal(__y.__x_, __y.__x_ + __y.__i_, __x.__x_ + (_Rp - (__y.__i_ + __j)));
+}
+
+template <class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x,
+                                             const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _Ostream;
+  __os.flags(_Ostream::dec | _Ostream::left);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  __os << __x.__x_[__x.__i_];
+  for (size_t __j = __x.__i_ + 1; __j < _Rp; ++__j)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__x_[__j];
+  for (size_t __j = 0; __j < __x.__i_; ++__j)
+    __os << __sp << __x.__x_[__j];
+  __os << __sp << __x.__c_;
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _UInt, size_t _Wp, size_t _Sp, size_t _Rp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, subtract_with_carry_engine<_UInt, _Wp, _Sp, _Rp>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  _UInt __t[_Rp + 1];
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Rp + 1; ++__i)
+    __is >> __t[__i];
+  if (!__is.fail()) {
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Rp; ++__i)
+      __x.__x_[__i] = __t[__i];
+    __x.__c_ = __t[_Rp];
+    __x.__i_ = 0;
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_SUBTRACT_WITH_CARRY_ENGINE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/uniform_int_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/uniform_int_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4e3ca3efe56866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/uniform_int_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_UNIFORM_INT_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_UNIFORM_INT_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__bit/countl.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <__random/log2.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Engine, class _UIntType>
+class __independent_bits_engine {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _UIntType result_type;
+
+private:
+  typedef typename _Engine::result_type _Engine_result_type;
+  typedef __conditional_t<sizeof(_Engine_result_type) <= sizeof(result_type), result_type, _Engine_result_type>
+      _Working_result_type;
+
+  _Engine& __e_;
+  size_t __w_;
+  size_t __w0_;
+  size_t __n_;
+  size_t __n0_;
+  _Working_result_type __y0_;
+  _Working_result_type __y1_;
+  _Engine_result_type __mask0_;
+  _Engine_result_type __mask1_;
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  static const _Working_result_type _Rp = _Engine::_Max - _Engine::_Min + _Working_result_type(1);
+#else
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const _Working_result_type _Rp = _Engine::max() - _Engine::min() + _Working_result_type(1);
+#endif
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t __m  = __log2<_Working_result_type, _Rp>::value;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t _WDt = numeric_limits<_Working_result_type>::digits;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_t _EDt = numeric_limits<_Engine_result_type>::digits;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and seeding functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __independent_bits_engine(_Engine& __e, size_t __w);
+
+  // generating functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()() { return __eval(integral_constant<bool, _Rp != 0>()); }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type __eval(false_type);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type __eval(true_type);
+};
+
+template <class _Engine, class _UIntType>
+__independent_bits_engine<_Engine, _UIntType>::__independent_bits_engine(_Engine& __e, size_t __w)
+    : __e_(__e), __w_(__w) {
+  __n_  = __w_ / __m + (__w_ % __m != 0);
+  __w0_ = __w_ / __n_;
+  if (_Rp == 0)
+    __y0_ = _Rp;
+  else if (__w0_ < _WDt)
+    __y0_ = (_Rp >> __w0_) << __w0_;
+  else
+    __y0_ = 0;
+  if (_Rp - __y0_ > __y0_ / __n_) {
+    ++__n_;
+    __w0_ = __w_ / __n_;
+    if (__w0_ < _WDt)
+      __y0_ = (_Rp >> __w0_) << __w0_;
+    else
+      __y0_ = 0;
+  }
+  __n0_ = __n_ - __w_ % __n_;
+  if (__w0_ < _WDt - 1)
+    __y1_ = (_Rp >> (__w0_ + 1)) << (__w0_ + 1);
+  else
+    __y1_ = 0;
+  __mask0_ = __w0_ > 0 ? _Engine_result_type(~0) >> (_EDt - __w0_) : _Engine_result_type(0);
+  __mask1_ = __w0_ < _EDt - 1 ? _Engine_result_type(~0) >> (_EDt - (__w0_ + 1)) : _Engine_result_type(~0);
+}
+
+template <class _Engine, class _UIntType>
+inline _UIntType __independent_bits_engine<_Engine, _UIntType>::__eval(false_type) {
+  return static_cast<result_type>(__e_() & __mask0_);
+}
+
+template <class _Engine, class _UIntType>
+_UIntType __independent_bits_engine<_Engine, _UIntType>::__eval(true_type) {
+  const size_t __w_rt = numeric_limits<result_type>::digits;
+  result_type __sp    = 0;
+  for (size_t __k = 0; __k < __n0_; ++__k) {
+    _Engine_result_type __u;
+    do {
+      __u = __e_() - _Engine::min();
+    } while (__u >= __y0_);
+    if (__w0_ < __w_rt)
+      __sp <<= __w0_;
+    else
+      __sp = 0;
+    __sp += __u & __mask0_;
+  }
+  for (size_t __k = __n0_; __k < __n_; ++__k) {
+    _Engine_result_type __u;
+    do {
+      __u = __e_() - _Engine::min();
+    } while (__u >= __y1_);
+    if (__w0_ < __w_rt - 1)
+      __sp <<= __w0_ + 1;
+    else
+      __sp = 0;
+    __sp += __u & __mask1_;
+  }
+  return __sp;
+}
+
+template <class _IntType = int>
+class uniform_int_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_inttype<_IntType>::value, "IntType must be a supported integer type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _IntType result_type;
+
+  class param_type {
+    result_type __a_;
+    result_type __b_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef uniform_int_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = numeric_limits<result_type>::max())
+        : __a_(__a), __b_(__b) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type a() const { return __a_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type b() const { return __b_; }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__a_ == __y.__a_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uniform_int_distribution() : uniform_int_distribution(0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit uniform_int_distribution(
+      result_type __a, result_type __b = numeric_limits<result_type>::max())
+      : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+#else
+  explicit uniform_int_distribution(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = numeric_limits<result_type>::max())
+      : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit uniform_int_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type a() const { return __p_.a(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type b() const { return __p_.b(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return a(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return b(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool
+  operator==(const uniform_int_distribution& __x, const uniform_int_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool
+  operator!=(const uniform_int_distribution& __x, const uniform_int_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _IntType>
+template <class _URNG>
+typename uniform_int_distribution<_IntType>::result_type uniform_int_distribution<_IntType>::operator()(
+    _URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  typedef __conditional_t<sizeof(result_type) <= sizeof(uint32_t), uint32_t, __make_unsigned_t<result_type> > _UIntType;
+  const _UIntType __rp = _UIntType(__p.b()) - _UIntType(__p.a()) + _UIntType(1);
+  if (__rp == 1)
+    return __p.a();
+  const size_t __dt = numeric_limits<_UIntType>::digits;
+  typedef __independent_bits_engine<_URNG, _UIntType> _Eng;
+  if (__rp == 0)
+    return static_cast<result_type>(_Eng(__g, __dt)());
+  size_t __w = __dt - std::__countl_zero(__rp) - 1;
+  if ((__rp & (numeric_limits<_UIntType>::max() >> (__dt - __w))) != 0)
+    ++__w;
+  _Eng __e(__g, __w);
+  _UIntType __u;
+  do {
+    __u = __e();
+  } while (__u >= __rp);
+  return static_cast<result_type>(__u + __p.a());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const uniform_int_distribution<_IT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _Ostream;
+  __os.flags(_Ostream::dec | _Ostream::left);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  return __os << __x.a() << __sp << __x.b();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _IT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, uniform_int_distribution<_IT>& __x) {
+  typedef uniform_int_distribution<_IT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __a;
+  result_type __b;
+  __is >> __a >> __b;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__a, __b));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_UNIFORM_INT_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/uniform_random_bit_generator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/uniform_random_bit_generator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4076f19b2cb2c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/uniform_random_bit_generator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_UNIFORM_RANDOM_BIT_GENERATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_UNIFORM_RANDOM_BIT_GENERATOR_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [rand.req.urng]
+template <class _Gen>
+concept uniform_random_bit_generator = invocable<_Gen&> && unsigned_integral<invoke_result_t<_Gen&>> && requires {
+  { _Gen::min() } -> same_as<invoke_result_t<_Gen&>>;
+  { _Gen::max() } -> same_as<invoke_result_t<_Gen&>>;
+  requires bool_constant<(_Gen::min() < _Gen::max())>::value;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_UNIFORM_RANDOM_BIT_GENERATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/uniform_real_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/uniform_real_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..250cb8bab58cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/uniform_real_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_UNIFORM_REAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_UNIFORM_REAL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/generate_canonical.h>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS uniform_real_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __a_;
+    result_type __b_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef uniform_real_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = 1) : __a_(__a), __b_(__b) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type a() const { return __a_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type b() const { return __b_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__a_ == __y.__a_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructors and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI uniform_real_distribution() : uniform_real_distribution(0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit uniform_real_distribution(result_type __a, result_type __b = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit uniform_real_distribution(result_type __a = 0, result_type __b = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit uniform_real_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p);
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type a() const { return __p_.a(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type b() const { return __p_.b(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return a(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return b(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const uniform_real_distribution& __x, const uniform_real_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const uniform_real_distribution& __x, const uniform_real_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _RealType>
+template <class _URNG>
+inline typename uniform_real_distribution<_RealType>::result_type
+uniform_real_distribution<_RealType>::operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, "");
+  return (__p.b() - __p.a()) * std::generate_canonical<_RealType, numeric_limits<_RealType>::digits>(__g) + __p.a();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const uniform_real_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  return __os << __x.a() << __sp << __x.b();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, uniform_real_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  typedef uniform_real_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __a;
+  result_type __b;
+  __is >> __a >> __b;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__a, __b));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_UNIFORM_REAL_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/weibull_distribution.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/weibull_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..aa3d63c8e8663d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__random/weibull_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANDOM_WEIBULL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANDOM_WEIBULL_DISTRIBUTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/exponential_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/is_valid.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _RealType = double>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS weibull_distribution {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_realtype<_RealType>::value,
+                "RealType must be a supported floating-point type");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _RealType result_type;
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS param_type {
+    result_type __a_;
+    result_type __b_;
+
+  public:
+    typedef weibull_distribution distribution_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit param_type(result_type __a = 1, result_type __b = 1) : __a_(__a), __b_(__b) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type a() const { return __a_; }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type b() const { return __b_; }
+
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) {
+      return __x.__a_ == __y.__a_ && __x.__b_ == __y.__b_;
+    }
+    friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const param_type& __x, const param_type& __y) { return !(__x == __y); }
+  };
+
+private:
+  param_type __p_;
+
+public:
+  // constructor and reset functions
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI weibull_distribution() : weibull_distribution(1) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit weibull_distribution(result_type __a, result_type __b = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit weibull_distribution(result_type __a = 1, result_type __b = 1)
+      : __p_(param_type(__a, __b)) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit weibull_distribution(const param_type& __p) : __p_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() {}
+
+  // generating functions
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g) {
+    return (*this)(__g, __p_);
+  }
+  template <class _URNG>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(_URNG& __g, const param_type& __p) {
+    return __p.b() * std::pow(exponential_distribution<result_type>()(__g), 1 / __p.a());
+  }
+
+  // property functions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type a() const { return __p_.a(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type b() const { return __p_.b(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI param_type param() const { return __p_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void param(const param_type& __p) { __p_ = __p; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type min() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type max() const { return numeric_limits<result_type>::infinity(); }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const weibull_distribution& __x, const weibull_distribution& __y) {
+    return __x.__p_ == __y.__p_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const weibull_distribution& __x, const weibull_distribution& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const weibull_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__os);
+  typedef basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> _OStream;
+  __os.flags(_OStream::dec | _OStream::left | _OStream::fixed | _OStream::scientific);
+  _CharT __sp = __os.widen(' ');
+  __os.fill(__sp);
+  __os << __x.a() << __sp << __x.b();
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _RT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, weibull_distribution<_RT>& __x) {
+  typedef weibull_distribution<_RT> _Eng;
+  typedef typename _Eng::result_type result_type;
+  typedef typename _Eng::param_type param_type;
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __lx(__is);
+  typedef basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> _Istream;
+  __is.flags(_Istream::dec | _Istream::skipws);
+  result_type __a;
+  result_type __b;
+  __is >> __a >> __b;
+  if (!__is.fail())
+    __x.param(param_type(__a, __b));
+  return __is;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANDOM_WEIBULL_DISTRIBUTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/access.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/access.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c0a40c5e10178a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/access.h
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_ACCESS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_ACCESS_H
+
+#include <__concepts/class_or_enum.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/auto_cast.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __can_borrow = is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> || enable_borrowed_range<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>;
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// [range.access.begin]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __begin {
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __member_begin = __can_borrow<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  { _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.begin()) } -> input_or_output_iterator;
+};
+
+void begin() = delete;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __unqualified_begin =
+    !__member_begin<_Tp> && __can_borrow<_Tp> && __class_or_enum<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+      { _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(begin(__t)) } -> input_or_output_iterator;
+    };
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp (&__t)[]) const noexcept
+    requires(sizeof(_Tp) >= 0) // Disallow incomplete element types.
+  {
+    return __t + 0;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp (&__t)[_Np]) const noexcept
+    requires(sizeof(_Tp) >= 0) // Disallow incomplete element types.
+  {
+    return __t + 0;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires __member_begin<_Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.begin()))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.begin());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires __unqualified_begin<_Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(begin(__t)))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(begin(__t));
+  }
+
+  void operator()(auto&&) const = delete;
+};
+} // namespace __begin
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto begin = __begin::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// [range.range]
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class _Tp>
+using iterator_t = decltype(ranges::begin(std::declval<_Tp&>()));
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// [range.access.end]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __end {
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __member_end = __can_borrow<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  typename iterator_t<_Tp>;
+  { _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.end()) } -> sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Tp>>;
+};
+
+void end() = delete;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __unqualified_end =
+    !__member_end<_Tp> && __can_borrow<_Tp> && __class_or_enum<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+      typename iterator_t<_Tp>;
+      { _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(end(__t)) } -> sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Tp>>;
+    };
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp (&__t)[_Np]) const noexcept
+    requires(sizeof(_Tp) >= 0) // Disallow incomplete element types.
+  {
+    return __t + _Np;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires __member_end<_Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.end()))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.end());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires __unqualified_end<_Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(end(__t)))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(end(__t));
+  }
+
+  void operator()(auto&&) const = delete;
+};
+} // namespace __end
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto end = __end::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// [range.access.cbegin]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __cbegin {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp&&>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::begin(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t))))
+          -> decltype(ranges::begin(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t))) {
+    return ranges::begin(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_rvalue_reference_v<_Tp&&>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::begin(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t))))
+          -> decltype(ranges::begin(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t))) {
+    return ranges::begin(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __cbegin
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto cbegin = __cbegin::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// [range.access.cend]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __cend {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp&&>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::end(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t))))
+          -> decltype(ranges::end(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t))) {
+    return ranges::end(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_rvalue_reference_v<_Tp&&>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(
+      noexcept(ranges::end(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t)))) -> decltype(ranges::end(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t))) {
+    return ranges::end(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __cend
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto cend = __cend::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_ACCESS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/all.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/all.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..023cee6caa9a2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/all.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_ALL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_ALL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/compose.h>         // TODO(modules): Those should not be required
+#include <__functional/perfect_forward.h> //
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/owning_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/ref_view.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__utility/auto_cast.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges::views {
+
+namespace __all {
+struct __fn : __range_adaptor_closure<__fn> {
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires ranges::view<decay_t<_Tp>>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(
+      noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Tp>(__t)))) -> decltype(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Tp>(__t))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Tp>(__t));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires(!ranges::view<decay_t<_Tp>>) && requires(_Tp&& __t) { ranges::ref_view{std::forward<_Tp>(__t)}; }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::ref_view{std::forward<_Tp>(__t)})) {
+    return ranges::ref_view{std::forward<_Tp>(__t)};
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires(
+        !ranges::view<decay_t<_Tp>> && !requires(_Tp&& __t) { ranges::ref_view{std::forward<_Tp>(__t)}; } &&
+        requires(_Tp&& __t) { ranges::owning_view{std::forward<_Tp>(__t)}; })
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::owning_view{std::forward<_Tp>(__t)})) {
+    return ranges::owning_view{std::forward<_Tp>(__t)};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __all
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto all = __all::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+template <ranges::viewable_range _Range>
+using all_t = decltype(views::all(std::declval<_Range>()));
+
+} // namespace ranges::views
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_ALL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/as_rvalue_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/as_rvalue_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5849a6c3683960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/as_rvalue_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_AS_RVALUE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_AS_RVALUE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/move_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/move_sentinel.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <view _View>
+  requires input_range<_View>
+class as_rvalue_view : public view_interface<as_rvalue_view<_View>> {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_ = _View();
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI as_rvalue_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit as_rvalue_view(_View __base) : __base_(std::move(__base)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin()
+    requires(!__simple_view<_View>)
+  {
+    return move_iterator(ranges::begin(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() const
+    requires range<const _View>
+  {
+    return move_iterator(ranges::begin(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end()
+    requires(!__simple_view<_View>)
+  {
+    if constexpr (common_range<_View>) {
+      return move_iterator(ranges::end(__base_));
+    } else {
+      return move_sentinel(ranges::end(__base_));
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const
+    requires range<const _View>
+  {
+    if constexpr (common_range<const _View>) {
+      return move_iterator(ranges::end(__base_));
+    } else {
+      return move_sentinel(ranges::end(__base_));
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size()
+    requires sized_range<_View>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__base_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires sized_range<const _View>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__base_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range>
+as_rvalue_view(_Range&&) -> as_rvalue_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
+
+template <class _View>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<as_rvalue_view<_View>> = enable_borrowed_range<_View>;
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __as_rvalue {
+struct __fn : __range_adaptor_closure<__fn> {
+  template <class _Range>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto
+  operator()(_Range&& __range) noexcept(noexcept(as_rvalue_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range))))
+      -> decltype(/*--------------------------*/ as_rvalue_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range))) {
+    return /*---------------------------------*/ as_rvalue_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Range>
+    requires same_as<range_rvalue_reference_t<_Range>, range_reference_t<_Range>>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto
+  operator()(_Range&& __range) noexcept(noexcept(views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__range))))
+      -> decltype(/*--------------------------*/ views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__range))) {
+    return /*---------------------------------*/ views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __as_rvalue
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto as_rvalue = __as_rvalue::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_AS_RVALUE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/chunk_by_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/chunk_by_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..00014d9f10ae88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/chunk_by_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_CHUNK_BY_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_CHUNK_BY_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_adjacent_find.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/bind_back.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/prev.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/movable_box.h>
+#include <__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/reverse_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <forward_range _View, indirect_binary_predicate<iterator_t<_View>, iterator_t<_View>> _Pred>
+  requires view<_View> && is_object_v<_Pred>
+class _LIBCPP_ABI_LLVM18_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS chunk_by_view : public view_interface<chunk_by_view<_View, _Pred>> {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_ = _View();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __movable_box<_Pred> __pred_;
+
+  // We cache the result of begin() to allow providing an amortized O(1).
+  using _Cache = __non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_View>>;
+  _Cache __cached_begin_;
+
+  class __iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator_t<_View> __find_next(iterator_t<_View> __current) {
+    // Note: this duplicates a check in `optional` but provides a better error message.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __pred_.__has_value(), "Trying to call __find_next() on a chunk_by_view that does not have a valid predicate.");
+    auto __reversed_pred = [this]<class _Tp, class _Up>(_Tp&& __x, _Up&& __y) -> bool {
+      return !std::invoke(*__pred_, std::forward<_Tp>(__x), std::forward<_Up>(__y));
+    };
+    return ranges::next(
+        ranges::adjacent_find(__current, ranges::end(__base_), __reversed_pred), 1, ranges::end(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator_t<_View> __find_prev(iterator_t<_View> __current)
+    requires bidirectional_range<_View>
+  {
+    // Attempting to decrement a begin iterator is a no-op (`__find_prev` would return the same argument given to it).
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(__current != ranges::begin(__base_), "Trying to call __find_prev() on a begin iterator.");
+    // Note: this duplicates a check in `optional` but provides a better error message.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __pred_.__has_value(), "Trying to call __find_prev() on a chunk_by_view that does not have a valid predicate.");
+
+    auto __first = ranges::begin(__base_);
+    reverse_view __reversed{subrange{__first, __current}};
+    auto __reversed_pred = [this]<class _Tp, class _Up>(_Tp&& __x, _Up&& __y) -> bool {
+      return !std::invoke(*__pred_, std::forward<_Up>(__y), std::forward<_Tp>(__x));
+    };
+    return ranges::prev(ranges::adjacent_find(__reversed, __reversed_pred).base(), 1, std::move(__first));
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI chunk_by_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View> && default_initializable<_Pred>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit chunk_by_view(_View __base, _Pred __pred)
+      : __base_(std::move(__base)), __pred_(in_place, std::move(__pred)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Pred& pred() const { return *__pred_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator begin() {
+    // Note: this duplicates a check in `optional` but provides a better error message.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __pred_.__has_value(), "Trying to call begin() on a chunk_by_view that does not have a valid predicate.");
+
+    auto __first = ranges::begin(__base_);
+    if (!__cached_begin_.__has_value()) {
+      __cached_begin_.__emplace(__find_next(__first));
+    }
+    return {*this, std::move(__first), *__cached_begin_};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() {
+    if constexpr (common_range<_View>) {
+      return __iterator{*this, ranges::end(__base_), ranges::end(__base_)};
+    } else {
+      return default_sentinel;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range, class _Pred>
+chunk_by_view(_Range&&, _Pred) -> chunk_by_view<views::all_t<_Range>, _Pred>;
+
+template <forward_range _View, indirect_binary_predicate<iterator_t<_View>, iterator_t<_View>> _Pred>
+  requires view<_View> && is_object_v<_Pred>
+class chunk_by_view<_View, _Pred>::__iterator {
+  friend chunk_by_view;
+
+  chunk_by_view* __parent_                               = nullptr;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS iterator_t<_View> __current_ = iterator_t<_View>();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS iterator_t<_View> __next_    = iterator_t<_View>();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator(
+      chunk_by_view& __parent, iterator_t<_View> __current, iterator_t<_View> __next)
+      : __parent_(std::addressof(__parent)), __current_(__current), __next_(__next) {}
+
+public:
+  using value_type        = subrange<iterator_t<_View>>;
+  using 
diff erence_type   = range_
diff erence_t<_View>;
+  using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+  using iterator_concept  = conditional_t<bidirectional_range<_View>, bidirectional_iterator_tag, forward_iterator_tag>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type operator*() const {
+    // If the iterator is at end, this would return an empty range which can be checked by the calling code and doesn't
+    // necessarily lead to a bad access.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(__current_ != __next_, "Trying to dereference past-the-end chunk_by_view iterator.");
+    return {__current_, __next_};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator++() {
+    // Attempting to increment an end iterator is a no-op (`__find_next` would return the same argument given to it).
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(__current_ != __next_, "Trying to increment past end chunk_by_view iterator.");
+    __current_ = __next_;
+    __next_    = __parent_->__find_next(__current_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator++(int) {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator--()
+    requires bidirectional_range<_View>
+  {
+    __next_    = __current_;
+    __current_ = __parent_->__find_prev(__next_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator--(int)
+    requires bidirectional_range<_View>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    --*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__current_ == __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, default_sentinel_t) {
+    return __x.__current_ == __x.__next_;
+  }
+};
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __chunk_by {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Range, class _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred&& __pred) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(/**/ chunk_by_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred))))
+          -> decltype(/*--*/ chunk_by_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred))) {
+    return /*-------------*/ chunk_by_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pred>
+    requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Pred>, _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Pred&& __pred) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Pred>, _Pred>) {
+    return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__bind_back(*this, std::forward<_Pred>(__pred)));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __chunk_by
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto chunk_by = __chunk_by::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_CHUNK_BY_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/common_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/common_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..133236dd1d78ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/common_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_COMMON_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_COMMON_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/common_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <view _View>
+  requires(!common_range<_View> && copyable<iterator_t<_View>>)
+class common_view : public view_interface<common_view<_View>> {
+  _View __base_ = _View();
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI common_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit common_view(_View __v) : __base_(std::move(__v)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() {
+    if constexpr (random_access_range<_View> && sized_range<_View>)
+      return ranges::begin(__base_);
+    else
+      return common_iterator<iterator_t<_View>, sentinel_t<_View>>(ranges::begin(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() const
+    requires range<const _View>
+  {
+    if constexpr (random_access_range<const _View> && sized_range<const _View>)
+      return ranges::begin(__base_);
+    else
+      return common_iterator<iterator_t<const _View>, sentinel_t<const _View>>(ranges::begin(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() {
+    if constexpr (random_access_range<_View> && sized_range<_View>)
+      return ranges::begin(__base_) + ranges::size(__base_);
+    else
+      return common_iterator<iterator_t<_View>, sentinel_t<_View>>(ranges::end(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const
+    requires range<const _View>
+  {
+    if constexpr (random_access_range<const _View> && sized_range<const _View>)
+      return ranges::begin(__base_) + ranges::size(__base_);
+    else
+      return common_iterator<iterator_t<const _View>, sentinel_t<const _View>>(ranges::end(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size()
+    requires sized_range<_View>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__base_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires sized_range<const _View>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__base_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range>
+common_view(_Range&&) -> common_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
+
+template <class _View>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<common_view<_View>> = enable_borrowed_range<_View>;
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __common {
+struct __fn : __range_adaptor_closure<__fn> {
+  template <class _Range>
+    requires common_range<_Range>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range) const noexcept(
+      noexcept(views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__range)))) -> decltype(views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__range))) {
+    return views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Range>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range) const noexcept(noexcept(common_view{
+      std::forward<_Range>(__range)})) -> decltype(common_view{std::forward<_Range>(__range)}) {
+    return common_view{std::forward<_Range>(__range)};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __common
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto common = __common::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_COMMON_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/concepts.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/concepts.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..674a3f359ff99c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/concepts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_CONCEPTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_CONCEPTS_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/movable.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/data.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+// [range.range]
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept range = requires(_Tp& __t) {
+  ranges::begin(__t); // sometimes equality-preserving
+  ranges::end(__t);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept input_range = range<_Tp> && input_iterator<iterator_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Range>
+concept borrowed_range =
+    range<_Range> && (is_lvalue_reference_v<_Range> || enable_borrowed_range<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>);
+
+// `iterator_t` defined in <__ranges/access.h>
+
+template <range _Rp>
+using sentinel_t = decltype(ranges::end(std::declval<_Rp&>()));
+
+template <range _Rp>
+using range_
diff erence_t = iter_
diff erence_t<iterator_t<_Rp>>;
+
+template <range _Rp>
+using range_value_t = iter_value_t<iterator_t<_Rp>>;
+
+template <range _Rp>
+using range_reference_t = iter_reference_t<iterator_t<_Rp>>;
+
+template <range _Rp>
+using range_rvalue_reference_t = iter_rvalue_reference_t<iterator_t<_Rp>>;
+
+template <range _Rp>
+using range_common_reference_t = iter_common_reference_t<iterator_t<_Rp>>;
+
+// [range.sized]
+template <class _Tp>
+concept sized_range = range<_Tp> && requires(_Tp& __t) { ranges::size(__t); };
+
+template <sized_range _Rp>
+using range_size_t = decltype(ranges::size(std::declval<_Rp&>()));
+
+// `disable_sized_range` defined in `<__ranges/size.h>`
+
+// [range.view], views
+
+// `enable_view` defined in <__ranges/enable_view.h>
+// `view_base` defined in <__ranges/enable_view.h>
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept view = range<_Tp> && movable<_Tp> && enable_view<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Range>
+concept __simple_view =
+    view<_Range> && range<const _Range> && same_as<iterator_t<_Range>, iterator_t<const _Range>> &&
+    same_as<sentinel_t<_Range>, sentinel_t<const _Range>>;
+
+// [range.refinements], other range refinements
+template <class _Rp, class _Tp>
+concept output_range = range<_Rp> && output_iterator<iterator_t<_Rp>, _Tp>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept forward_range = input_range<_Tp> && forward_iterator<iterator_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept bidirectional_range = forward_range<_Tp> && bidirectional_iterator<iterator_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept random_access_range = bidirectional_range<_Tp> && random_access_iterator<iterator_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept contiguous_range = random_access_range<_Tp> && contiguous_iterator<iterator_t<_Tp>> && requires(_Tp& __t) {
+  { ranges::data(__t) } -> same_as<add_pointer_t<range_reference_t<_Tp>>>;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept common_range = range<_Tp> && same_as<iterator_t<_Tp>, sentinel_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_std_initializer_list = false;
+
+template <class _Ep>
+inline constexpr bool __is_std_initializer_list<initializer_list<_Ep>> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept viewable_range =
+    range<_Tp> &&
+    ((view<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> && constructible_from<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>, _Tp>) ||
+     (!view<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> &&
+      (is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp> ||
+       (movable<remove_reference_t<_Tp>> && !__is_std_initializer_list<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>))));
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_CONCEPTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/container_compatible_range.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/container_compatible_range.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a58f1119885e3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/container_compatible_range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_CONTAINER_COMPATIBLE_RANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_CONTAINER_COMPATIBLE_RANGE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Range, class _Tp>
+concept _ContainerCompatibleRange =
+    ranges::input_range<_Range> && convertible_to<ranges::range_reference_t<_Range>, _Tp>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_CONTAINER_COMPATIBLE_RANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/counted.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/counted.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e365deca4e632d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/counted.h
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_COUNTED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_COUNTED_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/counted_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <span>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges::views {
+
+namespace __counted {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <contiguous_iterator _It>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto
+  __go(_It __it,
+       iter_
diff erence_t<_It> __count) noexcept(noexcept(span(std::to_address(__it), static_cast<size_t>(__count))))
+  // Deliberately omit return-type SFINAE, because to_address is not SFINAE-friendly
+  {
+    return span(std::to_address(__it), static_cast<size_t>(__count));
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_iterator _It>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_It __it, iter_
diff erence_t<_It> __count) noexcept(
+      noexcept(subrange(__it, __it + __count))) -> decltype(subrange(__it, __it + __count)) {
+    return subrange(__it, __it + __count);
+  }
+
+  template <class _It>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __go(_It __it, iter_
diff erence_t<_It> __count) noexcept(
+      noexcept(subrange(counted_iterator(std::move(__it), __count), default_sentinel)))
+      -> decltype(subrange(counted_iterator(std::move(__it), __count), default_sentinel)) {
+    return subrange(counted_iterator(std::move(__it), __count), default_sentinel);
+  }
+
+  template <class _It, convertible_to<iter_
diff erence_t<_It>> _Diff>
+    requires input_or_output_iterator<decay_t<_It>>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_It&& __it, _Diff&& __count) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(__go(std::forward<_It>(__it), std::forward<_Diff>(__count))))
+          -> decltype(__go(std::forward<_It>(__it), std::forward<_Diff>(__count))) {
+    return __go(std::forward<_It>(__it), std::forward<_Diff>(__count));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __counted
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto counted = __counted::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+} // namespace ranges::views
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_COUNTED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/dangling.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/dangling.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..613084d5fb9fc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/dangling.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_DANGLING_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_DANGLING_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+struct dangling {
+  dangling() = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr dangling(auto&&...) noexcept {}
+};
+
+template <range _Rp>
+using borrowed_iterator_t = _If<borrowed_range<_Rp>, iterator_t<_Rp>, dangling>;
+
+// borrowed_subrange_t defined in <__ranges/subrange.h>
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_DANGLING_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/data.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/data.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..50db3cffeeed8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/data.h
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_DATA_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_DATA_H
+
+#include <__concepts/class_or_enum.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/auto_cast.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [range.prim.data]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __data {
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __ptr_to_object = is_pointer_v<_Tp> && is_object_v<remove_pointer_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __member_data = __can_borrow<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  { _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.data()) } -> __ptr_to_object;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __ranges_begin_invocable = !__member_data<_Tp> && __can_borrow<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  { ranges::begin(__t) } -> contiguous_iterator;
+};
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <__member_data _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(noexcept(__t.data())) {
+    return __t.data();
+  }
+
+  template <__ranges_begin_invocable _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::to_address(ranges::begin(__t)))) {
+    return std::to_address(ranges::begin(__t));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __data
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto data = __data::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// [range.prim.cdata]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __cdata {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp&&>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::data(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t))))
+          -> decltype(ranges::data(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t))) {
+    return ranges::data(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_rvalue_reference_v<_Tp&&>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(
+      noexcept(ranges::data(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t)))) -> decltype(ranges::data(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t))) {
+    return ranges::data(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __cdata
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto cdata = __cdata::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_DATA_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/drop_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/drop_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..853e22a402cad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/drop_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_DROP_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_DROP_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/bind_back.h>
+#include <__fwd/span.h>
+#include <__fwd/string_view.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/empty_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/iota_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/repeat_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/auto_cast.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <view _View>
+class drop_view : public view_interface<drop_view<_View>> {
+  // We cache begin() whenever ranges::next is not guaranteed O(1) to provide an
+  // amortized O(1) begin() method. If this is an input_range, then we cannot cache
+  // begin because begin is not equality preserving.
+  // Note: drop_view<input-range>::begin() is still trivially amortized O(1) because
+  // one can't call begin() on it more than once.
+  static constexpr bool _UseCache = forward_range<_View> && !(random_access_range<_View> && sized_range<_View>);
+  using _Cache                    = _If<_UseCache, __non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_View>>, __empty_cache>;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Cache __cached_begin_ = _Cache();
+  range_
diff erence_t<_View> __count_               = 0;
+  _View __base_                                    = _View();
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI drop_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23
+  drop_view(_View __base, range_
diff erence_t<_View> __count)
+      : __count_(__count), __base_(std::move(__base)) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__count_ >= 0, "count must be greater than or equal to zero.");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin()
+    requires(!(__simple_view<_View> && random_access_range<const _View> && sized_range<const _View>))
+  {
+    if constexpr (random_access_range<_View> && sized_range<_View>) {
+      const auto __dist = std::min(ranges::distance(__base_), __count_);
+      return ranges::begin(__base_) + __dist;
+    }
+    if constexpr (_UseCache)
+      if (__cached_begin_.__has_value())
+        return *__cached_begin_;
+
+    auto __tmp = ranges::next(ranges::begin(__base_), __count_, ranges::end(__base_));
+    if constexpr (_UseCache)
+      __cached_begin_.__emplace(__tmp);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() const
+    requires random_access_range<const _View> && sized_range<const _View>
+  {
+    const auto __dist = std::min(ranges::distance(__base_), __count_);
+    return ranges::begin(__base_) + __dist;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end()
+    requires(!__simple_view<_View>)
+  {
+    return ranges::end(__base_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const
+    requires range<const _View>
+  {
+    return ranges::end(__base_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __size(auto& __self) {
+    const auto __s = ranges::size(__self.__base_);
+    const auto __c = static_cast<decltype(__s)>(__self.__count_);
+    return __s < __c ? 0 : __s - __c;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size()
+    requires sized_range<_View>
+  {
+    return __size(*this);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires sized_range<const _View>
+  {
+    return __size(*this);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range>
+drop_view(_Range&&, range_
diff erence_t<_Range>) -> drop_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<drop_view<_Tp>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __drop {
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_empty_view = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_empty_view<empty_view<_Tp>> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_passthrough_specialization = false;
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Extent>
+inline constexpr bool __is_passthrough_specialization<span<_Tp, _Extent>> = true;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline constexpr bool __is_passthrough_specialization<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> = true;
+
+template <class _Np, class _Bound>
+inline constexpr bool __is_passthrough_specialization<iota_view<_Np, _Bound>> = true;
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
+inline constexpr bool __is_passthrough_specialization<subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>> =
+    !subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>::_StoreSize;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_subrange_specialization_with_store_size = false;
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
+inline constexpr bool __is_subrange_specialization_with_store_size<subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>> =
+    subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>::_StoreSize;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __passthrough_type;
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Extent>
+struct __passthrough_type<span<_Tp, _Extent>> {
+  using type = span<_Tp>;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+struct __passthrough_type<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> {
+  using type = basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>;
+};
+
+template <class _Np, class _Bound>
+struct __passthrough_type<iota_view<_Np, _Bound>> {
+  using type = iota_view<_Np, _Bound>;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
+struct __passthrough_type<subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>> {
+  using type = subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __passthrough_type_t = typename __passthrough_type<_Tp>::type;
+
+struct __fn {
+  // [range.drop.overview]: the `empty_view` case.
+  template <class _Range, convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np>
+    requires __is_empty_view<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Np&&) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Range>(__range))))
+          -> decltype(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Range>(__range))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+
+  // [range.drop.overview]: the `span | basic_string_view | iota_view | subrange (StoreSize == false)` case.
+  template <class _Range,
+            convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np,
+            class _RawRange = remove_cvref_t<_Range>,
+            class _Dist     = range_
diff erence_t<_Range>>
+    requires(!__is_empty_view<_RawRange> && random_access_range<_RawRange> && sized_range<_RawRange> &&
+             __is_passthrough_specialization<_RawRange>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __rng, _Np&& __n) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(__passthrough_type_t<_RawRange>(
+          ranges::begin(__rng) + std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n)), ranges::end(__rng))))
+          -> decltype(__passthrough_type_t<_RawRange>(
+              // Note: deliberately not forwarding `__rng` to guard against double moves.
+              ranges::begin(__rng) + std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n)),
+              ranges::end(__rng))) {
+    return __passthrough_type_t<_RawRange>(
+        ranges::begin(__rng) + std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n)), ranges::end(__rng));
+  }
+
+  // [range.drop.overview]: the `subrange (StoreSize == true)` case.
+  template <class _Range,
+            convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np,
+            class _RawRange = remove_cvref_t<_Range>,
+            class _Dist     = range_
diff erence_t<_Range>>
+    requires(!__is_empty_view<_RawRange> && random_access_range<_RawRange> && sized_range<_RawRange> &&
+             __is_subrange_specialization_with_store_size<_RawRange>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __rng, _Np&& __n) const noexcept(noexcept(
+      _RawRange(ranges::begin(__rng) + std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n)),
+                ranges::end(__rng),
+                std::__to_unsigned_like(ranges::distance(__rng) -
+                                        std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n))))))
+      -> decltype(_RawRange(
+          // Note: deliberately not forwarding `__rng` to guard against double moves.
+          ranges::begin(__rng) + std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n)),
+          ranges::end(__rng),
+          std::__to_unsigned_like(ranges::distance(__rng) -
+                                  std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n))))) {
+    // Introducing local variables avoids calculating `min` and `distance` twice (at the cost of diverging from the
+    // expression used in the `noexcept` clause and the return statement).
+    auto __dist    = ranges::distance(__rng);
+    auto __clamped = std::min<_Dist>(__dist, std::forward<_Np>(__n));
+    return _RawRange(ranges::begin(__rng) + __clamped, ranges::end(__rng), std::__to_unsigned_like(__dist - __clamped));
+  }
+  // clang-format off
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  // [range.drop.overview]: the `repeat_view` "_RawRange models sized_range" case.
+  template <class _Range,
+            convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np,
+            class _RawRange = remove_cvref_t<_Range>,
+            class _Dist     = range_
diff erence_t<_Range>>
+    requires (__is_repeat_specialization<_RawRange> && sized_range<_RawRange>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Np&& __n) const
+    noexcept(noexcept(views::repeat(*__range.__value_, ranges::distance(__range) - std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n)))))
+    -> decltype(      views::repeat(*__range.__value_, ranges::distance(__range) - std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n))))
+    { return          views::repeat(*__range.__value_, ranges::distance(__range) - std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n))); }
+
+  // [range.drop.overview]: the `repeat_view` "otherwise" case.
+  template <class _Range,
+            convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np,
+            class _RawRange = remove_cvref_t<_Range>,
+            class _Dist     = range_
diff erence_t<_Range>>
+    requires (__is_repeat_specialization<_RawRange> && !sized_range<_RawRange>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Np&&) const
+    noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Range>(__range))))
+    -> decltype(      _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Range>(__range)))
+    { return          _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Range>(__range)); }
+#endif
+  // clang-format on
+
+  // [range.drop.overview]: the "otherwise" case.
+  template <class _Range, convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np, class _RawRange = remove_cvref_t<_Range>>
+  // Note: without specifically excluding the other cases, GCC sees this overload as ambiguous with the other
+  // overloads.
+    requires(!(__is_empty_view<_RawRange> ||
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+               __is_repeat_specialization<_RawRange> ||
+#  endif
+               (__is_subrange_specialization_with_store_size<_RawRange> && sized_range<_RawRange> &&
+                random_access_range<_RawRange>) ||
+               (__is_passthrough_specialization<_RawRange> && sized_range<_RawRange> &&
+                random_access_range<_RawRange>)))
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Np&& __n) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(drop_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n))))
+          -> decltype(drop_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n))) {
+    return drop_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Np>
+    requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Np>, _Np>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Np&& __n) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Np>, _Np>) {
+    return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__bind_back(*this, std::forward<_Np>(__n)));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __drop
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto drop = __drop::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_DROP_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/drop_while_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/drop_while_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..92f48bd0ecfba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/drop_while_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_DROP_WHILE_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_DROP_WHILE_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_find_if_not.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/bind_back.h>
+#include <__functional/reference_wrapper.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/movable_box.h>
+#include <__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <view _View, class _Pred>
+  requires input_range<_View> && is_object_v<_Pred> && indirect_unary_predicate<const _Pred, iterator_t<_View>>
+class _LIBCPP_ABI_LLVM18_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS drop_while_view : public view_interface<drop_while_view<_View, _Pred>> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI drop_while_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View> && default_initializable<_Pred>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23 drop_while_view(_View __base, _Pred __pred)
+      : __base_(std::move(__base)), __pred_(std::in_place, std::move(__pred)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Pred& pred() const { return *__pred_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() {
+    // Note: this duplicates a check in `optional` but provides a better error message.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __pred_.__has_value(),
+        "drop_while_view needs to have a non-empty predicate before calling begin() -- did a previous "
+        "assignment to this drop_while_view fail?");
+    if constexpr (_UseCache) {
+      if (!__cached_begin_.__has_value()) {
+        __cached_begin_.__emplace(ranges::find_if_not(__base_, std::cref(*__pred_)));
+      }
+      return *__cached_begin_;
+    } else {
+      return ranges::find_if_not(__base_, std::cref(*__pred_));
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() { return ranges::end(__base_); }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_ = _View();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __movable_box<_Pred> __pred_;
+
+  static constexpr bool _UseCache = forward_range<_View>;
+  using _Cache                    = _If<_UseCache, __non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_View>>, __empty_cache>;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Cache __cached_begin_ = _Cache();
+};
+
+template <class _View, class _Pred>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<drop_while_view<_View, _Pred>> = enable_borrowed_range<_View>;
+
+template <class _Range, class _Pred>
+drop_while_view(_Range&&, _Pred) -> drop_while_view<views::all_t<_Range>, _Pred>;
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __drop_while {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Range, class _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred&& __pred) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(/**/ drop_while_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred))))
+          -> decltype(/*--*/ drop_while_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred))) {
+    return /*-------------*/ drop_while_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pred>
+    requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Pred>, _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Pred&& __pred) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Pred>, _Pred>) {
+    return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__bind_back(*this, std::forward<_Pred>(__pred)));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __drop_while
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto drop_while = __drop_while::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_DROP_WHILE_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/elements_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/elements_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f159f53dc0a832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/elements_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_ELEMENTS_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_ELEMENTS_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/complex.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_element.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_like.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/maybe_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+concept __has_tuple_element = __tuple_like<_Tp> && _Np < tuple_size<_Tp>::value;
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+concept __returnable_element = is_reference_v<_Tp> || move_constructible<tuple_element_t<_Np, _Tp>>;
+
+template <input_range _View, size_t _Np>
+  requires view<_View> && __has_tuple_element<range_value_t<_View>, _Np> &&
+           __has_tuple_element<remove_reference_t<range_reference_t<_View>>, _Np> &&
+           __returnable_element<range_reference_t<_View>, _Np>
+class elements_view : public view_interface<elements_view<_View, _Np>> {
+private:
+  template <bool>
+  class __iterator;
+
+  template <bool>
+  class __sentinel;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI elements_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit elements_view(_View __base) : __base_(std::move(__base)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin()
+    requires(!__simple_view<_View>)
+  {
+    return __iterator</*_Const=*/false>(ranges::begin(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() const
+    requires range<const _View>
+  {
+    return __iterator</*_Const=*/true>(ranges::begin(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end()
+    requires(!__simple_view<_View> && !common_range<_View>)
+  {
+    return __sentinel</*_Const=*/false>{ranges::end(__base_)};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end()
+    requires(!__simple_view<_View> && common_range<_View>)
+  {
+    return __iterator</*_Const=*/false>{ranges::end(__base_)};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const
+    requires range<const _View>
+  {
+    return __sentinel</*_Const=*/true>{ranges::end(__base_)};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const
+    requires common_range<const _View>
+  {
+    return __iterator</*_Const=*/true>{ranges::end(__base_)};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size()
+    requires sized_range<_View>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__base_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires sized_range<const _View>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__base_);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_ = _View();
+};
+
+template <class, size_t>
+struct __elements_view_iterator_category_base {};
+
+template <forward_range _Base, size_t _Np>
+struct __elements_view_iterator_category_base<_Base, _Np> {
+  static consteval auto __get_iterator_category() {
+    using _Result = decltype(std::get<_Np>(*std::declval<iterator_t<_Base>>()));
+    using _Cat    = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Base>>::iterator_category;
+
+    if constexpr (!is_lvalue_reference_v<_Result>) {
+      return input_iterator_tag{};
+    } else if constexpr (derived_from<_Cat, random_access_iterator_tag>) {
+      return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+    } else {
+      return _Cat{};
+    }
+  }
+
+  using iterator_category = decltype(__get_iterator_category());
+};
+
+template <input_range _View, size_t _Np>
+  requires view<_View> && __has_tuple_element<range_value_t<_View>, _Np> &&
+           __has_tuple_element<remove_reference_t<range_reference_t<_View>>, _Np> &&
+           __returnable_element<range_reference_t<_View>, _Np>
+template <bool _Const>
+class elements_view<_View, _Np>::__iterator
+    : public __elements_view_iterator_category_base<__maybe_const<_Const, _View>, _Np> {
+  template <bool>
+  friend class __iterator;
+
+  template <bool>
+  friend class __sentinel;
+
+  using _Base = __maybe_const<_Const, _View>;
+
+  iterator_t<_Base> __current_ = iterator_t<_Base>();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr decltype(auto) __get_element(const iterator_t<_Base>& __i) {
+    if constexpr (is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Base>>) {
+      return std::get<_Np>(*__i);
+    } else {
+      using _Element = remove_cv_t<tuple_element_t<_Np, range_reference_t<_Base>>>;
+      return static_cast<_Element>(std::get<_Np>(*__i));
+    }
+  }
+
+  static consteval auto __get_iterator_concept() {
+    if constexpr (random_access_range<_Base>) {
+      return random_access_iterator_tag{};
+    } else if constexpr (bidirectional_range<_Base>) {
+      return bidirectional_iterator_tag{};
+    } else if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
+      return forward_iterator_tag{};
+    } else {
+      return input_iterator_tag{};
+    }
+  }
+
+public:
+  using iterator_concept = decltype(__get_iterator_concept());
+  using value_type       = remove_cvref_t<tuple_element_t<_Np, range_value_t<_Base>>>;
+  using 
diff erence_type  = range_
diff erence_t<_Base>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator()
+    requires default_initializable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __iterator(iterator_t<_Base> __current) : __current_(std::move(__current)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator(__iterator<!_Const> __i)
+    requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_View>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+      : __current_(std::move(__i.__current_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const iterator_t<_Base>& base() const& noexcept { return __current_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator_t<_Base> base() && { return std::move(__current_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const { return __get_element(__current_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator++() {
+    ++__current_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator++(int) { ++__current_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator++(int)
+    requires forward_range<_Base>
+  {
+    auto __temp = *this;
+    ++__current_;
+    return __temp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator--()
+    requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+  {
+    --__current_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator--(int)
+    requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+  {
+    auto __temp = *this;
+    --__current_;
+    return __temp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type __n)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    __current_ += __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type __n)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    __current_ -= __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __get_element(__current_ + __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires equality_comparable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ == __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ < __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __y < __x;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<=(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return !(__y < __x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>=(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return !(__x < __y);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr auto operator<=>(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base> && three_way_comparable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ <=> __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator+(const __iterator& __x, 
diff erence_type __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __iterator{__x} += __y;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator+(
diff erence_type __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __y + __x;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator-(const __iterator& __x, 
diff erence_type __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __iterator{__x} -= __y;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr 
diff erence_type operator-(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ - __y.__current_;
+  }
+};
+
+template <input_range _View, size_t _Np>
+  requires view<_View> && __has_tuple_element<range_value_t<_View>, _Np> &&
+           __has_tuple_element<remove_reference_t<range_reference_t<_View>>, _Np> &&
+           __returnable_element<range_reference_t<_View>, _Np>
+template <bool _Const>
+class elements_view<_View, _Np>::__sentinel {
+private:
+  using _Base                                        = __maybe_const<_Const, _View>;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS sentinel_t<_Base> __end_ = sentinel_t<_Base>();
+
+  template <bool>
+  friend class __sentinel;
+
+  template <bool _AnyConst>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr decltype(auto) __get_current(const __iterator<_AnyConst>& __iter) {
+    return (__iter.__current_);
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __sentinel() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __sentinel(sentinel_t<_Base> __end) : __end_(std::move(__end)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __sentinel(__sentinel<!_Const> __other)
+    requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_View>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
+      : __end_(std::move(__other.__end_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr sentinel_t<_Base> base() const { return __end_; }
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+    requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+    return __get_current(__x) == __y.__end_;
+  }
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+    requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr range_
diff erence_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>
+  operator-(const __iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+    return __get_current(__x) - __y.__end_;
+  }
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+    requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr range_
diff erence_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>
+  operator-(const __sentinel& __x, const __iterator<_OtherConst>& __y) {
+    return __x.__end_ - __get_current(__y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<elements_view<_Tp, _Np>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using keys_view = elements_view<_Tp, 0>;
+template <class _Tp>
+using values_view = elements_view<_Tp, 1>;
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __elements {
+
+template <size_t _Np>
+struct __fn : __range_adaptor_closure<__fn<_Np>> {
+  template <class _Range>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range) const
+      /**/ noexcept(noexcept(elements_view<all_t<_Range&&>, _Np>(std::forward<_Range>(__range))))
+      /*------*/ -> decltype(elements_view<all_t<_Range&&>, _Np>(std::forward<_Range>(__range))) {
+    /*-------------*/ return elements_view<all_t<_Range&&>, _Np>(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __elements
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+template <size_t _Np>
+inline constexpr auto elements = __elements::__fn<_Np>{};
+inline constexpr auto keys     = elements<0>;
+inline constexpr auto values   = elements<1>;
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_ELEMENTS_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/empty.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/empty.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5c1004042aba51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/empty.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_EMPTY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_EMPTY_H
+
+#include <__concepts/class_or_enum.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [range.prim.empty]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __empty {
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __member_empty = requires(_Tp&& __t) { bool(__t.empty()); };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __can_invoke_size = !__member_empty<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) { ranges::size(__t); };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __can_compare_begin_end = !__member_empty<_Tp> && !__can_invoke_size<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  bool(ranges::begin(__t) == ranges::end(__t));
+  { ranges::begin(__t) } -> forward_iterator;
+};
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <__member_empty _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(noexcept(bool(__t.empty()))) {
+    return bool(__t.empty());
+  }
+
+  template <__can_invoke_size _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(noexcept(ranges::size(__t))) {
+    return ranges::size(__t) == 0;
+  }
+
+  template <__can_compare_begin_end _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(bool(ranges::begin(__t) == ranges::end(__t)))) {
+    return ranges::begin(__t) == ranges::end(__t);
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __empty
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto empty = __empty::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_EMPTY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/empty_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/empty_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6c04b0200c35f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/empty_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_EMPTY_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_EMPTY_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires is_object_v<_Tp>
+class empty_view : public view_interface<empty_view<_Tp>> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr _Tp* begin() noexcept { return nullptr; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr _Tp* end() noexcept { return nullptr; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr _Tp* data() noexcept { return nullptr; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr size_t size() noexcept { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool empty() noexcept { return true; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<empty_view<_Tp>> = true;
+
+namespace views {
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr empty_view<_Tp> empty{};
+
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_EMPTY_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1d068335e20af2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_ENABLE_BORROWED_RANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_ENABLE_BORROWED_RANGE_H
+
+// These customization variables are used in <span> and <string_view>. The
+// separate header is used to avoid including the entire <ranges> header in
+// <span> and <string_view>.
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+// [range.range], ranges
+
+template <class>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range = false;
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_ENABLE_BORROWED_RANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/enable_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/enable_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f570926eb67c34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/enable_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_ENABLE_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_ENABLE_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_class.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+struct view_base {};
+
+template <class _Derived>
+  requires is_class_v<_Derived> && same_as<_Derived, remove_cv_t<_Derived>>
+class view_interface;
+
+template <class _Op, class _Yp>
+  requires is_convertible_v<_Op*, view_interface<_Yp>*>
+void __is_derived_from_view_interface(const _Op*, const view_interface<_Yp>*);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool enable_view = derived_from<_Tp, view_base> || requires {
+  ranges::__is_derived_from_view_interface((_Tp*)nullptr, (_Tp*)nullptr);
+};
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_ENABLE_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/filter_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/filter_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5b938dd4c16e19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/filter_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_FILTER_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_FILTER_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_find_if.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/bind_back.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/reference_wrapper.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/movable_box.h>
+#include <__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <input_range _View, indirect_unary_predicate<iterator_t<_View>> _Pred>
+  requires view<_View> && is_object_v<_Pred>
+class _LIBCPP_ABI_LLVM18_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS filter_view : public view_interface<filter_view<_View, _Pred>> {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_ = _View();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __movable_box<_Pred> __pred_;
+
+  // We cache the result of begin() to allow providing an amortized O(1) begin() whenever
+  // the underlying range is at least a forward_range.
+  static constexpr bool _UseCache = forward_range<_View>;
+  using _Cache                    = _If<_UseCache, __non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_View>>, __empty_cache>;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Cache __cached_begin_ = _Cache();
+
+  class __iterator;
+  class __sentinel;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI filter_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View> && default_initializable<_Pred>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23 filter_view(_View __base, _Pred __pred)
+      : __base_(std::move(__base)), __pred_(in_place, std::move(__pred)) {}
+
+  template <class _Vp = _View>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_Vp>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Pred const& pred() const { return *__pred_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator begin() {
+    // Note: this duplicates a check in `optional` but provides a better error message.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __pred_.__has_value(), "Trying to call begin() on a filter_view that does not have a valid predicate.");
+    if constexpr (_UseCache) {
+      if (!__cached_begin_.__has_value()) {
+        __cached_begin_.__emplace(ranges::find_if(__base_, std::ref(*__pred_)));
+      }
+      return {*this, *__cached_begin_};
+    } else {
+      return {*this, ranges::find_if(__base_, std::ref(*__pred_))};
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() {
+    if constexpr (common_range<_View>)
+      return __iterator{*this, ranges::end(__base_)};
+    else
+      return __sentinel{*this};
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range, class _Pred>
+filter_view(_Range&&, _Pred) -> filter_view<views::all_t<_Range>, _Pred>;
+
+template <class _View>
+struct __filter_iterator_category {};
+
+template <forward_range _View>
+struct __filter_iterator_category<_View> {
+  using _Cat = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_View>>::iterator_category;
+  using iterator_category =
+      _If<derived_from<_Cat, bidirectional_iterator_tag>,
+          bidirectional_iterator_tag,
+          _If<derived_from<_Cat, forward_iterator_tag>,
+              forward_iterator_tag,
+              /* else */ _Cat >>;
+};
+
+template <input_range _View, indirect_unary_predicate<iterator_t<_View>> _Pred>
+  requires view<_View> && is_object_v<_Pred>
+class filter_view<_View, _Pred>::__iterator : public __filter_iterator_category<_View> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS iterator_t<_View> __current_ = iterator_t<_View>();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS filter_view* __parent_       = nullptr;
+
+  using iterator_concept =
+      _If<bidirectional_range<_View>,
+          bidirectional_iterator_tag,
+          _If<forward_range<_View>,
+              forward_iterator_tag,
+              /* else */ input_iterator_tag >>;
+  // using iterator_category = inherited;
+  using value_type      = range_value_t<_View>;
+  using 
diff erence_type = range_
diff erence_t<_View>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator()
+    requires default_initializable<iterator_t<_View>>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator(filter_view& __parent, iterator_t<_View> __current)
+      : __current_(std::move(__current)), __parent_(std::addressof(__parent)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator_t<_View> const& base() const& noexcept { return __current_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator_t<_View> base() && { return std::move(__current_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr range_reference_t<_View> operator*() const { return *__current_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator_t<_View> operator->() const
+    requires __has_arrow<iterator_t<_View>> && copyable<iterator_t<_View>>
+  {
+    return __current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator++() {
+    __current_ =
+        ranges::find_if(std::move(++__current_), ranges::end(__parent_->__base_), std::ref(*__parent_->__pred_));
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator++(int) { ++*this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator++(int)
+    requires forward_range<_View>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator--()
+    requires bidirectional_range<_View>
+  {
+    do {
+      --__current_;
+    } while (!std::invoke(*__parent_->__pred_, *__current_));
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator--(int)
+    requires bidirectional_range<_View>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    --*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(__iterator const& __x, __iterator const& __y)
+    requires equality_comparable<iterator_t<_View>>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ == __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr range_rvalue_reference_t<_View>
+  iter_move(__iterator const& __it) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_move(__it.__current_))) {
+    return ranges::iter_move(__it.__current_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void
+  iter_swap(__iterator const& __x,
+            __iterator const& __y) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(__x.__current_, __y.__current_)))
+    requires indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<_View>>
+  {
+    return ranges::iter_swap(__x.__current_, __y.__current_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <input_range _View, indirect_unary_predicate<iterator_t<_View>> _Pred>
+  requires view<_View> && is_object_v<_Pred>
+class filter_view<_View, _Pred>::__sentinel {
+public:
+  sentinel_t<_View> __end_ = sentinel_t<_View>();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __sentinel() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __sentinel(filter_view& __parent) : __end_(ranges::end(__parent.__base_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr sentinel_t<_View> base() const { return __end_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(__iterator const& __x, __sentinel const& __y) {
+    return __x.__current_ == __y.__end_;
+  }
+};
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __filter {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Range, class _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred&& __pred) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(filter_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred))))
+          -> decltype(filter_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred))) {
+    return filter_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pred>
+    requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Pred>, _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Pred&& __pred) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Pred>, _Pred>) {
+    return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__bind_back(*this, std::forward<_Pred>(__pred)));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __filter
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto filter = __filter::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_FILTER_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/from_range.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/from_range.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a6cb9e3d439ebf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/from_range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_FROM_RANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_FROM_RANGE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+struct from_range_t {
+  explicit from_range_t() = default;
+};
+
+inline constexpr from_range_t from_range{};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_FROM_RANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/iota_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/iota_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b2fa958a0f56e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/iota_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_IOTA_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_IOTA_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__concepts/semiregular.h>
+#include <__concepts/totally_ordered.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/unreachable_sentinel.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/movable_box.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class _Int>
+struct __get_wider_signed {
+  consteval static auto __call() {
+    if constexpr (sizeof(_Int) < sizeof(short))
+      return type_identity<short>{};
+    else if constexpr (sizeof(_Int) < sizeof(int))
+      return type_identity<int>{};
+    else if constexpr (sizeof(_Int) < sizeof(long))
+      return type_identity<long>{};
+    else
+      return type_identity<long long>{};
+
+    static_assert(
+        sizeof(_Int) <= sizeof(long long), "Found integer-like type that is bigger than largest integer like type.");
+  }
+
+  using type = typename decltype(__call())::type;
+};
+
+template <class _Start>
+using _IotaDiffT =
+    typename _If< (!integral<_Start> || sizeof(iter_
diff erence_t<_Start>) > sizeof(_Start)),
+                  type_identity<iter_
diff erence_t<_Start>>,
+                  __get_wider_signed<_Start> >::type;
+
+template <class _Iter>
+concept __decrementable = incrementable<_Iter> && requires(_Iter __i) {
+  { --__i } -> same_as<_Iter&>;
+  { __i-- } -> same_as<_Iter>;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+concept __advanceable =
+    __decrementable<_Iter> && totally_ordered<_Iter> &&
+    requires(_Iter __i, const _Iter __j, const _IotaDiffT<_Iter> __n) {
+      { __i += __n } -> same_as<_Iter&>;
+      { __i -= __n } -> same_as<_Iter&>;
+      _Iter(__j + __n);
+      _Iter(__n + __j);
+      _Iter(__j - __n);
+      { __j - __j } -> convertible_to<_IotaDiffT<_Iter>>;
+    };
+
+template <class>
+struct __iota_iterator_category {};
+
+template <incrementable _Tp>
+struct __iota_iterator_category<_Tp> {
+  using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+template <weakly_incrementable _Start, semiregular _BoundSentinel = unreachable_sentinel_t>
+  requires __weakly_equality_comparable_with<_Start, _BoundSentinel> && copyable<_Start>
+class iota_view : public view_interface<iota_view<_Start, _BoundSentinel>> {
+  struct __iterator : public __iota_iterator_category<_Start> {
+    friend class iota_view;
+
+    using iterator_concept =
+        _If<__advanceable<_Start>,
+            random_access_iterator_tag,
+            _If<__decrementable<_Start>,
+                bidirectional_iterator_tag,
+                _If<incrementable<_Start>,
+                    forward_iterator_tag,
+                    /*Else*/ input_iterator_tag>>>;
+
+    using value_type      = _Start;
+    using 
diff erence_type = _IotaDiffT<_Start>;
+
+    _Start __value_ = _Start();
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator()
+      requires default_initializable<_Start>
+    = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __iterator(_Start __value) : __value_(std::move(__value)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Start operator*() const noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Start>) {
+      return __value_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator++() {
+      ++__value_;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator++(int) { ++*this; }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator++(int)
+      requires incrementable<_Start>
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      ++*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator--()
+      requires __decrementable<_Start>
+    {
+      --__value_;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator--(int)
+      requires __decrementable<_Start>
+    {
+      auto __tmp = *this;
+      --*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type __n)
+      requires __advanceable<_Start>
+    {
+      if constexpr (__integer_like<_Start> && !__signed_integer_like<_Start>) {
+        if (__n >= 
diff erence_type(0)) {
+          __value_ += static_cast<_Start>(__n);
+        } else {
+          __value_ -= static_cast<_Start>(-__n);
+        }
+      } else {
+        __value_ += __n;
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type __n)
+      requires __advanceable<_Start>
+    {
+      if constexpr (__integer_like<_Start> && !__signed_integer_like<_Start>) {
+        if (__n >= 
diff erence_type(0)) {
+          __value_ -= static_cast<_Start>(__n);
+        } else {
+          __value_ += static_cast<_Start>(-__n);
+        }
+      } else {
+        __value_ -= __n;
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Start operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const
+      requires __advanceable<_Start>
+    {
+      return _Start(__value_ + __n);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+      requires equality_comparable<_Start>
+    {
+      return __x.__value_ == __y.__value_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+      requires totally_ordered<_Start>
+    {
+      return __x.__value_ < __y.__value_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+      requires totally_ordered<_Start>
+    {
+      return __y < __x;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<=(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+      requires totally_ordered<_Start>
+    {
+      return !(__y < __x);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>=(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+      requires totally_ordered<_Start>
+    {
+      return !(__x < __y);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr auto operator<=>(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+      requires totally_ordered<_Start> && three_way_comparable<_Start>
+    {
+      return __x.__value_ <=> __y.__value_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator+(__iterator __i, 
diff erence_type __n)
+      requires __advanceable<_Start>
+    {
+      __i += __n;
+      return __i;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator+(
diff erence_type __n, __iterator __i)
+      requires __advanceable<_Start>
+    {
+      return __i + __n;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator-(__iterator __i, 
diff erence_type __n)
+      requires __advanceable<_Start>
+    {
+      __i -= __n;
+      return __i;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr 
diff erence_type operator-(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+      requires __advanceable<_Start>
+    {
+      if constexpr (__integer_like<_Start>) {
+        if constexpr (__signed_integer_like<_Start>) {
+          return 
diff erence_type(
diff erence_type(__x.__value_) - 
diff erence_type(__y.__value_));
+        }
+        if (__y.__value_ > __x.__value_) {
+          return 
diff erence_type(-
diff erence_type(__y.__value_ - __x.__value_));
+        }
+        return 
diff erence_type(__x.__value_ - __y.__value_);
+      }
+      return __x.__value_ - __y.__value_;
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct __sentinel {
+    friend class iota_view;
+
+  private:
+    _BoundSentinel __bound_sentinel_ = _BoundSentinel();
+
+  public:
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __sentinel() = default;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __sentinel(_BoundSentinel __bound_sentinel)
+        : __bound_sentinel_(std::move(__bound_sentinel)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+      return __x.__value_ == __y.__bound_sentinel_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Start>
+    operator-(const __iterator& __x, const __sentinel& __y)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<_BoundSentinel, _Start>
+    {
+      return __x.__value_ - __y.__bound_sentinel_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<_Start>
+    operator-(const __sentinel& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+      requires sized_sentinel_for<_BoundSentinel, _Start>
+    {
+      return -(__y - __x);
+    }
+  };
+
+  _Start __value_                  = _Start();
+  _BoundSentinel __bound_sentinel_ = _BoundSentinel();
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iota_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_Start>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit iota_view(_Start __value) : __value_(std::move(__value)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23
+  iota_view(type_identity_t<_Start> __value, type_identity_t<_BoundSentinel> __bound_sentinel)
+      : __value_(std::move(__value)), __bound_sentinel_(std::move(__bound_sentinel)) {
+    // Validate the precondition if possible.
+    if constexpr (totally_ordered_with<_Start, _BoundSentinel>) {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(
+          bool(__value_ <= __bound_sentinel_), "iota_view: bound must be reachable from value");
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23 iota_view(__iterator __first, __iterator __last)
+    requires same_as<_Start, _BoundSentinel>
+      : iota_view(std::move(__first.__value_), std::move(__last.__value_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23 iota_view(__iterator __first, _BoundSentinel __last)
+    requires same_as<_BoundSentinel, unreachable_sentinel_t>
+      : iota_view(std::move(__first.__value_), std::move(__last)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23 iota_view(__iterator __first, __sentinel __last)
+    requires(!same_as<_Start, _BoundSentinel> && !same_as<_BoundSentinel, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
+      : iota_view(std::move(__first.__value_), std::move(__last.__bound_sentinel_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator begin() const { return __iterator{__value_}; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const {
+    if constexpr (same_as<_BoundSentinel, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
+      return unreachable_sentinel;
+    else
+      return __sentinel{__bound_sentinel_};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator end() const
+    requires same_as<_Start, _BoundSentinel>
+  {
+    return __iterator{__bound_sentinel_};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty() const { return __value_ == __bound_sentinel_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires(same_as<_Start, _BoundSentinel> && __advanceable<_Start>) ||
+            (integral<_Start> && integral<_BoundSentinel>) || sized_sentinel_for<_BoundSentinel, _Start>
+  {
+    if constexpr (__integer_like<_Start> && __integer_like<_BoundSentinel>) {
+      return (__value_ < 0)
+               ? ((__bound_sentinel_ < 0)
+                      ? std::__to_unsigned_like(-__value_) - std::__to_unsigned_like(-__bound_sentinel_)
+                      : std::__to_unsigned_like(__bound_sentinel_) + std::__to_unsigned_like(-__value_))
+               : std::__to_unsigned_like(__bound_sentinel_) - std::__to_unsigned_like(__value_);
+    } else {
+      return std::__to_unsigned_like(__bound_sentinel_ - __value_);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Start, class _BoundSentinel>
+  requires(!__integer_like<_Start> || !__integer_like<_BoundSentinel> ||
+           (__signed_integer_like<_Start> == __signed_integer_like<_BoundSentinel>))
+iota_view(_Start, _BoundSentinel) -> iota_view<_Start, _BoundSentinel>;
+
+template <class _Start, class _BoundSentinel>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<iota_view<_Start, _BoundSentinel>> = true;
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __iota {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Start>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Start&& __start) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iota_view(std::forward<_Start>(__start))))
+          -> decltype(ranges::iota_view(std::forward<_Start>(__start))) {
+    return ranges::iota_view(std::forward<_Start>(__start));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Start, class _BoundSentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Start&& __start, _BoundSentinel&& __bound_sentinel) const noexcept(
+      noexcept(ranges::iota_view(std::forward<_Start>(__start), std::forward<_BoundSentinel>(__bound_sentinel))))
+      -> decltype(ranges::iota_view(std::forward<_Start>(__start), std::forward<_BoundSentinel>(__bound_sentinel))) {
+    return ranges::iota_view(std::forward<_Start>(__start), std::forward<_BoundSentinel>(__bound_sentinel));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __iota
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto iota = __iota::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_IOTA_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/istream_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/istream_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cd7096d35c2c1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/istream_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_ISTREAM_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_ISTREAM_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/movable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/istream.h>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+#include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Val, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+concept __stream_extractable = requires(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _Val& __t) { __is >> __t; };
+
+template <movable _Val, class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>>
+  requires default_initializable<_Val> && __stream_extractable<_Val, _CharT, _Traits>
+class basic_istream_view : public view_interface<basic_istream_view<_Val, _CharT, _Traits>> {
+  class __iterator;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit basic_istream_view(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __stream)
+      : __stream_(std::addressof(__stream)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() {
+    *__stream_ >> __value_;
+    return __iterator{*this};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr default_sentinel_t end() const noexcept { return default_sentinel; }
+
+private:
+  basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>* __stream_;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Val __value_ = _Val();
+};
+
+template <movable _Val, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  requires default_initializable<_Val> && __stream_extractable<_Val, _CharT, _Traits>
+class basic_istream_view<_Val, _CharT, _Traits>::__iterator {
+public:
+  using iterator_concept = input_iterator_tag;
+  using 
diff erence_type  = ptr
diff _t;
+  using value_type       = _Val;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __iterator(basic_istream_view<_Val, _CharT, _Traits>& __parent) noexcept
+      : __parent_(std::addressof(__parent)) {}
+
+  __iterator(const __iterator&)                  = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator(__iterator&&) = default;
+
+  __iterator& operator=(const __iterator&)                  = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator& operator=(__iterator&&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator& operator++() {
+    *__parent_->__stream_ >> __parent_->__value_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator++(int) { ++*this; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Val& operator*() const { return __parent_->__value_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, default_sentinel_t) {
+    return !*__x.__get_parent_stream();
+  }
+
+private:
+  basic_istream_view<_Val, _CharT, _Traits>* __parent_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>* __get_parent_stream() const {
+    return __parent_->__stream_;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Val>
+using istream_view = basic_istream_view<_Val, char>;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class _Val>
+using wistream_view = basic_istream_view<_Val, wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __istream {
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Up, class _UnCVRef = remove_cvref_t<_Up>>
+    requires derived_from<_UnCVRef, basic_istream<typename _UnCVRef::char_type,
+                                                  typename _UnCVRef::traits_type>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Up&& __u) const
+    noexcept(noexcept(basic_istream_view<_Tp, typename _UnCVRef::char_type,
+                                              typename _UnCVRef::traits_type>(std::forward<_Up>(__u))))
+    -> decltype(      basic_istream_view<_Tp, typename _UnCVRef::char_type,
+                                              typename _UnCVRef::traits_type>(std::forward<_Up>(__u)))
+    {   return        basic_istream_view<_Tp, typename _UnCVRef::char_type,
+                                              typename _UnCVRef::traits_type>(std::forward<_Up>(__u));
+    }
+};
+// clang-format on
+
+} // namespace __istream
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr auto istream = __istream::__fn<_Tp>{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_ISTREAM_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/join_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/join_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9c2c77995539bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/join_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_JOIN_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_JOIN_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_with_data.h>
+#include <__iterator/segmented_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/empty.h>
+#include <__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/maybe_const.h>
+#include <__utility/as_lvalue.h>
+#include <__utility/empty.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class>
+struct __join_view_iterator_category {};
+
+template <class _View>
+  requires is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_View>> && forward_range<_View> && forward_range<range_reference_t<_View>>
+struct __join_view_iterator_category<_View> {
+  using _OuterC = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_View>>::iterator_category;
+  using _InnerC = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<range_reference_t<_View>>>::iterator_category;
+
+  using iterator_category =
+      _If< derived_from<_OuterC, bidirectional_iterator_tag> && derived_from<_InnerC, bidirectional_iterator_tag> &&
+               common_range<range_reference_t<_View>>,
+           bidirectional_iterator_tag,
+           _If< derived_from<_OuterC, forward_iterator_tag> && derived_from<_InnerC, forward_iterator_tag>,
+                forward_iterator_tag,
+                input_iterator_tag > >;
+};
+
+template <input_range _View>
+  requires view<_View> && input_range<range_reference_t<_View>>
+class join_view : public view_interface<join_view<_View>> {
+private:
+  using _InnerRange = range_reference_t<_View>;
+
+  template <bool>
+  struct __iterator;
+
+  template <bool>
+  struct __sentinel;
+
+  template <class>
+  friend struct std::__segmented_iterator_traits;
+
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_ = _View();
+
+  static constexpr bool _UseOuterCache = !forward_range<_View>;
+  using _OuterCache                    = _If<_UseOuterCache, __non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_View>>, __empty_cache>;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _OuterCache __outer_;
+
+  static constexpr bool _UseInnerCache = !is_reference_v<_InnerRange>;
+  using _InnerCache = _If<_UseInnerCache, __non_propagating_cache<remove_cvref_t<_InnerRange>>, __empty_cache>;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _InnerCache __inner_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI join_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit join_view(_View __base) : __base_(std::move(__base)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() {
+    if constexpr (forward_range<_View>) {
+      constexpr bool __use_const = __simple_view<_View> && is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_View>>;
+      return __iterator<__use_const>{*this, ranges::begin(__base_)};
+    } else {
+      __outer_.__emplace(ranges::begin(__base_));
+      return __iterator<false>{*this};
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _V2 = _View>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() const
+    requires forward_range<const _V2> && is_reference_v<range_reference_t<const _V2>> &&
+             input_range<range_reference_t<const _V2>>
+  {
+    return __iterator<true>{*this, ranges::begin(__base_)};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() {
+    if constexpr (forward_range<_View> && is_reference_v<_InnerRange> && forward_range<_InnerRange> &&
+                  common_range<_View> && common_range<_InnerRange>)
+      return __iterator<__simple_view<_View>>{*this, ranges::end(__base_)};
+    else
+      return __sentinel<__simple_view<_View>>{*this};
+  }
+
+  template <class _V2 = _View>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const
+    requires forward_range<const _V2> && is_reference_v<range_reference_t<const _V2>> &&
+             input_range<range_reference_t<const _V2>>
+  {
+    using _ConstInnerRange = range_reference_t<const _View>;
+    if constexpr (forward_range<_ConstInnerRange> && common_range<const _View> && common_range<_ConstInnerRange>) {
+      return __iterator<true>{*this, ranges::end(__base_)};
+    } else {
+      return __sentinel<true>{*this};
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <input_range _View>
+  requires view<_View> && input_range<range_reference_t<_View>>
+template <bool _Const>
+struct join_view<_View>::__sentinel {
+private:
+  template <bool>
+  friend struct __sentinel;
+
+  using _Parent            = __maybe_const<_Const, join_view>;
+  using _Base              = __maybe_const<_Const, _View>;
+  sentinel_t<_Base> __end_ = sentinel_t<_Base>();
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __sentinel() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __sentinel(_Parent& __parent) : __end_(ranges::end(__parent.__base_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __sentinel(__sentinel<!_Const> __s)
+    requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_View>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
+      : __end_(std::move(__s.__end_)) {}
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+    requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+    return __x.__get_outer() == __y.__end_;
+  }
+};
+
+// https://reviews.llvm.org/D142811#inline-1383022
+// To simplify the segmented iterator traits specialization,
+// make the iterator `final`
+template <input_range _View>
+  requires view<_View> && input_range<range_reference_t<_View>>
+template <bool _Const>
+struct join_view<_View>::__iterator final : public __join_view_iterator_category<__maybe_const<_Const, _View>> {
+  friend join_view;
+
+  template <class>
+  friend struct std::__segmented_iterator_traits;
+
+  static constexpr bool __is_join_view_iterator = true;
+
+private:
+  using _Parent     = __maybe_const<_Const, join_view<_View>>;
+  using _Base       = __maybe_const<_Const, _View>;
+  using _Outer      = iterator_t<_Base>;
+  using _Inner      = iterator_t<range_reference_t<_Base>>;
+  using _InnerRange = range_reference_t<_View>;
+
+  static_assert(!_Const || forward_range<_Base>, "Const can only be true when Base models forward_range.");
+
+  static constexpr bool __ref_is_glvalue = is_reference_v<range_reference_t<_Base>>;
+
+  static constexpr bool _OuterPresent           = forward_range<_Base>;
+  using _OuterType                              = _If<_OuterPresent, _Outer, std::__empty>;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _OuterType __outer_ = _OuterType();
+
+  optional<_Inner> __inner_;
+  _Parent* __parent_ = nullptr;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __satisfy() {
+    for (; __get_outer() != ranges::end(__parent_->__base_); ++__get_outer()) {
+      auto&& __inner = [this]() -> auto&& {
+        if constexpr (__ref_is_glvalue)
+          return *__get_outer();
+        else
+          return __parent_->__inner_.__emplace_from([&]() -> decltype(auto) { return *__get_outer(); });
+      }();
+      __inner_ = ranges::begin(__inner);
+      if (*__inner_ != ranges::end(__inner))
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if constexpr (__ref_is_glvalue)
+      __inner_.reset();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Outer& __get_outer() {
+    if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
+      return __outer_;
+    } else {
+      return *__parent_->__outer_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Outer& __get_outer() const {
+    if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
+      return __outer_;
+    } else {
+      return *__parent_->__outer_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator(_Parent& __parent, _Outer __outer)
+    requires forward_range<_Base>
+      : __outer_(std::move(__outer)), __parent_(std::addressof(__parent)) {
+    __satisfy();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __iterator(_Parent& __parent)
+    requires(!forward_range<_Base>)
+      : __parent_(std::addressof(__parent)) {
+    __satisfy();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator(_Parent* __parent, _Outer __outer, _Inner __inner)
+    requires forward_range<_Base>
+      : __outer_(std::move(__outer)), __inner_(std::move(__inner)), __parent_(__parent) {}
+
+public:
+  using iterator_concept =
+      _If< __ref_is_glvalue && bidirectional_range<_Base> && bidirectional_range<range_reference_t<_Base>> &&
+               common_range<range_reference_t<_Base>>,
+           bidirectional_iterator_tag,
+           _If< __ref_is_glvalue && forward_range<_Base> && forward_range<range_reference_t<_Base>>,
+                forward_iterator_tag,
+                input_iterator_tag > >;
+
+  using value_type = range_value_t<range_reference_t<_Base>>;
+
+  using 
diff erence_type = common_type_t< range_
diff erence_t<_Base>, range_
diff erence_t<range_reference_t<_Base>>>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator(__iterator<!_Const> __i)
+    requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_View>, _Outer> && convertible_to<iterator_t<_InnerRange>, _Inner>
+      : __outer_(std::move(__i.__outer_)), __inner_(std::move(__i.__inner_)), __parent_(__i.__parent_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const { return **__inner_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Inner operator->() const
+    requires __has_arrow<_Inner> && copyable<_Inner>
+  {
+    return *__inner_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator++() {
+    auto __get_inner_range = [&]() -> decltype(auto) {
+      if constexpr (__ref_is_glvalue)
+        return *__get_outer();
+      else
+        return *__parent_->__inner_;
+    };
+    if (++*__inner_ == ranges::end(std::__as_lvalue(__get_inner_range()))) {
+      ++__get_outer();
+      __satisfy();
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator++(int) { ++*this; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator++(int)
+    requires __ref_is_glvalue && forward_range<_Base> && forward_range<range_reference_t<_Base>>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator--()
+    requires __ref_is_glvalue && bidirectional_range<_Base> && bidirectional_range<range_reference_t<_Base>> &&
+             common_range<range_reference_t<_Base>>
+  {
+    if (__outer_ == ranges::end(__parent_->__base_))
+      __inner_ = ranges::end(std::__as_lvalue(*--__outer_));
+
+    // Skip empty inner ranges when going backwards.
+    while (*__inner_ == ranges::begin(std::__as_lvalue(*__outer_))) {
+      __inner_ = ranges::end(std::__as_lvalue(*--__outer_));
+    }
+
+    --*__inner_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator--(int)
+    requires __ref_is_glvalue && bidirectional_range<_Base> && bidirectional_range<range_reference_t<_Base>> &&
+             common_range<range_reference_t<_Base>>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    --*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires __ref_is_glvalue && forward_range<_Base> && equality_comparable<iterator_t<range_reference_t<_Base>>>
+  {
+    return __x.__outer_ == __y.__outer_ && __x.__inner_ == __y.__inner_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr decltype(auto)
+  iter_move(const __iterator& __i) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_move(*__i.__inner_))) {
+    return ranges::iter_move(*__i.__inner_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void
+  iter_swap(const __iterator& __x,
+            const __iterator& __y) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(*__x.__inner_, *__y.__inner_)))
+    requires indirectly_swappable<_Inner>
+  {
+    return ranges::iter_swap(*__x.__inner_, *__y.__inner_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range>
+explicit join_view(_Range&&) -> join_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __join_view {
+struct __fn : __range_adaptor_closure<__fn> {
+  template <class _Range>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(join_view<all_t<_Range&&>>(std::forward<_Range>(__range))))
+          -> decltype(join_view<all_t<_Range&&>>(std::forward<_Range>(__range))) {
+    return join_view<all_t<_Range&&>>(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __join_view
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto join = __join_view::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+template <class _JoinViewIterator>
+  requires(_JoinViewIterator::__is_join_view_iterator && ranges::common_range<typename _JoinViewIterator::_Parent> &&
+           __has_random_access_iterator_category<typename _JoinViewIterator::_Outer>::value &&
+           __has_random_access_iterator_category<typename _JoinViewIterator::_Inner>::value)
+struct __segmented_iterator_traits<_JoinViewIterator> {
+  using __segment_iterator =
+      _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __iterator_with_data<typename _JoinViewIterator::_Outer, typename _JoinViewIterator::_Parent*>;
+  using __local_iterator = typename _JoinViewIterator::_Inner;
+
+  // TODO: Would it make sense to enable the optimization for other iterator types?
+
+  static constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __segment_iterator __segment(_JoinViewIterator __iter) {
+    if (ranges::empty(__iter.__parent_->__base_))
+      return {};
+    if (!__iter.__inner_.has_value())
+      return __segment_iterator(--__iter.__outer_, __iter.__parent_);
+    return __segment_iterator(__iter.__outer_, __iter.__parent_);
+  }
+
+  static constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __local_iterator __local(_JoinViewIterator __iter) {
+    if (ranges::empty(__iter.__parent_->__base_))
+      return {};
+    if (!__iter.__inner_.has_value())
+      return ranges::end(*--__iter.__outer_);
+    return *__iter.__inner_;
+  }
+
+  static constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __local_iterator __begin(__segment_iterator __iter) {
+    return ranges::begin(*__iter.__get_iter());
+  }
+
+  static constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __local_iterator __end(__segment_iterator __iter) {
+    return ranges::end(*__iter.__get_iter());
+  }
+
+  static constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _JoinViewIterator
+  __compose(__segment_iterator __seg_iter, __local_iterator __local_iter) {
+    return _JoinViewIterator(
+        std::move(__seg_iter).__get_data(), std::move(__seg_iter).__get_iter(), std::move(__local_iter));
+  }
+};
+
+#endif // #if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_JOIN_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/lazy_split_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/lazy_split_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..db031fe5f8b49b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/lazy_split_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_LAZY_SPLIT_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_LAZY_SPLIT_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_find.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_mismatch.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/bind_back.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/single_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/maybe_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <auto>
+struct __require_constant;
+
+template <class _Range>
+concept __tiny_range = sized_range<_Range> && requires {
+  typename __require_constant<remove_reference_t<_Range>::size()>;
+} && (remove_reference_t<_Range>::size() <= 1);
+
+template <input_range _View, forward_range _Pattern>
+  requires view<_View> && view<_Pattern> &&
+           indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_View>, iterator_t<_Pattern>, ranges::equal_to> &&
+           (forward_range<_View> || __tiny_range<_Pattern>)
+class lazy_split_view : public view_interface<lazy_split_view<_View, _Pattern>> {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_       = _View();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Pattern __pattern_ = _Pattern();
+
+  using _MaybeCurrent = _If<!forward_range<_View>, __non_propagating_cache<iterator_t<_View>>, __empty_cache>;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _MaybeCurrent __current_ = _MaybeCurrent();
+
+  template <bool>
+  struct __outer_iterator;
+  template <bool>
+  struct __inner_iterator;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI lazy_split_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View> && default_initializable<_Pattern>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23 lazy_split_view(_View __base, _Pattern __pattern)
+      : __base_(std::move(__base)), __pattern_(std::move(__pattern)) {}
+
+  template <input_range _Range>
+    requires constructible_from<_View, views::all_t<_Range>> &&
+                 constructible_from<_Pattern, single_view<range_value_t<_Range>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23 lazy_split_view(_Range&& __r, range_value_t<_Range> __e)
+      : __base_(views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__r))), __pattern_(views::single(std::move(__e))) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() {
+    if constexpr (forward_range<_View>) {
+      return __outer_iterator < __simple_view<_View> && __simple_view < _Pattern >> {*this, ranges::begin(__base_)};
+    } else {
+      __current_.__emplace(ranges::begin(__base_));
+      return __outer_iterator<false>{*this};
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() const
+    requires forward_range<_View> && forward_range<const _View>
+  {
+    return __outer_iterator<true>{*this, ranges::begin(__base_)};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end()
+    requires forward_range<_View> && common_range<_View>
+  {
+    return __outer_iterator < __simple_view<_View> && __simple_view < _Pattern >> {*this, ranges::end(__base_)};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const {
+    if constexpr (forward_range<_View> && forward_range<const _View> && common_range<const _View>) {
+      return __outer_iterator<true>{*this, ranges::end(__base_)};
+    } else {
+      return default_sentinel;
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <class>
+  struct __outer_iterator_category {};
+
+  template <forward_range _Tp>
+  struct __outer_iterator_category<_Tp> {
+    using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+  };
+
+  template <bool _Const>
+  struct __outer_iterator : __outer_iterator_category<__maybe_const<_Const, _View>> {
+  private:
+    template <bool>
+    friend struct __inner_iterator;
+    friend __outer_iterator<true>;
+
+    using _Parent = __maybe_const<_Const, lazy_split_view>;
+    using _Base   = __maybe_const<_Const, _View>;
+
+    _Parent* __parent_                                 = nullptr;
+    using _MaybeCurrent                                = _If<forward_range<_View>, iterator_t<_Base>, __empty_cache>;
+    _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _MaybeCurrent __current_ = _MaybeCurrent();
+    bool __trailing_empty_                             = false;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto& __current() noexcept {
+      if constexpr (forward_range<_View>) {
+        return __current_;
+      } else {
+        return *__parent_->__current_;
+      }
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const auto& __current() const noexcept {
+      if constexpr (forward_range<_View>) {
+        return __current_;
+      } else {
+        return *__parent_->__current_;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Workaround for the GCC issue that doesn't allow calling `__parent_->__base_` from friend functions (because
+    // `__base_` is private).
+    [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto& __parent_base() const noexcept { return __parent_->__base_; }
+
+  public:
+    // using iterator_category = inherited;
+    using iterator_concept = conditional_t<forward_range<_Base>, forward_iterator_tag, input_iterator_tag>;
+    using 
diff erence_type  = range_
diff erence_t<_Base>;
+
+    struct value_type : view_interface<value_type> {
+    private:
+      __outer_iterator __i_ = __outer_iterator();
+
+    public:
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type() = default;
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit value_type(__outer_iterator __i) : __i_(std::move(__i)) {}
+
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __inner_iterator<_Const> begin() const { return __inner_iterator<_Const>{__i_}; }
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr default_sentinel_t end() const noexcept { return default_sentinel; }
+    };
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __outer_iterator() = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __outer_iterator(_Parent& __parent)
+      requires(!forward_range<_Base>)
+        : __parent_(std::addressof(__parent)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __outer_iterator(_Parent& __parent, iterator_t<_Base> __current)
+      requires forward_range<_Base>
+        : __parent_(std::addressof(__parent)), __current_(std::move(__current)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __outer_iterator(__outer_iterator<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_View>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+        : __parent_(__i.__parent_), __current_(std::move(__i.__current_)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type operator*() const { return value_type{*this}; }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __outer_iterator& operator++() {
+      const auto __end = ranges::end(__parent_->__base_);
+      if (__current() == __end) {
+        __trailing_empty_ = false;
+        return *this;
+      }
+
+      const auto [__pbegin, __pend] = ranges::subrange{__parent_->__pattern_};
+      if (__pbegin == __pend) {
+        // Empty pattern: split on every element in the input range
+        ++__current();
+
+      } else if constexpr (__tiny_range<_Pattern>) {
+        // One-element pattern: we can use `ranges::find`.
+        __current() = ranges::find(std::move(__current()), __end, *__pbegin);
+        if (__current() != __end) {
+          // Make sure we point to after the separator we just found.
+          ++__current();
+          if (__current() == __end)
+            __trailing_empty_ = true;
+        }
+
+      } else {
+        // General case for n-element pattern.
+        do {
+          const auto [__b, __p] = ranges::mismatch(__current(), __end, __pbegin, __pend);
+          if (__p == __pend) {
+            __current() = __b;
+            if (__current() == __end) {
+              __trailing_empty_ = true;
+            }
+            break; // The pattern matched; skip it.
+          }
+        } while (++__current() != __end);
+      }
+
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator++(int) {
+      if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
+        auto __tmp = *this;
+        ++*this;
+        return __tmp;
+
+      } else {
+        ++*this;
+      }
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __outer_iterator& __x, const __outer_iterator& __y)
+      requires forward_range<_Base>
+    {
+      return __x.__current_ == __y.__current_ && __x.__trailing_empty_ == __y.__trailing_empty_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __outer_iterator& __x, default_sentinel_t) {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__x.__parent_ != nullptr, "Cannot call comparison on a default-constructed iterator.");
+      return __x.__current() == ranges::end(__x.__parent_base()) && !__x.__trailing_empty_;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <class>
+  struct __inner_iterator_category {};
+
+  template <forward_range _Tp>
+  struct __inner_iterator_category<_Tp> {
+    using iterator_category =
+        _If< derived_from<typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Tp>>::iterator_category, forward_iterator_tag>,
+             forward_iterator_tag,
+             typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Tp>>::iterator_category >;
+  };
+
+  template <bool _Const>
+  struct __inner_iterator : __inner_iterator_category<__maybe_const<_Const, _View>> {
+  private:
+    using _Base = __maybe_const<_Const, _View>;
+    // Workaround for a GCC issue.
+    static constexpr bool _OuterConst = _Const;
+    __outer_iterator<_Const> __i_     = __outer_iterator<_OuterConst>();
+    bool __incremented_               = false;
+
+    // Note: these private functions are necessary because GCC doesn't allow calls to private members of `__i_` from
+    // free functions that are friends of `inner-iterator`.
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_done() const {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__i_.__parent_ != nullptr, "Cannot call comparison on a default-constructed iterator.");
+
+      auto [__pcur, __pend] = ranges::subrange{__i_.__parent_->__pattern_};
+      auto __end            = ranges::end(__i_.__parent_->__base_);
+
+      if constexpr (__tiny_range<_Pattern>) {
+        const auto& __cur = __i_.__current();
+        if (__cur == __end)
+          return true;
+        if (__pcur == __pend)
+          return __incremented_;
+
+        return *__cur == *__pcur;
+
+      } else {
+        auto __cur = __i_.__current();
+        if (__cur == __end)
+          return true;
+        if (__pcur == __pend)
+          return __incremented_;
+
+        do {
+          if (*__cur != *__pcur)
+            return false;
+          if (++__pcur == __pend)
+            return true;
+        } while (++__cur != __end);
+
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto& __outer_current() noexcept { return __i_.__current(); }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const auto& __outer_current() const noexcept {
+      return __i_.__current();
+    }
+
+  public:
+    // using iterator_category = inherited;
+    using iterator_concept = typename __outer_iterator<_Const>::iterator_concept;
+    using value_type       = range_value_t<_Base>;
+    using 
diff erence_type  = range_
diff erence_t<_Base>;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __inner_iterator() = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __inner_iterator(__outer_iterator<_Const> __i) : __i_(std::move(__i)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const iterator_t<_Base>& base() const& noexcept { return __i_.__current(); }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator_t<_Base> base() &&
+      requires forward_range<_View>
+    {
+      return std::move(__i_.__current());
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const { return *__i_.__current(); }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __inner_iterator& operator++() {
+      __incremented_ = true;
+
+      if constexpr (!forward_range<_Base>) {
+        if constexpr (_Pattern::size() == 0) {
+          return *this;
+        }
+      }
+
+      ++__i_.__current();
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator++(int) {
+      if constexpr (forward_range<_Base>) {
+        auto __tmp = *this;
+        ++*this;
+        return __tmp;
+
+      } else {
+        ++*this;
+      }
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __inner_iterator& __x, const __inner_iterator& __y)
+      requires forward_range<_Base>
+    {
+      return __x.__outer_current() == __y.__outer_current();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __inner_iterator& __x, default_sentinel_t) {
+      return __x.__is_done();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr decltype(auto)
+    iter_move(const __inner_iterator& __i) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_move(__i.__outer_current()))) {
+      return ranges::iter_move(__i.__outer_current());
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void iter_swap(
+        const __inner_iterator& __x,
+        const __inner_iterator& __y) noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(__x.__outer_current(), __y.__outer_current())))
+      requires indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+    {
+      ranges::iter_swap(__x.__outer_current(), __y.__outer_current());
+    }
+  };
+};
+
+template <class _Range, class _Pattern>
+lazy_split_view(_Range&&, _Pattern&&) -> lazy_split_view<views::all_t<_Range>, views::all_t<_Pattern>>;
+
+template <input_range _Range>
+lazy_split_view(_Range&&,
+                range_value_t<_Range>) -> lazy_split_view<views::all_t<_Range>, single_view<range_value_t<_Range>>>;
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __lazy_split_view {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Range, class _Pattern>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pattern&& __pattern) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(lazy_split_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pattern>(__pattern))))
+          -> decltype(lazy_split_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pattern>(__pattern))) {
+    return lazy_split_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pattern>(__pattern));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pattern>
+    requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Pattern>, _Pattern>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Pattern&& __pattern) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Pattern>, _Pattern>) {
+    return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__bind_back(*this, std::forward<_Pattern>(__pattern)));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __lazy_split_view
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto lazy_split = __lazy_split_view::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_LAZY_SPLIT_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/movable_box.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/movable_box.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5a456cc3a1b664
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/movable_box.h
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_MOVABLE_BOX_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_MOVABLE_BOX_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__concepts/movable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// __movable_box allows turning a type that is move-constructible (but maybe not move-assignable) into
+// a type that is both move-constructible and move-assignable. It does that by introducing an empty state
+// and basically doing destroy-then-copy-construct in the assignment operator. The empty state is necessary
+// to handle the case where the copy construction fails after destroying the object.
+//
+// In some cases, we can completely avoid the use of an empty state; we provide a specialization of
+// __movable_box that does this, see below for the details.
+
+// until C++23, `__movable_box` was named `__copyable_box` and required the stored type to be copy-constructible, not
+// just move-constructible; we preserve the old behavior in pre-C++23 modes.
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __movable_box_object =
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+    move_constructible<_Tp>
+#  else
+    copy_constructible<_Tp>
+#  endif
+    && is_object_v<_Tp>;
+
+namespace ranges {
+// Primary template - uses std::optional and introduces an empty state in case assignment fails.
+template <__movable_box_object _Tp>
+class __movable_box {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS optional<_Tp> __val_;
+
+public:
+  template <class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __movable_box(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>)
+      : __val_(in_place, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __movable_box() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Tp>)
+    requires default_initializable<_Tp>
+      : __val_(in_place) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __movable_box(__movable_box const&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __movable_box(__movable_box&&)      = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __movable_box&
+  operator=(__movable_box const& __other) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>)
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+    requires copy_constructible<_Tp>
+#  endif
+  {
+    if (this != std::addressof(__other)) {
+      if (__other.__has_value())
+        __val_.emplace(*__other);
+      else
+        __val_.reset();
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __movable_box& operator=(__movable_box&&)
+    requires movable<_Tp>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __movable_box&
+  operator=(__movable_box&& __other) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp>) {
+    if (this != std::addressof(__other)) {
+      if (__other.__has_value())
+        __val_.emplace(std::move(*__other));
+      else
+        __val_.reset();
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp const& operator*() const noexcept { return *__val_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& operator*() noexcept { return *__val_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp* operator->() const noexcept { return __val_.operator->(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* operator->() noexcept { return __val_.operator->(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __has_value() const noexcept { return __val_.has_value(); }
+};
+
+// This partial specialization implements an optimization for when we know we don't need to store
+// an empty state to represent failure to perform an assignment. For copy-assignment, this happens:
+//
+// 1. If the type is copyable (which includes copy-assignment), we can use the type's own assignment operator
+//    directly and avoid using std::optional.
+// 2. If the type is not copyable, but it is nothrow-copy-constructible, then we can implement assignment as
+//    destroy-and-then-construct and we know it will never fail, so we don't need an empty state.
+//
+// The exact same reasoning can be applied for move-assignment, with copyable replaced by movable and
+// nothrow-copy-constructible replaced by nothrow-move-constructible. This specialization is enabled
+// whenever we can apply any of these optimizations for both the copy assignment and the move assignment
+// operator.
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __doesnt_need_empty_state =
+    (copy_constructible<_Tp>
+         // 1. If copy_constructible<T> is true, movable-box<T> should store only a T if either T models
+         //    copyable, or is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T> && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<T> is true.
+         ? copyable<_Tp> || (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>)
+         // 2. Otherwise, movable-box<T> should store only a T if either T models movable or
+         //    is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T> is true.
+         : movable<_Tp> || is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp>);
+
+// When _Tp doesn't have an assignment operator, we must implement __movable_box's assignment operator
+// by doing destroy_at followed by construct_at. However, that implementation strategy leads to UB if the nested
+// _Tp is potentially overlapping, as it is doing a non-transparent replacement of the sub-object, which means that
+// we're not considered "nested" inside the movable-box anymore, and since we're not nested within it, [basic.life]/1.5
+// says that we essentially just reused the storage of the movable-box for a completely unrelated object and ended the
+// movable-box's lifetime.
+// https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/70494#issuecomment-1845646490
+//
+// Hence, when the _Tp doesn't have an assignment operator, we can't risk making it a potentially-overlapping
+// subobject because of the above, and we don't use [[no_unique_address]] in that case.
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __can_use_no_unique_address = (copy_constructible<_Tp> ? copyable<_Tp> : movable<_Tp>);
+
+#  else
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __doesnt_need_empty_state_for_copy = copyable<_Tp> || is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __doesnt_need_empty_state_for_move = movable<_Tp> || is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __doesnt_need_empty_state = __doesnt_need_empty_state_for_copy<_Tp> && __doesnt_need_empty_state_for_move<_Tp>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __can_use_no_unique_address = copyable<_Tp>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __movable_box_holder {
+  _Tp __val_;
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __movable_box_holder(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __val_(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires __can_use_no_unique_address<_Tp>
+struct __movable_box_holder<_Tp> {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Tp __val_;
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __movable_box_holder(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __val_(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+};
+
+template <__movable_box_object _Tp>
+  requires __doesnt_need_empty_state<_Tp>
+class __movable_box<_Tp> {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __movable_box_holder<_Tp> __holder_;
+
+public:
+  template <class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __movable_box(in_place_t __inplace, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>)
+      : __holder_(__inplace, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __movable_box() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Tp>)
+    requires default_initializable<_Tp>
+      : __holder_(in_place_t{}) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __movable_box(__movable_box const&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __movable_box(__movable_box&&)      = default;
+
+  // Implementation of assignment operators in case we perform optimization (1)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __movable_box& operator=(__movable_box const&)
+    requires copyable<_Tp>
+  = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __movable_box& operator=(__movable_box&&)
+    requires movable<_Tp>
+  = default;
+
+  // Implementation of assignment operators in case we perform optimization (2)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __movable_box& operator=(__movable_box const& __other) noexcept {
+    static_assert(is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_Tp>);
+    static_assert(!__can_use_no_unique_address<_Tp>);
+    if (this != std::addressof(__other)) {
+      std::destroy_at(std::addressof(__holder_.__val_));
+      std::construct_at(std::addressof(__holder_.__val_), __other.__holder_.__val_);
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __movable_box& operator=(__movable_box&& __other) noexcept {
+    static_assert(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp>);
+    static_assert(!__can_use_no_unique_address<_Tp>);
+    if (this != std::addressof(__other)) {
+      std::destroy_at(std::addressof(__holder_.__val_));
+      std::construct_at(std::addressof(__holder_.__val_), std::move(__other.__holder_.__val_));
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp const& operator*() const noexcept { return __holder_.__val_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& operator*() noexcept { return __holder_.__val_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp* operator->() const noexcept { return std::addressof(__holder_.__val_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* operator->() noexcept { return std::addressof(__holder_.__val_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __has_value() const noexcept { return true; }
+};
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_MOVABLE_BOX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b2de2d2ae1cb5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_NON_PROPAGATING_CACHE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_NON_PROPAGATING_CACHE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>        // indirectly_readable
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h> // iter_reference_t
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+// __non_propagating_cache is a helper type that allows storing an optional value in it,
+// but which does not copy the source's value when it is copy constructed/assigned to,
+// and which resets the source's value when it is moved-from.
+//
+// This type is used as an implementation detail of some views that need to cache the
+// result of `begin()` in order to provide an amortized O(1) begin() method. Typically,
+// we don't want to propagate the value of the cache upon copy because the cached iterator
+// may refer to internal details of the source view.
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires is_object_v<_Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __non_propagating_cache {
+  struct __from_tag {};
+  struct __forward_tag {};
+
+  // This helper class is needed to perform copy and move elision when
+  // constructing the contained type from an iterator.
+  struct __wrapper {
+    template <class... _Args>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __wrapper(__forward_tag, _Args&&... __args)
+        : __t_(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+    template <class _Fn>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __wrapper(__from_tag, _Fn const& __f) : __t_(__f()) {}
+    _Tp __t_;
+  };
+
+  optional<__wrapper> __value_ = nullopt;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __non_propagating_cache() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __non_propagating_cache(__non_propagating_cache const&) noexcept
+      : __value_(nullopt) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __non_propagating_cache(__non_propagating_cache&& __other) noexcept
+      : __value_(nullopt) {
+    __other.__value_.reset();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __non_propagating_cache& operator=(__non_propagating_cache const& __other) noexcept {
+    if (this != std::addressof(__other)) {
+      __value_.reset();
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __non_propagating_cache& operator=(__non_propagating_cache&& __other) noexcept {
+    __value_.reset();
+    __other.__value_.reset();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& operator*() { return __value_->__t_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp const& operator*() const { return __value_->__t_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __has_value() const { return __value_.has_value(); }
+
+  template <class _Fn>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& __emplace_from(_Fn const& __f) {
+    return __value_.emplace(__from_tag{}, __f).__t_;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& __emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __value_.emplace(__forward_tag{}, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...).__t_;
+  }
+};
+
+struct __empty_cache {};
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_NON_PROPAGATING_CACHE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/owning_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/owning_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..254bdb43291190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/owning_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_OWNING_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_OWNING_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/movable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/data.h>
+#include <__ranges/empty.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <range _Rp>
+  requires movable<_Rp> && (!__is_std_initializer_list<remove_cvref_t<_Rp>>)
+class owning_view : public view_interface<owning_view<_Rp>> {
+  _Rp __r_ = _Rp();
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI owning_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_Rp>
+  = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr owning_view(_Rp&& __r) : __r_(std::move(__r)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI owning_view(owning_view&&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI owning_view& operator=(owning_view&&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Rp& base() & noexcept { return __r_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Rp& base() const& noexcept { return __r_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Rp&& base() && noexcept { return std::move(__r_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Rp&& base() const&& noexcept { return std::move(__r_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator_t<_Rp> begin() { return ranges::begin(__r_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr sentinel_t<_Rp> end() { return ranges::end(__r_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() const
+    requires range<const _Rp>
+  {
+    return ranges::begin(__r_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const
+    requires range<const _Rp>
+  {
+    return ranges::end(__r_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty()
+    requires requires { ranges::empty(__r_); }
+  {
+    return ranges::empty(__r_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty() const
+    requires requires { ranges::empty(__r_); }
+  {
+    return ranges::empty(__r_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size()
+    requires sized_range<_Rp>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__r_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires sized_range<const _Rp>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__r_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto data()
+    requires contiguous_range<_Rp>
+  {
+    return ranges::data(__r_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto data() const
+    requires contiguous_range<const _Rp>
+  {
+    return ranges::data(__r_);
+  }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(owning_view);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<owning_view<_Tp>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_OWNING_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/range_adaptor.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/range_adaptor.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2da246f24e1d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/range_adaptor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_RANGE_ADAPTOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_RANGE_ADAPTOR_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/compose.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_class.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+// CRTP base that one can derive from in order to be considered a range adaptor closure
+// by the library. When deriving from this class, a pipe operator will be provided to
+// make the following hold:
+// - `x | f` is equivalent to `f(x)`
+// - `f1 | f2` is an adaptor closure `g` such that `g(x)` is equivalent to `f2(f1(x))`
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires is_class_v<_Tp> && same_as<_Tp, remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
+struct __range_adaptor_closure;
+
+// Type that wraps an arbitrary function object and makes it into a range adaptor closure,
+// i.e. something that can be called via the `x | f` notation.
+template <class _Fn>
+struct __range_adaptor_closure_t : _Fn, __range_adaptor_closure<__range_adaptor_closure_t<_Fn>> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __range_adaptor_closure_t(_Fn&& __f) : _Fn(std::move(__f)) {}
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(__range_adaptor_closure_t);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_Tp __derived_from_range_adaptor_closure(__range_adaptor_closure<_Tp>*);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept _RangeAdaptorClosure = !ranges::range<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> && requires {
+  // Ensure that `remove_cvref_t<_Tp>` is derived from `__range_adaptor_closure<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>` and isn't derived
+  // from `__range_adaptor_closure<U>` for any other type `U`.
+  { ranges::__derived_from_range_adaptor_closure((remove_cvref_t<_Tp>*)nullptr) } -> same_as<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>;
+};
+
+template <ranges::range _Range, _RangeAdaptorClosure _Closure>
+  requires invocable<_Closure, _Range>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto)
+operator|(_Range&& __range, _Closure&& __closure) noexcept(is_nothrow_invocable_v<_Closure, _Range>) {
+  return std::invoke(std::forward<_Closure>(__closure), std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+}
+
+template <_RangeAdaptorClosure _Closure, _RangeAdaptorClosure _OtherClosure>
+  requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Closure>, _Closure> && constructible_from<decay_t<_OtherClosure>, _OtherClosure>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator|(_Closure&& __c1, _OtherClosure&& __c2) noexcept(
+    is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Closure>, _Closure> &&
+    is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_OtherClosure>, _OtherClosure>) {
+  return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__compose(std::forward<_OtherClosure>(__c2), std::forward<_Closure>(__c1)));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires is_class_v<_Tp> && same_as<_Tp, remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
+struct __range_adaptor_closure {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _Tp>
+  requires is_class_v<_Tp> && same_as<_Tp, remove_cv_t<_Tp>>
+class range_adaptor_closure : public __range_adaptor_closure<_Tp> {};
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_RANGE_ADAPTOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/rbegin.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/rbegin.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..12e739e1a2b852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/rbegin.h
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_RBEGIN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_RBEGIN_H
+
+#include <__concepts/class_or_enum.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/auto_cast.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [ranges.access.rbegin]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __rbegin {
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __member_rbegin = __can_borrow<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  { _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.rbegin()) } -> input_or_output_iterator;
+};
+
+void rbegin() = delete;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __unqualified_rbegin =
+    !__member_rbegin<_Tp> && __can_borrow<_Tp> && __class_or_enum<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+      { _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(rbegin(__t)) } -> input_or_output_iterator;
+    };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __can_reverse =
+    __can_borrow<_Tp> && !__member_rbegin<_Tp> && !__unqualified_rbegin<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+      { ranges::begin(__t) } -> same_as<decltype(ranges::end(__t))>;
+      { ranges::begin(__t) } -> bidirectional_iterator;
+    };
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires __member_rbegin<_Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.rbegin()))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.rbegin());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires __unqualified_rbegin<_Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(rbegin(__t)))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(rbegin(__t));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires __can_reverse<_Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(noexcept(ranges::end(__t))) {
+    return std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::end(__t));
+  }
+
+  void operator()(auto&&) const = delete;
+};
+} // namespace __rbegin
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto rbegin = __rbegin::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// [range.access.crbegin]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __crbegin {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp&&>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::rbegin(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t))))
+          -> decltype(ranges::rbegin(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t))) {
+    return ranges::rbegin(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_rvalue_reference_v<_Tp&&>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::rbegin(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t))))
+          -> decltype(ranges::rbegin(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t))) {
+    return ranges::rbegin(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __crbegin
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto crbegin = __crbegin::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_RBEGIN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/ref_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/ref_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5329d778dd30db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/ref_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_REF_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_REF_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/
diff erent_from.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/data.h>
+#include <__ranges/empty.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <range _Range>
+  requires is_object_v<_Range>
+class ref_view : public view_interface<ref_view<_Range>> {
+  _Range* __range_;
+
+  static void __fun(_Range&);
+  static void __fun(_Range&&) = delete; // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-delete) ; This is llvm.org/PR54276
+
+public:
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires __
diff erent_from<_Tp, ref_view> && convertible_to<_Tp, _Range&> && requires { __fun(std::declval<_Tp>()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ref_view(_Tp&& __t)
+      : __range_(std::addressof(static_cast<_Range&>(std::forward<_Tp>(__t)))) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Range& base() const { return *__range_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator_t<_Range> begin() const { return ranges::begin(*__range_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr sentinel_t<_Range> end() const { return ranges::end(*__range_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty() const
+    requires requires { ranges::empty(*__range_); }
+  {
+    return ranges::empty(*__range_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires sized_range<_Range>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(*__range_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto data() const
+    requires contiguous_range<_Range>
+  {
+    return ranges::data(*__range_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range>
+ref_view(_Range&) -> ref_view<_Range>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<ref_view<_Tp>> = true;
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_REF_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/rend.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/rend.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..02b4c5999a7ebb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/rend.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_REND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_REND_H
+
+#include <__concepts/class_or_enum.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/rbegin.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/auto_cast.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [range.access.rend]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __rend {
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __member_rend = __can_borrow<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  ranges::rbegin(__t);
+  { _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.rend()) } -> sentinel_for<decltype(ranges::rbegin(__t))>;
+};
+
+void rend() = delete;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __unqualified_rend =
+    !__member_rend<_Tp> && __can_borrow<_Tp> && __class_or_enum<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+      ranges::rbegin(__t);
+      { _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(rend(__t)) } -> sentinel_for<decltype(ranges::rbegin(__t))>;
+    };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __can_reverse = __can_borrow<_Tp> && !__member_rend<_Tp> && !__unqualified_rend<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  { ranges::begin(__t) } -> same_as<decltype(ranges::end(__t))>;
+  { ranges::begin(__t) } -> bidirectional_iterator;
+};
+
+class __fn {
+public:
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires __member_rend<_Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.rend()))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.rend());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires __unqualified_rend<_Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(rend(__t)))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(rend(__t));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires __can_reverse<_Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::begin(__t))) {
+    return std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::begin(__t));
+  }
+
+  void operator()(auto&&) const = delete;
+};
+} // namespace __rend
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto rend = __rend::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// [range.access.crend]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __crend {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp&&>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::rend(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t))))
+          -> decltype(ranges::rend(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t))) {
+    return ranges::rend(static_cast<const remove_reference_t<_Tp>&>(__t));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_rvalue_reference_v<_Tp&&>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(
+      noexcept(ranges::rend(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t)))) -> decltype(ranges::rend(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t))) {
+    return ranges::rend(static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __crend
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto crend = __crend::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_REND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/repeat_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/repeat_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..53e4beb270ad01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/repeat_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_REPEAT_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_REPEAT_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__concepts/semiregular.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/unreachable_sentinel.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/iota_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/movable_box.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/piecewise_construct.h>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __integer_like_with_usable_
diff erence_type =
+    __signed_integer_like<_Tp> || (__integer_like<_Tp> && weakly_incrementable<_Tp>);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __repeat_view_iterator_
diff erence {
+  using type = _IotaDiffT<_Tp>;
+};
+
+template <__signed_integer_like _Tp>
+struct __repeat_view_iterator_
diff erence<_Tp> {
+  using type = _Tp;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __repeat_view_iterator_
diff erence_t = typename __repeat_view_iterator_
diff erence<_Tp>::type;
+
+namespace views::__drop {
+struct __fn;
+} // namespace views::__drop
+
+namespace views::__take {
+struct __fn;
+} // namespace views::__take
+
+template <move_constructible _Tp, semiregular _Bound = unreachable_sentinel_t>
+  requires(is_object_v<_Tp> && same_as<_Tp, remove_cv_t<_Tp>> &&
+           (__integer_like_with_usable_
diff erence_type<_Bound> || same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>))
+class _LIBCPP_ABI_LLVM18_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS repeat_view : public view_interface<repeat_view<_Tp, _Bound>> {
+  friend struct views::__take::__fn;
+  friend struct views::__drop::__fn;
+  class __iterator;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI repeat_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_Tp>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit repeat_view(const _Tp& __value, _Bound __bound_sentinel = _Bound())
+    requires copy_constructible<_Tp>
+      : __value_(in_place, __value), __bound_(__bound_sentinel) {
+    if constexpr (!same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__bound_ >= 0, "The value of bound must be greater than or equal to 0");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit repeat_view(_Tp&& __value, _Bound __bound_sentinel = _Bound())
+      : __value_(in_place, std::move(__value)), __bound_(__bound_sentinel) {
+    if constexpr (!same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__bound_ >= 0, "The value of bound must be greater than or equal to 0");
+  }
+
+  template <class... _TpArgs, class... _BoundArgs>
+    requires(constructible_from<_Tp, _TpArgs...> && constructible_from<_Bound, _BoundArgs...>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit repeat_view(
+      piecewise_construct_t, tuple<_TpArgs...> __value_args, tuple<_BoundArgs...> __bound_args = tuple<>{})
+      : __value_(in_place, std::make_from_tuple<_Tp>(std::move(__value_args))),
+        __bound_(std::make_from_tuple<_Bound>(std::move(__bound_args))) {
+    if constexpr (!same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(
+          __bound_ >= 0, "The behavior is undefined if Bound is not unreachable_sentinel_t and bound is negative");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator begin() const { return __iterator(std::addressof(*__value_)); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator end() const
+    requires(!same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
+  {
+    return __iterator(std::addressof(*__value_), __bound_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr unreachable_sentinel_t end() const noexcept { return unreachable_sentinel; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires(!same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
+  {
+    return std::__to_unsigned_like(__bound_);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __movable_box<_Tp> __value_;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Bound __bound_ = _Bound();
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Bound = unreachable_sentinel_t>
+repeat_view(_Tp, _Bound = _Bound()) -> repeat_view<_Tp, _Bound>;
+
+// [range.repeat.iterator]
+template <move_constructible _Tp, semiregular _Bound>
+  requires(is_object_v<_Tp> && same_as<_Tp, remove_cv_t<_Tp>> &&
+           (__integer_like_with_usable_
diff erence_type<_Bound> || same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>))
+class repeat_view<_Tp, _Bound>::__iterator {
+  friend class repeat_view;
+
+  using _IndexT = conditional_t<same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>, ptr
diff _t, _Bound>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __iterator(const _Tp* __value, _IndexT __bound_sentinel = _IndexT())
+      : __value_(__value), __current_(__bound_sentinel) {}
+
+public:
+  using iterator_concept  = random_access_iterator_tag;
+  using iterator_category = random_access_iterator_tag;
+  using value_type        = _Tp;
+  using 
diff erence_type   = __repeat_view_iterator_
diff erence_t<_IndexT>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp& operator*() const noexcept { return *__value_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator++() {
+    ++__current_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator++(int) {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator--() {
+    if constexpr (!same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__current_ > 0, "The value of bound must be greater than or equal to 0");
+    --__current_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator--(int) {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    --*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type __n) {
+    if constexpr (!same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__current_ + __n >= 0, "The value of bound must be greater than or equal to 0");
+    __current_ += __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type __n) {
+    if constexpr (!same_as<_Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>)
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__current_ - __n >= 0, "The value of bound must be greater than or equal to 0");
+    __current_ -= __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp& operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const noexcept { return *(*this + __n); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__current_ == __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr auto operator<=>(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__current_ <=> __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator+(__iterator __i, 
diff erence_type __n) {
+    __i += __n;
+    return __i;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator+(
diff erence_type __n, __iterator __i) {
+    __i += __n;
+    return __i;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator-(__iterator __i, 
diff erence_type __n) {
+    __i -= __n;
+    return __i;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr 
diff erence_type operator-(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y) {
+    return static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__x.__current_) - static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__y.__current_);
+  }
+
+private:
+  const _Tp* __value_ = nullptr;
+  _IndexT __current_  = _IndexT();
+};
+
+// clang-format off
+namespace views {
+namespace __repeat {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __value)
+    noexcept(noexcept(ranges::repeat_view<decay_t<_Tp>>(std::forward<_Tp>(__value))))
+    -> decltype(      ranges::repeat_view<decay_t<_Tp>>(std::forward<_Tp>(__value)))
+    { return          ranges::repeat_view<decay_t<_Tp>>(std::forward<_Tp>(__value)); }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Bound>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __value, _Bound&& __bound_sentinel)
+    noexcept(noexcept(ranges::repeat_view(std::forward<_Tp>(__value), std::forward<_Bound>(__bound_sentinel))))
+    -> decltype(      ranges::repeat_view(std::forward<_Tp>(__value), std::forward<_Bound>(__bound_sentinel)))
+    { return          ranges::repeat_view(std::forward<_Tp>(__value), std::forward<_Bound>(__bound_sentinel)); }
+};
+} // namespace __repeat
+// clang-format on
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto repeat = __repeat::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_repeat_specialization = false;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Bound>
+inline constexpr bool __is_repeat_specialization<repeat_view<_Tp, _Bound>> = true;
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_REPEAT_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/reverse_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/reverse_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..796f5be22328b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/reverse_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_REVERSE_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_REVERSE_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <view _View>
+  requires bidirectional_range<_View>
+class reverse_view : public view_interface<reverse_view<_View>> {
+  // We cache begin() whenever ranges::next is not guaranteed O(1) to provide an
+  // amortized O(1) begin() method.
+  static constexpr bool _UseCache = !random_access_range<_View> && !common_range<_View>;
+  using _Cache = _If<_UseCache, __non_propagating_cache<reverse_iterator<iterator_t<_View>>>, __empty_cache>;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Cache __cached_begin_ = _Cache();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_          = _View();
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit reverse_view(_View __view) : __base_(std::move(__view)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reverse_iterator<iterator_t<_View>> begin() {
+    if constexpr (_UseCache)
+      if (__cached_begin_.__has_value())
+        return *__cached_begin_;
+
+    auto __tmp = std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::next(ranges::begin(__base_), ranges::end(__base_)));
+    if constexpr (_UseCache)
+      __cached_begin_.__emplace(__tmp);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reverse_iterator<iterator_t<_View>> begin()
+    requires common_range<_View>
+  {
+    return std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::end(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() const
+    requires common_range<const _View>
+  {
+    return std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::end(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reverse_iterator<iterator_t<_View>> end() {
+    return std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::begin(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const
+    requires common_range<const _View>
+  {
+    return std::make_reverse_iterator(ranges::begin(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size()
+    requires sized_range<_View>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__base_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires sized_range<const _View>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__base_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range>
+reverse_view(_Range&&) -> reverse_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<reverse_view<_Tp>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __reverse {
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_reverse_view = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_reverse_view<reverse_view<_Tp>> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_sized_reverse_subrange = false;
+
+template <class _Iter>
+inline constexpr bool
+    __is_sized_reverse_subrange<subrange<reverse_iterator<_Iter>, reverse_iterator<_Iter>, subrange_kind::sized>> =
+        true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_unsized_reverse_subrange = false;
+
+template <class _Iter, subrange_kind _Kind>
+inline constexpr bool __is_unsized_reverse_subrange<subrange<reverse_iterator<_Iter>, reverse_iterator<_Iter>, _Kind>> =
+    _Kind == subrange_kind::unsized;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __unwrapped_reverse_subrange {
+  using type =
+      void; // avoid SFINAE-ing out the overload below -- let the concept requirements do it for better diagnostics
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, subrange_kind _Kind>
+struct __unwrapped_reverse_subrange<subrange<reverse_iterator<_Iter>, reverse_iterator<_Iter>, _Kind>> {
+  using type = subrange<_Iter, _Iter, _Kind>;
+};
+
+struct __fn : __range_adaptor_closure<__fn> {
+  template <class _Range>
+    requires __is_reverse_view<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::forward<_Range>(__range).base())) -> decltype(std::forward<_Range>(__range).base()) {
+    return std::forward<_Range>(__range).base();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Range,
+            class _UnwrappedSubrange = typename __unwrapped_reverse_subrange<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>::type>
+    requires __is_sized_reverse_subrange<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_UnwrappedSubrange(__range.end().base(), __range.begin().base(), __range.size())))
+          -> decltype(_UnwrappedSubrange(__range.end().base(), __range.begin().base(), __range.size())) {
+    return _UnwrappedSubrange(__range.end().base(), __range.begin().base(), __range.size());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Range,
+            class _UnwrappedSubrange = typename __unwrapped_reverse_subrange<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>::type>
+    requires __is_unsized_reverse_subrange<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_UnwrappedSubrange(__range.end().base(), __range.begin().base())))
+          -> decltype(_UnwrappedSubrange(__range.end().base(), __range.begin().base())) {
+    return _UnwrappedSubrange(__range.end().base(), __range.begin().base());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Range>
+    requires(!__is_reverse_view<remove_cvref_t<_Range>> && !__is_sized_reverse_subrange<remove_cvref_t<_Range>> &&
+             !__is_unsized_reverse_subrange<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range) const noexcept(noexcept(reverse_view{
+      std::forward<_Range>(__range)})) -> decltype(reverse_view{std::forward<_Range>(__range)}) {
+    return reverse_view{std::forward<_Range>(__range)};
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __reverse
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto reverse = __reverse::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_REVERSE_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/single_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/single_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..45244f34994d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/single_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_SINGLE_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_SINGLE_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__ranges/movable_box.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <move_constructible _Tp>
+#  else
+template <copy_constructible _Tp>
+#  endif
+  requires is_object_v<_Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_ABI_LLVM18_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS single_view : public view_interface<single_view<_Tp>> {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __movable_box<_Tp> __value_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI single_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_Tp>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit single_view(const _Tp& __t)
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+    requires copy_constructible<_Tp>
+#  endif
+      : __value_(in_place, __t) {
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit single_view(_Tp&& __t) : __value_(in_place, std::move(__t)) {}
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+    requires constructible_from<_Tp, _Args...>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit single_view(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __value_{in_place, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...} {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* begin() noexcept { return data(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp* begin() const noexcept { return data(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* end() noexcept { return data() + 1; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp* end() const noexcept { return data() + 1; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool empty() noexcept { return false; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr size_t size() noexcept { return 1; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* data() noexcept { return __value_.operator->(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp* data() const noexcept { return __value_.operator->(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+single_view(_Tp) -> single_view<_Tp>;
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __single_view {
+
+struct __fn : __range_adaptor_closure<__fn> {
+  template <class _Range>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(single_view<decay_t<_Range&&>>(std::forward<_Range>(__range))))
+          -> decltype(single_view<decay_t<_Range&&>>(std::forward<_Range>(__range))) {
+    return single_view<decay_t<_Range&&>>(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __single_view
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto single = __single_view::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_SINGLE_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/size.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/size.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..40b0c6b6aad7a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/size.h
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_SIZE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_SIZE_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__concepts/class_or_enum.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/auto_cast.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class>
+inline constexpr bool disable_sized_range = false;
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// [range.prim.size]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __size {
+void size() = delete;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __size_enabled = !disable_sized_range<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __member_size = __size_enabled<_Tp> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+  { _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.size()) } -> __integer_like;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __unqualified_size =
+    __size_enabled<_Tp> && !__member_size<_Tp> && __class_or_enum<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+      { _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(size(__t)) } -> __integer_like;
+    };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __
diff erence =
+    !__member_size<_Tp> && !__unqualified_size<_Tp> && __class_or_enum<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> && requires(_Tp&& __t) {
+      { ranges::begin(__t) } -> forward_iterator;
+      { ranges::end(__t) } -> sized_sentinel_for<decltype(ranges::begin(std::declval<_Tp>()))>;
+    };
+
+struct __fn {
+  // `[range.prim.size]`: the array case (for rvalues).
+  template <class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t operator()(_Tp (&&)[_Sz]) const noexcept {
+    return _Sz;
+  }
+
+  // `[range.prim.size]`: the array case (for lvalues).
+  template <class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t operator()(_Tp (&)[_Sz]) const noexcept {
+    return _Sz;
+  }
+
+  // `[range.prim.size]`: `auto(t.size())` is a valid expression.
+  template <__member_size _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __integer_like auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.size()))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__t.size());
+  }
+
+  // `[range.prim.size]`: `auto(size(t))` is a valid expression.
+  template <__unqualified_size _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __integer_like auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(size(__t)))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(size(__t));
+  }
+
+  // [range.prim.size]: the `to-unsigned-like` case.
+  template <__
diff erence _Tp>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::__to_unsigned_like(ranges::end(__t) - ranges::begin(__t))))
+          -> decltype(std::__to_unsigned_like(ranges::end(__t) - ranges::begin(__t))) {
+    return std::__to_unsigned_like(ranges::end(__t) - ranges::begin(__t));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __size
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto size = __size::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// [range.prim.ssize]
+
+namespace ranges {
+namespace __ssize {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires requires(_Tp&& __t) { ranges::size(__t); }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr integral auto operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(ranges::size(__t))) {
+    using _Signed = make_signed_t<decltype(ranges::size(__t))>;
+    if constexpr (sizeof(ptr
diff _t) > sizeof(_Signed))
+      return static_cast<ptr
diff _t>(ranges::size(__t));
+    else
+      return static_cast<_Signed>(ranges::size(__t));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __ssize
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto ssize = __ssize::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_SIZE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/split_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/split_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ce3606aedfefb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/split_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_SPLIT_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_SPLIT_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_search.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/bind_back.h>
+#include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/empty.h>
+#include <__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/single_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <forward_range _View, forward_range _Pattern>
+  requires view<_View> && view<_Pattern> &&
+           indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_View>, iterator_t<_Pattern>, ranges::equal_to>
+class split_view : public view_interface<split_view<_View, _Pattern>> {
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_       = _View();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Pattern __pattern_ = _Pattern();
+  using _Cache                                  = __non_propagating_cache<subrange<iterator_t<_View>>>;
+  _Cache __cached_begin_                        = _Cache();
+
+  template <class, class>
+  friend struct __iterator;
+
+  template <class, class>
+  friend struct __sentinel;
+
+  struct __iterator;
+  struct __sentinel;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange<iterator_t<_View>> __find_next(iterator_t<_View> __it) {
+    auto [__begin, __end] = ranges::search(subrange(__it, ranges::end(__base_)), __pattern_);
+    if (__begin != ranges::end(__base_) && ranges::empty(__pattern_)) {
+      ++__begin;
+      ++__end;
+    }
+    return {__begin, __end};
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI split_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View> && default_initializable<_Pattern>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23 split_view(_View __base, _Pattern __pattern)
+      : __base_(std::move(__base)), __pattern_(std::move((__pattern))) {}
+
+  template <forward_range _Range>
+    requires constructible_from<_View, views::all_t<_Range>> &&
+                 constructible_from<_Pattern, single_view<range_value_t<_Range>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23
+  split_view(_Range&& __range, range_value_t<_Range> __elem)
+      : __base_(views::all(std::forward<_Range>(__range))), __pattern_(views::single(std::move(__elem))) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator begin() {
+    if (!__cached_begin_.__has_value()) {
+      __cached_begin_.__emplace(__find_next(ranges::begin(__base_)));
+    }
+    return {*this, ranges::begin(__base_), *__cached_begin_};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() {
+    if constexpr (common_range<_View>) {
+      return __iterator{*this, ranges::end(__base_), {}};
+    } else {
+      return __sentinel{*this};
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range, class _Pattern>
+split_view(_Range&&, _Pattern&&) -> split_view<views::all_t<_Range>, views::all_t<_Pattern>>;
+
+template <forward_range _Range>
+split_view(_Range&&, range_value_t<_Range>) -> split_view<views::all_t<_Range>, single_view<range_value_t<_Range>>>;
+
+template <forward_range _View, forward_range _Pattern>
+  requires view<_View> && view<_Pattern> &&
+           indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_View>, iterator_t<_Pattern>, ranges::equal_to>
+struct split_view<_View, _Pattern>::__iterator {
+private:
+  split_view* __parent_                                         = nullptr;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS iterator_t<_View> __cur_            = iterator_t<_View>();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS subrange<iterator_t<_View>> __next_ = subrange<iterator_t<_View>>();
+  bool __trailing_empty_                                        = false;
+
+  friend struct __sentinel;
+
+public:
+  using iterator_concept  = forward_iterator_tag;
+  using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+  using value_type        = subrange<iterator_t<_View>>;
+  using 
diff erence_type   = range_
diff erence_t<_View>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator(
+      split_view<_View, _Pattern>& __parent, iterator_t<_View> __current, subrange<iterator_t<_View>> __next)
+      : __parent_(std::addressof(__parent)), __cur_(std::move(__current)), __next_(std::move(__next)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator_t<_View> base() const { return __cur_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type operator*() const { return {__cur_, __next_.begin()}; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator++() {
+    __cur_ = __next_.begin();
+    if (__cur_ != ranges::end(__parent_->__base_)) {
+      __cur_ = __next_.end();
+      if (__cur_ == ranges::end(__parent_->__base_)) {
+        __trailing_empty_ = true;
+        __next_           = {__cur_, __cur_};
+      } else {
+        __next_ = __parent_->__find_next(__cur_);
+      }
+    } else {
+      __trailing_empty_ = false;
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator++(int) {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__cur_ == __y.__cur_ && __x.__trailing_empty_ == __y.__trailing_empty_;
+  }
+};
+
+template <forward_range _View, forward_range _Pattern>
+  requires view<_View> && view<_Pattern> &&
+           indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<_View>, iterator_t<_Pattern>, ranges::equal_to>
+struct split_view<_View, _Pattern>::__sentinel {
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS sentinel_t<_View> __end_ = sentinel_t<_View>();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __equals(const __iterator& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+    return __x.__cur_ == __y.__end_ && !__x.__trailing_empty_;
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __sentinel() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __sentinel(split_view<_View, _Pattern>& __parent)
+      : __end_(ranges::end(__parent.__base_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+    return __equals(__x, __y);
+  }
+};
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __split_view {
+struct __fn {
+  // clang-format off
+  template <class _Range, class _Pattern>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pattern&& __pattern) const
+    noexcept(noexcept(split_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pattern>(__pattern))))
+    -> decltype(      split_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pattern>(__pattern)))
+    { return          split_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pattern>(__pattern)); }
+  // clang-format on
+
+  template <class _Pattern>
+    requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Pattern>, _Pattern>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Pattern&& __pattern) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Pattern>, _Pattern>) {
+    return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__bind_back(*this, std::forward<_Pattern>(__pattern)));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __split_view
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto split = __split_view::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_SPLIT_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/subrange.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/subrange.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..aba584ef933542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/subrange.h
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_SUBRANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_SUBRANGE_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/
diff erent_from.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/subrange.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_element.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_like_no_subrange.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_pointer.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+template <class _From, class _To>
+concept __uses_nonqualification_pointer_conversion =
+    is_pointer_v<_From> && is_pointer_v<_To> &&
+    !convertible_to<remove_pointer_t<_From> (*)[], remove_pointer_t<_To> (*)[]>;
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+concept __convertible_to_non_slicing =
+    convertible_to<_From, _To> && !__uses_nonqualification_pointer_conversion<decay_t<_From>, decay_t<_To>>;
+
+template <class _Pair, class _Iter, class _Sent>
+concept __pair_like_convertible_from =
+    !range<_Pair> && __pair_like_no_subrange<_Pair> && constructible_from<_Pair, _Iter, _Sent> &&
+    __convertible_to_non_slicing<_Iter, tuple_element_t<0, _Pair>> && convertible_to<_Sent, tuple_element_t<1, _Pair>>;
+
+template <input_or_output_iterator _Iter,
+          sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent = _Iter,
+          subrange_kind _Kind       = sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _Iter> ? subrange_kind::sized : subrange_kind::unsized>
+  requires(_Kind == subrange_kind::sized || !sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _Iter>)
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS subrange : public view_interface<subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>> {
+public:
+  // Note: this is an internal implementation detail that is public only for internal usage.
+  static constexpr bool _StoreSize = (_Kind == subrange_kind::sized && !sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _Iter>);
+
+private:
+  static constexpr bool _MustProvideSizeAtConstruction = !_StoreSize; // just to improve compiler diagnostics
+  struct _Empty {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Empty(auto) noexcept {}
+  };
+  using _Size = conditional_t<_StoreSize, make_unsigned_t<iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>>, _Empty>;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Iter __begin_ = _Iter();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Sent __end_   = _Sent();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Size __size_  = 0;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI subrange()
+    requires default_initializable<_Iter>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange(__convertible_to_non_slicing<_Iter> auto __iter, _Sent __sent)
+    requires _MustProvideSizeAtConstruction
+      : __begin_(std::move(__iter)), __end_(std::move(__sent)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange(
+      __convertible_to_non_slicing<_Iter> auto __iter, _Sent __sent, make_unsigned_t<iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>> __n)
+    requires(_Kind == subrange_kind::sized)
+      : __begin_(std::move(__iter)), __end_(std::move(__sent)), __size_(__n) {
+    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _Iter>)
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS((__end_ - __begin_) == static_cast<iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>>(__n),
+                                          "std::ranges::subrange was passed an invalid size hint");
+  }
+
+  template <__
diff erent_from<subrange> _Range>
+    requires borrowed_range<_Range> && __convertible_to_non_slicing<iterator_t<_Range>, _Iter> &&
+             convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Range>, _Sent>
+             _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange(_Range&& __range)
+               requires(!_StoreSize)
+      : subrange(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range)) {}
+
+  template <__
diff erent_from<subrange> _Range>
+    requires borrowed_range<_Range> && __convertible_to_non_slicing<iterator_t<_Range>, _Iter> &&
+             convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Range>, _Sent>
+             _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange(_Range&& __range)
+               requires _StoreSize && sized_range<_Range>
+      : subrange(__range, ranges::size(__range)) {}
+
+  template <borrowed_range _Range>
+    requires __convertible_to_non_slicing<iterator_t<_Range>, _Iter> &&
+             convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Range>, _Sent>
+             _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange(_Range&& __range, make_unsigned_t<iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>> __n)
+               requires(_Kind == subrange_kind::sized)
+      : subrange(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __n) {}
+
+  template <__pair_like_convertible_from<const _Iter&, const _Sent&> _Pair>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator _Pair() const {
+    return _Pair(__begin_, __end_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter begin() const
+    requires copyable<_Iter>
+  {
+    return __begin_;
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Iter begin()
+    requires(!copyable<_Iter>)
+  {
+    return std::move(__begin_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Sent end() const { return __end_; }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty() const { return __begin_ == __end_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr make_unsigned_t<iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>> size() const
+    requires(_Kind == subrange_kind::sized)
+  {
+    if constexpr (_StoreSize)
+      return __size_;
+    else
+      return std::__to_unsigned_like(__end_ - __begin_);
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange next(iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n = 1) const&
+    requires forward_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    __tmp.advance(__n);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange next(iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n = 1) && {
+    advance(__n);
+    return std::move(*this);
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange prev(iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n = 1) const
+    requires bidirectional_iterator<_Iter>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    __tmp.advance(-__n);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr subrange& advance(iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter> __n) {
+    if constexpr (bidirectional_iterator<_Iter>) {
+      if (__n < 0) {
+        ranges::advance(__begin_, __n);
+        if constexpr (_StoreSize)
+          __size_ += std::__to_unsigned_like(-__n);
+        return *this;
+      }
+    }
+
+    auto __d = __n - ranges::advance(__begin_, __n, __end_);
+    if constexpr (_StoreSize)
+      __size_ -= std::__to_unsigned_like(__d);
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+template <input_or_output_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent>
+subrange(_Iter, _Sent) -> subrange<_Iter, _Sent>;
+
+template <input_or_output_iterator _Iter, sentinel_for<_Iter> _Sent>
+subrange(_Iter, _Sent, make_unsigned_t<iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>>) -> subrange<_Iter, _Sent, subrange_kind::sized>;
+
+template <borrowed_range _Range>
+subrange(_Range&&) -> subrange<iterator_t<_Range>,
+                               sentinel_t<_Range>,
+                               (sized_range<_Range> || sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Range>, iterator_t<_Range>>)
+                                   ? subrange_kind::sized
+                                   : subrange_kind::unsized>;
+
+template <borrowed_range _Range>
+subrange(_Range&&, make_unsigned_t<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>>)
+    -> subrange<iterator_t<_Range>, sentinel_t<_Range>, subrange_kind::sized>;
+
+template <size_t _Index, class _Iter, class _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
+  requires((_Index == 0 && copyable<_Iter>) || _Index == 1)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto get(const subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>& __subrange) {
+  if constexpr (_Index == 0)
+    return __subrange.begin();
+  else
+    return __subrange.end();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Index, class _Iter, class _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
+  requires(_Index < 2)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto get(subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>&& __subrange) {
+  if constexpr (_Index == 0)
+    return __subrange.begin();
+  else
+    return __subrange.end();
+}
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Sp, subrange_kind _Kp>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<subrange<_Ip, _Sp, _Kp>> = true;
+
+template <range _Rp>
+using borrowed_subrange_t = _If<borrowed_range<_Rp>, subrange<iterator_t<_Rp>>, dangling>;
+} // namespace ranges
+
+// [range.subrange.general]
+
+using ranges::get;
+
+// [ranges.syn]
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Sp, ranges::subrange_kind _Kp>
+struct tuple_size<ranges::subrange<_Ip, _Sp, _Kp>> : integral_constant<size_t, 2> {};
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Sp, ranges::subrange_kind _Kp>
+struct tuple_element<0, ranges::subrange<_Ip, _Sp, _Kp>> {
+  using type = _Ip;
+};
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Sp, ranges::subrange_kind _Kp>
+struct tuple_element<1, ranges::subrange<_Ip, _Sp, _Kp>> {
+  using type = _Sp;
+};
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Sp, ranges::subrange_kind _Kp>
+struct tuple_element<0, const ranges::subrange<_Ip, _Sp, _Kp>> {
+  using type = _Ip;
+};
+
+template <class _Ip, class _Sp, ranges::subrange_kind _Kp>
+struct tuple_element<1, const ranges::subrange<_Ip, _Sp, _Kp>> {
+  using type = _Sp;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_SUBRANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/take_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/take_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..27ca8155a69b18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/take_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_TAKE_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_TAKE_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_min.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/bind_back.h>
+#include <__fwd/span.h>
+#include <__fwd/string_view.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/counted_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/empty_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/iota_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/repeat_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/maybe_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/auto_cast.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <view _View>
+class take_view : public view_interface<take_view<_View>> {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_ = _View();
+  range_
diff erence_t<_View> __count_      = 0;
+
+  template <bool>
+  class __sentinel;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI take_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23
+  take_view(_View __base, range_
diff erence_t<_View> __count)
+      : __base_(std::move(__base)), __count_(__count) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__count >= 0, "count has to be greater than or equal to zero");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin()
+    requires(!__simple_view<_View>)
+  {
+    if constexpr (sized_range<_View>) {
+      if constexpr (random_access_range<_View>) {
+        return ranges::begin(__base_);
+      } else {
+        using _DifferenceT = range_
diff erence_t<_View>;
+        auto __size        = size();
+        return counted_iterator(ranges::begin(__base_), static_cast<_DifferenceT>(__size));
+      }
+    } else {
+      return counted_iterator(ranges::begin(__base_), __count_);
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() const
+    requires range<const _View>
+  {
+    if constexpr (sized_range<const _View>) {
+      if constexpr (random_access_range<const _View>) {
+        return ranges::begin(__base_);
+      } else {
+        using _DifferenceT = range_
diff erence_t<const _View>;
+        auto __size        = size();
+        return counted_iterator(ranges::begin(__base_), static_cast<_DifferenceT>(__size));
+      }
+    } else {
+      return counted_iterator(ranges::begin(__base_), __count_);
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end()
+    requires(!__simple_view<_View>)
+  {
+    if constexpr (sized_range<_View>) {
+      if constexpr (random_access_range<_View>) {
+        return ranges::begin(__base_) + size();
+      } else {
+        return default_sentinel;
+      }
+    } else {
+      return __sentinel<false>{ranges::end(__base_)};
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const
+    requires range<const _View>
+  {
+    if constexpr (sized_range<const _View>) {
+      if constexpr (random_access_range<const _View>) {
+        return ranges::begin(__base_) + size();
+      } else {
+        return default_sentinel;
+      }
+    } else {
+      return __sentinel<true>{ranges::end(__base_)};
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size()
+    requires sized_range<_View>
+  {
+    auto __n = ranges::size(__base_);
+    return ranges::min(__n, static_cast<decltype(__n)>(__count_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires sized_range<const _View>
+  {
+    auto __n = ranges::size(__base_);
+    return ranges::min(__n, static_cast<decltype(__n)>(__count_));
+  }
+};
+
+template <view _View>
+template <bool _Const>
+class take_view<_View>::__sentinel {
+  using _Base = __maybe_const<_Const, _View>;
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+  using _Iter                                        = counted_iterator<iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>>;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS sentinel_t<_Base> __end_ = sentinel_t<_Base>();
+
+  template <bool>
+  friend class take_view<_View>::__sentinel;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __sentinel() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __sentinel(sentinel_t<_Base> __end) : __end_(std::move(__end)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __sentinel(__sentinel<!_Const> __s)
+    requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_View>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
+      : __end_(std::move(__s.__end_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr sentinel_t<_Base> base() const { return __end_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const _Iter<_Const>& __lhs, const __sentinel& __rhs) {
+    return __lhs.count() == 0 || __lhs.base() == __rhs.__end_;
+  }
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst = !_Const>
+    requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const _Iter<_OtherConst>& __lhs, const __sentinel& __rhs) {
+    return __lhs.count() == 0 || __lhs.base() == __rhs.__end_;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range>
+take_view(_Range&&, range_
diff erence_t<_Range>) -> take_view<views::all_t<_Range>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<take_view<_Tp>> = enable_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __take {
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_empty_view = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_empty_view<empty_view<_Tp>> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_passthrough_specialization = false;
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Extent>
+inline constexpr bool __is_passthrough_specialization<span<_Tp, _Extent>> = true;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline constexpr bool __is_passthrough_specialization<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> = true;
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
+inline constexpr bool __is_passthrough_specialization<subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_iota_specialization = false;
+
+template <class _Np, class _Bound>
+inline constexpr bool __is_iota_specialization<iota_view<_Np, _Bound>> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __passthrough_type;
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Extent>
+struct __passthrough_type<span<_Tp, _Extent>> {
+  using type = span<_Tp>;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+struct __passthrough_type<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> {
+  using type = basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>;
+};
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, subrange_kind _Kind>
+  requires requires { typename subrange<_Iter>; }
+struct __passthrough_type<subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>> {
+  using type = subrange<_Iter>;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __passthrough_type_t = typename __passthrough_type<_Tp>::type;
+
+struct __fn {
+  // [range.take.overview]: the `empty_view` case.
+  template <class _Range, convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np>
+    requires __is_empty_view<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Np&&) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Range>(__range))))
+          -> decltype(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Range>(__range))) {
+    return _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+
+  // [range.take.overview]: the `span | basic_string_view | subrange` case.
+  template <class _Range,
+            convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np,
+            class _RawRange = remove_cvref_t<_Range>,
+            class _Dist     = range_
diff erence_t<_Range>>
+    requires(!__is_empty_view<_RawRange> && random_access_range<_RawRange> && sized_range<_RawRange> &&
+             __is_passthrough_specialization<_RawRange>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+  operator()(_Range&& __rng, _Np&& __n) const noexcept(noexcept(__passthrough_type_t<_RawRange>(
+      ranges::begin(__rng), ranges::begin(__rng) + std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n)))))
+      -> decltype(__passthrough_type_t<_RawRange>(
+          // Note: deliberately not forwarding `__rng` to guard against double moves.
+          ranges::begin(__rng),
+          ranges::begin(__rng) + std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n)))) {
+    return __passthrough_type_t<_RawRange>(
+        ranges::begin(__rng), ranges::begin(__rng) + std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n)));
+  }
+
+  // [range.take.overview]: the `iota_view` case.
+  // clang-format off
+  template <class _Range,
+            convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np,
+            class _RawRange = remove_cvref_t<_Range>,
+            class _Dist     = range_
diff erence_t<_Range>>
+    requires (!__is_empty_view<_RawRange> &&
+              random_access_range<_RawRange> &&
+              sized_range<_RawRange> &&
+              __is_iota_specialization<_RawRange>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __rng, _Np&& __n) const
+    noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iota_view(
+                              *ranges::begin(__rng),
+                              *(ranges::begin(__rng) + std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n)))
+                              )))
+    -> decltype(      ranges::iota_view(
+                              // Note: deliberately not forwarding `__rng` to guard against double moves.
+                              *ranges::begin(__rng),
+                              *(ranges::begin(__rng) + std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n)))
+                              ))
+    { return          ranges::iota_view(
+                              *ranges::begin(__rng),
+                              *(ranges::begin(__rng) + std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__rng), std::forward<_Np>(__n)))
+                              ); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  // [range.take.overview]: the `repeat_view` "_RawRange models sized_range" case.
+  template <class _Range,
+            convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np,
+            class _RawRange = remove_cvref_t<_Range>,
+            class _Dist     = range_
diff erence_t<_Range>>
+    requires(__is_repeat_specialization<_RawRange> && sized_range<_RawRange>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Np&& __n) const
+    noexcept(noexcept(views::repeat(*__range.__value_, std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n)))))
+    -> decltype(      views::repeat(*__range.__value_, std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n))))
+    { return          views::repeat(*__range.__value_, std::min<_Dist>(ranges::distance(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n))); }
+
+  // [range.take.overview]: the `repeat_view` "otherwise" case.
+  template <class _Range,
+            convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np,
+            class _RawRange = remove_cvref_t<_Range>,
+            class _Dist     = range_
diff erence_t<_Range>>
+    requires(__is_repeat_specialization<_RawRange> && !sized_range<_RawRange>)
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Np&& __n) const
+    noexcept(noexcept(views::repeat(*__range.__value_, static_cast<_Dist>(__n))))
+    -> decltype(      views::repeat(*__range.__value_, static_cast<_Dist>(__n)))
+    { return          views::repeat(*__range.__value_, static_cast<_Dist>(__n)); }
+#endif
+  // clang-format on
+
+  // [range.take.overview]: the "otherwise" case.
+  template <class _Range, convertible_to<range_
diff erence_t<_Range>> _Np, class _RawRange = remove_cvref_t<_Range>>
+  // Note: without specifically excluding the other cases, GCC sees this overload as ambiguous with the other
+  // overloads.
+    requires(!(__is_empty_view<_RawRange> ||
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+               __is_repeat_specialization<_RawRange> ||
+#  endif
+               (__is_iota_specialization<_RawRange> && sized_range<_RawRange> && random_access_range<_RawRange>) ||
+               (__is_passthrough_specialization<_RawRange> && sized_range<_RawRange> &&
+                random_access_range<_RawRange>)))
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Np&& __n) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(take_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n))))
+          -> decltype(take_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n))) {
+    return take_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Np>(__n));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Np>
+    requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Np>, _Np>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Np&& __n) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Np>, _Np>) {
+    return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__bind_back(*this, std::forward<_Np>(__n)));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __take
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto take = __take::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_TAKE_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/take_while_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/take_while_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..77ea9f7bb81316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/take_while_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_TAKE_WHILE_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_TAKE_WHILE_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/bind_back.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/movable_box.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/maybe_const.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <view _View, class _Pred>
+  requires input_range<_View> && is_object_v<_Pred> && indirect_unary_predicate<const _Pred, iterator_t<_View>>
+class _LIBCPP_ABI_LLVM18_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS take_while_view : public view_interface<take_while_view<_View, _Pred>> {
+  template <bool>
+  class __sentinel;
+
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_ = _View();
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __movable_box<_Pred> __pred_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI take_while_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View> && default_initializable<_Pred>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23 take_while_view(_View __base, _Pred __pred)
+      : __base_(std::move(__base)), __pred_(std::in_place, std::move(__pred)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Pred& pred() const { return *__pred_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin()
+    requires(!__simple_view<_View>)
+  {
+    return ranges::begin(__base_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() const
+    requires range<const _View> && indirect_unary_predicate<const _Pred, iterator_t<const _View>>
+  {
+    return ranges::begin(__base_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end()
+    requires(!__simple_view<_View>)
+  {
+    return __sentinel</*_Const=*/false>(ranges::end(__base_), std::addressof(*__pred_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const
+    requires range<const _View> && indirect_unary_predicate<const _Pred, iterator_t<const _View>>
+  {
+    return __sentinel</*_Const=*/true>(ranges::end(__base_), std::addressof(*__pred_));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range, class _Pred>
+take_while_view(_Range&&, _Pred) -> take_while_view<views::all_t<_Range>, _Pred>;
+
+template <view _View, class _Pred>
+  requires input_range<_View> && is_object_v<_Pred> && indirect_unary_predicate<const _Pred, iterator_t<_View>>
+template <bool _Const>
+class take_while_view<_View, _Pred>::__sentinel {
+  using _Base = __maybe_const<_Const, _View>;
+
+  sentinel_t<_Base> __end_ = sentinel_t<_Base>();
+  const _Pred* __pred_     = nullptr;
+
+  friend class __sentinel<!_Const>;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __sentinel() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __sentinel(sentinel_t<_Base> __end, const _Pred* __pred)
+      : __end_(std::move(__end)), __pred_(__pred) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __sentinel(__sentinel<!_Const> __s)
+    requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_View>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
+      : __end_(std::move(__s.__end_)), __pred_(__s.__pred_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr sentinel_t<_Base> base() const { return __end_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const iterator_t<_Base>& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+    return __x == __y.__end_ || !std::invoke(*__y.__pred_, *__x);
+  }
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst = !_Const>
+    requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool
+  operator==(const iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+    return __x == __y.__end_ || !std::invoke(*__y.__pred_, *__x);
+  }
+};
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __take_while {
+
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Range, class _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Pred&& __pred) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(/**/ take_while_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred))))
+          -> decltype(/*--*/ take_while_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred))) {
+    return /*-------------*/ take_while_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Pred>(__pred));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pred>
+    requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Pred>, _Pred>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Pred&& __pred) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Pred>, _Pred>) {
+    return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__bind_back(*this, std::forward<_Pred>(__pred)));
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __take_while
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto take_while = __take_while::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_TAKE_WHILE_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/to.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/to.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e0abe6290b8f7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/to.h
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_TO_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_TO_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/bind_back.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/ref_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/transform_view.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_volatile.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Container>
+constexpr bool __reservable_container =
+    sized_range<_Container> && requires(_Container& __c, range_size_t<_Container> __n) {
+      __c.reserve(__n);
+      { __c.capacity() } -> same_as<decltype(__n)>;
+      { __c.max_size() } -> same_as<decltype(__n)>;
+    };
+
+template <class _Container, class _Ref>
+constexpr bool __container_insertable = requires(_Container& __c, _Ref&& __ref) {
+  requires(
+      requires { __c.push_back(std::forward<_Ref>(__ref)); } ||
+      requires { __c.insert(__c.end(), std::forward<_Ref>(__ref)); });
+};
+
+template <class _Ref, class _Container>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __container_inserter(_Container& __c) {
+  if constexpr (requires { __c.push_back(std::declval<_Ref>()); }) {
+    return std::back_inserter(__c);
+  } else {
+    return std::inserter(__c, __c.end());
+  }
+}
+
+// Note: making this a concept allows short-circuiting the second condition.
+template <class _Container, class _Range>
+concept __try_non_recursive_conversion =
+    !input_range<_Container> || convertible_to<range_reference_t<_Range>, range_value_t<_Container>>;
+
+template <class _Container, class _Range, class... _Args>
+concept __constructible_from_iter_pair =
+    common_range<_Range> && requires { typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Range>>::iterator_category; } &&
+    derived_from<typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_Range>>::iterator_category, input_iterator_tag> &&
+    constructible_from<_Container, iterator_t<_Range>, sentinel_t<_Range>, _Args...>;
+
+template <class>
+concept __always_false = false;
+
+// `ranges::to` base template -- the `_Container` type is a simple type template parameter.
+template <class _Container, input_range _Range, class... _Args>
+  requires(!view<_Container>)
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Container to(_Range&& __range, _Args&&... __args) {
+  // Mandates: C is a cv-unqualified class type.
+  static_assert(!is_const_v<_Container>, "The target container cannot be const-qualified, please remove the const");
+  static_assert(
+      !is_volatile_v<_Container>, "The target container cannot be volatile-qualified, please remove the volatile");
+
+  // First see if the non-recursive case applies -- the conversion target is either:
+  // - a range with a convertible value type;
+  // - a non-range type which might support being created from the input argument(s) (e.g. an `optional`).
+  if constexpr (__try_non_recursive_conversion<_Container, _Range>) {
+    // Case 1 -- construct directly from the given range.
+    if constexpr (constructible_from<_Container, _Range, _Args...>) {
+      return _Container(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    }
+
+    // Case 2 -- construct using the `from_range_t` tagged constructor.
+    else if constexpr (constructible_from<_Container, from_range_t, _Range, _Args...>) {
+      return _Container(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    }
+
+    // Case 3 -- construct from a begin-end iterator pair.
+    else if constexpr (__constructible_from_iter_pair<_Container, _Range, _Args...>) {
+      return _Container(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    }
+
+    // Case 4 -- default-construct (or construct from the extra arguments) and insert, reserving the size if possible.
+    else if constexpr (constructible_from<_Container, _Args...> &&
+                       __container_insertable<_Container, range_reference_t<_Range>>) {
+      _Container __result(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+      if constexpr (sized_range<_Range> && __reservable_container<_Container>) {
+        __result.reserve(static_cast<range_size_t<_Container>>(ranges::size(__range)));
+      }
+
+      ranges::copy(__range, ranges::__container_inserter<range_reference_t<_Range>>(__result));
+
+      return __result;
+
+    } else {
+      static_assert(__always_false<_Container>, "ranges::to: unable to convert to the given container type.");
+    }
+
+    // Try the recursive case.
+  } else if constexpr (input_range<range_reference_t<_Range>>) {
+    return ranges::to<_Container>(
+        ref_view(__range) | views::transform([](auto&& __elem) {
+          return ranges::to<range_value_t<_Container>>(std::forward<decltype(__elem)>(__elem));
+        }),
+        std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+
+  } else {
+    static_assert(__always_false<_Container>, "ranges::to: unable to convert to the given container type.");
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Range>
+struct __minimal_input_iterator {
+  using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+  using value_type        = range_value_t<_Range>;
+  using 
diff erence_type   = ptr
diff _t;
+  using pointer           = add_pointer_t<range_reference_t<_Range>>;
+  using reference         = range_reference_t<_Range>;
+
+  reference operator*() const;
+  pointer operator->() const;
+  __minimal_input_iterator& operator++();
+  __minimal_input_iterator operator++(int);
+  bool operator==(const __minimal_input_iterator&) const;
+};
+
+// Deduces the full type of the container from the given template template parameter.
+template <template <class...> class _Container, input_range _Range, class... _Args>
+struct _Deducer {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __deduce_func() {
+    using _InputIter = __minimal_input_iterator<_Range>;
+
+    // Case 1 -- can construct directly from the given range.
+    if constexpr (requires { _Container(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Args>()...); }) {
+      using _Result = decltype( //
+          _Container(std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Args>()...));
+      return type_identity<_Result>{};
+
+      // Case 2 -- can construct from the given range using the `from_range_t` tagged constructor.
+    } else if constexpr ( //
+        requires { _Container(from_range, std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Args>()...); }) {
+      using _Result = //
+          decltype(_Container(from_range, std::declval<_Range>(), std::declval<_Args>()...));
+      return type_identity<_Result>{};
+
+      // Case 3 -- can construct from a begin-end iterator pair.
+    } else if constexpr ( //
+        requires { _Container(std::declval<_InputIter>(), std::declval<_InputIter>(), std::declval<_Args>()...); }) {
+      using _Result =
+          decltype(_Container(std::declval<_InputIter>(), std::declval<_InputIter>(), std::declval<_Args>()...));
+      return type_identity<_Result>{};
+
+    } else {
+      static_assert(__always_false<_Range>,
+                    "ranges::to: unable to deduce the container type from the template template argument.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  using type = typename decltype(__deduce_func())::type;
+};
+
+// `ranges::to` specialization -- `_Container` is a template template parameter requiring deduction to figure out the
+// container element type.
+template <template <class...> class _Container, input_range _Range, class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto to(_Range&& __range, _Args&&... __args) {
+  using _DeduceExpr = typename _Deducer<_Container, _Range, _Args...>::type;
+  return ranges::to<_DeduceExpr>(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+// Range adaptor closure object 1 -- wrapping the `ranges::to` version where `_Container` is a simple type template
+// parameter.
+template <class _Container, class... _Args>
+  requires(!view<_Container>)
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto to(_Args&&... __args) {
+  // Mandates: C is a cv-unqualified class type.
+  static_assert(!is_const_v<_Container>, "The target container cannot be const-qualified, please remove the const");
+  static_assert(
+      !is_volatile_v<_Container>, "The target container cannot be volatile-qualified, please remove the volatile");
+
+  auto __to_func = []<input_range _Range, class... _Tail>(_Range&& __range, _Tail&&... __tail) static
+    requires requires { //
+      /**/ ranges::to<_Container>(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Tail>(__tail)...);
+    }
+  { return ranges::to<_Container>(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Tail>(__tail)...); };
+
+  return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__bind_back(__to_func, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+}
+
+// Range adaptor closure object 2 -- wrapping the `ranges::to` version where `_Container` is a template template
+// parameter.
+template <template <class...> class _Container, class... _Args>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto to(_Args&&... __args) {
+  // clang-format off
+  auto __to_func = []<input_range _Range, class... _Tail,
+                      class _DeducedExpr = typename _Deducer<_Container, _Range, _Tail...>::type>
+    (_Range&& __range, _Tail&& ... __tail) static
+      requires requires { //
+      /**/ ranges::to<_DeducedExpr>(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Tail>(__tail)...);
+    }
+  {
+    return ranges::to<_DeducedExpr>(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Tail>(__tail)...);
+  };
+  // clang-format on
+
+  return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__bind_back(__to_func, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+}
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_TO_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/transform_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/transform_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bcce389c0e6809
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/transform_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_TRANSFORM_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_TRANSFORM_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/bind_back.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/perfect_forward.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/empty.h>
+#include <__ranges/movable_box.h>
+#include <__ranges/range_adaptor.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/maybe_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Fn, class _View>
+concept __regular_invocable_with_range_ref = regular_invocable<_Fn, range_reference_t<_View>>;
+
+template <class _View, class _Fn>
+concept __transform_view_constraints =
+    view<_View> && is_object_v<_Fn> && regular_invocable<_Fn&, range_reference_t<_View>> &&
+    __can_reference<invoke_result_t<_Fn&, range_reference_t<_View>>>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <input_range _View, move_constructible _Fn>
+#  else
+template <input_range _View, copy_constructible _Fn>
+#  endif
+  requires __transform_view_constraints<_View, _Fn>
+class _LIBCPP_ABI_LLVM18_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS transform_view : public view_interface<transform_view<_View, _Fn>> {
+  template <bool>
+  class __iterator;
+  template <bool>
+  class __sentinel;
+
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS __movable_box<_Fn> __func_;
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _View __base_ = _View();
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI transform_view()
+    requires default_initializable<_View> && default_initializable<_Fn>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX23 transform_view(_View __base, _Fn __func)
+      : __func_(std::in_place, std::move(__func)), __base_(std::move(__base)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() const&
+    requires copy_constructible<_View>
+  {
+    return __base_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _View base() && { return std::move(__base_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator<false> begin() { return __iterator<false>{*this, ranges::begin(__base_)}; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator<true> begin() const
+    requires range<const _View> && __regular_invocable_with_range_ref<const _Fn&, const _View>
+  {
+    return __iterator<true>(*this, ranges::begin(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __sentinel<false> end() { return __sentinel<false>(ranges::end(__base_)); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator<false> end()
+    requires common_range<_View>
+  {
+    return __iterator<false>(*this, ranges::end(__base_));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __sentinel<true> end() const
+    requires range<const _View> && __regular_invocable_with_range_ref<const _Fn&, const _View>
+  {
+    return __sentinel<true>(ranges::end(__base_));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator<true> end() const
+    requires common_range<const _View> && __regular_invocable_with_range_ref<const _Fn&, const _View>
+  {
+    return __iterator<true>(*this, ranges::end(__base_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size()
+    requires sized_range<_View>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__base_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires sized_range<const _View>
+  {
+    return ranges::size(__base_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Range, class _Fn>
+transform_view(_Range&&, _Fn) -> transform_view<views::all_t<_Range>, _Fn>;
+
+template <class _View>
+struct __transform_view_iterator_concept {
+  using type = input_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+template <random_access_range _View>
+struct __transform_view_iterator_concept<_View> {
+  using type = random_access_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+template <bidirectional_range _View>
+struct __transform_view_iterator_concept<_View> {
+  using type = bidirectional_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+template <forward_range _View>
+struct __transform_view_iterator_concept<_View> {
+  using type = forward_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+template <class, class>
+struct __transform_view_iterator_category_base {};
+
+template <forward_range _View, class _Fn>
+struct __transform_view_iterator_category_base<_View, _Fn> {
+  using _Cat = typename iterator_traits<iterator_t<_View>>::iterator_category;
+
+  using iterator_category =
+      conditional_t< is_reference_v<invoke_result_t<_Fn&, range_reference_t<_View>>>,
+                     conditional_t< derived_from<_Cat, contiguous_iterator_tag>, random_access_iterator_tag, _Cat >,
+                     input_iterator_tag >;
+};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <input_range _View, move_constructible _Fn>
+#  else
+template <input_range _View, copy_constructible _Fn>
+#  endif
+  requires __transform_view_constraints<_View, _Fn>
+template <bool _Const>
+class transform_view<_View, _Fn>::__iterator : public __transform_view_iterator_category_base<_View, _Fn> {
+
+  using _Parent = __maybe_const<_Const, transform_view>;
+  using _Base   = __maybe_const<_Const, _View>;
+
+  _Parent* __parent_ = nullptr;
+
+  template <bool>
+  friend class transform_view<_View, _Fn>::__iterator;
+
+  template <bool>
+  friend class transform_view<_View, _Fn>::__sentinel;
+
+public:
+  iterator_t<_Base> __current_ = iterator_t<_Base>();
+
+  using iterator_concept = typename __transform_view_iterator_concept<_View>::type;
+  using value_type       = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Fn&, range_reference_t<_Base>>>;
+  using 
diff erence_type  = range_
diff erence_t<_Base>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator()
+    requires default_initializable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator(_Parent& __parent, iterator_t<_Base> __current)
+      : __parent_(std::addressof(__parent)), __current_(std::move(__current)) {}
+
+  // Note: `__i` should always be `__iterator<false>`, but directly using
+  // `__iterator<false>` is ill-formed when `_Const` is false
+  // (see http://wg21.link/class.copy.ctor#5).
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator(__iterator<!_Const> __i)
+    requires _Const && convertible_to<iterator_t<_View>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+      : __parent_(__i.__parent_), __current_(std::move(__i.__current_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const iterator_t<_Base>& base() const& noexcept { return __current_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator_t<_Base> base() && { return std::move(__current_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::invoke(*__parent_->__func_, *__current_))) {
+    return std::invoke(*__parent_->__func_, *__current_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator++() {
+    ++__current_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator++(int) { ++__current_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator++(int)
+    requires forward_range<_Base>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator--()
+    requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+  {
+    --__current_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator--(int)
+    requires bidirectional_range<_Base>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    --*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type __n)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    __current_ += __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type __n)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    __current_ -= __n;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(std::invoke(*__parent_->__func_, __current_[__n])))
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return std::invoke(*__parent_->__func_, __current_[__n]);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires equality_comparable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ == __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ < __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ > __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<=(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ <= __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>=(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ >= __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr auto operator<=>(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base> && three_way_comparable<iterator_t<_Base>>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ <=> __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator+(__iterator __i, 
diff erence_type __n)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __iterator{*__i.__parent_, __i.__current_ + __n};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator+(
diff erence_type __n, __iterator __i)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __iterator{*__i.__parent_, __i.__current_ + __n};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator-(__iterator __i, 
diff erence_type __n)
+    requires random_access_range<_Base>
+  {
+    return __iterator{*__i.__parent_, __i.__current_ - __n};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr 
diff erence_type operator-(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<_Base>, iterator_t<_Base>>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ - __y.__current_;
+  }
+};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <input_range _View, move_constructible _Fn>
+#  else
+template <input_range _View, copy_constructible _Fn>
+#  endif
+  requires __transform_view_constraints<_View, _Fn>
+template <bool _Const>
+class transform_view<_View, _Fn>::__sentinel {
+  using _Parent = __maybe_const<_Const, transform_view>;
+  using _Base   = __maybe_const<_Const, _View>;
+
+  sentinel_t<_Base> __end_ = sentinel_t<_Base>();
+
+  template <bool>
+  friend class transform_view<_View, _Fn>::__iterator;
+
+  template <bool>
+  friend class transform_view<_View, _Fn>::__sentinel;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __sentinel() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __sentinel(sentinel_t<_Base> __end) : __end_(__end) {}
+
+  // Note: `__i` should always be `__sentinel<false>`, but directly using
+  // `__sentinel<false>` is ill-formed when `_Const` is false
+  // (see http://wg21.link/class.copy.ctor#5).
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __sentinel(__sentinel<!_Const> __i)
+    requires _Const && convertible_to<sentinel_t<_View>, sentinel_t<_Base>>
+      : __end_(std::move(__i.__end_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr sentinel_t<_Base> base() const { return __end_; }
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+    requires sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+    return __x.__current_ == __y.__end_;
+  }
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+    requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr range_
diff erence_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>
+  operator-(const __iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+    return __x.__current_ - __y.__end_;
+  }
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+    requires sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_Base>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr range_
diff erence_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _View>>
+  operator-(const __sentinel& __x, const __iterator<_OtherConst>& __y) {
+    return __x.__end_ - __y.__current_;
+  }
+};
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __transform {
+struct __fn {
+  template <class _Range, class _Fn>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Range&& __range, _Fn&& __f) const
+      noexcept(noexcept(transform_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Fn>(__f))))
+          -> decltype(transform_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Fn>(__f))) {
+    return transform_view(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::forward<_Fn>(__f));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Fn>
+    requires constructible_from<decay_t<_Fn>, _Fn>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator()(_Fn&& __f) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fn>, _Fn>) {
+    return __range_adaptor_closure_t(std::__bind_back(*this, std::forward<_Fn>(__f)));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace __transform
+
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto transform = __transform::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_TRANSFORM_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/view_interface.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/view_interface.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3bcfbaf3a2f9ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/view_interface.h
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_VIEW_INTERFACE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_VIEW_INTERFACE_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/prev.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/empty.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_class.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class _Derived>
+  requires is_class_v<_Derived> && same_as<_Derived, remove_cv_t<_Derived>>
+class view_interface {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Derived& __derived() noexcept {
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Derived) && derived_from<_Derived, view_interface> && view<_Derived>);
+    return static_cast<_Derived&>(*this);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Derived const& __derived() const noexcept {
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Derived) && derived_from<_Derived, view_interface> && view<_Derived>);
+    return static_cast<_Derived const&>(*this);
+  }
+
+public:
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty()
+    requires sized_range<_D2> || forward_range<_D2>
+  {
+    if constexpr (sized_range<_D2>) {
+      return ranges::size(__derived()) == 0;
+    } else {
+      return ranges::begin(__derived()) == ranges::end(__derived());
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty() const
+    requires sized_range<const _D2> || forward_range<const _D2>
+  {
+    if constexpr (sized_range<const _D2>) {
+      return ranges::size(__derived()) == 0;
+    } else {
+      return ranges::begin(__derived()) == ranges::end(__derived());
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator bool()
+    requires requires(_D2& __t) { ranges::empty(__t); }
+  {
+    return !ranges::empty(__derived());
+  }
+
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator bool() const
+    requires requires(const _D2& __t) { ranges::empty(__t); }
+  {
+    return !ranges::empty(__derived());
+  }
+
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto data()
+    requires contiguous_iterator<iterator_t<_D2>>
+  {
+    return std::to_address(ranges::begin(__derived()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto data() const
+    requires range<const _D2> && contiguous_iterator<iterator_t<const _D2>>
+  {
+    return std::to_address(ranges::begin(__derived()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size()
+    requires forward_range<_D2> && sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<_D2>, iterator_t<_D2>>
+  {
+    return std::__to_unsigned_like(ranges::end(__derived()) - ranges::begin(__derived()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires forward_range<const _D2> && sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<const _D2>, iterator_t<const _D2>>
+  {
+    return std::__to_unsigned_like(ranges::end(__derived()) - ranges::begin(__derived()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) front()
+    requires forward_range<_D2>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !empty(), "Precondition `!empty()` not satisfied. `.front()` called on an empty view.");
+    return *ranges::begin(__derived());
+  }
+
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) front() const
+    requires forward_range<const _D2>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !empty(), "Precondition `!empty()` not satisfied. `.front()` called on an empty view.");
+    return *ranges::begin(__derived());
+  }
+
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) back()
+    requires bidirectional_range<_D2> && common_range<_D2>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !empty(), "Precondition `!empty()` not satisfied. `.back()` called on an empty view.");
+    return *ranges::prev(ranges::end(__derived()));
+  }
+
+  template <class _D2 = _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) back() const
+    requires bidirectional_range<const _D2> && common_range<const _D2>
+  {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        !empty(), "Precondition `!empty()` not satisfied. `.back()` called on an empty view.");
+    return *ranges::prev(ranges::end(__derived()));
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _RARange = _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](range_
diff erence_t<_RARange> __index) {
+    return ranges::begin(__derived())[__index];
+  }
+
+  template <random_access_range _RARange = const _Derived>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](range_
diff erence_t<_RARange> __index) const {
+    return ranges::begin(__derived())[__index];
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_VIEW_INTERFACE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/views.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/views.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a4de2a5e52a9de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/views.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_VIEWS
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_VIEWS
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+namespace views {}
+
+} // namespace ranges
+
+namespace views = ranges::views;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_VIEWS

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/zip_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/zip_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fe3c87a9306fe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__ranges/zip_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___RANGES_ZIP_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___RANGES_ZIP_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_min.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/all.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/empty_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <class... _Ranges>
+concept __zip_is_common =
+    (sizeof...(_Ranges) == 1 && (common_range<_Ranges> && ...)) ||
+    (!(bidirectional_range<_Ranges> && ...) && (common_range<_Ranges> && ...)) ||
+    ((random_access_range<_Ranges> && ...) && (sized_range<_Ranges> && ...));
+
+template <typename _Tp, typename _Up>
+auto __tuple_or_pair_test() -> pair<_Tp, _Up>;
+
+template <typename... _Types>
+  requires(sizeof...(_Types) != 2)
+auto __tuple_or_pair_test() -> tuple<_Types...>;
+
+template <class... _Types>
+using __tuple_or_pair = decltype(__tuple_or_pair_test<_Types...>());
+
+template <class _Fun, class _Tuple>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __tuple_transform(_Fun&& __f, _Tuple&& __tuple) {
+  return std::apply(
+      [&]<class... _Types>(_Types&&... __elements) {
+        return __tuple_or_pair<invoke_result_t<_Fun&, _Types>...>(
+            std::invoke(__f, std::forward<_Types>(__elements))...);
+      },
+      std::forward<_Tuple>(__tuple));
+}
+
+template <class _Fun, class _Tuple>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __tuple_for_each(_Fun&& __f, _Tuple&& __tuple) {
+  std::apply(
+      [&]<class... _Types>(_Types&&... __elements) {
+        (static_cast<void>(std::invoke(__f, std::forward<_Types>(__elements))), ...);
+      },
+      std::forward<_Tuple>(__tuple));
+}
+
+template <class _Fun, class _Tuple1, class _Tuple2, size_t... _Indices>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __tuple_or_pair<
+    invoke_result_t<_Fun&,
+                    typename tuple_element<_Indices, remove_cvref_t<_Tuple1>>::type,
+                    typename tuple_element<_Indices, remove_cvref_t<_Tuple2>>::type>...>
+__tuple_zip_transform(_Fun&& __f, _Tuple1&& __tuple1, _Tuple2&& __tuple2, index_sequence<_Indices...>) {
+  return {std::invoke(__f,
+                      std::get<_Indices>(std::forward<_Tuple1>(__tuple1)),
+                      std::get<_Indices>(std::forward<_Tuple2>(__tuple2)))...};
+}
+
+template <class _Fun, class _Tuple1, class _Tuple2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __tuple_zip_transform(_Fun&& __f, _Tuple1&& __tuple1, _Tuple2&& __tuple2) {
+  return ranges::__tuple_zip_transform(
+      __f,
+      std::forward<_Tuple1>(__tuple1),
+      std::forward<_Tuple2>(__tuple2),
+      std::make_index_sequence<tuple_size<remove_cvref_t<_Tuple1>>::value>());
+}
+
+template <class _Fun, class _Tuple1, class _Tuple2, size_t... _Indices>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+__tuple_zip_for_each(_Fun&& __f, _Tuple1&& __tuple1, _Tuple2&& __tuple2, index_sequence<_Indices...>) {
+  (std::invoke(
+       __f, std::get<_Indices>(std::forward<_Tuple1>(__tuple1)), std::get<_Indices>(std::forward<_Tuple2>(__tuple2))),
+   ...);
+}
+
+template <class _Fun, class _Tuple1, class _Tuple2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __tuple_zip_for_each(_Fun&& __f, _Tuple1&& __tuple1, _Tuple2&& __tuple2) {
+  return ranges::__tuple_zip_for_each(
+      __f,
+      std::forward<_Tuple1>(__tuple1),
+      std::forward<_Tuple2>(__tuple2),
+      std::make_index_sequence<tuple_size<remove_cvref_t<_Tuple1>>::value>());
+}
+
+template <class _Tuple1, class _Tuple2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __tuple_any_equals(const _Tuple1& __tuple1, const _Tuple2& __tuple2) {
+  const auto __equals = ranges::__tuple_zip_transform(std::equal_to<>(), __tuple1, __tuple2);
+  return std::apply([](auto... __bools) { return (__bools || ...); }, __equals);
+}
+
+// abs in cstdlib is not constexpr
+// TODO : remove __abs once P0533R9 is implemented.
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp __abs(_Tp __t) {
+  return __t < 0 ? -__t : __t;
+}
+
+template <input_range... _Views>
+  requires(view<_Views> && ...) && (sizeof...(_Views) > 0)
+class zip_view : public view_interface<zip_view<_Views...>> {
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS tuple<_Views...> __views_;
+
+  template <bool>
+  class __iterator;
+
+  template <bool>
+  class __sentinel;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI zip_view() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit zip_view(_Views... __views) : __views_(std::move(__views)...) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin()
+    requires(!(__simple_view<_Views> && ...))
+  {
+    return __iterator<false>(ranges::__tuple_transform(ranges::begin, __views_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto begin() const
+    requires(range<const _Views> && ...)
+  {
+    return __iterator<true>(ranges::__tuple_transform(ranges::begin, __views_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end()
+    requires(!(__simple_view<_Views> && ...))
+  {
+    if constexpr (!__zip_is_common<_Views...>) {
+      return __sentinel<false>(ranges::__tuple_transform(ranges::end, __views_));
+    } else if constexpr ((random_access_range<_Views> && ...)) {
+      return begin() + iter_
diff erence_t<__iterator<false>>(size());
+    } else {
+      return __iterator<false>(ranges::__tuple_transform(ranges::end, __views_));
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto end() const
+    requires(range<const _Views> && ...)
+  {
+    if constexpr (!__zip_is_common<const _Views...>) {
+      return __sentinel<true>(ranges::__tuple_transform(ranges::end, __views_));
+    } else if constexpr ((random_access_range<const _Views> && ...)) {
+      return begin() + iter_
diff erence_t<__iterator<true>>(size());
+    } else {
+      return __iterator<true>(ranges::__tuple_transform(ranges::end, __views_));
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size()
+    requires(sized_range<_Views> && ...)
+  {
+    return std::apply(
+        [](auto... __sizes) {
+          using _CT = make_unsigned_t<common_type_t<decltype(__sizes)...>>;
+          return ranges::min({_CT(__sizes)...});
+        },
+        ranges::__tuple_transform(ranges::size, __views_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto size() const
+    requires(sized_range<const _Views> && ...)
+  {
+    return std::apply(
+        [](auto... __sizes) {
+          using _CT = make_unsigned_t<common_type_t<decltype(__sizes)...>>;
+          return ranges::min({_CT(__sizes)...});
+        },
+        ranges::__tuple_transform(ranges::size, __views_));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class... _Ranges>
+zip_view(_Ranges&&...) -> zip_view<views::all_t<_Ranges>...>;
+
+template <bool _Const, class... _Views>
+concept __zip_all_random_access = (random_access_range<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>> && ...);
+
+template <bool _Const, class... _Views>
+concept __zip_all_bidirectional = (bidirectional_range<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>> && ...);
+
+template <bool _Const, class... _Views>
+concept __zip_all_forward = (forward_range<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>> && ...);
+
+template <bool _Const, class... _Views>
+consteval auto __get_zip_view_iterator_tag() {
+  if constexpr (__zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...>) {
+    return random_access_iterator_tag();
+  } else if constexpr (__zip_all_bidirectional<_Const, _Views...>) {
+    return bidirectional_iterator_tag();
+  } else if constexpr (__zip_all_forward<_Const, _Views...>) {
+    return forward_iterator_tag();
+  } else {
+    return input_iterator_tag();
+  }
+}
+
+template <bool _Const, class... _Views>
+struct __zip_view_iterator_category_base {};
+
+template <bool _Const, class... _Views>
+  requires __zip_all_forward<_Const, _Views...>
+struct __zip_view_iterator_category_base<_Const, _Views...> {
+  using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+template <input_range... _Views>
+  requires(view<_Views> && ...) && (sizeof...(_Views) > 0)
+template <bool _Const>
+class zip_view<_Views...>::__iterator : public __zip_view_iterator_category_base<_Const, _Views...> {
+  __tuple_or_pair<iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>...> __current_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __iterator(
+      __tuple_or_pair<iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>...> __current)
+      : __current_(std::move(__current)) {}
+
+  template <bool>
+  friend class zip_view<_Views...>::__iterator;
+
+  template <bool>
+  friend class zip_view<_Views...>::__sentinel;
+
+  friend class zip_view<_Views...>;
+
+public:
+  using iterator_concept = decltype(__get_zip_view_iterator_tag<_Const, _Views...>());
+  using value_type       = __tuple_or_pair<range_value_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>...>;
+  using 
diff erence_type  = common_type_t<range_
diff erence_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>...>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator(__iterator<!_Const> __i)
+    requires _Const && (convertible_to<iterator_t<_Views>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>> && ...)
+      : __current_(std::move(__i.__current_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator*() const {
+    return ranges::__tuple_transform([](auto& __i) -> decltype(auto) { return *__i; }, __current_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator++() {
+    ranges::__tuple_for_each([](auto& __i) { ++__i; }, __current_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void operator++(int) { ++*this; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator++(int)
+    requires __zip_all_forward<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator--()
+    requires __zip_all_bidirectional<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    ranges::__tuple_for_each([](auto& __i) { --__i; }, __current_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator operator--(int)
+    requires __zip_all_bidirectional<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    auto __tmp = *this;
+    --*this;
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type __x)
+    requires __zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    ranges::__tuple_for_each([&]<class _Iter>(_Iter& __i) { __i += iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>(__x); }, __current_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type __x)
+    requires __zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    ranges::__tuple_for_each([&]<class _Iter>(_Iter& __i) { __i -= iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>(__x); }, __current_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const
+    requires __zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    return ranges::__tuple_transform(
+        [&]<class _Iter>(_Iter& __i) -> decltype(auto) { return __i[iter_
diff erence_t<_Iter>(__n)]; }, __current_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires(equality_comparable<iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>> && ...)
+  {
+    if constexpr (__zip_all_bidirectional<_Const, _Views...>) {
+      return __x.__current_ == __y.__current_;
+    } else {
+      return ranges::__tuple_any_equals(__x.__current_, __y.__current_);
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires __zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ < __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires __zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    return __y < __x;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator<=(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires __zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    return !(__y < __x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator>=(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires __zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    return !(__x < __y);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr auto operator<=>(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires __zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...> &&
+             (three_way_comparable<iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>> && ...)
+  {
+    return __x.__current_ <=> __y.__current_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator+(const __iterator& __i, 
diff erence_type __n)
+    requires __zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    auto __r = __i;
+    __r += __n;
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator+(
diff erence_type __n, const __iterator& __i)
+    requires __zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    return __i + __n;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr __iterator operator-(const __iterator& __i, 
diff erence_type __n)
+    requires __zip_all_random_access<_Const, _Views...>
+  {
+    auto __r = __i;
+    __r -= __n;
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr 
diff erence_type operator-(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+    requires(sized_sentinel_for<iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>> &&
+             ...)
+  {
+    const auto __
diff s = ranges::__tuple_zip_transform(minus<>(), __x.__current_, __y.__current_);
+    return std::apply(
+        [](auto... __ds) {
+          return ranges::min({
diff erence_type(__ds)...}, [](auto __a, auto __b) {
+            return ranges::__abs(__a) < ranges::__abs(__b);
+          });
+        },
+        __
diff s);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr auto iter_move(const __iterator& __i) noexcept(
+      (noexcept(ranges::iter_move(std::declval<const iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>&>())) && ...) &&
+      (is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<range_rvalue_reference_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>> && ...)) {
+    return ranges::__tuple_transform(ranges::iter_move, __i.__current_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr void iter_swap(const __iterator& __l, const __iterator& __r) noexcept(
+      (noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(std::declval<const iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>&>(),
+                                  std::declval<const iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>&>())) &&
+       ...))
+    requires(indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>> && ...)
+  {
+    ranges::__tuple_zip_for_each(ranges::iter_swap, __l.__current_, __r.__current_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <input_range... _Views>
+  requires(view<_Views> && ...) && (sizeof...(_Views) > 0)
+template <bool _Const>
+class zip_view<_Views...>::__sentinel {
+  __tuple_or_pair<sentinel_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>...> __end_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __sentinel(
+      __tuple_or_pair<sentinel_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>...> __end)
+      : __end_(__end) {}
+
+  friend class zip_view<_Views...>;
+
+  // hidden friend cannot access private member of iterator because they are friends of friends
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr decltype(auto)
+  __iter_current(zip_view<_Views...>::__iterator<_OtherConst> const& __it) {
+    return (__it.__current_);
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __sentinel() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __sentinel(__sentinel<!_Const> __i)
+    requires _Const && (convertible_to<sentinel_t<_Views>, sentinel_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>> && ...)
+      : __end_(std::move(__i.__end_)) {}
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+    requires(sentinel_for<sentinel_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Views>>> &&
+             ...)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+    return ranges::__tuple_any_equals(__iter_current(__x), __y.__end_);
+  }
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+    requires(
+        sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Views>>> &&
+        ...)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr common_type_t<range_
diff erence_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Views>>...>
+  operator-(const __iterator<_OtherConst>& __x, const __sentinel& __y) {
+    const auto __
diff s = ranges::__tuple_zip_transform(minus<>(), __iter_current(__x), __y.__end_);
+    return std::apply(
+        [](auto... __ds) {
+          using _Diff = common_type_t<range_
diff erence_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Views>>...>;
+          return ranges::min({_Diff(__ds)...}, [](auto __a, auto __b) {
+            return ranges::__abs(__a) < ranges::__abs(__b);
+          });
+        },
+        __
diff s);
+  }
+
+  template <bool _OtherConst>
+    requires(
+        sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<__maybe_const<_Const, _Views>>, iterator_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Views>>> &&
+        ...)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr common_type_t<range_
diff erence_t<__maybe_const<_OtherConst, _Views>>...>
+  operator-(const __sentinel& __y, const __iterator<_OtherConst>& __x) {
+    return -(__x - __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class... _Views>
+inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<zip_view<_Views...>> = (enable_borrowed_range<_Views> && ...);
+
+namespace views {
+namespace __zip {
+
+struct __fn {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto operator()() noexcept { return empty_view<tuple<>>{}; }
+
+  template <class... _Ranges>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto
+  operator()(_Ranges&&... __rs) noexcept(noexcept(zip_view<all_t<_Ranges&&>...>(std::forward<_Ranges>(__rs)...)))
+      -> decltype(zip_view<all_t<_Ranges&&>...>(std::forward<_Ranges>(__rs)...)) {
+    return zip_view<all_t<_Ranges>...>(std::forward<_Ranges>(__rs)...);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __zip
+inline namespace __cpo {
+inline constexpr auto zip = __zip::__fn{};
+} // namespace __cpo
+} // namespace views
+} // namespace ranges
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___RANGES_ZIP_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__split_buffer b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__split_buffer
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bab724d1b8963b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__split_buffer
@@ -0,0 +1,585 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SPLIT_BUFFER
+#define _LIBCPP___SPLIT_BUFFER
+
+#include <__algorithm/max.h>
+#include <__algorithm/move.h>
+#include <__algorithm/move_backward.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/move_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocate_at_least.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/compressed_pair.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/swap_allocator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// __split_buffer allocates a contiguous chunk of memory and stores objects in the range [__begin_, __end_).
+// It has uninitialized memory in the ranges  [__first_, __begin_) and [__end_, __end_cap_.first()). That allows
+// it to grow both in the front and back without having to move the data.
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator = allocator<_Tp> >
+struct __split_buffer {
+public:
+  using value_type      = _Tp;
+  using allocator_type  = _Allocator;
+  using __alloc_rr      = __libcpp_remove_reference_t<allocator_type>;
+  using __alloc_traits  = allocator_traits<__alloc_rr>;
+  using reference       = value_type&;
+  using const_reference = const value_type&;
+  using size_type       = typename __alloc_traits::size_type;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename __alloc_traits::
diff erence_type;
+  using pointer         = typename __alloc_traits::pointer;
+  using const_pointer   = typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer;
+  using iterator        = pointer;
+  using const_iterator  = const_pointer;
+
+  // A __split_buffer contains the following members which may be trivially relocatable:
+  // - pointer: may be trivially relocatable, so it's checked
+  // - allocator_type: may be trivially relocatable, so it's checked
+  // __split_buffer doesn't have any self-references, so it's trivially relocatable if its members are.
+  using __trivially_relocatable = __conditional_t<
+      __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<pointer>::value && __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<allocator_type>::value,
+      __split_buffer,
+      void>;
+
+  pointer __first_;
+  pointer __begin_;
+  pointer __end_;
+  __compressed_pair<pointer, allocator_type> __end_cap_;
+
+  using __alloc_ref       = __add_lvalue_reference_t<allocator_type>;
+  using __alloc_const_ref = __add_lvalue_reference_t<allocator_type>;
+
+  __split_buffer(const __split_buffer&)            = delete;
+  __split_buffer& operator=(const __split_buffer&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __split_buffer()
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+      : __first_(nullptr), __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr), __end_cap_(nullptr, __default_init_tag()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __split_buffer(__alloc_rr& __a)
+      : __first_(nullptr), __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr), __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __split_buffer(const __alloc_rr& __a)
+      : __first_(nullptr), __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr), __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __split_buffer(size_type __cap, size_type __start, __alloc_rr& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __split_buffer(__split_buffer&& __c)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __split_buffer(__split_buffer&& __c, const __alloc_rr& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __split_buffer& operator=(__split_buffer&& __c)
+      _NOEXCEPT_((__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+                  is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) ||
+                 !__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__split_buffer();
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __alloc_rr& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT { return __end_cap_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const __alloc_rr& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __end_cap_.second();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer& __end_cap() _NOEXCEPT { return __end_cap_.first(); }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const pointer& __end_cap() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __end_cap_.first();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return __begin_; }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __begin_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return __end_; }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return __end_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT { __destruct_at_end(__begin_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const {
+    return static_cast<size_type>(__end_ - __begin_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const { return __end_ == __begin_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type capacity() const {
+    return static_cast<size_type>(__end_cap() - __first_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __front_spare() const {
+    return static_cast<size_type>(__begin_ - __first_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __back_spare() const {
+    return static_cast<size_type>(__end_cap() - __end_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference front() { return *__begin_; }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference front() const { return *__begin_; }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference back() { return *(__end_ - 1); }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference back() const { return *(__end_ - 1); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reserve(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_front(const_reference __x);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_back(const_reference __x);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_front(value_type&& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_back(value_type&& __x);
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void emplace_back(_Args&&... __args);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop_front() { __destruct_at_begin(__begin_ + 1); }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop_back() { __destruct_at_end(__end_ - 1); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __construct_at_end(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __construct_at_end(size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+
+  template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __construct_at_end(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last);
+
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __construct_at_end(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __construct_at_end_with_sentinel(_Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last);
+
+  template <class _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __construct_at_end_with_size(_Iterator __first, size_type __n);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __destruct_at_begin(pointer __new_begin) {
+    __destruct_at_begin(__new_begin, is_trivially_destructible<value_type>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __destruct_at_begin(pointer __new_begin, false_type);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __destruct_at_begin(pointer __new_begin, true_type);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __destruct_at_end(__new_last, false_type());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last, false_type) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last, true_type) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__split_buffer& __x)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__alloc_rr>);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __invariants() const;
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__split_buffer& __c, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+    __alloc() = std::move(__c.__alloc());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__split_buffer&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  struct _ConstructTransaction {
+    _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _ConstructTransaction(pointer* __p, size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __pos_(*__p),
+          __end_(*__p + __n),
+          __dest_(__p) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~_ConstructTransaction() { *__dest_ = __pos_; }
+
+    pointer __pos_;
+    const pointer __end_;
+
+  private:
+    pointer* __dest_;
+  };
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__invariants() const {
+  if (__first_ == nullptr) {
+    if (__begin_ != nullptr)
+      return false;
+    if (__end_ != nullptr)
+      return false;
+    if (__end_cap() != nullptr)
+      return false;
+  } else {
+    if (__begin_ < __first_)
+      return false;
+    if (__end_ < __begin_)
+      return false;
+    if (__end_cap() < __end_)
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+//  Default constructs __n objects starting at __end_
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Precondition:  size() + __n <= capacity()
+//  Postcondition:  size() == size() + __n
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(size_type __n) {
+  _ConstructTransaction __tx(&this->__end_, __n);
+  for (; __tx.__pos_ != __tx.__end_; ++__tx.__pos_) {
+    __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(), std::__to_address(__tx.__pos_));
+  }
+}
+
+//  Copy constructs __n objects starting at __end_ from __x
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Precondition:  size() + __n <= capacity()
+//  Postcondition:  size() == old size() + __n
+//  Postcondition:  [i] == __x for all i in [size() - __n, __n)
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(size_type __n, const_reference __x) {
+  _ConstructTransaction __tx(&this->__end_, __n);
+  for (; __tx.__pos_ != __tx.__end_; ++__tx.__pos_) {
+    __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(), std::__to_address(__tx.__pos_), __x);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(_InputIter __first, _InputIter __last) {
+  __construct_at_end_with_sentinel(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end_with_sentinel(_Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+  __alloc_rr& __a = this->__alloc();
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    if (__end_ == __end_cap()) {
+      size_type __old_cap = __end_cap() - __first_;
+      size_type __new_cap = std::max<size_type>(2 * __old_cap, 8);
+      __split_buffer __buf(__new_cap, 0, __a);
+      for (pointer __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p, (void)++__buf.__end_)
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__buf.__alloc(), std::__to_address(__buf.__end_), std::move(*__p));
+      swap(__buf);
+    }
+    __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::__to_address(this->__end_), *__first);
+    ++this->__end_;
+  }
+}
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  __construct_at_end_with_size(__first, std::distance(__first, __last));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end_with_size(_ForwardIterator __first, size_type __n) {
+  _ConstructTransaction __tx(&this->__end_, __n);
+  for (; __tx.__pos_ != __tx.__end_; ++__tx.__pos_, (void)++__first) {
+    __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(), std::__to_address(__tx.__pos_), *__first);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__destruct_at_begin(pointer __new_begin, false_type) {
+  while (__begin_ != __new_begin)
+    __alloc_traits::destroy(__alloc(), std::__to_address(__begin_++));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__destruct_at_begin(pointer __new_begin, true_type) {
+  __begin_ = __new_begin;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {
+  while (__new_last != __end_)
+    __alloc_traits::destroy(__alloc(), std::__to_address(--__end_));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last, true_type) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __end_ = __new_last;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__split_buffer(size_type __cap, size_type __start, __alloc_rr& __a)
+    : __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {
+  if (__cap == 0) {
+    __first_ = nullptr;
+  } else {
+    auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __cap);
+    __first_          = __allocation.ptr;
+    __cap             = __allocation.count;
+  }
+  __begin_ = __end_ = __first_ + __start;
+  __end_cap()       = __first_ + __cap;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::~__split_buffer() {
+  clear();
+  if (__first_)
+    __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __first_, capacity());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__split_buffer(__split_buffer&& __c)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __first_(std::move(__c.__first_)),
+      __begin_(std::move(__c.__begin_)),
+      __end_(std::move(__c.__end_)),
+      __end_cap_(std::move(__c.__end_cap_)) {
+  __c.__first_    = nullptr;
+  __c.__begin_    = nullptr;
+  __c.__end_      = nullptr;
+  __c.__end_cap() = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::__split_buffer(__split_buffer&& __c, const __alloc_rr& __a)
+    : __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {
+  if (__a == __c.__alloc()) {
+    __first_        = __c.__first_;
+    __begin_        = __c.__begin_;
+    __end_          = __c.__end_;
+    __end_cap()     = __c.__end_cap();
+    __c.__first_    = nullptr;
+    __c.__begin_    = nullptr;
+    __c.__end_      = nullptr;
+    __c.__end_cap() = nullptr;
+  } else {
+    auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __c.size());
+    __first_          = __allocation.ptr;
+    __begin_ = __end_ = __first_;
+    __end_cap()       = __first_ + __allocation.count;
+    typedef move_iterator<iterator> _Ip;
+    __construct_at_end(_Ip(__c.begin()), _Ip(__c.end()));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>&
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator=(__split_buffer&& __c)
+    _NOEXCEPT_((__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+                is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) ||
+               !__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value) {
+  clear();
+  shrink_to_fit();
+  __first_    = __c.__first_;
+  __begin_    = __c.__begin_;
+  __end_      = __c.__end_;
+  __end_cap() = __c.__end_cap();
+  __move_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  __c.__first_ = __c.__begin_ = __c.__end_ = __c.__end_cap() = nullptr;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::swap(__split_buffer& __x)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__alloc_rr>) {
+  std::swap(__first_, __x.__first_);
+  std::swap(__begin_, __x.__begin_);
+  std::swap(__end_, __x.__end_);
+  std::swap(__end_cap(), __x.__end_cap());
+  std::__swap_allocator(__alloc(), __x.__alloc());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::reserve(size_type __n) {
+  if (__n < capacity()) {
+    __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__n, 0, __alloc());
+    __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_), move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+    std::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+    std::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+    std::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+    std::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (capacity() > size()) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(size(), 0, __alloc());
+      __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_), move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+      __t.__end_ = __t.__begin_ + (__end_ - __begin_);
+      std::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+      std::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+      std::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+      std::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_front(const_reference __x) {
+  if (__begin_ == __first_) {
+    if (__end_ < __end_cap()) {
+      
diff erence_type __d = __end_cap() - __end_;
+      __d                 = (__d + 1) / 2;
+      __begin_            = std::move_backward(__begin_, __end_, __end_ + __d);
+      __end_ += __d;
+    } else {
+      size_type __c = std::max<size_type>(2 * static_cast<size_t>(__end_cap() - __first_), 1);
+      __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__c, (__c + 3) / 4, __alloc());
+      __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_), move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+      std::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+      std::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+      std::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+      std::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+    }
+  }
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__alloc(), std::__to_address(__begin_ - 1), __x);
+  --__begin_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_front(value_type&& __x) {
+  if (__begin_ == __first_) {
+    if (__end_ < __end_cap()) {
+      
diff erence_type __d = __end_cap() - __end_;
+      __d                 = (__d + 1) / 2;
+      __begin_            = std::move_backward(__begin_, __end_, __end_ + __d);
+      __end_ += __d;
+    } else {
+      size_type __c = std::max<size_type>(2 * static_cast<size_t>(__end_cap() - __first_), 1);
+      __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__c, (__c + 3) / 4, __alloc());
+      __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_), move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+      std::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+      std::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+      std::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+      std::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+    }
+  }
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__alloc(), std::__to_address(__begin_ - 1), std::move(__x));
+  --__begin_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(const_reference __x) {
+  if (__end_ == __end_cap()) {
+    if (__begin_ > __first_) {
+      
diff erence_type __d = __begin_ - __first_;
+      __d                 = (__d + 1) / 2;
+      __end_              = std::move(__begin_, __end_, __begin_ - __d);
+      __begin_ -= __d;
+    } else {
+      size_type __c = std::max<size_type>(2 * static_cast<size_t>(__end_cap() - __first_), 1);
+      __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__c, __c / 4, __alloc());
+      __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_), move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+      std::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+      std::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+      std::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+      std::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+    }
+  }
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__alloc(), std::__to_address(__end_), __x);
+  ++__end_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(value_type&& __x) {
+  if (__end_ == __end_cap()) {
+    if (__begin_ > __first_) {
+      
diff erence_type __d = __begin_ - __first_;
+      __d                 = (__d + 1) / 2;
+      __end_              = std::move(__begin_, __end_, __begin_ - __d);
+      __begin_ -= __d;
+    } else {
+      size_type __c = std::max<size_type>(2 * static_cast<size_t>(__end_cap() - __first_), 1);
+      __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__c, __c / 4, __alloc());
+      __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_), move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+      std::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+      std::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+      std::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+      std::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+    }
+  }
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__alloc(), std::__to_address(__end_), std::move(__x));
+  ++__end_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace_back(_Args&&... __args) {
+  if (__end_ == __end_cap()) {
+    if (__begin_ > __first_) {
+      
diff erence_type __d = __begin_ - __first_;
+      __d                 = (__d + 1) / 2;
+      __end_              = std::move(__begin_, __end_, __begin_ - __d);
+      __begin_ -= __d;
+    } else {
+      size_type __c = std::max<size_type>(2 * static_cast<size_t>(__end_cap() - __first_), 1);
+      __split_buffer<value_type, __alloc_rr&> __t(__c, __c / 4, __alloc());
+      __t.__construct_at_end(move_iterator<pointer>(__begin_), move_iterator<pointer>(__end_));
+      std::swap(__first_, __t.__first_);
+      std::swap(__begin_, __t.__begin_);
+      std::swap(__end_, __t.__end_);
+      std::swap(__end_cap(), __t.__end_cap());
+    }
+  }
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__alloc(), std::__to_address(__end_), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  ++__end_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(__split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, __split_buffer<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SPLIT_BUFFER

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__std_clang_module b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__std_clang_module
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..18d6ce6b46c1f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__std_clang_module
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// WARNING, this entire header is generated by
+// utils/generate_std_clang_module_header.py
+// DO NOT MODIFY!
+
+// This header should not be directly included, it's exclusively to import all
+// of the libc++ public clang modules for the `std` clang module to export. In
+// other words, it's to facilitate `@import std;` in Objective-C++ and `import std`
+// in Swift to expose all of the libc++ interfaces. This is generally not
+// recommended, however there are some clients that need to import all of libc++
+// without knowing what "all" is.
+#if !__building_module(std)
+#  error "Do not include this header directly, include individual headers instead"
+#endif
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <any>
+#include <array>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ATOMIC_HEADER)
+#  include <atomic>
+#endif
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+#  include <barrier>
+#endif
+#include <bit>
+#include <bitset>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <ccomplex>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cfenv>
+#include <cfloat>
+#include <charconv>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <ciso646>
+#include <climits>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <clocale>
+#endif
+#include <cmath>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <codecvt>
+#endif
+#include <compare>
+#include <complex.h>
+#include <complex>
+#include <concepts>
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <coroutine>
+#include <csetjmp>
+#include <csignal>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <cstdbool>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <ctgmath>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <cuchar>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
+#  include <cwchar>
+#endif
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
+#  include <cwctype>
+#endif
+#include <deque>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <exception>
+#include <execution>
+#include <expected>
+#include <experimental/iterator>
+#include <experimental/memory>
+#include <experimental/propagate_const>
+#include <experimental/simd>
+#include <experimental/type_traits>
+#include <experimental/utility>
+#include <fenv.h>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <float.h>
+#include <format>
+#include <forward_list>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <fstream>
+#endif
+#include <functional>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+#  include <future>
+#endif
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <iomanip>
+#endif
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <ios>
+#endif
+#include <iosfwd>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <iostream>
+#endif
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <istream>
+#endif
+#include <iterator>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+#  include <latch>
+#endif
+#include <limits>
+#include <list>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <locale.h>
+#endif
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <locale>
+#endif
+#include <map>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <mdspan>
+#include <memory>
+#include <memory_resource>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <new>
+#include <numbers>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <optional>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <ostream>
+#endif
+#include <print>
+#include <queue>
+#include <random>
+#include <ranges>
+#include <ratio>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <regex>
+#endif
+#include <scoped_allocator>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+#  include <semaphore>
+#endif
+#include <set>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+#  include <shared_mutex>
+#endif
+#include <source_location>
+#include <span>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <sstream>
+#endif
+#include <stack>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ATOMIC_HEADER)
+#  include <stdatomic.h>
+#endif
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+#  include <stop_token>
+#endif
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <streambuf>
+#endif
+#include <string.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <strstream>
+#endif
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <syncstream>
+#endif
+#include <system_error>
+#include <tgmath.h>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+#  include <thread>
+#endif
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <typeindex>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <uchar.h>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <utility>
+#include <valarray>
+#include <variant>
+#include <vector>
+#include <version>
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
+#  include <wchar.h>
+#endif
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
+#  include <wctype.h>
+#endif

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__std_mbstate_t.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__std_mbstate_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e79cc789fddf9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__std_mbstate_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STD_MBSTATE_T_H
+#define _LIBCPP___STD_MBSTATE_T_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__mbstate_t.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// The goal of this header is to provide std::mbstate_t without requiring all
+// of <cuchar> or <cwchar>.
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::mbstate_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___STD_MBSTATE_T_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/atomic_unique_lock.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/atomic_unique_lock.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..13e59f9f0dce00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/atomic_unique_lock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_ATOMIC_UNIQUE_GUARD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_ATOMIC_UNIQUE_GUARD_H
+
+#include <__bit/popcount.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <atomic>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// This class implements an RAII unique_lock without a mutex.
+// It uses std::atomic<State>,
+// where State contains a lock bit and might contain other data,
+// and LockedBit is the value of State when the lock bit is set, e.g  1 << 2
+template <class _State, _State _LockedBit>
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC __atomic_unique_lock {
+  static_assert(std::__libcpp_popcount(static_cast<unsigned long long>(_LockedBit)) == 1,
+                "LockedBit must be an integer where only one bit is set");
+
+  std::atomic<_State>& __state_;
+  bool __is_locked_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __atomic_unique_lock(std::atomic<_State>& __state) noexcept
+      : __state_(__state), __is_locked_(true) {
+    __lock();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __atomic_unique_lock(std::atomic<_State>& __state, _Pred&& __give_up_locking) noexcept
+      : __state_(__state), __is_locked_(false) {
+    __is_locked_ = __lock_impl(__give_up_locking, __set_locked_bit, std::memory_order_acquire);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pred, class _UnaryFunction>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __atomic_unique_lock(
+      std::atomic<_State>& __state,
+      _Pred&& __give_up_locking,
+      _UnaryFunction&& __state_after_lock,
+      std::memory_order __locked_ordering) noexcept
+      : __state_(__state), __is_locked_(false) {
+    __is_locked_ = __lock_impl(__give_up_locking, __state_after_lock, __locked_ordering);
+  }
+
+  __atomic_unique_lock(const __atomic_unique_lock&)            = delete;
+  __atomic_unique_lock(__atomic_unique_lock&&)                 = delete;
+  __atomic_unique_lock& operator=(const __atomic_unique_lock&) = delete;
+  __atomic_unique_lock& operator=(__atomic_unique_lock&&)      = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__atomic_unique_lock() {
+    if (__is_locked_) {
+      __unlock();
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __owns_lock() const noexcept { return __is_locked_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __lock() noexcept {
+    const auto __never_give_up_locking = [](_State) { return false; };
+    // std::memory_order_acquire because we'd like to make sure that all the read operations after the lock can read the
+    // up-to-date values.
+    __lock_impl(__never_give_up_locking, __set_locked_bit, std::memory_order_acquire);
+    __is_locked_ = true;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __unlock() noexcept {
+    // unset the _LockedBit. `memory_order_release` because we need to make sure all the write operations before calling
+    // `__unlock` will be made visible to other threads
+    __state_.fetch_and(static_cast<_State>(~_LockedBit), std::memory_order_release);
+    __state_.notify_all();
+    __is_locked_ = false;
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <class _Pred, class _UnaryFunction>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  __lock_impl(_Pred&& __give_up_locking, // while trying to lock the state, if the predicate returns true, give up
+                                         // locking and return
+              _UnaryFunction&& __state_after_lock,
+              std::memory_order __locked_ordering) noexcept {
+    // At this stage, until we exit the inner while loop, other than the atomic state, we are not reading any order
+    // dependent values that is written on other threads, or writing anything that needs to be seen on other threads.
+    // Therefore `memory_order_relaxed` is enough.
+    _State __current_state = __state_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    do {
+      while (true) {
+        if (__give_up_locking(__current_state)) {
+          // user provided early return condition. fail to lock
+          return false;
+        } else if ((__current_state & _LockedBit) != 0) {
+          // another thread has locked the state, we need to wait
+          __state_.wait(__current_state, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+          // when it is woken up by notifyAll or spuriously, the __state_
+          // might have changed. reload the state
+          // Note that the new state's _LockedBit may or may not equal to 0
+          __current_state = __state_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        } else {
+          // at least for now, it is not locked. we can try `compare_exchange_weak` to lock it.
+          // Note that the variable `__current_state`'s lock bit has to be 0 at this point.
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } while (!__state_.compare_exchange_weak(
+        __current_state, // if __state_ has the same value of __current_state, lock bit must be zero before exchange and
+                         // we are good to lock/exchange and return. If _state has a 
diff erent value, because other
+                         // threads locked it between the `break` statement above and this statement, exchange will fail
+                         // and go back to the inner while loop above.
+        __state_after_lock(__current_state), // state after lock. Usually it should be __current_state | _LockedBit.
+                                             // Some use cases need to set other bits at the same time as an atomic
+                                             // operation therefore we accept a function
+        __locked_ordering,        // sucessful exchange order. Usually it should be std::memory_order_acquire.
+                                  // Some use cases need more strict ordering therefore we accept it as a parameter
+        std::memory_order_relaxed // fail to exchange order. We don't need any ordering as we are going back to the
+                                  // inner while loop
+        ));
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __set_locked_bit = [](_State __state) { return __state | _LockedBit; };
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_ATOMIC_UNIQUE_GUARD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/intrusive_list_view.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/intrusive_list_view.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..11a3e267e7c6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/intrusive_list_view.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_INTRUSIVE_LIST_VIEW_H
+#define _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_INTRUSIVE_LIST_VIEW_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Derived>
+struct __intrusive_node_base {
+  _Derived* __next_ = nullptr;
+  _Derived* __prev_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+// This class is a view of underlying double-linked list.
+// It does not own the nodes. It provides user-friendly
+// operations on the linked list.
+template <class _Node>
+struct __intrusive_list_view {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __intrusive_list_view()                                        = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __intrusive_list_view(__intrusive_list_view const&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __intrusive_list_view(__intrusive_list_view&&)                 = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __intrusive_list_view& operator=(__intrusive_list_view const&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __intrusive_list_view& operator=(__intrusive_list_view&&)      = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__intrusive_list_view()                                       = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __empty() const noexcept { return __head_ == nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __push_front(_Node* __node) noexcept {
+    __node->__next_ = __head_;
+    if (__head_) {
+      __head_->__prev_ = __node;
+    }
+    __head_ = __node;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Node* __pop_front() noexcept {
+    _Node* __front = __head_;
+    __head_        = __head_->__next_;
+    if (__head_) {
+      __head_->__prev_ = nullptr;
+    }
+    // OK not to set __front->__next_ = nullptr as __front is not part of the list anymore
+    return __front;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __remove(_Node* __node) noexcept {
+    if (__node->__prev_) {
+      // prev exists, set its next to our next to skip __node
+      __node->__prev_->__next_ = __node->__next_;
+      if (__node->__next_) {
+        __node->__next_->__prev_ = __node->__prev_;
+      }
+    } else {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__node == __head_, "Node to be removed has no prev node, so it has to be the head");
+      __pop_front();
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_head(_Node* __node) noexcept { return __node == __head_; }
+
+private:
+  _Node* __head_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_INTRUSIVE_LIST_VIEW_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/intrusive_shared_ptr.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/intrusive_shared_ptr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f00cea5bc2b670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/intrusive_shared_ptr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_INTRUSIVE_SHARED_PTR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_INTRUSIVE_SHARED_PTR_H
+
+#include <__atomic/atomic.h>
+#include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// For intrusive_shared_ptr to work with a type T, specialize __intrusive_shared_ptr_traits<T> and implement
+// the following function:
+//
+// static std::atomic<U>& __get_atomic_ref_count(T&);
+//
+// where U must be an integral type representing the number of references to the object.
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __intrusive_shared_ptr_traits;
+
+// A reference counting shared_ptr for types whose reference counter
+// is stored inside the class _Tp itself.
+// When the reference count goes to zero, the destructor of _Tp will be called
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __intrusive_shared_ptr {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __intrusive_shared_ptr() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __intrusive_shared_ptr(_Tp* __raw_ptr) : __raw_ptr_(__raw_ptr) {
+    if (__raw_ptr_)
+      __increment_ref_count(*__raw_ptr_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __intrusive_shared_ptr(const __intrusive_shared_ptr& __other) noexcept
+      : __raw_ptr_(__other.__raw_ptr_) {
+    if (__raw_ptr_)
+      __increment_ref_count(*__raw_ptr_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __intrusive_shared_ptr(__intrusive_shared_ptr&& __other) noexcept
+      : __raw_ptr_(__other.__raw_ptr_) {
+    __other.__raw_ptr_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __intrusive_shared_ptr& operator=(const __intrusive_shared_ptr& __other) noexcept {
+    if (__other.__raw_ptr_ != __raw_ptr_) {
+      if (__other.__raw_ptr_) {
+        __increment_ref_count(*__other.__raw_ptr_);
+      }
+      if (__raw_ptr_) {
+        __decrement_ref_count(*__raw_ptr_);
+      }
+      __raw_ptr_ = __other.__raw_ptr_;
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __intrusive_shared_ptr& operator=(__intrusive_shared_ptr&& __other) noexcept {
+    __intrusive_shared_ptr(std::move(__other)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__intrusive_shared_ptr() {
+    if (__raw_ptr_) {
+      __decrement_ref_count(*__raw_ptr_);
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* operator->() const noexcept { return __raw_ptr_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& operator*() const noexcept { return *__raw_ptr_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return __raw_ptr_ != nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__intrusive_shared_ptr& __other) { std::swap(__raw_ptr_, __other.__raw_ptr_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend void swap(__intrusive_shared_ptr& __lhs, __intrusive_shared_ptr& __rhs) {
+    __lhs.swap(__rhs);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool constexpr
+  operator==(const __intrusive_shared_ptr&, const __intrusive_shared_ptr&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool constexpr operator==(const __intrusive_shared_ptr& __ptr, std::nullptr_t) {
+    return __ptr.__raw_ptr_ == nullptr;
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Tp* __raw_ptr_ = nullptr;
+
+  // the memory order for increment/decrement the counter is the same for shared_ptr
+  // increment is relaxed and decrement is acq_rel
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __increment_ref_count(_Tp& __obj) {
+    __get_atomic_ref_count(__obj).fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __decrement_ref_count(_Tp& __obj) {
+    if (__get_atomic_ref_count(__obj).fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_acq_rel) == 1) {
+      delete &__obj;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static decltype(auto) __get_atomic_ref_count(_Tp& __obj) {
+    using __ret_type = decltype(__intrusive_shared_ptr_traits<_Tp>::__get_atomic_ref_count(__obj));
+    static_assert(
+        std::is_reference_v<__ret_type>, "__get_atomic_ref_count should return a reference to the atomic counter");
+    return __intrusive_shared_ptr_traits<_Tp>::__get_atomic_ref_count(__obj);
+  }
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_INTRUSIVE_SHARED_PTR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_callback.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_callback.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..760cf2bb55b0ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_callback.h
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_STOP_CALLBACK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_STOP_CALLBACK_H
+
+#include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/destructible.h>
+#include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__stop_token/intrusive_shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__stop_token/stop_state.h>
+#include <__stop_token/stop_token.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/private_constructor_tag.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+template <class _Callback>
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC stop_callback : private __stop_callback_base {
+  static_assert(invocable<_Callback>,
+                "Mandates: stop_callback is instantiated with an argument for the template parameter Callback that "
+                "satisfies invocable.");
+  static_assert(destructible<_Callback>,
+                "Mandates: stop_callback is instantiated with an argument for the template parameter Callback that "
+                "satisfies destructible.");
+
+public:
+  using callback_type = _Callback;
+
+  template <class _Cb>
+    requires constructible_from<_Callback, _Cb>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit stop_callback(const stop_token& __st,
+                                               _Cb&& __cb) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Callback, _Cb>)
+      : stop_callback(__private_constructor_tag{}, __st.__state_, std::forward<_Cb>(__cb)) {}
+
+  template <class _Cb>
+    requires constructible_from<_Callback, _Cb>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit stop_callback(stop_token&& __st,
+                                               _Cb&& __cb) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Callback, _Cb>)
+      : stop_callback(__private_constructor_tag{}, std::move(__st.__state_), std::forward<_Cb>(__cb)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~stop_callback() {
+    if (__state_) {
+      __state_->__remove_callback(this);
+    }
+  }
+
+  stop_callback(const stop_callback&)            = delete;
+  stop_callback(stop_callback&&)                 = delete;
+  stop_callback& operator=(const stop_callback&) = delete;
+  stop_callback& operator=(stop_callback&&)      = delete;
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS _Callback __callback_;
+  __intrusive_shared_ptr<__stop_state> __state_;
+
+  friend __stop_callback_base;
+
+  template <class _StatePtr, class _Cb>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit stop_callback(__private_constructor_tag, _StatePtr&& __state, _Cb&& __cb) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Callback, _Cb>)
+      : __stop_callback_base([](__stop_callback_base* __cb_base) noexcept {
+          // stop callback is supposed to only be called once
+          std::forward<_Callback>(static_cast<stop_callback*>(__cb_base)->__callback_)();
+        }),
+        __callback_(std::forward<_Cb>(__cb)),
+        __state_() {
+    if (__state && __state->__add_callback(this)) {
+      // st.stop_requested() was false and this is successfully added to the linked list
+      __state_ = std::forward<_StatePtr>(__state);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Callback>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC stop_callback(stop_token, _Callback) -> stop_callback<_Callback>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_source.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_source.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..70697462784ab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_source.h
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_STOP_SOURCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_STOP_SOURCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__stop_token/intrusive_shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__stop_token/stop_state.h>
+#include <__stop_token/stop_token.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+struct nostopstate_t {
+  explicit nostopstate_t() = default;
+};
+
+inline constexpr nostopstate_t nostopstate{};
+
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC stop_source {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_source() : __state_(new __stop_state()) { __state_->__increment_stop_source_counter(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit stop_source(nostopstate_t) noexcept : __state_(nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_source(const stop_source& __other) noexcept : __state_(__other.__state_) {
+    if (__state_) {
+      __state_->__increment_stop_source_counter();
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_source(stop_source&& __other) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_source& operator=(const stop_source& __other) noexcept {
+    // increment `__other` first so that we don't hit 0 in case of self-assignment
+    if (__other.__state_) {
+      __other.__state_->__increment_stop_source_counter();
+    }
+    if (__state_) {
+      __state_->__decrement_stop_source_counter();
+    }
+    __state_ = __other.__state_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_source& operator=(stop_source&&) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~stop_source() {
+    if (__state_) {
+      __state_->__decrement_stop_source_counter();
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(stop_source& __other) noexcept { __state_.swap(__other.__state_); }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_token get_token() const noexcept { return stop_token(__state_); }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool stop_possible() const noexcept { return __state_ != nullptr; }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool stop_requested() const noexcept {
+    return __state_ != nullptr && __state_->__stop_requested();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool request_stop() noexcept { return __state_ && __state_->__request_stop(); }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(const stop_source&, const stop_source&) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend void swap(stop_source& __lhs, stop_source& __rhs) noexcept { __lhs.swap(__rhs); }
+
+private:
+  __intrusive_shared_ptr<__stop_state> __state_;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_state.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_state.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b0eed13a143cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_state.h
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_STOP_STATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_STOP_STATE_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__stop_token/atomic_unique_lock.h>
+#include <__stop_token/intrusive_list_view.h>
+#include <__thread/id.h>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+struct __stop_callback_base : __intrusive_node_base<__stop_callback_base> {
+  using __callback_fn_t = void(__stop_callback_base*) noexcept;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __stop_callback_base(__callback_fn_t* __callback_fn) : __callback_fn_(__callback_fn) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __invoke() noexcept { __callback_fn_(this); }
+
+  __callback_fn_t* __callback_fn_;
+  atomic<bool> __completed_ = false;
+  bool* __destroyed_        = nullptr;
+};
+
+class __stop_state {
+  static constexpr uint32_t __stop_requested_bit        = 1;
+  static constexpr uint32_t __callback_list_locked_bit  = 1 << 1;
+  static constexpr uint32_t __stop_source_counter_shift = 2;
+
+  // The "stop_source counter" is not used for lifetime reference counting.
+  // When the number of stop_source reaches 0, the remaining stop_tokens's
+  // stop_possible will return false. We need this counter to track this.
+  //
+  // The "callback list locked" bit implements the atomic_unique_lock to
+  // guard the operations on the callback list
+  //
+  //       31 - 2          |  1                   |    0           |
+  //  stop_source counter  | callback list locked | stop_requested |
+  atomic<uint32_t> __state_ = 0;
+
+  // Reference count for stop_token + stop_callback + stop_source
+  // When the counter reaches zero, the state is destroyed
+  // It is used by __intrusive_shared_ptr, but it is stored here for better layout
+  atomic<uint32_t> __ref_count_ = 0;
+
+  using __state_t            = uint32_t;
+  using __callback_list_lock = __atomic_unique_lock<__state_t, __callback_list_locked_bit>;
+  using __callback_list      = __intrusive_list_view<__stop_callback_base>;
+
+  __callback_list __callback_list_;
+  __thread_id __requesting_thread_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __stop_state() noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __increment_stop_source_counter() noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(
+        __state_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) <= static_cast<__state_t>(~(1 << __stop_source_counter_shift)),
+        "stop_source's counter reaches the maximum. Incrementing the counter will overflow");
+    __state_.fetch_add(1 << __stop_source_counter_shift, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+
+  // We are not destroying the object after counter decrements to zero, nor do we have
+  // operations depend on the ordering of decrementing the counter. relaxed is enough.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __decrement_stop_source_counter() noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(
+        __state_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) >= static_cast<__state_t>(1 << __stop_source_counter_shift),
+        "stop_source's counter is 0. Decrementing the counter will underflow");
+    __state_.fetch_sub(1 << __stop_source_counter_shift, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __stop_requested() const noexcept {
+    // acquire because [thread.stoptoken.intro] A call to request_stop that returns true
+    // synchronizes with a call to stop_requested on an associated stop_token or stop_source
+    // object that returns true.
+    // request_stop's compare_exchange_weak has release which syncs with this acquire
+    return (__state_.load(std::memory_order_acquire) & __stop_requested_bit) != 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __stop_possible_for_stop_token() const noexcept {
+    // [stoptoken.mem] false if "a stop request was not made and there are no associated stop_source objects"
+    // Todo: Can this be std::memory_order_relaxed as the standard does not say anything except not to introduce data
+    // race?
+    __state_t __curent_state = __state_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    return ((__curent_state & __stop_requested_bit) != 0) || ((__curent_state >> __stop_source_counter_shift) != 0);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __request_stop() noexcept {
+    auto __cb_list_lock = __try_lock_for_request_stop();
+    if (!__cb_list_lock.__owns_lock()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    __requesting_thread_ = this_thread::get_id();
+
+    while (!__callback_list_.__empty()) {
+      auto __cb = __callback_list_.__pop_front();
+
+      // allow other callbacks to be removed while invoking the current callback
+      __cb_list_lock.__unlock();
+
+      bool __destroyed   = false;
+      __cb->__destroyed_ = &__destroyed;
+
+      __cb->__invoke();
+
+      // __cb's invoke function could potentially delete itself. We need to check before accessing __cb's member
+      if (!__destroyed) {
+        // needs to set __destroyed_ pointer to nullptr, otherwise it points to a local variable
+        // which is to be destroyed at the end of the loop
+        __cb->__destroyed_ = nullptr;
+
+        // [stopcallback.cons] If callback is concurrently executing on another thread, then the return
+        // from the invocation of callback strongly happens before ([intro.races]) callback is destroyed.
+        // this release syncs with the acquire in the remove_callback
+        __cb->__completed_.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
+        __cb->__completed_.notify_all();
+      }
+
+      __cb_list_lock.__lock();
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __add_callback(__stop_callback_base* __cb) noexcept {
+    // If it is already stop_requested. Do not try to request it again.
+    const auto __give_up_trying_to_lock_condition = [__cb](__state_t __state) {
+      if ((__state & __stop_requested_bit) != 0) {
+        // already stop requested, synchronously run the callback and no need to lock the list again
+        __cb->__invoke();
+        return true;
+      }
+      // no stop source. no need to lock the list to add the callback as it can never be invoked
+      return (__state >> __stop_source_counter_shift) == 0;
+    };
+
+    __callback_list_lock __cb_list_lock(__state_, __give_up_trying_to_lock_condition);
+
+    if (!__cb_list_lock.__owns_lock()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    __callback_list_.__push_front(__cb);
+
+    return true;
+    // unlock here: [thread.stoptoken.intro] Registration of a callback synchronizes with the invocation of
+    // that callback.
+    // Note: this release sync with the acquire in the request_stop' __try_lock_for_request_stop
+  }
+
+  // called by the destructor of stop_callback
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __remove_callback(__stop_callback_base* __cb) noexcept {
+    __callback_list_lock __cb_list_lock(__state_);
+
+    // under below condition, the request_stop call just popped __cb from the list and could execute it now
+    bool __potentially_executing_now = __cb->__prev_ == nullptr && !__callback_list_.__is_head(__cb);
+
+    if (__potentially_executing_now) {
+      auto __requested_thread = __requesting_thread_;
+      __cb_list_lock.__unlock();
+
+      if (std::this_thread::get_id() != __requested_thread) {
+        // [stopcallback.cons] If callback is concurrently executing on another thread, then the return
+        // from the invocation of callback strongly happens before ([intro.races]) callback is destroyed.
+        __cb->__completed_.wait(false, std::memory_order_acquire);
+      } else {
+        // The destructor of stop_callback runs on the same thread of the thread that invokes the callback.
+        // The callback is potentially invoking its own destuctor. Set the flag to avoid accessing destroyed
+        // members on the invoking side
+        if (__cb->__destroyed_) {
+          *__cb->__destroyed_ = true;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      __callback_list_.__remove(__cb);
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __callback_list_lock __try_lock_for_request_stop() noexcept {
+    // If it is already stop_requested, do not try to request stop or lock the list again.
+    const auto __lock_fail_condition = [](__state_t __state) { return (__state & __stop_requested_bit) != 0; };
+
+    // set locked and requested bit at the same time
+    const auto __after_lock_state = [](__state_t __state) {
+      return __state | __callback_list_locked_bit | __stop_requested_bit;
+    };
+
+    // acq because [thread.stoptoken.intro] Registration of a callback synchronizes with the invocation of that
+    //     callback. We are going to invoke the callback after getting the lock, acquire so that we can see the
+    //     registration of a callback (and other writes that happens-before the add_callback)
+    //     Note: the rel (unlock) in the add_callback syncs with this acq
+    // rel because [thread.stoptoken.intro] A call to request_stop that returns true synchronizes with a call
+    //     to stop_requested on an associated stop_token or stop_source object that returns true.
+    //     We need to make sure that all writes (including user code) before request_stop will be made visible
+    //     to the threads that waiting for `stop_requested == true`
+    //     Note: this rel syncs with the acq in `stop_requested`
+    const auto __locked_ordering = std::memory_order_acq_rel;
+
+    return __callback_list_lock(__state_, __lock_fail_condition, __after_lock_state, __locked_ordering);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  friend struct __intrusive_shared_ptr_traits;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __intrusive_shared_ptr_traits;
+
+template <>
+struct __intrusive_shared_ptr_traits<__stop_state> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static atomic<uint32_t>& __get_atomic_ref_count(__stop_state& __state) {
+    return __state.__ref_count_;
+  }
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_STOP_STATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_token.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_token.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1bd75cbbf6f8d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__stop_token/stop_token.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_STOP_TOKEN_H
+#define _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_STOP_TOKEN_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__stop_token/intrusive_shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__stop_token/stop_state.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC stop_token {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_token() noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_token(const stop_token&) noexcept            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_token(stop_token&&) noexcept                 = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_token& operator=(const stop_token&) noexcept = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_token& operator=(stop_token&&) noexcept      = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~stop_token()                                     = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(stop_token& __other) noexcept { __state_.swap(__other.__state_); }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool stop_requested() const noexcept {
+    return __state_ != nullptr && __state_->__stop_requested();
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool stop_possible() const noexcept {
+    return __state_ != nullptr && __state_->__stop_possible_for_stop_token();
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(const stop_token&, const stop_token&) noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend void swap(stop_token& __lhs, stop_token& __rhs) noexcept { __lhs.swap(__rhs); }
+
+private:
+  __intrusive_shared_ptr<__stop_state> __state_;
+
+  friend class stop_source;
+  template <class _Tp>
+  friend class stop_callback;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit stop_token(const __intrusive_shared_ptr<__stop_state>& __state) : __state_(__state) {}
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___STOP_TOKEN_STOP_TOKEN_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__string/char_traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__string/char_traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2660ac2ede2d5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__string/char_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STRING_CHAR_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___STRING_CHAR_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/fill_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/find.h>
+#include <__algorithm/find_end.h>
+#include <__algorithm/find_first_of.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/identity.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__string/constexpr_c_functions.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__utility/is_pointer_in_range.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+#  include <cwchar> // for wmemcpy
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct char_traits;
+/*
+The Standard does not define the base template for char_traits because it is impossible to provide
+a correct definition for arbitrary character types. Instead, it requires implementations to provide
+specializations for predefined character types like `char`, `wchar_t` and others. We provide this as
+exposition-only to document what members a char_traits specialization should provide:
+{
+    using char_type  = _CharT;
+    using int_type   = ...;
+    using off_type   = ...;
+    using pos_type   = ...;
+    using state_type = ...;
+
+    static void assign(char_type&, const char_type&);
+    static bool eq(char_type, char_type);
+    static bool lt(char_type, char_type);
+
+    static int              compare(const char_type*, const char_type*, size_t);
+    static size_t           length(const char_type*);
+    static const char_type* find(const char_type*, size_t, const char_type&);
+    static char_type*       move(char_type*, const char_type*, size_t);
+    static char_type*       copy(char_type*, const char_type*, size_t);
+    static char_type*       assign(char_type*, size_t, char_type);
+
+    static int_type  not_eof(int_type);
+    static char_type to_char_type(int_type);
+    static int_type  to_int_type(char_type);
+    static bool      eq_int_type(int_type, int_type);
+    static int_type  eof();
+};
+*/
+
+// char_traits<char>
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS char_traits<char> {
+  using char_type  = char;
+  using int_type   = int;
+  using off_type   = streamoff;
+  using pos_type   = streampos;
+  using state_type = mbstate_t;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  using comparison_category = strong_ordering;
+#endif
+
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 void
+  assign(char_type& __c1, const char_type& __c2) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __c1 = __c2;
+  }
+
+  // TODO: Make this _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDDEN _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool eq(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __c1 == __c2;
+  }
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool lt(char_type __c1, char_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return (unsigned char)__c1 < (unsigned char)__c2;
+  }
+
+  // __constexpr_memcmp requires a trivially lexicographically comparable type, but char is not when char is a signed
+  // type
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 int
+  compare(const char_type* __lhs, const char_type* __rhs, size_t __count) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED
+      return __builtin_memcmp(__lhs, __rhs, __count);
+#else
+      while (__count != 0) {
+        if (lt(*__lhs, *__rhs))
+          return -1;
+        if (lt(*__rhs, *__lhs))
+          return 1;
+
+        __count -= sizeof(char_type);
+        ++__lhs;
+        ++__rhs;
+      }
+      return 0;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED
+    } else {
+      return __builtin_memcmp(__lhs, __rhs, __count);
+    }
+  }
+
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 length(const char_type* __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__constexpr_strlen(__s);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const char_type*
+  find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__n == 0)
+      return nullptr;
+    return std::__constexpr_memchr(__s, __a, __n);
+  }
+
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 char_type*
+  move(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__constexpr_memmove(__s1, __s2, __element_count(__n));
+  }
+
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 char_type*
+  copy(char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_OVERLAPPING_RANGES(!std::__is_pointer_in_range(__s1, __s1 + __n, __s2),
+                                          "char_traits::copy: source and destination ranges overlap");
+    std::__constexpr_memmove(__s1, __s2, __element_count(__n));
+    return __s1;
+  }
+
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 char_type*
+  assign(char_type* __s, size_t __n, char_type __a) _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::fill_n(__s, __n, __a);
+    return __s;
+  }
+
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int_type not_eof(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return eq_int_type(__c, eof()) ? ~eof() : __c;
+  }
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR char_type to_char_type(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return char_type(__c);
+  }
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int_type to_int_type(char_type __c) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return int_type((unsigned char)__c);
+  }
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool eq_int_type(int_type __c1, int_type __c2) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __c1 == __c2;
+  }
+  static inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int_type eof() _NOEXCEPT { return int_type(EOF); }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _IntT, _IntT _EOFVal>
+struct __char_traits_base {
+  using char_type  = _CharT;
+  using int_type   = _IntT;
+  using off_type   = streamoff;
+  using state_type = mbstate_t;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  using comparison_category = strong_ordering;
+#endif
+
+  // There are 
diff erent aliases for the 
diff erent char types, but they are all aliases to this type
+  using pos_type = fpos<mbstate_t>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 void
+  assign(char_type& __lhs, const char_type& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __lhs = __rhs;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool eq(char_type __lhs, char_type __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __lhs == __rhs;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool lt(char_type __lhs, char_type __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __lhs < __rhs;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 char_type*
+  move(char_type* __dest, const char_type* __src, size_t __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__constexpr_memmove(__dest, __src, __element_count(__n));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 char_type*
+  copy(char_type* __dest, const char_type* __src, size_t __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_OVERLAPPING_RANGES(!std::__is_pointer_in_range(__dest, __dest + __n, __src),
+                                          "char_traits::copy: source and destination ranges overlap");
+    return std::__constexpr_memmove(__dest, __src, __element_count(__n));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 char_type*
+  assign(char_type* __str, size_t __n, char_type __fill_char) _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::fill_n(__str, __n, __fill_char);
+    return __str;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR char_type to_char_type(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return char_type(__c);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int_type to_int_type(char_type __c) _NOEXCEPT { return int_type(__c); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool eq_int_type(int_type __lhs, int_type __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __lhs == __rhs;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int_type eof() _NOEXCEPT { return _EOFVal; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int_type not_eof(int_type __c) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return eq_int_type(__c, eof()) ? static_cast<int_type>(~eof()) : __c;
+  }
+};
+
+// char_traits<wchar_t>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS char_traits<wchar_t> : __char_traits_base<wchar_t, wint_t, static_cast<wint_t>(WEOF)> {
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 int
+  compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__n == 0)
+      return 0;
+    return std::__constexpr_wmemcmp(__s1, __s2, __n);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 size_t length(const char_type* __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__constexpr_wcslen(__s);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const char_type*
+  find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__n == 0)
+      return nullptr;
+    return std::__constexpr_wmemchr(__s, __a, __n);
+  }
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS char_traits<char8_t>
+    : __char_traits_base<char8_t, unsigned int, static_cast<unsigned int>(EOF)> {
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr int
+  compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n) noexcept {
+    return std::__constexpr_memcmp(__s1, __s2, __element_count(__n));
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t length(const char_type* __str) noexcept {
+    return std::__constexpr_strlen(__str);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr const char_type*
+  find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a) noexcept {
+    return std::__constexpr_memchr(__s, __a, __n);
+  }
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS char_traits<char16_t>
+    : __char_traits_base<char16_t, uint_least16_t, static_cast<uint_least16_t>(0xFFFF)> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 int
+  compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 size_t length(const char_type* __s) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const char_type*
+  find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __identity __proj;
+    const char_type* __match = std::__find(__s, __s + __n, __a, __proj);
+    if (__match == __s + __n)
+      return nullptr;
+    return __match;
+  }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 int
+char_traits<char16_t>::compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+  for (; __n; --__n, ++__s1, ++__s2) {
+    if (lt(*__s1, *__s2))
+      return -1;
+    if (lt(*__s2, *__s1))
+      return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 size_t char_traits<char16_t>::length(const char_type* __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+  size_t __len = 0;
+  for (; !eq(*__s, char_type(0)); ++__s)
+    ++__len;
+  return __len;
+}
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS char_traits<char32_t>
+    : __char_traits_base<char32_t, uint_least32_t, static_cast<uint_least32_t>(0xFFFFFFFF)> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 int
+  compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 size_t length(const char_type* __s) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const char_type*
+  find(const char_type* __s, size_t __n, const char_type& __a) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __identity __proj;
+    const char_type* __match = std::__find(__s, __s + __n, __a, __proj);
+    if (__match == __s + __n)
+      return nullptr;
+    return __match;
+  }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 int
+char_traits<char32_t>::compare(const char_type* __s1, const char_type* __s2, size_t __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+  for (; __n; --__n, ++__s1, ++__s2) {
+    if (lt(*__s1, *__s2))
+      return -1;
+    if (lt(*__s2, *__s1))
+      return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 size_t char_traits<char32_t>::length(const char_type* __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+  size_t __len = 0;
+  for (; !eq(*__s, char_type(0)); ++__s)
+    ++__len;
+  return __len;
+}
+
+// helper fns for basic_string and string_view
+
+// __str_find
+template <class _CharT, class _SizeT, class _Traits, _SizeT __npos>
+inline _SizeT _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__str_find(const _CharT* __p, _SizeT __sz, _CharT __c, _SizeT __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__pos >= __sz)
+    return __npos;
+  const _CharT* __r = _Traits::find(__p + __pos, __sz - __pos, __c);
+  if (__r == nullptr)
+    return __npos;
+  return static_cast<_SizeT>(__r - __p);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _CharT* __search_substring(
+    const _CharT* __first1, const _CharT* __last1, const _CharT* __first2, const _CharT* __last2) _NOEXCEPT {
+  // Take advantage of knowing source and pattern lengths.
+  // Stop short when source is smaller than pattern.
+  const ptr
diff _t __len2 = __last2 - __first2;
+  if (__len2 == 0)
+    return __first1;
+
+  ptr
diff _t __len1 = __last1 - __first1;
+  if (__len1 < __len2)
+    return __last1;
+
+  // First element of __first2 is loop invariant.
+  _CharT __f2 = *__first2;
+  while (true) {
+    __len1 = __last1 - __first1;
+    // Check whether __first1 still has at least __len2 bytes.
+    if (__len1 < __len2)
+      return __last1;
+
+    // Find __f2 the first byte matching in __first1.
+    __first1 = _Traits::find(__first1, __len1 - __len2 + 1, __f2);
+    if (__first1 == nullptr)
+      return __last1;
+
+    // It is faster to compare from the first byte of __first1 even if we
+    // already know that it matches the first byte of __first2: this is because
+    // __first2 is most likely aligned, as it is user's "pattern" string, and
+    // __first1 + 1 is most likely not aligned, as the match is in the middle of
+    // the string.
+    if (_Traits::compare(__first1, __first2, __len2) == 0)
+      return __first1;
+
+    ++__first1;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _SizeT, class _Traits, _SizeT __npos>
+inline _SizeT _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__str_find(const _CharT* __p, _SizeT __sz, const _CharT* __s, _SizeT __pos, _SizeT __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__pos > __sz)
+    return __npos;
+
+  if (__n == 0) // There is nothing to search, just return __pos.
+    return __pos;
+
+  const _CharT* __r = std::__search_substring<_CharT, _Traits>(__p + __pos, __p + __sz, __s, __s + __n);
+
+  if (__r == __p + __sz)
+    return __npos;
+  return static_cast<_SizeT>(__r - __p);
+}
+
+// __str_rfind
+
+template <class _CharT, class _SizeT, class _Traits, _SizeT __npos>
+inline _SizeT _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__str_rfind(const _CharT* __p, _SizeT __sz, _CharT __c, _SizeT __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__sz < 1)
+    return __npos;
+  if (__pos < __sz)
+    ++__pos;
+  else
+    __pos = __sz;
+  for (const _CharT* __ps = __p + __pos; __ps != __p;) {
+    if (_Traits::eq(*--__ps, __c))
+      return static_cast<_SizeT>(__ps - __p);
+  }
+  return __npos;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _SizeT, class _Traits, _SizeT __npos>
+inline _SizeT _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__str_rfind(const _CharT* __p, _SizeT __sz, const _CharT* __s, _SizeT __pos, _SizeT __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __pos = std::min(__pos, __sz);
+  if (__n < __sz - __pos)
+    __pos += __n;
+  else
+    __pos = __sz;
+  const _CharT* __r = std::__find_end_classic(__p, __p + __pos, __s, __s + __n, _Traits::eq);
+  if (__n > 0 && __r == __p + __pos)
+    return __npos;
+  return static_cast<_SizeT>(__r - __p);
+}
+
+// __str_find_first_of
+template <class _CharT, class _SizeT, class _Traits, _SizeT __npos>
+inline _SizeT _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__str_find_first_of(const _CharT* __p, _SizeT __sz, const _CharT* __s, _SizeT __pos, _SizeT __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__pos >= __sz || __n == 0)
+    return __npos;
+  const _CharT* __r = std::__find_first_of_ce(__p + __pos, __p + __sz, __s, __s + __n, _Traits::eq);
+  if (__r == __p + __sz)
+    return __npos;
+  return static_cast<_SizeT>(__r - __p);
+}
+
+// __str_find_last_of
+template <class _CharT, class _SizeT, class _Traits, _SizeT __npos>
+inline _SizeT _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__str_find_last_of(const _CharT* __p, _SizeT __sz, const _CharT* __s, _SizeT __pos, _SizeT __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__n != 0) {
+    if (__pos < __sz)
+      ++__pos;
+    else
+      __pos = __sz;
+    for (const _CharT* __ps = __p + __pos; __ps != __p;) {
+      const _CharT* __r = _Traits::find(__s, __n, *--__ps);
+      if (__r)
+        return static_cast<_SizeT>(__ps - __p);
+    }
+  }
+  return __npos;
+}
+
+// __str_find_first_not_of
+template <class _CharT, class _SizeT, class _Traits, _SizeT __npos>
+inline _SizeT _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__str_find_first_not_of(const _CharT* __p, _SizeT __sz, const _CharT* __s, _SizeT __pos, _SizeT __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__pos < __sz) {
+    const _CharT* __pe = __p + __sz;
+    for (const _CharT* __ps = __p + __pos; __ps != __pe; ++__ps)
+      if (_Traits::find(__s, __n, *__ps) == nullptr)
+        return static_cast<_SizeT>(__ps - __p);
+  }
+  return __npos;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _SizeT, class _Traits, _SizeT __npos>
+inline _SizeT _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__str_find_first_not_of(const _CharT* __p, _SizeT __sz, _CharT __c, _SizeT __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__pos < __sz) {
+    const _CharT* __pe = __p + __sz;
+    for (const _CharT* __ps = __p + __pos; __ps != __pe; ++__ps)
+      if (!_Traits::eq(*__ps, __c))
+        return static_cast<_SizeT>(__ps - __p);
+  }
+  return __npos;
+}
+
+// __str_find_last_not_of
+template <class _CharT, class _SizeT, class _Traits, _SizeT __npos>
+inline _SizeT _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__str_find_last_not_of(const _CharT* __p, _SizeT __sz, const _CharT* __s, _SizeT __pos, _SizeT __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__pos < __sz)
+    ++__pos;
+  else
+    __pos = __sz;
+  for (const _CharT* __ps = __p + __pos; __ps != __p;)
+    if (_Traits::find(__s, __n, *--__ps) == nullptr)
+      return static_cast<_SizeT>(__ps - __p);
+  return __npos;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _SizeT, class _Traits, _SizeT __npos>
+inline _SizeT _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__str_find_last_not_of(const _CharT* __p, _SizeT __sz, _CharT __c, _SizeT __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__pos < __sz)
+    ++__pos;
+  else
+    __pos = __sz;
+  for (const _CharT* __ps = __p + __pos; __ps != __p;)
+    if (!_Traits::eq(*--__ps, __c))
+      return static_cast<_SizeT>(__ps - __p);
+  return __npos;
+}
+
+template <class _Ptr>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __do_string_hash(_Ptr __p, _Ptr __e) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_Ptr>::value_type value_type;
+  return __murmur2_or_cityhash<size_t>()(__p, (__e - __p) * sizeof(value_type));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___STRING_CHAR_TRAITS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__string/constexpr_c_functions.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__string/constexpr_c_functions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a978f816f18978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__string/constexpr_c_functions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STRING_CONSTEXPR_C_FUNCTIONS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___STRING_CONSTEXPR_C_FUNCTIONS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__type_traits/datasizeof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_always_bitcastable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__utility/is_pointer_in_range.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Type used to encode that a function takes an integer that represents a number
+// of elements as opposed to a number of bytes.
+enum class __element_count : size_t {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const bool __is_char_type = false;
+
+template <>
+inline const bool __is_char_type<char> = true;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+template <>
+inline const bool __is_char_type<char8_t> = true;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 size_t __constexpr_strlen(const _Tp* __str) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(__is_char_type<_Tp>, "__constexpr_strlen only works with char and char8_t");
+  // GCC currently doesn't support __builtin_strlen for heap-allocated memory during constant evaluation.
+  // https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=70816
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED)
+    if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, char>)
+      return __builtin_strlen(__str);
+#endif
+    size_t __i = 0;
+    for (; __str[__i] != '\0'; ++__i)
+      ;
+    return __i;
+  }
+  return __builtin_strlen(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(__str));
+}
+
+// Because of __libcpp_is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable we know that comparing the object representations is
+// equivalent to a std::memcmp. Since we have multiple objects contiguously in memory, we can call memcmp once instead
+// of invoking it on every object individually.
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 int
+__constexpr_memcmp(const _Tp* __lhs, const _Up* __rhs, __element_count __n) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable<_Tp, _Up>::value,
+                "_Tp and _Up have to be trivially lexicographically comparable");
+
+  auto __count = static_cast<size_t>(__n);
+
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED
+    if (sizeof(_Tp) == 1 && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value)
+      return __builtin_memcmp(__lhs, __rhs, __count * sizeof(_Tp));
+#endif
+
+    while (__count != 0) {
+      if (*__lhs < *__rhs)
+        return -1;
+      if (*__rhs < *__lhs)
+        return 1;
+
+      --__count;
+      ++__lhs;
+      ++__rhs;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  } else {
+    return __builtin_memcmp(__lhs, __rhs, __count * sizeof(_Tp));
+  }
+}
+
+// Because of __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable we know that comparing the object representations is equivalent
+// to a std::memcmp(...) == 0. Since we have multiple objects contiguously in memory, we can call memcmp once instead
+// of invoking it on every object individually.
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+__constexpr_memcmp_equal(const _Tp* __lhs, const _Up* __rhs, __element_count __n) {
+  static_assert(__libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable<_Tp, _Up>::value,
+                "_Tp and _Up have to be trivially equality comparable");
+
+  auto __count = static_cast<size_t>(__n);
+
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED
+    if (sizeof(_Tp) == 1 && is_integral<_Tp>::value && !is_same<_Tp, bool>::value)
+      return __builtin_memcmp(__lhs, __rhs, __count * sizeof(_Tp)) == 0;
+#endif
+    while (__count != 0) {
+      if (*__lhs != *__rhs)
+        return false;
+
+      --__count;
+      ++__lhs;
+      ++__rhs;
+    }
+    return true;
+  } else {
+    return ::__builtin_memcmp(__lhs, __rhs, __count * sizeof(_Tp)) == 0;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp* __constexpr_memchr(_Tp* __str, _Up __value, size_t __count) {
+  static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == 1 && __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable<_Tp, _Up>::value,
+                "Calling memchr on non-trivially equality comparable types is unsafe.");
+
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+// use __builtin_char_memchr to optimize constexpr evaluation if we can
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && __has_builtin(__builtin_char_memchr)
+    if constexpr (is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, char> && is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Up>, char>)
+      return __builtin_char_memchr(__str, __value, __count);
+#endif
+
+    for (; __count; --__count) {
+      if (*__str == __value)
+        return __str;
+      ++__str;
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  } else {
+    char __value_buffer = 0;
+    __builtin_memcpy(&__value_buffer, &__value, sizeof(char));
+    return static_cast<_Tp*>(__builtin_memchr(__str, __value_buffer, __count));
+  }
+}
+
+// This function performs an assignment to an existing, already alive TriviallyCopyable object
+// from another TriviallyCopyable object.
+//
+// It basically works around the fact that TriviallyCopyable objects are not required to be
+// syntactically copy/move constructible or copy/move assignable. Technically, only one of the
+// four operations is required to be syntactically valid -- but at least one definitely has to
+// be valid.
+//
+// This is necessary in order to implement __constexpr_memmove below in a way that mirrors as
+// closely as possible what the compiler's __builtin_memmove is able to do.
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, __enable_if_t<is_assignable<_Tp&, _Up const&>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp& __assign_trivially_copyable(_Tp& __dest, _Up const& __src) {
+  __dest = __src;
+  return __dest;
+}
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, __enable_if_t<!is_assignable<_Tp&, _Up const&>::value &&
+                                               is_assignable<_Tp&, _Up&&>::value, int> = 0>
+// clang-format on
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp& __assign_trivially_copyable(_Tp& __dest, _Up& __src) {
+  __dest =
+      static_cast<_Up&&>(__src); // this is safe, we're not actually moving anything since the assignment is trivial
+  return __dest;
+}
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, __enable_if_t<!is_assignable<_Tp&, _Up const&>::value &&
+                                              !is_assignable<_Tp&, _Up&&>::value &&
+                                               is_constructible<_Tp, _Up const&>::value, int> = 0>
+// clang-format on
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& __assign_trivially_copyable(_Tp& __dest, _Up const& __src) {
+  // _Tp is trivially destructible, so we don't need to call its destructor to end the lifetime of the object
+  // that was there previously
+  std::__construct_at(std::addressof(__dest), __src);
+  return __dest;
+}
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, __enable_if_t<!is_assignable<_Tp&, _Up const&>::value &&
+                                              !is_assignable<_Tp&, _Up&&>::value &&
+                                              !is_constructible<_Tp, _Up const&>::value &&
+                                               is_constructible<_Tp, _Up&&>::value, int> = 0>
+// clang-format on
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& __assign_trivially_copyable(_Tp& __dest, _Up& __src) {
+  // _Tp is trivially destructible, so we don't need to call its destructor to end the lifetime of the object
+  // that was there previously
+  std::__construct_at(
+      std::addressof(__dest),
+      static_cast<_Up&&>(__src)); // this is safe, we're not actually moving anything since the constructor is trivial
+  return __dest;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, __enable_if_t<__is_always_bitcastable<_Up, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp*
+__constexpr_memmove(_Tp* __dest, _Up* __src, __element_count __n) {
+  size_t __count = static_cast<size_t>(__n);
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED
+    if (is_same<__remove_cv_t<_Tp>, __remove_cv_t<_Up> >::value) {
+      ::__builtin_memmove(__dest, __src, __count * sizeof(_Tp));
+      return __dest;
+    }
+#endif
+    if (std::__is_pointer_in_range(__src, __src + __count, __dest)) {
+      for (; __count > 0; --__count)
+        std::__assign_trivially_copyable(__dest[__count - 1], __src[__count - 1]);
+    } else {
+      for (size_t __i = 0; __i != __count; ++__i)
+        std::__assign_trivially_copyable(__dest[__i], __src[__i]);
+    }
+  } else if (__count > 0) {
+    ::__builtin_memmove(__dest, __src, (__count - 1) * sizeof(_Tp) + __datasizeof_v<_Tp>);
+  }
+  return __dest;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___STRING_CONSTEXPR_C_FUNCTIONS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__string/extern_template_lists.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__string/extern_template_lists.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cc536e514d4ffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__string/extern_template_lists.h
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___STRING_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_LISTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___STRING_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_LISTS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// clang-format off
+
+// We maintain 2 ABI lists:
+// - _LIBCPP_STRING_V1_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_LIST
+// - _LIBCPP_STRING_UNSTABLE_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_LIST
+// As the name implies, the ABI lists define the V1 (Stable) and unstable ABI.
+//
+// For unstable, we may explicitly remove function that are external in V1,
+// and add (new) external functions to better control inlining and compiler
+// optimization opportunities.
+//
+// For stable, the ABI list should rarely change, except for adding new
+// functions supporting new c++ version / API changes. Typically entries
+// must never be removed from the stable list.
+#define _LIBCPP_STRING_V1_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_LIST(_Func, _CharType) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::replace(size_type, size_type, value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::rfind(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::__init(value_type const*, size_type, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::basic_string(basic_string const&)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::replace(size_type, size_type, value_type const*)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::basic_string(basic_string const&, allocator<_CharType> const&)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find_last_not_of(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::~basic_string()) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find_first_not_of(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::insert(size_type, size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::operator=(value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::__init(value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const _CharType& basic_string<_CharType>::at(size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::insert(size_type, value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find_first_of(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::replace(size_type, size_type, size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::assign(value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::reserve(size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::append(value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::assign(basic_string const&, size_type, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::copy(value_type*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::basic_string(basic_string const&, size_type, size_type, allocator<_CharType> const&)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find(value_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::__init(size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::insert(size_type, value_type const*)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find_last_of(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::__grow_by(size_type, size_type, size_type, size_type, size_type, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::__grow_by_and_replace(size_type, size_type, size_type, size_type, size_type, size_type, value_type const*)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::push_back(value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::append(size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::rfind(value_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::npos) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::assign(size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::erase(size_type, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::append(basic_string const&, size_type, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int basic_string<_CharType>::compare(value_type const*) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int basic_string<_CharType>::compare(size_type, size_type, value_type const*) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _CharType& basic_string<_CharType>::at(size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::assign(value_type const*)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int basic_string<_CharType>::compare(size_type, size_type, basic_string const&, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int basic_string<_CharType>::compare(size_type, size_type, value_type const*, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::operator=(basic_string const&)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::append(value_type const*)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::replace(size_type, size_type, basic_string const&, size_type, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::iterator basic_string<_CharType>::insert(basic_string::const_iterator, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::resize(size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::insert(size_type, basic_string const&, size_type, size_type))
+
+#define _LIBCPP_STRING_UNSTABLE_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_LIST(_Func, _CharType) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::replace(size_type, size_type, value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::rfind(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::__init(value_type const*, size_type, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::replace(size_type, size_type, value_type const*)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find_last_not_of(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::~basic_string()) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find_first_not_of(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::insert(size_type, size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::operator=(value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::__init(value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::__init_copy_ctor_external(value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const _CharType& basic_string<_CharType>::at(size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::insert(size_type, value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find_first_of(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::replace(size_type, size_type, size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::__assign_external(value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::__assign_external(value_type const*)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::reserve(size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::append(value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::assign(basic_string const&, size_type, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::copy(value_type*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::basic_string(basic_string const&, size_type, size_type, allocator<_CharType> const&)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find(value_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::__init(size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::insert(size_type, value_type const*)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find_last_of(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::__grow_by_and_replace(size_type, size_type, size_type, size_type, size_type, size_type, value_type const*)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::__assign_no_alias<false>(value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::__assign_no_alias<true>(value_type const*, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::push_back(value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::append(size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::rfind(value_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::npos) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::assign(size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::__erase_external_with_move(size_type, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::append(basic_string const&, size_type, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int basic_string<_CharType>::compare(value_type const*) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int basic_string<_CharType>::compare(size_type, size_type, value_type const*) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _CharType& basic_string<_CharType>::at(size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::size_type basic_string<_CharType>::find(value_type const*, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int basic_string<_CharType>::compare(size_type, size_type, basic_string const&, size_type, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int basic_string<_CharType>::compare(size_type, size_type, value_type const*, size_type) const) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::append(value_type const*)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::replace(size_type, size_type, basic_string const&, size_type, size_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>::iterator basic_string<_CharType>::insert(basic_string::const_iterator, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void basic_string<_CharType>::resize(size_type, value_type)) \
+  _Func(_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharType>& basic_string<_CharType>::insert(size_type, basic_string const&, size_type, size_type))
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___STRING_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_LISTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/ibm/gettod_zos.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/ibm/gettod_zos.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bd7e467736697b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/ibm/gettod_zos.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_IBM_GETTOD_ZOS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_IBM_GETTOD_ZOS_H
+
+#include <time.h>
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int gettimeofdayMonotonic(struct timespec64* Output) {
+  // The POSIX gettimeofday() function is not available on z/OS. Therefore,
+  // we will call stcke and other hardware instructions in implement equivalent.
+  // Note that nanoseconds alone will overflow when reaching new epoch in 2042.
+
+  struct _t {
+    uint64_t Hi;
+    uint64_t Lo;
+  };
+  struct _t Value = {0, 0};
+  uint64_t CC     = 0;
+  asm(" stcke %0\n"
+      " ipm %1\n"
+      " srlg %1,%1,28\n"
+      : "=m"(Value), "+r"(CC)::);
+
+  if (CC != 0) {
+    errno = EMVSTODNOTSET;
+    return CC;
+  }
+  uint64_t us = (Value.Hi >> 4);
+  uint64_t ns = ((Value.Hi & 0x0F) << 8) + (Value.Lo >> 56);
+  ns          = (ns * 1000) >> 12;
+  us          = us - 2208988800000000;
+
+  register uint64_t DivPair0 asm("r0"); // dividend (upper half), remainder
+  DivPair0 = 0;
+  register uint64_t DivPair1 asm("r1"); // dividend (lower half), quotient
+  DivPair1         = us;
+  uint64_t Divisor = 1000000;
+  asm(" dlgr %0,%2" : "+r"(DivPair0), "+r"(DivPair1) : "r"(Divisor) :);
+
+  Output->tv_sec  = DivPair1;
+  Output->tv_nsec = DivPair0 * 1000 + ns;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_IBM_GETTOD_ZOS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/ibm/locale_mgmt_zos.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/ibm/locale_mgmt_zos.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5fc04b6b4b2990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/ibm/locale_mgmt_zos.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_IBM_LOCALE_MGMT_ZOS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_IBM_LOCALE_MGMT_ZOS_H
+
+#if defined(__MVS__)
+#  include <locale.h>
+#  include <string>
+
+#  ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#  endif
+
+#  define _LC_MAX LC_MESSAGES /* highest real category */
+#  define _NCAT (_LC_MAX + 1) /* maximum + 1 */
+
+#  define _CATMASK(n) (1 << (n))
+#  define LC_COLLATE_MASK _CATMASK(LC_COLLATE)
+#  define LC_CTYPE_MASK _CATMASK(LC_CTYPE)
+#  define LC_MONETARY_MASK _CATMASK(LC_MONETARY)
+#  define LC_NUMERIC_MASK _CATMASK(LC_NUMERIC)
+#  define LC_TIME_MASK _CATMASK(LC_TIME)
+#  define LC_MESSAGES_MASK _CATMASK(LC_MESSAGES)
+#  define LC_ALL_MASK (_CATMASK(_NCAT) - 1)
+
+typedef struct locale_struct {
+  int category_mask;
+  std::string lc_collate;
+  std::string lc_ctype;
+  std::string lc_monetary;
+  std::string lc_numeric;
+  std::string lc_time;
+  std::string lc_messages;
+}* locale_t;
+
+// z/OS does not have newlocale, freelocale and uselocale.
+// The functions below are workarounds in single thread mode.
+locale_t newlocale(int category_mask, const char* locale, locale_t base);
+void freelocale(locale_t locobj);
+locale_t uselocale(locale_t newloc);
+
+#  ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#  endif
+#endif // defined(__MVS__)
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_IBM_LOCALE_MGMT_ZOS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/ibm/nanosleep.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/ibm/nanosleep.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fadc784c0297c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/ibm/nanosleep.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_IBM_NANOSLEEP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_IBM_NANOSLEEP_H
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+inline int nanosleep(const struct timespec* __req, struct timespec* __rem) {
+  // The nanosleep() function is not available on z/OS. Therefore, we will call
+  // sleep() to sleep for whole seconds and usleep() to sleep for any remaining
+  // fraction of a second. Any remaining nanoseconds will round up to the next
+  // microsecond.
+  if (__req->tv_sec < 0 || __req->tv_nsec < 0 || __req->tv_nsec > 999999999) {
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    return -1;
+  }
+  long __micro_sec = (__req->tv_nsec + 999) / 1000;
+  time_t __sec     = __req->tv_sec;
+  if (__micro_sec > 999999) {
+    ++__sec;
+    __micro_sec -= 1000000;
+  }
+  __sec = static_cast<time_t>(sleep(static_cast<unsigned int>(__sec)));
+  if (__sec) {
+    if (__rem) {
+      // Updating the remaining time to sleep in case of unsuccessful call to sleep().
+      __rem->tv_sec  = __sec;
+      __rem->tv_nsec = __micro_sec * 1000;
+    }
+    errno = EINTR;
+    return -1;
+  }
+  if (__micro_sec) {
+    int __rt = usleep(static_cast<unsigned int>(__micro_sec));
+    if (__rt != 0 && __rem) {
+      // The usleep() does not provide the amount of remaining time upon its failure,
+      // so the time slept will be ignored.
+      __rem->tv_sec  = 0;
+      __rem->tv_nsec = __micro_sec * 1000;
+      // The errno is already set.
+      return -1;
+    }
+    return __rt;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_IBM_NANOSLEEP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/xlocale/__nop_locale_mgmt.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/xlocale/__nop_locale_mgmt.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b9ffcbe1622d51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/xlocale/__nop_locale_mgmt.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_XLOCALE_NOP_LOCALE_MGMT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_XLOCALE_NOP_LOCALE_MGMT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+// Patch over lack of extended locale support
+typedef void* locale_t;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI locale_t duplocale(locale_t) { return NULL; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void freelocale(locale_t) {}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI locale_t newlocale(int, const char*, locale_t) { return NULL; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI locale_t uselocale(locale_t) { return NULL; }
+
+#define LC_COLLATE_MASK (1 << LC_COLLATE)
+#define LC_CTYPE_MASK (1 << LC_CTYPE)
+#define LC_MESSAGES_MASK (1 << LC_MESSAGES)
+#define LC_MONETARY_MASK (1 << LC_MONETARY)
+#define LC_NUMERIC_MASK (1 << LC_NUMERIC)
+#define LC_TIME_MASK (1 << LC_TIME)
+#define LC_ALL_MASK                                                                                                    \
+  (LC_COLLATE_MASK | LC_CTYPE_MASK | LC_MONETARY_MASK | LC_NUMERIC_MASK | LC_TIME_MASK | LC_MESSAGES_MASK)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_XLOCALE_NOP_LOCALE_MGMT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/xlocale/__posix_l_fallback.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/xlocale/__posix_l_fallback.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8a3a6f27f48dde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/xlocale/__posix_l_fallback.h
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// These are reimplementations of some extended locale functions ( *_l ) that
+// are normally part of POSIX.  This shared implementation provides parts of the
+// extended locale support for libc's that normally don't have any (like
+// Android's bionic and Newlib).
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_XLOCALE_POSIX_L_FALLBACK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_XLOCALE_POSIX_L_FALLBACK_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+#  include <wchar.h>
+#  include <wctype.h>
+#endif
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int isalnum_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::isalnum(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int isalpha_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::isalpha(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iscntrl_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::iscntrl(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int isdigit_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::isdigit(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int isgraph_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::isgraph(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int islower_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::islower(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int isprint_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::isprint(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int ispunct_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::ispunct(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int isspace_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::isspace(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int isupper_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::isupper(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int isxdigit_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::isxdigit(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int toupper_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::toupper(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int tolower_l(int __c, locale_t) { return ::tolower(__c); }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswalnum_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswalnum(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswalpha_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswalpha(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswblank_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswblank(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswcntrl_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswcntrl(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswdigit_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswdigit(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswgraph_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswgraph(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswlower_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswlower(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswprint_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswprint(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswpunct_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswpunct(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswspace_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswspace(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswupper_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswupper(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int iswxdigit_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::iswxdigit(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wint_t towupper_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::towupper(__c); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wint_t towlower_l(wint_t __c, locale_t) { return ::towlower(__c); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int strcoll_l(const char* __s1, const char* __s2, locale_t) {
+  return ::strcoll(__s1, __s2);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t strxfrm_l(char* __dest, const char* __src, size_t __n, locale_t) {
+  return ::strxfrm(__dest, __src, __n);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t
+strftime_l(char* __s, size_t __max, const char* __format, const struct tm* __tm, locale_t) {
+  return ::strftime(__s, __max, __format, __tm);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int wcscoll_l(const wchar_t* __ws1, const wchar_t* __ws2, locale_t) {
+  return ::wcscoll(__ws1, __ws2);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t wcsxfrm_l(wchar_t* __dest, const wchar_t* __src, size_t __n, locale_t) {
+  return ::wcsxfrm(__dest, __src, __n);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_XLOCALE_POSIX_L_FALLBACK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/xlocale/__strtonum_fallback.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/xlocale/__strtonum_fallback.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b7eef5210ed374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__support/xlocale/__strtonum_fallback.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===-----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// These are reimplementations of some extended locale functions ( *_l ) that
+// aren't part of POSIX.  They are widely available though (GLIBC, BSD, maybe
+// others).  The unifying aspect in this case is that all of these functions
+// convert strings to some numeric type.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_XLOCALE_STRTONUM_FALLBACK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_XLOCALE_STRTONUM_FALLBACK_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+#  include <wchar.h>
+#endif
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float strtof_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, locale_t) {
+  return ::strtof(__nptr, __endptr);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double strtod_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, locale_t) {
+  return ::strtod(__nptr, __endptr);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double strtold_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, locale_t) {
+  return ::strtold(__nptr, __endptr);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long strtoll_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, int __base, locale_t) {
+  return ::strtoll(__nptr, __endptr, __base);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unsigned long long strtoull_l(const char* __nptr, char** __endptr, int __base, locale_t) {
+  return ::strtoull(__nptr, __endptr, __base);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SUPPORT_XLOCALE_STRTONUM_FALLBACK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/errc.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/errc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0004c46e2279b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/errc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___ERRC
+#define _LIBCPP___ERRC
+
+/*
+    system_error synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+enum class errc
+{
+    address_family_not_supported,       // EAFNOSUPPORT
+    address_in_use,                     // EADDRINUSE
+    address_not_available,              // EADDRNOTAVAIL
+    already_connected,                  // EISCONN
+    argument_list_too_long,             // E2BIG
+    argument_out_of_domain,             // EDOM
+    bad_address,                        // EFAULT
+    bad_file_descriptor,                // EBADF
+    bad_message,                        // EBADMSG
+    broken_pipe,                        // EPIPE
+    connection_aborted,                 // ECONNABORTED
+    connection_already_in_progress,     // EALREADY
+    connection_refused,                 // ECONNREFUSED
+    connection_reset,                   // ECONNRESET
+    cross_device_link,                  // EXDEV
+    destination_address_required,       // EDESTADDRREQ
+    device_or_resource_busy,            // EBUSY
+    directory_not_empty,                // ENOTEMPTY
+    executable_format_error,            // ENOEXEC
+    file_exists,                        // EEXIST
+    file_too_large,                     // EFBIG
+    filename_too_long,                  // ENAMETOOLONG
+    function_not_supported,             // ENOSYS
+    host_unreachable,                   // EHOSTUNREACH
+    identifier_removed,                 // EIDRM
+    illegal_byte_sequence,              // EILSEQ
+    inappropriate_io_control_operation, // ENOTTY
+    interrupted,                        // EINTR
+    invalid_argument,                   // EINVAL
+    invalid_seek,                       // ESPIPE
+    io_error,                           // EIO
+    is_a_directory,                     // EISDIR
+    message_size,                       // EMSGSIZE
+    network_down,                       // ENETDOWN
+    network_reset,                      // ENETRESET
+    network_unreachable,                // ENETUNREACH
+    no_buffer_space,                    // ENOBUFS
+    no_child_process,                   // ECHILD
+    no_link,                            // ENOLINK
+    no_lock_available,                  // ENOLCK
+    no_message_available,               // ENODATA         // deprecated
+    no_message,                         // ENOMSG
+    no_protocol_option,                 // ENOPROTOOPT
+    no_space_on_device,                 // ENOSPC
+    no_stream_resources,                // ENOSR           // deprecated
+    no_such_device_or_address,          // ENXIO
+    no_such_device,                     // ENODEV
+    no_such_file_or_directory,          // ENOENT
+    no_such_process,                    // ESRCH
+    not_a_directory,                    // ENOTDIR
+    not_a_socket,                       // ENOTSOCK
+    not_a_stream,                       // ENOSTR          // deprecated
+    not_connected,                      // ENOTCONN
+    not_enough_memory,                  // ENOMEM
+    not_supported,                      // ENOTSUP
+    operation_canceled,                 // ECANCELED
+    operation_in_progress,              // EINPROGRESS
+    operation_not_permitted,            // EPERM
+    operation_not_supported,            // EOPNOTSUPP
+    operation_would_block,              // EWOULDBLOCK
+    owner_dead,                         // EOWNERDEAD
+    permission_denied,                  // EACCES
+    protocol_error,                     // EPROTO
+    protocol_not_supported,             // EPROTONOSUPPORT
+    read_only_file_system,              // EROFS
+    resource_deadlock_would_occur,      // EDEADLK
+    resource_unavailable_try_again,     // EAGAIN
+    result_out_of_range,                // ERANGE
+    state_not_recoverable,              // ENOTRECOVERABLE
+    stream_timeout,                     // ETIME           // deprecated
+    text_file_busy,                     // ETXTBSY
+    timed_out,                          // ETIMEDOUT
+    too_many_files_open_in_system,      // ENFILE
+    too_many_files_open,                // EMFILE
+    too_many_links,                     // EMLINK
+    too_many_symbolic_link_levels,      // ELOOP
+    value_too_large,                    // EOVERFLOW
+    wrong_protocol_type                 // EPROTOTYPE
+};
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// The method of pushing and popping the diagnostics fails for GCC.  GCC does
+// not recognize the pragma's used to generate deprecated diagnostics for
+// macros. So GCC does not need the pushing and popping.
+//
+// TODO Remove this when the deprecated constants are removed.
+//
+// Note based on the post-review comments in
+// https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/80542 libc++ no longer deprecates
+// the macros. Since C libraries may start to deprecate these POSIX macros the
+// deprecation warning avoidance is kept.
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED)
+#  define _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_PUSH _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+#  define _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_POP _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_PUSH
+#  define _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_POP
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Some error codes are not present on all platforms, so we provide equivalents
+// for them:
+
+// enum class errc
+//
+// LWG3869 deprecates the UNIX STREAMS macros and enum values.
+// This makes the code clumbersome:
+// - the enum value is deprecated and should show a diagnostic,
+// - the macro is deprecated and should _not_ show a diagnostic in this
+//   context, and
+// - the macro is not always available.
+// This leads to the odd pushing and popping of the deprecated
+// diagnostic.
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM(errc){
+    address_family_not_supported       = EAFNOSUPPORT,
+    address_in_use                     = EADDRINUSE,
+    address_not_available              = EADDRNOTAVAIL,
+    already_connected                  = EISCONN,
+    argument_list_too_long             = E2BIG,
+    argument_out_of_domain             = EDOM,
+    bad_address                        = EFAULT,
+    bad_file_descriptor                = EBADF,
+    bad_message                        = EBADMSG,
+    broken_pipe                        = EPIPE,
+    connection_aborted                 = ECONNABORTED,
+    connection_already_in_progress     = EALREADY,
+    connection_refused                 = ECONNREFUSED,
+    connection_reset                   = ECONNRESET,
+    cross_device_link                  = EXDEV,
+    destination_address_required       = EDESTADDRREQ,
+    device_or_resource_busy            = EBUSY,
+    directory_not_empty                = ENOTEMPTY,
+    executable_format_error            = ENOEXEC,
+    file_exists                        = EEXIST,
+    file_too_large                     = EFBIG,
+    filename_too_long                  = ENAMETOOLONG,
+    function_not_supported             = ENOSYS,
+    host_unreachable                   = EHOSTUNREACH,
+    identifier_removed                 = EIDRM,
+    illegal_byte_sequence              = EILSEQ,
+    inappropriate_io_control_operation = ENOTTY,
+    interrupted                        = EINTR,
+    invalid_argument                   = EINVAL,
+    invalid_seek                       = ESPIPE,
+    io_error                           = EIO,
+    is_a_directory                     = EISDIR,
+    message_size                       = EMSGSIZE,
+    network_down                       = ENETDOWN,
+    network_reset                      = ENETRESET,
+    network_unreachable                = ENETUNREACH,
+    no_buffer_space                    = ENOBUFS,
+    no_child_process                   = ECHILD,
+    no_link                            = ENOLINK,
+    no_lock_available                  = ENOLCK,
+    // clang-format off
+    no_message_available _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED =
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_PUSH
+#ifdef ENODATA
+                                              ENODATA
+#else
+                                              ENOMSG
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_POP
+    ,
+    // clang-format on
+    no_message         = ENOMSG,
+    no_protocol_option = ENOPROTOOPT,
+    no_space_on_device = ENOSPC,
+    // clang-format off
+    no_stream_resources _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED =
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_PUSH
+#ifdef ENOSR
+                                              ENOSR
+#else
+                                              ENOMEM
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_POP
+    ,
+    // clang-format on
+    no_such_device_or_address = ENXIO,
+    no_such_device            = ENODEV,
+    no_such_file_or_directory = ENOENT,
+    no_such_process           = ESRCH,
+    not_a_directory           = ENOTDIR,
+    not_a_socket              = ENOTSOCK,
+    // clang-format off
+    not_a_stream _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED =
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_PUSH
+#ifdef ENOSTR
+                                      ENOSTR
+#else
+                                      EINVAL
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_POP
+    ,
+    // clang-format on
+    not_connected                  = ENOTCONN,
+    not_enough_memory              = ENOMEM,
+    not_supported                  = ENOTSUP,
+    operation_canceled             = ECANCELED,
+    operation_in_progress          = EINPROGRESS,
+    operation_not_permitted        = EPERM,
+    operation_not_supported        = EOPNOTSUPP,
+    operation_would_block          = EWOULDBLOCK,
+    owner_dead                     = EOWNERDEAD,
+    permission_denied              = EACCES,
+    protocol_error                 = EPROTO,
+    protocol_not_supported         = EPROTONOSUPPORT,
+    read_only_file_system          = EROFS,
+    resource_deadlock_would_occur  = EDEADLK,
+    resource_unavailable_try_again = EAGAIN,
+    result_out_of_range            = ERANGE,
+    state_not_recoverable          = ENOTRECOVERABLE,
+    // clang-format off
+    stream_timeout _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED =
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_PUSH
+#ifdef ETIME
+                                        ETIME
+#else
+                                        ETIMEDOUT
+#endif
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_ERRC_POP
+    ,
+    // clang-format on
+    text_file_busy                = ETXTBSY,
+    timed_out                     = ETIMEDOUT,
+    too_many_files_open_in_system = ENFILE,
+    too_many_files_open           = EMFILE,
+    too_many_links                = EMLINK,
+    too_many_symbolic_link_levels = ELOOP,
+    value_too_large               = EOVERFLOW,
+    wrong_protocol_type           = EPROTOTYPE};
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM_EPILOG(errc)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___ERRC

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/error_category.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/error_category.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bfe7bc24a5d3dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/error_category.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_ERROR_CATEGORY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_ERROR_CATEGORY_H
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <string>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI error_condition;
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI error_code;
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __do_message;
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI error_category {
+public:
+  virtual ~error_category() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ERROR_CATEGORY_DEFINE_LEGACY_INLINE_FUNCTIONS)
+  error_category() noexcept;
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 error_category() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+#endif
+  error_category(const error_category&)            = delete;
+  error_category& operator=(const error_category&) = delete;
+
+  virtual const char* name() const _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+  virtual error_condition default_error_condition(int __ev) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual bool equivalent(int __code, const error_condition& __condition) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual bool equivalent(const error_code& __code, int __condition) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  virtual string message(int __ev) const = 0;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const error_category& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT { return this == &__rhs; }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strong_ordering operator<=>(const error_category& __rhs) const noexcept {
+    return compare_three_way()(this, std::addressof(__rhs));
+  }
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const error_category& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT { return !(*this == __rhs); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const error_category& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT { return this < &__rhs; }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  friend class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __do_message;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __do_message : public error_category {
+public:
+  string message(int __ev) const override;
+};
+
+__attribute__((__const__)) _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const error_category& generic_category() _NOEXCEPT;
+__attribute__((__const__)) _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const error_category& system_category() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_ERROR_CATEGORY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/error_code.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/error_code.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..475f2bb96a56d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/error_code.h
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_ERROR_CODE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_ERROR_CODE_H
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__system_error/errc.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_category.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_condition.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_error_code_enum : public false_type {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_error_code_enum_v = is_error_code_enum<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+namespace __adl_only {
+// Those cause ADL to trigger but they are not viable candidates,
+// so they are never actually selected.
+void make_error_code() = delete;
+} // namespace __adl_only
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI error_code {
+  int __val_;
+  const error_category* __cat_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_code() _NOEXCEPT : __val_(0), __cat_(&system_category()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_code(int __val, const error_category& __cat) _NOEXCEPT : __val_(__val), __cat_(&__cat) {}
+
+  template <class _Ep, __enable_if_t<is_error_code_enum<_Ep>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_code(_Ep __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+    using __adl_only::make_error_code;
+    *this = make_error_code(__e);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(int __val, const error_category& __cat) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __val_ = __val;
+    __cat_ = &__cat;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Ep, __enable_if_t<is_error_code_enum<_Ep>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_code& operator=(_Ep __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+    using __adl_only::make_error_code;
+    *this = make_error_code(__e);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT {
+    __val_ = 0;
+    __cat_ = &system_category();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int value() const _NOEXCEPT { return __val_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const error_category& category() const _NOEXCEPT { return *__cat_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_condition default_error_condition() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __cat_->default_error_condition(__val_);
+  }
+
+  string message() const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT { return __val_ != 0; }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_code make_error_code(errc __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return error_code(static_cast<int>(__e), generic_category());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const error_code& __x, const error_code& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x.category() == __y.category() && __x.value() == __y.value();
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const error_code& __x, const error_condition& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x.category().equivalent(__x.value(), __y) || __y.category().equivalent(__x, __y.value());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const error_condition& __x, const error_code& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __y == __x;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const error_code& __x, const error_code& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const error_code& __x, const error_condition& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const error_condition& __x, const error_code& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const error_code& __x, const error_code& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x.category() < __y.category() || (__x.category() == __y.category() && __x.value() < __y.value());
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strong_ordering operator<=>(const error_code& __x, const error_code& __y) noexcept {
+  if (auto __c = __x.category() <=> __y.category(); __c != 0)
+    return __c;
+  return __x.value() <=> __y.value();
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<error_code> : public __unary_function<error_code, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const error_code& __ec) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<size_t>(__ec.value());
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_ERROR_CODE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/error_condition.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/error_condition.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..42898c1f0e9013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/error_condition.h
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_ERROR_CONDITION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_ERROR_CONDITION_H
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__system_error/errc.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_category.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_error_condition_enum : public false_type {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_error_condition_enum_v = is_error_condition_enum<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_error_condition_enum<errc> : true_type {};
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_error_condition_enum<errc::__lx> : true_type {};
+#endif
+
+namespace __adl_only {
+// Those cause ADL to trigger but they are not viable candidates,
+// so they are never actually selected.
+void make_error_condition() = delete;
+} // namespace __adl_only
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI error_condition {
+  int __val_;
+  const error_category* __cat_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_condition() _NOEXCEPT : __val_(0), __cat_(&generic_category()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_condition(int __val, const error_category& __cat) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __val_(__val),
+        __cat_(&__cat) {}
+
+  template <class _Ep, __enable_if_t<is_error_condition_enum<_Ep>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_condition(_Ep __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+    using __adl_only::make_error_condition;
+    *this = make_error_condition(__e);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(int __val, const error_category& __cat) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __val_ = __val;
+    __cat_ = &__cat;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Ep, __enable_if_t<is_error_condition_enum<_Ep>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_condition& operator=(_Ep __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+    using __adl_only::make_error_condition;
+    *this = make_error_condition(__e);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT {
+    __val_ = 0;
+    __cat_ = &generic_category();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int value() const _NOEXCEPT { return __val_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const error_category& category() const _NOEXCEPT { return *__cat_; }
+  string message() const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT { return __val_ != 0; }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_condition make_error_condition(errc __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return error_condition(static_cast<int>(__e), generic_category());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const error_condition& __x, const error_condition& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x.category() == __y.category() && __x.value() == __y.value();
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const error_condition& __x, const error_condition& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const error_condition& __x, const error_condition& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x.category() < __y.category() || (__x.category() == __y.category() && __x.value() < __y.value());
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strong_ordering
+operator<=>(const error_condition& __x, const error_condition& __y) noexcept {
+  if (auto __c = __x.category() <=> __y.category(); __c != 0)
+    return __c;
+  return __x.value() <=> __y.value();
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<error_condition> : public __unary_function<error_condition, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const error_condition& __ec) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<size_t>(__ec.value());
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_ERROR_CONDITION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/system_error.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/system_error.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..362e67505658cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__system_error/system_error.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_SYSTEM_ERROR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_SYSTEM_ERROR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__system_error/error_category.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_code.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI system_error : public runtime_error {
+  error_code __ec_;
+
+public:
+  system_error(error_code __ec, const string& __what_arg);
+  system_error(error_code __ec, const char* __what_arg);
+  system_error(error_code __ec);
+  system_error(int __ev, const error_category& __ecat, const string& __what_arg);
+  system_error(int __ev, const error_category& __ecat, const char* __what_arg);
+  system_error(int __ev, const error_category& __ecat);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI system_error(const system_error&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~system_error() _NOEXCEPT override;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const error_code& code() const _NOEXCEPT { return __ec_; }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __throw_system_error(int __ev, const char* __what_arg);
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void __throw_system_error(error_code __ec, const char* __what_arg) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw system_error(__ec, __what_arg);
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT(
+      "system_error was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode with error %i and message \"%s\"", __ec.value(), __what_arg);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___SYSTEM_ERROR_SYSTEM_ERROR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/formatter.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/formatter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9b54036dcab36b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/formatter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_FORMATTER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_FORMATTER_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/concepts.h>
+#include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_integral.h>
+#include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#include <__thread/id.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+template <__fmt_char_type _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<__thread_id, _CharT> {
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return __parser_.__parse(__ctx, __format_spec::__fields_fill_align_width);
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(__thread_id __id, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    // In __thread/support/pthread.h, __libcpp_thread_id is either a
+    // unsigned long long or a pthread_t.
+    //
+    // The type of pthread_t is left unspecified in POSIX so it can be any
+    // type. The most logical types are an integral or pointer.
+    // On Linux systems pthread_t is an unsigned long long.
+    // On Apple systems pthread_t is a pointer type.
+    //
+    // Note the output should match what the stream operator does. Since
+    // the ostream operator has been shipped years before this formatter
+    // was added to the Standard, this formatter does what the stream
+    // operator does. This may require platform specific changes.
+
+    using _Tp = decltype(__get_underlying_id(__id));
+    using _Cp = conditional_t<integral<_Tp>, _Tp, conditional_t<is_pointer_v<_Tp>, uintptr_t, void>>;
+    static_assert(!is_same_v<_Cp, void>, "unsupported thread::id type, please file a bug report");
+
+    __format_spec::__parsed_specifications<_CharT> __specs = __parser_.__get_parsed_std_specifications(__ctx);
+    if constexpr (is_pointer_v<_Tp>) {
+      __specs.__std_.__alternate_form_ = true;
+      __specs.__std_.__type_           = __format_spec::__type::__hexadecimal_lower_case;
+    }
+    return __formatter::__format_integer(reinterpret_cast<_Cp>(__get_underlying_id(__id)), __ctx, __specs);
+  }
+
+  __format_spec::__parser<_CharT> __parser_{.__alignment_ = __format_spec::__alignment::__right};
+};
+
+#  endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_FORMATTER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/id.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/id.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6db0ccbfe569b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/id.h
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_ID_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_ID_H
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/functional.h>
+#include <__fwd/ostream.h>
+#include <__thread/support.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __thread_id;
+
+namespace this_thread {
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __thread_id get_id() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+} // namespace this_thread
+
+template <>
+struct hash<__thread_id>;
+
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __thread_id {
+  // FIXME: pthread_t is a pointer on Darwin but a long on Linux.
+  // NULL is the no-thread value on Darwin.  Someone needs to check
+  // on other platforms.  We assume 0 works everywhere for now.
+  __libcpp_thread_id __id_;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  __lt_impl(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y) _NOEXCEPT { // id==0 is always less than any other thread_id
+    if (__x.__id_ == 0)
+      return __y.__id_ != 0;
+    if (__y.__id_ == 0)
+      return false;
+    return __libcpp_thread_id_less(__x.__id_, __y.__id_);
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __thread_id() _NOEXCEPT : __id_(0) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __reset() { __id_ = 0; }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y) _NOEXCEPT;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y) _NOEXCEPT;
+#  else  // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strong_ordering operator<=>(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y) noexcept;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, __thread_id __id);
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __thread_id(__libcpp_thread_id __id) : __id_(__id) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend __libcpp_thread_id __get_underlying_id(const __thread_id __id) { return __id.__id_; }
+
+  friend __thread_id this_thread::get_id() _NOEXCEPT;
+  friend class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI thread;
+  friend struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<__thread_id>;
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  // Don't pass id==0 to underlying routines
+  if (__x.__id_ == 0)
+    return __y.__id_ == 0;
+  if (__y.__id_ == 0)
+    return false;
+  return __libcpp_thread_id_equal(__x.__id_, __y.__id_);
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y) _NOEXCEPT { return !(__x == __y); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __thread_id::__lt_impl(__x.__id_, __y.__id_);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y) _NOEXCEPT { return !(__y < __x); }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y) _NOEXCEPT { return __y < __x; }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y) _NOEXCEPT { return !(__x < __y); }
+
+#  else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strong_ordering operator<=>(__thread_id __x, __thread_id __y) noexcept {
+  if (__x == __y)
+    return strong_ordering::equal;
+  if (__thread_id::__lt_impl(__x, __y))
+    return strong_ordering::less;
+  return strong_ordering::greater;
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+namespace this_thread {
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __thread_id get_id() _NOEXCEPT { return __libcpp_thread_get_current_id(); }
+
+} // namespace this_thread
+
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_ID_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/jthread.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/jthread.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b3d5c25fb71c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/jthread.h
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_JTHREAD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_JTHREAD_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__stop_token/stop_source.h>
+#include <__stop_token/stop_token.h>
+#include <__thread/support.h>
+#include <__thread/thread.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC jthread {
+public:
+  // types
+  using id                 = thread::id;
+  using native_handle_type = thread::native_handle_type;
+
+  // [thread.jthread.cons], constructors, move, and assignment
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI jthread() noexcept : __stop_source_(std::nostopstate) {}
+
+  template <class _Fun, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit jthread(_Fun&& __fun, _Args&&... __args)
+    requires(!std::is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<_Fun>, jthread>)
+      : __stop_source_(),
+        __thread_(__init_thread(__stop_source_, std::forward<_Fun>(__fun), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)) {
+    static_assert(is_constructible_v<decay_t<_Fun>, _Fun>);
+    static_assert((is_constructible_v<decay_t<_Args>, _Args> && ...));
+    static_assert(is_invocable_v<decay_t<_Fun>, decay_t<_Args>...> ||
+                  is_invocable_v<decay_t<_Fun>, stop_token, decay_t<_Args>...>);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~jthread() {
+    if (joinable()) {
+      request_stop();
+      join();
+    }
+  }
+
+  jthread(const jthread&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI jthread(jthread&&) noexcept = default;
+
+  jthread& operator=(const jthread&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI jthread& operator=(jthread&& __other) noexcept {
+    if (this != &__other) {
+      if (joinable()) {
+        request_stop();
+        join();
+      }
+      __stop_source_ = std::move(__other.__stop_source_);
+      __thread_      = std::move(__other.__thread_);
+    }
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // [thread.jthread.mem], members
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(jthread& __other) noexcept {
+    std::swap(__stop_source_, __other.__stop_source_);
+    std::swap(__thread_, __other.__thread_);
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool joinable() const noexcept { return get_id() != id(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void join() { __thread_.join(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void detach() { __thread_.detach(); }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI id get_id() const noexcept { return __thread_.get_id(); }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI native_handle_type native_handle() { return __thread_.native_handle(); }
+
+  // [thread.jthread.stop], stop token handling
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_source get_stop_source() noexcept { return __stop_source_; }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stop_token get_stop_token() const noexcept { return __stop_source_.get_token(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool request_stop() noexcept { return __stop_source_.request_stop(); }
+
+  // [thread.jthread.special], specialized algorithms
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend void swap(jthread& __lhs, jthread& __rhs) noexcept { __lhs.swap(__rhs); }
+
+  // [thread.jthread.static], static members
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static unsigned int hardware_concurrency() noexcept {
+    return thread::hardware_concurrency();
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <class _Fun, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static thread __init_thread(const stop_source& __ss, _Fun&& __fun, _Args&&... __args) {
+    if constexpr (is_invocable_v<decay_t<_Fun>, stop_token, decay_t<_Args>...>) {
+      return thread(std::forward<_Fun>(__fun), __ss.get_token(), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    } else {
+      return thread(std::forward<_Fun>(__fun), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    }
+  }
+
+  stop_source __stop_source_;
+  thread __thread_;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN)
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_JTHREAD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/poll_with_backoff.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/poll_with_backoff.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4f961fe3f7629f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/poll_with_backoff.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_POLL_WITH_BACKOFF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_POLL_WITH_BACKOFF_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/high_resolution_clock.h>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int __libcpp_polling_count = 64;
+
+// Polls a thread for a condition given by a predicate, and backs off based on a backoff policy
+// before polling again.
+//
+// - __poll is the "test function" that should return true if polling succeeded, and false if it failed.
+//
+// - __backoff is the "backoff policy", which is called with the duration since we started polling. It should
+//   return false in order to resume polling, and true if polling should stop entirely for some reason.
+//   In general, backoff policies sleep for some time before returning control to the polling loop.
+//
+// - __max_elapsed is the maximum duration to try polling for. If the maximum duration is exceeded,
+//   the polling loop will return false to report a timeout.
+template <class _Poll, class _Backoff>
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __libcpp_thread_poll_with_backoff(
+    _Poll&& __poll, _Backoff&& __backoff, chrono::nanoseconds __max_elapsed = chrono::nanoseconds::zero()) {
+  auto const __start = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+  for (int __count = 0;;) {
+    if (__poll())
+      return true; // __poll completion means success
+    if (__count < __libcpp_polling_count) {
+      __count += 1;
+      continue;
+    }
+    chrono::nanoseconds const __elapsed = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - __start;
+    if (__max_elapsed != chrono::nanoseconds::zero() && __max_elapsed < __elapsed)
+      return false; // timeout failure
+    if (__backoff(__elapsed))
+      return false; // __backoff completion means failure
+  }
+}
+
+// A trivial backoff policy that always immediately returns the control to
+// the polling loop.
+//
+// This is not very well-behaved since it will cause the polling loop to spin,
+// so this should most likely only be used on single-threaded systems where there
+// are no other threads to compete with.
+struct __spinning_backoff_policy {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool operator()(chrono::nanoseconds const&) const { return false; }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_POLL_WITH_BACKOFF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..92f1c4415e4dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+/*
+
+//
+// The library supports multiple implementations of the basic threading functionality.
+// The following functionality must be provided by any implementation:
+//
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using __libcpp_timespec_t = ...;
+
+//
+// Mutex
+//
+using __libcpp_mutex_t = ...;
+#define _LIBCPP_MUTEX_INITIALIZER ...
+
+using __libcpp_recursive_mutex_t = ...;
+
+int __libcpp_recursive_mutex_init(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t*);
+_LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int __libcpp_recursive_mutex_lock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t*);
+_LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS bool __libcpp_recursive_mutex_trylock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t*);
+_LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int __libcpp_recursive_mutex_unlock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t*);
+int __libcpp_recursive_mutex_destroy(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t*);
+
+_LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int __libcpp_mutex_lock(__libcpp_mutex_t*);
+_LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS bool __libcpp_mutex_trylock(__libcpp_mutex_t*);
+_LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int __libcpp_mutex_unlock(__libcpp_mutex_t*);
+int __libcpp_mutex_destroy(__libcpp_mutex_t*);
+
+//
+// Condition Variable
+//
+using __libcpp_condvar_t = ...;
+#define _LIBCPP_CONDVAR_INITIALIZER ...
+
+int __libcpp_condvar_signal(__libcpp_condvar_t*);
+int __libcpp_condvar_broadcast(__libcpp_condvar_t*);
+_LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int __libcpp_condvar_wait(__libcpp_condvar_t*, __libcpp_mutex_t*);
+_LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
+int __libcpp_condvar_timedwait(__libcpp_condvar_t*, __libcpp_mutex_t*, __libcpp_timespec_t*);
+int __libcpp_condvar_destroy(__libcpp_condvar_t*);
+
+//
+// Execute once
+//
+using __libcpp_exec_once_flag = ...;
+#define _LIBCPP_EXEC_ONCE_INITIALIZER ...
+
+int __libcpp_execute_once(__libcpp_exec_once_flag*, void (*__init_routine)());
+
+//
+// Thread id
+//
+using __libcpp_thread_id = ...;
+
+bool __libcpp_thread_id_equal(__libcpp_thread_id, __libcpp_thread_id);
+bool __libcpp_thread_id_less(__libcpp_thread_id, __libcpp_thread_id);
+
+//
+// Thread
+//
+#define _LIBCPP_NULL_THREAD ...
+using __libcpp_thread_t = ...;
+
+bool __libcpp_thread_isnull(const __libcpp_thread_t*);
+int __libcpp_thread_create(__libcpp_thread_t*, void* (*__func)(void*), void* __arg);
+__libcpp_thread_id __libcpp_thread_get_current_id();
+__libcpp_thread_id __libcpp_thread_get_id(const __libcpp_thread_t*);
+int __libcpp_thread_join(__libcpp_thread_t*);
+int __libcpp_thread_detach(__libcpp_thread_t*);
+void __libcpp_thread_yield();
+void __libcpp_thread_sleep_for(const chrono::nanoseconds&);
+
+//
+// Thread local storage
+//
+#define _LIBCPP_TLS_DESTRUCTOR_CC ...
+using __libcpp_tls_key = ...;
+
+int __libcpp_tls_create(__libcpp_tls_key*, void (*__at_exit)(void*));
+void* __libcpp_tls_get(__libcpp_tls_key);
+int __libcpp_tls_set(__libcpp_tls_key, void*);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+*/
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_EXTERNAL)
+#    include <__thread/support/external.h>
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_PTHREAD)
+#    include <__thread/support/pthread.h>
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_C11)
+#    include <__thread/support/c11.h>
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_WIN32)
+#    include <__thread/support/windows.h>
+#  else
+#    error "No threading API was selected"
+#  endif
+
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/c11.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/c11.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fe00a2d97fadc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/c11.h
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_C11_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_C11_H
+
+#include <__chrono/convert_to_timespec.h>
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <threads.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using __libcpp_timespec_t = ::timespec;
+
+//
+// Mutex
+//
+typedef mtx_t __libcpp_mutex_t;
+// mtx_t is a struct so using {} for initialization is valid.
+#define _LIBCPP_MUTEX_INITIALIZER                                                                                      \
+  {}
+
+typedef mtx_t __libcpp_recursive_mutex_t;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_recursive_mutex_init(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return mtx_init(__m, mtx_plain | mtx_recursive) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_recursive_mutex_lock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return mtx_lock(__m) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS bool
+__libcpp_recursive_mutex_trylock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return mtx_trylock(__m) == thrd_success;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_recursive_mutex_unlock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return mtx_unlock(__m) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_recursive_mutex_destroy(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m) {
+  mtx_destroy(__m);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int __libcpp_mutex_lock(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return mtx_lock(__m) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS bool __libcpp_mutex_trylock(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return mtx_trylock(__m) == thrd_success;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int __libcpp_mutex_unlock(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return mtx_unlock(__m) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_mutex_destroy(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m) {
+  mtx_destroy(__m);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//
+// Condition Variable
+//
+typedef cnd_t __libcpp_condvar_t;
+// cnd_t is a struct so using {} for initialization is valid.
+#define _LIBCPP_CONDVAR_INITIALIZER                                                                                    \
+  {}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_condvar_signal(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv) {
+  return cnd_signal(__cv) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_condvar_broadcast(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv) {
+  return cnd_broadcast(__cv) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_condvar_wait(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv, __libcpp_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return cnd_wait(__cv, __m) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_condvar_timedwait(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv, __libcpp_mutex_t* __m, timespec* __ts) {
+  int __ec = cnd_timedwait(__cv, __m, __ts);
+  return __ec == thrd_timedout ? ETIMEDOUT : __ec;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_condvar_destroy(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv) {
+  cnd_destroy(__cv);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//
+// Execute once
+//
+typedef ::once_flag __libcpp_exec_once_flag;
+#define _LIBCPP_EXEC_ONCE_INITIALIZER ONCE_FLAG_INIT
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_execute_once(__libcpp_exec_once_flag* flag, void (*init_routine)(void)) {
+  ::call_once(flag, init_routine);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//
+// Thread id
+//
+typedef thrd_t __libcpp_thread_id;
+
+// Returns non-zero if the thread ids are equal, otherwise 0
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __libcpp_thread_id_equal(__libcpp_thread_id t1, __libcpp_thread_id t2) {
+  return thrd_equal(t1, t2) != 0;
+}
+
+// Returns non-zero if t1 < t2, otherwise 0
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __libcpp_thread_id_less(__libcpp_thread_id t1, __libcpp_thread_id t2) {
+  return t1 < t2;
+}
+
+//
+// Thread
+//
+#define _LIBCPP_NULL_THREAD 0U
+
+typedef thrd_t __libcpp_thread_t;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __libcpp_thread_id __libcpp_thread_get_id(const __libcpp_thread_t* __t) { return *__t; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __libcpp_thread_isnull(const __libcpp_thread_t* __t) {
+  return __libcpp_thread_get_id(__t) == 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_thread_create(__libcpp_thread_t* __t, void* (*__func)(void*), void* __arg) {
+  int __ec = thrd_create(__t, reinterpret_cast<thrd_start_t>(__func), __arg);
+  return __ec == thrd_nomem ? ENOMEM : __ec;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __libcpp_thread_id __libcpp_thread_get_current_id() { return thrd_current(); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_thread_join(__libcpp_thread_t* __t) {
+  return thrd_join(*__t, nullptr) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_thread_detach(__libcpp_thread_t* __t) {
+  return thrd_detach(*__t) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __libcpp_thread_yield() { thrd_yield(); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __libcpp_thread_sleep_for(const chrono::nanoseconds& __ns) {
+  __libcpp_timespec_t __ts = std::__convert_to_timespec<__libcpp_timespec_t>(__ns);
+  thrd_sleep(&__ts, nullptr);
+}
+
+//
+// Thread local storage
+//
+#define _LIBCPP_TLS_DESTRUCTOR_CC /* nothing */
+
+typedef tss_t __libcpp_tls_key;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_tls_create(__libcpp_tls_key* __key, void (*__at_exit)(void*)) {
+  return tss_create(__key, __at_exit) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* __libcpp_tls_get(__libcpp_tls_key __key) { return tss_get(__key); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_tls_set(__libcpp_tls_key __key, void* __p) {
+  return tss_set(__key, __p) == thrd_success ? 0 : EINVAL;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_C11_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/external.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/external.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d5e212491cfdbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/external.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_EXTERNAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_EXTERNAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#include <__external_threading>
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_EXTERNAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/pthread.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/pthread.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..531f3e71de8397
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/pthread.h
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_PTHREAD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_PTHREAD_H
+
+#include <__chrono/convert_to_timespec.h>
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+
+#ifdef __MVS__
+#  include <__support/ibm/nanosleep.h>
+#endif
+
+// Some platforms require <bits/atomic_wide_counter.h> in order for
+// PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER to be expanded. Normally that would come
+// in via <pthread.h>, but it's a non-modular header on those platforms,
+// so libc++'s <math.h> usually absorbs atomic_wide_counter.h into the
+// module with <math.h> and makes atomic_wide_counter.h invisible.
+// Include <math.h> here to work around that.
+// This checks wheter a Clang module is built
+#if __building_module(std)
+#  include <math.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using __libcpp_timespec_t = ::timespec;
+
+//
+// Mutex
+//
+typedef pthread_mutex_t __libcpp_mutex_t;
+#define _LIBCPP_MUTEX_INITIALIZER PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
+
+typedef pthread_mutex_t __libcpp_recursive_mutex_t;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_recursive_mutex_init(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m) {
+  pthread_mutexattr_t __attr;
+  int __ec = pthread_mutexattr_init(&__attr);
+  if (__ec)
+    return __ec;
+  __ec = pthread_mutexattr_settype(&__attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE);
+  if (__ec) {
+    pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&__attr);
+    return __ec;
+  }
+  __ec = pthread_mutex_init(__m, &__attr);
+  if (__ec) {
+    pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&__attr);
+    return __ec;
+  }
+  __ec = pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&__attr);
+  if (__ec) {
+    pthread_mutex_destroy(__m);
+    return __ec;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_recursive_mutex_lock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return pthread_mutex_lock(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS bool
+__libcpp_recursive_mutex_trylock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return pthread_mutex_trylock(__m) == 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_recursive_mutex_unlock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return pthread_mutex_unlock(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_recursive_mutex_destroy(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return pthread_mutex_destroy(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int __libcpp_mutex_lock(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return pthread_mutex_lock(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS bool __libcpp_mutex_trylock(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return pthread_mutex_trylock(__m) == 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int __libcpp_mutex_unlock(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return pthread_mutex_unlock(__m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_mutex_destroy(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m) { return pthread_mutex_destroy(__m); }
+
+//
+// Condition Variable
+//
+typedef pthread_cond_t __libcpp_condvar_t;
+#define _LIBCPP_CONDVAR_INITIALIZER PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_condvar_signal(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv) { return pthread_cond_signal(__cv); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_condvar_broadcast(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv) {
+  return pthread_cond_broadcast(__cv);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_condvar_wait(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv, __libcpp_mutex_t* __m) {
+  return pthread_cond_wait(__cv, __m);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_condvar_timedwait(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv, __libcpp_mutex_t* __m, __libcpp_timespec_t* __ts) {
+  return pthread_cond_timedwait(__cv, __m, __ts);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_condvar_destroy(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv) {
+  return pthread_cond_destroy(__cv);
+}
+
+//
+// Execute once
+//
+typedef pthread_once_t __libcpp_exec_once_flag;
+#define _LIBCPP_EXEC_ONCE_INITIALIZER PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_execute_once(__libcpp_exec_once_flag* __flag, void (*__init_routine)()) {
+  return pthread_once(__flag, __init_routine);
+}
+
+//
+// Thread id
+//
+#if defined(__MVS__)
+typedef unsigned long long __libcpp_thread_id;
+#else
+typedef pthread_t __libcpp_thread_id;
+#endif
+
+// Returns non-zero if the thread ids are equal, otherwise 0
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __libcpp_thread_id_equal(__libcpp_thread_id __t1, __libcpp_thread_id __t2) {
+  return __t1 == __t2;
+}
+
+// Returns non-zero if t1 < t2, otherwise 0
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __libcpp_thread_id_less(__libcpp_thread_id __t1, __libcpp_thread_id __t2) {
+  return __t1 < __t2;
+}
+
+//
+// Thread
+//
+#define _LIBCPP_NULL_THREAD ((__libcpp_thread_t()))
+typedef pthread_t __libcpp_thread_t;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __libcpp_thread_id __libcpp_thread_get_id(const __libcpp_thread_t* __t) {
+#if defined(__MVS__)
+  return __t->__;
+#else
+  return *__t;
+#endif
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __libcpp_thread_isnull(const __libcpp_thread_t* __t) {
+  return __libcpp_thread_get_id(__t) == 0;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_thread_create(__libcpp_thread_t* __t, void* (*__func)(void*), void* __arg) {
+  return pthread_create(__t, nullptr, __func, __arg);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __libcpp_thread_id __libcpp_thread_get_current_id() {
+  const __libcpp_thread_t __current_thread = pthread_self();
+  return __libcpp_thread_get_id(&__current_thread);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_thread_join(__libcpp_thread_t* __t) { return pthread_join(*__t, nullptr); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_thread_detach(__libcpp_thread_t* __t) { return pthread_detach(*__t); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __libcpp_thread_yield() { sched_yield(); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __libcpp_thread_sleep_for(const chrono::nanoseconds& __ns) {
+  __libcpp_timespec_t __ts = std::__convert_to_timespec<__libcpp_timespec_t>(__ns);
+  while (nanosleep(&__ts, &__ts) == -1 && errno == EINTR)
+    ;
+}
+
+//
+// Thread local storage
+//
+#define _LIBCPP_TLS_DESTRUCTOR_CC /* nothing */
+
+typedef pthread_key_t __libcpp_tls_key;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_tls_create(__libcpp_tls_key* __key, void (*__at_exit)(void*)) {
+  return pthread_key_create(__key, __at_exit);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* __libcpp_tls_get(__libcpp_tls_key __key) { return pthread_getspecific(__key); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_tls_set(__libcpp_tls_key __key, void* __p) {
+  return pthread_setspecific(__key, __p);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_PTHREAD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/windows.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/windows.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5dc4fa14f45b6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/support/windows.h
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_WINDOWS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_WINDOWS_H
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <ctime>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using __libcpp_timespec_t = ::timespec;
+
+//
+// Mutex
+//
+typedef void* __libcpp_mutex_t;
+#define _LIBCPP_MUTEX_INITIALIZER 0
+
+#if defined(_M_IX86) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_ARM) || defined(__arm__)
+typedef void* __libcpp_recursive_mutex_t[6];
+#elif defined(_M_AMD64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_ARM64) || defined(__aarch64__)
+typedef void* __libcpp_recursive_mutex_t[5];
+#else
+#  error Unsupported architecture
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_recursive_mutex_init(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_recursive_mutex_lock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS bool
+__libcpp_recursive_mutex_trylock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_recursive_mutex_unlock(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_recursive_mutex_destroy(__libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* __m);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int __libcpp_mutex_lock(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS bool __libcpp_mutex_trylock(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int __libcpp_mutex_unlock(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_mutex_destroy(__libcpp_mutex_t* __m);
+
+//
+// Condition variable
+//
+typedef void* __libcpp_condvar_t;
+#define _LIBCPP_CONDVAR_INITIALIZER 0
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_condvar_signal(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_condvar_broadcast(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_condvar_wait(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv, __libcpp_mutex_t* __m);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS int
+__libcpp_condvar_timedwait(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv, __libcpp_mutex_t* __m, __libcpp_timespec_t* __ts);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_condvar_destroy(__libcpp_condvar_t* __cv);
+
+//
+// Execute once
+//
+typedef void* __libcpp_exec_once_flag;
+#define _LIBCPP_EXEC_ONCE_INITIALIZER 0
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_execute_once(__libcpp_exec_once_flag* __flag, void (*__init_routine)());
+
+//
+// Thread id
+//
+typedef long __libcpp_thread_id;
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __libcpp_thread_id_equal(__libcpp_thread_id __t1, __libcpp_thread_id __t2);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __libcpp_thread_id_less(__libcpp_thread_id __t1, __libcpp_thread_id __t2);
+
+//
+// Thread
+//
+#define _LIBCPP_NULL_THREAD 0U
+typedef void* __libcpp_thread_t;
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __libcpp_thread_isnull(const __libcpp_thread_t* __t);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_thread_create(__libcpp_thread_t* __t, void* (*__func)(void*), void* __arg);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __libcpp_thread_id __libcpp_thread_get_current_id();
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __libcpp_thread_id __libcpp_thread_get_id(const __libcpp_thread_t* __t);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_thread_join(__libcpp_thread_t* __t);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_thread_detach(__libcpp_thread_t* __t);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __libcpp_thread_yield();
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __libcpp_thread_sleep_for(const chrono::nanoseconds& __ns);
+
+//
+// Thread local storage
+//
+typedef long __libcpp_tls_key;
+
+#define _LIBCPP_TLS_DESTRUCTOR_CC __stdcall
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int
+__libcpp_tls_create(__libcpp_tls_key* __key, void(_LIBCPP_TLS_DESTRUCTOR_CC* __at_exit)(void*));
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void* __libcpp_tls_get(__libcpp_tls_key __key);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int __libcpp_tls_set(__libcpp_tls_key __key, void* __p);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_SUPPORT_WINDOWS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/this_thread.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/this_thread.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..de7eea282c8749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/this_thread.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_THIS_THREAD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_THIS_THREAD_H
+
+#include <__chrono/steady_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__condition_variable/condition_variable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__mutex/mutex.h>
+#include <__mutex/unique_lock.h>
+#include <__thread/support.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace this_thread {
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void sleep_for(const chrono::nanoseconds& __ns);
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void sleep_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d) {
+  if (__d > chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>::zero()) {
+    // The standard guarantees a 64bit signed integer resolution for nanoseconds,
+    // so use INT64_MAX / 1e9 as cut-off point. Use a constant to avoid <climits>
+    // and issues with long double folding on PowerPC with GCC.
+    _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR chrono::duration<long double> __max = chrono::duration<long double>(9223372036.0L);
+    chrono::nanoseconds __ns;
+    if (__d < __max) {
+      __ns = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::nanoseconds>(__d);
+      if (__ns < __d)
+        ++__ns;
+    } else
+      __ns = chrono::nanoseconds::max();
+    this_thread::sleep_for(__ns);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void sleep_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  mutex __mut;
+  condition_variable __cv;
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut);
+  while (_Clock::now() < __t)
+    __cv.wait_until(__lk, __t);
+}
+
+template <class _Duration>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void sleep_until(const chrono::time_point<chrono::steady_clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  this_thread::sleep_for(__t - chrono::steady_clock::now());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void yield() _NOEXCEPT { __libcpp_thread_yield(); }
+
+} // namespace this_thread
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_THIS_THREAD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/thread.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/thread.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d2254a695f5e8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/thread.h
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_THREAD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_THREAD_H
+
+#include <__condition_variable/condition_variable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/terminate.h>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__mutex/mutex.h>
+#include <__system_error/system_error.h>
+#include <__thread/id.h>
+#include <__thread/support.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+#  include <locale>
+#  include <sstream>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class __thread_specific_ptr;
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __thread_struct;
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __thread_struct_imp;
+class __assoc_sub_state;
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __thread_specific_ptr<__thread_struct>& __thread_local_data();
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __thread_struct {
+  __thread_struct_imp* __p_;
+
+  __thread_struct(const __thread_struct&);
+  __thread_struct& operator=(const __thread_struct&);
+
+public:
+  __thread_struct();
+  ~__thread_struct();
+
+  void notify_all_at_thread_exit(condition_variable*, mutex*);
+  void __make_ready_at_thread_exit(__assoc_sub_state*);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class __thread_specific_ptr {
+  __libcpp_tls_key __key_;
+
+  // Only __thread_local_data() may construct a __thread_specific_ptr
+  // and only with _Tp == __thread_struct.
+  static_assert(is_same<_Tp, __thread_struct>::value, "");
+  __thread_specific_ptr();
+  friend _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __thread_specific_ptr<__thread_struct>& __thread_local_data();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDDEN static void _LIBCPP_TLS_DESTRUCTOR_CC __at_thread_exit(void*);
+
+public:
+  typedef _Tp* pointer;
+
+  __thread_specific_ptr(const __thread_specific_ptr&)            = delete;
+  __thread_specific_ptr& operator=(const __thread_specific_ptr&) = delete;
+  ~__thread_specific_ptr();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer get() const { return static_cast<_Tp*>(__libcpp_tls_get(__key_)); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator*() const { return *get(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return get(); }
+  void set_pointer(pointer __p);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+void _LIBCPP_TLS_DESTRUCTOR_CC __thread_specific_ptr<_Tp>::__at_thread_exit(void* __p) {
+  delete static_cast<pointer>(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+__thread_specific_ptr<_Tp>::__thread_specific_ptr() {
+  int __ec = __libcpp_tls_create(&__key_, &__thread_specific_ptr::__at_thread_exit);
+  if (__ec)
+    __throw_system_error(__ec, "__thread_specific_ptr construction failed");
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+__thread_specific_ptr<_Tp>::~__thread_specific_ptr() {
+  // __thread_specific_ptr is only created with a static storage duration
+  // so this destructor is only invoked during program termination. Invoking
+  // pthread_key_delete(__key_) may prevent other threads from deleting their
+  // thread local data. For this reason we leak the key.
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+void __thread_specific_ptr<_Tp>::set_pointer(pointer __p) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(get() == nullptr, "Attempting to overwrite thread local data");
+  std::__libcpp_tls_set(__key_, __p);
+}
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<__thread_id> : public __unary_function<__thread_id, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(__thread_id __v) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return hash<__libcpp_thread_id>()(__v.__id_);
+  }
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, __thread_id __id) {
+  // [thread.thread.id]/9
+  //   Effects: Inserts the text representation for charT of id into out.
+  //
+  // [thread.thread.id]/2
+  //   The text representation for the character type charT of an
+  //   object of type thread::id is an unspecified sequence of charT
+  //   such that, for two objects of type thread::id x and y, if
+  //   x == y is true, the thread::id objects have the same text
+  //   representation, and if x != y is true, the thread::id objects
+  //   have distinct text representations.
+  //
+  // Since various flags in the output stream can affect how the
+  // thread id is represented (e.g. numpunct or showbase), we
+  // use a temporary stream instead and just output the thread
+  // id representation as a string.
+
+  basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits> __sstr;
+  __sstr.imbue(locale::classic());
+  __sstr << __id.__id_;
+  return __os << __sstr.str();
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI thread {
+  __libcpp_thread_t __t_;
+
+  thread(const thread&);
+  thread& operator=(const thread&);
+
+public:
+  typedef __thread_id id;
+  typedef __libcpp_thread_t native_handle_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI thread() _NOEXCEPT : __t_(_LIBCPP_NULL_THREAD) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Fp, class... _Args, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__remove_cvref_t<_Fp>, thread>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS explicit thread(_Fp&& __f, _Args&&... __args);
+#else // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Fp>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS explicit thread(_Fp __f);
+#endif
+  ~thread();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI thread(thread&& __t) _NOEXCEPT : __t_(__t.__t_) { __t.__t_ = _LIBCPP_NULL_THREAD; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI thread& operator=(thread&& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (!__libcpp_thread_isnull(&__t_))
+      terminate();
+    __t_     = __t.__t_;
+    __t.__t_ = _LIBCPP_NULL_THREAD;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(thread& __t) _NOEXCEPT { std::swap(__t_, __t.__t_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool joinable() const _NOEXCEPT { return !__libcpp_thread_isnull(&__t_); }
+  void join();
+  void detach();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI id get_id() const _NOEXCEPT { return __libcpp_thread_get_id(&__t_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI native_handle_type native_handle() _NOEXCEPT { return __t_; }
+
+  static unsigned hardware_concurrency() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _TSp, class _Fp, class... _Args, size_t... _Indices>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __thread_execute(tuple<_TSp, _Fp, _Args...>& __t, __tuple_indices<_Indices...>) {
+  std::__invoke(std::move(std::get<1>(__t)), std::move(std::get<_Indices>(__t))...);
+}
+
+template <class _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* __thread_proxy(void* __vp) {
+  // _Fp = tuple< unique_ptr<__thread_struct>, Functor, Args...>
+  unique_ptr<_Fp> __p(static_cast<_Fp*>(__vp));
+  __thread_local_data().set_pointer(std::get<0>(*__p.get()).release());
+  typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size<_Fp>::value, 2>::type _Index;
+  std::__thread_execute(*__p.get(), _Index());
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _Args, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__remove_cvref_t<_Fp>, thread>::value, int> >
+thread::thread(_Fp&& __f, _Args&&... __args) {
+  typedef unique_ptr<__thread_struct> _TSPtr;
+  _TSPtr __tsp(new __thread_struct);
+  typedef tuple<_TSPtr, __decay_t<_Fp>, __decay_t<_Args>...> _Gp;
+  unique_ptr<_Gp> __p(new _Gp(std::move(__tsp), std::forward<_Fp>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  int __ec = std::__libcpp_thread_create(&__t_, &__thread_proxy<_Gp>, __p.get());
+  if (__ec == 0)
+    __p.release();
+  else
+    __throw_system_error(__ec, "thread constructor failed");
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Fp>
+struct __thread_invoke_pair {
+  // This type is used to pass memory for thread local storage and a functor
+  // to a newly created thread because std::pair doesn't work with
+  // std::unique_ptr in C++03.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __thread_invoke_pair(_Fp& __f) : __tsp_(new __thread_struct), __fn_(__f) {}
+  unique_ptr<__thread_struct> __tsp_;
+  _Fp __fn_;
+};
+
+template <class _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* __thread_proxy_cxx03(void* __vp) {
+  unique_ptr<_Fp> __p(static_cast<_Fp*>(__vp));
+  __thread_local_data().set_pointer(__p->__tsp_.release());
+  (__p->__fn_)();
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp>
+thread::thread(_Fp __f) {
+  typedef __thread_invoke_pair<_Fp> _InvokePair;
+  typedef unique_ptr<_InvokePair> _PairPtr;
+  _PairPtr __pp(new _InvokePair(__f));
+  int __ec = std::__libcpp_thread_create(&__t_, &__thread_proxy_cxx03<_InvokePair>, __pp.get());
+  if (__ec == 0)
+    __pp.release();
+  else
+    __throw_system_error(__ec, "thread constructor failed");
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(thread& __x, thread& __y) _NOEXCEPT { __x.swap(__y); }
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_THREAD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/timed_backoff_policy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/timed_backoff_policy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..838c918a57ef0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__thread/timed_backoff_policy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___THREAD_TIMED_BACKOFF_POLICY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___THREAD_TIMED_BACKOFF_POLICY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+#  include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#  include <__thread/support.h>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct __libcpp_timed_backoff_policy {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(chrono::nanoseconds __elapsed) const {
+    if (__elapsed > chrono::milliseconds(128))
+      __libcpp_thread_sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(8));
+    else if (__elapsed > chrono::microseconds(64))
+      __libcpp_thread_sleep_for(__elapsed / 2);
+    else if (__elapsed > chrono::microseconds(4))
+      __libcpp_thread_yield();
+    else {
+    } // poll
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___THREAD_TIMED_BACKOFF_POLICY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tree b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tree
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1990fa602d39ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tree
@@ -0,0 +1,2299 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TREE
+#define _LIBCPP___TREE
+
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/compressed_pair.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/swap_allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__type_traits/can_extract_key.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const_ref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class, class, class, class>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS map;
+template <class, class, class, class>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multimap;
+template <class, class, class>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS set;
+template <class, class, class>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multiset;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+class __tree;
+template <class _Tp, class _NodePtr, class _DiffType>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __tree_iterator;
+template <class _Tp, class _ConstNodePtr, class _DiffType>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __tree_const_iterator;
+
+template <class _Pointer>
+class __tree_end_node;
+template <class _VoidPtr>
+class __tree_node_base;
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+class __tree_node;
+
+template <class _Key, class _Value>
+struct __value_type;
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+class __map_node_destructor;
+template <class _TreeIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __map_iterator;
+template <class _TreeIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __map_const_iterator;
+
+/*
+
+_NodePtr algorithms
+
+The algorithms taking _NodePtr are red black tree algorithms.  Those
+algorithms taking a parameter named __root should assume that __root
+points to a proper red black tree (unless otherwise specified).
+
+Each algorithm herein assumes that __root->__parent_ points to a non-null
+structure which has a member __left_ which points back to __root.  No other
+member is read or written to at __root->__parent_.
+
+__root->__parent_ will be referred to below (in comments only) as end_node.
+end_node->__left_ is an externably accessible lvalue for __root, and can be
+changed by node insertion and removal (without explicit reference to end_node).
+
+All nodes (with the exception of end_node), even the node referred to as
+__root, have a non-null __parent_ field.
+
+*/
+
+// Returns:  true if __x is a left child of its parent, else false
+// Precondition:  __x != nullptr.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __tree_is_left_child(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x == __x->__parent_->__left_;
+}
+
+// Determines if the subtree rooted at __x is a proper red black subtree.  If
+//    __x is a proper subtree, returns the black height (null counts as 1).  If
+//    __x is an improper subtree, returns 0.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+unsigned __tree_sub_invariant(_NodePtr __x) {
+  if (__x == nullptr)
+    return 1;
+  // parent consistency checked by caller
+  // check __x->__left_ consistency
+  if (__x->__left_ != nullptr && __x->__left_->__parent_ != __x)
+    return 0;
+  // check __x->__right_ consistency
+  if (__x->__right_ != nullptr && __x->__right_->__parent_ != __x)
+    return 0;
+  // check __x->__left_ != __x->__right_ unless both are nullptr
+  if (__x->__left_ == __x->__right_ && __x->__left_ != nullptr)
+    return 0;
+  // If this is red, neither child can be red
+  if (!__x->__is_black_) {
+    if (__x->__left_ && !__x->__left_->__is_black_)
+      return 0;
+    if (__x->__right_ && !__x->__right_->__is_black_)
+      return 0;
+  }
+  unsigned __h = std::__tree_sub_invariant(__x->__left_);
+  if (__h == 0)
+    return 0; // invalid left subtree
+  if (__h != std::__tree_sub_invariant(__x->__right_))
+    return 0;                    // invalid or 
diff erent height right subtree
+  return __h + __x->__is_black_; // return black height of this node
+}
+
+// Determines if the red black tree rooted at __root is a proper red black tree.
+//    __root == nullptr is a proper tree.  Returns true is __root is a proper
+//    red black tree, else returns false.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __tree_invariant(_NodePtr __root) {
+  if (__root == nullptr)
+    return true;
+  // check __x->__parent_ consistency
+  if (__root->__parent_ == nullptr)
+    return false;
+  if (!std::__tree_is_left_child(__root))
+    return false;
+  // root must be black
+  if (!__root->__is_black_)
+    return false;
+  // do normal node checks
+  return std::__tree_sub_invariant(__root) != 0;
+}
+
+// Returns:  pointer to the left-most node under __x.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodePtr __tree_min(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__x != nullptr, "Root node shouldn't be null");
+  while (__x->__left_ != nullptr)
+    __x = __x->__left_;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+// Returns:  pointer to the right-most node under __x.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodePtr __tree_max(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__x != nullptr, "Root node shouldn't be null");
+  while (__x->__right_ != nullptr)
+    __x = __x->__right_;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+// Returns:  pointer to the next in-order node after __x.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodePtr __tree_next(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__x != nullptr, "node shouldn't be null");
+  if (__x->__right_ != nullptr)
+    return std::__tree_min(__x->__right_);
+  while (!std::__tree_is_left_child(__x))
+    __x = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+  return __x->__parent_unsafe();
+}
+
+template <class _EndNodePtr, class _NodePtr>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _EndNodePtr __tree_next_iter(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__x != nullptr, "node shouldn't be null");
+  if (__x->__right_ != nullptr)
+    return static_cast<_EndNodePtr>(std::__tree_min(__x->__right_));
+  while (!std::__tree_is_left_child(__x))
+    __x = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+  return static_cast<_EndNodePtr>(__x->__parent_);
+}
+
+// Returns:  pointer to the previous in-order node before __x.
+// Note: __x may be the end node.
+template <class _NodePtr, class _EndNodePtr>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodePtr __tree_prev_iter(_EndNodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__x != nullptr, "node shouldn't be null");
+  if (__x->__left_ != nullptr)
+    return std::__tree_max(__x->__left_);
+  _NodePtr __xx = static_cast<_NodePtr>(__x);
+  while (std::__tree_is_left_child(__xx))
+    __xx = __xx->__parent_unsafe();
+  return __xx->__parent_unsafe();
+}
+
+// Returns:  pointer to a node which has no children
+template <class _NodePtr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodePtr __tree_leaf(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__x != nullptr, "node shouldn't be null");
+  while (true) {
+    if (__x->__left_ != nullptr) {
+      __x = __x->__left_;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (__x->__right_ != nullptr) {
+      __x = __x->__right_;
+      continue;
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  return __x;
+}
+
+// Effects:  Makes __x->__right_ the subtree root with __x as its left child
+//           while preserving in-order order.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __tree_left_rotate(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__x != nullptr, "node shouldn't be null");
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__x->__right_ != nullptr, "node should have a right child");
+  _NodePtr __y  = __x->__right_;
+  __x->__right_ = __y->__left_;
+  if (__x->__right_ != nullptr)
+    __x->__right_->__set_parent(__x);
+  __y->__parent_ = __x->__parent_;
+  if (std::__tree_is_left_child(__x))
+    __x->__parent_->__left_ = __y;
+  else
+    __x->__parent_unsafe()->__right_ = __y;
+  __y->__left_ = __x;
+  __x->__set_parent(__y);
+}
+
+// Effects:  Makes __x->__left_ the subtree root with __x as its right child
+//           while preserving in-order order.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __tree_right_rotate(_NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__x != nullptr, "node shouldn't be null");
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__x->__left_ != nullptr, "node should have a left child");
+  _NodePtr __y = __x->__left_;
+  __x->__left_ = __y->__right_;
+  if (__x->__left_ != nullptr)
+    __x->__left_->__set_parent(__x);
+  __y->__parent_ = __x->__parent_;
+  if (std::__tree_is_left_child(__x))
+    __x->__parent_->__left_ = __y;
+  else
+    __x->__parent_unsafe()->__right_ = __y;
+  __y->__right_ = __x;
+  __x->__set_parent(__y);
+}
+
+// Effects:  Rebalances __root after attaching __x to a leaf.
+// Precondition:  __x has no children.
+//                __x == __root or == a direct or indirect child of __root.
+//                If __x were to be unlinked from __root (setting __root to
+//                  nullptr if __root == __x), __tree_invariant(__root) == true.
+// Postcondition: __tree_invariant(end_node->__left_) == true.  end_node->__left_
+//                may be 
diff erent than the value passed in as __root.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __tree_balance_after_insert(_NodePtr __root, _NodePtr __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__root != nullptr, "Root of the tree shouldn't be null");
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__x != nullptr, "Can't attach null node to a leaf");
+  __x->__is_black_ = __x == __root;
+  while (__x != __root && !__x->__parent_unsafe()->__is_black_) {
+    // __x->__parent_ != __root because __x->__parent_->__is_black == false
+    if (std::__tree_is_left_child(__x->__parent_unsafe())) {
+      _NodePtr __y = __x->__parent_unsafe()->__parent_unsafe()->__right_;
+      if (__y != nullptr && !__y->__is_black_) {
+        __x              = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+        __x->__is_black_ = true;
+        __x              = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+        __x->__is_black_ = __x == __root;
+        __y->__is_black_ = true;
+      } else {
+        if (!std::__tree_is_left_child(__x)) {
+          __x = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+          std::__tree_left_rotate(__x);
+        }
+        __x              = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+        __x->__is_black_ = true;
+        __x              = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+        __x->__is_black_ = false;
+        std::__tree_right_rotate(__x);
+        break;
+      }
+    } else {
+      _NodePtr __y = __x->__parent_unsafe()->__parent_->__left_;
+      if (__y != nullptr && !__y->__is_black_) {
+        __x              = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+        __x->__is_black_ = true;
+        __x              = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+        __x->__is_black_ = __x == __root;
+        __y->__is_black_ = true;
+      } else {
+        if (std::__tree_is_left_child(__x)) {
+          __x = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+          std::__tree_right_rotate(__x);
+        }
+        __x              = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+        __x->__is_black_ = true;
+        __x              = __x->__parent_unsafe();
+        __x->__is_black_ = false;
+        std::__tree_left_rotate(__x);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Precondition:  __z == __root or == a direct or indirect child of __root.
+// Effects:  unlinks __z from the tree rooted at __root, rebalancing as needed.
+// Postcondition: __tree_invariant(end_node->__left_) == true && end_node->__left_
+//                nor any of its children refer to __z.  end_node->__left_
+//                may be 
diff erent than the value passed in as __root.
+template <class _NodePtr>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __tree_remove(_NodePtr __root, _NodePtr __z) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__root != nullptr, "Root node should not be null");
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__z != nullptr, "The node to remove should not be null");
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(std::__tree_invariant(__root), "The tree invariants should hold");
+  // __z will be removed from the tree.  Client still needs to destruct/deallocate it
+  // __y is either __z, or if __z has two children, __tree_next(__z).
+  // __y will have at most one child.
+  // __y will be the initial hole in the tree (make the hole at a leaf)
+  _NodePtr __y = (__z->__left_ == nullptr || __z->__right_ == nullptr) ? __z : std::__tree_next(__z);
+  // __x is __y's possibly null single child
+  _NodePtr __x = __y->__left_ != nullptr ? __y->__left_ : __y->__right_;
+  // __w is __x's possibly null uncle (will become __x's sibling)
+  _NodePtr __w = nullptr;
+  // link __x to __y's parent, and find __w
+  if (__x != nullptr)
+    __x->__parent_ = __y->__parent_;
+  if (std::__tree_is_left_child(__y)) {
+    __y->__parent_->__left_ = __x;
+    if (__y != __root)
+      __w = __y->__parent_unsafe()->__right_;
+    else
+      __root = __x; // __w == nullptr
+  } else {
+    __y->__parent_unsafe()->__right_ = __x;
+    // __y can't be root if it is a right child
+    __w = __y->__parent_->__left_;
+  }
+  bool __removed_black = __y->__is_black_;
+  // If we didn't remove __z, do so now by splicing in __y for __z,
+  //    but copy __z's color.  This does not impact __x or __w.
+  if (__y != __z) {
+    // __z->__left_ != nulptr but __z->__right_ might == __x == nullptr
+    __y->__parent_ = __z->__parent_;
+    if (std::__tree_is_left_child(__z))
+      __y->__parent_->__left_ = __y;
+    else
+      __y->__parent_unsafe()->__right_ = __y;
+    __y->__left_ = __z->__left_;
+    __y->__left_->__set_parent(__y);
+    __y->__right_ = __z->__right_;
+    if (__y->__right_ != nullptr)
+      __y->__right_->__set_parent(__y);
+    __y->__is_black_ = __z->__is_black_;
+    if (__root == __z)
+      __root = __y;
+  }
+  // There is no need to rebalance if we removed a red, or if we removed
+  //     the last node.
+  if (__removed_black && __root != nullptr) {
+    // Rebalance:
+    // __x has an implicit black color (transferred from the removed __y)
+    //    associated with it, no matter what its color is.
+    // If __x is __root (in which case it can't be null), it is supposed
+    //    to be black anyway, and if it is doubly black, then the double
+    //    can just be ignored.
+    // If __x is red (in which case it can't be null), then it can absorb
+    //    the implicit black just by setting its color to black.
+    // Since __y was black and only had one child (which __x points to), __x
+    //   is either red with no children, else null, otherwise __y would have
+    //   
diff erent black heights under left and right pointers.
+    // if (__x == __root || __x != nullptr && !__x->__is_black_)
+    if (__x != nullptr)
+      __x->__is_black_ = true;
+    else {
+      //  Else __x isn't root, and is "doubly black", even though it may
+      //     be null.  __w can not be null here, else the parent would
+      //     see a black height >= 2 on the __x side and a black height
+      //     of 1 on the __w side (__w must be a non-null black or a red
+      //     with a non-null black child).
+      while (true) {
+        if (!std::__tree_is_left_child(__w)) // if x is left child
+        {
+          if (!__w->__is_black_) {
+            __w->__is_black_                    = true;
+            __w->__parent_unsafe()->__is_black_ = false;
+            std::__tree_left_rotate(__w->__parent_unsafe());
+            // __x is still valid
+            // reset __root only if necessary
+            if (__root == __w->__left_)
+              __root = __w;
+            // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+            __w = __w->__left_->__right_;
+          }
+          // __w->__is_black_ is now true, __w may have null children
+          if ((__w->__left_ == nullptr || __w->__left_->__is_black_) &&
+              (__w->__right_ == nullptr || __w->__right_->__is_black_)) {
+            __w->__is_black_ = false;
+            __x              = __w->__parent_unsafe();
+            // __x can no longer be null
+            if (__x == __root || !__x->__is_black_) {
+              __x->__is_black_ = true;
+              break;
+            }
+            // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+            __w = std::__tree_is_left_child(__x) ? __x->__parent_unsafe()->__right_ : __x->__parent_->__left_;
+            // continue;
+          } else // __w has a red child
+          {
+            if (__w->__right_ == nullptr || __w->__right_->__is_black_) {
+              // __w left child is non-null and red
+              __w->__left_->__is_black_ = true;
+              __w->__is_black_          = false;
+              std::__tree_right_rotate(__w);
+              // __w is known not to be root, so root hasn't changed
+              // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+              __w = __w->__parent_unsafe();
+            }
+            // __w has a right red child, left child may be null
+            __w->__is_black_                    = __w->__parent_unsafe()->__is_black_;
+            __w->__parent_unsafe()->__is_black_ = true;
+            __w->__right_->__is_black_          = true;
+            std::__tree_left_rotate(__w->__parent_unsafe());
+            break;
+          }
+        } else {
+          if (!__w->__is_black_) {
+            __w->__is_black_                    = true;
+            __w->__parent_unsafe()->__is_black_ = false;
+            std::__tree_right_rotate(__w->__parent_unsafe());
+            // __x is still valid
+            // reset __root only if necessary
+            if (__root == __w->__right_)
+              __root = __w;
+            // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+            __w = __w->__right_->__left_;
+          }
+          // __w->__is_black_ is now true, __w may have null children
+          if ((__w->__left_ == nullptr || __w->__left_->__is_black_) &&
+              (__w->__right_ == nullptr || __w->__right_->__is_black_)) {
+            __w->__is_black_ = false;
+            __x              = __w->__parent_unsafe();
+            // __x can no longer be null
+            if (!__x->__is_black_ || __x == __root) {
+              __x->__is_black_ = true;
+              break;
+            }
+            // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+            __w = std::__tree_is_left_child(__x) ? __x->__parent_unsafe()->__right_ : __x->__parent_->__left_;
+            // continue;
+          } else // __w has a red child
+          {
+            if (__w->__left_ == nullptr || __w->__left_->__is_black_) {
+              // __w right child is non-null and red
+              __w->__right_->__is_black_ = true;
+              __w->__is_black_           = false;
+              std::__tree_left_rotate(__w);
+              // __w is known not to be root, so root hasn't changed
+              // reset sibling, and it still can't be null
+              __w = __w->__parent_unsafe();
+            }
+            // __w has a left red child, right child may be null
+            __w->__is_black_                    = __w->__parent_unsafe()->__is_black_;
+            __w->__parent_unsafe()->__is_black_ = true;
+            __w->__left_->__is_black_           = true;
+            std::__tree_right_rotate(__w->__parent_unsafe());
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// node traits
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_tree_value_type_imp : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Value>
+struct __is_tree_value_type_imp<__value_type<_Key, _Value> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class... _Args>
+struct __is_tree_value_type : false_type {};
+
+template <class _One>
+struct __is_tree_value_type<_One> : __is_tree_value_type_imp<__remove_cvref_t<_One> > {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __tree_key_value_types {
+  typedef _Tp key_type;
+  typedef _Tp __node_value_type;
+  typedef _Tp __container_value_type;
+  static const bool __is_map = false;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static key_type const& __get_key(_Tp const& __v) { return __v; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type const& __get_value(__node_value_type const& __v) { return __v; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type* __get_ptr(__node_value_type& __n) { return std::addressof(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type&& __move(__node_value_type& __v) { return std::move(__v); }
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp>
+struct __tree_key_value_types<__value_type<_Key, _Tp> > {
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef __value_type<_Key, _Tp> __node_value_type;
+  typedef pair<const _Key, _Tp> __container_value_type;
+  typedef __container_value_type __map_value_type;
+  static const bool __is_map = true;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static key_type const& __get_key(__node_value_type const& __t) {
+    return __t.__get_value().first;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t<__is_same_uncvref<_Up, __container_value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static key_type const& __get_key(_Up& __t) {
+    return __t.first;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type const& __get_value(__node_value_type const& __t) {
+    return __t.__get_value();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t<__is_same_uncvref<_Up, __container_value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type const& __get_value(_Up& __t) {
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __container_value_type* __get_ptr(__node_value_type& __n) {
+    return std::addressof(__n.__get_value());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static pair<key_type&&, mapped_type&&> __move(__node_value_type& __v) { return __v.__move(); }
+};
+
+template <class _VoidPtr>
+struct __tree_node_base_types {
+  typedef _VoidPtr __void_pointer;
+
+  typedef __tree_node_base<__void_pointer> __node_base_type;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __node_base_type> __node_base_pointer;
+
+  typedef __tree_end_node<__node_base_pointer> __end_node_type;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __end_node_type> __end_node_pointer;
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_TREE_REMOVE_NODE_POINTER_UB)
+  typedef __end_node_pointer __parent_pointer;
+#else
+  typedef __conditional_t< is_pointer<__end_node_pointer>::value, __end_node_pointer, __node_base_pointer>
+      __parent_pointer;
+#endif
+
+private:
+  static_assert(is_same<typename pointer_traits<_VoidPtr>::element_type, void>::value,
+                "_VoidPtr does not point to unqualified void type");
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _AllocPtr, class _KVTypes = __tree_key_value_types<_Tp>, bool = _KVTypes::__is_map>
+struct __tree_map_pointer_types {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _AllocPtr, class _KVTypes>
+struct __tree_map_pointer_types<_Tp, _AllocPtr, _KVTypes, true> {
+  typedef typename _KVTypes::__map_value_type _Mv;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_AllocPtr, _Mv> __map_value_type_pointer;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_AllocPtr, const _Mv> __const_map_value_type_pointer;
+};
+
+template <class _NodePtr, class _NodeT = typename pointer_traits<_NodePtr>::element_type>
+struct __tree_node_types;
+
+template <class _NodePtr, class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __tree_node_types<_NodePtr, __tree_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> >
+    : public __tree_node_base_types<_VoidPtr>, __tree_key_value_types<_Tp>, __tree_map_pointer_types<_Tp, _VoidPtr> {
+  typedef __tree_node_base_types<_VoidPtr> __base;
+  typedef __tree_key_value_types<_Tp> __key_base;
+  typedef __tree_map_pointer_types<_Tp, _VoidPtr> __map_pointer_base;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename pointer_traits<_NodePtr>::element_type __node_type;
+  typedef _NodePtr __node_pointer;
+
+  typedef _Tp __node_value_type;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __node_value_type> __node_value_type_pointer;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, const __node_value_type> __const_node_value_type_pointer;
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_TREE_REMOVE_NODE_POINTER_UB)
+  typedef typename __base::__end_node_pointer __iter_pointer;
+#else
+  typedef __conditional_t< is_pointer<__node_pointer>::value, typename __base::__end_node_pointer, __node_pointer>
+      __iter_pointer;
+#endif
+
+private:
+  static_assert(!is_const<__node_type>::value, "_NodePtr should never be a pointer to const");
+  static_assert(is_same<__rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __node_type>, _NodePtr>::value,
+                "_VoidPtr does not rebind to _NodePtr.");
+};
+
+template <class _ValueTp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __make_tree_node_types {
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __tree_node<_ValueTp, _VoidPtr> > _NodePtr;
+  typedef __tree_node_types<_NodePtr> type;
+};
+
+// node
+
+template <class _Pointer>
+class __tree_end_node {
+public:
+  typedef _Pointer pointer;
+  pointer __left_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_end_node() _NOEXCEPT : __left_() {}
+};
+
+template <class _VoidPtr>
+class _LIBCPP_STANDALONE_DEBUG __tree_node_base : public __tree_node_base_types<_VoidPtr>::__end_node_type {
+  typedef __tree_node_base_types<_VoidPtr> _NodeBaseTypes;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename _NodeBaseTypes::__node_base_pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeBaseTypes::__parent_pointer __parent_pointer;
+
+  pointer __right_;
+  __parent_pointer __parent_;
+  bool __is_black_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer __parent_unsafe() const { return static_cast<pointer>(__parent_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __set_parent(pointer __p) { __parent_ = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__p); }
+
+  ~__tree_node_base()                                  = delete;
+  __tree_node_base(__tree_node_base const&)            = delete;
+  __tree_node_base& operator=(__tree_node_base const&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+class _LIBCPP_STANDALONE_DEBUG __tree_node : public __tree_node_base<_VoidPtr> {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp __node_value_type;
+
+  __node_value_type __value_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& __get_value() { return __value_; }
+
+  ~__tree_node()                             = delete;
+  __tree_node(__tree_node const&)            = delete;
+  __tree_node& operator=(__tree_node const&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+class __tree_node_destructor {
+  typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+
+private:
+  typedef __tree_node_types<pointer> _NodeTypes;
+  allocator_type& __na_;
+
+public:
+  bool __value_constructed;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_node_destructor(const __tree_node_destructor&) = default;
+  __tree_node_destructor& operator=(const __tree_node_destructor&)            = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __tree_node_destructor(allocator_type& __na, bool __val = false) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __na_(__na),
+        __value_constructed(__val) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__value_constructed)
+      __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, _NodeTypes::__get_ptr(__p->__value_));
+    if (__p)
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__na_, __p, 1);
+  }
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class __map_node_destructor;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _NodeType, class _Alloc>
+struct __generic_container_node_destructor;
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr, class _Alloc>
+struct __generic_container_node_destructor<__tree_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr>, _Alloc> : __tree_node_destructor<_Alloc> {
+  using __tree_node_destructor<_Alloc>::__tree_node_destructor;
+};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _NodePtr, class _DiffType>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __tree_iterator {
+  typedef __tree_node_types<_NodePtr> _NodeTypes;
+  typedef _NodePtr __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_base_pointer __node_base_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__end_node_pointer __end_node_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__iter_pointer __iter_pointer;
+  typedef pointer_traits<__node_pointer> __pointer_traits;
+
+  __iter_pointer __ptr_;
+
+public:
+  typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef _DiffType 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_value_type_pointer pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_iterator() _NOEXCEPT
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      : __ptr_(nullptr)
+#endif
+  {
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __get_np()->__value_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__get_np()->__value_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_iterator& operator++() {
+    __ptr_ = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(
+        std::__tree_next_iter<__end_node_pointer>(static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__ptr_)));
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __tree_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_iterator& operator--() {
+    __ptr_ = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(
+        std::__tree_prev_iter<__node_base_pointer>(static_cast<__end_node_pointer>(__ptr_)));
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_iterator operator--(int) {
+    __tree_iterator __t(*this);
+    --(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __tree_iterator& __x, const __tree_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __tree_iterator& __x, const __tree_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __tree_iterator(__node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __tree_iterator(__end_node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_pointer __get_np() const { return static_cast<__node_pointer>(__ptr_); }
+  template <class, class, class>
+  friend class __tree;
+  template <class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __tree_const_iterator;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __map_iterator;
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS map;
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multimap;
+  template <class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS set;
+  template <class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multiset;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _NodePtr, class _DiffType>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __tree_const_iterator {
+  typedef __tree_node_types<_NodePtr> _NodeTypes;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_base_pointer __node_base_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__end_node_pointer __end_node_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__iter_pointer __iter_pointer;
+  typedef pointer_traits<__node_pointer> __pointer_traits;
+
+  __iter_pointer __ptr_;
+
+public:
+  typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef _DiffType 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef const value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__const_node_value_type_pointer pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_const_iterator() _NOEXCEPT
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      : __ptr_(nullptr)
+#endif
+  {
+  }
+
+private:
+  typedef __tree_iterator<value_type, __node_pointer, 
diff erence_type> __non_const_iterator;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_const_iterator(__non_const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p.__ptr_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __get_np()->__value_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__get_np()->__value_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_const_iterator& operator++() {
+    __ptr_ = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(
+        std::__tree_next_iter<__end_node_pointer>(static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__ptr_)));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_const_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __tree_const_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_const_iterator& operator--() {
+    __ptr_ = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(
+        std::__tree_prev_iter<__node_base_pointer>(static_cast<__end_node_pointer>(__ptr_)));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree_const_iterator operator--(int) {
+    __tree_const_iterator __t(*this);
+    --(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __tree_const_iterator& __x, const __tree_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __tree_const_iterator& __x, const __tree_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __tree_const_iterator(__node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __tree_const_iterator(__end_node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_pointer __get_np() const { return static_cast<__node_pointer>(__ptr_); }
+
+  template <class, class, class>
+  friend class __tree;
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS map;
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multimap;
+  template <class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS set;
+  template <class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multiset;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __map_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSE_WARNING(!__invokable<_Compare const&, _Tp const&, _Tp const&>::value,
+                         "the specified comparator type does not provide a viable const call operator")
+#endif
+int __diagnose_non_const_comparator();
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+class __tree {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef _Compare value_compare;
+  typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+
+private:
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+  typedef typename __make_tree_node_types<value_type, typename __alloc_traits::void_pointer>::type _NodeTypes;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::key_type key_type;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_value_type __node_value_type;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__container_value_type __container_value_type;
+
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__void_pointer __void_pointer;
+
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_type __node;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_base_type __node_base;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__node_base_pointer __node_base_pointer;
+
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__end_node_type __end_node_t;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__end_node_pointer __end_node_ptr;
+
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__parent_pointer __parent_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__iter_pointer __iter_pointer;
+
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, __node> __node_allocator;
+  typedef allocator_traits<__node_allocator> __node_traits;
+
+private:
+  // check for sane allocator pointer rebinding semantics. Rebinding the
+  // allocator for a new pointer type should be exactly the same as rebinding
+  // the pointer using 'pointer_traits'.
+  static_assert(is_same<__node_pointer, typename __node_traits::pointer>::value,
+                "Allocator does not rebind pointers in a sane manner.");
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<__node_traits, __node_base> __node_base_allocator;
+  typedef allocator_traits<__node_base_allocator> __node_base_traits;
+  static_assert(is_same<__node_base_pointer, typename __node_base_traits::pointer>::value,
+                "Allocator does not rebind pointers in a sane manner.");
+
+private:
+  __iter_pointer __begin_node_;
+  __compressed_pair<__end_node_t, __node_allocator> __pair1_;
+  __compressed_pair<size_type, value_compare> __pair3_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iter_pointer __end_node() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<__iter_pointer>(pointer_traits<__end_node_ptr>::pointer_to(__pair1_.first()));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iter_pointer __end_node() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<__iter_pointer>(
+        pointer_traits<__end_node_ptr>::pointer_to(const_cast<__end_node_t&>(__pair1_.first())));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_allocator& __node_alloc() _NOEXCEPT { return __pair1_.second(); }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const __node_allocator& __node_alloc() const _NOEXCEPT { return __pair1_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iter_pointer& __begin_node() _NOEXCEPT { return __begin_node_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const __iter_pointer& __begin_node() const _NOEXCEPT { return __begin_node_; }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT { return allocator_type(__node_alloc()); }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type& size() _NOEXCEPT { return __pair3_.first(); }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const size_type& size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __pair3_.first(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_compare& value_comp() _NOEXCEPT { return __pair3_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const value_compare& value_comp() const _NOEXCEPT { return __pair3_.second(); }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_pointer __root() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<__node_pointer>(__end_node()->__left_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_base_pointer* __root_ptr() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::addressof(__end_node()->__left_);
+  }
+
+  typedef __tree_iterator<value_type, __node_pointer, 
diff erence_type> iterator;
+  typedef __tree_const_iterator<value_type, __node_pointer, 
diff erence_type> const_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __tree(const value_compare& __comp) _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_copy_constructible<value_compare>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __tree(const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree(const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree(const __tree& __t);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree& operator=(const __tree& __t);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_unique(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_multi(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree(__tree&& __t) _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_compare>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree(__tree&& __t, const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tree& operator=(__tree&& __t) _NOEXCEPT_(
+      __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_compare>::value&&
+          is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__tree();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return iterator(__begin_node()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_iterator(__begin_node()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return iterator(__end_node()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_iterator(__end_node()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::min<size_type>(__node_traits::max_size(__node_alloc()), numeric_limits<
diff erence_type >::max());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__tree& __t)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 11
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<value_compare> &&
+                 (!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__node_allocator>));
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<value_compare>);
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Key, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique_key_args(_Key const&, _Args&&... __args);
+  template <class _Key, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_hint_unique_key_args(const_iterator, _Key const&, _Args&&...);
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique_impl(_Args&&... __args);
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __emplace_hint_unique_impl(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __emplace_multi(_Args&&... __args);
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __emplace_hint_multi(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique(_Pp&& __x) {
+    return __emplace_unique_extract_key(std::forward<_Pp>(__x), __can_extract_key<_Pp, key_type>());
+  }
+
+  template <class _First,
+            class _Second,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_extract_map_key<_First, key_type, __container_value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique(_First&& __f, _Second&& __s) {
+    return __emplace_unique_key_args(__f, std::forward<_First>(__f), std::forward<_Second>(__s));
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __emplace_unique_impl(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique_extract_key(_Pp&& __x, __extract_key_fail_tag) {
+    return __emplace_unique_impl(std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique_extract_key(_Pp&& __x, __extract_key_self_tag) {
+    return __emplace_unique_key_args(__x, std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __emplace_unique_extract_key(_Pp&& __x, __extract_key_first_tag) {
+    return __emplace_unique_key_args(__x.first, std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __emplace_hint_unique(const_iterator __p, _Pp&& __x) {
+    return __emplace_hint_unique_extract_key(__p, std::forward<_Pp>(__x), __can_extract_key<_Pp, key_type>());
+  }
+
+  template <class _First,
+            class _Second,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_extract_map_key<_First, key_type, __container_value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __emplace_hint_unique(const_iterator __p, _First&& __f, _Second&& __s) {
+    return __emplace_hint_unique_key_args(__p, __f, std::forward<_First>(__f), std::forward<_Second>(__s)).first;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __emplace_hint_unique(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __emplace_hint_unique_impl(__p, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  __emplace_hint_unique_extract_key(const_iterator __p, _Pp&& __x, __extract_key_fail_tag) {
+    return __emplace_hint_unique_impl(__p, std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  __emplace_hint_unique_extract_key(const_iterator __p, _Pp&& __x, __extract_key_self_tag) {
+    return __emplace_hint_unique_key_args(__p, __x, std::forward<_Pp>(__x)).first;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  __emplace_hint_unique_extract_key(const_iterator __p, _Pp&& __x, __extract_key_first_tag) {
+    return __emplace_hint_unique_key_args(__p, __x.first, std::forward<_Pp>(__x)).first;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __insert_unique(const __container_value_type& __v) {
+    return __emplace_unique_key_args(_NodeTypes::__get_key(__v), __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_unique(const_iterator __p, const __container_value_type& __v) {
+    return __emplace_hint_unique_key_args(__p, _NodeTypes::__get_key(__v), __v).first;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __insert_unique(__container_value_type&& __v) {
+    return __emplace_unique_key_args(_NodeTypes::__get_key(__v), std::move(__v));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_unique(const_iterator __p, __container_value_type&& __v) {
+    return __emplace_hint_unique_key_args(__p, _NodeTypes::__get_key(__v), std::move(__v)).first;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__remove_const_ref_t<_Vp>, __container_value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> __insert_unique(_Vp&& __v) {
+    return __emplace_unique(std::forward<_Vp>(__v));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__remove_const_ref_t<_Vp>, __container_value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_unique(const_iterator __p, _Vp&& __v) {
+    return __emplace_hint_unique(__p, std::forward<_Vp>(__v));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_multi(__container_value_type&& __v) {
+    return __emplace_multi(std::move(__v));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_multi(const_iterator __p, __container_value_type&& __v) {
+    return __emplace_hint_multi(__p, std::move(__v));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_multi(_Vp&& __v) {
+    return __emplace_multi(std::forward<_Vp>(__v));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_multi(const_iterator __p, _Vp&& __v) {
+    return __emplace_hint_multi(__p, std::forward<_Vp>(__v));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool>
+  __node_assign_unique(const __container_value_type& __v, __node_pointer __dest);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __node_insert_multi(__node_pointer __nd);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __node_insert_multi(const_iterator __p, __node_pointer __nd);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __remove_node_pointer(__node_pointer) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  template <class _NodeHandle, class _InsertReturnType>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _InsertReturnType __node_handle_insert_unique(_NodeHandle&&);
+  template <class _NodeHandle>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __node_handle_insert_unique(const_iterator, _NodeHandle&&);
+  template <class _Tree>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __node_handle_merge_unique(_Tree& __source);
+
+  template <class _NodeHandle>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __node_handle_insert_multi(_NodeHandle&&);
+  template <class _NodeHandle>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __node_handle_insert_multi(const_iterator, _NodeHandle&&);
+  template <class _Tree>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __node_handle_merge_multi(_Tree& __source);
+
+  template <class _NodeHandle>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodeHandle __node_handle_extract(key_type const&);
+  template <class _NodeHandle>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodeHandle __node_handle_extract(const_iterator);
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __erase_unique(const _Key& __k);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __erase_multi(const _Key& __k);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __insert_node_at(__parent_pointer __parent, __node_base_pointer& __child, __node_base_pointer __new_node) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const _Key& __v);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const _Key& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __count_unique(const _Key& __k) const;
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __count_multi(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator lower_bound(const _Key& __v) {
+    return __lower_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());
+  }
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __lower_bound(const _Key& __v, __node_pointer __root, __iter_pointer __result);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator lower_bound(const _Key& __v) const {
+    return __lower_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());
+  }
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator
+  __lower_bound(const _Key& __v, __node_pointer __root, __iter_pointer __result) const;
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator upper_bound(const _Key& __v) {
+    return __upper_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());
+  }
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __upper_bound(const _Key& __v, __node_pointer __root, __iter_pointer __result);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator upper_bound(const _Key& __v) const {
+    return __upper_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());
+  }
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator
+  __upper_bound(const _Key& __v, __node_pointer __root, __iter_pointer __result) const;
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> __equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> __equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> __equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> __equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k) const;
+
+  typedef __tree_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _Dp;
+  typedef unique_ptr<__node, _Dp> __node_holder;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_holder remove(const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_base_pointer& __find_leaf_low(__parent_pointer& __parent, const key_type& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_base_pointer& __find_leaf_high(__parent_pointer& __parent, const key_type& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_base_pointer&
+  __find_leaf(const_iterator __hint, __parent_pointer& __parent, const key_type& __v);
+  // FIXME: Make this function const qualified. Unfortunately doing so
+  // breaks existing code which uses non-const callable comparators.
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_base_pointer& __find_equal(__parent_pointer& __parent, const _Key& __v);
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_base_pointer& __find_equal(__parent_pointer& __parent, const _Key& __v) const {
+    return const_cast<__tree*>(this)->__find_equal(__parent, __v);
+  }
+  template <class _Key>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_base_pointer&
+  __find_equal(const_iterator __hint, __parent_pointer& __parent, __node_base_pointer& __dummy, const _Key& __v);
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_holder __construct_node(_Args&&... __args);
+
+  // TODO: Make this _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_HIDDEN void destroy(__node_pointer __nd) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __tree& __t) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(__t, integral_constant<bool, __node_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __tree& __t, true_type) {
+    if (__node_alloc() != __t.__node_alloc())
+      clear();
+    __node_alloc() = __t.__node_alloc();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __tree&, false_type) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(__tree& __t, false_type);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(__tree& __t, true_type) _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_compare>::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__tree& __t)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+                 is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value) {
+    __move_assign_alloc(__t, integral_constant<bool, __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__tree& __t, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value) {
+    __node_alloc() = std::move(__t.__node_alloc());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__tree&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  struct _DetachedTreeCache {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _DetachedTreeCache(__tree* __t) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __t_(__t),
+          __cache_root_(__detach_from_tree(__t)) {
+      __advance();
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_pointer __get() const _NOEXCEPT { return __cache_elem_; }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __advance() _NOEXCEPT {
+      __cache_elem_ = __cache_root_;
+      if (__cache_root_) {
+        __cache_root_ = __detach_next(__cache_root_);
+      }
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~_DetachedTreeCache() {
+      __t_->destroy(__cache_elem_);
+      if (__cache_root_) {
+        while (__cache_root_->__parent_ != nullptr)
+          __cache_root_ = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache_root_->__parent_);
+        __t_->destroy(__cache_root_);
+      }
+    }
+
+    _DetachedTreeCache(_DetachedTreeCache const&)            = delete;
+    _DetachedTreeCache& operator=(_DetachedTreeCache const&) = delete;
+
+  private:
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __node_pointer __detach_from_tree(__tree* __t) _NOEXCEPT;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __node_pointer __detach_next(__node_pointer) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+    __tree* __t_;
+    __node_pointer __cache_root_;
+    __node_pointer __cache_elem_;
+  };
+
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS map;
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multimap;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(const value_compare& __comp) _NOEXCEPT_(
+    is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_copy_constructible<value_compare>::value)
+    : __pair3_(0, __comp) {
+  __begin_node() = __end_node();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_node_(__iter_pointer()),
+      __pair1_(__default_init_tag(), __node_allocator(__a)),
+      __pair3_(0, __default_init_tag()) {
+  __begin_node() = __end_node();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_node_(__iter_pointer()), __pair1_(__default_init_tag(), __node_allocator(__a)), __pair3_(0, __comp) {
+  __begin_node() = __end_node();
+}
+
+// Precondition:  size() != 0
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_pointer
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::_DetachedTreeCache::__detach_from_tree(__tree* __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __node_pointer __cache                = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__t->__begin_node());
+  __t->__begin_node()                   = __t->__end_node();
+  __t->__end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = nullptr;
+  __t->__end_node()->__left_            = nullptr;
+  __t->size()                           = 0;
+  // __cache->__left_ == nullptr
+  if (__cache->__right_ != nullptr)
+    __cache = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__right_);
+  // __cache->__left_ == nullptr
+  // __cache->__right_ == nullptr
+  return __cache;
+}
+
+// Precondition:  __cache != nullptr
+//    __cache->left_ == nullptr
+//    __cache->right_ == nullptr
+//    This is no longer a red-black tree
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_pointer
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::_DetachedTreeCache::__detach_next(__node_pointer __cache) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__cache->__parent_ == nullptr)
+    return nullptr;
+  if (std::__tree_is_left_child(static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__cache))) {
+    __cache->__parent_->__left_ = nullptr;
+    __cache                     = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__parent_);
+    if (__cache->__right_ == nullptr)
+      return __cache;
+    return static_cast<__node_pointer>(std::__tree_leaf(__cache->__right_));
+  }
+  // __cache is right child
+  __cache->__parent_unsafe()->__right_ = nullptr;
+  __cache                              = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__cache->__parent_);
+  if (__cache->__left_ == nullptr)
+    return __cache;
+  return static_cast<__node_pointer>(std::__tree_leaf(__cache->__left_));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::operator=(const __tree& __t) {
+  if (this != std::addressof(__t)) {
+    value_comp() = __t.value_comp();
+    __copy_assign_alloc(__t);
+    __assign_multi(__t.begin(), __t.end());
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+void __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__assign_unique(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  typedef iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator> _ITraits;
+  typedef typename _ITraits::value_type _ItValueType;
+  static_assert(is_same<_ItValueType, __container_value_type>::value,
+                "__assign_unique may only be called with the containers value type");
+  static_assert(
+      __has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, "__assign_unique requires a forward iterator");
+  if (size() != 0) {
+    _DetachedTreeCache __cache(this);
+    for (; __cache.__get() != nullptr && __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      if (__node_assign_unique(*__first, __cache.__get()).second)
+        __cache.__advance();
+    }
+  }
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+void __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__assign_multi(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  typedef iterator_traits<_InputIterator> _ITraits;
+  typedef typename _ITraits::value_type _ItValueType;
+  static_assert(
+      (is_same<_ItValueType, __container_value_type>::value || is_same<_ItValueType, __node_value_type>::value),
+      "__assign_multi may only be called with the containers value type"
+      " or the nodes value type");
+  if (size() != 0) {
+    _DetachedTreeCache __cache(this);
+    for (; __cache.__get() && __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      __cache.__get()->__value_ = *__first;
+      __node_insert_multi(__cache.__get());
+      __cache.__advance();
+    }
+  }
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __insert_multi(_NodeTypes::__get_value(*__first));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(const __tree& __t)
+    : __begin_node_(__iter_pointer()),
+      __pair1_(__default_init_tag(), __node_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__t.__node_alloc())),
+      __pair3_(0, __t.value_comp()) {
+  __begin_node() = __end_node();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(__tree&& __t) _NOEXCEPT_(
+    is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value&& is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_compare>::value)
+    : __begin_node_(std::move(__t.__begin_node_)),
+      __pair1_(std::move(__t.__pair1_)),
+      __pair3_(std::move(__t.__pair3_)) {
+  if (size() == 0)
+    __begin_node() = __end_node();
+  else {
+    __end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__end_node());
+    __t.__begin_node()               = __t.__end_node();
+    __t.__end_node()->__left_        = nullptr;
+    __t.size()                       = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__tree(__tree&& __t, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __pair1_(__default_init_tag(), __node_allocator(__a)), __pair3_(0, std::move(__t.value_comp())) {
+  if (__a == __t.__alloc()) {
+    if (__t.size() == 0)
+      __begin_node() = __end_node();
+    else {
+      __begin_node()                   = __t.__begin_node();
+      __end_node()->__left_            = __t.__end_node()->__left_;
+      __end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__end_node());
+      size()                           = __t.size();
+      __t.__begin_node()               = __t.__end_node();
+      __t.__end_node()->__left_        = nullptr;
+      __t.size()                       = 0;
+    }
+  } else {
+    __begin_node() = __end_node();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__move_assign(__tree& __t, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_compare>::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value) {
+  destroy(static_cast<__node_pointer>(__end_node()->__left_));
+  __begin_node_    = __t.__begin_node_;
+  __pair1_.first() = __t.__pair1_.first();
+  __move_assign_alloc(__t);
+  __pair3_ = std::move(__t.__pair3_);
+  if (size() == 0)
+    __begin_node() = __end_node();
+  else {
+    __end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__end_node());
+    __t.__begin_node()               = __t.__end_node();
+    __t.__end_node()->__left_        = nullptr;
+    __t.size()                       = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__move_assign(__tree& __t, false_type) {
+  if (__node_alloc() == __t.__node_alloc())
+    __move_assign(__t, true_type());
+  else {
+    value_comp()       = std::move(__t.value_comp());
+    const_iterator __e = end();
+    if (size() != 0) {
+      _DetachedTreeCache __cache(this);
+      while (__cache.__get() != nullptr && __t.size() != 0) {
+        __cache.__get()->__value_ = std::move(__t.remove(__t.begin())->__value_);
+        __node_insert_multi(__cache.__get());
+        __cache.__advance();
+      }
+    }
+    while (__t.size() != 0)
+      __insert_multi(__e, _NodeTypes::__move(__t.remove(__t.begin())->__value_));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::operator=(__tree&& __t) _NOEXCEPT_(
+    __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_compare>::value&&
+        is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value)
+
+{
+  __move_assign(__t, integral_constant<bool, __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::~__tree() {
+  static_assert(is_copy_constructible<value_compare>::value, "Comparator must be copy-constructible.");
+  destroy(__root());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::destroy(__node_pointer __nd) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__nd != nullptr) {
+    destroy(static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__left_));
+    destroy(static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__right_));
+    __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+    __node_traits::destroy(__na, _NodeTypes::__get_ptr(__nd->__value_));
+    __node_traits::deallocate(__na, __nd, 1);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::swap(__tree& __t)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 11
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<value_compare> &&
+               (!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__node_allocator>))
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<value_compare>)
+#endif
+{
+  using std::swap;
+  swap(__begin_node_, __t.__begin_node_);
+  swap(__pair1_.first(), __t.__pair1_.first());
+  std::__swap_allocator(__node_alloc(), __t.__node_alloc());
+  __pair3_.swap(__t.__pair3_);
+  if (size() == 0)
+    __begin_node() = __end_node();
+  else
+    __end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__end_node());
+  if (__t.size() == 0)
+    __t.__begin_node() = __t.__end_node();
+  else
+    __t.__end_node()->__left_->__parent_ = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__t.__end_node());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::clear() _NOEXCEPT {
+  destroy(__root());
+  size()                = 0;
+  __begin_node()        = __end_node();
+  __end_node()->__left_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+// Find lower_bound place to insert
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base_pointer&
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_leaf_low(__parent_pointer& __parent, const key_type& __v) {
+  __node_pointer __nd = __root();
+  if (__nd != nullptr) {
+    while (true) {
+      if (value_comp()(__nd->__value_, __v)) {
+        if (__nd->__right_ != nullptr)
+          __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__right_);
+        else {
+          __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__nd);
+          return __nd->__right_;
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (__nd->__left_ != nullptr)
+          __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__left_);
+        else {
+          __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__nd);
+          return __parent->__left_;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__end_node());
+  return __parent->__left_;
+}
+
+// Find upper_bound place to insert
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base_pointer&
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_leaf_high(__parent_pointer& __parent, const key_type& __v) {
+  __node_pointer __nd = __root();
+  if (__nd != nullptr) {
+    while (true) {
+      if (value_comp()(__v, __nd->__value_)) {
+        if (__nd->__left_ != nullptr)
+          __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__left_);
+        else {
+          __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__nd);
+          return __parent->__left_;
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (__nd->__right_ != nullptr)
+          __nd = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__right_);
+        else {
+          __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__nd);
+          return __nd->__right_;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__end_node());
+  return __parent->__left_;
+}
+
+// Find leaf place to insert closest to __hint
+// First check prior to __hint.
+// Next check after __hint.
+// Next do O(log N) search.
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base_pointer&
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_leaf(const_iterator __hint, __parent_pointer& __parent, const key_type& __v) {
+  if (__hint == end() || !value_comp()(*__hint, __v)) // check before
+  {
+    // __v <= *__hint
+    const_iterator __prior = __hint;
+    if (__prior == begin() || !value_comp()(__v, *--__prior)) {
+      // *prev(__hint) <= __v <= *__hint
+      if (__hint.__ptr_->__left_ == nullptr) {
+        __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__hint.__ptr_);
+        return __parent->__left_;
+      } else {
+        __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__prior.__ptr_);
+        return static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__prior.__ptr_)->__right_;
+      }
+    }
+    // __v < *prev(__hint)
+    return __find_leaf_high(__parent, __v);
+  }
+  // else __v > *__hint
+  return __find_leaf_low(__parent, __v);
+}
+
+// Find place to insert if __v doesn't exist
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+// If __v exists, set parent to node of __v and return reference to node of __v
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base_pointer&
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_equal(__parent_pointer& __parent, const _Key& __v) {
+  __node_pointer __nd           = __root();
+  __node_base_pointer* __nd_ptr = __root_ptr();
+  if (__nd != nullptr) {
+    while (true) {
+      if (value_comp()(__v, __nd->__value_)) {
+        if (__nd->__left_ != nullptr) {
+          __nd_ptr = std::addressof(__nd->__left_);
+          __nd     = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__left_);
+        } else {
+          __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__nd);
+          return __parent->__left_;
+        }
+      } else if (value_comp()(__nd->__value_, __v)) {
+        if (__nd->__right_ != nullptr) {
+          __nd_ptr = std::addressof(__nd->__right_);
+          __nd     = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__nd->__right_);
+        } else {
+          __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__nd);
+          return __nd->__right_;
+        }
+      } else {
+        __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__nd);
+        return *__nd_ptr;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__end_node());
+  return __parent->__left_;
+}
+
+// Find place to insert if __v doesn't exist
+// First check prior to __hint.
+// Next check after __hint.
+// Next do O(log N) search.
+// Set __parent to parent of null leaf
+// Return reference to null leaf
+// If __v exists, set parent to node of __v and return reference to node of __v
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_base_pointer& __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__find_equal(
+    const_iterator __hint, __parent_pointer& __parent, __node_base_pointer& __dummy, const _Key& __v) {
+  if (__hint == end() || value_comp()(__v, *__hint)) // check before
+  {
+    // __v < *__hint
+    const_iterator __prior = __hint;
+    if (__prior == begin() || value_comp()(*--__prior, __v)) {
+      // *prev(__hint) < __v < *__hint
+      if (__hint.__ptr_->__left_ == nullptr) {
+        __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__hint.__ptr_);
+        return __parent->__left_;
+      } else {
+        __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__prior.__ptr_);
+        return static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__prior.__ptr_)->__right_;
+      }
+    }
+    // __v <= *prev(__hint)
+    return __find_equal(__parent, __v);
+  } else if (value_comp()(*__hint, __v)) // check after
+  {
+    // *__hint < __v
+    const_iterator __next = std::next(__hint);
+    if (__next == end() || value_comp()(__v, *__next)) {
+      // *__hint < __v < *std::next(__hint)
+      if (__hint.__get_np()->__right_ == nullptr) {
+        __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__hint.__ptr_);
+        return static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__hint.__ptr_)->__right_;
+      } else {
+        __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__next.__ptr_);
+        return __parent->__left_;
+      }
+    }
+    // *next(__hint) <= __v
+    return __find_equal(__parent, __v);
+  }
+  // else __v == *__hint
+  __parent = static_cast<__parent_pointer>(__hint.__ptr_);
+  __dummy  = static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__hint.__ptr_);
+  return __dummy;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+void __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__insert_node_at(
+    __parent_pointer __parent, __node_base_pointer& __child, __node_base_pointer __new_node) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __new_node->__left_   = nullptr;
+  __new_node->__right_  = nullptr;
+  __new_node->__parent_ = __parent;
+  // __new_node->__is_black_ is initialized in __tree_balance_after_insert
+  __child = __new_node;
+  if (__begin_node()->__left_ != nullptr)
+    __begin_node() = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__begin_node()->__left_);
+  std::__tree_balance_after_insert(__end_node()->__left_, __child);
+  ++size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key, class... _Args>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator, bool>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__emplace_unique_key_args(_Key const& __k, _Args&&... __args) {
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__parent, __k);
+  __node_pointer __r           = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+  bool __inserted              = false;
+  if (__child == nullptr) {
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__h.get()));
+    __r        = __h.release();
+    __inserted = true;
+  }
+  return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__r), __inserted);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key, class... _Args>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator, bool>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__emplace_hint_unique_key_args(
+    const_iterator __p, _Key const& __k, _Args&&... __args) {
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer __dummy;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__p, __parent, __dummy, __k);
+  __node_pointer __r           = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+  bool __inserted              = false;
+  if (__child == nullptr) {
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__h.get()));
+    __r        = __h.release();
+    __inserted = true;
+  }
+  return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__r), __inserted);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__construct_node(_Args&&... __args) {
+  static_assert(!__is_tree_value_type<_Args...>::value, "Cannot construct from __value_type");
+  __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+  __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _Dp(__na));
+  __node_traits::construct(__na, _NodeTypes::__get_ptr(__h->__value_), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  __h.get_deleter().__value_constructed = true;
+  return __h;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator, bool>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__emplace_unique_impl(_Args&&... __args) {
+  __node_holder __h = __construct_node(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__parent, __h->__value_);
+  __node_pointer __r           = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+  bool __inserted              = false;
+  if (__child == nullptr) {
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__h.get()));
+    __r        = __h.release();
+    __inserted = true;
+  }
+  return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__r), __inserted);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__emplace_hint_unique_impl(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+  __node_holder __h = __construct_node(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer __dummy;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__p, __parent, __dummy, __h->__value_);
+  __node_pointer __r           = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+  if (__child == nullptr) {
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__h.get()));
+    __r = __h.release();
+  }
+  return iterator(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__emplace_multi(_Args&&... __args) {
+  __node_holder __h = __construct_node(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf_high(__parent, _NodeTypes::__get_key(__h->__value_));
+  __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__h.get()));
+  return iterator(static_cast<__node_pointer>(__h.release()));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__emplace_hint_multi(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+  __node_holder __h = __construct_node(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf(__p, __parent, _NodeTypes::__get_key(__h->__value_));
+  __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__h.get()));
+  return iterator(static_cast<__node_pointer>(__h.release()));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator, bool>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_assign_unique(const __container_value_type& __v, __node_pointer __nd) {
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__parent, _NodeTypes::__get_key(__v));
+  __node_pointer __r           = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+  bool __inserted              = false;
+  if (__child == nullptr) {
+    __nd->__value_ = __v;
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__nd));
+    __r        = __nd;
+    __inserted = true;
+  }
+  return pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(__r), __inserted);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_insert_multi(__node_pointer __nd) {
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf_high(__parent, _NodeTypes::__get_key(__nd->__value_));
+  __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__nd));
+  return iterator(__nd);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_insert_multi(const_iterator __p, __node_pointer __nd) {
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf(__p, __parent, _NodeTypes::__get_key(__nd->__value_));
+  __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__nd));
+  return iterator(__nd);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__remove_node_pointer(__node_pointer __ptr) _NOEXCEPT {
+  iterator __r(__ptr);
+  ++__r;
+  if (__begin_node() == __ptr)
+    __begin_node() = __r.__ptr_;
+  --size();
+  std::__tree_remove(__end_node()->__left_, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__ptr));
+  return __r;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _NodeHandle, class _InsertReturnType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _InsertReturnType
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_handle_insert_unique(_NodeHandle&& __nh) {
+  if (__nh.empty())
+    return _InsertReturnType{end(), false, _NodeHandle()};
+
+  __node_pointer __ptr = __nh.__ptr_;
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__parent, __ptr->__value_);
+  if (__child != nullptr)
+    return _InsertReturnType{iterator(static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child)), false, std::move(__nh)};
+
+  __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__ptr));
+  __nh.__release_ptr();
+  return _InsertReturnType{iterator(__ptr), true, _NodeHandle()};
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _NodeHandle>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_handle_insert_unique(const_iterator __hint, _NodeHandle&& __nh) {
+  if (__nh.empty())
+    return end();
+
+  __node_pointer __ptr = __nh.__ptr_;
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer __dummy;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__hint, __parent, __dummy, __ptr->__value_);
+  __node_pointer __r           = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+  if (__child == nullptr) {
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__ptr));
+    __r = __ptr;
+    __nh.__release_ptr();
+  }
+  return iterator(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _NodeHandle>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodeHandle __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_handle_extract(key_type const& __key) {
+  iterator __it = find(__key);
+  if (__it == end())
+    return _NodeHandle();
+  return __node_handle_extract<_NodeHandle>(__it);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _NodeHandle>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _NodeHandle __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_handle_extract(const_iterator __p) {
+  __node_pointer __np = __p.__get_np();
+  __remove_node_pointer(__np);
+  return _NodeHandle(__np, __alloc());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tree>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_handle_merge_unique(_Tree& __source) {
+  static_assert(is_same<typename _Tree::__node_pointer, __node_pointer>::value, "");
+
+  for (typename _Tree::iterator __i = __source.begin(); __i != __source.end();) {
+    __node_pointer __src_ptr = __i.__get_np();
+    __parent_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_equal(__parent, _NodeTypes::__get_key(__src_ptr->__value_));
+    ++__i;
+    if (__child != nullptr)
+      continue;
+    __source.__remove_node_pointer(__src_ptr);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__src_ptr));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _NodeHandle>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_handle_insert_multi(_NodeHandle&& __nh) {
+  if (__nh.empty())
+    return end();
+  __node_pointer __ptr = __nh.__ptr_;
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf_high(__parent, _NodeTypes::__get_key(__ptr->__value_));
+  __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__ptr));
+  __nh.__release_ptr();
+  return iterator(__ptr);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _NodeHandle>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_handle_insert_multi(const_iterator __hint, _NodeHandle&& __nh) {
+  if (__nh.empty())
+    return end();
+
+  __node_pointer __ptr = __nh.__ptr_;
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf(__hint, __parent, _NodeTypes::__get_key(__ptr->__value_));
+  __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__ptr));
+  __nh.__release_ptr();
+  return iterator(__ptr);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tree>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_handle_merge_multi(_Tree& __source) {
+  static_assert(is_same<typename _Tree::__node_pointer, __node_pointer>::value, "");
+
+  for (typename _Tree::iterator __i = __source.begin(); __i != __source.end();) {
+    __node_pointer __src_ptr = __i.__get_np();
+    __parent_pointer __parent;
+    __node_base_pointer& __child = __find_leaf_high(__parent, _NodeTypes::__get_key(__src_ptr->__value_));
+    ++__i;
+    __source.__remove_node_pointer(__src_ptr);
+    __insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__src_ptr));
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __p) {
+  __node_pointer __np    = __p.__get_np();
+  iterator __r           = __remove_node_pointer(__np);
+  __node_allocator& __na = __node_alloc();
+  __node_traits::destroy(__na, _NodeTypes::__get_ptr(const_cast<__node_value_type&>(*__p)));
+  __node_traits::deallocate(__na, __np, 1);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) {
+  while (__f != __l)
+    __f = erase(__f);
+  return iterator(__l.__ptr_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__erase_unique(const _Key& __k) {
+  iterator __i = find(__k);
+  if (__i == end())
+    return 0;
+  erase(__i);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__erase_multi(const _Key& __k) {
+  pair<iterator, iterator> __p = __equal_range_multi(__k);
+  size_type __r                = 0;
+  for (; __p.first != __p.second; ++__r)
+    __p.first = erase(__p.first);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::find(const _Key& __v) {
+  iterator __p = __lower_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());
+  if (__p != end() && !value_comp()(__v, *__p))
+    return __p;
+  return end();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::find(const _Key& __v) const {
+  const_iterator __p = __lower_bound(__v, __root(), __end_node());
+  if (__p != end() && !value_comp()(__v, *__p))
+    return __p;
+  return end();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__count_unique(const _Key& __k) const {
+  __node_pointer __rt = __root();
+  while (__rt != nullptr) {
+    if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_)) {
+      __rt = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+    } else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+      __rt = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+    else
+      return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__count_multi(const _Key& __k) const {
+  __iter_pointer __result = __end_node();
+  __node_pointer __rt     = __root();
+  while (__rt != nullptr) {
+    if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_)) {
+      __result = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__rt);
+      __rt     = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+    } else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+      __rt = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+    else
+      return std::distance(
+          __lower_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_), static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__rt)),
+          __upper_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_), __result));
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__lower_bound(const _Key& __v, __node_pointer __root, __iter_pointer __result) {
+  while (__root != nullptr) {
+    if (!value_comp()(__root->__value_, __v)) {
+      __result = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__root);
+      __root   = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__left_);
+    } else
+      __root = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__right_);
+  }
+  return iterator(__result);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__lower_bound(
+    const _Key& __v, __node_pointer __root, __iter_pointer __result) const {
+  while (__root != nullptr) {
+    if (!value_comp()(__root->__value_, __v)) {
+      __result = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__root);
+      __root   = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__left_);
+    } else
+      __root = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__right_);
+  }
+  return const_iterator(__result);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__upper_bound(const _Key& __v, __node_pointer __root, __iter_pointer __result) {
+  while (__root != nullptr) {
+    if (value_comp()(__v, __root->__value_)) {
+      __result = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__root);
+      __root   = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__left_);
+    } else
+      __root = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__right_);
+  }
+  return iterator(__result);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__upper_bound(
+    const _Key& __v, __node_pointer __root, __iter_pointer __result) const {
+  while (__root != nullptr) {
+    if (value_comp()(__v, __root->__value_)) {
+      __result = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__root);
+      __root   = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__left_);
+    } else
+      __root = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__root->__right_);
+  }
+  return const_iterator(__result);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator, typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k) {
+  typedef pair<iterator, iterator> _Pp;
+  __iter_pointer __result = __end_node();
+  __node_pointer __rt     = __root();
+  while (__rt != nullptr) {
+    if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_)) {
+      __result = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__rt);
+      __rt     = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+    } else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+      __rt = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+    else
+      return _Pp(iterator(__rt),
+                 iterator(__rt->__right_ != nullptr ? static_cast<__iter_pointer>(std::__tree_min(__rt->__right_))
+                                                    : __result));
+  }
+  return _Pp(iterator(__result), iterator(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator,
+     typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__equal_range_unique(const _Key& __k) const {
+  typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _Pp;
+  __iter_pointer __result = __end_node();
+  __node_pointer __rt     = __root();
+  while (__rt != nullptr) {
+    if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_)) {
+      __result = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__rt);
+      __rt     = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+    } else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+      __rt = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+    else
+      return _Pp(
+          const_iterator(__rt),
+          const_iterator(
+              __rt->__right_ != nullptr ? static_cast<__iter_pointer>(std::__tree_min(__rt->__right_)) : __result));
+  }
+  return _Pp(const_iterator(__result), const_iterator(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator, typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::iterator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k) {
+  typedef pair<iterator, iterator> _Pp;
+  __iter_pointer __result = __end_node();
+  __node_pointer __rt     = __root();
+  while (__rt != nullptr) {
+    if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_)) {
+      __result = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__rt);
+      __rt     = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+    } else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+      __rt = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+    else
+      return _Pp(__lower_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_), static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__rt)),
+                 __upper_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_), __result));
+  }
+  return _Pp(iterator(__result), iterator(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Key>
+pair<typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator,
+     typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::const_iterator>
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__equal_range_multi(const _Key& __k) const {
+  typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _Pp;
+  __iter_pointer __result = __end_node();
+  __node_pointer __rt     = __root();
+  while (__rt != nullptr) {
+    if (value_comp()(__k, __rt->__value_)) {
+      __result = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__rt);
+      __rt     = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_);
+    } else if (value_comp()(__rt->__value_, __k))
+      __rt = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_);
+    else
+      return _Pp(__lower_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__left_), static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__rt)),
+                 __upper_bound(__k, static_cast<__node_pointer>(__rt->__right_), __result));
+  }
+  return _Pp(const_iterator(__result), const_iterator(__result));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::remove(const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __node_pointer __np = __p.__get_np();
+  if (__begin_node() == __p.__ptr_) {
+    if (__np->__right_ != nullptr)
+      __begin_node() = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__np->__right_);
+    else
+      __begin_node() = static_cast<__iter_pointer>(__np->__parent_);
+  }
+  --size();
+  std::__tree_remove(__end_node()->__left_, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__np));
+  return __node_holder(__np, _Dp(__node_alloc(), true));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, __tree<_Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TREE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/find_index.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/find_index.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..133b00419d0c6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/find_index.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_FIND_INDEX_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_FIND_INDEX_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __find_detail {
+
+static constexpr size_t __not_found = static_cast<size_t>(-1);
+static constexpr size_t __ambiguous = __not_found - 1;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t __find_idx_return(size_t __curr_i, size_t __res, bool __matches) {
+  return !__matches ? __res : (__res == __not_found ? __curr_i : __ambiguous);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Nx>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t __find_idx(size_t __i, const bool (&__matches)[_Nx]) {
+  return __i == _Nx
+           ? __not_found
+           : __find_detail::__find_idx_return(__i, __find_detail::__find_idx(__i + 1, __matches), __matches[__i]);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class... _Args>
+struct __find_exactly_one_checked {
+  static constexpr bool __matches[sizeof...(_Args)] = {is_same<_T1, _Args>::value...};
+  static constexpr size_t value                     = __find_detail::__find_idx(0, __matches);
+  static_assert(value != __not_found, "type not found in type list");
+  static_assert(value != __ambiguous, "type occurs more than once in type list");
+};
+
+template <class _T1>
+struct __find_exactly_one_checked<_T1> {
+  static_assert(!is_same<_T1, _T1>::value, "type not in empty type list");
+};
+
+} // namespace __find_detail
+
+template <typename _T1, typename... _Args>
+struct __find_exactly_one_t : public __find_detail::__find_exactly_one_checked<_T1, _Args...> {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_FIND_INDEX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/ignore.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/ignore.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..43cce5387411be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/ignore.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_IGNORE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_IGNORE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct __ignore_type {
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const __ignore_type& operator=(const _Tp&) const noexcept {
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+inline constexpr __ignore_type ignore;
+#  else
+constexpr __ignore_type ignore;
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_IGNORE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/make_tuple_types.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/make_tuple_types.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9e0fefae2f2f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/make_tuple_types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_MAKE_TUPLE_TYPES_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_MAKE_TUPLE_TYPES_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/array.h>
+#include <__fwd/tuple.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_element.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_indices.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_types.h>
+#include <__type_traits/copy_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// __make_tuple_types<_Tuple<_Types...>, _Ep, _Sp>::type is a
+// __tuple_types<_Types...> using only those _Types in the range [_Sp, _Ep).
+// _Sp defaults to 0 and _Ep defaults to tuple_size<_Tuple>.  If _Tuple is a
+// lvalue_reference type, then __tuple_types<_Types&...> is the result.
+
+template <class _TupleTypes, class _TupleIndices>
+struct __make_tuple_types_flat;
+
+template <template <class...> class _Tuple, class... _Types, size_t... _Idx>
+struct __make_tuple_types_flat<_Tuple<_Types...>, __tuple_indices<_Idx...>> {
+  // Specialization for pair, tuple, and __tuple_types
+  template <class _Tp>
+  using __apply_quals _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __tuple_types<__copy_cvref_t<_Tp, __type_pack_element<_Idx, _Types...>>...>;
+};
+
+template <class _Vt, size_t _Np, size_t... _Idx>
+struct __make_tuple_types_flat<array<_Vt, _Np>, __tuple_indices<_Idx...>> {
+  template <size_t>
+  using __value_type = _Vt;
+  template <class _Tp>
+  using __apply_quals = __tuple_types<__copy_cvref_t<_Tp, __value_type<_Idx>>...>;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          size_t _Ep     = tuple_size<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp> >::value,
+          size_t _Sp     = 0,
+          bool _SameSize = (_Ep == tuple_size<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp> >::value)>
+struct __make_tuple_types {
+  static_assert(_Sp <= _Ep, "__make_tuple_types input error");
+  using _RawTp = __remove_cv_t<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp> >;
+  using _Maker = __make_tuple_types_flat<_RawTp, typename __make_tuple_indices<_Ep, _Sp>::type>;
+  using type   = typename _Maker::template __apply_quals<_Tp>;
+};
+
+template <class... _Types, size_t _Ep>
+struct __make_tuple_types<tuple<_Types...>, _Ep, 0, true> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __tuple_types<_Types...> type;
+};
+
+template <class... _Types, size_t _Ep>
+struct __make_tuple_types<__tuple_types<_Types...>, _Ep, 0, true> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __tuple_types<_Types...> type;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_MAKE_TUPLE_TYPES_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/sfinae_helpers.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/sfinae_helpers.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c7145e0b011a99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/sfinae_helpers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_SFINAE_HELPERS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_SFINAE_HELPERS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/tuple.h>
+#include <__tuple/make_tuple_types.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_element.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_like_ext.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_types.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+struct __tuple_sfinae_base {
+  template <template <class, class...> class _Trait, class... _LArgs, class... _RArgs>
+  static auto __do_test(__tuple_types<_LArgs...>,
+                        __tuple_types<_RArgs...>) -> __all<__enable_if_t<_Trait<_LArgs, _RArgs>::value, bool>{true}...>;
+  template <template <class...> class>
+  static auto __do_test(...) -> false_type;
+
+  template <class _FromArgs, class _ToArgs>
+  using __constructible = decltype(__do_test<is_constructible>(_ToArgs{}, _FromArgs{}));
+};
+
+// __tuple_constructible
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Up,
+          bool = __tuple_like_ext<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp> >::value,
+          bool = __tuple_like_ext<_Up>::value>
+struct __tuple_constructible : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __tuple_constructible<_Tp, _Up, true, true>
+    : public __tuple_sfinae_base::__constructible< typename __make_tuple_types<_Tp>::type,
+                                                   typename __make_tuple_types<_Up>::type > {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> > {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename tuple_element<_Ip, __tuple_types<_Tp...> >::type type;
+};
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __check_tuple_constructor_fail {
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __enable_explicit_default() { return false; }
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __enable_implicit_default() { return false; }
+  template <class...>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __enable_explicit() {
+    return false;
+  }
+  template <class...>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __enable_implicit() {
+    return false;
+  }
+  template <class...>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __enable_assign() {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <bool _CanCopy, bool _CanMove>
+struct __sfinae_ctor_base {};
+template <>
+struct __sfinae_ctor_base<false, false> {
+  __sfinae_ctor_base()                                     = default;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base(__sfinae_ctor_base const&)            = delete;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base(__sfinae_ctor_base&&)                 = delete;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base& operator=(__sfinae_ctor_base const&) = default;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base& operator=(__sfinae_ctor_base&&)      = default;
+};
+template <>
+struct __sfinae_ctor_base<true, false> {
+  __sfinae_ctor_base()                                     = default;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base(__sfinae_ctor_base const&)            = default;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base(__sfinae_ctor_base&&)                 = delete;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base& operator=(__sfinae_ctor_base const&) = default;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base& operator=(__sfinae_ctor_base&&)      = default;
+};
+template <>
+struct __sfinae_ctor_base<false, true> {
+  __sfinae_ctor_base()                                     = default;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base(__sfinae_ctor_base const&)            = delete;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base(__sfinae_ctor_base&&)                 = default;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base& operator=(__sfinae_ctor_base const&) = default;
+  __sfinae_ctor_base& operator=(__sfinae_ctor_base&&)      = default;
+};
+
+template <bool _CanCopy, bool _CanMove>
+struct __sfinae_assign_base {};
+template <>
+struct __sfinae_assign_base<false, false> {
+  __sfinae_assign_base()                                       = default;
+  __sfinae_assign_base(__sfinae_assign_base const&)            = default;
+  __sfinae_assign_base(__sfinae_assign_base&&)                 = default;
+  __sfinae_assign_base& operator=(__sfinae_assign_base const&) = delete;
+  __sfinae_assign_base& operator=(__sfinae_assign_base&&)      = delete;
+};
+template <>
+struct __sfinae_assign_base<true, false> {
+  __sfinae_assign_base()                                       = default;
+  __sfinae_assign_base(__sfinae_assign_base const&)            = default;
+  __sfinae_assign_base(__sfinae_assign_base&&)                 = default;
+  __sfinae_assign_base& operator=(__sfinae_assign_base const&) = default;
+  __sfinae_assign_base& operator=(__sfinae_assign_base&&)      = delete;
+};
+template <>
+struct __sfinae_assign_base<false, true> {
+  __sfinae_assign_base()                                       = default;
+  __sfinae_assign_base(__sfinae_assign_base const&)            = default;
+  __sfinae_assign_base(__sfinae_assign_base&&)                 = default;
+  __sfinae_assign_base& operator=(__sfinae_assign_base const&) = delete;
+  __sfinae_assign_base& operator=(__sfinae_assign_base&&)      = default;
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_SFINAE_HELPERS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_element.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_element.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9127c47dc8f1a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_element.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_ELEMENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_ELEMENT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_indices.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_types.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_element;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_element<_Ip, const _Tp> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG const typename tuple_element<_Ip, _Tp>::type type;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_element<_Ip, volatile _Tp> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG volatile typename tuple_element<_Ip, _Tp>::type type;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_element<_Ip, const volatile _Tp> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG const volatile typename tuple_element<_Ip, _Tp>::type type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Types>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_element<_Ip, __tuple_types<_Types...> > {
+  static_assert(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types), "tuple_element index out of range");
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __type_pack_element<_Ip, _Types...> type;
+};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Tp>
+using tuple_element_t _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename tuple_element<_Ip, _Tp...>::type;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_ELEMENT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_indices.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_indices.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..501e711255ec10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_indices.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_MAKE_TUPLE_INDICES_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_MAKE_TUPLE_INDICES_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <size_t...>
+struct __tuple_indices {};
+
+template <size_t _Ep, size_t _Sp = 0>
+struct __make_tuple_indices {
+  static_assert(_Sp <= _Ep, "__make_tuple_indices input error");
+  typedef __make_indices_imp<_Ep, _Sp> type;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_MAKE_TUPLE_INDICES_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c080a3dcf1e258
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_LIKE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_LIKE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/subrange.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_like_no_subrange.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_ranges_subrange_v = false;
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent, ranges::subrange_kind _Kind>
+inline constexpr bool __is_ranges_subrange_v<ranges::subrange<_Iter, _Sent, _Kind>> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __tuple_like = __tuple_like_no_subrange<_Tp> || __is_ranges_subrange_v<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>;
+
+// As of writing this comment every use of `pair-like` in the standard excludes `ranges::subrange`, so
+// you most likely want to use `__pair_like_no_subrange` if you're looking for `pair-like`.
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_LIKE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like_ext.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like_ext.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0cc21e0b75fd1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like_ext.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_LIKE_EXT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_LIKE_EXT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/array.h>
+#include <__fwd/pair.h>
+#include <__fwd/tuple.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_types.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __tuple_like_ext : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __tuple_like_ext<const _Tp> : public __tuple_like_ext<_Tp> {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __tuple_like_ext<volatile _Tp> : public __tuple_like_ext<_Tp> {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __tuple_like_ext<const volatile _Tp> : public __tuple_like_ext<_Tp> {};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class... _Tp>
+struct __tuple_like_ext<tuple<_Tp...> > : true_type {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+struct __tuple_like_ext<pair<_T1, _T2> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct __tuple_like_ext<array<_Tp, _Size> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+struct __tuple_like_ext<__tuple_types<_Tp...> > : true_type {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_LIKE_EXT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like_no_subrange.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like_no_subrange.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..274b0bf188e1f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_like_no_subrange.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_LIKE_NO_SUBRANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_LIKE_NO_SUBRANGE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/array.h>
+#include <__fwd/complex.h>
+#include <__fwd/pair.h>
+#include <__fwd/tuple.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __tuple_like_no_subrange_impl = false;
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __tuple_like_no_subrange_impl<tuple<_Tp...>> = true;
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline constexpr bool __tuple_like_no_subrange_impl<pair<_T1, _T2>> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+inline constexpr bool __tuple_like_no_subrange_impl<array<_Tp, _Size>> = true;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __tuple_like_no_subrange_impl<complex<_Tp>> = true;
+
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __tuple_like_no_subrange = __tuple_like_no_subrange_impl<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>;
+
+// This is equivalent to the exposition-only type trait `pair-like`, except that it is false for specializations of
+// `ranges::subrange`. This is more useful than the pair-like concept in the standard because every use of `pair-like`
+// excludes `ranges::subrange`.
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __pair_like_no_subrange = __tuple_like_no_subrange<_Tp> && tuple_size<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>::value == 2;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_LIKE_NO_SUBRANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_size.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_size.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..18a17fd4d58780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_size.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_SIZE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_SIZE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/tuple.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_types.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_volatile.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_size;
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+template <class _Tp, class...>
+using __enable_if_tuple_size_imp = _Tp;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_size<__enable_if_tuple_size_imp< const _Tp,
+                                                                   __enable_if_t<!is_volatile<_Tp>::value>,
+                                                                   integral_constant<size_t, sizeof(tuple_size<_Tp>)>>>
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, tuple_size<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_size<__enable_if_tuple_size_imp< volatile _Tp,
+                                                                   __enable_if_t<!is_const<_Tp>::value>,
+                                                                   integral_constant<size_t, sizeof(tuple_size<_Tp>)>>>
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, tuple_size<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS
+tuple_size<__enable_if_tuple_size_imp<const volatile _Tp, integral_constant<size_t, sizeof(tuple_size<_Tp>)>>>
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, tuple_size<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_size<const _Tp> : public tuple_size<_Tp> {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_size<volatile _Tp> : public tuple_size<_Tp> {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_size<const volatile _Tp> : public tuple_size<_Tp> {};
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_size<tuple<_Tp...> > : public integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(_Tp)> {};
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_size<__tuple_types<_Tp...> > : public integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr size_t tuple_size_v = tuple_size<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_SIZE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_types.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_types.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7e1256cf8790e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__tuple/tuple_types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_TYPES_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_TYPES_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+struct __tuple_types {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TUPLE_TUPLE_TYPES_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_const.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_const.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9a6f1c10299f7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_const.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_CONST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_CONST_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS add_const {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG const _Tp type;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using add_const_t = typename add_const<_Tp>::type;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_CONST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_cv.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_cv.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9e23e5ceb7a3bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_cv.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_CV_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_CV_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS add_cv {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG const volatile _Tp type;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using add_cv_t = typename add_cv<_Tp>::type;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_CV_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a633e390453205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_LVALUE_REFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_LVALUE_REFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_referenceable.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__add_lvalue_reference)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __add_lvalue_reference_t = __add_lvalue_reference(_Tp);
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = __libcpp_is_referenceable<_Tp>::value>
+struct __add_lvalue_reference_impl {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp type;
+};
+template <class _Tp >
+struct __add_lvalue_reference_impl<_Tp, true> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __add_lvalue_reference_t = typename __add_lvalue_reference_impl<_Tp>::type;
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__add_lvalue_reference)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct add_lvalue_reference {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using add_lvalue_reference_t = __add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_LVALUE_REFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_pointer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_pointer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5aac7d5cfa90d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_pointer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_POINTER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_POINTER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_referenceable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_WORKAROUND_OBJCXX_COMPILER_INTRINSICS) && __has_builtin(__add_pointer)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __add_pointer_t = __add_pointer(_Tp);
+
+#else
+template <class _Tp, bool = __libcpp_is_referenceable<_Tp>::value || is_void<_Tp>::value>
+struct __add_pointer_impl {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>* type;
+};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __add_pointer_impl<_Tp, false> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __add_pointer_t = typename __add_pointer_impl<_Tp>::type;
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_WORKAROUND_OBJCXX_COMPILER_INTRINSICS) && __has_builtin(__add_pointer)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct add_pointer {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __add_pointer_t<_Tp>;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using add_pointer_t = __add_pointer_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_POINTER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a54aae7ec8de5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_RVALUE_REFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_RVALUE_REFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_referenceable.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__add_rvalue_reference)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __add_rvalue_reference_t = __add_rvalue_reference(_Tp);
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = __libcpp_is_referenceable<_Tp>::value>
+struct __add_rvalue_reference_impl {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp type;
+};
+template <class _Tp >
+struct __add_rvalue_reference_impl<_Tp, true> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp&& type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __add_rvalue_reference_t = typename __add_rvalue_reference_impl<_Tp>::type;
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__add_rvalue_reference)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct add_rvalue_reference {
+  using type = __add_rvalue_reference_t<_Tp>;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using add_rvalue_reference_t = __add_rvalue_reference_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_RVALUE_REFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_volatile.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_volatile.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..56b7dfaac026e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/add_volatile.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_VOLATILE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_VOLATILE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS add_volatile {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG volatile _Tp type;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using add_volatile_t = typename add_volatile<_Tp>::type;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ADD_VOLATILE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/aligned_storage.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/aligned_storage.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..46aae12832f867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/aligned_storage.h
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ALIGNED_STORAGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ALIGNED_STORAGE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/nat.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_list.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __align_type {
+  static const size_t value = _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_ALIGNOF(_Tp);
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+struct __struct_double {
+  long double __lx;
+};
+struct __struct_double4 {
+  double __lx[4];
+};
+
+// clang-format off
+typedef __type_list<__align_type<unsigned char>,
+        __type_list<__align_type<unsigned short>,
+        __type_list<__align_type<unsigned int>,
+        __type_list<__align_type<unsigned long>,
+        __type_list<__align_type<unsigned long long>,
+        __type_list<__align_type<double>,
+        __type_list<__align_type<long double>,
+        __type_list<__align_type<__struct_double>,
+        __type_list<__align_type<__struct_double4>,
+        __type_list<__align_type<int*>,
+        __nat
+        > > > > > > > > > > __all_types;
+// clang-format on
+
+template <size_t _Align>
+struct _ALIGNAS(_Align) __fallback_overaligned {};
+
+template <class _TL, size_t _Align>
+struct __find_pod;
+
+template <class _Hp, size_t _Align>
+struct __find_pod<__type_list<_Hp, __nat>, _Align> {
+  typedef __conditional_t<_Align == _Hp::value, typename _Hp::type, __fallback_overaligned<_Align> > type;
+};
+
+template <class _Hp, class _Tp, size_t _Align>
+struct __find_pod<__type_list<_Hp, _Tp>, _Align> {
+  typedef __conditional_t<_Align == _Hp::value, typename _Hp::type, typename __find_pod<_Tp, _Align>::type> type;
+};
+
+template <class _TL, size_t _Len>
+struct __find_max_align;
+
+template <class _Hp, size_t _Len>
+struct __find_max_align<__type_list<_Hp, __nat>, _Len> : public integral_constant<size_t, _Hp::value> {};
+
+template <size_t _Len, size_t _A1, size_t _A2>
+struct __select_align {
+private:
+  static const size_t __min = _A2 < _A1 ? _A2 : _A1;
+  static const size_t __max = _A1 < _A2 ? _A2 : _A1;
+
+public:
+  static const size_t value = _Len < __max ? __min : __max;
+};
+
+template <class _Hp, class _Tp, size_t _Len>
+struct __find_max_align<__type_list<_Hp, _Tp>, _Len>
+    : public integral_constant<size_t, __select_align<_Len, _Hp::value, __find_max_align<_Tp, _Len>::value>::value> {};
+
+template <size_t _Len, size_t _Align = __find_max_align<__all_types, _Len>::value>
+struct _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS aligned_storage {
+  typedef typename __find_pod<__all_types, _Align>::type _Aligner;
+  union type {
+    _Aligner __align;
+    unsigned char __data[(_Len + _Align - 1) / _Align * _Align];
+  };
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <size_t _Len, size_t _Align = __find_max_align<__all_types, _Len>::value>
+using aligned_storage_t _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 = typename aligned_storage<_Len, _Align>::type;
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+#endif
+
+#define _CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(n)                                                                      \
+  template <size_t _Len>                                                                                               \
+  struct _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS aligned_storage<_Len, n> {                                   \
+    struct _ALIGNAS(n) type {                                                                                          \
+      unsigned char __lx[(_Len + n - 1) / n * n];                                                                      \
+    };                                                                                                                 \
+  }
+
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x1);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x2);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x4);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x8);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x10);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x20);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x40);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x80);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x100);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x200);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x400);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x800);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x1000);
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x2000);
+// PE/COFF does not support alignment beyond 8192 (=0x2000)
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_COFF)
+_CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION(0x4000);
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_COFF)
+
+#undef _CREATE_ALIGNED_STORAGE_SPECIALIZATION
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ALIGNED_STORAGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/aligned_union.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/aligned_union.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..005ed9a096ea8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/aligned_union.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ALIGNED_UNION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ALIGNED_UNION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/aligned_storage.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <size_t _I0, size_t... _In>
+struct __static_max;
+
+template <size_t _I0>
+struct __static_max<_I0> {
+  static const size_t value = _I0;
+};
+
+template <size_t _I0, size_t _I1, size_t... _In>
+struct __static_max<_I0, _I1, _In...> {
+  static const size_t value = _I0 >= _I1 ? __static_max<_I0, _In...>::value : __static_max<_I1, _In...>::value;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Len, class _Type0, class... _Types>
+struct _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 aligned_union {
+  static const size_t alignment_value =
+      __static_max<_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_ALIGNOF(_Type0), _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_ALIGNOF(_Types)...>::value;
+  static const size_t __len = __static_max<_Len, sizeof(_Type0), sizeof(_Types)...>::value;
+  typedef typename aligned_storage<__len, alignment_value>::type type;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <size_t _Len, class... _Types>
+using aligned_union_t _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 = typename aligned_union<_Len, _Types...>::type;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ALIGNED_UNION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/alignment_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/alignment_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f2d069bf2488f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/alignment_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ALIGNMENT_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ALIGNMENT_OF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS alignment_of : public integral_constant<size_t, _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr size_t alignment_of_v = _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ALIGNMENT_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/can_extract_key.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/can_extract_key.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b8359d07088104
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/can_extract_key.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_CAN_EXTRACT_KEY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_CAN_EXTRACT_KEY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/pair.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const_ref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// These traits are used in __tree and __hash_table
+struct __extract_key_fail_tag {};
+struct __extract_key_self_tag {};
+struct __extract_key_first_tag {};
+
+template <class _ValTy, class _Key, class _RawValTy = __remove_const_ref_t<_ValTy> >
+struct __can_extract_key
+    : __conditional_t<_IsSame<_RawValTy, _Key>::value, __extract_key_self_tag, __extract_key_fail_tag> {};
+
+template <class _Pair, class _Key, class _First, class _Second>
+struct __can_extract_key<_Pair, _Key, pair<_First, _Second> >
+    : __conditional_t<_IsSame<__remove_const_t<_First>, _Key>::value, __extract_key_first_tag, __extract_key_fail_tag> {
+};
+
+// __can_extract_map_key uses true_type/false_type instead of the tags.
+// It returns true if _Key != _ContainerValueTy (the container is a map not a set)
+// and _ValTy == _Key.
+template <class _ValTy, class _Key, class _ContainerValueTy, class _RawValTy = __remove_const_ref_t<_ValTy> >
+struct __can_extract_map_key : integral_constant<bool, _IsSame<_RawValTy, _Key>::value> {};
+
+// This specialization returns __extract_key_fail_tag for non-map containers
+// because _Key == _ContainerValueTy
+template <class _ValTy, class _Key, class _RawValTy>
+struct __can_extract_map_key<_ValTy, _Key, _Key, _RawValTy> : false_type {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_CAN_EXTRACT_KEY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/common_reference.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/common_reference.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c802902eb19fc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/common_reference.h
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COMMON_REFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COMMON_REFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/copy_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/copy_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// common_reference
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+// Let COND_RES(X, Y) be:
+template <class _Xp, class _Yp>
+using __cond_res = decltype(false ? std::declval<_Xp (&)()>()() : std::declval<_Yp (&)()>()());
+
+// Let `XREF(A)` denote a unary alias template `T` such that `T<U>` denotes the same type as `U`
+// with the addition of `A`'s cv and reference qualifiers, for a non-reference cv-unqualified type
+// `U`.
+// [Note: `XREF(A)` is `__xref<A>::template __apply`]
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __xref {
+  template <class _Up>
+  using __apply = __copy_cvref_t<_Tp, _Up>;
+};
+
+// Given types A and B, let X be remove_reference_t<A>, let Y be remove_reference_t<B>,
+// and let COMMON-REF(A, B) be:
+template <class _Ap, class _Bp, class _Xp = remove_reference_t<_Ap>, class _Yp = remove_reference_t<_Bp>>
+struct __common_ref;
+
+template <class _Xp, class _Yp>
+using __common_ref_t = typename __common_ref<_Xp, _Yp>::__type;
+
+template <class _Xp, class _Yp>
+using __cv_cond_res = __cond_res<__copy_cv_t<_Xp, _Yp>&, __copy_cv_t<_Yp, _Xp>&>;
+
+//    If A and B are both lvalue reference types, COMMON-REF(A, B) is
+//    COND-RES(COPYCV(X, Y)&, COPYCV(Y, X)&) if that type exists and is a reference type.
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Ap, class _Bp, class _Xp, class _Yp>
+  requires
+    requires { typename __cv_cond_res<_Xp, _Yp>; } &&
+    is_reference_v<__cv_cond_res<_Xp, _Yp>>
+struct __common_ref<_Ap&, _Bp&, _Xp, _Yp> {
+  using __type = __cv_cond_res<_Xp, _Yp>;
+};
+// clang-format on
+
+//    Otherwise, let C be remove_reference_t<COMMON-REF(X&, Y&)>&&. ...
+template <class _Xp, class _Yp>
+using __common_ref_C = remove_reference_t<__common_ref_t<_Xp&, _Yp&>>&&;
+
+//    .... If A and B are both rvalue reference types, C is well-formed, and
+//    is_convertible_v<A, C> && is_convertible_v<B, C> is true, then COMMON-REF(A, B) is C.
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Ap, class _Bp, class _Xp, class _Yp>
+  requires
+    requires { typename __common_ref_C<_Xp, _Yp>; } &&
+    is_convertible_v<_Ap&&, __common_ref_C<_Xp, _Yp>> &&
+    is_convertible_v<_Bp&&, __common_ref_C<_Xp, _Yp>>
+struct __common_ref<_Ap&&, _Bp&&, _Xp, _Yp> {
+  using __type = __common_ref_C<_Xp, _Yp>;
+};
+// clang-format on
+
+//    Otherwise, let D be COMMON-REF(const X&, Y&). ...
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+using __common_ref_D = __common_ref_t<const _Tp&, _Up&>;
+
+//    ... If A is an rvalue reference and B is an lvalue reference and D is well-formed and
+//    is_convertible_v<A, D> is true, then COMMON-REF(A, B) is D.
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Ap, class _Bp, class _Xp, class _Yp>
+  requires
+    requires { typename __common_ref_D<_Xp, _Yp>; } &&
+    is_convertible_v<_Ap&&, __common_ref_D<_Xp, _Yp>>
+struct __common_ref<_Ap&&, _Bp&, _Xp, _Yp> {
+  using __type = __common_ref_D<_Xp, _Yp>;
+};
+// clang-format on
+
+//    Otherwise, if A is an lvalue reference and B is an rvalue reference, then
+//    COMMON-REF(A, B) is COMMON-REF(B, A).
+template <class _Ap, class _Bp, class _Xp, class _Yp>
+struct __common_ref<_Ap&, _Bp&&, _Xp, _Yp> : __common_ref<_Bp&&, _Ap&> {};
+
+//    Otherwise, COMMON-REF(A, B) is ill-formed.
+template <class _Ap, class _Bp, class _Xp, class _Yp>
+struct __common_ref {};
+
+// Note C: For the common_reference trait applied to a parameter pack [...]
+
+template <class...>
+struct common_reference;
+
+template <class... _Types>
+using common_reference_t = typename common_reference<_Types...>::type;
+
+// bullet 1 - sizeof...(T) == 0
+template <>
+struct common_reference<> {};
+
+// bullet 2 - sizeof...(T) == 1
+template <class _Tp>
+struct common_reference<_Tp> {
+  using type = _Tp;
+};
+
+// bullet 3 - sizeof...(T) == 2
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __common_reference_sub_bullet3;
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __common_reference_sub_bullet2 : __common_reference_sub_bullet3<_Tp, _Up> {};
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __common_reference_sub_bullet1 : __common_reference_sub_bullet2<_Tp, _Up> {};
+
+// sub-bullet 1 - If T1 and T2 are reference types and COMMON-REF(T1, T2) is well-formed, then
+// the member typedef `type` denotes that type.
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct common_reference<_Tp, _Up> : __common_reference_sub_bullet1<_Tp, _Up> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  requires is_reference_v<_Tp> && is_reference_v<_Up> && requires { typename __common_ref_t<_Tp, _Up>; }
+struct __common_reference_sub_bullet1<_Tp, _Up> {
+  using type = __common_ref_t<_Tp, _Up>;
+};
+
+// sub-bullet 2 - Otherwise, if basic_common_reference<remove_cvref_t<T1>, remove_cvref_t<T2>, XREF(T1), XREF(T2)>::type
+// is well-formed, then the member typedef `type` denotes that type.
+template <class, class, template <class> class, template <class> class>
+struct basic_common_reference {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+using __basic_common_reference_t =
+    typename basic_common_reference<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>,
+                                    remove_cvref_t<_Up>,
+                                    __xref<_Tp>::template __apply,
+                                    __xref<_Up>::template __apply>::type;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  requires requires { typename __basic_common_reference_t<_Tp, _Up>; }
+struct __common_reference_sub_bullet2<_Tp, _Up> {
+  using type = __basic_common_reference_t<_Tp, _Up>;
+};
+
+// sub-bullet 3 - Otherwise, if COND-RES(T1, T2) is well-formed,
+// then the member typedef `type` denotes that type.
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  requires requires { typename __cond_res<_Tp, _Up>; }
+struct __common_reference_sub_bullet3<_Tp, _Up> {
+  using type = __cond_res<_Tp, _Up>;
+};
+
+// sub-bullet 4 & 5 - Otherwise, if common_type_t<T1, T2> is well-formed,
+//                    then the member typedef `type` denotes that type.
+//                  - Otherwise, there shall be no member `type`.
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __common_reference_sub_bullet3 : common_type<_Tp, _Up> {};
+
+// bullet 4 - If there is such a type `C`, the member typedef type shall denote the same type, if
+//            any, as `common_reference_t<C, Rest...>`.
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class _Vp, class... _Rest>
+  requires requires { typename common_reference_t<_Tp, _Up>; }
+struct common_reference<_Tp, _Up, _Vp, _Rest...> : common_reference<common_reference_t<_Tp, _Up>, _Vp, _Rest...> {};
+
+// bullet 5 - Otherwise, there shall be no member `type`.
+template <class...>
+struct common_reference {};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COMMON_REFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/common_type.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/common_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f6bd9ed71b7a47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/common_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COMMON_TYPE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COMMON_TYPE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+// Let COND_RES(X, Y) be:
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+using __cond_type = decltype(false ? std::declval<_Tp>() : std::declval<_Up>());
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class = void>
+struct __common_type3 {};
+
+// sub-bullet 4 - "if COND_RES(CREF(D1), CREF(D2)) denotes a type..."
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __common_type3<_Tp, _Up, void_t<__cond_type<const _Tp&, const _Up&>>> {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<__cond_type<const _Tp&, const _Up&>>;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class = void>
+struct __common_type2_imp : __common_type3<_Tp, _Up> {};
+#else
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class = void>
+struct __common_type2_imp {};
+#endif
+
+// sub-bullet 3 - "if decay_t<decltype(false ? declval<D1>() : declval<D2>())> ..."
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __common_type2_imp<_Tp, _Up, __void_t<decltype(true ? std::declval<_Tp>() : std::declval<_Up>())> > {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __decay_t<decltype(true ? std::declval<_Tp>() : std::declval<_Up>())> type;
+};
+
+template <class, class = void>
+struct __common_type_impl {};
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+struct __common_types;
+template <class... _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS common_type;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __common_type_impl< __common_types<_Tp, _Up>, __void_t<typename common_type<_Tp, _Up>::type> > {
+  typedef typename common_type<_Tp, _Up>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class _Vp, class... _Rest>
+struct __common_type_impl<__common_types<_Tp, _Up, _Vp, _Rest...>, __void_t<typename common_type<_Tp, _Up>::type> >
+    : __common_type_impl<__common_types<typename common_type<_Tp, _Up>::type, _Vp, _Rest...> > {};
+
+// bullet 1 - sizeof...(Tp) == 0
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS common_type<> {};
+
+// bullet 2 - sizeof...(Tp) == 1
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS common_type<_Tp> : public common_type<_Tp, _Tp> {};
+
+// bullet 3 - sizeof...(Tp) == 2
+
+// sub-bullet 1 - "If is_same_v<T1, D1> is false or ..."
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS common_type<_Tp, _Up>
+    : __conditional_t<_IsSame<_Tp, __decay_t<_Tp> >::value && _IsSame<_Up, __decay_t<_Up> >::value,
+                      __common_type2_imp<_Tp, _Up>,
+                      common_type<__decay_t<_Tp>, __decay_t<_Up> > > {};
+
+// bullet 4 - sizeof...(Tp) > 2
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class _Vp, class... _Rest>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS common_type<_Tp, _Up, _Vp, _Rest...>
+    : __common_type_impl<__common_types<_Tp, _Up, _Vp, _Rest...> > {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class... _Tp>
+using common_type_t = typename common_type<_Tp...>::type;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COMMON_TYPE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/conditional.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/conditional.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5b5445a8374271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/conditional.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_CONDITIONAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_CONDITIONAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <bool>
+struct _IfImpl;
+
+template <>
+struct _IfImpl<true> {
+  template <class _IfRes, class _ElseRes>
+  using _Select _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = _IfRes;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _IfImpl<false> {
+  template <class _IfRes, class _ElseRes>
+  using _Select _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = _ElseRes;
+};
+
+template <bool _Cond, class _IfRes, class _ElseRes>
+using _If _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _IfImpl<_Cond>::template _Select<_IfRes, _ElseRes>;
+
+template <bool _Bp, class _If, class _Then>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS conditional {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = _If;
+};
+template <class _If, class _Then>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS conditional<false, _If, _Then> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = _Then;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <bool _Bp, class _IfRes, class _ElseRes>
+using conditional_t _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename conditional<_Bp, _IfRes, _ElseRes>::type;
+#endif
+
+// Helper so we can use "conditional_t" in all language versions.
+template <bool _Bp, class _If, class _Then>
+using __conditional_t _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename conditional<_Bp, _If, _Then>::type;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_CONDITIONAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/conjunction.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/conjunction.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c2995591bbc28f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/conjunction.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_CONJUNCTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_CONJUNCTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class...>
+using __expand_to_true = true_type;
+
+template <class... _Pred>
+__expand_to_true<__enable_if_t<_Pred::value>...> __and_helper(int);
+
+template <class...>
+false_type __and_helper(...);
+
+// _And always performs lazy evaluation of its arguments.
+//
+// However, `_And<_Pred...>` itself will evaluate its result immediately (without having to
+// be instantiated) since it is an alias, unlike `conjunction<_Pred...>`, which is a struct.
+// If you want to defer the evaluation of `_And<_Pred...>` itself, use `_Lazy<_And, _Pred...>`.
+template <class... _Pred>
+using _And _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = decltype(std::__and_helper<_Pred...>(0));
+
+template <bool... _Preds>
+struct __all_dummy;
+
+template <bool... _Pred>
+struct __all : _IsSame<__all_dummy<_Pred...>, __all_dummy<((void)_Pred, true)...> > {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class...>
+struct conjunction : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Arg>
+struct conjunction<_Arg> : _Arg {};
+
+template <class _Arg, class... _Args>
+struct conjunction<_Arg, _Args...> : conditional_t<!bool(_Arg::value), _Arg, conjunction<_Args...>> {};
+
+template <class... _Args>
+inline constexpr bool conjunction_v = conjunction<_Args...>::value;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_CONJUNCTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/copy_cv.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/copy_cv.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d482cb42bffed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/copy_cv.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COPY_CV_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COPY_CV_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Let COPYCV(FROM, TO) be an alias for type TO with the addition of FROM's
+// top-level cv-qualifiers.
+template <class _From>
+struct __copy_cv {
+  template <class _To>
+  using __apply = _To;
+};
+
+template <class _From>
+struct __copy_cv<const _From> {
+  template <class _To>
+  using __apply = const _To;
+};
+
+template <class _From>
+struct __copy_cv<volatile _From> {
+  template <class _To>
+  using __apply = volatile _To;
+};
+
+template <class _From>
+struct __copy_cv<const volatile _From> {
+  template <class _To>
+  using __apply = const volatile _To;
+};
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+using __copy_cv_t = typename __copy_cv<_From>::template __apply<_To>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COPY_CV_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/copy_cvref.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/copy_cvref.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8bbf8efdf44dea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/copy_cvref.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COPY_CVREF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COPY_CVREF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/copy_cv.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+struct __copy_cvref {
+  using type = __copy_cv_t<_From, _To>;
+};
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+struct __copy_cvref<_From&, _To> {
+  using type = __add_lvalue_reference_t<__copy_cv_t<_From, _To> >;
+};
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+struct __copy_cvref<_From&&, _To> {
+  using type = __add_rvalue_reference_t<__copy_cv_t<_From, _To> >;
+};
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+using __copy_cvref_t = typename __copy_cvref<_From, _To>::type;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_COPY_CVREF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/datasizeof.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/datasizeof.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a27baf67cc2d8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/datasizeof.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DATASIZEOF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DATASIZEOF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_class.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_final.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// This trait provides the size of a type excluding any tail padding.
+//
+// It is useful in contexts where performing an operation using the full size of the class (including padding) may
+// have unintended side effects, such as overwriting a derived class' member when writing the tail padding of a class
+// through a pointer-to-base.
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_keyword(__datasizeof) || __has_extension(datasizeof)
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const size_t __datasizeof_v = __datasizeof(_Tp);
+#else
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-redundant-preprocessor) This is https://llvm.org/PR64825
+#  if __has_cpp_attribute(__no_unique_address__)
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _FirstPaddingByte {
+  [[__no_unique_address__]] _Tp __v_;
+  char __first_padding_byte_;
+};
+#  else
+template <class _Tp, bool = __libcpp_is_final<_Tp>::value || !is_class<_Tp>::value>
+struct _FirstPaddingByte : _Tp {
+  char __first_padding_byte_;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _FirstPaddingByte<_Tp, true> {
+  _Tp __v_;
+  char __first_padding_byte_;
+};
+#  endif // __has_cpp_attribute(__no_unique_address__)
+
+// _FirstPaddingByte<> is sometimes non-standard layout. Using `offsetof` is UB in that case, but GCC and Clang allow
+// the use as an extension.
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+_LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Winvalid-offsetof")
+_LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Winvalid-offsetof")
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const size_t __datasizeof_v = offsetof(_FirstPaddingByte<_Tp>, __first_padding_byte_);
+_LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+#endif   // __has_extension(datasizeof)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DATASIZEOF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/decay.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/decay.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7412044f931796
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/decay.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DECAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DECAY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/add_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_referenceable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_extent.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__decay)
+template <class _Tp>
+using __decay_t _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __decay(_Tp);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct decay {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __decay_t<_Tp>;
+};
+
+#else
+template <class _Up, bool>
+struct __decay {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __remove_cv_t<_Up> type;
+};
+
+template <class _Up>
+struct __decay<_Up, true> {
+public:
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG
+      __conditional_t<is_array<_Up>::value,
+                      __add_pointer_t<__remove_extent_t<_Up> >,
+                      __conditional_t<is_function<_Up>::value, typename add_pointer<_Up>::type, __remove_cv_t<_Up> > >
+          type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS decay {
+private:
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp> _Up;
+
+public:
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename __decay<_Up, __libcpp_is_referenceable<_Up>::value>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __decay_t = typename decay<_Tp>::type;
+#endif // __has_builtin(__decay)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using decay_t = __decay_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DECAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/dependent_type.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/dependent_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..db8a869820db31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/dependent_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DEPENDENT_TYPE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DEPENDENT_TYPE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, bool>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __dependent_type : public _Tp {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DEPENDENT_TYPE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/desugars_to.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/desugars_to.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..97a2ee5448f203
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/desugars_to.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DESUGARS_TO_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DESUGARS_TO_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Tags to represent the canonical operations
+struct __equal_tag {};
+struct __plus_tag {};
+struct __less_tag {};
+
+// This class template is used to determine whether an operation "desugars"
+// (or boils down) to a given canonical operation.
+//
+// For example, `std::equal_to<>`, our internal `std::__equal_to` helper and
+// `ranges::equal_to` are all just fancy ways of representing a transparent
+// equality operation, so they all desugar to `__equal_tag`.
+//
+// This is useful to optimize some functions in cases where we know e.g. the
+// predicate being passed is actually going to call a builtin operator, or has
+// some specific semantics.
+template <class _CanonicalTag, class _Operation, class... _Args>
+inline const bool __desugars_to_v = false;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DESUGARS_TO_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/disjunction.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/disjunction.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2c89528d9f2fc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/disjunction.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DISJUNCTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DISJUNCTION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <bool>
+struct _OrImpl;
+
+template <>
+struct _OrImpl<true> {
+  template <class _Res, class _First, class... _Rest>
+  using _Result _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+      typename _OrImpl<!bool(_First::value) && sizeof...(_Rest) != 0>::template _Result<_First, _Rest...>;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _OrImpl<false> {
+  template <class _Res, class...>
+  using _Result = _Res;
+};
+
+// _Or always performs lazy evaluation of its arguments.
+//
+// However, `_Or<_Pred...>` itself will evaluate its result immediately (without having to
+// be instantiated) since it is an alias, unlike `disjunction<_Pred...>`, which is a struct.
+// If you want to defer the evaluation of `_Or<_Pred...>` itself, use `_Lazy<_Or, _Pred...>`
+// or `disjunction<_Pred...>` directly.
+template <class... _Args>
+using _Or _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename _OrImpl<sizeof...(_Args) != 0>::template _Result<false_type, _Args...>;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class... _Args>
+struct disjunction : _Or<_Args...> {};
+
+template <class... _Args>
+inline constexpr bool disjunction_v = _Or<_Args...>::value;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_DISJUNCTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/enable_if.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/enable_if.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..77da9622ca28fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/enable_if.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ENABLE_IF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ENABLE_IF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <bool, class _Tp = void>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS enable_if {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS enable_if<true, _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <bool _Bp, class _Tp = void>
+using __enable_if_t _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename enable_if<_Bp, _Tp>::type;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <bool _Bp, class _Tp = void>
+using enable_if_t = typename enable_if<_Bp, _Tp>::type;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ENABLE_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/extent.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/extent.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bab03fe997eb6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/extent.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_EXTENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_EXTENT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__array_extent)
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Dim = 0>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS extent : integral_constant<size_t, __array_extent(_Tp, _Dim)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, unsigned _Ip = 0>
+inline constexpr size_t extent_v = __array_extent(_Tp, _Ip);
+#  endif
+
+#else // __has_builtin(__array_extent)
+
+template <class _Tp, unsigned _Ip = 0>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS extent : public integral_constant<size_t, 0> {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS extent<_Tp[], 0> : public integral_constant<size_t, 0> {};
+template <class _Tp, unsigned _Ip>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS extent<_Tp[], _Ip> : public integral_constant<size_t, extent<_Tp, _Ip - 1>::value> {};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS extent<_Tp[_Np], 0> : public integral_constant<size_t, _Np> {};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np, unsigned _Ip>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS extent<_Tp[_Np], _Ip> : public integral_constant<size_t, extent<_Tp, _Ip - 1>::value> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, unsigned _Ip = 0>
+inline constexpr size_t extent_v = extent<_Tp, _Ip>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__array_extent)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_EXTENT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/has_unique_object_representation.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/has_unique_object_representation.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..98c440c16bf26b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/has_unique_object_representation.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_HAS_UNIQUE_OBJECT_REPRESENTATION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_HAS_UNIQUE_OBJECT_REPRESENTATION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_all_extents.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS has_unique_object_representations
+    // TODO: We work around a Clang and GCC bug in __has_unique_object_representations by using remove_all_extents
+    //       even though it should not be necessary. This was reported to the compilers:
+    //         - Clang: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/95311
+    //         - GCC: https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=115476
+    //       remove_all_extents_t can be removed once all the compilers we support have fixed this bug.
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __has_unique_object_representations(remove_all_extents_t<_Tp>)> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool has_unique_object_representations_v = __has_unique_object_representations(_Tp);
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_HAS_UNIQUE_OBJECT_REPRESENTATION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/has_virtual_destructor.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/has_virtual_destructor.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4ce96e649e67a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/has_virtual_destructor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_HAS_VIRTUAL_DESTRUCTOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_HAS_VIRTUAL_DESTRUCTOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS has_virtual_destructor : public integral_constant<bool, __has_virtual_destructor(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool has_virtual_destructor_v = __has_virtual_destructor(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_HAS_VIRTUAL_DESTRUCTOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/integral_constant.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/integral_constant.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..23e87e27feff55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/integral_constant.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_INTEGRAL_CONSTANT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_INTEGRAL_CONSTANT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, _Tp __v>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS integral_constant {
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const _Tp value = __v;
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef integral_constant type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR operator value_type() const _NOEXCEPT { return value; }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type operator()() const _NOEXCEPT { return value; }
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, _Tp __v>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const _Tp integral_constant<_Tp, __v>::value;
+
+typedef integral_constant<bool, true> true_type;
+typedef integral_constant<bool, false> false_type;
+
+template <bool _Val>
+using _BoolConstant _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = integral_constant<bool, _Val>;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <bool __b>
+using bool_constant = integral_constant<bool, __b>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_INTEGRAL_CONSTANT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/invoke.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/invoke.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..71db32ae6a3cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/invoke.h
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_INVOKE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_INVOKE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_base_of.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_core_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_member_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference_wrapper.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/nat.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _DecayedFp>
+struct __member_pointer_class_type {};
+
+template <class _Ret, class _ClassType>
+struct __member_pointer_class_type<_Ret _ClassType::*> {
+  typedef _ClassType type;
+};
+
+template <class _Fp,
+          class _A0,
+          class _DecayFp = __decay_t<_Fp>,
+          class _DecayA0 = __decay_t<_A0>,
+          class _ClassT  = typename __member_pointer_class_type<_DecayFp>::type>
+using __enable_if_bullet1 =
+    __enable_if_t<is_member_function_pointer<_DecayFp>::value &&
+                  (is_same<_ClassT, _DecayA0>::value || is_base_of<_ClassT, _DecayA0>::value)>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _A0, class _DecayFp = __decay_t<_Fp>, class _DecayA0 = __decay_t<_A0> >
+using __enable_if_bullet2 =
+    __enable_if_t<is_member_function_pointer<_DecayFp>::value && __is_reference_wrapper<_DecayA0>::value>;
+
+template <class _Fp,
+          class _A0,
+          class _DecayFp = __decay_t<_Fp>,
+          class _DecayA0 = __decay_t<_A0>,
+          class _ClassT  = typename __member_pointer_class_type<_DecayFp>::type>
+using __enable_if_bullet3 =
+    __enable_if_t<is_member_function_pointer<_DecayFp>::value &&
+                  !(is_same<_ClassT, _DecayA0>::value || is_base_of<_ClassT, _DecayA0>::value) &&
+                  !__is_reference_wrapper<_DecayA0>::value>;
+
+template <class _Fp,
+          class _A0,
+          class _DecayFp = __decay_t<_Fp>,
+          class _DecayA0 = __decay_t<_A0>,
+          class _ClassT  = typename __member_pointer_class_type<_DecayFp>::type>
+using __enable_if_bullet4 =
+    __enable_if_t<is_member_object_pointer<_DecayFp>::value &&
+                  (is_same<_ClassT, _DecayA0>::value || is_base_of<_ClassT, _DecayA0>::value)>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _A0, class _DecayFp = __decay_t<_Fp>, class _DecayA0 = __decay_t<_A0> >
+using __enable_if_bullet5 =
+    __enable_if_t<is_member_object_pointer<_DecayFp>::value && __is_reference_wrapper<_DecayA0>::value>;
+
+template <class _Fp,
+          class _A0,
+          class _DecayFp = __decay_t<_Fp>,
+          class _DecayA0 = __decay_t<_A0>,
+          class _ClassT  = typename __member_pointer_class_type<_DecayFp>::type>
+using __enable_if_bullet6 =
+    __enable_if_t<is_member_object_pointer<_DecayFp>::value &&
+                  !(is_same<_ClassT, _DecayA0>::value || is_base_of<_ClassT, _DecayA0>::value) &&
+                  !__is_reference_wrapper<_DecayA0>::value>;
+
+// __invoke forward declarations
+
+// fall back - none of the bullets
+
+template <class... _Args>
+__nat __invoke(_Args&&... __args);
+
+// bullets 1, 2 and 3
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Fp, class _A0, class... _Args, class = __enable_if_bullet1<_Fp, _A0> >
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+decltype((std::declval<_A0>().*std::declval<_Fp>())(std::declval<_Args>()...))
+__invoke(_Fp&& __f, _A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(noexcept((static_cast<_A0&&>(__a0).*__f)(static_cast<_Args&&>(__args)...)))
+               { return (static_cast<_A0&&>(__a0).*__f)(static_cast<_Args&&>(__args)...); }
+
+template <class _Fp, class _A0, class... _Args, class = __enable_if_bullet2<_Fp, _A0> >
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+decltype((std::declval<_A0>().get().*std::declval<_Fp>())(std::declval<_Args>()...))
+__invoke(_Fp&& __f, _A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(noexcept((__a0.get().*__f)(static_cast<_Args&&>(__args)...)))
+               { return (__a0.get().*__f)(static_cast<_Args&&>(__args)...); }
+
+template <class _Fp, class _A0, class... _Args, class = __enable_if_bullet3<_Fp, _A0> >
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+decltype(((*std::declval<_A0>()).*std::declval<_Fp>())(std::declval<_Args>()...))
+__invoke(_Fp&& __f, _A0&& __a0, _Args&&... __args)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(noexcept(((*static_cast<_A0&&>(__a0)).*__f)(static_cast<_Args&&>(__args)...)))
+               { return ((*static_cast<_A0&&>(__a0)).*__f)(static_cast<_Args&&>(__args)...); }
+
+// bullets 4, 5 and 6
+
+template <class _Fp, class _A0, class = __enable_if_bullet4<_Fp, _A0> >
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+decltype(std::declval<_A0>().*std::declval<_Fp>())
+__invoke(_Fp&& __f, _A0&& __a0)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(noexcept(static_cast<_A0&&>(__a0).*__f))
+               { return static_cast<_A0&&>(__a0).*__f; }
+
+template <class _Fp, class _A0, class = __enable_if_bullet5<_Fp, _A0> >
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+decltype(std::declval<_A0>().get().*std::declval<_Fp>())
+__invoke(_Fp&& __f, _A0&& __a0)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(noexcept(__a0.get().*__f))
+               { return __a0.get().*__f; }
+
+template <class _Fp, class _A0, class = __enable_if_bullet6<_Fp, _A0> >
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+decltype((*std::declval<_A0>()).*std::declval<_Fp>())
+__invoke(_Fp&& __f, _A0&& __a0)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(noexcept((*static_cast<_A0&&>(__a0)).*__f))
+               { return (*static_cast<_A0&&>(__a0)).*__f; }
+
+// bullet 7
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+decltype(std::declval<_Fp>()(std::declval<_Args>()...))
+__invoke(_Fp&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(noexcept(static_cast<_Fp&&>(__f)(static_cast<_Args&&>(__args)...)))
+               { return static_cast<_Fp&&>(__f)(static_cast<_Args&&>(__args)...); }
+// clang-format on
+
+// __invokable
+template <class _Ret, class _Fp, class... _Args>
+struct __invokable_r {
+  template <class _XFp, class... _XArgs>
+  static decltype(std::__invoke(std::declval<_XFp>(), std::declval<_XArgs>()...)) __try_call(int);
+  template <class _XFp, class... _XArgs>
+  static __nat __try_call(...);
+
+  // FIXME: Check that _Ret, _Fp, and _Args... are all complete types, cv void,
+  // or incomplete array types as required by the standard.
+  using _Result = decltype(__try_call<_Fp, _Args...>(0));
+
+  using type              = __conditional_t<_IsNotSame<_Result, __nat>::value,
+                                            __conditional_t<is_void<_Ret>::value, true_type, __is_core_convertible<_Result, _Ret> >,
+                                            false_type>;
+  static const bool value = type::value;
+};
+template <class _Fp, class... _Args>
+using __invokable = __invokable_r<void, _Fp, _Args...>;
+
+template <bool _IsInvokable, bool _IsCVVoid, class _Ret, class _Fp, class... _Args>
+struct __nothrow_invokable_r_imp {
+  static const bool value = false;
+};
+
+template <class _Ret, class _Fp, class... _Args>
+struct __nothrow_invokable_r_imp<true, false, _Ret, _Fp, _Args...> {
+  typedef __nothrow_invokable_r_imp _ThisT;
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  static void __test_noexcept(_Tp) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  static const bool value = false;
+#else
+  static const bool value =
+      noexcept(_ThisT::__test_noexcept<_Ret>(std::__invoke(std::declval<_Fp>(), std::declval<_Args>()...)));
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Ret, class _Fp, class... _Args>
+struct __nothrow_invokable_r_imp<true, true, _Ret, _Fp, _Args...> {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  static const bool value = false;
+#else
+  static const bool value = noexcept(std::__invoke(std::declval<_Fp>(), std::declval<_Args>()...));
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Ret, class _Fp, class... _Args>
+using __nothrow_invokable_r =
+    __nothrow_invokable_r_imp<__invokable_r<_Ret, _Fp, _Args...>::value, is_void<_Ret>::value, _Ret, _Fp, _Args...>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _Args>
+using __nothrow_invokable = __nothrow_invokable_r_imp<__invokable<_Fp, _Args...>::value, true, void, _Fp, _Args...>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _Args>
+struct __invoke_of
+    : public enable_if<__invokable<_Fp, _Args...>::value, typename __invokable_r<void, _Fp, _Args...>::_Result> {};
+
+template <class _Ret, bool = is_void<_Ret>::value>
+struct __invoke_void_return_wrapper {
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static _Ret __call(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return std::__invoke(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Ret>
+struct __invoke_void_return_wrapper<_Ret, true> {
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static void __call(_Args&&... __args) {
+    std::__invoke(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+// is_invocable
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_invocable : integral_constant<bool, __invokable<_Fn, _Args...>::value> {};
+
+template <class _Ret, class _Fn, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_invocable_r : integral_constant<bool, __invokable_r<_Ret, _Fn, _Args...>::value> {};
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+inline constexpr bool is_invocable_v = is_invocable<_Fn, _Args...>::value;
+
+template <class _Ret, class _Fn, class... _Args>
+inline constexpr bool is_invocable_r_v = is_invocable_r<_Ret, _Fn, _Args...>::value;
+
+// is_nothrow_invocable
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_invocable : integral_constant<bool, __nothrow_invokable<_Fn, _Args...>::value> {
+};
+
+template <class _Ret, class _Fn, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_invocable_r
+    : integral_constant<bool, __nothrow_invokable_r<_Ret, _Fn, _Args...>::value> {};
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_invocable_v = is_nothrow_invocable<_Fn, _Args...>::value;
+
+template <class _Ret, class _Fn, class... _Args>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_invocable_r_v = is_nothrow_invocable_r<_Ret, _Fn, _Args...>::value;
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS invoke_result : __invoke_of<_Fn, _Args...> {};
+
+template <class _Fn, class... _Args>
+using invoke_result_t = typename invoke_result<_Fn, _Args...>::type;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_INVOKE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_abstract.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_abstract.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4aa456be1c48e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_abstract.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ABSTRACT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ABSTRACT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_abstract : public integral_constant<bool, __is_abstract(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_abstract_v = __is_abstract(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ABSTRACT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_aggregate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_aggregate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4e0988071adeec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_aggregate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_AGGREGATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_AGGREGATE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_aggregate : public integral_constant<bool, __is_aggregate(_Tp)> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_aggregate_v = __is_aggregate(_Tp);
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_AGGREGATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_allocator.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_allocator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..144ffac4d7ce5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_allocator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_IS_ALLOCATOR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_IS_ALLOCATOR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <typename _Alloc, typename = void, typename = void>
+struct __is_allocator : false_type {};
+
+template <typename _Alloc>
+struct __is_allocator<_Alloc,
+                      __void_t<typename _Alloc::value_type>,
+                      __void_t<decltype(std::declval<_Alloc&>().allocate(size_t(0)))> > : true_type {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_IS_ALLOCATOR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_always_bitcastable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_always_bitcastable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5bc650b41358a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_always_bitcastable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ALWAYS_BITCASTABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ALWAYS_BITCASTABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Checks whether an object of type `From` can always be bit-cast to an object of type `To` and represent a valid value
+// of type `To`. In other words, `From` and `To` have the same value representation and the set of values of `From` is
+// a subset of the set of values of `To`.
+//
+// Note that types that cannot be assigned to each other using built-in assignment (e.g. arrays) might still be
+// considered bit-castable.
+template <class _From, class _To>
+struct __is_always_bitcastable {
+  using _UnqualFrom = __remove_cv_t<_From>;
+  using _UnqualTo   = __remove_cv_t<_To>;
+
+  // clang-format off
+  static const bool value =
+      // First, the simple case -- `From` and `To` are the same object type.
+      (is_same<_UnqualFrom, _UnqualTo>::value && is_trivially_copyable<_UnqualFrom>::value) ||
+
+      // Beyond the simple case, we say that one type is "always bit-castable" to another if:
+      // - (1) `From` and `To` have the same value representation, and in addition every possible value of `From` has
+      //   a corresponding value in the `To` type (in other words, the set of values of `To` is a superset of the set of
+      //   values of `From`);
+      // - (2) When the corresponding values are not the same value (as, for example, between an unsigned and a signed
+      //   integer, where a large positive value of the unsigned integer corresponds to a negative value in the signed
+      //   integer type), the value of `To` that results from a bitwise copy of `From` is the same what would be
+      //   produced by the built-in assignment (if it were defined for the two types, to which there are minor
+      //   exceptions, e.g. built-in arrays).
+      //
+      // In practice, that means:
+      // - all integral types (except `bool`, see below) -- that is, character types and `int` types, both signed and
+      //   unsigned...
+      // - as well as arrays of such types...
+      // - ...that have the same size.
+      //
+      // Other trivially-copyable types can't be validly bit-cast outside of their own type:
+      // - floating-point types normally have 
diff erent sizes and thus aren't bit-castable between each other (fails
+      // #1);
+      // - integral types and floating-point types use 
diff erent representations, so for example bit-casting an integral
+      //   `1` to `float` results in a very small less-than-one value, unlike built-in assignment that produces `1.0`
+      //   (fails #2);
+      // - booleans normally use only a single bit of their object representation; bit-casting an integer to a boolean
+      //   will result in a boolean object with an incorrect representation, which is undefined behavior (fails #2).
+      //   Bit-casting from a boolean into an integer, however, is valid;
+      // - enumeration types may have 
diff erent ranges of possible values (fails #1);
+      // - for pointers, it is not guaranteed that pointers to 
diff erent types use the same set of values to represent
+      //   addresses, and the conversion results are explicitly unspecified for types with 
diff erent alignments
+      //   (fails #1);
+      // - for structs and unions it is impossible to determine whether the set of values of one of them is a subset of
+      //   the other (fails #1);
+      // - there is no need to consider `nullptr_t` for practical purposes.
+      (
+        sizeof(_From) == sizeof(_To) &&
+        is_integral<_From>::value &&
+        is_integral<_To>::value &&
+        !is_same<_UnqualTo, bool>::value
+      );
+  // clang-format on
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ALWAYS_BITCASTABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c9713e1840a7b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ARITHMETIC_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ARITHMETIC_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_arithmetic
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_integral<_Tp>::value || is_floating_point<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_arithmetic_v = is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ARITHMETIC_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_array.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_array.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..dc23de28d2c63b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_array.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ARRAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ARRAY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_array) &&                                                                                       \
+    (!defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED) || (defined(_LIBCPP_CLANG_VER) && _LIBCPP_CLANG_VER >= 1900))
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_array : _BoolConstant<__is_array(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_array_v = __is_array(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_array : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_array<_Tp[]> : public true_type {};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_array<_Tp[_Np]> : public true_type {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_array_v = is_array<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_array)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ARRAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_assignable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_assignable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cfb46997778782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_assignable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ASSIGNABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ASSIGNABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_assignable : _BoolConstant<__is_assignable(_Tp, _Up)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+inline constexpr bool is_assignable_v = __is_assignable(_Tp, _Arg);
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_copy_assignable
+    : public integral_constant<bool,
+                               __is_assignable(__add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>, __add_lvalue_reference_t<const _Tp>)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_copy_assignable_v = is_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_move_assignable
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_assignable(__add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>, __add_rvalue_reference_t<_Tp>)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_move_assignable_v = is_move_assignable<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ASSIGNABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_base_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_base_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..090abeeb54dccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_base_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_BASE_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_BASE_OF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Bp, class _Dp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_base_of : public integral_constant<bool, __is_base_of(_Bp, _Dp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Bp, class _Dp>
+inline constexpr bool is_base_of_v = __is_base_of(_Bp, _Dp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_BASE_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_bounded_array.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_bounded_array.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..211403d638d08c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_bounded_array.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_BOUNDED_ARRAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_BOUNDED_ARRAY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __libcpp_is_bounded_array : false_type {};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __libcpp_is_bounded_array<_Tp[_Np]> : true_type {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_bounded_array : false_type {};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_bounded_array<_Tp[_Np]> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_bounded_array_v = is_bounded_array<_Tp>::value;
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_BOUNDED_ARRAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_callable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_callable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..49724fe892ee55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_callable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CALLABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CALLABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Func, class... _Args, class = decltype(std::declval<_Func>()(std::declval<_Args>()...))>
+true_type __is_callable_helper(int);
+template <class...>
+false_type __is_callable_helper(...);
+
+template <class _Func, class... _Args>
+struct __is_callable : decltype(std::__is_callable_helper<_Func, _Args...>(0)) {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CALLABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_char_like_type.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_char_like_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..26205843047ca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_char_like_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CHAR_LIKE_TYPE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CHAR_LIKE_TYPE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_standard_layout.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivial.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT>
+using _IsCharLikeType = _And<is_standard_layout<_CharT>, is_trivial<_CharT> >;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CHAR_LIKE_TYPE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_class.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_class.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..034f76a7865e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_class.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CLASS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CLASS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_class : public integral_constant<bool, __is_class(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_class_v = __is_class(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CLASS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_compound.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_compound.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cd208ceab28863
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_compound.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_COMPOUND_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_COMPOUND_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_fundamental.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_compound)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_compound : _BoolConstant<__is_compound(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_compound_v = __is_compound(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else // __has_builtin(__is_compound)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_compound : public integral_constant<bool, !is_fundamental<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_compound_v = is_compound<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_compound)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_COMPOUND_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_const.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_const.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..47ef70872b790a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_const.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CONST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CONST_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_const)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_const : _BoolConstant<__is_const(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_const_v = __is_const(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_const : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_const<_Tp const> : public true_type {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_const_v = is_const<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_const)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CONST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..05e070a7478840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CONSTANT_EVALUATED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CONSTANT_EVALUATED_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool is_constant_evaluated() noexcept {
+  return __builtin_is_constant_evaluated();
+}
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool __libcpp_is_constant_evaluated() _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_is_constant_evaluated();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CONSTANT_EVALUATED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_constructible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_constructible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..567bd165c71520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_constructible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_IS_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_IS_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_constructible : public integral_constant<bool, __is_constructible(_Tp, _Args...)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+inline constexpr bool is_constructible_v = __is_constructible(_Tp, _Args...);
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_copy_constructible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_constructible(_Tp, __add_lvalue_reference_t<const _Tp>)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_copy_constructible_v = is_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_move_constructible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_constructible(_Tp, __add_rvalue_reference_t<_Tp>)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_move_constructible_v = is_move_constructible<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_default_constructible : public integral_constant<bool, __is_constructible(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_default_constructible_v = __is_constructible(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_IS_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_convertible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_convertible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..414c2a6d6a0de0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_convertible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CONVERTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CONVERTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_convertible : public integral_constant<bool, __is_convertible(_T1, _T2)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _From, class _To>
+inline constexpr bool is_convertible_v = __is_convertible(_From, _To);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CONVERTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_core_convertible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_core_convertible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0de177c7771f4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_core_convertible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CORE_CONVERTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CORE_CONVERTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// [conv.general]/3 says "E is convertible to T" whenever "T t=E;" is well-formed.
+// We can't test for that, but we can test implicit convertibility by passing it
+// to a function. Notice that __is_core_convertible<void,void> is false,
+// and __is_core_convertible<immovable-type,immovable-type> is true in C++17 and later.
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class = void>
+struct __is_core_convertible : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __is_core_convertible<_Tp, _Up, decltype(static_cast<void (*)(_Up)>(0)(static_cast<_Tp (*)()>(0)()))>
+    : public true_type {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_CORE_CONVERTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_destructible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_destructible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3248b07d36ee67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_destructible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_DESTRUCTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_DESTRUCTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_all_extents.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_destructible)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_destructible : _BoolConstant<__is_destructible(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_destructible_v = __is_destructible(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else // __has_builtin(__is_destructible)
+
+//  if it's a reference, return true
+//  if it's a function, return false
+//  if it's   void,     return false
+//  if it's an array of unknown bound, return false
+//  Otherwise, return "declval<_Up&>().~_Up()" is well-formed
+//    where _Up is remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type
+
+template <class>
+struct __is_destructible_apply {
+  typedef int type;
+};
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+struct __is_destructor_wellformed {
+  template <typename _Tp1>
+  static true_type __test(typename __is_destructible_apply<decltype(std::declval<_Tp1&>().~_Tp1())>::type);
+
+  template <typename _Tp1>
+  static false_type __test(...);
+
+  static const bool value = decltype(__test<_Tp>(12))::value;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool>
+struct __destructible_imp;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __destructible_imp<_Tp, false>
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_destructor_wellformed<__remove_all_extents_t<_Tp> >::value> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __destructible_imp<_Tp, true> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool>
+struct __destructible_false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __destructible_false<_Tp, false> : public __destructible_imp<_Tp, is_reference<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __destructible_false<_Tp, true> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_destructible : public __destructible_false<_Tp, is_function<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_destructible<_Tp[]> : public false_type {};
+
+template <>
+struct is_destructible<void> : public false_type {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_destructible_v = is_destructible<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_destructible)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_DESTRUCTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_empty.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_empty.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..951d93b5a2f10e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_empty.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_EMPTY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_EMPTY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_empty : public integral_constant<bool, __is_empty(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_empty_v = __is_empty(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_EMPTY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_enum.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_enum.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2fab6db2c8d50f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_enum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ENUM_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ENUM_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_enum : public integral_constant<bool, __is_enum(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_enum_v = __is_enum(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_scoped_enum : bool_constant<__is_scoped_enum(_Tp)> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_scoped_enum_v = __is_scoped_enum(_Tp);
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_ENUM_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_equality_comparable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_equality_comparable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4397f743e5ee95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_equality_comparable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_EQUALITY_COMPARABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_EQUALITY_COMPARABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class = void>
+struct __is_equality_comparable : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __is_equality_comparable<_Tp, _Up, __void_t<decltype(std::declval<_Tp>() == std::declval<_Up>())> > : true_type {
+};
+
+// A type is_trivially_equality_comparable if the expression `a == b` is equivalent to `std::memcmp(&a, &b, sizeof(T))`
+// (with `a` and `b` being of type `T`). For the case where we compare two object of the same type, we can use
+// __is_trivially_equality_comparable. We have special-casing for pointers which point to the same type ignoring
+// cv-qualifications and comparing to void-pointers.
+//
+// The following types are not trivially equality comparable:
+// floating-point types: 
diff erent bit-patterns can compare equal. (e.g 0.0 and -0.0)
+// enums: The user is allowed to specialize operator== for enums
+// pointers that don't have the same type (ignoring cv-qualifiers): pointers to virtual bases are equality comparable,
+//   but don't have the same bit-pattern. An exception to this is comparing to a void-pointer. There the bit-pattern is
+//   always compared.
+// objects with padding bytes: since objects with padding bytes may compare equal, even though their object
+//   representation may not be equivalent.
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class = void>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable_impl : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable_impl<_Tp, _Tp>
+#if __has_builtin(__is_trivially_equality_comparable)
+    : integral_constant<bool, __is_trivially_equality_comparable(_Tp) && __is_equality_comparable<_Tp, _Tp>::value> {
+};
+#else
+    : is_integral<_Tp> {
+};
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_trivially_equality_comparable)
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable_impl<
+    _Tp,
+    _Up,
+    __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value && is_integral<_Up>::value && !is_same<_Tp, _Up>::value &&
+                  is_signed<_Tp>::value == is_signed<_Up>::value && sizeof(_Tp) == sizeof(_Up)> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable_impl<_Tp*, _Tp*> : true_type {};
+
+// TODO: Use is_pointer_inverconvertible_base_of
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable_impl<_Tp*, _Up*>
+    : integral_constant<
+          bool,
+          __is_equality_comparable<_Tp*, _Up*>::value &&
+              (is_same<__remove_cv_t<_Tp>, __remove_cv_t<_Up> >::value || is_void<_Tp>::value || is_void<_Up>::value)> {
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+using __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable =
+    __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable_impl<__remove_cv_t<_Tp>, __remove_cv_t<_Up> >;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_EQUALITY_COMPARABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6884f17ba16c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_EXECUTION_POLICY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_EXECUTION_POLICY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class>
+inline constexpr bool is_execution_policy_v = false;
+
+template <class>
+inline constexpr bool __is_unsequenced_execution_policy_impl = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_unsequenced_execution_policy_v =
+    __is_unsequenced_execution_policy_impl<__remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class>
+inline constexpr bool __is_parallel_execution_policy_impl = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_parallel_execution_policy_v = __is_parallel_execution_policy_impl<__remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>;
+
+namespace execution {
+struct __disable_user_instantiations_tag {
+  explicit __disable_user_instantiations_tag() = default;
+};
+} // namespace execution
+
+// TODO: Remove default argument once algorithms are using the new backend dispatching
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+__remove_parallel_policy(const _ExecutionPolicy& = _ExecutionPolicy{execution::__disable_user_instantiations_tag{}});
+
+// Removes the "parallel" part of an execution policy.
+// For example, turns par_unseq into unseq, and par into seq.
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+using __remove_parallel_policy_t = decltype(std::__remove_parallel_policy<_ExecutionPolicy>());
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_EXECUTION_POLICY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_final.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_final.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..499c5e3a1edca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_final.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FINAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FINAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __libcpp_is_final : public integral_constant<bool, __is_final(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_final : public integral_constant<bool, __is_final(_Tp)> {};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_final_v = __is_final(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FINAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_floating_point.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_floating_point.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..add34782dfa099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_floating_point.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FLOATING_POINT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FLOATING_POINT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_is_floating_point              : public false_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_floating_point<float>       : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_floating_point<double>      : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_floating_point<long double> : public true_type {};
+// clang-format on
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_floating_point : public __libcpp_is_floating_point<__remove_cv_t<_Tp> > {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_floating_point_v = is_floating_point<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FLOATING_POINT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_function.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_function.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..98fedd0ad96d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_function.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FUNCTIONAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FUNCTIONAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_function : integral_constant<bool, __is_function(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_function_v = __is_function(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FUNCTIONAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_fundamental.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_fundamental.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..55f8e41f75f457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_fundamental.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FUNDAMENTAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FUNDAMENTAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_null_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_fundamental)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_fundamental : _BoolConstant<__is_fundamental(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_fundamental_v = __is_fundamental(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else // __has_builtin(__is_fundamental)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_fundamental
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_void<_Tp>::value || __is_null_pointer_v<_Tp> || is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_fundamental_v = is_fundamental<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_fundamental)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_FUNDAMENTAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_implicitly_default_constructible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_implicitly_default_constructible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d5dadd7b870dd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_implicitly_default_constructible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_IMPLICITLY_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_IMPLICITLY_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+// First of all, we can't implement this check in C++03 mode because the {}
+// default initialization syntax isn't valid.
+// Second, we implement the trait in a funny manner with two defaulted template
+// arguments to workaround Clang's PR43454.
+template <class _Tp>
+void __test_implicit_default_constructible(_Tp);
+
+template <class _Tp, class = void, class = typename is_default_constructible<_Tp>::type>
+struct __is_implicitly_default_constructible : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_implicitly_default_constructible<_Tp,
+                                             decltype(std::__test_implicit_default_constructible<_Tp const&>({})),
+                                             true_type> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_implicitly_default_constructible<_Tp,
+                                             decltype(std::__test_implicit_default_constructible<_Tp const&>({})),
+                                             false_type> : false_type {};
+#endif // !C++03
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_IMPLICITLY_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_integral.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_integral.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..26969885af8dfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_integral.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_INTEGRAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_INTEGRAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_is_integral                     { enum { value = 0 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<bool>               { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<char>               { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<signed char>        { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<unsigned char>      { enum { value = 1 }; };
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<wchar_t>            { enum { value = 1 }; };
+#endif
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<char8_t>            { enum { value = 1 }; };
+#endif
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<char16_t>           { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<char32_t>           { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<short>              { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<unsigned short>     { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<int>                { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<unsigned int>       { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<long>               { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<unsigned long>      { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<long long>          { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<unsigned long long> { enum { value = 1 }; };
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<__int128_t>         { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_integral<__uint128_t>        { enum { value = 1 }; };
+#endif
+// clang-format on
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_integral)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_integral : _BoolConstant<__is_integral(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_integral_v = __is_integral(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_integral : public _BoolConstant<__libcpp_is_integral<__remove_cv_t<_Tp> >::value> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_integral_v = is_integral<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_integral)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_INTEGRAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_literal_type.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_literal_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..10e23bceffbda3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_literal_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_LITERAL_TYPE
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_LITERAL_TYPE
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_TYPE_TRAITS)
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 is_literal_type : public integral_constant<bool, __is_literal_type(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 inline constexpr bool is_literal_type_v = __is_literal_type(_Tp);
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#endif   // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_TYPE_TRAITS)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_LITERAL_TYPE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_member_pointer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_member_pointer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cc125e318cf919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_member_pointer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_MEMBER_POINTER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_MEMBER_POINTER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_member_pointer : _BoolConstant<__is_member_pointer(_Tp)> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_member_object_pointer : _BoolConstant<__is_member_object_pointer(_Tp)> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_member_function_pointer : _BoolConstant<__is_member_function_pointer(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_member_pointer_v = __is_member_pointer(_Tp);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_member_object_pointer_v = __is_member_object_pointer(_Tp);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_member_function_pointer_v = __is_member_function_pointer(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_MEMBER_POINTER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7e00c741f83e30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_ASSIGNABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_ASSIGNABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_assignable : public integral_constant<bool, __is_nothrow_assignable(_Tp, _Arg)> {
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_assignable_v = __is_nothrow_assignable(_Tp, _Arg);
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_copy_assignable
+    : public integral_constant<
+          bool,
+          __is_nothrow_assignable(__add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>, __add_lvalue_reference_t<const _Tp>)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v = is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_move_assignable
+    : public integral_constant<bool,
+                               __is_nothrow_assignable(__add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>, __add_rvalue_reference_t<_Tp>)> {
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_move_assignable_v = is_nothrow_move_assignable<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_ASSIGNABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..58d2b2475140b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template < class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_constructible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_nothrow_constructible(_Tp, _Args...)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_constructible_v = is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, _Args...>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_copy_constructible
+    : public integral_constant< bool, __is_nothrow_constructible(_Tp, __add_lvalue_reference_t<const _Tp>)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v = is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_move_constructible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_nothrow_constructible(_Tp, __add_rvalue_reference_t<_Tp>)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_move_constructible_v = is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_default_constructible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_nothrow_constructible(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_default_constructible_v = __is_nothrow_constructible(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_convertible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_convertible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bfc5a94cbadec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_convertible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_CONVERTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_CONVERTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/disjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/lazy.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#  if __has_builtin(__is_nothrow_convertible)
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct is_nothrow_convertible : bool_constant<__is_nothrow_convertible(_Tp, _Up)> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_convertible_v = __is_nothrow_convertible(_Tp, _Up);
+
+#  else // __has_builtin(__is_nothrow_convertible)
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+void __test_noexcept(_Tp) noexcept;
+
+template <typename _Fm, typename _To>
+bool_constant<noexcept(std::__test_noexcept<_To>(std::declval<_Fm>()))> __is_nothrow_convertible_test();
+
+template <typename _Fm, typename _To>
+struct __is_nothrow_convertible_helper : decltype(__is_nothrow_convertible_test<_Fm, _To>()) {};
+
+template <typename _Fm, typename _To>
+struct is_nothrow_convertible
+    : _Or<_And<is_void<_To>, is_void<_Fm>>,
+          _Lazy<_And, is_convertible<_Fm, _To>, __is_nothrow_convertible_helper<_Fm, _To> > >::type {};
+
+template <typename _Fm, typename _To>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_convertible_v = is_nothrow_convertible<_Fm, _To>::value;
+
+#  endif // __has_builtin(__is_nothrow_convertible)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_CONVERTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_destructible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_destructible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c2d5ca87232aa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_nothrow_destructible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_DESTRUCTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_DESTRUCTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_destructible.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_nothrow_destructible)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_destructible : integral_constant<bool, __is_nothrow_destructible(_Tp)> {};
+
+#else
+
+template <bool, class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_nothrow_destructible;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_nothrow_destructible<false, _Tp> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_nothrow_destructible<true, _Tp>
+    : public integral_constant<bool, noexcept(std::declval<_Tp>().~_Tp()) > {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_destructible
+    : public __libcpp_is_nothrow_destructible<is_destructible<_Tp>::value, _Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Ns>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_destructible<_Tp[_Ns]> : public is_nothrow_destructible<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_destructible<_Tp&> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_destructible<_Tp&&> : public true_type {};
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_nothrow_destructible)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_destructible_v = is_nothrow_destructible<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NOTHROW_DESTRUCTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_null_pointer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_null_pointer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9f5697e232684e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_null_pointer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NULL_POINTER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NULL_POINTER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const bool __is_null_pointer_v = __is_same(__remove_cv(_Tp), nullptr_t);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_null_pointer : integral_constant<bool, __is_null_pointer_v<_Tp>> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_null_pointer_v = __is_null_pointer_v<_Tp>;
+#  endif
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_NULL_POINTER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_object.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_object.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ec04508402ce51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_object.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_OBJECT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_OBJECT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_object : _BoolConstant<__is_object(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_object_v = __is_object(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_OBJECT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_pod.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_pod.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5888fbf457d8b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_pod.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_POD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_POD_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_pod : public integral_constant<bool, __is_pod(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_pod_v = __is_pod(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_POD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_pointer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_pointer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..38eb7996c68642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_pointer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_POINTER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_POINTER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_pointer)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_pointer : _BoolConstant<__is_pointer(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_pointer_v = __is_pointer(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else // __has_builtin(__is_pointer)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_pointer : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_pointer<_Tp*> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_remove_objc_qualifiers {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_OBJC_ARC)
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_remove_objc_qualifiers<_Tp __strong> { typedef _Tp type; };
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_remove_objc_qualifiers<_Tp __weak> { typedef _Tp type; };
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_remove_objc_qualifiers<_Tp __autoreleasing> { typedef _Tp type; };
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_remove_objc_qualifiers<_Tp __unsafe_unretained> { typedef _Tp type; };
+// clang-format on
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_pointer
+    : public __libcpp_is_pointer<typename __libcpp_remove_objc_qualifiers<__remove_cv_t<_Tp> >::type> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_pointer_v = is_pointer<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_pointer)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_POINTER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_polymorphic.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_polymorphic.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d122e1c87775bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_polymorphic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_POLYMORPHIC_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_POLYMORPHIC_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_polymorphic : public integral_constant<bool, __is_polymorphic(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_polymorphic_v = __is_polymorphic(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_POLYMORPHIC_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_primary_template.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_primary_template.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f308dfadc8ec89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_primary_template.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_PRIMARY_TEMPLATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_PRIMARY_TEMPLATE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_valid_expansion.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __test_for_primary_template = __enable_if_t<_IsSame<_Tp, typename _Tp::__primary_template>::value>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __is_primary_template = _IsValidExpansion<__test_for_primary_template, _Tp>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_PRIMARY_TEMPLATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_reference.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_reference.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cc157a438e4913
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_reference.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_REFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_REFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_reference : _BoolConstant<__is_reference(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_reference_v = __is_reference(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_lvalue_reference) && __has_builtin(__is_rvalue_reference)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_lvalue_reference : _BoolConstant<__is_lvalue_reference(_Tp)> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_rvalue_reference : _BoolConstant<__is_rvalue_reference(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_lvalue_reference_v = __is_lvalue_reference(_Tp);
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_rvalue_reference_v = __is_rvalue_reference(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else // __has_builtin(__is_lvalue_reference)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_lvalue_reference : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_lvalue_reference<_Tp&> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_rvalue_reference : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_rvalue_reference<_Tp&&> : public true_type {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_lvalue_reference_v = is_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::value;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_rvalue_reference_v = is_rvalue_reference<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_lvalue_reference)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_REFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_reference_wrapper.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_reference_wrapper.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..310a910040e8be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_reference_wrapper.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_REFERENCE_WRAPPER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_REFERENCE_WRAPPER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/functional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_reference_wrapper_impl : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_reference_wrapper_impl<reference_wrapper<_Tp> > : public true_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_reference_wrapper : public __is_reference_wrapper_impl<__remove_cv_t<_Tp> > {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_ENABLE_IF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_referenceable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_referenceable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4b34ec25723173
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_referenceable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_REFERENCEABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_REFERENCEABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_referenceable)
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_referenceable : integral_constant<bool, __is_referenceable(_Tp)> {};
+#else
+struct __libcpp_is_referenceable_impl {
+  template <class _Tp>
+  static _Tp& __test(int);
+  template <class _Tp>
+  static false_type __test(...);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_referenceable
+    : integral_constant<bool, _IsNotSame<decltype(__libcpp_is_referenceable_impl::__test<_Tp>(0)), false_type>::value> {
+};
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_referenceable)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_REFERENCEABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_same.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_same.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9561b7b5d6da3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_same.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SAME_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SAME_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_same : _BoolConstant<__is_same(_Tp, _Up)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline constexpr bool is_same_v = __is_same(_Tp, _Up);
+#endif
+
+// _IsSame<T,U> has the same effect as is_same<T,U> but instantiates fewer types:
+// is_same<A,B> and is_same<C,D> are guaranteed to be 
diff erent types, but
+// _IsSame<A,B> and _IsSame<C,D> are the same type (namely, false_type).
+// Neither GCC nor Clang can mangle the __is_same builtin, so _IsSame
+// mustn't be directly used anywhere that contributes to name-mangling
+// (such as in a dependent return type).
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+using _IsSame = _BoolConstant<__is_same(_Tp, _Up)>;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+using _IsNotSame = _BoolConstant<!__is_same(_Tp, _Up)>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SAME_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_scalar.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_scalar.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..455200de472089
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_scalar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SCALAR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SCALAR_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_enum.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_member_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_null_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_scalar)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_scalar : _BoolConstant<__is_scalar(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_scalar_v = __is_scalar(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else // __has_builtin(__is_scalar)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_block : false_type {};
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXTENSION_BLOCKS)
+template <class _Rp, class... _Args>
+struct __is_block<_Rp (^)(_Args...)> : true_type {};
+#  endif
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_scalar
+    : public integral_constant<
+          bool, is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value ||
+                is_member_pointer<_Tp>::value ||
+                is_pointer<_Tp>::value ||
+                __is_null_pointer_v<_Tp> ||
+                __is_block<_Tp>::value ||
+                is_enum<_Tp>::value> {};
+// clang-format on
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_scalar<nullptr_t> : public true_type {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_scalar_v = is_scalar<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_scalar)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SCALAR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_signed.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_signed.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fd6f93e1823627
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_signed.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SIGNED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SIGNED_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_signed)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_signed : _BoolConstant<__is_signed(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_signed_v = __is_signed(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else // __has_builtin(__is_signed)
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_integral<_Tp>::value>
+struct __libcpp_is_signed_impl : public _BoolConstant<(_Tp(-1) < _Tp(0))> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_signed_impl<_Tp, false> : public true_type {}; // floating point
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value>
+struct __libcpp_is_signed : public __libcpp_is_signed_impl<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_signed<_Tp, false> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_signed : public __libcpp_is_signed<_Tp> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_signed_v = is_signed<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_signed)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SIGNED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_signed_integer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_signed_integer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..467548d0aaafbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_signed_integer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SIGNED_INTEGER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SIGNED_INTEGER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_is_signed_integer                   : public false_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_signed_integer<signed char>      : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_signed_integer<signed short>     : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_signed_integer<signed int>       : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_signed_integer<signed long>      : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_signed_integer<signed long long> : public true_type {};
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_signed_integer<__int128_t>       : public true_type {};
+#endif
+// clang-format on
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SIGNED_INTEGER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_specialization.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_specialization.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9b75636b1a511f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_specialization.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SPECIALIZATION
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SPECIALIZATION
+
+// This contains parts of P2098R1 but is based on MSVC STL's implementation.
+//
+// The paper has been rejected
+//   We will not pursue P2098R0 (std::is_specialization_of) at this time; we'd
+//   like to see a solution to this problem, but it requires language evolution
+//   too.
+//
+// Since it is expected a real solution will be provided in the future only the
+// minimal part is implemented.
+//
+// Note a cvref qualified _Tp is never considered a specialization.
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, template <class...> class _Template>
+inline constexpr bool __is_specialization_v = false; // true if and only if _Tp is a specialization of _Template
+
+template <template <class...> class _Template, class... _Args>
+inline constexpr bool __is_specialization_v<_Template<_Args...>, _Template> = true;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SPECIALIZATION

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_standard_layout.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_standard_layout.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..76484f3e2a301f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_standard_layout.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_STANDARD_LAYOUT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_STANDARD_LAYOUT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_standard_layout : public integral_constant<bool, __is_standard_layout(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_standard_layout_v = __is_standard_layout(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_STANDARD_LAYOUT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_swappable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_swappable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0b817e65099339
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_swappable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SWAPPABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SWAPPABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class = void>
+inline const bool __is_swappable_with_v = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const bool __is_swappable_v = __is_swappable_with_v<_Tp&, _Tp&>;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, bool = __is_swappable_with_v<_Tp, _Up> >
+inline const bool __is_nothrow_swappable_with_v = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const bool __is_nothrow_swappable_v = __is_nothrow_swappable_with_v<_Tp&, _Tp&>;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Tp>
+using __swap_result_t = __enable_if_t<is_move_constructible<_Tp>::value && is_move_assignable<_Tp>::value>;
+#else
+template <class>
+using __swap_result_t = void;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __swap_result_t<_Tp> swap(_Tp& __x, _Tp& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Tp>::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<_Tp>::value);
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np, __enable_if_t<__is_swappable_v<_Tp>, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(_Tp (&__a)[_Np], _Tp (&__b)[_Np]) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp>);
+
+// ALL generic swap overloads MUST already have a declaration available at this point.
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline const bool __is_swappable_with_v<_Tp,
+                                        _Up,
+                                        __void_t<decltype(swap(std::declval<_Tp>(), std::declval<_Up>())),
+                                                 decltype(swap(std::declval<_Up>(), std::declval<_Tp>()))> > = true;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG // C++03 doesn't have noexcept, so things are never nothrow swappable
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline const bool __is_nothrow_swappable_with_v<_Tp, _Up, true> =
+    noexcept(swap(std::declval<_Tp>(), std::declval<_Up>())) &&
+    noexcept(swap(std::declval<_Up>(), std::declval<_Tp>()));
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline constexpr bool is_swappable_with_v = __is_swappable_with_v<_Tp, _Up>;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_swappable_with : bool_constant<is_swappable_with_v<_Tp, _Up>> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_swappable_v =
+    is_swappable_with_v<__add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>, __add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_swappable : bool_constant<is_swappable_v<_Tp>> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_swappable_with_v = __is_nothrow_swappable_with_v<_Tp, _Up>;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_swappable_with : bool_constant<is_nothrow_swappable_with_v<_Tp, _Up>> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_swappable_v =
+    is_nothrow_swappable_with_v<__add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>, __add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_nothrow_swappable : bool_constant<is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp>> {};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_SWAPPABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivial.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivial.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0007c7446d5e5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivial.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_trivial : public integral_constant<bool, __is_trivial(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivial_v = __is_trivial(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..201333b0fa0b33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/add_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+struct is_trivially_assignable : integral_constant<bool, __is_trivially_assignable(_Tp, _Arg)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class _Arg>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivially_assignable_v = __is_trivially_assignable(_Tp, _Arg);
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_trivially_copy_assignable
+    : public integral_constant<
+          bool,
+          __is_trivially_assignable(__add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>, __add_lvalue_reference_t<const _Tp>)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivially_copy_assignable_v = is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_trivially_move_assignable
+    : public integral_constant<
+          bool,
+          __is_trivially_assignable(__add_lvalue_reference_t<_Tp>, __add_rvalue_reference_t<_Tp>)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivially_move_assignable_v = is_trivially_move_assignable<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3a77e9fe164da1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_trivially_constructible
+    : integral_constant<bool, __is_trivially_constructible(_Tp, _Args...)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivially_constructible_v = __is_trivially_constructible(_Tp, _Args...);
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_trivially_copy_constructible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_trivially_constructible(_Tp, __add_lvalue_reference_t<const _Tp>)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivially_copy_constructible_v = is_trivially_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_trivially_move_constructible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_trivially_constructible(_Tp, __add_rvalue_reference_t<_Tp>)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivially_move_constructible_v = is_trivially_move_constructible<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_trivially_default_constructible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_trivially_constructible(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivially_default_constructible_v = __is_trivially_constructible(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e92af126ee94d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_COPYABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_COPYABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_trivially_copyable : public integral_constant<bool, __is_trivially_copyable(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivially_copyable_v = __is_trivially_copyable(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_cheap_to_copy = is_trivially_copyable_v<_Tp> && sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(std::intmax_t);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_COPYABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5f9652f2a5011c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_DESTRUCTIBLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_DESTRUCTIBLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_destructible.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_trivially_destructible)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_trivially_destructible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, __is_trivially_destructible(_Tp)> {};
+
+#elif __has_builtin(__has_trivial_destructor)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_trivially_destructible
+    : public integral_constant<bool, is_destructible<_Tp>::value&& __has_trivial_destructor(_Tp)> {};
+
+#else
+
+#  error is_trivially_destructible is not implemented
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_trivially_destructible)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivially_destructible_v = is_trivially_destructible<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_DESTRUCTIBLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a310ea1b87e30c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_LEXICOGRAPHICALLY_COMPARABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_LEXICOGRAPHICALLY_COMPARABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// A type is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable if the expression `a <=> b` (or their pre-C++20 equivalents) is
+// equivalent to `std::memcmp(&a, &b, sizeof(T))` (with `a` and `b` being of type `T`). There is currently no builtin to
+// tell us whether that's the case for arbitrary types, so we can only do this for known types. Specifically, these are
+// currently unsigned integer types with a sizeof(T) == 1.
+//
+// bool is trivially lexicographically comparable, because e.g. false <=> true is valid code. Furthermore, the standard
+// says that [basic.fundamental] "Type bool is a distinct type that has the same object representation, value
+// representation, and alignment requirements as an implementation-defined unsigned integer type. The values of type
+// bool are true and false."
+// This means that bool has to be unsigned and has exactly two values. This means that having anything other than the
+// `true` or `false` value representations in a bool is UB.
+//
+// The following types are not trivially lexicographically comparable:
+// signed integer types: `char(-1) < char(1)`, but memcmp compares `unsigned char`s
+// unsigned integer types with sizeof(T) > 1: depending on the endianness, the LSB might be the first byte to be
+//                                            compared. This means that when comparing unsigned(129) and unsigned(2)
+//                                            using memcmp(), the result would be that 2 > 129.
+//                                            TODO: Do we want to enable this on big-endian systems?
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable
+    : integral_constant<bool,
+                        is_same<__remove_cv_t<_Tp>, __remove_cv_t<_Up> >::value && sizeof(_Tp) == 1 &&
+                            is_unsigned<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_LEXICOGRAPHICALLY_COMPARABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c0871731cc0016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_RELOCATABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_RELOCATABLE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// A type is trivially relocatable if a move construct + destroy of the original object is equivalent to
+// `memcpy(dst, src, sizeof(T))`.
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_trivially_relocatable)
+template <class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable : integral_constant<bool, __is_trivially_relocatable(_Tp)> {};
+#else
+template <class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable : is_trivially_copyable<_Tp> {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_Tp,
+                                         __enable_if_t<is_same<_Tp, typename _Tp::__trivially_relocatable>::value> >
+    : true_type {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_TRIVIALLY_RELOCATABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unbounded_array.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unbounded_array.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d58bb09e104285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unbounded_array.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNBOUNDED_ARRAY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNBOUNDED_ARRAY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __libcpp_is_unbounded_array : false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __libcpp_is_unbounded_array<_Tp[]> : true_type {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_unbounded_array : false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_unbounded_array<_Tp[]> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_unbounded_array_v = is_unbounded_array<_Tp>::value;
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNBOUNDED_ARRAY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_union.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_union.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1f009d993545ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_union.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_union : public integral_constant<bool, __is_union(_Tp)> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_union_v = __is_union(_Tp);
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unsigned.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unsigned.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..48c5751ed70d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unsigned.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNSIGNED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNSIGNED_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_unsigned)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_unsigned : _BoolConstant<__is_unsigned(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_unsigned_v = __is_unsigned(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else // __has_builtin(__is_unsigned)
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_integral<_Tp>::value>
+struct __libcpp_is_unsigned_impl : public _BoolConstant<(_Tp(0) < _Tp(-1))> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_unsigned_impl<_Tp, false> : public false_type {}; // floating point
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value>
+struct __libcpp_is_unsigned : public __libcpp_is_unsigned_impl<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_is_unsigned<_Tp, false> : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_unsigned : public __libcpp_is_unsigned<_Tp> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_unsigned_v = is_unsigned<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_unsigned)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNSIGNED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unsigned_integer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unsigned_integer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..265894b32d4fc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_unsigned_integer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp> struct __libcpp_is_unsigned_integer                     : public false_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_unsigned_integer<unsigned char>      : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_unsigned_integer<unsigned short>     : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_unsigned_integer<unsigned int>       : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_unsigned_integer<unsigned long>      : public true_type {};
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_unsigned_integer<unsigned long long> : public true_type {};
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+template <>          struct __libcpp_is_unsigned_integer<__uint128_t>        : public true_type {};
+#endif
+// clang-format on
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_valid_expansion.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_valid_expansion.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..346bc98b110ffa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_valid_expansion.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_VALID_EXPANSION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_VALID_EXPANSION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <template <class...> class _Templ, class... _Args, class = _Templ<_Args...> >
+true_type __sfinae_test_impl(int);
+template <template <class...> class, class...>
+false_type __sfinae_test_impl(...);
+
+template <template <class...> class _Templ, class... _Args>
+using _IsValidExpansion _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = decltype(std::__sfinae_test_impl<_Templ, _Args...>(0));
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_VALID_EXPANSION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_void.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_void.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..46316b0d3a534e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_void.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_VOID_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_VOID_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_void : _BoolConstant<__is_same(__remove_cv(_Tp), void)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_void_v = __is_same(__remove_cv(_Tp), void);
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_VOID_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_volatile.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_volatile.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..87960a819c8fcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/is_volatile.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_VOLATILE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_VOLATILE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__is_volatile)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_volatile : _BoolConstant<__is_volatile(_Tp)> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_volatile_v = __is_volatile(_Tp);
+#  endif
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_volatile : public false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_volatile<_Tp volatile> : public true_type {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_volatile_v = is_volatile<_Tp>::value;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__is_volatile)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_IS_VOLATILE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/lazy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/lazy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..80826f1d64f604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/lazy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_LAZY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_LAZY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <template <class...> class _Func, class... _Args>
+struct _Lazy : _Func<_Args...> {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_LAZY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_32_64_or_128_bit.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_32_64_or_128_bit.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f7f2e81735dafd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_32_64_or_128_bit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_32_64_OR_128_BIT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_32_64_OR_128_BIT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+/// Helper to promote an integral to smallest 32, 64, or 128 bit representation.
+///
+/// The restriction is the same as the integral version of to_char.
+template <class _Tp>
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  requires(is_signed_v<_Tp> || is_unsigned_v<_Tp> || is_same_v<_Tp, char>)
+#endif
+// clang-format off
+using __make_32_64_or_128_bit_t =
+    __copy_unsigned_t<_Tp,
+        __conditional_t<sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(int32_t),    int32_t,
+        __conditional_t<sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(int64_t),    int64_t,
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+        __conditional_t<sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(__int128_t), __int128_t,
+        /* else */                                         void>
+#else
+        /* else */                                         void
+#endif
+    > > >;
+// clang-format on
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_32_64_OR_128_BIT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_const_lvalue_ref.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_const_lvalue_ref.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..469d4cb31ef7d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_const_lvalue_ref.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_CONST_LVALUE_REF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_CONST_LVALUE_REF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __make_const_lvalue_ref = const __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>&;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_CONST_LVALUE_REF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_signed.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_signed.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d09d6ed4a1e7cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_signed.h
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_SIGNED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_SIGNED_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/copy_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_enum.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/nat.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_list.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__make_signed)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __make_signed_t = __make_signed(_Tp);
+
+#else
+// clang-format off
+typedef __type_list<signed char,
+        __type_list<signed short,
+        __type_list<signed int,
+        __type_list<signed long,
+        __type_list<signed long long,
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+        __type_list<__int128_t,
+#  endif
+        __nat
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+        >
+#  endif
+        > > > > > __signed_types;
+// clang-format on
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_integral<_Tp>::value || is_enum<_Tp>::value>
+struct __make_signed{};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __make_signed<_Tp, true> {
+  typedef typename __find_first<__signed_types, sizeof(_Tp)>::type type;
+};
+
+// clang-format off
+template <> struct __make_signed<bool,               true> {};
+template <> struct __make_signed<  signed short,     true> {typedef short     type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<unsigned short,     true> {typedef short     type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<  signed int,       true> {typedef int       type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<unsigned int,       true> {typedef int       type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<  signed long,      true> {typedef long      type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<unsigned long,      true> {typedef long      type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<  signed long long, true> {typedef long long type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<unsigned long long, true> {typedef long long type;};
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+template <> struct __make_signed<__int128_t,         true> {typedef __int128_t type;};
+template <> struct __make_signed<__uint128_t,        true> {typedef __int128_t type;};
+#  endif
+// clang-format on
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __make_signed_t = __copy_cv_t<_Tp, typename __make_signed<__remove_cv_t<_Tp> >::type>;
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__make_signed)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct make_signed {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __make_signed_t<_Tp>;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using make_signed_t = __make_signed_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_SIGNED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_unsigned.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_unsigned.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..282cd2d9113166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/make_unsigned.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_UNSIGNED_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_UNSIGNED_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/copy_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_enum.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/nat.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_list.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__make_unsigned)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __make_unsigned_t = __make_unsigned(_Tp);
+
+#else
+// clang-format off
+typedef __type_list<unsigned char,
+        __type_list<unsigned short,
+        __type_list<unsigned int,
+        __type_list<unsigned long,
+        __type_list<unsigned long long,
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+        __type_list<__uint128_t,
+#  endif
+        __nat
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+        >
+#  endif
+        > > > > > __unsigned_types;
+// clang-format on
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_integral<_Tp>::value || is_enum<_Tp>::value>
+struct __make_unsigned{};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __make_unsigned<_Tp, true> {
+  typedef typename __find_first<__unsigned_types, sizeof(_Tp)>::type type;
+};
+
+// clang-format off
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<bool,               true> {};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<  signed short,     true> {typedef unsigned short     type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<unsigned short,     true> {typedef unsigned short     type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<  signed int,       true> {typedef unsigned int       type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<unsigned int,       true> {typedef unsigned int       type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<  signed long,      true> {typedef unsigned long      type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<unsigned long,      true> {typedef unsigned long      type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<  signed long long, true> {typedef unsigned long long type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<unsigned long long, true> {typedef unsigned long long type;};
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<__int128_t,         true> {typedef __uint128_t        type;};
+template <> struct __make_unsigned<__uint128_t,        true> {typedef __uint128_t        type;};
+#  endif
+// clang-format on
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __make_unsigned_t = __copy_cv_t<_Tp, typename __make_unsigned<__remove_cv_t<_Tp> >::type>;
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__make_unsigned)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct make_unsigned {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __make_unsigned_t<_Tp>;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using make_unsigned_t = __make_unsigned_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __make_unsigned_t<_Tp> __to_unsigned_like(_Tp __x) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<__make_unsigned_t<_Tp> >(__x);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+using __copy_unsigned_t = __conditional_t<is_unsigned<_Tp>::value, __make_unsigned_t<_Up>, _Up>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAKE_UNSIGNED_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/maybe_const.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/maybe_const.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..25fba58fb77303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/maybe_const.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAYBE_CONST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAYBE_CONST_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <bool _Const, class _Tp>
+using __maybe_const = __conditional_t<_Const, const _Tp, _Tp>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_MAYBE_CONST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/nat.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/nat.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9f39b806814e26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/nat.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_NAT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_NAT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct __nat {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  __nat()                        = delete;
+  __nat(const __nat&)            = delete;
+  __nat& operator=(const __nat&) = delete;
+  ~__nat()                       = delete;
+#endif
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_NAT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/negation.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/negation.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a72e62d3f96e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/negation.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_NEGATION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_NEGATION_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Pred>
+struct _Not : _BoolConstant<!_Pred::value> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+struct negation : _Not<_Tp> {};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool negation_v = !_Tp::value;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_NEGATION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/noexcept_move_assign_container.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/noexcept_move_assign_container.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..baaf36d9980e94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/noexcept_move_assign_container.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_NOEXCEPT_MOVE_ASSIGN_CONTAINER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_NOEXCEPT_MOVE_ASSIGN_CONTAINER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <typename _Alloc, typename _Traits = allocator_traits<_Alloc> >
+struct __noexcept_move_assign_container
+    : public integral_constant<bool,
+                               _Traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+                                   || _Traits::is_always_equal::value
+#else
+                                   && is_nothrow_move_assignable<_Alloc>::value
+#endif
+                               > {
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_NOEXCEPT_MOVE_ASSIGN_CONTAINER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/promote.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/promote.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2b2a6843b91502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/promote.h
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_PROMOTE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_PROMOTE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_CLANG_VER) && _LIBCPP_CLANG_VER == 1700
+#  include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#  include <__utility/declval.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// TODO(LLVM-20): Remove this workaround
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_CLANG_VER) || _LIBCPP_CLANG_VER != 1700
+
+template <class... _Args>
+class __promote {
+  static_assert((is_arithmetic<_Args>::value && ...));
+
+  static float __test(float);
+  static double __test(char);
+  static double __test(int);
+  static double __test(unsigned);
+  static double __test(long);
+  static double __test(unsigned long);
+  static double __test(long long);
+  static double __test(unsigned long long);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+  static double __test(__int128_t);
+  static double __test(__uint128_t);
+#  endif
+  static double __test(double);
+  static long double __test(long double);
+
+public:
+  using type = decltype((__test(_Args()) + ...));
+};
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __numeric_type {
+  static void __test(...);
+  static float __test(float);
+  static double __test(char);
+  static double __test(int);
+  static double __test(unsigned);
+  static double __test(long);
+  static double __test(unsigned long);
+  static double __test(long long);
+  static double __test(unsigned long long);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+  static double __test(__int128_t);
+  static double __test(__uint128_t);
+#  endif
+  static double __test(double);
+  static long double __test(long double);
+
+  typedef decltype(__test(std::declval<_Tp>())) type;
+  static const bool value = _IsNotSame<type, void>::value;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __numeric_type<void> {
+  static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+template <class _A1,
+          class _A2 = void,
+          class _A3 = void,
+          bool      = __numeric_type<_A1>::value && __numeric_type<_A2>::value && __numeric_type<_A3>::value>
+class __promote_imp {
+public:
+  static const bool value = false;
+};
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, class _A3>
+class __promote_imp<_A1, _A2, _A3, true> {
+private:
+  typedef typename __promote_imp<_A1>::type __type1;
+  typedef typename __promote_imp<_A2>::type __type2;
+  typedef typename __promote_imp<_A3>::type __type3;
+
+public:
+  typedef decltype(__type1() + __type2() + __type3()) type;
+  static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2>
+class __promote_imp<_A1, _A2, void, true> {
+private:
+  typedef typename __promote_imp<_A1>::type __type1;
+  typedef typename __promote_imp<_A2>::type __type2;
+
+public:
+  typedef decltype(__type1() + __type2()) type;
+  static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+template <class _A1>
+class __promote_imp<_A1, void, void, true> {
+public:
+  typedef typename __numeric_type<_A1>::type type;
+  static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2 = void, class _A3 = void>
+class __promote : public __promote_imp<_A1, _A2, _A3> {};
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_CLANG_VER) || _LIBCPP_CLANG_VER >= 1700
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_PROMOTE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/rank.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/rank.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7f6fad1c540245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/rank.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_RANK_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_RANK_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// TODO: Enable using the builtin __array_rank when https://llvm.org/PR57133 is resolved
+#if __has_builtin(__array_rank) && 0
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct rank : integral_constant<size_t, __array_rank(_Tp)> {};
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS rank : public integral_constant<size_t, 0> {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS rank<_Tp[]> : public integral_constant<size_t, rank<_Tp>::value + 1> {};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS rank<_Tp[_Np]> : public integral_constant<size_t, rank<_Tp>::value + 1> {};
+
+#endif // __has_builtin(__array_rank)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr size_t rank_v = rank<_Tp>::value;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_RANK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_all_extents.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_all_extents.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d5373b51f52215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_all_extents.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_ALL_EXTENTS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_ALL_EXTENTS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__remove_all_extents)
+template <class _Tp>
+struct remove_all_extents {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __remove_all_extents(_Tp);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_all_extents_t = __remove_all_extents(_Tp);
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_all_extents {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_all_extents<_Tp[]> {
+  typedef typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type type;
+};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_all_extents<_Tp[_Np]> {
+  typedef typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_all_extents_t = typename remove_all_extents<_Tp>::type;
+#endif // __has_builtin(__remove_all_extents)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using remove_all_extents_t = __remove_all_extents_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_ALL_EXTENTS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_const.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_const.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a3f0648c478506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_const.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CONST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CONST_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__remove_const)
+template <class _Tp>
+struct remove_const {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __remove_const(_Tp);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_const_t = __remove_const(_Tp);
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_const {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_const<const _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_const_t = typename remove_const<_Tp>::type;
+#endif // __has_builtin(__remove_const)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using remove_const_t = __remove_const_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CONST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_const_ref.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_const_ref.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d3b334935a5b15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_const_ref.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CONST_REF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CONST_REF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_const_ref_t = __remove_const_t<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp> >;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CONST_REF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_cv.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_cv.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c4bf612794bd55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_cv.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CV_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CV_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_volatile.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__remove_cv) && !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+template <class _Tp>
+struct remove_cv {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __remove_cv(_Tp);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_cv_t = __remove_cv(_Tp);
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_cv {
+  typedef __remove_volatile_t<__remove_const_t<_Tp> > type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_cv_t = __remove_volatile_t<__remove_const_t<_Tp> >;
+#endif // __has_builtin(__remove_cv)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using remove_cv_t = __remove_cv_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CV_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_cvref.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_cvref.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e8e8745ab09609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_cvref.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CVREF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CVREF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__remove_cvref) && !defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC)
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_cvref_t _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __remove_cvref(_Tp);
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_cvref_t _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __remove_cv_t<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp> >;
+#endif // __has_builtin(__remove_cvref)
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __is_same_uncvref : _IsSame<__remove_cvref_t<_Tp>, __remove_cvref_t<_Up> > {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp>
+struct remove_cvref {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __remove_cvref_t<_Tp>;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using remove_cvref_t = __remove_cvref_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_CVREF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_extent.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_extent.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fe37b5c7266c6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_extent.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_EXTENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_EXTENT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__remove_extent)
+template <class _Tp>
+struct remove_extent {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __remove_extent(_Tp);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_extent_t = __remove_extent(_Tp);
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_extent {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_extent<_Tp[]> {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_extent<_Tp[_Np]> {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_extent_t = typename remove_extent<_Tp>::type;
+#endif // __has_builtin(__remove_extent)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using remove_extent_t = __remove_extent_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_EXTENT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_pointer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_pointer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1048f67055a287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_pointer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_POINTER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_POINTER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_WORKAROUND_OBJCXX_COMPILER_INTRINSICS) && __has_builtin(__remove_pointer)
+template <class _Tp>
+struct remove_pointer {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __remove_pointer(_Tp);
+};
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_COMPILER_GCC
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_pointer_t = typename remove_pointer<_Tp>::type;
+#  else
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_pointer_t = __remove_pointer(_Tp);
+#  endif
+#else
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_pointer                      {typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_pointer<_Tp*>                {typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_pointer<_Tp* const>          {typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_pointer<_Tp* volatile>       {typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp type;};
+template <class _Tp> struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_pointer<_Tp* const volatile> {typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp type;};
+// clang-format on
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_pointer_t = typename remove_pointer<_Tp>::type;
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_WORKAROUND_OBJCXX_COMPILER_INTRINSICS) && __has_builtin(__remove_pointer)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using remove_pointer_t = __remove_pointer_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_POINTER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_reference.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_reference.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ba67891758adce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_reference.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_REFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_REFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__remove_reference_t)
+template <class _Tp>
+struct remove_reference {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __remove_reference_t(_Tp);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __libcpp_remove_reference_t = __remove_reference_t(_Tp);
+#elif __has_builtin(__remove_reference)
+template <class _Tp>
+struct remove_reference {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __remove_reference(_Tp);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __libcpp_remove_reference_t = typename remove_reference<_Tp>::type;
+#else
+#  error "remove_reference not implemented!"
+#endif // __has_builtin(__remove_reference_t)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using remove_reference_t = __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_REFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_volatile.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_volatile.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7600ae0ec5167e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/remove_volatile.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_VOLATILE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_VOLATILE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if __has_builtin(__remove_volatile)
+template <class _Tp>
+struct remove_volatile {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __remove_volatile(_Tp);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_volatile_t = __remove_volatile(_Tp);
+#else
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_volatile {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS remove_volatile<volatile _Tp> {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __remove_volatile_t = typename remove_volatile<_Tp>::type;
+#endif // __has_builtin(__remove_volatile)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using remove_volatile_t = __remove_volatile_t<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_REMOVE_VOLATILE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/result_of.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/result_of.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f00fa8e9be7f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/result_of.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_RESULT_OF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_RESULT_OF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// result_of
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_TYPE_TRAITS)
+template <class _Callable>
+class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 result_of;
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _Args>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS result_of<_Fp(_Args...)> : public __invoke_of<_Fp, _Args...> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using result_of_t _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 = typename result_of<_Tp>::type;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+#endif   // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_TYPE_TRAITS)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_RESULT_OF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/strip_signature.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/strip_signature.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3fe79592f55b8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/strip_signature.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_STRIP_SIGNATURE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_STRIP_SIGNATURE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Fp>
+struct __strip_signature;
+
+#  if defined(__cpp_static_call_operator) && __cpp_static_call_operator >= 202207L
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _Args>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (*)(_Args...)> {
+  using type = _Rp(_Args...);
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _Args>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (*)(_Args...) noexcept> {
+  using type = _Rp(_Args...);
+};
+
+#  endif // defined(__cpp_static_call_operator) && __cpp_static_call_operator >= 202207L
+
+// clang-format off
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...)> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) const> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) volatile> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) const volatile> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) &> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) const &> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) volatile &> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) const volatile &> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) noexcept> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) const noexcept> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) volatile noexcept> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) const volatile noexcept> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) & noexcept> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) const & noexcept> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) volatile & noexcept> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+template<class _Rp, class _Gp, class ..._Ap>
+struct __strip_signature<_Rp (_Gp::*) (_Ap...) const volatile & noexcept> { using type = _Rp(_Ap...); };
+// clang-format on
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_STRIP_SIGNATURE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/type_identity.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/type_identity.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b0b5a1277d5962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/type_identity.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_TYPE_IDENTITY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_TYPE_IDENTITY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __type_identity {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __type_identity_t _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = typename __type_identity<_Tp>::type;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp>
+struct type_identity {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+template <class _Tp>
+using type_identity_t = typename type_identity<_Tp>::type;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_TYPE_IDENTITY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/type_list.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/type_list.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..02905707ee37a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/type_list.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_TYPE_LIST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_TYPE_LIST_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Hp, class _Tp>
+struct __type_list {
+  typedef _Hp _Head;
+  typedef _Tp _Tail;
+};
+
+template <class _TypeList, size_t _Size, bool = _Size <= sizeof(typename _TypeList::_Head)>
+struct __find_first;
+
+template <class _Hp, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct __find_first<__type_list<_Hp, _Tp>, _Size, true> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Hp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Hp, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct __find_first<__type_list<_Hp, _Tp>, _Size, false> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename __find_first<_Tp, _Size>::type type;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_TYPE_LIST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/underlying_type.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/underlying_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..16e7501dee17df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/underlying_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_UNDERLYING_TYPE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_UNDERLYING_TYPE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_enum.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_enum<_Tp>::value>
+struct __underlying_type_impl;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __underlying_type_impl<_Tp, false> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __underlying_type_impl<_Tp, true> {
+  typedef __underlying_type(_Tp) type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct underlying_type : __underlying_type_impl<_Tp, is_enum<_Tp>::value> {};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp>
+using underlying_type_t = typename underlying_type<_Tp>::type;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_UNDERLYING_TYPE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/unwrap_ref.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/unwrap_ref.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6bd74550f30921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/unwrap_ref.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_UNWRAP_REF_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_UNWRAP_REF_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/functional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __unwrap_reference {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __unwrap_reference<reference_wrapper<_Tp> > {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG _Tp& type;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp>
+struct unwrap_reference : __unwrap_reference<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using unwrap_reference_t = typename unwrap_reference<_Tp>::type;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct unwrap_ref_decay : unwrap_reference<__decay_t<_Tp> > {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using unwrap_ref_decay_t = typename unwrap_ref_decay<_Tp>::type;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __unwrap_ref_decay
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    : unwrap_ref_decay<_Tp>
+#else
+    : __unwrap_reference<__decay_t<_Tp> >
+#endif
+{
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_UNWRAP_REF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/void_t.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/void_t.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..985bba02e72f77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__type_traits/void_t.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_VOID_T_H
+#define _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_VOID_T_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class...>
+using void_t = void;
+#endif
+
+template <class...>
+using __void_t = void;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___TYPE_TRAITS_VOID_T_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__undef_macros b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__undef_macros
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..29ab327e1c375a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__undef_macros
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifdef min
+#  undef min
+#endif
+
+#ifdef max
+#  undef max
+#endif
+
+#ifdef refresh
+#  undef refresh
+#endif
+
+#ifdef move
+#  undef move
+#endif
+
+#ifdef erase
+#  undef erase
+#endif

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/as_const.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/as_const.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..582dd42f407915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/as_const.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_AS_CONST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_AS_CONST_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/add_const.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_const_t<_Tp>& as_const(_Tp& __t) noexcept {
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+void as_const(const _Tp&&) = delete;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_AS_CONST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/as_lvalue.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/as_lvalue.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..159f45dad4d41c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/as_lvalue.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_AS_LVALUE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_AS_LVALUE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp& __as_lvalue(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND _Tp&& __t) {
+  return static_cast<_Tp&>(__t);
+}
+
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_AS_LVALUE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/auto_cast.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/auto_cast.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..06715b3438f996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/auto_cast.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_AUTO_CAST_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_AUTO_CAST_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#define _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(expr) static_cast<::std::__decay_t<decltype((expr))> >(expr)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_AUTO_CAST_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/cmp.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/cmp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b7c1ed614dfcb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/cmp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_CMP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_CMP_H
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <limits>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp, __libcpp_integer _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool cmp_equal(_Tp __t, _Up __u) noexcept {
+  if constexpr (is_signed_v<_Tp> == is_signed_v<_Up>)
+    return __t == __u;
+  else if constexpr (is_signed_v<_Tp>)
+    return __t < 0 ? false : make_unsigned_t<_Tp>(__t) == __u;
+  else
+    return __u < 0 ? false : __t == make_unsigned_t<_Up>(__u);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp, __libcpp_integer _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool cmp_not_equal(_Tp __t, _Up __u) noexcept {
+  return !std::cmp_equal(__t, __u);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp, __libcpp_integer _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool cmp_less(_Tp __t, _Up __u) noexcept {
+  if constexpr (is_signed_v<_Tp> == is_signed_v<_Up>)
+    return __t < __u;
+  else if constexpr (is_signed_v<_Tp>)
+    return __t < 0 ? true : make_unsigned_t<_Tp>(__t) < __u;
+  else
+    return __u < 0 ? false : __t < make_unsigned_t<_Up>(__u);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp, __libcpp_integer _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool cmp_greater(_Tp __t, _Up __u) noexcept {
+  return std::cmp_less(__u, __t);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp, __libcpp_integer _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool cmp_less_equal(_Tp __t, _Up __u) noexcept {
+  return !std::cmp_greater(__t, __u);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp, __libcpp_integer _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool cmp_greater_equal(_Tp __t, _Up __u) noexcept {
+  return !std::cmp_less(__t, __u);
+}
+
+template <__libcpp_integer _Tp, __libcpp_integer _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool in_range(_Up __u) noexcept {
+  return std::cmp_less_equal(__u, numeric_limits<_Tp>::max()) &&
+         std::cmp_greater_equal(__u, numeric_limits<_Tp>::min());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_CMP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/convert_to_integral.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/convert_to_integral.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f1fcdd98010cca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/convert_to_integral.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_CONVERT_TO_INTEGRAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_CONVERT_TO_INTEGRAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_enum.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <__type_traits/underlying_type.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR int __convert_to_integral(int __val) { return __val; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR unsigned __convert_to_integral(unsigned __val) { return __val; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR long __convert_to_integral(long __val) { return __val; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR unsigned long __convert_to_integral(unsigned long __val) {
+  return __val;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR long long __convert_to_integral(long long __val) { return __val; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long __convert_to_integral(unsigned long long __val) {
+  return __val;
+}
+
+template <typename _Fp, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_Fp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR long long __convert_to_integral(_Fp __val) {
+  return __val;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __int128_t __convert_to_integral(__int128_t __val) { return __val; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __uint128_t __convert_to_integral(__uint128_t __val) { return __val; }
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_enum<_Tp>::value>
+struct __sfinae_underlying_type {
+  typedef typename underlying_type<_Tp>::type type;
+  typedef decltype(((type)1) + 0) __promoted_type;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __sfinae_underlying_type<_Tp, false> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR typename __sfinae_underlying_type<_Tp>::__promoted_type
+__convert_to_integral(_Tp __val) {
+  return __val;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_CONVERT_TO_INTEGRAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/declval.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/declval.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d0856b8afa4db9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/declval.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_DECLVAL_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_DECLVAL_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Suppress deprecation notice for volatile-qualified return type resulting
+// from volatile-qualified types _Tp.
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Tp>
+_Tp&& __declval(int);
+template <class _Tp>
+_Tp __declval(long);
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI decltype(std::__declval<_Tp>(0)) declval() _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(!__is_same(_Tp, _Tp),
+                "std::declval can only be used in an unevaluated context. "
+                "It's likely that your current usage is trying to extract a value from the function.");
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_DECLVAL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/empty.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/empty.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8cca197145c723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/empty.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_EMPTY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_EMPTY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct __empty {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_EMPTY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/exception_guard.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/exception_guard.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9f732ca265c86e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/exception_guard.h
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_TRANSACTION_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_TRANSACTION_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/exchange.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// __exception_guard is a helper class for writing code with the strong exception guarantee.
+//
+// When writing code that can throw an exception, one can store rollback instructions in an
+// exception guard so that if an exception is thrown at any point during the lifetime of the
+// exception guard, it will be rolled back automatically. When the exception guard is done, one
+// must mark it as being complete so it isn't rolled back when the exception guard is destroyed.
+//
+// Exception guards are not default constructible, they can't be copied or assigned to, but
+// they can be moved around for convenience.
+//
+// __exception_guard is a no-op in -fno-exceptions mode to produce better code-gen. This means
+// that we don't provide the strong exception guarantees. However, Clang doesn't generate cleanup
+// code with exceptions disabled, so even if we wanted to provide the strong exception guarantees
+// we couldn't. This is also only relevant for constructs with a stack of
+// -fexceptions > -fno-exceptions > -fexceptions code, since the exception can't be caught where
+// exceptions are disabled. While -fexceptions > -fno-exceptions is quite common
+// (e.g. libc++.dylib > -fno-exceptions), having another layer with exceptions enabled seems a lot
+// less common, especially one that tries to catch an exception through -fno-exceptions code.
+//
+// __exception_guard can help greatly simplify code that would normally be cluttered by
+// `#if _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS`. For example:
+//
+//    template <class Iterator, class Size, class OutputIterator>
+//    Iterator uninitialized_copy_n(Iterator iter, Size n, OutputIterator out) {
+//        typedef typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type value_type;
+//        __exception_guard guard([start=out, &out] {
+//            std::destroy(start, out);
+//        });
+//
+//        for (; n > 0; ++iter, ++out, --n) {
+//            ::new ((void*)std::addressof(*out)) value_type(*iter);
+//        }
+//        guard.__complete();
+//        return out;
+//    }
+//
+
+template <class _Rollback>
+struct __exception_guard_exceptions {
+  __exception_guard_exceptions() = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit __exception_guard_exceptions(_Rollback __rollback)
+      : __rollback_(std::move(__rollback)), __completed_(false) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  __exception_guard_exceptions(__exception_guard_exceptions&& __other)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Rollback>::value)
+      : __rollback_(std::move(__other.__rollback_)), __completed_(__other.__completed_) {
+    __other.__completed_ = true;
+  }
+
+  __exception_guard_exceptions(__exception_guard_exceptions const&)            = delete;
+  __exception_guard_exceptions& operator=(__exception_guard_exceptions const&) = delete;
+  __exception_guard_exceptions& operator=(__exception_guard_exceptions&&)      = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __complete() _NOEXCEPT { __completed_ = true; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~__exception_guard_exceptions() {
+    if (!__completed_)
+      __rollback_();
+  }
+
+private:
+  _Rollback __rollback_;
+  bool __completed_;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(__exception_guard_exceptions);
+
+template <class _Rollback>
+struct __exception_guard_noexceptions {
+  __exception_guard_noexceptions() = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NODEBUG explicit __exception_guard_noexceptions(_Rollback) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NODEBUG
+  __exception_guard_noexceptions(__exception_guard_noexceptions&& __other)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Rollback>::value)
+      : __completed_(__other.__completed_) {
+    __other.__completed_ = true;
+  }
+
+  __exception_guard_noexceptions(__exception_guard_noexceptions const&)            = delete;
+  __exception_guard_noexceptions& operator=(__exception_guard_noexceptions const&) = delete;
+  __exception_guard_noexceptions& operator=(__exception_guard_noexceptions&&)      = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NODEBUG void __complete() _NOEXCEPT {
+    __completed_ = true;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NODEBUG ~__exception_guard_noexceptions() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__completed_, "__exception_guard not completed with exceptions disabled");
+  }
+
+private:
+  bool __completed_ = false;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(__exception_guard_noexceptions);
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+template <class _Rollback>
+using __exception_guard = __exception_guard_noexceptions<_Rollback>;
+#else
+template <class _Rollback>
+using __exception_guard = __exception_guard_exceptions<_Rollback>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Rollback>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __exception_guard<_Rollback> __make_exception_guard(_Rollback __rollback) {
+  return __exception_guard<_Rollback>(std::move(__rollback));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_TRANSACTION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/exchange.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/exchange.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..957e9d0acaa65e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/exchange.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_EXCHANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_EXCHANGE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _T1, class _T2 = _T1>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _T1 exchange(_T1& __obj, _T2&& __new_value) noexcept(
+    is_nothrow_move_constructible<_T1>::value && is_nothrow_assignable<_T1&, _T2>::value) {
+  _T1 __old_value = std::move(__obj);
+  __obj           = std::forward<_T2>(__new_value);
+  return __old_value;
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_EXCHANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/forward.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/forward.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d5275dcbd0edc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/forward.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_FORWARD_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_FORWARD_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Tp&&
+forward(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return static_cast<_Tp&&>(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Tp&&
+forward(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>&& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(!is_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::value, "cannot forward an rvalue as an lvalue");
+  return static_cast<_Tp&&>(__t);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_FORWARD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/forward_like.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/forward_like.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0206ce23a56681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/forward_like.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_FORWARD_LIKE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_FORWARD_LIKE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _Ap, class _Bp>
+using _CopyConst = _If<is_const_v<_Ap>, const _Bp, _Bp>;
+
+template <class _Ap, class _Bp>
+using _OverrideRef = _If<is_rvalue_reference_v<_Ap>, remove_reference_t<_Bp>&&, _Bp&>;
+
+template <class _Ap, class _Bp>
+using _ForwardLike = _OverrideRef<_Ap&&, _CopyConst<remove_reference_t<_Ap>, remove_reference_t<_Bp>>>;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+forward_like(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND _Up&& __ux) noexcept -> _ForwardLike<_Tp, _Up> {
+  return static_cast<_ForwardLike<_Tp, _Up>>(__ux);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_FORWARD_LIKE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/in_place.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/in_place.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fa7a2f4bfd4a95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/in_place.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_IN_PLACE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_IN_PLACE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI in_place_t {
+  explicit in_place_t() = default;
+};
+inline constexpr in_place_t in_place{};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS in_place_type_t {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit in_place_type_t() = default;
+};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr in_place_type_t<_Tp> in_place_type{};
+
+template <size_t _Idx>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS in_place_index_t {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit in_place_index_t() = default;
+};
+template <size_t _Idx>
+inline constexpr in_place_index_t<_Idx> in_place_index{};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_inplace_type_imp : false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_inplace_type_imp<in_place_type_t<_Tp>> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __is_inplace_type = __is_inplace_type_imp<__remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_inplace_index_imp : false_type {};
+template <size_t _Idx>
+struct __is_inplace_index_imp<in_place_index_t<_Idx>> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __is_inplace_index = __is_inplace_index_imp<__remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_IN_PLACE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/integer_sequence.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/integer_sequence.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ccce9433e7a801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/integer_sequence.h
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_INTEGER_SEQUENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_INTEGER_SEQUENCE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <size_t...>
+struct __tuple_indices;
+
+template <class _IdxType, _IdxType... _Values>
+struct __integer_sequence {
+  template <template <class _OIdxType, _OIdxType...> class _ToIndexSeq, class _ToIndexType>
+  using __convert = _ToIndexSeq<_ToIndexType, _Values...>;
+
+  template <size_t _Sp>
+  using __to_tuple_indices = __tuple_indices<(_Values + _Sp)...>;
+};
+
+#if __has_builtin(__make_integer_seq)
+template <size_t _Ep, size_t _Sp>
+using __make_indices_imp =
+    typename __make_integer_seq<__integer_sequence, size_t, _Ep - _Sp>::template __to_tuple_indices<_Sp>;
+#elif __has_builtin(__integer_pack)
+template <size_t _Ep, size_t _Sp>
+using __make_indices_imp =
+    typename __integer_sequence<size_t, __integer_pack(_Ep - _Sp)...>::template __to_tuple_indices<_Sp>;
+#else
+#  error "No known way to get an integer pack from the compiler"
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+template <class _Tp, _Tp... _Ip>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS integer_sequence {
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  static_assert(is_integral<_Tp>::value, "std::integer_sequence can only be instantiated with an integral type");
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t size() noexcept { return sizeof...(_Ip); }
+};
+
+template <size_t... _Ip>
+using index_sequence = integer_sequence<size_t, _Ip...>;
+
+#  if __has_builtin(__make_integer_seq)
+
+template <class _Tp, _Tp _Ep>
+using make_integer_sequence _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __make_integer_seq<integer_sequence, _Tp, _Ep>;
+
+#  elif __has_builtin(__integer_pack)
+
+template <class _Tp, _Tp _SequenceSize>
+using make_integer_sequence _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = integer_sequence<_Tp, __integer_pack(_SequenceSize)...>;
+
+#  else
+#    error "No known way to get an integer pack from the compiler"
+#  endif
+
+template <size_t _Np>
+using make_index_sequence = make_integer_sequence<size_t, _Np>;
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+using index_sequence_for = make_index_sequence<sizeof...(_Tp)>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+// Executes __func for every element in an index_sequence.
+template <size_t... _Index, class _Function>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __for_each_index_sequence(index_sequence<_Index...>, _Function __func) {
+  (__func.template operator()<_Index>(), ...);
+}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_INTEGER_SEQUENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/is_pointer_in_range.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/is_pointer_in_range.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4130b4ac707000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/is_pointer_in_range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_IS_POINTER_IN_RANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_IS_POINTER_IN_RANGE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/is_valid_range.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class = void>
+struct __is_less_than_comparable : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __is_less_than_comparable<_Tp, _Up, __void_t<decltype(std::declval<_Tp>() < std::declval<_Up>())> > : true_type {
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, __enable_if_t<__is_less_than_comparable<const _Tp*, const _Up*>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_SANITIZE("address") bool
+__is_pointer_in_range(const _Tp* __begin, const _Tp* __end, const _Up* __ptr) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(std::__is_valid_range(__begin, __end), "[__begin, __end) is not a valid range");
+
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    // If this is not a constant during constant evaluation we know that __ptr is not part of the allocation where
+    // [__begin, __end) is.
+    if (!__builtin_constant_p(__begin <= __ptr && __ptr < __end))
+      return false;
+  }
+
+  return !__less<>()(__ptr, __begin) && __less<>()(__ptr, __end);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, __enable_if_t<!__is_less_than_comparable<const _Tp*, const _Up*>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_SANITIZE("address") bool
+__is_pointer_in_range(const _Tp* __begin, const _Tp* __end, const _Up* __ptr) {
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+    return false;
+
+  return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(__begin) <= reinterpret_cast<const char*>(__ptr) &&
+         reinterpret_cast<const char*>(__ptr) < reinterpret_cast<const char*>(__end);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_IS_POINTER_IN_RANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/is_valid_range.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/is_valid_range.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7286662dbf3092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/is_valid_range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_IS_VALID_RANGE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_IS_VALID_RANGE_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_SANITIZE("address") bool
+__is_valid_range(const _Tp* __first, const _Tp* __last) {
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    // If this is not a constant during constant evaluation, that is because __first and __last are not
+    // part of the same allocation. If they are part of the same allocation, we must still make sure they
+    // are ordered properly.
+    return __builtin_constant_p(__first <= __last) && __first <= __last;
+  }
+
+  return !__less<>()(__last, __first);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_IS_VALID_RANGE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/move.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/move.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b6a42db0545e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/move.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_MOVE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_MOVE_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>&&
+move(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND _Tp&& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp> _Up;
+  return static_cast<_Up&&>(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __move_if_noexcept_result_t =
+    __conditional_t<!is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Tp>::value && is_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value, const _Tp&, _Tp&&>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __move_if_noexcept_result_t<_Tp>
+move_if_noexcept(_LIBCPP_LIFETIMEBOUND _Tp& __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::move(__x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_MOVE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/no_destroy.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/no_destroy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8edd194577d7c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/no_destroy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_NO_DESTROY_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_NO_DESTROY_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct __uninitialized_tag {};
+
+// This class stores an object of type _Tp but never destroys it.
+//
+// This is akin to using __attribute__((no_destroy)), except that it is possible
+// to control the lifetime of the object with more flexibility by deciding e.g.
+// whether to initialize the object at construction or to defer to a later
+// initialization using __emplace.
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __no_destroy {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit __no_destroy(__uninitialized_tag) : __obj_() {}
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __no_destroy(_Args&&... __args) {
+    ::new ((void*)__obj_) _Tp(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& __emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return *(::new ((void*)__obj_) _Tp(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& __get() { return *reinterpret_cast<_Tp*>(__obj_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp const& __get() const { return *reinterpret_cast<const _Tp*>(__obj_); }
+
+private:
+  _ALIGNAS_TYPE(_Tp) char __obj_[sizeof(_Tp)];
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_NO_DESTROY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/pair.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/pair.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c0002b7abb3ca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/pair.h
@@ -0,0 +1,718 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_PAIR_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_PAIR_H
+
+#include <__compare/common_comparison_category.h>
+#include <__compare/synth_three_way.h>
+#include <__concepts/
diff erent_from.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/array.h>
+#include <__fwd/pair.h>
+#include <__fwd/tuple.h>
+#include <__tuple/sfinae_helpers.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_element.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_indices.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_like_no_subrange.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_implicitly_default_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/nat.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/unwrap_ref.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/piecewise_construct.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class, class>
+struct __non_trivially_copyable_base {
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __non_trivially_copyable_base() _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __non_trivially_copyable_base(__non_trivially_copyable_base const&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS pair
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ABI_DISABLE_PAIR_TRIVIAL_COPY_CTOR)
+    : private __non_trivially_copyable_base<_T1, _T2>
+#endif
+{
+  using first_type  = _T1;
+  using second_type = _T2;
+
+  _T1 first;
+  _T2 second;
+
+  using __trivially_relocatable =
+      __conditional_t<__libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_T1>::value && __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_T2>::value,
+                      pair,
+                      void>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair(pair const&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair(pair&&)      = default;
+
+  // When we are requested for pair to be trivially copyable by the ABI macro, we use defaulted members
+  // if it is both legal to do it (i.e. no references) and we have a way to actually implement it, which requires
+  // the __enable_if__ attribute before C++20.
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_TRIVIALLY_COPYABLE_PAIR
+  // FIXME: This should really just be a static constexpr variable. It's in a struct to avoid gdb printing the value
+  // when printing a pair
+  struct __has_defaulted_members {
+    static const bool value = !is_reference<first_type>::value && !is_reference<second_type>::value;
+  };
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr pair& operator=(const pair&)
+    requires __has_defaulted_members::value
+  = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr pair& operator=(pair&&)
+    requires __has_defaulted_members::value
+  = default;
+#  elif __has_attribute(__enable_if__)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair& operator=(const pair&)
+      __attribute__((__enable_if__(__has_defaulted_members::value, ""))) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair& operator=(pair&&)
+      __attribute__((__enable_if__(__has_defaulted_members::value, ""))) = default;
+#  else
+#    error "_LIBCPP_ABI_TRIVIALLY_COPYABLE_PAIR isn't supported with this compiler"
+#  endif
+#else
+  struct __has_defaulted_members {
+    static const bool value = false;
+  };
+#endif // defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_TRIVIALLY_COPYABLE_PAIR) && __has_attribute(__enable_if__)
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair() : first(), second() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair(_T1 const& __t1, _T2 const& __t2) : first(__t1), second(__t2) {}
+
+  template <class _U1, class _U2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair(const pair<_U1, _U2>& __p) : first(__p.first), second(__p.second) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair& operator=(pair const& __p) {
+    first  = __p.first;
+    second = __p.second;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Extension: This is provided in C++03 because it allows properly handling the
+  //            assignment to a pair containing references, which would be a hard
+  //            error otherwise.
+  template <
+      class _U1,
+      class _U2,
+      __enable_if_t<is_assignable<first_type&, _U1 const&>::value && is_assignable<second_type&, _U2 const&>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair& operator=(pair<_U1, _U2> const& __p) {
+    first  = __p.first;
+    second = __p.second;
+    return *this;
+  }
+#else
+  struct _CheckArgs {
+    template <int&...>
+    static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __enable_implicit_default() {
+      return __is_implicitly_default_constructible<_T1>::value && __is_implicitly_default_constructible<_T2>::value;
+    }
+
+    template <int&...>
+    static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __enable_default() {
+      return is_default_constructible<_T1>::value && is_default_constructible<_T2>::value;
+    }
+
+    template <class _U1, class _U2>
+    static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_pair_constructible() {
+      return is_constructible<first_type, _U1>::value && is_constructible<second_type, _U2>::value;
+    }
+
+    template <class _U1, class _U2>
+    static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __is_implicit() {
+      return is_convertible<_U1, first_type>::value && is_convertible<_U2, second_type>::value;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <bool _MaybeEnable>
+  using _CheckArgsDep _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+      typename conditional< _MaybeEnable, _CheckArgs, __check_tuple_constructor_fail>::type;
+
+  template <bool _Dummy = true, __enable_if_t<_CheckArgsDep<_Dummy>::__enable_default(), int> = 0>
+  explicit(!_CheckArgsDep<_Dummy>::__enable_implicit_default()) _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr pair() noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<first_type>::value && is_nothrow_default_constructible<second_type>::value)
+      : first(), second() {}
+
+  template <bool _Dummy = true,
+            __enable_if_t<_CheckArgsDep<_Dummy>::template __is_pair_constructible<_T1 const&, _T2 const&>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit(!_CheckArgsDep<_Dummy>::template __is_implicit<_T1 const&, _T2 const&>())
+      pair(_T1 const& __t1, _T2 const& __t2) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<first_type>::value &&
+                                                      is_nothrow_copy_constructible<second_type>::value)
+      : first(__t1), second(__t2) {}
+
+  template <
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23 // http://wg21.link/P1951
+      class _U1 = _T1,
+      class _U2 = _T2,
+#  else
+      class _U1,
+      class _U2,
+#  endif
+      __enable_if_t<_CheckArgs::template __is_pair_constructible<_U1, _U2>(), int> = 0 >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit(!_CheckArgs::template __is_implicit<_U1, _U2>())
+      pair(_U1&& __u1, _U2&& __u2) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible<first_type, _U1>::value &&
+                                            is_nothrow_constructible<second_type, _U2>::value)
+      : first(std::forward<_U1>(__u1)), second(std::forward<_U2>(__u2)) {
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _U1, class _U2, __enable_if_t<_CheckArgs::template __is_pair_constructible<_U1&, _U2&>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!_CheckArgs::template __is_implicit<_U1&, _U2&>())
+      pair(pair<_U1, _U2>& __p) noexcept((is_nothrow_constructible<first_type, _U1&>::value &&
+                                          is_nothrow_constructible<second_type, _U2&>::value))
+      : first(__p.first), second(__p.second) {}
+#  endif
+
+  template <class _U1,
+            class _U2,
+            __enable_if_t<_CheckArgs::template __is_pair_constructible<_U1 const&, _U2 const&>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit(!_CheckArgs::template __is_implicit<_U1 const&, _U2 const&>())
+      pair(pair<_U1, _U2> const& __p) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible<first_type, _U1 const&>::value &&
+                                               is_nothrow_constructible<second_type, _U2 const&>::value)
+      : first(__p.first), second(__p.second) {}
+
+  template <class _U1, class _U2, __enable_if_t<_CheckArgs::template __is_pair_constructible<_U1, _U2>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit(!_CheckArgs::template __is_implicit<_U1, _U2>())
+      pair(pair<_U1, _U2>&& __p) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible<first_type, _U1&&>::value &&
+                                          is_nothrow_constructible<second_type, _U2&&>::value)
+      : first(std::forward<_U1>(__p.first)), second(std::forward<_U2>(__p.second)) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _U1,
+            class _U2,
+            __enable_if_t<_CheckArgs::template __is_pair_constructible<const _U1&&, const _U2&&>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!_CheckArgs::template __is_implicit<const _U1&&, const _U2&&>())
+      pair(const pair<_U1, _U2>&& __p) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible<first_type, const _U1&&>::value &&
+                                                is_nothrow_constructible<second_type, const _U2&&>::value)
+      : first(std::move(__p.first)), second(std::move(__p.second)) {}
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  // TODO: Remove this workaround in LLVM 20. The bug got fixed in Clang 18.
+  // This is a workaround for http://llvm.org/PR60710. We should be able to remove it once Clang is fixed.
+  template <class _PairLike>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __pair_like_explicit_wknd() {
+    if constexpr (__pair_like_no_subrange<_PairLike>) {
+      return !is_convertible_v<decltype(std::get<0>(std::declval<_PairLike&&>())), first_type> ||
+             !is_convertible_v<decltype(std::get<1>(std::declval<_PairLike&&>())), second_type>;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  template <__pair_like_no_subrange _PairLike>
+    requires(is_constructible_v<first_type, decltype(std::get<0>(std::declval<_PairLike &&>()))> &&
+             is_constructible_v<second_type, decltype(std::get<1>(std::declval<_PairLike &&>()))>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(__pair_like_explicit_wknd<_PairLike>()) pair(_PairLike&& __p)
+      : first(std::get<0>(std::forward<_PairLike>(__p))), second(std::get<1>(std::forward<_PairLike>(__p))) {}
+#  endif
+
+  template <class... _Args1, class... _Args2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  pair(piecewise_construct_t __pc, tuple<_Args1...> __first_args, tuple<_Args2...> __second_args) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible<first_type, _Args1...>::value && is_nothrow_constructible<second_type, _Args2...>::value)
+      : pair(__pc,
+             __first_args,
+             __second_args,
+             typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Args1)>::type(),
+             typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Args2) >::type()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair&
+  operator=(__conditional_t<!__has_defaulted_members::value && is_copy_assignable<first_type>::value &&
+                                is_copy_assignable<second_type>::value,
+                            pair,
+                            __nat> const& __p) noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_assignable<first_type>::value &&
+                                                        is_nothrow_copy_assignable<second_type>::value) {
+    first  = __p.first;
+    second = __p.second;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair&
+  operator=(__conditional_t<!__has_defaulted_members::value && is_move_assignable<first_type>::value &&
+                                is_move_assignable<second_type>::value,
+                            pair,
+                            __nat>&& __p) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<first_type>::value &&
+                                                   is_nothrow_move_assignable<second_type>::value) {
+    first  = std::forward<first_type>(__p.first);
+    second = std::forward<second_type>(__p.second);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <
+      class _U1,
+      class _U2,
+      __enable_if_t<is_assignable<first_type&, _U1 const&>::value && is_assignable<second_type&, _U2 const&>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair& operator=(pair<_U1, _U2> const& __p) {
+    first  = __p.first;
+    second = __p.second;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _U1,
+            class _U2,
+            __enable_if_t<is_assignable<first_type&, _U1>::value && is_assignable<second_type&, _U2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pair& operator=(pair<_U1, _U2>&& __p) {
+    first  = std::forward<_U1>(__p.first);
+    second = std::forward<_U2>(__p.second);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class = void>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const pair& operator=(pair const& __p) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<const first_type> && is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<const second_type>)
+    requires(is_copy_assignable_v<const first_type> && is_copy_assignable_v<const second_type>)
+  {
+    first  = __p.first;
+    second = __p.second;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class = void>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const pair& operator=(pair&& __p) const
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_assignable_v<const first_type&, first_type> &&
+               is_nothrow_assignable_v<const second_type&, second_type>)
+    requires(is_assignable_v<const first_type&, first_type> && is_assignable_v<const second_type&, second_type>)
+  {
+    first  = std::forward<first_type>(__p.first);
+    second = std::forward<second_type>(__p.second);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _U1, class _U2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const pair& operator=(const pair<_U1, _U2>& __p) const
+    requires(is_assignable_v<const first_type&, const _U1&> && is_assignable_v<const second_type&, const _U2&>)
+  {
+    first  = __p.first;
+    second = __p.second;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _U1, class _U2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const pair& operator=(pair<_U1, _U2>&& __p) const
+    requires(is_assignable_v<const first_type&, _U1> && is_assignable_v<const second_type&, _U2>)
+  {
+    first  = std::forward<_U1>(__p.first);
+    second = std::forward<_U2>(__p.second);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <__pair_like_no_subrange _PairLike>
+    requires(__
diff erent_from<_PairLike, pair> &&
+             is_assignable_v<first_type&, decltype(std::get<0>(std::declval<_PairLike>()))> &&
+             is_assignable_v<second_type&, decltype(std::get<1>(std::declval<_PairLike>()))>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr pair& operator=(_PairLike&& __p) {
+    first  = std::get<0>(std::forward<_PairLike>(__p));
+    second = std::get<1>(std::forward<_PairLike>(__p));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <__pair_like_no_subrange _PairLike>
+    requires(__
diff erent_from<_PairLike, pair> &&
+             is_assignable_v<first_type const&, decltype(std::get<0>(std::declval<_PairLike>()))> &&
+             is_assignable_v<second_type const&, decltype(std::get<1>(std::declval<_PairLike>()))>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr pair const& operator=(_PairLike&& __p) const {
+    first  = std::get<0>(std::forward<_PairLike>(__p));
+    second = std::get<1>(std::forward<_PairLike>(__p));
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+  // Prior to C++23, we provide an approximation of constructors and assignment operators from
+  // pair-like types. This was historically provided as an extension.
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 23
+  // from std::tuple
+  template <class _U1,
+            class _U2,
+            __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_U1 const&, _T1>::value && is_convertible<_U2 const&, _T2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair(tuple<_U1, _U2> const& __p)
+      : first(std::get<0>(__p)), second(std::get<1>(__p)) {}
+
+  template < class _U1,
+             class _U2,
+             __enable_if_t<is_constructible<_T1, _U1 const&>::value && is_constructible<_T2, _U2 const&>::value &&
+                               !(is_convertible<_U1 const&, _T1>::value && is_convertible<_U2 const&, _T2>::value),
+                           int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit pair(tuple<_U1, _U2> const& __p)
+      : first(std::get<0>(__p)), second(std::get<1>(__p)) {}
+
+  template <class _U1,
+            class _U2,
+            __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_U1, _T1>::value && is_convertible<_U2, _T2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair(tuple<_U1, _U2>&& __p)
+      : first(std::get<0>(std::move(__p))), second(std::get<1>(std::move(__p))) {}
+
+  template <class _U1,
+            class _U2,
+            __enable_if_t<is_constructible<_T1, _U1>::value && is_constructible<_T2, _U2>::value &&
+                          !(is_convertible<_U1, _T1>::value && is_convertible<_U2, _T2>::value) > = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit pair(tuple<_U1, _U2>&& __p)
+      : first(std::get<0>(std::move(__p))), second(std::get<1>(std::move(__p))) {}
+
+  template <class _U1,
+            class _U2,
+            __enable_if_t<is_assignable<_T1&, _U1 const&>::value && is_assignable<_T2&, _U2 const&>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair& operator=(tuple<_U1, _U2> const& __p) {
+    first  = std::get<0>(__p);
+    second = std::get<1>(__p);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _U1,
+            class _U2,
+            __enable_if_t<is_assignable<_T1&, _U1&&>::value && is_assignable<_T2&, _U2&&>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair& operator=(tuple<_U1, _U2>&& __p) {
+    first  = std::get<0>(std::move(__p));
+    second = std::get<1>(std::move(__p));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // from std::array
+  template <class _Up,
+            __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_Up const&, _T1>::value && is_convertible<_Up const&, _T2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair(array<_Up, 2> const& __p) : first(__p[0]), second(__p[1]) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            __enable_if_t<is_constructible<_T1, _Up const&>::value && is_constructible<_T2, _Up const&>::value &&
+                              !(is_convertible<_Up const&, _T1>::value && is_convertible<_Up const&, _T2>::value),
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit pair(array<_Up, 2> const& __p)
+      : first(__p[0]), second(__p[1]) {}
+
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t< is_convertible<_Up, _T1>::value && is_convertible<_Up, _T2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair(array<_Up, 2>&& __p)
+      : first(std::move(__p)[0]), second(std::move(__p)[1]) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            __enable_if_t<is_constructible<_T1, _Up>::value && is_constructible<_T2, _Up>::value &&
+                              !(is_convertible<_Up, _T1>::value && is_convertible<_Up, _T2>::value),
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit pair(array<_Up, 2>&& __p)
+      : first(std::move(__p)[0]), second(std::move(__p)[1]) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            __enable_if_t<is_assignable<_T1&, _Up const&>::value && is_assignable<_T2&, _Up const&>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair& operator=(array<_Up, 2> const& __p) {
+    first  = std::get<0>(__p);
+    second = std::get<1>(__p);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up, __enable_if_t<is_assignable<_T1&, _Up>::value && is_assignable<_T2&, _Up>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair& operator=(array<_Up, 2>&& __p) {
+    first  = std::get<0>(std::move(__p));
+    second = std::get<1>(std::move(__p));
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 23
+#endif   // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(pair& __p)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<first_type>&& __is_nothrow_swappable_v<second_type>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(first, __p.first);
+    swap(second, __p.second);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void swap(const pair& __p) const
+      noexcept(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<const first_type> && __is_nothrow_swappable_v<const second_type>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(first, __p.first);
+    swap(second, __p.second);
+  }
+#endif
+
+private:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class... _Args1, class... _Args2, size_t... _I1, size_t... _I2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  pair(piecewise_construct_t,
+       tuple<_Args1...>& __first_args,
+       tuple<_Args2...>& __second_args,
+       __tuple_indices<_I1...>,
+       __tuple_indices<_I2...>)
+      : first(std::forward<_Args1>(std::get<_I1>(__first_args))...),
+        second(std::forward<_Args2>(std::get<_I2>(__second_args))...) {}
+#endif
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+pair(_T1, _T2) -> pair<_T1, _T2>;
+#endif
+
+// [pairs.spec], specialized algorithms
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, class _U1, class _U2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator==(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, const pair<_U1, _U2>& __y) {
+  return __x.first == __y.first && __x.second == __y.second;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, class _U1, class _U2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr common_comparison_category_t< __synth_three_way_result<_T1, _U1>,
+                                                              __synth_three_way_result<_T2, _U2> >
+operator<=>(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, const pair<_U1, _U2>& __y) {
+  if (auto __c = std::__synth_three_way(__x.first, __y.first); __c != 0) {
+    return __c;
+  }
+  return std::__synth_three_way(__x.second, __y.second);
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, class _U1, class _U2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator!=(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, const pair<_U1, _U2>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, class _U1, class _U2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator<(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, const pair<_U1, _U2>& __y) {
+  return __x.first < __y.first || (!(__y.first < __x.first) && __x.second < __y.second);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, class _U1, class _U2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator>(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, const pair<_U1, _U2>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, class _U1, class _U2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator>=(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, const pair<_U1, _U2>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, class _U1, class _U2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator<=(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, const pair<_U1, _U2>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _T1, class _T2, class _U1, class _U2, template <class> class _TQual, template <class> class _UQual>
+  requires requires {
+    typename pair<common_reference_t<_TQual<_T1>, _UQual<_U1>>, common_reference_t<_TQual<_T2>, _UQual<_U2>>>;
+  }
+struct basic_common_reference<pair<_T1, _T2>, pair<_U1, _U2>, _TQual, _UQual> {
+  using type = pair<common_reference_t<_TQual<_T1>, _UQual<_U1>>, common_reference_t<_TQual<_T2>, _UQual<_U2>>>;
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, class _U1, class _U2>
+  requires requires { typename pair<common_type_t<_T1, _U1>, common_type_t<_T2, _U2>>; }
+struct common_type<pair<_T1, _T2>, pair<_U1, _U2>> {
+  using type = pair<common_type_t<_T1, _U1>, common_type_t<_T2, _U2>>;
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2, __enable_if_t<__is_swappable_v<_T1> && __is_swappable_v<_T2>, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, pair<_T1, _T2>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_T1>&& __is_nothrow_swappable_v<_T2>) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  requires(__is_swappable_v<const _T1> && __is_swappable_v<const _T2>)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+swap(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, const pair<_T1, _T2>& __y) noexcept(noexcept(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 pair<typename __unwrap_ref_decay<_T1>::type, typename __unwrap_ref_decay<_T2>::type>
+make_pair(_T1&& __t1, _T2&& __t2) {
+  return pair<typename __unwrap_ref_decay<_T1>::type, typename __unwrap_ref_decay<_T2>::type>(
+      std::forward<_T1>(__t1), std::forward<_T2>(__t2));
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_size<pair<_T1, _T2> > : public integral_constant<size_t, 2> {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> > {
+  static_assert(_Ip < 2, "Index out of bounds in std::tuple_element<std::pair<T1, T2>>");
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_element<0, pair<_T1, _T2> > {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = _T1;
+};
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_element<1, pair<_T1, _T2> > {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = _T2;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip>
+struct __get_pair;
+
+template <>
+struct __get_pair<0> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _T1& get(pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __p.first;
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _T1& get(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __p.first;
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _T1&& get(pair<_T1, _T2>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::forward<_T1>(__p.first);
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _T1&& get(const pair<_T1, _T2>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::forward<const _T1>(__p.first);
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __get_pair<1> {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _T2& get(pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __p.second;
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _T2& get(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __p.second;
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _T2&& get(pair<_T1, _T2>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::forward<_T2>(__p.second);
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _T2&& get(const pair<_T1, _T2>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::forward<const _T2>(__p.second);
+  }
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&
+get(pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<_Ip>::get(__p);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&
+get(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<_Ip>::get(__p);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&&
+get(pair<_T1, _T2>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<_Ip>::get(std::move(__p));
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const typename tuple_element<_Ip, pair<_T1, _T2> >::type&&
+get(const pair<_T1, _T2>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<_Ip>::get(std::move(__p));
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1& get(pair<_T1, _T2>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<0>::get(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1 const& get(pair<_T1, _T2> const& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<0>::get(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1&& get(pair<_T1, _T2>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<0>::get(std::move(__p));
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1 const&& get(pair<_T1, _T2> const&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<0>::get(std::move(__p));
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1& get(pair<_T2, _T1>& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<1>::get(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1 const& get(pair<_T2, _T1> const& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<1>::get(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1&& get(pair<_T2, _T1>&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<1>::get(std::move(__p));
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class _T2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1 const&& get(pair<_T2, _T1> const&& __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __get_pair<1>::get(std::move(__p));
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_PAIR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/piecewise_construct.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/piecewise_construct.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..52b19d791e1003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/piecewise_construct.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_PIECEWISE_CONSTRUCT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_PIECEWISE_CONSTRUCT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS piecewise_construct_t {
+  explicit piecewise_construct_t() = default;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+inline constexpr piecewise_construct_t piecewise_construct = piecewise_construct_t();
+#elif !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+constexpr piecewise_construct_t piecewise_construct = piecewise_construct_t();
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_PIECEWISE_CONSTRUCT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/priority_tag.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/priority_tag.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a159ce7f1afb34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/priority_tag.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_PRIORITY_TAG_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_PRIORITY_TAG_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <size_t _Ip>
+struct __priority_tag : __priority_tag<_Ip - 1> {};
+template <>
+struct __priority_tag<0> {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_PRIORITY_TAG_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/private_constructor_tag.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/private_constructor_tag.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..462cab48c9eddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/private_constructor_tag.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP__UTILITY_PRIVATE_CONSTRUCTOR_TAG_H
+#define _LIBCPP__UTILITY_PRIVATE_CONSTRUCTOR_TAG_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// This tag allows defining non-standard exposition-only constructors while
+// preventing users from being able to use them, since this reserved-name tag
+// needs to be used.
+struct __private_constructor_tag {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP__UTILITY_PRIVATE_CONSTRUCTOR_TAG_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/rel_ops.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/rel_ops.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a8caf5bdeaf278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/rel_ops.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_REL_OPS_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_REL_OPS_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace rel_ops {
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+} // namespace rel_ops
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_REL_OPS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/small_buffer.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/small_buffer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9e13797573d2d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/small_buffer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_SMALL_BUFFER_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_SMALL_BUFFER_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h>
+#include <__utility/exception_guard.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <new>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+// __small_buffer is a helper class to perform the well known SBO (small buffer optimization). It is mainly useful to
+// allow type-erasing classes like move_only_function to store small objects in a local buffer without requiring an
+// allocation.
+//
+// This small buffer class only allows storing trivially relocatable objects inside the local storage to allow
+// __small_buffer to be trivially relocatable itself. Since the buffer doesn't know what's stored inside it, the user
+// has to manage the object's lifetime, in particular the destruction of the object.
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <size_t _BufferSize, size_t _BufferAlignment>
+  requires(_BufferSize > 0 && _BufferAlignment > 0)
+class __small_buffer {
+public:
+  template <class _Tp, class _Decayed = decay_t<_Tp>>
+  static constexpr bool __fits_in_buffer =
+      is_trivially_move_constructible_v<_Decayed> && is_trivially_destructible_v<_Decayed> &&
+      sizeof(_Decayed) <= _BufferSize && alignof(_Decayed) <= _BufferAlignment;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __small_buffer()           = default;
+  __small_buffer(const __small_buffer&)            = delete;
+  __small_buffer& operator=(const __small_buffer&) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__small_buffer()          = default;
+
+  // Relocates the buffer - __delete() should never be called on a moved-from __small_buffer
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __small_buffer(__small_buffer&&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __small_buffer& operator=(__small_buffer&&) = default;
+
+  template <class _Stored>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Stored* __get() {
+    if constexpr (__fits_in_buffer<_Stored>)
+      return std::launder(reinterpret_cast<_Stored*>(__buffer_));
+    else
+      return *std::launder(reinterpret_cast<_Stored**>(__buffer_));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Stored>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Stored* __alloc() {
+    if constexpr (__fits_in_buffer<_Stored>) {
+      return std::launder(reinterpret_cast<_Stored*>(__buffer_));
+    } else {
+      byte* __allocation = static_cast<byte*>(::operator new[](sizeof(_Stored), align_val_t{alignof(_Stored)}));
+      std::construct_at(reinterpret_cast<byte**>(__buffer_), __allocation);
+      return std::launder(reinterpret_cast<_Stored*>(__allocation));
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _Stored>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __dealloc() noexcept {
+    if constexpr (!__fits_in_buffer<_Stored>)
+      ::operator delete[](*reinterpret_cast<void**>(__buffer_), sizeof(_Stored), align_val_t{alignof(_Stored)});
+  }
+
+  template <class _Stored, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __construct(_Args&&... __args) {
+    _Stored* __buffer = __alloc<_Stored>();
+    auto __guard      = std::__make_exception_guard([&] { __dealloc<_Stored>(); });
+    std::construct_at(__buffer, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __guard.__complete();
+  }
+
+private:
+  alignas(_BufferAlignment) byte __buffer_[_BufferSize];
+};
+
+#  undef _LIBCPP_SMALL_BUFFER_TRIVIAL_ABI
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_SMALL_BUFFER_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/swap.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/swap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ab88b8e0a0b531
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/swap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_SWAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_SWAP_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Tp>
+using __swap_result_t = __enable_if_t<is_move_constructible<_Tp>::value && is_move_assignable<_Tp>::value>;
+#else
+template <class>
+using __swap_result_t = void;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __swap_result_t<_Tp> _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 swap(_Tp& __x, _Tp& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Tp>::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<_Tp>::value) {
+  _Tp __t(std::move(__x));
+  __x = std::move(__y);
+  __y = std::move(__t);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np, __enable_if_t<__is_swappable_v<_Tp>, int> >
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(_Tp (&__a)[_Np], _Tp (&__b)[_Np])
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp>) {
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i != _Np; ++__i) {
+    swap(__a[__i], __b[__i]);
+  }
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_SWAP_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/to_underlying.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/to_underlying.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..77587108f20dcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/to_underlying.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_TO_UNDERLYING_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_TO_UNDERLYING_H
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/underlying_type.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename underlying_type<_Tp>::type __to_underlying(_Tp __val) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<typename underlying_type<_Tp>::type>(__val);
+}
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr underlying_type_t<_Tp> to_underlying(_Tp __val) noexcept {
+  return std::__to_underlying(__val);
+}
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_TO_UNDERLYING_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/unreachable.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/unreachable.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d833f74c2e4f1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__utility/unreachable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___UTILITY_UNREACHABLE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___UTILITY_UNREACHABLE_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void __libcpp_unreachable() {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(false, "std::unreachable() was reached");
+  __builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+[[noreturn]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void unreachable() { __libcpp_unreachable(); }
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___UTILITY_UNREACHABLE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__variant/monostate.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__variant/monostate.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..16f156609eb7df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__variant/monostate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___VARIANT_MONOSTATE_H
+#define _LIBCPP___VARIANT_MONOSTATE_H
+
+#include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS monostate {};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator==(monostate, monostate) noexcept { return true; }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(monostate, monostate) noexcept {
+  return strong_ordering::equal;
+}
+
+#  else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator!=(monostate, monostate) noexcept { return false; }
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator<(monostate, monostate) noexcept { return false; }
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator>(monostate, monostate) noexcept { return false; }
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator<=(monostate, monostate) noexcept { return true; }
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr bool operator>=(monostate, monostate) noexcept { return true; }
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<monostate> {
+  using argument_type = monostate;
+  using result_type   = size_t;
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(const argument_type&) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return 66740831; // return a fundamentally attractive random value.
+  }
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___VARIANT_MONOSTATE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__verbose_abort b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__verbose_abort
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..195ce65b721ff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/__verbose_abort
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___VERBOSE_ABORT
+#define _LIBCPP___VERBOSE_ABORT
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// This function should never be called directly from the code -- it should only be called through
+// the _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT macro.
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_VERBOSE_ABORT _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS
+_LIBCPP_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(__printf__, 1, 2) void __libcpp_verbose_abort(const char* __format, ...);
+
+// _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT(format, args...)
+//
+// This macro is used to abort the program abnormally while providing additional diagnostic information.
+//
+// The first argument is a printf-style format string, and the remaining arguments are values to format
+// into the format-string. This macro can be customized by users to provide fine-grained control over
+// how verbose termination is triggered.
+//
+// If the user does not supply their own version of the _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT macro, we pick the default
+// behavior based on whether we know the built library we're running against provides support for the
+// verbose termination handler or not. If it does, we call it. If it doesn't, we call __builtin_abort to
+// make sure that the program terminates but without taking any complex dependencies in this header.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT)
+
+#  if !_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_VERBOSE_ABORT
+// The decltype is there to suppress -Wunused warnings in this configuration.
+void __use(const char*, ...);
+#    define _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT(...) (decltype(::std::__use(__VA_ARGS__))(), __builtin_abort())
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT(...) ::std::__libcpp_verbose_abort(__VA_ARGS__)
+#  endif
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___VERBOSE_ABORT

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/algorithm b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/algorithm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..698e6f5cb7ad1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/algorithm
@@ -0,0 +1,2049 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ALGORITHM
+#define _LIBCPP_ALGORITHM
+
+/*
+    algorithm synopsis
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+  // [algorithms.results], algorithm result types
+  template <class I, class F>
+    struct in_fun_result;                // since C++20
+
+  template <class I1, class I2>
+    struct in_in_result;                 // since C++20
+
+  template <class I, class O>
+    struct in_out_result;                // since C++20
+
+  template <class I1, class I2, class O>
+    struct in_in_out_result;             // since C++20
+
+  template <class I, class O1, class O2>
+    struct in_out_out_result;            // since C++20
+
+  template <class I1, class I2>
+    struct min_max_result;               // since C++20
+
+  template <class I>
+    struct in_found_result;              // since C++20
+
+  template <class I, class T>
+    struct in_value_result;              // since C++23
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+    indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>                                   // since C++20
+  constexpr I min_element(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+    indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>                       // since C++20
+  constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R> min_element(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+    indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+  constexpr I ranges::max_element(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                       // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+    indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+  constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R> ranges::max_element(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});            // since C++20
+
+  template<class I1, class I2>
+    using mismatch_result = in_in_result<I1, I2>;
+
+  template <input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<_I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<_I2> S2,
+          class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<I1, I2, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+  constexpr mismatch_result<_I1, _I2>                                                                     // since C++20
+  mismatch()(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, Pred pred = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {})
+
+  template <input_range R1, input_range R2,
+          class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+  constexpr mismatch_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R1>, borrowed_iterator_t<R2>>
+  mismatch(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, Pred pred = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {})                          // since C++20
+
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<I, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr I find(I first, S last, const T& value, Proj proj = {});                                    // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class T, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      find(R&& r, const T& value, Proj proj = {});                                                        // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr I find_if(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                                      // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      find_if(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                                                          // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr I find_if_not(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                                  // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      find_if_not(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                                                      // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<I, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr subrange<I> find_last(I first, S last, const T& value, Proj proj = {});                     // since C++23
+
+  template<forward_range R, class T, class Proj = identity>
+    requires
+      indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R> find_last(R&& r, const T& value, Proj proj = {});                   // since C++23
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr subrange<I> find_last_if(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                      // since C++23
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R> find_last_if(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                     // since C++23
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr subrange<I> find_last_if_not(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                  // since C++23
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R> find_last_if_not(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                 // since C++23
+
+  template<class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const T*, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr const T& min(const T& a, const T& b, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                       // since C++20
+
+  template<copyable T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const T*, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr T min(initializer_list<T> r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                               // since C++20
+
+ template<input_range R, class Proj = identity,
+          indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+   requires indirectly_copyable_storable<iterator_t<R>, range_value_t<R>*>
+   constexpr range_value_t<R>
+     min(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                                                          // since C++20
+
+  template<class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const T*, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr const T& max(const T& a, const T& b, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                       // since C++20
+
+  template<copyable T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const T*, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr T max(initializer_list<T> r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                               // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    requires indirectly_copyable_storable<iterator_t<R>, range_value_t<R>*>
+    constexpr range_value_t<R>
+      max(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                                                         // since C++20
+
+  template<class I, class O>
+    using unary_transform_result = in_out_result<I, O>;                                                   // since C++20
+
+  template<class I1, class I2, class O>
+    using binary_transform_result = in_in_out_result<I1, I2, O>;                                          // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, weakly_incrementable O,
+           copy_constructible F, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<O, indirect_result_t<F&, projected<I, Proj>>>
+    constexpr ranges::unary_transform_result<I, O>
+      transform(I first1, S last1, O result, F op, Proj proj = {});                                       // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, weakly_incrementable O, copy_constructible F,
+           class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<O, indirect_result_t<F&, projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>>>
+    constexpr ranges::unary_transform_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O>
+      transform(R&& r, O result, F op, Proj proj = {});                                                   // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           weakly_incrementable O, copy_constructible F, class Proj1 = identity,
+           class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<O, indirect_result_t<F&, projected<I1, Proj1>,
+                                           projected<I2, Proj2>>>
+    constexpr ranges::binary_transform_result<I1, I2, O>
+      transform(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, O result,
+                        F binary_op, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                 // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R1, input_range R2, weakly_incrementable O,
+           copy_constructible F, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<O, indirect_result_t<F&, projected<iterator_t<R1>, Proj1>,
+                                           projected<iterator_t<R2>, Proj2>>>
+    constexpr ranges::binary_transform_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R1>, borrowed_iterator_t<R2>, O>
+      transform(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, O result,
+                        F binary_op, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                 // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<I, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<I>
+      count(I first, S last, const T& value, Proj proj = {});                                             // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class T, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr range_
diff erence_t<R>
+      count(R&& r, const T& value, Proj proj = {});                                                       // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<I>
+      count_if(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                                               // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr range_
diff erence_t<R>
+      count_if(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                                                         // since C++20
+
+  template<class T>
+  using minmax_result = min_max_result<T>;
+
+  template<class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const T*, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr ranges::minmax_result<const T&>
+      minmax(const T& a, const T& b, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                                     // since C++20
+
+  template<copyable T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const T*, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr ranges::minmax_result<T>
+      minmax(initializer_list<T> r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                                      // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    requires indirectly_copyable_storable<iterator_t<R>, range_value_t<R>*>
+    constexpr ranges::minmax_result<range_value_t<R>>
+      minmax(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                                                      // since C++20
+
+  template<class I>
+  using minmax_element_result = min_max_result<I>;
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr ranges::minmax_element_result<I>
+      minmax_element(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                                    // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr ranges::minmax_element_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>>
+      minmax_element(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                                              // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1,
+           forward_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<I1, I2, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr bool contains_subrange(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2,
+                                     Pred pred = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                // since C++23
+
+  template<forward_range R1, forward_range R2,
+           class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr bool contains_subrange(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, Pred pred = {},
+                                     Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                // since C++23
+
+  template<class I, class O>
+    using copy_result = in_out_result<I, O>;                                                // since C++20
+
+  template<class I, class O>
+    using copy_n_result = in_out_result<I, O>;                                              // since C++20
+
+  template<class I, class O>
+    using copy_if_result = in_out_result<I, O>;                                             // since C++20
+
+  template<class I1, class I2>
+    using copy_backward_result = in_out_result<I1, I2>;                                     // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<I, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr bool ranges::contains(I first, S last, const T& value, Proj proj = {});       // since C++23
+
+  template<input_range R, class T, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr bool ranges::contains(R&& r, const T& value, Proj proj = {});                 // since C++23
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, weakly_incrementable O>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I, O>
+    constexpr ranges::copy_result<I, O> ranges::copy(I first, S last, O result);            // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, weakly_incrementable O>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O>
+    constexpr ranges::copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O> ranges::copy(R&& r, O result); // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, weakly_incrementable O>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I, O>
+    constexpr ranges::copy_n_result<I, O>
+      ranges::copy_n(I first, iter_
diff erence_t<I> n, O result);                            // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, weakly_incrementable O, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I, O>
+    constexpr ranges::copy_if_result<I, O>
+      ranges::copy_if(I first, S last, O result, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, weakly_incrementable O, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O>
+    constexpr ranges::copy_if_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O>
+      ranges::copy_if(R&& r, O result, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                          // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, bidirectional_iterator I2>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I1, I2>
+    constexpr ranges::copy_backward_result<I1, I2>
+      ranges::copy_backward(I1 first, S1 last, I2 result);                                  // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_range R, bidirectional_iterator I>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, I>
+    constexpr ranges::copy_backward_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, I>
+      ranges::copy_backward(R&& r, I result);                                               // since C++20
+
+  template<class I, class F>
+    using for_each_result = in_fun_result<I, F>;                                            // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirectly_unary_invocable<projected<I, Proj>> Fun>
+    constexpr ranges::for_each_result<I, Fun>
+      ranges::for_each(I first, S last, Fun f, Proj proj = {});                             // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirectly_unary_invocable<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Fun>
+    constexpr ranges::for_each_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, Fun>
+      ranges::for_each(R&& r, Fun f, Proj proj = {});                                       // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, class Proj = identity,
+           indirectly_unary_invocable<projected<I, Proj>> Fun>
+    constexpr ranges::for_each_n_result<I, Fun>
+      ranges::for_each_n(I first, iter_
diff erence_t<I> n, Fun f, Proj proj = {});           // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr bool ranges::is_partitioned(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});      // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr bool ranges::is_partitioned(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less,
+          class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<I, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr I
+      ranges::push_heap(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                   // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_range R, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      ranges::push_heap(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                             // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less,
+          class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<I, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr I
+      ranges::pop_heap(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                    // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_range R, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      ranges::pop_heap(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                              // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less,
+          class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<I, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr I
+      ranges::make_heap(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                   // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_range R, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      ranges::make_heap(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                             // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less,
+          class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<I, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr I
+      ranges::sort_heap(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                   // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_range R, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      ranges::sort_heap(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                             // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr bool is_heap(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_range R, class Proj = identity,
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr bool is_heap(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                          // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr I is_heap_until(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});             // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      is_heap_until(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                                 // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S>
+    requires permutable<I>
+    constexpr I ranges::reverse(I first, S last);                                           // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_range R>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<R>>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R> ranges::reverse(R&& r);                                // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less,
+            class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<I, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr I
+      ranges::sort(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                        // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_range R, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      ranges::sort(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                                  // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less,
+          class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<I, Comp, Proj>
+    I ranges::stable_sort(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                 // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_range R, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj>
+    borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      ranges::stable_sort(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                           // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<I, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr I
+      ranges::partial_sort(I first, I middle, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});      // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_range R, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      ranges::partial_sort(R&& r, iterator_t<R> middle, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});    // since C++20
+
+  template<class T, output_iterator<const T&> O, sentinel_for<O> S>
+    constexpr O ranges::fill(O first, S last, const T& value);                              // since C++20
+
+  template<class T, output_range<const T&> R>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R> ranges::fill(R&& r, const T& value);                   // since C++20
+
+  template<class T, output_iterator<const T&> O>
+    constexpr O ranges::fill_n(O first, iter_
diff erence_t<O> n, const T& value);            // since C++20
+
+  template<input_or_output_iterator O, sentinel_for<O> S, copy_constructible F>
+    requires invocable<F&> && indirectly_writable<O, invoke_result_t<F&>>
+    constexpr O generate(O first, S last, F gen);                                           // since C++20
+
+  template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class Generator>
+    void generate(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
+                  ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
+                  Generator gen);                                                           // since C++17
+
+  template<class R, copy_constructible F>
+    requires invocable<F&> && output_range<R, invoke_result_t<F&>>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R> generate(R&& r, F gen);                                // since C++20
+
+  template<input_or_output_iterator O, copy_constructible F>
+    requires invocable<F&> && indirectly_writable<O, invoke_result_t<F&>>
+    constexpr O generate_n(O first, iter_
diff erence_t<O> n, F gen);                         // since C++20
+
+  template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class Size, class Generator>
+    ForwardIterator generate_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
+                               ForwardIterator first, Size n, Generator gen);               // since C++17
+
+ template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+          class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+   requires indirectly_comparable<I1, I2, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+   constexpr bool ranges::equal(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2,
+                                Pred pred = {},
+                                Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                        // since C++20
+
+ template<input_range R1, input_range R2, class Pred = ranges::equal_to,
+          class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+   requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+   constexpr bool ranges::equal(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, Pred pred = {},
+                                Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                        // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr bool ranges::all_of(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});              // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr bool ranges::all_of(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                        // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr bool ranges::any_of(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});              // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr bool ranges::any_of(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                        // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+          class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires (forward_iterator<I1> || sized_sentinel_for<S1, I1>) &&
+           (forward_iterator<I2> || sized_sentinel_for<S2, I2>) &&
+           indirectly_comparable<I1, I2, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr bool ranges::ends_with(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, Pred pred = {},
+                                   Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                     // since C++23
+
+  template<input_range R1, input_range R2, class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity,
+          class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires (forward_range<R1> || sized_range<R1>) &&
+           (forward_range<R2> || sized_range<R2>) &&
+           indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr bool ranges::ends_with(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, Pred pred = {},
+                                   Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                     // since C++23
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr bool ranges::none_of(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});             // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr bool ranges::none_of(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                       // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+          class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<I1, I2, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr bool ranges::starts_with(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, Pred pred = {},
+                                      Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                 // since C++23
+
+  template<input_range R1, input_range R2, class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity,
+          class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr bool ranges::starts_with(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, Pred pred = {},
+                                      Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                // since C++23
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1,
+          random_access_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+          class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I1, I2> && sortable<I2, Comp, Proj2> &&
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<Comp, projected<I1, Proj1>, projected<I2, Proj2>>
+    constexpr partial_sort_copy_result<I1, I2>
+      partial_sort_copy(I1 first, S1 last, I2 result_first, S2 result_last,
+                        Comp comp = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R1, random_access_range R2, class Comp = ranges::less,
+          class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>> &&
+            sortable<iterator_t<R2>, Comp, Proj2> &&
+            indirect_strict_weak_order<Comp, projected<iterator_t<R1>, Proj1>,
+                                        projected<iterator_t<R2>, Proj2>>
+    constexpr partial_sort_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R1>, borrowed_iterator_t<R2>>
+      partial_sort_copy(R1&& r, R2&& result_r, Comp comp = {},
+                        Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr bool ranges::is_sorted(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});      // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr bool ranges::is_sorted(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr I ranges::is_sorted_until(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});   // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      ranges::is_sorted_until(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                       // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less,
+          class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<I, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr I
+      ranges::nth_element(I first, I nth, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});          // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_range R, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      ranges::nth_element(R&& r, iterator_t<R> nth, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});        // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<const T*, projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>    // since C++20
+    constexpr I upper_bound(I first, S last, const T& value, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});
+
+  template<forward_range R, class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<const T*, projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp =
+             ranges::less>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      upper_bound(R&& r, const T& value, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                   // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<const T*, projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr I lower_bound(I first, S last, const T& value, Comp comp = {},
+                                    Proj proj = {});                                        // since C++20
+  template<forward_range R, class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<const T*, projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp =
+             ranges::less>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      lower_bound(R&& r, const T& value, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                   // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<const T*, projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr bool binary_search(I first, S last, const T& value, Comp comp = {},
+                                         Proj proj = {});                                   // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<const T*, projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp =
+             ranges::less>
+    constexpr bool binary_search(R&& r, const T& value, Comp comp = {},
+                                         Proj proj = {});                                   // since C++20
+
+  template<permutable I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr subrange<I>
+      partition(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                                // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<R>>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R>
+      partition(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                                          // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires permutable<I>
+    subrange<I> stable_partition(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});               // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<R>>
+    borrowed_subrange_t<R> stable_partition(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});              // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, forward_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<I1, I2, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr I1 ranges::find_first_of(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2,
+                                       Pred pred = {},
+                                       Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                 // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R1, forward_range R2,
+           class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R1>
+      ranges::find_first_of(R1&& r1, R2&& r2,
+                            Pred pred = {},
+                            Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                            // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_binary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>,
+                                     projected<I, Proj>> Pred = ranges::equal_to>
+    constexpr I ranges::adjacent_find(I first, S last, Pred pred = {}, Proj proj = {});     // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_binary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>,
+                                     projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred = ranges::equal_to>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R> ranges::adjacent_find(R&& r, Pred pred = {}, Proj proj = {});  // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T1, class T2, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<I, const T2&> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<I, Proj>, const T1*>
+    constexpr I
+      ranges::replace(I first, S last, const T1& old_value, const T2& new_value, Proj proj = {});   // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class T1, class T2, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_writable<iterator_t<R>, const T2&> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>, const T1*>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      ranges::replace(R&& r, const T1& old_value, const T2& new_value, Proj proj = {});             // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires indirectly_writable<I, const T&>
+    constexpr I ranges::replace_if(I first, S last, Pred pred, const T& new_value, Proj proj = {}); // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires indirectly_writable<iterator_t<R>, const T&>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      ranges::replace_if(R&& r, Pred pred, const T& new_value, Proj proj = {});                     // since C++20
+
+  template<class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<const T*, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr const T&
+      ranges::clamp(const T& v, const T& lo, const T& hi, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});          // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<I1, Proj1>,
+                                      projected<I2, Proj2>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr bool
+      ranges::lexicographical_compare(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2,
+                                      Comp comp = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});          // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R1, input_range R2, class Proj1 = identity,
+           class Proj2 = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R1>, Proj1>,
+                                      projected<iterator_t<R2>, Proj2>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr bool
+      ranges::lexicographical_compare(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, Comp comp = {},
+                                      Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                          // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, bidirectional_iterator I2>
+    requires indirectly_movable<I1, I2>
+    constexpr ranges::move_backward_result<I1, I2>
+      ranges::move_backward(I1 first, S1 last, I2 result);                                          // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_range R, bidirectional_iterator I>
+    requires indirectly_movable<iterator_t<R>, I>
+    constexpr ranges::move_backward_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, I>
+      ranges::move_backward(R&& r, I result);                                                       // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, weakly_incrementable O>
+    requires indirectly_movable<I, O>
+    constexpr ranges::move_result<I, O>
+      ranges::move(I first, S last, O result);                                                      // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, weakly_incrementable O>
+    requires indirectly_movable<iterator_t<R>, O>
+    constexpr ranges::move_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O>
+      ranges::move(R&& r, O result);                                                                // since C++20
+
+  template<class I, class O1, class O2>
+      using partition_copy_result = in_out_out_result<I, O1, O2>;                                   // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S,
+          weakly_incrementable O1, weakly_incrementable O2,
+          class Proj = identity, indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I, O1> && indirectly_copyable<I, O2>
+    constexpr partition_copy_result<I, O1, O2>
+      partition_copy(I first, S last, O1 out_true, O2 out_false, Pred pred,
+                    Proj proj = {});                                                                // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, weakly_incrementable O1, weakly_incrementable O2,
+          class Proj = identity,
+          indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O1> &&
+            indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O2>
+    constexpr partition_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O1, O2>
+      partition_copy(R&& r, O1 out_true, O2 out_false, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                  // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr I partition_point(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                        // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      partition_point(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                                            // since C++20
+
+  template<class I1, class I2, class O>
+    using merge_result = in_in_out_result<I1, I2, O>;                                               // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           weakly_incrementable O, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj1 = identity,
+           class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<I1, I2, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr merge_result<I1, I2, O>
+      merge(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, O result,
+            Comp comp = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                    // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R1, input_range R2, weakly_incrementable O, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr merge_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R1>, borrowed_iterator_t<R2>, O>
+      merge(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, O result,
+            Comp comp = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                    // since C++20
+
+  template<permutable I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<I, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr subrange<I> ranges::remove(I first, S last, const T& value, Proj proj = {});          // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class T, class Proj = identity>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<R>> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R>
+      ranges::remove(R&& r, const T& value, Proj proj = {});                                        // since C++20
+
+  template<permutable I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    constexpr subrange<I> ranges::remove_if(I first, S last, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});            // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<R>>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R>
+      ranges::remove_if(R&& r, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                                          // since C++20
+
+  template<class I, class O>
+    using set_
diff erence_result = in_out_result<I, O>;                                              // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           weakly_incrementable O, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<I1, I2, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr set_
diff erence_result<I1, O>
+      set_
diff erence(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, O result,
+                     Comp comp = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                           // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R1, input_range R2, weakly_incrementable O,
+           class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr set_
diff erence_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R1>, O>
+      set_
diff erence(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, O result,
+                     Comp comp = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                           // since C++20
+
+  template<class I1, class I2, class O>
+    using set_intersection_result = in_in_out_result<I1, I2, O>;                                    // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           weakly_incrementable O, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<I1, I2, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr set_intersection_result<I1, I2, O>
+      set_intersection(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, O result,
+                       Comp comp = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                         // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           weakly_incrementable O, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<I1, I2, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr set_intersection_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R1>, borrowed_iterator_t<R2>, O>
+      set_intersection(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, O result,
+                       Comp comp = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                         // since C++20
+
+  template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+  using reverse_copy_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;                                     // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, weakly_incrementable O>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I, O>
+    constexpr ranges::reverse_copy_result<I, O>
+      ranges::reverse_copy(I first, S last, O result);                                              // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_range R, weakly_incrementable O>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O>
+    constexpr ranges::reverse_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O>
+      ranges::reverse_copy(R&& r, O result);                                                        // since C++20
+
+  template<permutable I, sentinel_for<I> S>
+    constexpr subrange<I> rotate(I first, I middle, S last);                                        // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<R>>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R> rotate(R&& r, iterator_t<R> middle);                           // since C++20
+
+  template <class _InIter, class _OutIter>
+  using rotate_copy_result = in_out_result<_InIter, _OutIter>;                                      // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, weakly_incrementable O>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I, O>
+    constexpr ranges::rotate_copy_result<I, O>
+      ranges::rotate_copy(I first, I middle, S last, O result);                                     // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, weakly_incrementable O>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O>
+    constexpr ranges::rotate_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O>
+      ranges::rotate_copy(R&& r, iterator_t<R> middle, O result);                                   // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, weakly_incrementable O, class Gen>
+    requires (forward_iterator<I> || random_access_iterator<O>) &&
+            indirectly_copyable<I, O> &&
+            uniform_random_bit_generator<remove_reference_t<Gen>>
+    O sample(I first, S last, O out, iter_
diff erence_t<I> n, Gen&& g);                              // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, weakly_incrementable O, class Gen>
+    requires (forward_range<R> || random_access_iterator<O>) &&
+            indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O> &&
+            uniform_random_bit_generator<remove_reference_t<Gen>>
+    O sample(R&& r, O out, range_
diff erence_t<R> n, Gen&& g);                                       // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Gen>
+    requires permutable<I> &&
+            uniform_random_bit_generator<remove_reference_t<Gen>>
+    I shuffle(I first, S last, Gen&& g);                                                            // since C++20
+
+  template<random_access_range R, class Gen>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<R>> &&
+            uniform_random_bit_generator<remove_reference_t<Gen>>
+    borrowed_iterator_t<R> shuffle(R&& r, Gen&& g);                                                 // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, forward_iterator I2,
+         sentinel_for<I2> S2, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity,
+         indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<I1, Proj1>,
+                                       projected<I2, Proj2>> Pred = ranges::equal_to>
+  constexpr bool ranges::is_permutation(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2,
+                                        Pred pred = {},
+                                        Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                       // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R1, forward_range R2,
+         class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity,
+         indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<iterator_t<R1>, Proj1>,
+                                       projected<iterator_t<R2>, Proj2>> Pred = ranges::equal_to>
+  constexpr bool ranges::is_permutation(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, Pred pred = {},
+                                        Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                       // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, forward_iterator I2,
+           sentinel_for<I2> S2, class Pred = ranges::equal_to,
+           class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<I1, I2, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr subrange<I1>
+      ranges::search(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, Pred pred = {},
+                     Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                           // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R1, forward_range R2, class Pred = ranges::equal_to,
+           class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R1>
+      ranges::search(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, Pred pred = {},
+                     Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                           // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T,
+           class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<I, const T*, Pred, Proj>
+    constexpr subrange<I>
+      ranges::search_n(I first, S last, iter_
diff erence_t<I> count,
+                       const T& value, Pred pred = {}, Proj proj = {});                             // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class T, class Pred = ranges::equal_to,
+           class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<R>, const T*, Pred, Proj>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R>
+      ranges::search_n(R&& r, range_
diff erence_t<R> count,
+                       const T& value, Pred pred = {}, Proj proj = {});                             // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T,
+           indirectly-binary-left-foldable<T, I> F>
+    constexpr auto ranges::fold_left(I first, S last, T init, F f);                                 // since C++23
+
+  template<input_range R, class T, indirectly-binary-left-foldable<T, iterator_t<R>> F>
+    constexpr auto fold_left(R&& r, T init, F f);                                                   // since C++23
+
+  template<class I, class T>
+    using fold_left_with_iter_result = in_value_result<I, T>;                                       // since C++23
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T,
+           indirectly-binary-left-foldable<T, I> F>
+    constexpr see below fold_left_with_iter(I first, S last, T init, F f);                          // since C++23
+
+  template<input_range R, class T, indirectly-binary-left-foldable<T, iterator_t<R>> F>
+    constexpr see below fold_left_with_iter(R&& r, T init, F f);                                    // since C++23
+
+  template<forward_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, forward_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<I1, I2, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr subrange<I1>
+      ranges::find_end(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, Pred pred = {},
+                       Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                         // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R1, forward_range R2,
+           class Pred = ranges::equal_to, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, Pred, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R1>
+      ranges::find_end(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, Pred pred = {},
+                       Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                         // since C++20
+
+  template<class I1, class I2, class O>
+    using set_symmetric_
diff erence_result = in_in_out_result<I1, I2, O>;                            // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           weakly_incrementable O, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<I1, I2, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr set_symmetric_
diff erence_result<I1, I2, O>
+      set_symmetric_
diff erence(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, O result,
+                               Comp comp = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {},
+                               Proj2 proj2 = {});                                                   // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R1, input_range R2, weakly_incrementable O,
+           class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr set_symmetric_
diff erence_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R1>,
+                                                      borrowed_iterator_t<R2>, O>
+      set_symmetric_
diff erence(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, O result, Comp comp = {},
+                               Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                 // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<const T*, projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr subrange<I>
+      equal_range(I first, S last, const T& value, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                 // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class T, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<const T*, projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Comp =
+             ranges::less>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R>
+      equal_range(R&& r, const T& value, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                           // since C++20
+
+  template<class I1, class I2, class O>
+    using set_union_result = in_in_out_result<I1, I2, O>;                                           // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           weakly_incrementable O, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<I1, I2, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr set_union_result<I1, I2, O>
+      set_union(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, O result, Comp comp = {},
+                Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                                // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R1, input_range R2, weakly_incrementable O,
+           class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity>
+    requires mergeable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
+    constexpr set_union_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R1>, borrowed_iterator_t<R2>, O>
+      set_union(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, O result, Comp comp = {},
+                Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                                // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2,
+           class Proj1 = identity, class Proj2 = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<I1, Proj1>, projected<I2, Proj2>> Comp =
+             ranges::less>
+    constexpr bool includes(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, Comp comp = {},
+                            Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                   // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R1, input_range R2, class Proj1 = identity,
+           class Proj2 = identity,
+           indirect_strict_weak_order<projected<iterator_t<R1>, Proj1>,
+                                      projected<iterator_t<R2>, Proj2>> Comp = ranges::less>
+    constexpr bool includes(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, Comp comp = {},
+                            Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {});                                   // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<I, Comp, Proj>
+    I inplace_merge(I first, I middle, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                    // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_range R, class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj>
+    borrowed_iterator_t<R>
+      inplace_merge(R&& r, iterator_t<R> middle, Comp comp = {},
+                    Proj proj = {});                                                               // since C++20
+
+  template<permutable I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<I, Proj>> C = ranges::equal_to>
+    constexpr subrange<I> unique(I first, S last, C comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                    // since C++20
+
+  template<forward_range R, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> C = ranges::equal_to>
+    requires permutable<iterator_t<R>>
+    constexpr borrowed_subrange_t<R>
+      unique(R&& r, C comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                                                  // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, weakly_incrementable O, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<I, Proj>> C = ranges::equal_to>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I, O> &&
+             (forward_iterator<I> ||
+              (input_iterator<O> && same_as<iter_value_t<I>, iter_value_t<O>>) ||
+              indirectly_copyable_storable<I, O>)
+    constexpr unique_copy_result<I, O>
+      unique_copy(I first, S last, O result, C comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                         // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, weakly_incrementable O, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_equivalence_relation<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> C = ranges::equal_to>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O> &&
+             (forward_iterator<iterator_t<R>> ||
+              (input_iterator<O> && same_as<range_value_t<R>, iter_value_t<O>>) ||
+              indirectly_copyable_storable<iterator_t<R>, O>)
+    constexpr unique_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O>
+      unique_copy(R&& r, O result, C comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                                   // since C++20
+
+  template<class I, class O>
+      using remove_copy_result = in_out_result<I, O>;                                              // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, weakly_incrementable O, class T,
+           class Proj = identity>
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<I, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr remove_copy_result<I, O>
+      remove_copy(I first, S last, O result, const T& value, Proj proj = {});                      // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, weakly_incrementable O, class T, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to,
+                                       projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>, const T*>
+    constexpr remove_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O>
+      remove_copy(R&& r, O result, const T& value, Proj proj = {});                                // since C++20
+
+  template<class I, class O>
+      using remove_copy_if_result = in_out_result<I, O>;                                           // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, weakly_incrementable O,
+           class Proj = identity, indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I, O>
+    constexpr remove_copy_if_result<I, O>
+      remove_copy_if(I first, S last, O result, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                        // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, weakly_incrementable O, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O>
+    constexpr remove_copy_if_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O>
+      remove_copy_if(R&& r, O result, Pred pred, Proj proj = {});                                  // since C++20
+
+  template<class I, class O>
+      using replace_copy_result = in_out_result<I, O>;                                             // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T1, class T2,
+           output_iterator<const T2&> O, class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I, O> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to, projected<I, Proj>, const T1*>
+    constexpr replace_copy_result<I, O>
+      replace_copy(I first, S last, O result, const T1& old_value, const T2& new_value,
+                   Proj proj = {});                                                                // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class T1, class T2, output_iterator<const T2&> O,
+           class Proj = identity>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O> &&
+             indirect_binary_predicate<ranges::equal_to,
+                                       projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>, const T1*>
+    constexpr replace_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O>
+      replace_copy(R&& r, O result, const T1& old_value, const T2& new_value,
+                   Proj proj = {});                                                                // since C++20
+
+  template<class I, class O>
+      using replace_copy_if_result = in_out_result<I, O>;                                          // since C++20
+
+  template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class T, output_iterator<const T&> O,
+           class Proj = identity, indirect_unary_predicate<projected<I, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<I, O>
+    constexpr replace_copy_if_result<I, O>
+      replace_copy_if(I first, S last, O result, Pred pred, const T& new_value,
+                      Proj proj = {});                                                             // since C++20
+
+  template<input_range R, class T, output_iterator<const T&> O, class Proj = identity,
+           indirect_unary_predicate<projected<iterator_t<R>, Proj>> Pred>
+    requires indirectly_copyable<iterator_t<R>, O>
+    constexpr replace_copy_if_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>, O>
+      replace_copy_if(R&& r, O result, Pred pred, const T& new_value,
+                      Proj proj = {});                                                             // since C++20
+
+  template<class I>
+    using prev_permutation_result = in_found_result<I>;                                            // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<I, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr ranges::prev_permutation_result<I>
+      ranges::prev_permutation(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                   // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_range R, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr ranges::prev_permutation_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>>
+      ranges::prev_permutation(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                             // since C++20
+
+  template<class I>
+    using next_permutation_result = in_found_result<I>;                                            // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<I, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr ranges::next_permutation_result<I>
+      ranges::next_permutation(I first, S last, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                   // since C++20
+
+  template<bidirectional_range R, class Comp = ranges::less,
+           class Proj = identity>
+    requires sortable<iterator_t<R>, Comp, Proj>
+    constexpr ranges::next_permutation_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R>>
+      ranges::next_permutation(R&& r, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {});                             // since C++20
+
+}
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr bool     // constexpr in C++20
+    all_of(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr bool     // constexpr in C++20
+    any_of(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr bool     // constexpr in C++20
+    none_of(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Function>
+    constexpr Function          // constexpr in C++20
+    for_each(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Function f);
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Size, class Function>
+    constexpr InputIterator     // constexpr in C++20
+    for_each_n(InputIterator first, Size n, Function f); // C++17
+
+template <class InputIterator, class T>
+    constexpr InputIterator     // constexpr in C++20
+    find(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr InputIterator     // constexpr in C++20
+    find_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr InputIterator     // constexpr in C++20
+    find_if_not(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator1  // constexpr in C++20
+    find_end(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+             ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator1  // constexpr in C++20
+    find_end(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+             ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator1  // constexpr in C++20
+    find_first_of(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+                  ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator1  // constexpr in C++20
+    find_first_of(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+                  ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator   // constexpr in C++20
+    adjacent_find(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator   // constexpr in C++20
+    adjacent_find(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class T>
+    constexpr typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::
diff erence_type  // constexpr in C++20
+    count(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::
diff erence_type // constexpr in C++20
+    count_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
+    constexpr pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>   // constexpr in C++20
+    mismatch(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
+    constexpr pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>   // constexpr in C++20
+    mismatch(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+             InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2); // **C++14**
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>   // constexpr in C++20
+    mismatch(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+             InputIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>   // constexpr in C++20
+    mismatch(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+             InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
+             BinaryPredicate pred); // **C++14**
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
+    constexpr bool      // constexpr in C++20
+    equal(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
+    constexpr bool      // constexpr in C++20
+    equal(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+          InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2); // **C++14**
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr bool      // constexpr in C++20
+    equal(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+          InputIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr bool      // constexpr in C++20
+    equal(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+          InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
+          BinaryPredicate pred); // **C++14**
+
+template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    constexpr bool      // constexpr in C++20
+    is_permutation(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+                   ForwardIterator2 first2);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    constexpr bool      // constexpr in C++20
+    is_permutation(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+                   ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2); // **C++14**
+
+template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr bool      // constexpr in C++20
+    is_permutation(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+                   ForwardIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr bool      // constexpr in C++20
+    is_permutation(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+                   ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
+                   BinaryPredicate pred);  // **C++14**
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator1      // constexpr in C++20
+    search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+           ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator1      // constexpr in C++20
+    search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
+           ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator       // constexpr in C++20
+    search_n(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Size count, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator       // constexpr in C++20
+    search_n(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
+             Size count, const T& value, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator      // constexpr in C++20
+    copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr OutputIterator      // constexpr in C++20
+    copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+            OutputIterator result, Predicate pred);
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Size, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator      // constexpr in C++20
+    copy_n(InputIterator first, Size n, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2>
+    constexpr BidirectionalIterator2      // constexpr in C++20
+    copy_backward(BidirectionalIterator1 first, BidirectionalIterator1 last,
+                  BidirectionalIterator2 result);
+
+// [alg.move], move
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator move(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                                OutputIterator result);
+
+template<class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2>
+    constexpr BidirectionalIterator2
+    move_backward(BidirectionalIterator1 first, BidirectionalIterator1 last,
+                  BidirectionalIterator2 result);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator2    // constexpr in C++20
+    swap_ranges(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1, ForwardIterator2 first2);
+
+namespace ranges {
+    template<class I1, class I2>
+    using swap_ranges_result = in_in_result<I1, I2>;
+
+template<input_iterator I1, sentinel_for<I1> S1, input_iterator I2, sentinel_for<I2> S2>
+        requires indirectly_swappable<I1, I2>
+    constexpr ranges::swap_ranges_result<I1, I2>
+        swap_ranges(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2);
+
+template<input_range R1, input_range R2>
+        requires indirectly_swappable<iterator_t<R1>, iterator_t<R2>>
+    constexpr ranges::swap_ranges_result<borrowed_iterator_t<R1>, borrowed_iterator_t<R2>>
+        swap_ranges(R1&& r1, R2&& r2);
+}
+
+template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
+    constexpr void                // constexpr in C++20
+    iter_swap(ForwardIterator1 a, ForwardIterator2 b);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryOperation>
+    constexpr OutputIterator      // constexpr in C++20
+    transform(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, UnaryOperation op);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
+    constexpr OutputIterator      // constexpr in C++20
+    transform(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2,
+              OutputIterator result, BinaryOperation binary_op);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    constexpr void      // constexpr in C++20
+    replace(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& old_value, const T& new_value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate, class T>
+    constexpr void      // constexpr in C++20
+    replace_if(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Predicate pred, const T& new_value);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
+    constexpr OutputIterator      // constexpr in C++20
+    replace_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result,
+                 const T& old_value, const T& new_value);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate, class T>
+    constexpr OutputIterator      // constexpr in C++20
+    replace_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, Predicate pred, const T& new_value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    constexpr void      // constexpr in C++20
+    fill(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class OutputIterator, class Size, class T>
+    constexpr OutputIterator      // constexpr in C++20
+    fill_n(OutputIterator first, Size n, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Generator>
+    constexpr void      // constexpr in C++20
+    generate(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Generator gen);
+
+template <class OutputIterator, class Size, class Generator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator      // constexpr in C++20
+    generate_n(OutputIterator first, Size n, Generator gen);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator     // constexpr in C++20
+    remove(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator     // constexpr in C++20
+    remove_if(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
+    constexpr OutputIterator     // constexpr in C++20
+    remove_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, const T& value);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr OutputIterator     // constexpr in C++20
+    remove_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator    // constexpr in C++20
+    unique(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator    // constexpr in C++20
+    unique(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator     // constexpr in C++20
+    unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
+    constexpr OutputIterator     // constexpr in C++20
+    unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, BinaryPredicate pred);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator>
+    constexpr void               // constexpr in C++20
+    reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator       // constexpr in C++20
+    reverse_copy(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator      // constexpr in C++20
+    rotate(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator       // constexpr in C++20
+    rotate_copy(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle, ForwardIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    void
+    random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last); // deprecated in C++14, removed in C++17
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class RandomNumberGenerator>
+    void
+    random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
+                   RandomNumberGenerator& rand);  // deprecated in C++14, removed in C++17
+
+template<class PopulationIterator, class SampleIterator,
+         class Distance, class UniformRandomBitGenerator>
+    SampleIterator sample(PopulationIterator first, PopulationIterator last,
+                          SampleIterator out, Distance n,
+                          UniformRandomBitGenerator&& g); // C++17
+
+template<class RandomAccessIterator, class UniformRandomNumberGenerator>
+    void shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
+                 UniformRandomNumberGenerator&& g);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+  constexpr ForwardIterator
+    shift_left(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
+               typename iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::
diff erence_type n); // C++20
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+  constexpr ForwardIterator
+    shift_right(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
+                typename iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::
diff erence_type n); // C++20
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr bool  // constexpr in C++20
+    is_partitioned(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator  // constexpr in C++20
+    partition(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator1,
+          class OutputIterator2, class Predicate>
+    constexpr pair<OutputIterator1, OutputIterator2>   // constexpr in C++20
+    partition_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                   OutputIterator1 out_true, OutputIterator2 out_false,
+                   Predicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
+    ForwardIterator
+    stable_partition(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator  // constexpr in C++20
+    partition_point(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Predicate pred);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    constexpr bool  // constexpr in C++20
+    is_sorted(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr bool  // constexpr in C++20
+    is_sorted(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator    // constexpr in C++20
+    is_sorted_until(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator    // constexpr in C++20
+    is_sorted_until(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    constexpr void               // constexpr in C++20
+    sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr void               // constexpr in C++20
+    sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    void
+    stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    void
+    stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    constexpr void                    // constexpr in C++20
+    partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator middle, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr void                    // constexpr in C++20
+    partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator middle, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator>
+    constexpr RandomAccessIterator    // constexpr in C++20
+    partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                      RandomAccessIterator result_first, RandomAccessIterator result_last);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr RandomAccessIterator    // constexpr in C++20
+    partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                      RandomAccessIterator result_first, RandomAccessIterator result_last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    constexpr void                    // constexpr in C++20
+    nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr void                    // constexpr in C++20
+    nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator                         // constexpr in C++20
+    lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator                         // constexpr in C++20
+    lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value, Compare comp);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator                         // constexpr in C++20
+    upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator                         // constexpr in C++20
+    upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value, Compare comp);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    constexpr pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>  // constexpr in C++20
+    equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
+    constexpr pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>  // constexpr in C++20
+    equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value, Compare comp);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    constexpr bool                                    // constexpr in C++20
+    binary_search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
+    constexpr bool                                    // constexpr in C++20
+    binary_search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator                          // constexpr in C++20
+    merge(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+          InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr OutputIterator                          // constexpr in C++20
+    merge(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+          InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator>
+    void
+    inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator middle, BidirectionalIterator last);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
+    void
+    inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator middle, BidirectionalIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
+    constexpr bool                                    // constexpr in C++20
+    includes(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class Compare>
+    constexpr bool                                    // constexpr in C++20
+    includes(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator                          // constexpr in C++20
+    set_union(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+              InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr OutputIterator                          // constexpr in C++20
+    set_union(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+              InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator                         // constexpr in C++20
+    set_intersection(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                     InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr OutputIterator                         // constexpr in C++20
+    set_intersection(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                     InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator                         // constexpr in C++20
+    set_
diff erence(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                   InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr OutputIterator                         // constexpr in C++20
+    set_
diff erence(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                   InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator                         // constexpr in C++20
+    set_symmetric_
diff erence(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                             InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr OutputIterator                         // constexpr in C++20
+    set_symmetric_
diff erence(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                             InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    constexpr void                                   // constexpr in C++20
+    push_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr void                                   // constexpr in C++20
+    push_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    constexpr void                                   // constexpr in C++20
+    pop_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr void                                   // constexpr in C++20
+    pop_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    constexpr void                                   // constexpr in C++20
+    make_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr void                                   // constexpr in C++20
+    make_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    constexpr void                                   // constexpr in C++20
+    sort_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr void                                   // constexpr in C++20
+    sort_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    constexpr bool   // constexpr in C++20
+    is_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessiterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr bool   // constexpr in C++20
+    is_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessiterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator>
+    constexpr RandomAccessIterator   // constexpr in C++20
+    is_heap_until(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessiterator last);
+
+template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr RandomAccessIterator   // constexpr in C++20
+    is_heap_until(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessiterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator        // constexpr in C++14
+    min_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator        // constexpr in C++14
+    min_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class T>
+    constexpr const T&               // constexpr in C++14
+    min(const T& a, const T& b);
+
+template <class T, class Compare>
+    constexpr const T&               // constexpr in C++14
+    min(const T& a, const T& b, Compare comp);
+
+template<class T>
+    constexpr T                      // constexpr in C++14
+    min(initializer_list<T> t);
+
+template<class T, class Compare>
+    constexpr T                      // constexpr in C++14
+    min(initializer_list<T> t, Compare comp);
+
+template<class T>
+    constexpr const T& clamp(const T& v, const T& lo, const T& hi);               // C++17
+
+template<class T, class Compare>
+    constexpr const T& clamp(const T& v, const T& lo, const T& hi, Compare comp); // C++17
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator        // constexpr in C++14
+    max_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr ForwardIterator        // constexpr in C++14
+    max_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class T>
+    constexpr const T&               // constexpr in C++14
+    max(const T& a, const T& b);
+
+template <class T, class Compare>
+    constexpr const T&               // constexpr in C++14
+    max(const T& a, const T& b, Compare comp);
+
+template<class T>
+    constexpr T                      // constexpr in C++14
+    max(initializer_list<T> t);
+
+template<class T, class Compare>
+    constexpr T                      // constexpr in C++14
+    max(initializer_list<T> t, Compare comp);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+    constexpr pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>  // constexpr in C++14
+    minmax_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+template<class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>  // constexpr in C++14
+    minmax_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template<class T>
+    constexpr pair<const T&, const T&>  // constexpr in C++14
+    minmax(const T& a, const T& b);
+
+template<class T, class Compare>
+    constexpr pair<const T&, const T&>  // constexpr in C++14
+    minmax(const T& a, const T& b, Compare comp);
+
+template<class T>
+    constexpr pair<T, T>                // constexpr in C++14
+    minmax(initializer_list<T> t);
+
+template<class T, class Compare>
+    constexpr pair<T, T>                // constexpr in C++14
+    minmax(initializer_list<T> t, Compare comp);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
+    constexpr bool     // constexpr in C++20
+    lexicographical_compare(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class Compare>
+    constexpr bool     // constexpr in C++20
+    lexicographical_compare(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                            InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, Compare comp);
+
+template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class Cmp>
+    constexpr auto
+    lexicographical_compare_three_way(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                                      InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
+                                      Cmp comp)
+      -> decltype(comp(*b1, *b2));                                                        // since C++20
+
+template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
+    constexpr auto
+    lexicographical_compare_three_way(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                                      InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2);      // since C++20
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator>
+    constexpr bool     // constexpr in C++20
+    next_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr bool     // constexpr in C++20
+    next_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last, Compare comp);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator>
+    constexpr bool     // constexpr in C++20
+    prev_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
+    constexpr bool     // constexpr in C++20
+    prev_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last, Compare comp);
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <__algorithm/adjacent_find.h>
+#include <__algorithm/all_of.h>
+#include <__algorithm/any_of.h>
+#include <__algorithm/binary_search.h>
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/copy_backward.h>
+#include <__algorithm/copy_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/copy_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/count.h>
+#include <__algorithm/count_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/equal_range.h>
+#include <__algorithm/fill.h>
+#include <__algorithm/fill_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/find.h>
+#include <__algorithm/find_end.h>
+#include <__algorithm/find_first_of.h>
+#include <__algorithm/find_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/find_if_not.h>
+#include <__algorithm/for_each.h>
+#include <__algorithm/generate.h>
+#include <__algorithm/generate_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/includes.h>
+#include <__algorithm/inplace_merge.h>
+#include <__algorithm/is_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/is_heap_until.h>
+#include <__algorithm/is_partitioned.h>
+#include <__algorithm/is_permutation.h>
+#include <__algorithm/is_sorted.h>
+#include <__algorithm/is_sorted_until.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iter_swap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lower_bound.h>
+#include <__algorithm/make_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/max.h>
+#include <__algorithm/max_element.h>
+#include <__algorithm/merge.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min_element.h>
+#include <__algorithm/minmax.h>
+#include <__algorithm/minmax_element.h>
+#include <__algorithm/mismatch.h>
+#include <__algorithm/move.h>
+#include <__algorithm/move_backward.h>
+#include <__algorithm/next_permutation.h>
+#include <__algorithm/none_of.h>
+#include <__algorithm/nth_element.h>
+#include <__algorithm/partial_sort.h>
+#include <__algorithm/partial_sort_copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/partition.h>
+#include <__algorithm/partition_copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/partition_point.h>
+#include <__algorithm/pop_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/prev_permutation.h>
+#include <__algorithm/push_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/remove.h>
+#include <__algorithm/remove_copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/remove_copy_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/remove_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/replace.h>
+#include <__algorithm/replace_copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/replace_copy_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/replace_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/reverse.h>
+#include <__algorithm/reverse_copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/rotate.h>
+#include <__algorithm/rotate_copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/search.h>
+#include <__algorithm/search_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/set_
diff erence.h>
+#include <__algorithm/set_intersection.h>
+#include <__algorithm/set_symmetric_
diff erence.h>
+#include <__algorithm/set_union.h>
+#include <__algorithm/shuffle.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sort.h>
+#include <__algorithm/sort_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/stable_partition.h>
+#include <__algorithm/stable_sort.h>
+#include <__algorithm/swap_ranges.h>
+#include <__algorithm/transform.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unique.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unique_copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/upper_bound.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#  include <__algorithm/clamp.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/for_each_n.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/pstl.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/sample.h>
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__algorithm/in_found_result.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/in_fun_result.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/in_in_out_result.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/in_in_result.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/in_out_out_result.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/in_out_result.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/min_max_result.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_adjacent_find.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_all_of.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_any_of.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_binary_search.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_clamp.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_contains.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_copy_backward.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_copy_if.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_copy_n.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_count.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_count_if.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_equal.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_equal_range.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_fill.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_fill_n.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_find.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_find_end.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_find_first_of.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_find_if.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_find_if_not.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_for_each.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_for_each_n.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_generate.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_generate_n.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_includes.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_inplace_merge.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_is_heap.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_is_heap_until.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_is_partitioned.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_is_permutation.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted_until.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_lexicographical_compare.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_lower_bound.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_make_heap.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_max.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_max_element.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_merge.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_min.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_min_element.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_minmax.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_minmax_element.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_mismatch.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_move.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_move_backward.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_next_permutation.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_none_of.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_nth_element.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort_copy.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_partition.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_partition_copy.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_partition_point.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_pop_heap.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_prev_permutation.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_push_heap.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_remove.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy_if.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_remove_if.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_replace.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy_if.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_replace_if.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_reverse.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_reverse_copy.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_rotate.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_rotate_copy.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_sample.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_search.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_search_n.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_set_
diff erence.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_set_intersection.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_set_symmetric_
diff erence.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_set_union.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_shuffle.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_sort.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_sort_heap.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_stable_partition.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_stable_sort.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_swap_ranges.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_transform.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_unique.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_unique_copy.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_upper_bound.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/shift_left.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/shift_right.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#  include <__algorithm/fold.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_contains_subrange.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_ends_with.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_find_last.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/ranges_starts_with.h>
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [algorithm.syn]
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER == 14
+#  include <execution>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <bit>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <memory>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ALGORITHM

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/any b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/any
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5def14dc87e6bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/any
@@ -0,0 +1,614 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ANY
+#define _LIBCPP_ANY
+
+/*
+   any synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+
+  class bad_any_cast : public bad_cast
+  {
+  public:
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+  };
+
+  class any
+  {
+  public:
+
+    // 6.3.1 any construct/destruct
+    any() noexcept;
+
+    any(const any& other);
+    any(any&& other) noexcept;
+
+    template <class ValueType>
+      any(ValueType&& value);
+
+    ~any();
+
+    // 6.3.2 any assignments
+    any& operator=(const any& rhs);
+    any& operator=(any&& rhs) noexcept;
+
+    template <class ValueType>
+      any& operator=(ValueType&& rhs);
+
+    // 6.3.3 any modifiers
+    template <class ValueType, class... Args>
+      decay_t<ValueType>& emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class ValueType, class U, class... Args>
+      decay_t<ValueType>& emplace(initializer_list<U>, Args&&...);
+    void reset() noexcept;
+    void swap(any& rhs) noexcept;
+
+    // 6.3.4 any observers
+    bool has_value() const noexcept;
+    const type_info& type() const noexcept;
+  };
+
+   // 6.4 Non-member functions
+  void swap(any& x, any& y) noexcept;
+
+  template <class T, class ...Args>
+    any make_any(Args&& ...args);
+  template <class T, class U, class ...Args>
+    any make_any(initializer_list<U>, Args&& ...args);
+
+  template<class ValueType>
+    ValueType any_cast(const any& operand);
+  template<class ValueType>
+    ValueType any_cast(any& operand);
+  template<class ValueType>
+    ValueType any_cast(any&& operand);
+
+  template<class ValueType>
+    const ValueType* any_cast(const any* operand) noexcept;
+  template<class ValueType>
+    ValueType* any_cast(any* operand) noexcept;
+
+} // namespace std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_destructor.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/aligned_storage.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+namespace std {
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_ANY_CAST bad_any_cast : public bad_cast {
+public:
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+} // namespace std
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_ANY_CAST void __throw_bad_any_cast() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw bad_any_cast();
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("bad_any_cast was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#  endif
+}
+
+// Forward declarations
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS any;
+
+template <class _ValueType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI add_pointer_t<add_const_t<_ValueType>> any_cast(any const*) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _ValueType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI add_pointer_t<_ValueType> any_cast(any*) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+namespace __any_imp {
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+using _Buffer = aligned_storage_t<3 * sizeof(void*), alignof(void*)>;
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using _IsSmallObject =
+    integral_constant<bool,
+                      sizeof(_Tp) <= sizeof(_Buffer) && alignof(_Buffer) % alignof(_Tp) == 0 &&
+                          is_nothrow_move_constructible<_Tp>::value >;
+
+enum class _Action { _Destroy, _Copy, _Move, _Get, _TypeInfo };
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _SmallHandler;
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LargeHandler;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __unique_typeinfo {
+  static constexpr int __id = 0;
+};
+template <class _Tp>
+constexpr int __unique_typeinfo<_Tp>::__id;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const void* __get_fallback_typeid() {
+  return &__unique_typeinfo<remove_cv_t<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>>::__id;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __compare_typeid(type_info const* __id, const void* __fallback_id) {
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI)
+  if (__id && *__id == typeid(_Tp))
+    return true;
+#  endif
+  return !__id && __fallback_id == __any_imp::__get_fallback_typeid<_Tp>();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using _Handler = conditional_t< _IsSmallObject<_Tp>::value, _SmallHandler<_Tp>, _LargeHandler<_Tp>>;
+
+} // namespace __any_imp
+
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS any {
+public:
+  // construct/destruct
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr any() _NOEXCEPT : __h_(nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI any(any const& __other) : __h_(nullptr) {
+    if (__other.__h_)
+      __other.__call(_Action::_Copy, this);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI any(any&& __other) _NOEXCEPT : __h_(nullptr) {
+    if (__other.__h_)
+      __other.__call(_Action::_Move, this);
+  }
+
+  template < class _ValueType,
+             class _Tp = decay_t<_ValueType>,
+             class     = enable_if_t< !is_same<_Tp, any>::value && !__is_inplace_type<_ValueType>::value &&
+                                      is_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI any(_ValueType&& __value);
+
+  template <class _ValueType,
+            class... _Args,
+            class _Tp = decay_t<_ValueType>,
+            class     = enable_if_t< is_constructible<_Tp, _Args...>::value && is_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value > >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit any(in_place_type_t<_ValueType>, _Args&&... __args);
+
+  template <class _ValueType,
+            class _Up,
+            class... _Args,
+            class _Tp = decay_t<_ValueType>,
+            class     = enable_if_t< is_constructible<_Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>::value &&
+                                     is_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit any(in_place_type_t<_ValueType>, initializer_list<_Up>, _Args&&... __args);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~any() { this->reset(); }
+
+  // assignments
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI any& operator=(any const& __rhs) {
+    any(__rhs).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI any& operator=(any&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    any(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template < class _ValueType,
+             class _Tp = decay_t<_ValueType>,
+             class     = enable_if_t< !is_same<_Tp, any>::value && is_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI any& operator=(_ValueType&& __rhs);
+
+  template <class _ValueType,
+            class... _Args,
+            class _Tp = decay_t<_ValueType>,
+            class     = enable_if_t< is_constructible<_Tp, _Args...>::value && is_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& emplace(_Args&&...);
+
+  template <class _ValueType,
+            class _Up,
+            class... _Args,
+            class _Tp = decay_t<_ValueType>,
+            class     = enable_if_t< is_constructible<_Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>::value &&
+                                     is_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& emplace(initializer_list<_Up>, _Args&&...);
+
+  // 6.3.3 any modifiers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset() _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__h_)
+      this->__call(_Action::_Destroy);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(any& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  // 6.3.4 any observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool has_value() const _NOEXCEPT { return __h_ != nullptr; }
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const type_info& type() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__h_) {
+      return *static_cast<type_info const*>(this->__call(_Action::_TypeInfo));
+    } else {
+      return typeid(void);
+    }
+  }
+#  endif
+
+private:
+  typedef __any_imp::_Action _Action;
+  using _HandleFuncPtr = void* (*)(_Action, any const*, any*, const type_info*, const void* __fallback_info);
+
+  union _Storage {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Storage() : __ptr(nullptr) {}
+    void* __ptr;
+    __any_imp::_Buffer __buf;
+  };
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void*
+  __call(_Action __a, any* __other = nullptr, type_info const* __info = nullptr, const void* __fallback_info = nullptr)
+      const {
+    return __h_(__a, this, __other, __info, __fallback_info);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* __call(
+      _Action __a, any* __other = nullptr, type_info const* __info = nullptr, const void* __fallback_info = nullptr) {
+    return __h_(__a, this, __other, __info, __fallback_info);
+  }
+
+  template <class>
+  friend struct __any_imp::_SmallHandler;
+  template <class>
+  friend struct __any_imp::_LargeHandler;
+
+  template <class _ValueType>
+  friend add_pointer_t<add_const_t<_ValueType>> any_cast(any const*) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _ValueType>
+  friend add_pointer_t<_ValueType> any_cast(any*) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _HandleFuncPtr __h_ = nullptr;
+  _Storage __s_;
+};
+
+namespace __any_imp {
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _SmallHandler {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void*
+  __handle(_Action __act, any const* __this, any* __other, type_info const* __info, const void* __fallback_info) {
+    switch (__act) {
+    case _Action::_Destroy:
+      __destroy(const_cast<any&>(*__this));
+      return nullptr;
+    case _Action::_Copy:
+      __copy(*__this, *__other);
+      return nullptr;
+    case _Action::_Move:
+      __move(const_cast<any&>(*__this), *__other);
+      return nullptr;
+    case _Action::_Get:
+      return __get(const_cast<any&>(*__this), __info, __fallback_info);
+    case _Action::_TypeInfo:
+      return __type_info();
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Tp& __create(any& __dest, _Args&&... __args) {
+    typedef allocator<_Tp> _Alloc;
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> _ATraits;
+    _Alloc __a;
+    _Tp* __ret = static_cast<_Tp*>(static_cast<void*>(&__dest.__s_.__buf));
+    _ATraits::construct(__a, __ret, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __dest.__h_ = &_SmallHandler::__handle;
+    return *__ret;
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __destroy(any& __this) {
+    typedef allocator<_Tp> _Alloc;
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> _ATraits;
+    _Alloc __a;
+    _Tp* __p = static_cast<_Tp*>(static_cast<void*>(&__this.__s_.__buf));
+    _ATraits::destroy(__a, __p);
+    __this.__h_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __copy(any const& __this, any& __dest) {
+    _SmallHandler::__create(__dest, *static_cast<_Tp const*>(static_cast<void const*>(&__this.__s_.__buf)));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __move(any& __this, any& __dest) {
+    _SmallHandler::__create(__dest, std::move(*static_cast<_Tp*>(static_cast<void*>(&__this.__s_.__buf))));
+    __destroy(__this);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void* __get(any& __this, type_info const* __info, const void* __fallback_id) {
+    if (__any_imp::__compare_typeid<_Tp>(__info, __fallback_id))
+      return static_cast<void*>(&__this.__s_.__buf);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void* __type_info() {
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI)
+    return const_cast<void*>(static_cast<void const*>(&typeid(_Tp)));
+#  else
+    return nullptr;
+#  endif
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LargeHandler {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void*
+  __handle(_Action __act, any const* __this, any* __other, type_info const* __info, void const* __fallback_info) {
+    switch (__act) {
+    case _Action::_Destroy:
+      __destroy(const_cast<any&>(*__this));
+      return nullptr;
+    case _Action::_Copy:
+      __copy(*__this, *__other);
+      return nullptr;
+    case _Action::_Move:
+      __move(const_cast<any&>(*__this), *__other);
+      return nullptr;
+    case _Action::_Get:
+      return __get(const_cast<any&>(*__this), __info, __fallback_info);
+    case _Action::_TypeInfo:
+      return __type_info();
+    }
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Tp& __create(any& __dest, _Args&&... __args) {
+    typedef allocator<_Tp> _Alloc;
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> _ATraits;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Alloc> _Dp;
+    _Alloc __a;
+    unique_ptr<_Tp, _Dp> __hold(_ATraits::allocate(__a, 1), _Dp(__a, 1));
+    _Tp* __ret = __hold.get();
+    _ATraits::construct(__a, __ret, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __dest.__s_.__ptr = __hold.release();
+    __dest.__h_       = &_LargeHandler::__handle;
+    return *__ret;
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __destroy(any& __this) {
+    typedef allocator<_Tp> _Alloc;
+    typedef allocator_traits<_Alloc> _ATraits;
+    _Alloc __a;
+    _Tp* __p = static_cast<_Tp*>(__this.__s_.__ptr);
+    _ATraits::destroy(__a, __p);
+    _ATraits::deallocate(__a, __p, 1);
+    __this.__h_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __copy(any const& __this, any& __dest) {
+    _LargeHandler::__create(__dest, *static_cast<_Tp const*>(__this.__s_.__ptr));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __move(any& __this, any& __dest) {
+    __dest.__s_.__ptr = __this.__s_.__ptr;
+    __dest.__h_       = &_LargeHandler::__handle;
+    __this.__h_       = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void* __get(any& __this, type_info const* __info, void const* __fallback_info) {
+    if (__any_imp::__compare_typeid<_Tp>(__info, __fallback_info))
+      return static_cast<void*>(__this.__s_.__ptr);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void* __type_info() {
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI)
+    return const_cast<void*>(static_cast<void const*>(&typeid(_Tp)));
+#  else
+    return nullptr;
+#  endif
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __any_imp
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _Tp, class>
+any::any(_ValueType&& __v) : __h_(nullptr) {
+  __any_imp::_Handler<_Tp>::__create(*this, std::forward<_ValueType>(__v));
+}
+
+template <class _ValueType, class... _Args, class _Tp, class>
+any::any(in_place_type_t<_ValueType>, _Args&&... __args) {
+  __any_imp::_Handler<_Tp>::__create(*this, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _Up, class... _Args, class _Tp, class>
+any::any(in_place_type_t<_ValueType>, initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) {
+  __any_imp::_Handler<_Tp>::__create(*this, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _ValueType, class, class>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI any& any::operator=(_ValueType&& __v) {
+  any(std::forward<_ValueType>(__v)).swap(*this);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _ValueType, class... _Args, class _Tp, class>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& any::emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+  reset();
+  return __any_imp::_Handler<_Tp>::__create(*this, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _Up, class... _Args, class _Tp, class>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& any::emplace(initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) {
+  reset();
+  return __any_imp::_Handler<_Tp>::__create(*this, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void any::swap(any& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (this == &__rhs)
+    return;
+  if (__h_ && __rhs.__h_) {
+    any __tmp;
+    __rhs.__call(_Action::_Move, &__tmp);
+    this->__call(_Action::_Move, &__rhs);
+    __tmp.__call(_Action::_Move, this);
+  } else if (__h_) {
+    this->__call(_Action::_Move, &__rhs);
+  } else if (__rhs.__h_) {
+    __rhs.__call(_Action::_Move, this);
+  }
+}
+
+// 6.4 Non-member functions
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(any& __lhs, any& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT { __lhs.swap(__rhs); }
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI any make_any(_Args&&... __args) {
+  return any(in_place_type<_Tp>, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI any make_any(initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return any(in_place_type<_Tp>, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _ValueType>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_ANY_CAST _ValueType any_cast(any const& __v) {
+  using _RawValueType = __remove_cvref_t<_ValueType>;
+  static_assert(is_constructible<_ValueType, _RawValueType const&>::value,
+                "ValueType is required to be a const lvalue reference "
+                "or a CopyConstructible type");
+  auto __tmp = std::any_cast<add_const_t<_RawValueType>>(&__v);
+  if (__tmp == nullptr)
+    __throw_bad_any_cast();
+  return static_cast<_ValueType>(*__tmp);
+}
+
+template <class _ValueType>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_ANY_CAST _ValueType any_cast(any& __v) {
+  using _RawValueType = __remove_cvref_t<_ValueType>;
+  static_assert(is_constructible<_ValueType, _RawValueType&>::value,
+                "ValueType is required to be an lvalue reference "
+                "or a CopyConstructible type");
+  auto __tmp = std::any_cast<_RawValueType>(&__v);
+  if (__tmp == nullptr)
+    __throw_bad_any_cast();
+  return static_cast<_ValueType>(*__tmp);
+}
+
+template <class _ValueType>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_ANY_CAST _ValueType any_cast(any&& __v) {
+  using _RawValueType = __remove_cvref_t<_ValueType>;
+  static_assert(is_constructible<_ValueType, _RawValueType>::value,
+                "ValueType is required to be an rvalue reference "
+                "or a CopyConstructible type");
+  auto __tmp = std::any_cast<_RawValueType>(&__v);
+  if (__tmp == nullptr)
+    __throw_bad_any_cast();
+  return static_cast<_ValueType>(std::move(*__tmp));
+}
+
+template <class _ValueType>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI add_pointer_t<add_const_t<_ValueType>> any_cast(any const* __any) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<_ValueType>, "_ValueType may not be void.");
+  static_assert(!is_reference<_ValueType>::value, "_ValueType may not be a reference.");
+  return std::any_cast<_ValueType>(const_cast<any*>(__any));
+}
+
+template <class _RetType>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _RetType __pointer_or_func_cast(void* __p, /*IsFunction*/ false_type) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<_RetType>(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _RetType>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _RetType __pointer_or_func_cast(void*, /*IsFunction*/ true_type) noexcept {
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _ValueType>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI add_pointer_t<_ValueType> any_cast(any* __any) _NOEXCEPT {
+  using __any_imp::_Action;
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<_ValueType>, "_ValueType may not be void.");
+  static_assert(!is_reference<_ValueType>::value, "_ValueType may not be a reference.");
+  typedef add_pointer_t<_ValueType> _ReturnType;
+  if (__any && __any->__h_) {
+    void* __p = __any->__call(
+        _Action::_Get,
+        nullptr,
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_RTTI)
+        &typeid(_ValueType),
+#  else
+        nullptr,
+#  endif
+        __any_imp::__get_fallback_typeid<_ValueType>());
+    return std::__pointer_or_func_cast<_ReturnType>(__p, is_function<_ValueType>{});
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+#  include <chrono>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <memory>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <variant>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ANY

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/array b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/array
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6ffde852f48027
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/array
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ARRAY
+#define _LIBCPP_ARRAY
+
+/*
+    array synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+template <class T, size_t N >
+struct array
+{
+    // types:
+    typedef T & reference;
+    typedef const T & const_reference;
+    typedef implementation defined iterator;
+    typedef implementation defined const_iterator;
+    typedef size_t size_type;
+    typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef T value_type;
+    typedef T* pointer;
+    typedef const T* const_pointer;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    // No explicit construct/copy/destroy for aggregate type
+    void fill(const T& u);                                      // constexpr in C++20
+    void swap(array& a) noexcept(is_nothrow_swappable_v<T>);    // constexpr in C++20
+
+    // iterators:
+    iterator begin() noexcept;                                  // constexpr in C++17
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;                      // constexpr in C++17
+    iterator end() noexcept;                                    // constexpr in C++17
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept;                        // constexpr in C++17
+
+    reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;                         // constexpr in C++17
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;             // constexpr in C++17
+    reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;                           // constexpr in C++17
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;               // constexpr in C++17
+
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;                     // constexpr in C++17
+    const_iterator cend() const noexcept;                       // constexpr in C++17
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;            // constexpr in C++17
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;              // constexpr in C++17
+
+    // capacity:
+    constexpr size_type size() const noexcept;
+    constexpr size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+    constexpr bool empty() const noexcept;
+
+    // element access:
+    reference operator[](size_type n);                          // constexpr in C++17
+    const_reference operator[](size_type n) const;              // constexpr in C++14
+    reference at(size_type n);                                  // constexpr in C++17
+    const_reference at(size_type n) const;                      // constexpr in C++14
+
+    reference front();                                          // constexpr in C++17
+    const_reference front() const;                              // constexpr in C++14
+    reference back();                                           // constexpr in C++17
+    const_reference back() const;                               // constexpr in C++14
+
+    T* data() noexcept;                                         // constexpr in C++17
+    const T* data() const noexcept;                             // constexpr in C++17
+};
+
+template <class T, class... U>
+  array(T, U...) -> array<T, 1 + sizeof...(U)>;                 // C++17
+
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator==(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);    // constexpr in C++20
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator!=(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);    // removed in C++20
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator<(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);     // removed in C++20
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator>(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);     // removed in C++20
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator<=(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);    // removed in C++20
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  bool operator>=(const array<T,N>& x, const array<T,N>& y);    // removed in C++20
+template<class T, size_t N>
+  constexpr synth-three-way-result<T>
+    operator<=>(const array<T, N>& x, const array<T, N>& y);    // since C++20
+
+template <class T, size_t N >
+  void swap(array<T,N>& x, array<T,N>& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y))); // constexpr in C++20
+
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  constexpr array<remove_cv_t<T>, N> to_array(T (&a)[N]);  // C++20
+template <class T, size_t N>
+  constexpr array<remove_cv_t<T>, N> to_array(T (&&a)[N]); // C++20
+
+template <class T> struct tuple_size;
+template <size_t I, class T> struct tuple_element;
+template <class T, size_t N> struct tuple_size<array<T, N>>;
+template <size_t I, class T, size_t N> struct tuple_element<I, array<T, N>>;
+template <size_t I, class T, size_t N> T& get(array<T, N>&) noexcept;               // constexpr in C++14
+template <size_t I, class T, size_t N> const T& get(const array<T, N>&) noexcept;   // constexpr in C++14
+template <size_t I, class T, size_t N> T&& get(array<T, N>&&) noexcept;             // constexpr in C++14
+template <size_t I, class T, size_t N> const T&& get(const array<T, N>&&) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/fill_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__algorithm/swap_ranges.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/array.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/wrap_iter.h>
+#include <__tuple/sfinae_helpers.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__utility/empty.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [array.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+// [tuple.helper]
+#include <__tuple/tuple_element.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS array {
+  using __trivially_relocatable = __conditional_t<__libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_Tp>::value, array, void>;
+
+  // types:
+  using __self          = array;
+  using value_type      = _Tp;
+  using reference       = value_type&;
+  using const_reference = const value_type&;
+  using pointer         = value_type*;
+  using const_pointer   = const value_type*;
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_USE_WRAP_ITER_IN_STD_ARRAY)
+  using iterator       = __wrap_iter<pointer>;
+  using const_iterator = __wrap_iter<const_pointer>;
+#else
+  using iterator       = pointer;
+  using const_iterator = const_pointer;
+#endif
+  using size_type              = size_t;
+  using 
diff erence_type        = ptr
diff _t;
+  using reverse_iterator       = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+  using const_reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
+
+  _Tp __elems_[_Size];
+
+  // No explicit construct/copy/destroy for aggregate type
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void fill(const value_type& __u) {
+    std::fill_n(data(), _Size, __u);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(array& __a) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp>) {
+    std::swap_ranges(data(), data() + _Size, __a.data());
+  }
+
+  // iterators:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return iterator(data()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_iterator(data());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return iterator(data() + _Size); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_iterator(data() + _Size);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return rbegin();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT { return rend(); }
+
+  // capacity:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return _Size; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT { return _Size; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return _Size == 0; }
+
+  // element access:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference operator[](size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__n < _Size, "out-of-bounds access in std::array<T, N>");
+    return __elems_[__n];
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const_reference operator[](size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__n < _Size, "out-of-bounds access in std::array<T, N>");
+    return __elems_[__n];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference at(size_type __n) {
+    if (__n >= _Size)
+      __throw_out_of_range("array::at");
+    return __elems_[__n];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const_reference at(size_type __n) const {
+    if (__n >= _Size)
+      __throw_out_of_range("array::at");
+    return __elems_[__n];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference front() _NOEXCEPT { return (*this)[0]; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const_reference front() const _NOEXCEPT { return (*this)[0]; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference back() _NOEXCEPT { return (*this)[_Size - 1]; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const_reference back() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return (*this)[_Size - 1];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 value_type* data() _NOEXCEPT { return __elems_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const value_type* data() const _NOEXCEPT { return __elems_; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS array<_Tp, 0> {
+  // types:
+  typedef array __self;
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+  typedef value_type* iterator;
+  typedef const value_type* const_iterator;
+  typedef value_type* pointer;
+  typedef const value_type* const_pointer;
+  typedef size_t size_type;
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+  typedef __conditional_t<is_const<_Tp>::value, const __empty, __empty> _EmptyType;
+
+  struct _ArrayInStructT {
+    _Tp __data_[1];
+  };
+  _ALIGNAS_TYPE(_ArrayInStructT) _EmptyType __elems_[sizeof(_ArrayInStructT)];
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 value_type* data() _NOEXCEPT { return nullptr; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const value_type* data() const _NOEXCEPT { return nullptr; }
+
+  // No explicit construct/copy/destroy for aggregate type
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void fill(const value_type&) {
+    static_assert(!is_const<_Tp>::value, "cannot fill zero-sized array of type 'const T'");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(array&) _NOEXCEPT {
+    static_assert(!is_const<_Tp>::value, "cannot swap zero-sized array of type 'const T'");
+  }
+
+  // iterators:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return iterator(data()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_iterator(data());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return iterator(data()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_iterator(data());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return rbegin();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT { return rend(); }
+
+  // capacity:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return true; }
+
+  // element access:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference operator[](size_type) _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(false, "cannot call array<T, 0>::operator[] on a zero-sized array");
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const_reference operator[](size_type) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(false, "cannot call array<T, 0>::operator[] on a zero-sized array");
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference at(size_type) {
+    __throw_out_of_range("array<T, 0>::at");
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const_reference at(size_type) const {
+    __throw_out_of_range("array<T, 0>::at");
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference front() _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(false, "cannot call array<T, 0>::front() on a zero-sized array");
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const_reference front() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(false, "cannot call array<T, 0>::front() on a zero-sized array");
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 reference back() _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(false, "cannot call array<T, 0>::back() on a zero-sized array");
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const_reference back() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(false, "cannot call array<T, 0>::back() on a zero-sized array");
+    __libcpp_unreachable();
+  }
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args, class = enable_if_t<__all<_IsSame<_Tp, _Args>::value...>::value> >
+array(_Tp, _Args...) -> array<_Tp, 1 + sizeof...(_Args)>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool
+operator==(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y) {
+  return std::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __synth_three_way_result<_Tp>
+operator<=>(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, const array<_Tp, _Size>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(
+      __x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end(), std::__synth_three_way);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size, __enable_if_t<_Size == 0 || __is_swappable_v<_Tp>, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(array<_Tp, _Size>& __x, array<_Tp, _Size>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(noexcept(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_size<array<_Tp, _Size> > : public integral_constant<size_t, _Size> {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple_element<_Ip, array<_Tp, _Size> > {
+  static_assert(_Ip < _Size, "Index out of bounds in std::tuple_element<> (std::array)");
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp& get(array<_Tp, _Size>& __a) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(_Ip < _Size, "Index out of bounds in std::get<> (std::array)");
+  return __a.__elems_[_Ip];
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Tp& get(const array<_Tp, _Size>& __a) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(_Ip < _Size, "Index out of bounds in std::get<> (const std::array)");
+  return __a.__elems_[_Ip];
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp&& get(array<_Tp, _Size>&& __a) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(_Ip < _Size, "Index out of bounds in std::get<> (std::array &&)");
+  return std::move(__a.__elems_[_Ip]);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Tp&& get(const array<_Tp, _Size>&& __a) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(_Ip < _Size, "Index out of bounds in std::get<> (const std::array &&)");
+  return std::move(__a.__elems_[_Ip]);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <typename _Tp, size_t _Size, size_t... _Index>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr array<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, _Size>
+__to_array_lvalue_impl(_Tp (&__arr)[_Size], index_sequence<_Index...>) {
+  return {{__arr[_Index]...}};
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, size_t _Size, size_t... _Index>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr array<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, _Size>
+__to_array_rvalue_impl(_Tp (&&__arr)[_Size], index_sequence<_Index...>) {
+  return {{std::move(__arr[_Index])...}};
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr array<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, _Size>
+to_array(_Tp (&__arr)[_Size]) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Tp&>) {
+  static_assert(!is_array_v<_Tp>, "[array.creation]/1: to_array does not accept multidimensional arrays.");
+  static_assert(is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Tp&>, "[array.creation]/1: to_array requires copy constructible elements.");
+  return std::__to_array_lvalue_impl(__arr, make_index_sequence<_Size>());
+}
+
+template <typename _Tp, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr array<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, _Size>
+to_array(_Tp (&&__arr)[_Size]) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Tp>) {
+  static_assert(!is_array_v<_Tp>, "[array.creation]/4: to_array does not accept multidimensional arrays.");
+  static_assert(is_move_constructible_v<_Tp>, "[array.creation]/4: to_array requires move constructible elements.");
+  return std::__to_array_rvalue_impl(std::move(__arr), make_index_sequence<_Size>());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ARRAY

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/atomic b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/atomic
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0d13619d6ce458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/atomic
@@ -0,0 +1,632 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ATOMIC
+#define _LIBCPP_ATOMIC
+
+/*
+    atomic synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+// feature test macro [version.syn]
+
+#define __cpp_lib_atomic_is_always_lock_free
+#define __cpp_lib_atomic_flag_test
+#define __cpp_lib_atomic_lock_free_type_aliases
+#define __cpp_lib_atomic_wait
+
+ // order and consistency
+
+ enum memory_order: unspecified // enum class in C++20
+ {
+    relaxed,
+    consume, // load-consume
+    acquire, // load-acquire
+    release, // store-release
+    acq_rel, // store-release load-acquire
+    seq_cst // store-release load-acquire
+ };
+
+ inline constexpr auto memory_order_relaxed = memory_order::relaxed;
+ inline constexpr auto memory_order_consume = memory_order::consume;
+ inline constexpr auto memory_order_acquire = memory_order::acquire;
+ inline constexpr auto memory_order_release = memory_order::release;
+ inline constexpr auto memory_order_acq_rel = memory_order::acq_rel;
+ inline constexpr auto memory_order_seq_cst = memory_order::seq_cst;
+
+template <class T> T kill_dependency(T y) noexcept;
+
+// lock-free property
+
+#define ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR8_T_LOCK_FREE unspecified // C++20
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+#define ATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE unspecified
+
+template <class T>
+struct atomic
+{
+    using value_type = T;
+
+    static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free;
+    bool is_lock_free() const volatile noexcept;
+    bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
+
+    atomic() noexcept = default; // until C++20
+    constexpr atomic() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<T>); // since C++20
+    constexpr atomic(T desr) noexcept;
+    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
+
+    T load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
+    T load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
+    operator T() const volatile noexcept;
+    operator T() const noexcept;
+    void store(T desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    void store(T desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    T operator=(T) volatile noexcept;
+    T operator=(T) noexcept;
+
+    T exchange(T desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    T exchange(T desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T& expc, T desr,
+                               memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T& expc, T desr, memory_order s, memory_order f) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T& expc, T desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T& expc, T desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T& expc, T desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T& expc, T desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T& expc, T desr,
+                                memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T& expc, T desr,
+                                 memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+
+    void wait(T, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
+    void wait(T, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
+    void notify_one() volatile noexcept;
+    void notify_one() noexcept;
+    void notify_all() volatile noexcept;
+    void notify_all() noexcept;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct atomic<integral>
+{
+    using value_type = integral;
+    using 
diff erence_type = value_type;
+
+    static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free;
+    bool is_lock_free() const volatile noexcept;
+    bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
+
+    atomic() noexcept = default;
+    constexpr atomic(integral desr) noexcept;
+    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
+
+    integral load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
+    integral load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
+    operator integral() const volatile noexcept;
+    operator integral() const noexcept;
+    void store(integral desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    void store(integral desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    integral operator=(integral desr) volatile noexcept;
+    integral operator=(integral desr) noexcept;
+
+    integral exchange(integral desr,
+                      memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    integral exchange(integral desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                               memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                               memory_order s, memory_order f) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                                memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral& expc, integral desr,
+                                 memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+
+    integral fetch_add(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    integral fetch_add(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    integral fetch_sub(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    integral fetch_sub(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    integral fetch_and(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    integral fetch_and(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    integral fetch_or(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    integral fetch_or(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    integral fetch_xor(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    integral fetch_xor(integral op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+
+    integral operator++(int) volatile noexcept;
+    integral operator++(int) noexcept;
+    integral operator--(int) volatile noexcept;
+    integral operator--(int) noexcept;
+    integral operator++() volatile noexcept;
+    integral operator++() noexcept;
+    integral operator--() volatile noexcept;
+    integral operator--() noexcept;
+    integral operator+=(integral op) volatile noexcept;
+    integral operator+=(integral op) noexcept;
+    integral operator-=(integral op) volatile noexcept;
+    integral operator-=(integral op) noexcept;
+    integral operator&=(integral op) volatile noexcept;
+    integral operator&=(integral op) noexcept;
+    integral operator|=(integral op) volatile noexcept;
+    integral operator|=(integral op) noexcept;
+    integral operator^=(integral op) volatile noexcept;
+    integral operator^=(integral op) noexcept;
+
+    void wait(integral, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
+    void wait(integral, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
+    void notify_one() volatile noexcept;
+    void notify_one() noexcept;
+    void notify_all() volatile noexcept;
+    void notify_all() noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct atomic<T*>
+{
+    using value_type = T*;
+    using 
diff erence_type = ptr
diff _t;
+
+    static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free;
+    bool is_lock_free() const volatile noexcept;
+    bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
+
+    atomic() noexcept = default; // until C++20
+    constexpr atomic() noexcept; // since C++20
+    constexpr atomic(T* desr) noexcept;
+    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
+    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
+
+    T* load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
+    T* load(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
+    operator T*() const volatile noexcept;
+    operator T*() const noexcept;
+    void store(T* desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    void store(T* desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    T* operator=(T*) volatile noexcept;
+    T* operator=(T*) noexcept;
+
+    T* exchange(T* desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    T* exchange(T* desr, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                               memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                               memory_order s, memory_order f) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                                 memory_order s, memory_order f) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                               memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                                memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*& expc, T* desr,
+                                 memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    T* fetch_add(ptr
diff _t op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    T* fetch_add(ptr
diff _t op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    T* fetch_sub(ptr
diff _t op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    T* fetch_sub(ptr
diff _t op, memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+
+    T* operator++(int) volatile noexcept;
+    T* operator++(int) noexcept;
+    T* operator--(int) volatile noexcept;
+    T* operator--(int) noexcept;
+    T* operator++() volatile noexcept;
+    T* operator++() noexcept;
+    T* operator--() volatile noexcept;
+    T* operator--() noexcept;
+    T* operator+=(ptr
diff _t op) volatile noexcept;
+    T* operator+=(ptr
diff _t op) noexcept;
+    T* operator-=(ptr
diff _t op) volatile noexcept;
+    T* operator-=(ptr
diff _t op) noexcept;
+
+    void wait(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
+    void wait(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
+    void notify_one() volatile noexcept;
+    void notify_one() noexcept;
+    void notify_all() volatile noexcept;
+    void notify_all() noexcept;
+};
+
+template<>
+struct atomic<floating-point-type> {  // since C++20
+  using value_type = floating-point-type;
+  using 
diff erence_type = value_type;
+
+  static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free = implementation-defined;
+  bool is_lock_free() const volatile noexcept;
+  bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
+
+  constexpr atomic() noexcept;
+  constexpr atomic(floating-point-type) noexcept;
+  atomic(const atomic&) = delete;
+  atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
+  atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
+
+  void store(floating-point-type, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+  void store(floating-point-type, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
+  floating-point-type operator=(floating-point-type) volatile noexcept;
+  floating-point-type operator=(floating-point-type) noexcept;
+  floating-point-type load(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+  floating-point-type load(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
+  operator floating-point-type() volatile noexcept;
+  operator floating-point-type() noexcept;
+
+  floating-point-type exchange(floating-point-type,
+                               memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+  floating-point-type exchange(floating-point-type,
+                               memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
+  bool compare_exchange_weak(floating-point-type&, floating-point-type,
+                             memory_order, memory_order) volatile noexcept;
+  bool compare_exchange_weak(floating-point-type&, floating-point-type,
+                             memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
+  bool compare_exchange_strong(floating-point-type&, floating-point-type,
+                               memory_order, memory_order) volatile noexcept;
+  bool compare_exchange_strong(floating-point-type&, floating-point-type,
+                               memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
+  bool compare_exchange_weak(floating-point-type&, floating-point-type,
+                             memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+  bool compare_exchange_weak(floating-point-type&, floating-point-type,
+                             memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
+  bool compare_exchange_strong(floating-point-type&, floating-point-type,
+                               memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+  bool compare_exchange_strong(floating-point-type&, floating-point-type,
+                               memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
+
+  floating-point-type fetch_add(floating-point-type,
+                                memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+  floating-point-type fetch_add(floating-point-type,
+                                memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
+  floating-point-type fetch_sub(floating-point-type,
+                                memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+  floating-point-type fetch_sub(floating-point-type,
+                                memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
+
+  floating-point-type operator+=(floating-point-type) volatile noexcept;
+  floating-point-type operator+=(floating-point-type) noexcept;
+  floating-point-type operator-=(floating-point-type) volatile noexcept;
+  floating-point-type operator-=(floating-point-type) noexcept;
+
+  void wait(floating-point-type, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
+  void wait(floating-point-type, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
+  void notify_one() volatile noexcept;
+  void notify_one() noexcept;
+  void notify_all() volatile noexcept;
+  void notify_all() noexcept;
+};
+
+// [atomics.nonmembers], non-member functions
+template<class T>
+  bool atomic_is_lock_free(const volatile atomic<T>*) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  bool atomic_is_lock_free(const atomic<T>*) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_store(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_store(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_store_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                             memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_store_explicit(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                             memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_load(const volatile atomic<T>*) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_load(const atomic<T>*) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_load_explicit(const volatile atomic<T>*, memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_load_explicit(const atomic<T>*, memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_exchange(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_exchange(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_exchange_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                             memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_exchange_explicit(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                             memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type*,
+                                    atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type*,
+                                    atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type*,
+                                      atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type*,
+                                      atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type*,
+                                             atomic<T>::value_type,
+                                             memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type*,
+                                             atomic<T>::value_type,
+                                             memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type*,
+                                               atomic<T>::value_type,
+                                               memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type*,
+                                               atomic<T>::value_type,
+                                               memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
+
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_add(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::
diff erence_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_add(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::
diff erence_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_add_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::
diff erence_type,
+                              memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_add_explicit(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::
diff erence_type,
+                              memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_sub(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::
diff erence_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_sub(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::
diff erence_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::
diff erence_type,
+                              memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::
diff erence_type,
+                              memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_and(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_and(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_and_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                              memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_and_explicit(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                              memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_or(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_or(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_or_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                             memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_or_explicit(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                             memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_xor(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_xor(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_xor_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                              memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  T atomic_fetch_xor_explicit(atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                              memory_order) noexcept;
+
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_wait(const volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_wait(const atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_wait_explicit(const volatile atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                            memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_wait_explicit(const atomic<T>*, atomic<T>::value_type,
+                            memory_order) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_notify_one(volatile atomic<T>*) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_notify_one(atomic<T>*) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_notify_all(volatile atomic<T>*) noexcept;
+template<class T>
+  void atomic_notify_all(atomic<T>*) noexcept;
+
+// Atomics for standard typedef types
+
+typedef atomic<bool>               atomic_bool;
+typedef atomic<char>               atomic_char;
+typedef atomic<signed char>        atomic_schar;
+typedef atomic<unsigned char>      atomic_uchar;
+typedef atomic<short>              atomic_short;
+typedef atomic<unsigned short>     atomic_ushort;
+typedef atomic<int>                atomic_int;
+typedef atomic<unsigned int>       atomic_uint;
+typedef atomic<long>               atomic_long;
+typedef atomic<unsigned long>      atomic_ulong;
+typedef atomic<long long>          atomic_llong;
+typedef atomic<unsigned long long> atomic_ullong;
+typedef atomic<char8_t>            atomic_char8_t; // C++20
+typedef atomic<char16_t>           atomic_char16_t;
+typedef atomic<char32_t>           atomic_char32_t;
+typedef atomic<wchar_t>            atomic_wchar_t;
+
+typedef atomic<int_least8_t>   atomic_int_least8_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least8_t>  atomic_uint_least8_t;
+typedef atomic<int_least16_t>  atomic_int_least16_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least16_t> atomic_uint_least16_t;
+typedef atomic<int_least32_t>  atomic_int_least32_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least32_t> atomic_uint_least32_t;
+typedef atomic<int_least64_t>  atomic_int_least64_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_least64_t> atomic_uint_least64_t;
+
+typedef atomic<int_fast8_t>   atomic_int_fast8_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast8_t>  atomic_uint_fast8_t;
+typedef atomic<int_fast16_t>  atomic_int_fast16_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast16_t> atomic_uint_fast16_t;
+typedef atomic<int_fast32_t>  atomic_int_fast32_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast32_t> atomic_uint_fast32_t;
+typedef atomic<int_fast64_t>  atomic_int_fast64_t;
+typedef atomic<uint_fast64_t> atomic_uint_fast64_t;
+
+typedef atomic<int8_t>   atomic_int8_t;
+typedef atomic<uint8_t>  atomic_uint8_t;
+typedef atomic<int16_t>  atomic_int16_t;
+typedef atomic<uint16_t> atomic_uint16_t;
+typedef atomic<int32_t>  atomic_int32_t;
+typedef atomic<uint32_t> atomic_uint32_t;
+typedef atomic<int64_t>  atomic_int64_t;
+typedef atomic<uint64_t> atomic_uint64_t;
+
+typedef atomic<intptr_t>  atomic_intptr_t;
+typedef atomic<uintptr_t> atomic_uintptr_t;
+typedef atomic<size_t>    atomic_size_t;
+typedef atomic<ptr
diff _t> atomic_ptr
diff _t;
+typedef atomic<intmax_t>  atomic_intmax_t;
+typedef atomic<uintmax_t> atomic_uintmax_t;
+
+typedef see-below         atomic_signed_lock_free;   // since C++20
+typedef see-below         atomic_unsigned_lock_free; // since C++20
+
+// flag type and operations
+
+typedef struct atomic_flag
+{
+    atomic_flag() noexcept = default; // until C++20
+    constexpr atomic_flag() noexcept; // since C++20
+    atomic_flag(const atomic_flag&) = delete;
+    atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&) = delete;
+    atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&) volatile = delete;
+
+    bool test(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    bool test(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    bool test_and_set(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    bool test_and_set(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+    void clear(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
+    void clear(memory_order m = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
+
+    void wait(bool, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
+    void wait(bool, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
+    void notify_one() volatile noexcept;
+    void notify_one() noexcept;
+    void notify_all() volatile noexcept;
+    void notify_all() noexcept;
+} atomic_flag;
+
+bool atomic_flag_test(volatile atomic_flag* obj) noexcept;
+bool atomic_flag_test(atomic_flag* obj) noexcept;
+bool atomic_flag_test_explicit(volatile atomic_flag* obj,
+                               memory_order m) noexcept;
+bool atomic_flag_test_explicit(atomic_flag* obj, memory_order m) noexcept;
+bool atomic_flag_test_and_set(volatile atomic_flag* obj) noexcept;
+bool atomic_flag_test_and_set(atomic_flag* obj) noexcept;
+bool atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit(volatile atomic_flag* obj,
+                                       memory_order m) noexcept;
+bool atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit(atomic_flag* obj, memory_order m) noexcept;
+void atomic_flag_clear(volatile atomic_flag* obj) noexcept;
+void atomic_flag_clear(atomic_flag* obj) noexcept;
+void atomic_flag_clear_explicit(volatile atomic_flag* obj, memory_order m) noexcept;
+void atomic_flag_clear_explicit(atomic_flag* obj, memory_order m) noexcept;
+
+void atomic_wait(const volatile atomic_flag* obj, T old) noexcept;
+void atomic_wait(const atomic_flag* obj, T old) noexcept;
+void atomic_wait_explicit(const volatile atomic_flag* obj, T old, memory_order m) noexcept;
+void atomic_wait_explicit(const atomic_flag* obj, T old, memory_order m) noexcept;
+void atomic_one(volatile atomic_flag* obj) noexcept;
+void atomic_one(atomic_flag* obj) noexcept;
+void atomic_all(volatile atomic_flag* obj) noexcept;
+void atomic_all(atomic_flag* obj) noexcept;
+
+// fences
+
+void atomic_thread_fence(memory_order m) noexcept;
+void atomic_signal_fence(memory_order m) noexcept;
+
+// deprecated
+
+template <class T>
+  void atomic_init(volatile atomic<T>* obj, atomic<T>::value_type desr) noexcept;
+
+template <class T>
+  void atomic_init(atomic<T>* obj, atomic<T>::value_type desr) noexcept;
+
+#define ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(value) see below
+
+#define ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT see below
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 23 && defined(_LIBCPP_STDATOMIC_H)
+#  error <atomic> is incompatible with <stdatomic.h> before C++23. Please compile with -std=c++23.
+#endif
+
+#include <__atomic/aliases.h>
+#include <__atomic/atomic.h>
+#include <__atomic/atomic_base.h>
+#include <__atomic/atomic_flag.h>
+#include <__atomic/atomic_init.h>
+#include <__atomic/atomic_lock_free.h>
+#include <__atomic/atomic_sync.h>
+#include <__atomic/check_memory_order.h>
+#include <__atomic/contention_t.h>
+#include <__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h>
+#include <__atomic/fence.h>
+#include <__atomic/is_always_lock_free.h>
+#include <__atomic/kill_dependency.h>
+#include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#include <version>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__atomic/atomic_ref.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ATOMIC_HEADER
+#  error <atomic> is not implemented
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cmath>
+#  include <compare>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ATOMIC

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/barrier b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/barrier
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..edee181273e248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/barrier
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_BARRIER
+#define _LIBCPP_BARRIER
+
+/*
+    barrier synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+  template<class CompletionFunction = see below>
+  class barrier
+  {
+  public:
+    using arrival_token = see below;
+
+    static constexpr ptr
diff _t max() noexcept;
+
+    constexpr explicit barrier(ptr
diff _t phase_count,
+                               CompletionFunction f = CompletionFunction());
+    ~barrier();
+
+    barrier(const barrier&) = delete;
+    barrier& operator=(const barrier&) = delete;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] arrival_token arrive(ptr
diff _t update = 1);
+    void wait(arrival_token&& arrival) const;
+
+    void arrive_and_wait();
+    void arrive_and_drop();
+
+  private:
+    CompletionFunction completion; // exposition only
+  };
+
+}
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#  include <__assert>
+#  include <__atomic/atomic_base.h>
+#  include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#  include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#  include <__thread/poll_with_backoff.h>
+#  include <__thread/timed_backoff_policy.h>
+#  include <__utility/move.h>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <version>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct __empty_completion {
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()() noexcept {}
+};
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TREE_BARRIER
+
+/*
+
+The default implementation of __barrier_base is a classic tree barrier.
+
+It looks 
diff erent from literature pseudocode for two main reasons:
+ 1. Threads that call into std::barrier functions do not provide indices,
+    so a numbering step is added before the actual barrier algorithm,
+    appearing as an N+1 round to the N rounds of the tree barrier.
+ 2. A great deal of attention has been paid to avoid cache line thrashing
+    by flattening the tree structure into cache-line sized arrays, that
+    are indexed in an efficient way.
+
+*/
+
+using __barrier_phase_t = uint8_t;
+
+class __barrier_algorithm_base;
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __barrier_algorithm_base*
+__construct_barrier_algorithm_base(ptr
diff _t& __expected);
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool
+__arrive_barrier_algorithm_base(__barrier_algorithm_base* __barrier, __barrier_phase_t __old_phase) noexcept;
+
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__destroy_barrier_algorithm_base(__barrier_algorithm_base* __barrier) noexcept;
+
+template <class _CompletionF>
+class __barrier_base {
+  ptr
diff _t __expected_;
+  unique_ptr<__barrier_algorithm_base, void (*)(__barrier_algorithm_base*)> __base_;
+  __atomic_base<ptr
diff _t> __expected_adjustment_;
+  _CompletionF __completion_;
+  __atomic_base<__barrier_phase_t> __phase_;
+
+public:
+  using arrival_token = __barrier_phase_t;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ptr
diff _t max() noexcept { return numeric_limits<ptr
diff _t>::max(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __barrier_base(ptr
diff _t __expected, _CompletionF __completion = _CompletionF())
+      : __expected_(__expected),
+        __base_(std::__construct_barrier_algorithm_base(this->__expected_), &__destroy_barrier_algorithm_base),
+        __expected_adjustment_(0),
+        __completion_(std::move(__completion)),
+        __phase_(0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI arrival_token arrive(ptr
diff _t __update) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __update <= __expected_, "update is greater than the expected count for the current barrier phase");
+
+    auto const __old_phase = __phase_.load(memory_order_relaxed);
+    for (; __update; --__update)
+      if (__arrive_barrier_algorithm_base(__base_.get(), __old_phase)) {
+        __completion_();
+        __expected_ += __expected_adjustment_.load(memory_order_relaxed);
+        __expected_adjustment_.store(0, memory_order_relaxed);
+        __phase_.store(__old_phase + 2, memory_order_release);
+        __phase_.notify_all();
+      }
+    return __old_phase;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait(arrival_token&& __old_phase) const {
+    auto const __test_fn = [this, __old_phase]() -> bool { return __phase_.load(memory_order_acquire) != __old_phase; };
+    std::__libcpp_thread_poll_with_backoff(__test_fn, __libcpp_timed_backoff_policy());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void arrive_and_drop() {
+    __expected_adjustment_.fetch_sub(1, memory_order_relaxed);
+    (void)arrive(1);
+  }
+};
+
+#    else
+
+/*
+
+The alternative implementation of __barrier_base is a central barrier.
+
+Two versions of this algorithm are provided:
+ 1. A fairly straightforward implementation of the litterature for the
+    general case where the completion function is not empty.
+ 2. An optimized implementation that exploits 2's complement arithmetic
+    and well-defined overflow in atomic arithmetic, to handle the phase
+    roll-over for free.
+
+*/
+
+template <class _CompletionF>
+class __barrier_base {
+  __atomic_base<ptr
diff _t> __expected;
+  __atomic_base<ptr
diff _t> __arrived;
+  _CompletionF __completion;
+  __atomic_base<bool> __phase;
+
+public:
+  using arrival_token = bool;
+
+  static constexpr ptr
diff _t max() noexcept { return numeric_limits<ptr
diff _t>::max(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __barrier_base(ptr
diff _t __expected, _CompletionF __completion = _CompletionF())
+      : __expected(__expected), __arrived(__expected), __completion(std::move(__completion)), __phase(false) {}
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI arrival_token arrive(ptr
diff _t update) {
+    auto const __old_phase  = __phase.load(memory_order_relaxed);
+    auto const __result     = __arrived.fetch_sub(update, memory_order_acq_rel) - update;
+    auto const new_expected = __expected.load(memory_order_relaxed);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        update <= new_expected, "update is greater than the expected count for the current barrier phase");
+
+    if (0 == __result) {
+      __completion();
+      __arrived.store(new_expected, memory_order_relaxed);
+      __phase.store(!__old_phase, memory_order_release);
+      __phase.notify_all();
+    }
+    return __old_phase;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait(arrival_token&& __old_phase) const {
+    __phase.wait(__old_phase, memory_order_acquire);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void arrive_and_drop() {
+    __expected.fetch_sub(1, memory_order_relaxed);
+    (void)arrive(1);
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+class __barrier_base<__empty_completion> {
+  static constexpr uint64_t __expected_unit = 1ull;
+  static constexpr uint64_t __arrived_unit  = 1ull << 32;
+  static constexpr uint64_t __expected_mask = __arrived_unit - 1;
+  static constexpr uint64_t __phase_bit     = 1ull << 63;
+  static constexpr uint64_t __arrived_mask  = (__phase_bit - 1) & ~__expected_mask;
+
+  __atomic_base<uint64_t> __phase_arrived_expected;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr uint64_t __init(ptr
diff _t __count) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return ((uint64_t(1u << 31) - __count) << 32) | (uint64_t(1u << 31) - __count);
+  }
+
+public:
+  using arrival_token = uint64_t;
+
+  static constexpr ptr
diff _t max() noexcept { return ptr
diff _t(1u << 31) - 1; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit inline __barrier_base(ptr
diff _t __count, __empty_completion = __empty_completion())
+      : __phase_arrived_expected(__init(__count)) {}
+  [[nodiscard]] inline _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI arrival_token arrive(ptr
diff _t update) {
+    auto const __inc = __arrived_unit * update;
+    auto const __old = __phase_arrived_expected.fetch_add(__inc, memory_order_acq_rel);
+
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        update <= __old, "update is greater than the expected count for the current barrier phase");
+
+    if ((__old ^ (__old + __inc)) & __phase_bit) {
+      __phase_arrived_expected.fetch_add((__old & __expected_mask) << 32, memory_order_relaxed);
+      __phase_arrived_expected.notify_all();
+    }
+    return __old & __phase_bit;
+  }
+  inline _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait(arrival_token&& __phase) const {
+    auto const __test_fn = [=]() -> bool {
+      uint64_t const __current = __phase_arrived_expected.load(memory_order_acquire);
+      return ((__current & __phase_bit) != __phase);
+    };
+    __libcpp_thread_poll_with_backoff(__test_fn, __libcpp_timed_backoff_policy());
+  }
+  inline _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void arrive_and_drop() {
+    __phase_arrived_expected.fetch_add(__expected_unit, memory_order_relaxed);
+    (void)arrive(1);
+  }
+};
+
+#    endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TREE_BARRIER
+
+template <class _CompletionF = __empty_completion>
+class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC barrier {
+  __barrier_base<_CompletionF> __b_;
+
+public:
+  using arrival_token = typename __barrier_base<_CompletionF>::arrival_token;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ptr
diff _t max() noexcept { return __barrier_base<_CompletionF>::max(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit barrier(ptr
diff _t __count, _CompletionF __completion = _CompletionF())
+      : __b_(__count, std::move(__completion)) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __count >= 0,
+        "barrier::barrier(ptr
diff _t, CompletionFunction): barrier cannot be initialized with a negative value");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __count <= max(),
+        "barrier::barrier(ptr
diff _t, CompletionFunction): barrier cannot be initialized with "
+        "a value greater than max()");
+  }
+
+  barrier(barrier const&)            = delete;
+  barrier& operator=(barrier const&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI arrival_token arrive(ptr
diff _t __update = 1) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(__update > 0, "barrier:arrive must be called with a value greater than 0");
+    return __b_.arrive(__update);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait(arrival_token&& __phase) const {
+    __b_.wait(std::move(__phase));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void arrive_and_wait() { wait(arrive()); }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void arrive_and_drop() { __b_.arrive_and_drop(); }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <memory>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <variant>
+#endif
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_BARRIER

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/bit b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/bit
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..94387d101a398f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/bit
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_BIT
+#define _LIBCPP_BIT
+
+/*
+    bit synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+  // [bit.cast], bit_cast
+  template<class To, class From>
+    constexpr To bit_cast(const From& from) noexcept; // C++20
+
+  // [bit.byteswap], byteswap
+  template<class T>
+    constexpr T byteswap(T value) noexcept;      // C++23
+
+  // [bit.pow.two], integral powers of 2
+  template <class T>
+    constexpr bool has_single_bit(T x) noexcept; // C++20
+  template <class T>
+    constexpr T bit_ceil(T x);                   // C++20
+  template <class T>
+    constexpr T bit_floor(T x) noexcept;         // C++20
+  template <class T>
+    constexpr int bit_width(T x) noexcept;       // C++20
+
+  // [bit.rotate], rotating
+  template<class T>
+    constexpr T rotl(T x, int s) noexcept; // C++20
+  template<class T>
+    constexpr T rotr(T x, int s) noexcept; // C++20
+
+  // [bit.count], counting
+  template<class T>
+    constexpr int countl_zero(T x) noexcept;  // C++20
+  template<class T>
+    constexpr int countl_one(T x) noexcept;   // C++20
+  template<class T>
+    constexpr int countr_zero(T x) noexcept;  // C++20
+  template<class T>
+    constexpr int countr_one(T x) noexcept;   // C++20
+  template<class T>
+    constexpr int popcount(T x) noexcept;     // C++20
+
+  // [bit.endian], endian
+  enum class endian {
+    little = see below,        // C++20
+    big = see below,           // C++20
+    native = see below         // C++20
+  };
+
+} // namespace std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__bit/bit_cast.h>
+#  include <__bit/bit_ceil.h>
+#  include <__bit/bit_floor.h>
+#  include <__bit/bit_log2.h>
+#  include <__bit/bit_width.h>
+#  include <__bit/countl.h>
+#  include <__bit/countr.h>
+#  include <__bit/endian.h>
+#  include <__bit/has_single_bit.h>
+#  include <__bit/popcount.h>
+#  include <__bit/rotate.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#  include <__bit/byteswap.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+#  include <cstdint>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_BIT

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/bitset b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/bitset
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6bd7bfe585f38a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/bitset
@@ -0,0 +1,969 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_BITSET
+#define _LIBCPP_BITSET
+
+// clang-format off
+
+/*
+    bitset synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+namespace std {
+
+template <size_t N>
+class bitset
+{
+public:
+    // bit reference:
+    class reference
+    {
+        friend class bitset;
+        reference() noexcept;
+    public:
+        ~reference() noexcept;
+        reference& operator=(bool x) noexcept;           // for b[i] = x;
+        reference& operator=(const reference&) noexcept; // for b[i] = b[j];
+        bool operator~() const noexcept;                 // flips the bit
+        operator bool() const noexcept;                  // for x = b[i];
+        reference& flip() noexcept;                      // for b[i].flip();
+    };
+
+    // 23.3.5.1 constructors:
+    constexpr bitset() noexcept;
+    constexpr bitset(unsigned long long val) noexcept;
+    template <class charT>
+        constexpr explicit bitset(const charT* str,
+            typename basic_string<charT>::size_type n = basic_string<charT>::npos,
+            charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1'));                                // until C++26, constexpr since C++23
+    template <class charT>
+        constexpr explicit bitset(const charT* str,
+            typename basic_string_view<charT>::size_type n = basic_string_view<charT>::npos,
+            charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1'));                                // since C++26
+    template<class charT, class traits>
+        explicit bitset(
+            const basic_string_view<charT,traits>& str,
+            typename basic_string_view<charT,traits>::size_type pos = 0,
+            typename basic_string_view<charT,traits>::size_type n = basic_string_view<charT,traits>::npos,
+            charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1'));                                // since C++26
+    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+        constexpr explicit bitset(
+            const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& str,
+            typename basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>::size_type pos = 0,
+            typename basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>::size_type n = basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>::npos,
+            charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1'));                                // constexpr since C++23
+
+    // 23.3.5.2 bitset operations:
+    bitset& operator&=(const bitset& rhs) noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset& operator|=(const bitset& rhs) noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset& operator^=(const bitset& rhs) noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset& operator<<=(size_t pos) noexcept;       // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset& operator>>=(size_t pos) noexcept;       // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset& set() noexcept;                         // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset& set(size_t pos, bool val = true);       // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset& reset() noexcept;                       // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset& reset(size_t pos);                      // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset operator~() const noexcept;              // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset& flip() noexcept;                        // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset& flip(size_t pos);                       // constexpr since C++23
+
+    // element access:
+    constexpr bool operator[](size_t pos) const;
+    reference operator[](size_t pos);            // constexpr since C++23
+    unsigned long to_ulong() const;              // constexpr since C++23
+    unsigned long long to_ullong() const;        // constexpr since C++23
+    template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator> // constexpr since C++23
+        basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> to_string(charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1')) const;
+    template <class charT, class traits> // constexpr since C++23
+        basic_string<charT, traits, allocator<charT> > to_string(charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1')) const;
+    template <class charT> // constexpr since C++23
+        basic_string<charT, char_traits<charT>, allocator<charT> > to_string(charT zero = charT('0'), charT one = charT('1')) const;
+    basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> > to_string(char zero = '0', char one = '1') const; // constexpr since C++23
+    size_t count() const noexcept;                     // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr size_t size() const noexcept;            // constexpr since C++23
+    bool operator==(const bitset& rhs) const noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+    bool operator!=(const bitset& rhs) const noexcept; // removed in C++20
+    bool test(size_t pos) const;                       // constexpr since C++23
+    bool all() const noexcept;                         // constexpr since C++23
+    bool any() const noexcept;                         // constexpr since C++23
+    bool none() const noexcept;                        // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset<N> operator<<(size_t pos) const noexcept;   // constexpr since C++23
+    bitset<N> operator>>(size_t pos) const noexcept;   // constexpr since C++23
+};
+
+// 23.3.5.3 bitset operators:
+template <size_t N>
+bitset<N> operator&(const bitset<N>&, const bitset<N>&) noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+
+template <size_t N>
+bitset<N> operator|(const bitset<N>&, const bitset<N>&) noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+
+template <size_t N>
+bitset<N> operator^(const bitset<N>&, const bitset<N>&) noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+
+template <class charT, class traits, size_t N>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, bitset<N>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits, size_t N>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const bitset<N>& x);
+
+template <size_t N> struct hash<std::bitset<N>>;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#include <__algorithm/count.h>
+#include <__algorithm/fill.h>
+#include <__algorithm/find.h>
+#include <__bit_reference>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_char_like_type.h>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [bitset.syn]
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <string>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+class __bitset;
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+struct __has_storage_type<__bitset<_N_words, _Size> > {
+  static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+class __bitset {
+public:
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef size_t size_type;
+  typedef size_type __storage_type;
+
+protected:
+  typedef __bitset __self;
+  typedef __storage_type* __storage_pointer;
+  typedef const __storage_type* __const_storage_pointer;
+  static const unsigned __bits_per_word = static_cast<unsigned>(sizeof(__storage_type) * CHAR_BIT);
+
+  friend class __bit_reference<__bitset>;
+  friend class __bit_const_reference<__bitset>;
+  friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, false>;
+  friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, true>;
+  friend struct __bit_array<__bitset>;
+
+  __storage_type __first_[_N_words];
+
+  typedef __bit_reference<__bitset> reference;
+  typedef __bit_const_reference<__bitset> const_reference;
+  typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, false> iterator;
+  typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, true> const_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset(unsigned long long __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 reference __make_ref(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reference(__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __storage_type(1) << __pos % __bits_per_word);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const_reference __make_ref(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reference(__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __storage_type(1) << __pos % __bits_per_word);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 iterator __make_iter(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return iterator(__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __pos % __bits_per_word);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 const_iterator __make_iter(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_iterator(__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __pos % __bits_per_word);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void operator&=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void operator|=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void operator^=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void flip() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long to_ulong() const {
+    return to_ulong(integral_constant < bool, _Size< sizeof(unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT>());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long to_ullong() const {
+    return to_ullong(integral_constant < bool, _Size< sizeof(unsigned long long) * CHAR_BIT>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool all() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool any() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  void __init(unsigned long long __v, false_type) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __init(unsigned long long __v, true_type) _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long to_ulong(false_type) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long to_ulong(true_type) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long to_ullong(false_type) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long to_ullong(true_type) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long to_ullong(true_type, false_type) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long to_ullong(true_type, true_type) const;
+};
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset<_N_words, _Size>::__bitset() _NOEXCEPT
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    : __first_{0}
+#endif
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  std::fill_n(__first_, _N_words, __storage_type(0));
+#endif
+}
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+void __bitset<_N_words, _Size>::__init(unsigned long long __v, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __storage_type __t[sizeof(unsigned long long) / sizeof(__storage_type)];
+  size_t __sz = _Size;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < sizeof(__t) / sizeof(__t[0]); ++__i, __v >>= __bits_per_word, __sz -= __bits_per_word)
+    if (__sz < __bits_per_word)
+      __t[__i] = static_cast<__storage_type>(__v) & (1ULL << __sz) - 1;
+    else
+      __t[__i] = static_cast<__storage_type>(__v);
+
+  std::copy(__t, __t + sizeof(__t) / sizeof(__t[0]), __first_);
+  std::fill(
+      __first_ + sizeof(__t) / sizeof(__t[0]), __first_ + sizeof(__first_) / sizeof(__first_[0]), __storage_type(0));
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __bitset<_N_words, _Size>::__init(unsigned long long __v, true_type) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __first_[0] = __v;
+  if (_Size < __bits_per_word)
+    __first_[0] &= (1ULL << _Size) - 1;
+
+  std::fill(__first_ + 1, __first_ + sizeof(__first_) / sizeof(__first_[0]), __storage_type(0));
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset<_N_words, _Size>::__bitset(unsigned long long __v) _NOEXCEPT
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#  if __SIZEOF_SIZE_T__ == 8
+    : __first_{__v}
+#  elif __SIZEOF_SIZE_T__ == 4
+    : __first_{static_cast<__storage_type>(__v),
+               _Size >= 2 * __bits_per_word
+                   ? static_cast<__storage_type>(__v >> __bits_per_word)
+                   : static_cast<__storage_type>((__v >> __bits_per_word) &
+                                                 (__storage_type(1) << (_Size - __bits_per_word)) - 1)}
+#  else
+#    error This constructor has not been ported to this platform
+#  endif
+#endif
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  __init(__v, integral_constant<bool, sizeof(unsigned long long) == sizeof(__storage_type)>());
+#endif
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::operator&=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  for (size_type __i = 0; __i < _N_words; ++__i)
+    __first_[__i] &= __v.__first_[__i];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::operator|=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  for (size_type __i = 0; __i < _N_words; ++__i)
+    __first_[__i] |= __v.__first_[__i];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::operator^=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  for (size_type __i = 0; __i < _N_words; ++__i)
+    __first_[__i] ^= __v.__first_[__i];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void __bitset<_N_words, _Size>::flip() _NOEXCEPT {
+  // do middle whole words
+  size_type __n         = _Size;
+  __storage_pointer __p = __first_;
+  for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__p, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+    *__p = ~*__p;
+  // do last partial word
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+    __storage_type __b = *__p & __m;
+    *__p &= ~__m;
+    *__p |= ~__b & __m;
+  }
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ulong(false_type) const {
+  const_iterator __e = __make_iter(_Size);
+  const_iterator __i = std::find(__make_iter(sizeof(unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT), __e, true);
+  if (__i != __e)
+    __throw_overflow_error("bitset to_ulong overflow error");
+
+  return __first_[0];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ulong(true_type) const {
+  return __first_[0];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ullong(false_type) const {
+  const_iterator __e = __make_iter(_Size);
+  const_iterator __i = std::find(__make_iter(sizeof(unsigned long long) * CHAR_BIT), __e, true);
+  if (__i != __e)
+    __throw_overflow_error("bitset to_ullong overflow error");
+
+  return to_ullong(true_type());
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ullong(true_type) const {
+  return to_ullong(true_type(), integral_constant<bool, sizeof(__storage_type) < sizeof(unsigned long long)>());
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ullong(true_type, false_type) const {
+  return __first_[0];
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long
+__bitset<_N_words, _Size>::to_ullong(true_type, true_type) const {
+  unsigned long long __r = __first_[0];
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+  _LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wshift-count-overflow")
+  for (size_t __i = 1; __i < sizeof(unsigned long long) / sizeof(__storage_type); ++__i)
+    __r |= static_cast<unsigned long long>(__first_[__i]) << (sizeof(__storage_type) * CHAR_BIT);
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool __bitset<_N_words, _Size>::all() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  // do middle whole words
+  size_type __n               = _Size;
+  __const_storage_pointer __p = __first_;
+  for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__p, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+    if (~*__p)
+      return false;
+  // do last partial word
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+    if (~*__p & __m)
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool __bitset<_N_words, _Size>::any() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  // do middle whole words
+  size_type __n               = _Size;
+  __const_storage_pointer __p = __first_;
+  for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__p, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+    if (*__p)
+      return true;
+  // do last partial word
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+    if (*__p & __m)
+      return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <size_t _N_words, size_t _Size>
+inline size_t __bitset<_N_words, _Size>::__hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  size_t __h = 0;
+  for (size_type __i = 0; __i < _N_words; ++__i)
+    __h ^= __first_[__i];
+  return __h;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+class __bitset<1, _Size> {
+public:
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef size_t size_type;
+  typedef size_type __storage_type;
+
+protected:
+  typedef __bitset __self;
+  typedef __storage_type* __storage_pointer;
+  typedef const __storage_type* __const_storage_pointer;
+  static const unsigned __bits_per_word = static_cast<unsigned>(sizeof(__storage_type) * CHAR_BIT);
+
+  friend class __bit_reference<__bitset>;
+  friend class __bit_const_reference<__bitset>;
+  friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, false>;
+  friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, true>;
+  friend struct __bit_array<__bitset>;
+
+  __storage_type __first_;
+
+  typedef __bit_reference<__bitset> reference;
+  typedef __bit_const_reference<__bitset> const_reference;
+  typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, false> iterator;
+  typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, true> const_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset(unsigned long long __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 reference __make_ref(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reference(&__first_, __storage_type(1) << __pos);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const_reference __make_ref(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reference(&__first_, __storage_type(1) << __pos);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 iterator __make_iter(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return iterator(&__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __pos % __bits_per_word);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 const_iterator __make_iter(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_iterator(&__first_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __pos % __bits_per_word);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void operator&=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void operator|=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void operator^=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void flip() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long to_ulong() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long to_ullong() const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool all() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool any() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset<1, _Size>::__bitset() _NOEXCEPT : __first_(0) {}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset<1, _Size>::__bitset(unsigned long long __v) _NOEXCEPT
+    : __first_(_Size == __bits_per_word ? static_cast<__storage_type>(__v)
+                                        : static_cast<__storage_type>(__v) & ((__storage_type(1) << _Size) - 1)) {}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void
+__bitset<1, _Size>::operator&=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __first_ &= __v.__first_;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void
+__bitset<1, _Size>::operator|=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __first_ |= __v.__first_;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void
+__bitset<1, _Size>::operator^=(const __bitset& __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __first_ ^= __v.__first_;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void __bitset<1, _Size>::flip() _NOEXCEPT {
+  __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - _Size);
+  __first_           = ~__first_;
+  __first_ &= __m;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long __bitset<1, _Size>::to_ulong() const {
+  return __first_;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long __bitset<1, _Size>::to_ullong() const {
+  return __first_;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool __bitset<1, _Size>::all() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - _Size);
+  return !(~__first_ & __m);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool __bitset<1, _Size>::any() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - _Size);
+  return __first_ & __m;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline size_t __bitset<1, _Size>::__hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __first_;
+}
+
+template <>
+class __bitset<0, 0> {
+public:
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef size_t size_type;
+  typedef size_type __storage_type;
+
+protected:
+  typedef __bitset __self;
+  typedef __storage_type* __storage_pointer;
+  typedef const __storage_type* __const_storage_pointer;
+  static const unsigned __bits_per_word = static_cast<unsigned>(sizeof(__storage_type) * CHAR_BIT);
+
+  friend class __bit_reference<__bitset>;
+  friend class __bit_const_reference<__bitset>;
+  friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, false>;
+  friend class __bit_iterator<__bitset, true>;
+  friend struct __bit_array<__bitset>;
+
+  typedef __bit_reference<__bitset> reference;
+  typedef __bit_const_reference<__bitset> const_reference;
+  typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, false> iterator;
+  typedef __bit_iterator<__bitset, true> const_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset(unsigned long long) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 reference __make_ref(size_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reference(nullptr, 1);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const_reference __make_ref(size_t) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reference(nullptr, 1);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 iterator __make_iter(size_t) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return iterator(nullptr, 0);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 const_iterator __make_iter(size_t) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_iterator(nullptr, 0);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void operator&=(const __bitset&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void operator|=(const __bitset&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void operator^=(const __bitset&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void flip() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long to_ulong() const { return 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long to_ullong() const { return 0; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool all() const _NOEXCEPT { return true; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool any() const _NOEXCEPT { return false; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT { return 0; }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset<0, 0>::__bitset() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __bitset<0, 0>::__bitset(unsigned long long) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bitset;
+template <size_t _Size>
+struct hash<bitset<_Size> >;
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS bitset
+    : private __bitset<_Size == 0 ? 0 : (_Size - 1) / (sizeof(size_t) * CHAR_BIT) + 1, _Size> {
+public:
+  static const unsigned __n_words = _Size == 0 ? 0 : (_Size - 1) / (sizeof(size_t) * CHAR_BIT) + 1;
+  typedef __bitset<__n_words, _Size> base;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename base::reference reference;
+  typedef typename base::const_reference const_reference;
+
+  // 23.3.5.1 constructors:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bitset() _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bitset(unsigned long long __v) _NOEXCEPT : base(__v) {}
+  template <class _CharT, __enable_if_t<_IsCharLikeType<_CharT>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 explicit bitset(
+      const _CharT* __str,
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+      typename basic_string_view<_CharT>::size_type __n = basic_string_view<_CharT>::npos,
+#else
+      typename basic_string<_CharT>::size_type __n = basic_string<_CharT>::npos,
+#endif
+      _CharT __zero = _CharT('0'),
+      _CharT __one  = _CharT('1')) {
+
+    size_t __rlen = std::min(__n, char_traits<_CharT>::length(__str));
+    __init_from_string_view(basic_string_view<_CharT>(__str, __rlen), __zero, __one);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit bitset(
+      basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __str,
+      typename basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>::size_type __pos = 0,
+      typename basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>::size_type __n   = basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>::npos,
+      _CharT __zero                                                = _CharT('0'),
+      _CharT __one                                                 = _CharT('1')) {
+    if (__pos > __str.size())
+      __throw_out_of_range("bitset string pos out of range");
+
+    size_t __rlen = std::min(__n, __str.size() - __pos);
+    __init_from_string_view(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(__str.data() + __pos, __rlen), __zero, __one);
+  }
+#endif
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 explicit bitset(
+      const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str,
+      typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type __pos = 0,
+      typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type __n =
+          basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::npos,
+      _CharT __zero = _CharT('0'),
+      _CharT __one  = _CharT('1')) {
+    if (__pos > __str.size())
+      std::__throw_out_of_range("bitset string pos out of range");
+
+    size_t __rlen = std::min(__n, __str.size() - __pos);
+    __init_from_string_view(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(__str.data() + __pos, __rlen), __zero, __one);
+  }
+
+  // 23.3.5.2 bitset operations:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset& operator&=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset& operator|=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset& operator^=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset& operator<<=(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset& operator>>=(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset& set() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset& set(size_t __pos, bool __val = true);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset& reset() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset& reset(size_t __pos);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset operator~() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset& flip() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset& flip(size_t __pos);
+
+  // element access:
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BITSET_VECTOR_BOOL_CONST_SUBSCRIPT_RETURN_BOOL
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool operator[](size_t __p) const { return base::__make_ref(__p); }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const_reference operator[](size_t __p) const { return base::__make_ref(__p); }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 reference operator[](size_t __p) { return base::__make_ref(__p); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long to_ulong() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long to_ullong() const;
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+  to_string(_CharT __zero = _CharT('0'), _CharT __one = _CharT('1')) const;
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, allocator<_CharT> >
+  to_string(_CharT __zero = _CharT('0'), _CharT __one = _CharT('1')) const;
+  template <class _CharT>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 basic_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, allocator<_CharT> >
+  to_string(_CharT __zero = _CharT('0'), _CharT __one = _CharT('1')) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> >
+  to_string(char __zero = '0', char __one = '1') const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 size_t count() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR size_t size() const _NOEXCEPT { return _Size; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool operator==(const bitset& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const bitset& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool test(size_t __pos) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool all() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool any() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool none() const _NOEXCEPT { return !any(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset operator<<(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset operator>>(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 void
+  __init_from_string_view(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __str, _CharT __zero, _CharT __one) {
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __str.size(); ++__i)
+      if (!_Traits::eq(__str[__i], __zero) && !_Traits::eq(__str[__i], __one))
+        std::__throw_invalid_argument("bitset string ctor has invalid argument");
+
+    size_t __mp = std::min(__str.size(), _Size);
+    size_t __i  = 0;
+    for (; __i < __mp; ++__i) {
+      _CharT __c   = __str[__mp - 1 - __i];
+      (*this)[__i] = _Traits::eq(__c, __one);
+    }
+    std::fill(base::__make_iter(__i), base::__make_iter(_Size), false);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT { return base::__hash_code(); }
+
+  friend struct hash<bitset>;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::operator&=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  base::operator&=(__rhs);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::operator|=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  base::operator|=(__rhs);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>&
+bitset<_Size>::operator^=(const bitset& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  base::operator^=(__rhs);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>& bitset<_Size>::operator<<=(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __pos = std::min(__pos, _Size);
+  std::copy_backward(base::__make_iter(0), base::__make_iter(_Size - __pos), base::__make_iter(_Size));
+  std::fill_n(base::__make_iter(0), __pos, false);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>& bitset<_Size>::operator>>=(size_t __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __pos = std::min(__pos, _Size);
+  std::copy(base::__make_iter(__pos), base::__make_iter(_Size), base::__make_iter(0));
+  std::fill_n(base::__make_iter(_Size - __pos), __pos, false);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>& bitset<_Size>::set() _NOEXCEPT {
+  std::fill_n(base::__make_iter(0), _Size, true);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>& bitset<_Size>::set(size_t __pos, bool __val) {
+  if (__pos >= _Size)
+    __throw_out_of_range("bitset set argument out of range");
+
+  (*this)[__pos] = __val;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>& bitset<_Size>::reset() _NOEXCEPT {
+  std::fill_n(base::__make_iter(0), _Size, false);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>& bitset<_Size>::reset(size_t __pos) {
+  if (__pos >= _Size)
+    __throw_out_of_range("bitset reset argument out of range");
+
+  (*this)[__pos] = false;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size> bitset<_Size>::operator~() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  bitset __x(*this);
+  __x.flip();
+  return __x;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>& bitset<_Size>::flip() _NOEXCEPT {
+  base::flip();
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>& bitset<_Size>::flip(size_t __pos) {
+  if (__pos >= _Size)
+    __throw_out_of_range("bitset flip argument out of range");
+
+  reference __r = base::__make_ref(__pos);
+  __r           = ~__r;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long bitset<_Size>::to_ulong() const {
+  return base::to_ulong();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 unsigned long long bitset<_Size>::to_ullong() const {
+  return base::to_ullong();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+bitset<_Size>::to_string(_CharT __zero, _CharT __one) const {
+  basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> __r(_Size, __zero);
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i != _Size; ++__i) {
+    if ((*this)[__i])
+      __r[_Size - 1 - __i] = __one;
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, allocator<_CharT> >
+bitset<_Size>::to_string(_CharT __zero, _CharT __one) const {
+  return to_string<_CharT, _Traits, allocator<_CharT> >(__zero, __one);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 basic_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, allocator<_CharT> >
+bitset<_Size>::to_string(_CharT __zero, _CharT __one) const {
+  return to_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, allocator<_CharT> >(__zero, __one);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> >
+bitset<_Size>::to_string(char __zero, char __one) const {
+  return to_string<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> >(__zero, __one);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 size_t bitset<_Size>::count() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return static_cast<size_t>(std::count(base::__make_iter(0), base::__make_iter(_Size), true));
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool
+bitset<_Size>::operator==(const bitset& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::equal(base::__make_iter(0), base::__make_iter(_Size), __rhs.__make_iter(0));
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool bitset<_Size>::operator!=(const bitset& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(*this == __rhs);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool bitset<_Size>::test(size_t __pos) const {
+  if (__pos >= _Size)
+    __throw_out_of_range("bitset test argument out of range");
+
+  return (*this)[__pos];
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool bitset<_Size>::all() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return base::all();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool bitset<_Size>::any() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return base::any();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>
+bitset<_Size>::operator<<(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  bitset __r = *this;
+  __r <<= __pos;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>
+bitset<_Size>::operator>>(size_t __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  bitset __r = *this;
+  __r >>= __pos;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>
+operator&(const bitset<_Size>& __x, const bitset<_Size>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  bitset<_Size> __r = __x;
+  __r &= __y;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>
+operator|(const bitset<_Size>& __x, const bitset<_Size>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  bitset<_Size> __r = __x;
+  __r |= __y;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bitset<_Size>
+operator^(const bitset<_Size>& __x, const bitset<_Size>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  bitset<_Size> __r = __x;
+  __r ^= __y;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Size>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<bitset<_Size> > : public __unary_function<bitset<_Size>, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const bitset<_Size>& __bs) const _NOEXCEPT { return __bs.__hash_code(); }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, bitset<_Size>& __x);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const bitset<_Size>& __x);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_BITSET

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cassert b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cassert
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6fec37dc637610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cassert
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/*
+    cassert synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    assert
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+// <assert.h> is not provided by libc++
+#if __has_include(<assert.h>)
+#  include <assert.h>
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ASSERT_H
+#    error "If libc++ starts defining <assert.h>, the __has_include check should move to libc++'s <assert.h>"
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ccomplex b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ccomplex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..94d2c8d7d003d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ccomplex
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CCOMPLEX
+#define _LIBCPP_CCOMPLEX
+
+/*
+    ccomplex synopsis
+
+#include <complex>
+
+*/
+
+#include <complex>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CCOMPLEX

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cctype b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cctype
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d7af7e084aa23a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cctype
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CCTYPE
+#define _LIBCPP_CCTYPE
+
+/*
+    cctype synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+int isalnum(int c);
+int isalpha(int c);
+int isblank(int c);  // C99
+int iscntrl(int c);
+int isdigit(int c);
+int isgraph(int c);
+int islower(int c);
+int isprint(int c);
+int ispunct(int c);
+int isspace(int c);
+int isupper(int c);
+int isxdigit(int c);
+int tolower(int c);
+int toupper(int c);
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CTYPE_H
+#   error <cctype> tried including <ctype.h> but didn't find libc++'s <ctype.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly.  \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifdef isalnum
+#  undef isalnum
+#endif
+
+#ifdef isalpha
+#  undef isalpha
+#endif
+
+#ifdef isblank
+#  undef isblank
+#endif
+
+#ifdef iscntrl
+#  undef iscntrl
+#endif
+
+#ifdef isdigit
+#  undef isdigit
+#endif
+
+#ifdef isgraph
+#  undef isgraph
+#endif
+
+#ifdef islower
+#  undef islower
+#endif
+
+#ifdef isprint
+#  undef isprint
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ispunct
+#  undef ispunct
+#endif
+
+#ifdef isspace
+#  undef isspace
+#endif
+
+#ifdef isupper
+#  undef isupper
+#endif
+
+#ifdef isxdigit
+#  undef isxdigit
+#endif
+
+#ifdef tolower
+#  undef tolower
+#endif
+
+#ifdef toupper
+#  undef toupper
+#endif
+
+using ::isalnum _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isalpha _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isblank _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iscntrl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isdigit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isgraph _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::islower _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isprint _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ispunct _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isspace _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isupper _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isxdigit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tolower _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::toupper _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CCTYPE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cerrno b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cerrno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f1295680fed6c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cerrno
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CERRNO
+#define _LIBCPP_CERRNO
+
+/*
+    cerrno synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    EDOM
+    EILSEQ  // C99
+    ERANGE
+    errno
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ERRNO_H
+#   error <cerrno> tried including <errno.h> but didn't find libc++'s <errno.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// LWG3869 Deprecate std::errc constants related to UNIX STREAMS
+//
+// This LWG issue deprecates the POSIX macros ENODATA, ENOSR, ENOSTR, and ETIME. These were
+// deprecated in libc++ in https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/80542.
+// Based on the post commit feedback the macro are no longer deprecated.
+// Instead libc++ leaves the deprecation to the provider of errno.h.
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CERRNO

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cfenv b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cfenv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f8cacd562f76bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cfenv
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CFENV
+#define _LIBCPP_CFENV
+
+/*
+    cfenv synopsis
+
+This entire header is C99 / C++0X
+
+Macros:
+
+    FE_DIVBYZERO
+    FE_INEXACT
+    FE_INVALID
+    FE_OVERFLOW
+    FE_UNDERFLOW
+    FE_ALL_EXCEPT
+    FE_DOWNWARD
+    FE_TONEAREST
+    FE_TOWARDZERO
+    FE_UPWARD
+    FE_DFL_ENV
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    fenv_t
+    fexcept_t
+
+int feclearexcept(int excepts);
+int fegetexceptflag(fexcept_t* flagp, int excepts);
+int feraiseexcept(int excepts);
+int fesetexceptflag(const fexcept_t* flagp, int excepts);
+int fetestexcept(int excepts);
+int fegetround();
+int fesetround(int round);
+int fegetenv(fenv_t* envp);
+int feholdexcept(fenv_t* envp);
+int fesetenv(const fenv_t* envp);
+int feupdateenv(const fenv_t* envp);
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <fenv.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FENV_H
+#   error <cfenv> tried including <fenv.h> but didn't find libc++'s <fenv.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::fenv_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fexcept_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::feclearexcept _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fegetexceptflag _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::feraiseexcept _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fesetexceptflag _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fetestexcept _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fegetround _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fesetround _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fegetenv _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::feholdexcept _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fesetenv _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::feupdateenv _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CFENV

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cfloat b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cfloat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5d1b38c557dcad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cfloat
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CFLOAT
+#define _LIBCPP_CFLOAT
+
+/*
+    cfloat synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    FLT_ROUNDS
+    FLT_EVAL_METHOD     // C99
+    FLT_RADIX
+
+    FLT_HAS_SUBNORM     // C11
+    DBL_HAS_SUBNORM     // C11
+    LDBL_HAS_SUBNORM    // C11
+
+    FLT_MANT_DIG
+    DBL_MANT_DIG
+    LDBL_MANT_DIG
+
+    DECIMAL_DIG         // C99
+    FLT_DECIMAL_DIG     // C11
+    DBL_DECIMAL_DIG     // C11
+    LDBL_DECIMAL_DIG    // C11
+
+    FLT_DIG
+    DBL_DIG
+    LDBL_DIG
+
+    FLT_MIN_EXP
+    DBL_MIN_EXP
+    LDBL_MIN_EXP
+
+    FLT_MIN_10_EXP
+    DBL_MIN_10_EXP
+    LDBL_MIN_10_EXP
+
+    FLT_MAX_EXP
+    DBL_MAX_EXP
+    LDBL_MAX_EXP
+
+    FLT_MAX_10_EXP
+    DBL_MAX_10_EXP
+    LDBL_MAX_10_EXP
+
+    FLT_MAX
+    DBL_MAX
+    LDBL_MAX
+
+    FLT_EPSILON
+    DBL_EPSILON
+    LDBL_EPSILON
+
+    FLT_MIN
+    DBL_MIN
+    LDBL_MIN
+
+    FLT_TRUE_MIN        // C11
+    DBL_TRUE_MIN        // C11
+    LDBL_TRUE_MIN       // C11
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <float.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FLOAT_H
+#   error <cfloat> tried including <float.h> but didn't find libc++'s <float.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CFLOAT

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/charconv b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/charconv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a2e270e9316dc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/charconv
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CHARCONV
+#define _LIBCPP_CHARCONV
+
+/*
+    charconv synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+
+  // floating-point format for primitive numerical conversion
+  enum class chars_format {
+    scientific = unspecified,
+    fixed = unspecified,
+    hex = unspecified,
+    general = fixed | scientific
+  };
+
+  // 23.20.2, primitive numerical output conversion
+  struct to_chars_result {
+    char* ptr;
+    errc ec;
+    friend bool operator==(const to_chars_result&, const to_chars_result&) = default; // since C++20
+    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return ec == errc{}; }        // since C++26
+  };
+
+  constexpr to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, see below value,
+                                     int base = 10);                                  // constexpr since C++23
+  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, bool value,
+                           int base = 10) = delete;
+
+  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, float value);
+  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, double value);
+  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, long double value);
+
+  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, float value,
+                           chars_format fmt);
+  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, double value,
+                           chars_format fmt);
+  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, long double value,
+                           chars_format fmt);
+
+  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, float value,
+                           chars_format fmt, int precision);
+  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, double value,
+                           chars_format fmt, int precision);
+  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, long double value,
+                           chars_format fmt, int precision);
+
+  // 23.20.3, primitive numerical input conversion
+  struct from_chars_result {
+    const char* ptr;
+    errc ec;
+    friend bool operator==(const from_chars_result&, const from_chars_result&) = default; // since C++20
+    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return ec == errc{}; }            // since C++26
+  };
+
+  constexpr from_chars_result from_chars(const char* first, const char* last,
+                               see below& value, int base = 10);                         // constexpr since C++23
+
+} // namespace std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#  include <__charconv/chars_format.h>
+#  include <__charconv/from_chars_integral.h>
+#  include <__charconv/from_chars_result.h>
+#  include <__charconv/tables.h>
+#  include <__charconv/to_chars.h>
+#  include <__charconv/to_chars_base_10.h>
+#  include <__charconv/to_chars_floating_point.h>
+#  include <__charconv/to_chars_integral.h>
+#  include <__charconv/to_chars_result.h>
+#  include <__charconv/traits.h>
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+#  include <cerrno>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <new>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cmath>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CHARCONV

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/chrono b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/chrono
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7bec5e5a26ef4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/chrono
@@ -0,0 +1,1022 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CHRONO
+#define _LIBCPP_CHRONO
+
+// clang-format off
+
+/*
+    chrono synopsis
+
+#include <compare> // C++20
+
+namespace std
+{
+namespace chrono
+{
+
+template <class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period>
+constexpr
+ToDuration
+duration_cast(const duration<Rep, Period>& fd);
+
+template <class Rep> struct treat_as_floating_point : is_floating_point<Rep> {};
+
+template <class Rep> inline constexpr bool treat_as_floating_point_v
+    = treat_as_floating_point<Rep>::value;                       // C++17
+
+template <class Rep>
+struct duration_values
+{
+public:
+    static constexpr Rep zero(); // noexcept in C++20
+    static constexpr Rep max();  // noexcept in C++20
+    static constexpr Rep min();  // noexcept in C++20
+};
+
+// duration
+
+template <class Rep, class Period = ratio<1>>
+class duration
+{
+    static_assert(!__is_duration<Rep>::value, "A duration representation can not be a duration");
+    static_assert(__is_ratio<Period>::value, "Second template parameter of duration must be a std::ratio");
+    static_assert(Period::num > 0, "duration period must be positive");
+public:
+    typedef Rep rep;
+    typedef typename _Period::type period;
+
+    constexpr duration() = default;
+    template <class Rep2>
+        constexpr explicit duration(const Rep2& r,
+            typename enable_if
+            <
+               is_convertible<const Rep2&, rep>::value &&
+               (treat_as_floating_point<rep>::value ||
+               !treat_as_floating_point<rep>::value && !treat_as_floating_point<Rep2>::value)
+            >::type* = 0);
+
+    // conversions
+    template <class Rep2, class Period2>
+        constexpr duration(const duration<Rep2, Period2>& d,
+            typename enable_if
+            <
+                treat_as_floating_point<rep>::value ||
+                ratio_divide<Period2, period>::type::den == 1
+            >::type* = 0);
+
+    // observer
+
+    constexpr rep count() const;
+
+    // arithmetic
+
+    constexpr common_type<duration>::type  operator+() const;
+    constexpr common_type<duration>::type  operator-() const;
+    constexpr duration& operator++();    // constexpr in C++17
+    constexpr duration  operator++(int); // constexpr in C++17
+    constexpr duration& operator--();    // constexpr in C++17
+    constexpr duration  operator--(int); // constexpr in C++17
+
+    constexpr duration& operator+=(const duration& d);  // constexpr in C++17
+    constexpr duration& operator-=(const duration& d);  // constexpr in C++17
+
+    duration& operator*=(const rep& rhs);       // constexpr in C++17
+    duration& operator/=(const rep& rhs);       // constexpr in C++17
+    duration& operator%=(const rep& rhs);       // constexpr in C++17
+    duration& operator%=(const duration& rhs);  // constexpr in C++17
+
+    // special values
+
+    static constexpr duration zero(); // noexcept in C++20
+    static constexpr duration min();  // noexcept in C++20
+    static constexpr duration max();  // noexcept in C++20
+};
+
+typedef duration<long long,         nano> nanoseconds;
+typedef duration<long long,        micro> microseconds;
+typedef duration<long long,        milli> milliseconds;
+typedef duration<long long              > seconds;
+typedef duration<     long, ratio<  60> > minutes;
+typedef duration<     long, ratio<3600> > hours;
+
+template <class Clock, class Duration = typename Clock::duration>
+class time_point
+{
+public:
+    typedef Clock                     clock;
+    typedef Duration                  duration;
+    typedef typename duration::rep    rep;
+    typedef typename duration::period period;
+private:
+    duration d_;  // exposition only
+
+public:
+    time_point();  // has value "epoch" // constexpr in C++14
+    explicit time_point(const duration& d);  // same as time_point() + d // constexpr in C++14
+
+    // conversions
+    template <class Duration2>
+       time_point(const time_point<clock, Duration2>& t); // constexpr in C++14
+
+    // observer
+
+    duration time_since_epoch() const; // constexpr in C++14
+
+    // arithmetic
+
+    time_point& operator+=(const duration& d); // constexpr in C++17
+    time_point& operator-=(const duration& d); // constexpr in C++17
+
+    // special values
+
+    static constexpr time_point min();  // noexcept in C++20
+    static constexpr time_point max();  // noexcept in C++20
+};
+
+} // chrono
+
+// common_type traits
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  struct common_type<chrono::duration<Rep1, Period1>, chrono::duration<Rep2, Period2>>;
+
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+  struct common_type<chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration1>, chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration2>>;
+
+namespace chrono {
+
+// duration arithmetic
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  constexpr
+  typename common_type<duration<Rep1, Period1>, duration<Rep2, Period2>>::type
+  operator+(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  constexpr
+  typename common_type<duration<Rep1, Period1>, duration<Rep2, Period2>>::type
+  operator-(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2>
+  constexpr
+  duration<typename common_type<Rep1, Rep2>::type, Period>
+  operator*(const duration<Rep1, Period>& d, const Rep2& s);
+template <class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2>
+  constexpr
+  duration<typename common_type<Rep1, Rep2>::type, Period>
+  operator*(const Rep1& s, const duration<Rep2, Period>& d);
+template <class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2>
+  constexpr
+  duration<typename common_type<Rep1, Rep2>::type, Period>
+  operator/(const duration<Rep1, Period>& d, const Rep2& s);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  constexpr
+  typename common_type<Rep1, Rep2>::type
+  operator/(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+
+// duration comparisons
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   constexpr
+   bool operator==(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   constexpr
+   bool operator!=(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs); // removed in C++20
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   constexpr
+   bool operator< (const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   constexpr
+   bool operator<=(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   constexpr
+   bool operator> (const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+   constexpr
+   bool operator>=(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  requires three_way_comparable<typename CT::rep>
+  constexpr auto operator<=>(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs,
+                             const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);                           // since C++20
+
+// duration_cast
+template <class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period>
+  ToDuration duration_cast(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
+
+template <class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period>
+    constexpr ToDuration floor(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);    // C++17
+template <class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period>
+    constexpr ToDuration ceil(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);     // C++17
+template <class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period>
+    constexpr ToDuration round(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);    // C++17
+
+// duration I/O
+template<class charT, class traits, class Rep, class Period>       // C++20
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
+
+// time_point arithmetic (all constexpr in C++14)
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  time_point<Clock, typename common_type<Duration1, duration<Rep2, Period2>>::type>
+  operator+(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Rep1, class Period1, class Clock, class Duration2>
+  time_point<Clock, typename common_type<duration<Rep1, Period1>, Duration2>::type>
+  operator+(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Rep2, class Period2>
+  time_point<Clock, typename common_type<Duration1, duration<Rep2, Period2>>::type>
+  operator-(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+  typename common_type<Duration1, Duration2>::type
+  operator-(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+
+// time_point comparisons (all constexpr in C++14)
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator==(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator!=(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs); // removed in C++20
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator< (const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator<=(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator> (const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template <class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
+   bool operator>=(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
+template<class Clock, class Duration1,
+         three_way_comparable_with<Duration1> Duration2>
+  constexpr auto operator<=>(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs,
+                             const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);                                // since C++20
+
+// time_point_cast (constexpr in C++14)
+
+template <class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration>
+  time_point<Clock, ToDuration> time_point_cast(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& t);
+
+template <class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration>
+    constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration>
+    floor(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& tp);                  // C++17
+
+template <class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration>
+    constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration>
+    ceil(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& tp);                   // C++17
+
+template <class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration>
+    constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration>
+    round(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& tp);                  // C++17
+
+template <class Rep, class Period>
+    constexpr duration<Rep, Period> abs(duration<Rep, Period> d);  // C++17
+
+// Clocks
+
+class system_clock
+{
+public:
+    typedef microseconds                     duration;
+    typedef duration::rep                    rep;
+    typedef duration::period                 period;
+    typedef chrono::time_point<system_clock> time_point;
+    static const bool is_steady =            false; // constexpr in C++14
+
+    static time_point now() noexcept;
+    static time_t     to_time_t  (const time_point& __t) noexcept;
+    static time_point from_time_t(time_t __t) noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class Duration>
+  using sys_time  = time_point<system_clock, Duration>; // C++20
+using sys_seconds = sys_time<seconds>;                  // C++20
+using sys_days    = sys_time<days>;                     // C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Duration>     // C++20
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const sys_time<Duration>& tp);
+
+template<class charT, class traits>                    // C++20
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const sys_days& dp);
+
+class file_clock                                        // C++20
+{
+public:
+    typedef see-below                      rep;
+    typedef nano                           period;
+    typedef chrono::duration<rep, period>  duration;
+    typedef chrono::time_point<file_clock> time_point;
+    static constexpr bool is_steady =      false;
+
+    static time_point now() noexcept;
+
+    template<class Duration>
+    static sys_time<see-below> to_sys(const file_time<Duration>&);
+
+    template<class Duration>
+    static file_time<see-below> from_sys(const sys_time<Duration>&);
+};
+
+template<class Duration>
+  using file_time = time_point<file_clock, Duration>;   // C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Duration>     // C++20
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const file_time<Duration>& tp);
+
+class steady_clock
+{
+public:
+    typedef nanoseconds                                   duration;
+    typedef duration::rep                                 rep;
+    typedef duration::period                              period;
+    typedef chrono::time_point<steady_clock, duration>    time_point;
+    static const bool is_steady =                         true; // constexpr in C++14
+
+    static time_point now() noexcept;
+};
+
+typedef steady_clock high_resolution_clock;
+
+// 25.7.8, local time           // C++20
+struct local_t {};
+template<class Duration>
+  using local_time  = time_point<local_t, Duration>;
+using local_seconds = local_time<seconds>;
+using local_days    = local_time<days>;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Duration>     // C++20
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const local_time<Duration>& tp);
+
+// 25.8.2, class last_spec    // C++20
+struct last_spec;
+
+// 25.8.3, class day          // C++20
+
+class day;
+constexpr bool operator==(const day& x, const day& y) noexcept;
+constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const day& x, const day& y) noexcept;
+constexpr day  operator+(const day&  x, const days& y) noexcept;
+constexpr day  operator+(const days& x, const day&  y) noexcept;
+constexpr day  operator-(const day&  x, const days& y) noexcept;
+constexpr days operator-(const day&  x, const day&  y) noexcept;
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const day& d);
+
+// 25.8.4, class month    // C++20
+class month;
+constexpr bool operator==(const month& x, const month& y) noexcept;
+constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const month& x, const month& y) noexcept;
+
+constexpr month  operator+(const month&  x, const months& y) noexcept;
+constexpr month  operator+(const months& x,  const month& y) noexcept;
+constexpr month  operator-(const month&  x, const months& y) noexcept;
+constexpr months operator-(const month&  x,  const month& y) noexcept;
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month& m);
+
+// 25.8.5, class year    // C++20
+class year;
+constexpr bool operator==(const year& x, const year& y) noexcept;
+constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year& x, const year& y) noexcept;
+
+constexpr year  operator+(const year&  x, const years& y) noexcept;
+constexpr year  operator+(const years& x, const year&  y) noexcept;
+constexpr year  operator-(const year&  x, const years& y) noexcept;
+constexpr years operator-(const year&  x, const year&  y) noexcept;
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year& y);
+
+// 25.8.6, class weekday    // C++20
+class weekday;
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const weekday& x, const weekday& y) noexcept;
+constexpr weekday operator+(const weekday& x, const days&    y) noexcept;
+constexpr weekday operator+(const days&    x, const weekday& y) noexcept;
+constexpr weekday operator-(const weekday& x, const days&    y) noexcept;
+constexpr days    operator-(const weekday& x, const weekday& y) noexcept;
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const weekday& wd);
+
+// 25.8.7, class weekday_indexed    // C++20
+
+class weekday_indexed;
+constexpr bool operator==(const weekday_indexed& x, const weekday_indexed& y) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const weekday_indexed& wdi);
+
+// 25.8.8, class weekday_last    // C++20
+class weekday_last;
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const weekday_last& x, const weekday_last& y) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const weekday_last& wdl);
+
+// 25.8.9, class month_day    // C++20
+class month_day;
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const month_day& x, const month_day& y) noexcept;
+constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const month_day& x, const month_day& y) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_day& md);
+
+// 25.8.10, class month_day_last    // C++20
+class month_day_last;
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const month_day_last& x, const month_day_last& y) noexcept;
+constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const month_day_last& x, const month_day_last& y) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_day_last& mdl);
+
+// 25.8.11, class month_weekday    // C++20
+class month_weekday;
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const month_weekday& x, const month_weekday& y) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_weekday& mwd);
+
+// 25.8.12, class month_weekday_last    // C++20
+class month_weekday_last;
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const month_weekday_last& x, const month_weekday_last& y) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_weekday_last& mwdl);
+
+
+// 25.8.13, class year_month    // C++20
+class year_month;
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const year_month& x, const year_month& y) noexcept;
+constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year_month& x, const year_month& y) noexcept;
+
+constexpr year_month operator+(const year_month& ym, const months& dm) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month operator+(const months& dm, const year_month& ym) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month operator-(const year_month& ym, const months& dm) noexcept;
+constexpr months operator-(const year_month& x, const year_month& y) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month operator+(const year_month& ym, const years& dy) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month operator+(const years& dy, const year_month& ym) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month operator-(const year_month& ym, const years& dy) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month& ym);
+
+// 25.8.14, class year_month_day class    // C++20
+year_month_day;
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_day& x, const year_month_day& y) noexcept;
+constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year_month_day& x, const year_month_day& y) noexcept;
+
+constexpr year_month_day operator+(const year_month_day& ymd, const months& dm) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_day& ymd) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day operator+(const year_month_day& ymd, const years& dy) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_day& ymd) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day operator-(const year_month_day& ymd, const months& dm) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day operator-(const year_month_day& ymd, const years& dy) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_day& ymd);
+
+// 25.8.15, class year_month_day_last    // C++20
+class year_month_day_last;
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_day_last& x, const year_month_day_last& y) noexcept;
+constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year_month_day_last_day& x, const year_month_day_last_day& y) noexcept;
+
+constexpr year_month_day_last
+  operator+(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day_last
+  operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_day_last& ymdl) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day_last
+  operator+(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const years& dy) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day_last
+  operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_day_last& ymdl) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day_last
+  operator-(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day_last
+  operator-(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const years& dy) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_day_last& ymdl);
+
+// 25.8.16, class year_month_weekday    // C++20
+class year_month_weekday;
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_weekday& x,
+                          const year_month_weekday& y) noexcept;
+
+constexpr year_month_weekday
+  operator+(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const months& dm) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday
+  operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_weekday& ymwd) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday
+  operator+(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const years& dy) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday
+  operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_weekday& ymwd) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday
+  operator-(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const months& dm) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday
+  operator-(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const years& dy) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_weekday& ymwd);
+
+// 25.8.17, class year_month_weekday_last    // C++20
+class year_month_weekday_last;
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_weekday_last& x,
+                          const year_month_weekday_last& y) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+  operator+(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+  operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+  operator+(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const years& dy) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+  operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+  operator-(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+  operator-(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const years& dy) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl);
+
+// 25.8.18, civil calendar conventional syntax operators    // C++20
+constexpr year_month
+  operator/(const year& y, const month& m) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month
+  operator/(const year& y, int m) noexcept;
+constexpr month_day
+  operator/(const month& m, const day& d) noexcept;
+constexpr month_day
+  operator/(const month& m, int d) noexcept;
+constexpr month_day
+  operator/(int m, const day& d) noexcept;
+constexpr month_day
+  operator/(const day& d, const month& m) noexcept;
+constexpr month_day
+  operator/(const day& d, int m) noexcept;
+constexpr month_day_last
+  operator/(const month& m, last_spec) noexcept;
+constexpr month_day_last
+  operator/(int m, last_spec) noexcept;
+constexpr month_day_last
+  operator/(last_spec, const month& m) noexcept;
+constexpr month_day_last
+  operator/(last_spec, int m) noexcept;
+constexpr month_weekday
+  operator/(const month& m, const weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
+constexpr month_weekday
+  operator/(int m, const weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
+constexpr month_weekday
+  operator/(const weekday_indexed& wdi, const month& m) noexcept;
+constexpr month_weekday
+  operator/(const weekday_indexed& wdi, int m) noexcept;
+constexpr month_weekday_last
+  operator/(const month& m, const weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;
+constexpr month_weekday_last
+  operator/(int m, const weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;
+constexpr month_weekday_last
+  operator/(const weekday_last& wdl, const month& m) noexcept;
+constexpr month_weekday_last
+  operator/(const weekday_last& wdl, int m) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day
+  operator/(const year_month& ym, const day& d) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day
+  operator/(const year_month& ym, int d) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day
+  operator/(const year& y, const month_day& md) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day
+  operator/(int y, const month_day& md) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day
+  operator/(const month_day& md, const year& y) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day
+  operator/(const month_day& md, int y) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day_last
+  operator/(const year_month& ym, last_spec) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day_last
+  operator/(const year& y, const month_day_last& mdl) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day_last
+  operator/(int y, const month_day_last& mdl) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day_last
+  operator/(const month_day_last& mdl, const year& y) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_day_last
+  operator/(const month_day_last& mdl, int y) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday
+  operator/(const year_month& ym, const weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday
+  operator/(const year& y, const month_weekday& mwd) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday
+  operator/(int y, const month_weekday& mwd) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday
+  operator/(const month_weekday& mwd, const year& y) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday
+  operator/(const month_weekday& mwd, int y) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+  operator/(const year_month& ym, const weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+  operator/(const year& y, const month_weekday_last& mwdl) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+  operator/(int y, const month_weekday_last& mwdl) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+  operator/(const month_weekday_last& mwdl, const year& y) noexcept;
+constexpr year_month_weekday_last
+  operator/(const month_weekday_last& mwdl, int y) noexcept;
+
+// 26.9, class template hh_mm_ss
+template <class Duration>
+class hh_mm_ss
+{
+    bool            is_neg; // exposition only
+    chrono::hours   h;      // exposition only
+    chrono::minutes m;      // exposition only
+    chrono::seconds s;      // exposition only
+    precision       ss;     // exposition only
+
+public:
+    static unsigned constexpr fractional_width = see below;
+    using precision                            = see below;
+
+    constexpr hh_mm_ss() noexcept : hh_mm_ss{Duration::zero()} {}
+    constexpr explicit hh_mm_ss(Duration d) noexcept;
+
+    constexpr bool is_negative() const noexcept;
+    constexpr chrono::hours hours() const noexcept;
+    constexpr chrono::minutes minutes() const noexcept;
+    constexpr chrono::seconds seconds() const noexcept;
+    constexpr precision subseconds() const noexcept;
+
+    constexpr explicit operator  precision()   const noexcept;
+    constexpr          precision to_duration() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Duration>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const hh_mm_ss<Duration>& hms); // C++20
+
+// 26.10, 12/24 hour functions
+constexpr bool is_am(hours const& h) noexcept;
+constexpr bool is_pm(hours const& h) noexcept;
+constexpr hours make12(const hours& h) noexcept;
+constexpr hours make24(const hours& h, bool is_pm) noexcept;
+
+// [time.zone.db], time zone database
+struct tzdb {                                                                    // C++20
+  string                 version;
+  vector<time_zone>      zones;
+  vector<time_zone_link> links;
+  vector<leap_second>    leap_seconds;
+
+  const time_zone* locate_zone(string_view tz_name) const;
+  const time_zone* current_zone() const;
+};
+
+class tzdb_list {                                                                // C++20
+public:
+  tzdb_list(const tzdb_list&) = delete;
+  tzdb_list& operator=(const tzdb_list&) = delete;
+
+  // unspecified additional constructors
+
+  class const_iterator;
+
+  const tzdb& front() const noexcept;
+
+  const_iterator erase_after(const_iterator p);
+
+  const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+  const_iterator end()   const noexcept;
+
+  const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+  const_iterator cend()   const noexcept;
+};
+
+// [time.zone.db.access], time zone database access
+const tzdb& get_tzdb();                                                          // C++20
+tzdb_list& get_tzdb_list();                                                      // C++20
+const time_zone* locate_zone(string_view tz_name);                               // C++20
+const time_zone* current_zone()                                                  // C++20
+
+// [time.zone.db.remote], remote time zone database support
+const tzdb& reload_tzdb();                                                       // C++20
+string remote_version();                                                         // C++20
+
+// [time.zone.exception], exception classes
+class nonexistent_local_time;                                                    // C++20
+class ambiguous_local_time;                                                      // C++20
+
+// [time.zone.info], information classes
+struct sys_info {                                                                // C++20
+  sys_seconds   begin;
+  sys_seconds   end;
+  seconds       offset;
+  minutes       save;
+  string        abbrev;
+};
+
+template<class charT, class traits>                                              // C++20
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const sys_info& si);
+
+struct local_info {                                                             // C++20
+  static constexpr int unique      = 0;
+  static constexpr int nonexistent = 1;
+  static constexpr int ambiguous   = 2;
+
+  int result;
+  sys_info first;
+  sys_info second;
+};
+
+template<class charT, class traits>                                              // C++20
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const local_info& li);
+
+// 25.10.5, class time_zone                                                      // C++20
+enum class choose {earliest, latest};
+class time_zone {
+  time_zone(time_zone&&) = default;
+  time_zone& operator=(time_zone&&) = default;
+
+  // unspecified additional constructors
+
+  string_view name() const noexcept;
+
+  template<class Duration>
+  sys_info get_info(const sys_time<Duration>& st) const;
+
+  template<class Duration>
+  local_info get_info(const local_time<Duration>& tp) const;
+
+  template<class Duration>
+  sys_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
+    to_sys(const local_time<Duration>& tp) const;
+
+  template<class Duration>
+  sys_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
+    to_sys(const local_time<Duration>& tp, choose z) const;
+
+  template<class Duration>
+  local_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
+    to_local(const sys_time<Duration>& tp) const;
+};
+bool operator==(const time_zone& x, const time_zone& y) noexcept;                // C++20
+strong_ordering operator<=>(const time_zone& x, const time_zone& y) noexcept;    // C++20
+
+// [time.zone.zonedtraits], class template zoned_traits
+template<class T> struct zoned_traits;                                           // C++20
+
+// [time.zone.zonedtime], class template zoned_time
+template<class Duration, class TimeZonePtr = const time_zone*>                   // C++20
+class zoned_time;
+
+using zoned_seconds = zoned_time<seconds>;                                       // C++20
+
+template<class Duration1, class Duration2, class TimeZonePtr>                    // C++20
+  bool operator==(const zoned_time<Duration1, TimeZonePtr>& x,
+                  const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr>& y);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class TimeZonePtr>           // C++20
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr>& t);
+
+// [time.zone.leap], leap second support
+class leap_second {                                                              // C++20
+public:
+  leap_second(const leap_second&)            = default;
+  leap_second& operator=(const leap_second&) = default;
+
+  // unspecified additional constructors
+
+  constexpr sys_seconds date() const noexcept;
+  constexpr seconds value() const noexcept;
+};
+
+constexpr bool operator==(const leap_second& x, const leap_second& y);           // C++20
+constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const leap_second& x, const leap_second& y);
+
+template<class Duration>                                                         // C++20
+  constexpr bool operator==(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);
+template<class Duration>                                                         // C++20
+  constexpr bool operator< (const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);
+template<class Duration>                                                         // C++20
+  constexpr bool operator< (const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y);
+template<class Duration>                                                         // C++20
+  constexpr bool operator> (const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);
+template<class Duration>                                                         // C++20
+  constexpr bool operator> (const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y);
+template<class Duration>                                                         // C++20
+  constexpr bool operator<=(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);
+template<class Duration>                                                         // C++20
+  constexpr bool operator<=(const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y);
+template<class Duration>                                                         // C++20
+  constexpr bool operator>=(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);
+template<class Duration>                                                         // C++20
+  constexpr bool operator>=(const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y);
+template<class Duration>                                                         // C++20
+  requires three_way_comparable_with<sys_seconds, sys_time<Duration>>
+  constexpr auto operator<=>(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);
+
+// [time.zone.link], class time_zone_link
+class time_zone_link {                                                           // C++20
+public:
+  time_zone_link(time_zone_link&&)            = default;
+  time_zone_link& operator=(time_zone_link&&) = default;
+
+  // unspecified additional constructors
+
+  string_view name()   const noexcept;
+  string_view target() const noexcept;
+};
+
+bool operator==(const time_zone_link& x, const time_zone_link& y);               // C++20
+strong_ordering operator<=>(const time_zone_link& x, const time_zone_link& y);   // C++20
+
+}  // chrono
+
+namespace std {
+  template<class Duration, class charT>
+    struct formatter<chrono::sys_time<Duration>, charT>;                          // C++20
+  template<class Duration, class charT>
+    struct formatter<chrono::filetime<Duration>, charT>;                          // C++20
+  template<class Duration, class charT>
+    struct formatter<chrono::local_time<Duration>, charT>;                        // C++20
+  template<class Rep, class Period, class charT>
+    struct formatter<chrono::duration<Rep, Period>, charT>;                       // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::day, charT>;                     // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::month, charT>;                   // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year, charT>;                    // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::weekday, charT>;                 // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::weekday_indexed, charT>;         // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::weekday_last, charT>;            // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::month_day, charT>;               // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::month_day_last, charT>;          // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::month_weekday, charT>;           // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::month_weekday_last, charT>;      // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year_month, charT>;              // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year_month_day, charT>;          // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year_month_day_last, charT>;     // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year_month_weekday, charT>;      // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year_month_weekday_last, charT>; // C++20
+  template<class Rep, class Period, class charT>
+    struct formatter<chrono::hh_mm_ss<duration<Rep, Period>>, charT>;             // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::sys_info, charT>;                // C++20
+  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::local_info, charT>;              // C++20
+  template<class Duration, class TimeZonePtr, class charT>                        // C++20
+    struct formatter<chrono::zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr>, charT>;
+} // namespace std
+
+namespace chrono {
+// calendrical constants
+inline constexpr last_spec                              last{};       // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::weekday                        Sunday{0};    // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::weekday                        Monday{1};    // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::weekday                        Tuesday{2};   // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::weekday                        Wednesday{3}; // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::weekday                        Thursday{4};  // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::weekday                        Friday{5};    // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::weekday                        Saturday{6};  // C++20
+
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          January{1};   // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          February{2};  // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          March{3};     // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          April{4};     // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          May{5};       // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          June{6};      // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          July{7};      // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          August{8};    // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          September{9}; // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          October{10};  // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          November{11}; // C++20
+inline constexpr chrono::month                          December{12}; // C++20
+}  // chrono
+
+inline namespace literals {
+  inline namespace chrono_literals {
+constexpr chrono::hours                                 operator ""h(unsigned long long); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified , ratio<3600,1>> operator ""h(long double); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::minutes                               operator ""min(unsigned long long); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified , ratio<60,1>>   operator ""min(long double); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::seconds                               operator ""s(unsigned long long); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified >                operator ""s(long double); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::milliseconds                          operator ""ms(unsigned long long); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified , milli>         operator ""ms(long double); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::microseconds                          operator ""us(unsigned long long); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified , micro>         operator ""us(long double); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::nanoseconds                           operator ""ns(unsigned long long); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified , nano>          operator ""ns(long double); // C++14
+constexpr chrono::day                                   operator ""d(unsigned long long d) noexcept; // C++20
+constexpr chrono::year                                  operator ""y(unsigned long long y) noexcept; // C++20
+}  // chrono_literals
+}  // literals
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/file_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/high_resolution_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/steady_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/system_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__chrono/calendar.h>
+#  include <__chrono/day.h>
+#  include <__chrono/exception.h>
+#  include <__chrono/hh_mm_ss.h>
+#  include <__chrono/literals.h>
+#  include <__chrono/local_info.h>
+#  include <__chrono/month.h>
+#  include <__chrono/month_weekday.h>
+#  include <__chrono/monthday.h>
+#  include <__chrono/sys_info.h>
+#  include <__chrono/weekday.h>
+#  include <__chrono/year.h>
+#  include <__chrono/year_month.h>
+#  include <__chrono/year_month_day.h>
+#  include <__chrono/year_month_weekday.h>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#    include <__chrono/formatter.h>
+#    include <__chrono/ostream.h>
+#    include <__chrono/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#    include <__chrono/statically_widen.h>
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_TIME_ZONE_DATABASE) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) &&                            \
+      !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#    include <__chrono/leap_second.h>
+#    include <__chrono/time_zone.h>
+#    include <__chrono/time_zone_link.h>
+#    include <__chrono/tzdb.h>
+#    include <__chrono/tzdb_list.h>
+#    include <__chrono/zoned_time.h>
+#  endif
+
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [time.syn]
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <string_view>
+#  include <vector>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <bit>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <forward_list>
+#  include <string>
+#  include <tuple>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER == 20
+#  include <charconv>
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#    include <locale>
+#    include <ostream>
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CHRONO

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cinttypes b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cinttypes
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..52663a4f35fad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cinttypes
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CINTTYPES
+#define _LIBCPP_CINTTYPES
+
+/*
+    cinttypes synopsis
+
+This entire header is C99 / C++0X
+
+#include <cstdint>  // <cinttypes> includes <cstdint>
+
+Macros:
+
+    PRId8
+    PRId16
+    PRId32
+    PRId64
+
+    PRIdLEAST8
+    PRIdLEAST16
+    PRIdLEAST32
+    PRIdLEAST64
+
+    PRIdFAST8
+    PRIdFAST16
+    PRIdFAST32
+    PRIdFAST64
+
+    PRIdMAX
+    PRIdPTR
+
+    PRIi8
+    PRIi16
+    PRIi32
+    PRIi64
+
+    PRIiLEAST8
+    PRIiLEAST16
+    PRIiLEAST32
+    PRIiLEAST64
+
+    PRIiFAST8
+    PRIiFAST16
+    PRIiFAST32
+    PRIiFAST64
+
+    PRIiMAX
+    PRIiPTR
+
+    PRIo8
+    PRIo16
+    PRIo32
+    PRIo64
+
+    PRIoLEAST8
+    PRIoLEAST16
+    PRIoLEAST32
+    PRIoLEAST64
+
+    PRIoFAST8
+    PRIoFAST16
+    PRIoFAST32
+    PRIoFAST64
+
+    PRIoMAX
+    PRIoPTR
+
+    PRIu8
+    PRIu16
+    PRIu32
+    PRIu64
+
+    PRIuLEAST8
+    PRIuLEAST16
+    PRIuLEAST32
+    PRIuLEAST64
+
+    PRIuFAST8
+    PRIuFAST16
+    PRIuFAST32
+    PRIuFAST64
+
+    PRIuMAX
+    PRIuPTR
+
+    PRIx8
+    PRIx16
+    PRIx32
+    PRIx64
+
+    PRIxLEAST8
+    PRIxLEAST16
+    PRIxLEAST32
+    PRIxLEAST64
+
+    PRIxFAST8
+    PRIxFAST16
+    PRIxFAST32
+    PRIxFAST64
+
+    PRIxMAX
+    PRIxPTR
+
+    PRIX8
+    PRIX16
+    PRIX32
+    PRIX64
+
+    PRIXLEAST8
+    PRIXLEAST16
+    PRIXLEAST32
+    PRIXLEAST64
+
+    PRIXFAST8
+    PRIXFAST16
+    PRIXFAST32
+    PRIXFAST64
+
+    PRIXMAX
+    PRIXPTR
+
+    SCNd8
+    SCNd16
+    SCNd32
+    SCNd64
+
+    SCNdLEAST8
+    SCNdLEAST16
+    SCNdLEAST32
+    SCNdLEAST64
+
+    SCNdFAST8
+    SCNdFAST16
+    SCNdFAST32
+    SCNdFAST64
+
+    SCNdMAX
+    SCNdPTR
+
+    SCNi8
+    SCNi16
+    SCNi32
+    SCNi64
+
+    SCNiLEAST8
+    SCNiLEAST16
+    SCNiLEAST32
+    SCNiLEAST64
+
+    SCNiFAST8
+    SCNiFAST16
+    SCNiFAST32
+    SCNiFAST64
+
+    SCNiMAX
+    SCNiPTR
+
+    SCNo8
+    SCNo16
+    SCNo32
+    SCNo64
+
+    SCNoLEAST8
+    SCNoLEAST16
+    SCNoLEAST32
+    SCNoLEAST64
+
+    SCNoFAST8
+    SCNoFAST16
+    SCNoFAST32
+    SCNoFAST64
+
+    SCNoMAX
+    SCNoPTR
+
+    SCNu8
+    SCNu16
+    SCNu32
+    SCNu64
+
+    SCNuLEAST8
+    SCNuLEAST16
+    SCNuLEAST32
+    SCNuLEAST64
+
+    SCNuFAST8
+    SCNuFAST16
+    SCNuFAST32
+    SCNuFAST64
+
+    SCNuMAX
+    SCNuPTR
+
+    SCNx8
+    SCNx16
+    SCNx32
+    SCNx64
+
+    SCNxLEAST8
+    SCNxLEAST16
+    SCNxLEAST32
+    SCNxLEAST64
+
+    SCNxFAST8
+    SCNxFAST16
+    SCNxFAST32
+    SCNxFAST64
+
+    SCNxMAX
+    SCNxPTR
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    imaxdiv_t
+
+intmax_t  imaxabs(intmax_t j);
+imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t numer, intmax_t denom);
+intmax_t  strtoimax(const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+uintmax_t strtoumax(const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+intmax_t  wcstoimax(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+uintmax_t wcstoumax(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [cinttypes.syn]
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_INTTYPES_H
+#   error <cinttypes> tried including <inttypes.h> but didn't find libc++'s <inttypes.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::imaxdiv_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::imaxabs _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::imaxdiv _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strtoimax _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strtoumax _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcstoimax _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcstoumax _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CINTTYPES

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ciso646 b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ciso646
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1d859f08fac572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ciso646
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CISO646
+#define _LIBCPP_CISO646
+
+/*
+    ciso646 synopsis
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CISO646

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/climits b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/climits
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bcd8b4a56a073c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/climits
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CLIMITS
+#define _LIBCPP_CLIMITS
+
+/*
+    climits synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    CHAR_BIT
+    SCHAR_MIN
+    SCHAR_MAX
+    UCHAR_MAX
+    CHAR_MIN
+    CHAR_MAX
+    MB_LEN_MAX
+    SHRT_MIN
+    SHRT_MAX
+    USHRT_MAX
+    INT_MIN
+    INT_MAX
+    UINT_MAX
+    LONG_MIN
+    LONG_MAX
+    ULONG_MAX
+    LLONG_MIN   // C99
+    LLONG_MAX   // C99
+    ULLONG_MAX  // C99
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CLIMITS

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/clocale b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/clocale
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c689a64be288a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/clocale
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CLOCALE
+#define _LIBCPP_CLOCALE
+
+/*
+    clocale synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    LC_ALL
+    LC_COLLATE
+    LC_CTYPE
+    LC_MONETARY
+    LC_NUMERIC
+    LC_TIME
+    NULL
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+struct lconv;
+char* setlocale(int category, const char* locale);
+lconv* localeconv();
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <locale.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_LOCALE_H
+#   error <clocale> tried including <locale.h> but didn't find libc++'s <locale.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::lconv _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::setlocale _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::localeconv _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CLOCALE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cmath b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cmath
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6480c4678ce33d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cmath
@@ -0,0 +1,646 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CMATH
+#define _LIBCPP_CMATH
+
+/*
+    cmath synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    HUGE_VAL
+    HUGE_VALF               // C99
+    HUGE_VALL               // C99
+    INFINITY                // C99
+    NAN                     // C99
+    FP_INFINITE             // C99
+    FP_NAN                  // C99
+    FP_NORMAL               // C99
+    FP_SUBNORMAL            // C99
+    FP_ZERO                 // C99
+    FP_FAST_FMA             // C99
+    FP_FAST_FMAF            // C99
+    FP_FAST_FMAL            // C99
+    FP_ILOGB0               // C99
+    FP_ILOGBNAN             // C99
+    MATH_ERRNO              // C99
+    MATH_ERREXCEPT          // C99
+    math_errhandling        // C99
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    float_t                 // C99
+    double_t                // C99
+
+// C90
+
+floating_point abs(floating_point x);
+
+floating_point acos (arithmetic x);
+float          acosf(float x);
+long double    acosl(long double x);
+
+floating_point asin (arithmetic x);
+float          asinf(float x);
+long double    asinl(long double x);
+
+floating_point atan (arithmetic x);
+float          atanf(float x);
+long double    atanl(long double x);
+
+floating_point atan2 (arithmetic y, arithmetic x);
+float          atan2f(float y, float x);
+long double    atan2l(long double y, long double x);
+
+floating_point ceil (arithmetic x);
+float          ceilf(float x);
+long double    ceill(long double x);
+
+floating_point cos (arithmetic x);
+float          cosf(float x);
+long double    cosl(long double x);
+
+floating_point cosh (arithmetic x);
+float          coshf(float x);
+long double    coshl(long double x);
+
+floating_point exp (arithmetic x);
+float          expf(float x);
+long double    expl(long double x);
+
+floating_point fabs (arithmetic x);
+float          fabsf(float x);
+long double    fabsl(long double x);
+
+floating_point floor (arithmetic x);
+float          floorf(float x);
+long double    floorl(long double x);
+
+floating_point fmod (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fmodf(float x, float y);
+long double    fmodl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point frexp (arithmetic value, int* exp);
+float          frexpf(float value, int* exp);
+long double    frexpl(long double value, int* exp);
+
+floating_point ldexp (arithmetic value, int exp);
+float          ldexpf(float value, int exp);
+long double    ldexpl(long double value, int exp);
+
+floating_point log (arithmetic x);
+float          logf(float x);
+long double    logl(long double x);
+
+floating_point log10 (arithmetic x);
+float          log10f(float x);
+long double    log10l(long double x);
+
+floating_point modf (floating_point value, floating_point* iptr);
+float          modff(float value, float* iptr);
+long double    modfl(long double value, long double* iptr);
+
+floating_point pow (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          powf(float x, float y);
+long double    powl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point sin (arithmetic x);
+float          sinf(float x);
+long double    sinl(long double x);
+
+floating_point sinh (arithmetic x);
+float          sinhf(float x);
+long double    sinhl(long double x);
+
+floating_point sqrt (arithmetic x);
+float          sqrtf(float x);
+long double    sqrtl(long double x);
+
+floating_point tan (arithmetic x);
+float          tanf(float x);
+long double    tanl(long double x);
+
+floating_point tanh (arithmetic x);
+float          tanhf(float x);
+long double    tanhl(long double x);
+
+//  C99
+
+bool signbit(arithmetic x);
+
+int fpclassify(arithmetic x);
+
+bool isfinite(arithmetic x);
+bool isinf(arithmetic x);
+bool isnan(arithmetic x);
+bool isnormal(arithmetic x);
+
+bool isgreater(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+bool isgreaterequal(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+bool isless(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+bool islessequal(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+bool islessgreater(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+bool isunordered(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+
+floating_point acosh (arithmetic x);
+float          acoshf(float x);
+long double    acoshl(long double x);
+
+floating_point asinh (arithmetic x);
+float          asinhf(float x);
+long double    asinhl(long double x);
+
+floating_point atanh (arithmetic x);
+float          atanhf(float x);
+long double    atanhl(long double x);
+
+floating_point cbrt (arithmetic x);
+float          cbrtf(float x);
+long double    cbrtl(long double x);
+
+floating_point copysign (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          copysignf(float x, float y);
+long double    copysignl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point erf (arithmetic x);
+float          erff(float x);
+long double    erfl(long double x);
+
+floating_point erfc (arithmetic x);
+float          erfcf(float x);
+long double    erfcl(long double x);
+
+floating_point exp2 (arithmetic x);
+float          exp2f(float x);
+long double    exp2l(long double x);
+
+floating_point expm1 (arithmetic x);
+float          expm1f(float x);
+long double    expm1l(long double x);
+
+floating_point fdim (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fdimf(float x, float y);
+long double    fdiml(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point fma (arithmetic x, arithmetic y, arithmetic z);
+float          fmaf(float x, float y, float z);
+long double    fmal(long double x, long double y, long double z);
+
+floating_point fmax (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fmaxf(float x, float y);
+long double    fmaxl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point fmin (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fminf(float x, float y);
+long double    fminl(long double x, long double y);
+
+double         hermite(unsigned n, double x);                    // C++17
+float          hermite(unsigned n, float x);                     // C++17
+long double    hermite(unsigned n, long double x);               // C++17
+float          hermitef(unsigned n, float x);                    // C++17
+long double    hermitel(unsigned n, long double x);              // C++17
+template <class Integer>
+double         hermite(unsigned n, Integer x);                   // C++17
+
+floating_point hypot (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          hypotf(float x, float y);
+long double    hypotl(long double x, long double y);
+
+double       hypot(double x, double y, double z);                // C++17
+float        hypot(float x, float y, float z);                   // C++17
+long double  hypot(long double x, long double y, long double z); // C++17
+
+int ilogb (arithmetic x);
+int ilogbf(float x);
+int ilogbl(long double x);
+
+floating_point lgamma (arithmetic x);
+float          lgammaf(float x);
+long double    lgammal(long double x);
+
+long long llrint (arithmetic x);
+long long llrintf(float x);
+long long llrintl(long double x);
+
+long long llround (arithmetic x);
+long long llroundf(float x);
+long long llroundl(long double x);
+
+floating_point log1p (arithmetic x);
+float          log1pf(float x);
+long double    log1pl(long double x);
+
+floating_point log2 (arithmetic x);
+float          log2f(float x);
+long double    log2l(long double x);
+
+floating_point logb (arithmetic x);
+float          logbf(float x);
+long double    logbl(long double x);
+
+long lrint (arithmetic x);
+long lrintf(float x);
+long lrintl(long double x);
+
+long lround (arithmetic x);
+long lroundf(float x);
+long lroundl(long double x);
+
+double      nan (const char* str);
+float       nanf(const char* str);
+long double nanl(const char* str);
+
+floating_point nearbyint (arithmetic x);
+float          nearbyintf(float x);
+long double    nearbyintl(long double x);
+
+floating_point nextafter (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          nextafterf(float x, float y);
+long double    nextafterl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point nexttoward (arithmetic x, long double y);
+float          nexttowardf(float x, long double y);
+long double    nexttowardl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point remainder (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          remainderf(float x, float y);
+long double    remainderl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point remquo (arithmetic x, arithmetic y, int* pquo);
+float          remquof(float x, float y, int* pquo);
+long double    remquol(long double x, long double y, int* pquo);
+
+floating_point rint (arithmetic x);
+float          rintf(float x);
+long double    rintl(long double x);
+
+floating_point round (arithmetic x);
+float          roundf(float x);
+long double    roundl(long double x);
+
+floating_point scalbln (arithmetic x, long ex);
+float          scalblnf(float x, long ex);
+long double    scalblnl(long double x, long ex);
+
+floating_point scalbn (arithmetic x, int ex);
+float          scalbnf(float x, int ex);
+long double    scalbnl(long double x, int ex);
+
+floating_point tgamma (arithmetic x);
+float          tgammaf(float x);
+long double    tgammal(long double x);
+
+floating_point trunc (arithmetic x);
+float          truncf(float x);
+long double    truncl(long double x);
+
+constexpr float       lerp(float a, float b, float t) noexcept;                   // C++20
+constexpr double      lerp(double a, double b, double t) noexcept;                // C++20
+constexpr long double lerp(long double a, long double b, long double t) noexcept; // C++20
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__math/hypot.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/promote.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <limits>
+#include <version>
+
+#include <__math/special_functions.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_MATH_H
+#   error <cmath> tried including <math.h> but didn't find libc++'s <math.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::signbit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fpclassify _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isfinite _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isinf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isnan _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isnormal _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isgreater _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isgreaterequal _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isless _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::islessequal _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::islessgreater _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isunordered _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::isunordered _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::float_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::double_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::abs _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::acos _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::acosf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::asin _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::asinf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atan _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atan2 _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atan2f _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ceil _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ceilf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::cos _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::cosf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::cosh _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::coshf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::exp _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::expf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::fabs _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fabsf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::floor _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::floorf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::fmod _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fmodf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::frexp _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::frexpf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ldexp _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ldexpf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::log _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::logf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::log10 _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::log10f _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::modf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::modff _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::pow _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::powf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::sin _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::sinf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::sinh _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::sinhf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::sqrt _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::sqrtf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tan _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::tanh _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tanhf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::acosh _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::acoshf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::asinh _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::asinhf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atanh _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atanhf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::cbrt _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::cbrtf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::copysign _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::copysignf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::erf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::erff _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::erfc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::erfcf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::exp2 _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::exp2f _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::expm1 _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::expm1f _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fdim _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fdimf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fmaf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fma _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fmax _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fmaxf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fmin _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fminf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::hypot _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::hypotf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ilogb _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ilogbf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::lgamma _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::lgammaf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::llrint _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::llrintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::llround _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::llroundf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::log1p _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::log1pf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::log2 _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::log2f _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::logb _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::logbf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::lrint _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::lrintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::lround _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::lroundf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::nan _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::nanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::nearbyint _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::nearbyintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::nextafter _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::nextafterf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::nexttoward _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::nexttowardf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::remainder _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::remainderf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::remquo _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::remquof _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::rint _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::rintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::round _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::roundf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::scalbln _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::scalblnf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::scalbn _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::scalbnf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tgamma _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tgammaf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::trunc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::truncf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::acosl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::asinl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atanl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atan2l _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ceill _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::cosl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::coshl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::expl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fabsl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::floorl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fmodl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::frexpl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ldexpl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::logl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::log10l _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::modfl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::powl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::sinl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::sinhl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::sqrtl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tanl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::tanhl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::acoshl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::asinhl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atanhl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::cbrtl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::copysignl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::erfl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::erfcl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::exp2l _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::expm1l _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fdiml _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fmal _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fmaxl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fminl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::hypotl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ilogbl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::lgammal _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::llrintl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::llroundl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::log1pl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::log2l _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::logbl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::lrintl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::lroundl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::nanl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::nearbyintl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::nextafterl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::nexttowardl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::remainderl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::remquol _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::rintl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::roundl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::scalblnl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::scalbnl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tgammal _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::truncl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool __constexpr_isnan(_A1 __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_isnan)
+  return __builtin_isnan(__lcpp_x);
+#else
+  return isnan(__lcpp_x);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<!is_floating_point<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool __constexpr_isnan(_A1 __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::isnan(__lcpp_x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool __constexpr_isinf(_A1 __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_isinf)
+  return __builtin_isinf(__lcpp_x);
+#else
+  return isinf(__lcpp_x);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<!is_floating_point<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool __constexpr_isinf(_A1 __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::isinf(__lcpp_x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool __constexpr_isfinite(_A1 __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_isfinite)
+  return __builtin_isfinite(__lcpp_x);
+#else
+  return isfinite(__lcpp_x);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _A1, __enable_if_t<!is_floating_point<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool __constexpr_isfinite(_A1 __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_isfinite(__lcpp_x);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <typename _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Fp __lerp(_Fp __a, _Fp __b, _Fp __t) noexcept {
+  if ((__a <= 0 && __b >= 0) || (__a >= 0 && __b <= 0))
+    return __t * __b + (1 - __t) * __a;
+
+  if (__t == 1)
+    return __b;
+  const _Fp __x = __a + __t * (__b - __a);
+  if ((__t > 1) == (__b > __a))
+    return __b < __x ? __x : __b;
+  else
+    return __x < __b ? __x : __b;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr float lerp(float __a, float __b, float __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lerp(__a, __b, __t);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr double lerp(double __a, double __b, double __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lerp(__a, __b, __t);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr long double lerp(long double __a, long double __b, long double __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lerp(__a, __b, __t);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, class _A2, class _A3>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr
+    typename enable_if_t< is_arithmetic<_A1>::value && is_arithmetic<_A2>::value && is_arithmetic<_A3>::value,
+                          __promote<_A1, _A2, _A3> >::type
+    lerp(_A1 __a, _A2 __b, _A3 __t) noexcept {
+  typedef typename __promote<_A1, _A2, _A3>::type __result_type;
+  static_assert(!(
+      _IsSame<_A1, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A2, __result_type>::value && _IsSame<_A3, __result_type>::value));
+  return std::__lerp((__result_type)__a, (__result_type)__b, (__result_type)__t);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CMATH

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/codecvt b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/codecvt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..65cd752d69460e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/codecvt
@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CODECVT
+#define _LIBCPP_CODECVT
+
+/*
+    codecvt synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+enum codecvt_mode
+{
+    consume_header = 4,
+    generate_header = 2,
+    little_endian = 1
+};
+
+template <class Elem, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10ffff,
+          codecvt_mode Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class codecvt_utf8
+    : public codecvt<Elem, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    explicit codecvt_utf8(size_t refs = 0);
+    ~codecvt_utf8();
+};
+
+template <class Elem, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10ffff,
+          codecvt_mode Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class codecvt_utf16
+    : public codecvt<Elem, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    explicit codecvt_utf16(size_t refs = 0);
+    ~codecvt_utf16();
+};
+
+template <class Elem, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10ffff,
+          codecvt_mode Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class codecvt_utf8_utf16
+    : public codecvt<Elem, char, mbstate_t>
+{
+    explicit codecvt_utf8_utf16(size_t refs = 0);
+    ~codecvt_utf8_utf16();
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__locale>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 26 || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY) || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_CODECVT)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+enum _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 codecvt_mode { consume_header = 4, generate_header = 2, little_endian = 1 };
+
+// codecvt_utf8
+
+template <class _Elem>
+class __codecvt_utf8;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t> : public codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+public:
+  typedef wchar_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf8(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf8<char16_t> : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+
+public:
+  typedef char16_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf8(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf8<char32_t> : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+
+public:
+  typedef char32_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf8(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Elem, unsigned long _Maxcode = 0x10ffff, codecvt_mode _Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 codecvt_utf8 : public __codecvt_utf8<_Elem> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt_utf8(size_t __refs = 0) : __codecvt_utf8<_Elem>(__refs, _Maxcode, _Mode) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~codecvt_utf8() {}
+};
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+// codecvt_utf16
+
+template <class _Elem, bool _LittleEndian>
+class __codecvt_utf16;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false> : public codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+public:
+  typedef wchar_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true> : public codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+public:
+  typedef wchar_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false> : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+
+public:
+  typedef char16_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true> : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+
+public:
+  typedef char16_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false> : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+
+public:
+  typedef char32_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true> : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+
+public:
+  typedef char32_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Elem, unsigned long _Maxcode = 0x10ffff, codecvt_mode _Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 codecvt_utf16 : public __codecvt_utf16<_Elem, _Mode & little_endian> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt_utf16(size_t __refs = 0)
+      : __codecvt_utf16<_Elem, _Mode & little_endian>(__refs, _Maxcode, _Mode) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~codecvt_utf16() {}
+};
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+// codecvt_utf8_utf16
+
+template <class _Elem>
+class __codecvt_utf8_utf16;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t> : public codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+public:
+  typedef wchar_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf8_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t> : public codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+
+public:
+  typedef char32_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf8_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t> : public codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> {
+  unsigned long __maxcode_;
+  codecvt_mode __mode_;
+
+public:
+  typedef char16_t intern_type;
+  typedef char extern_type;
+  typedef mbstate_t state_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __codecvt_utf8_utf16(size_t __refs, unsigned long __maxcode, codecvt_mode __mode)
+      : codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(__refs), __maxcode_(__maxcode), __mode_(__mode) {}
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  result do_out(state_type& __st,
+                const intern_type* __frm,
+                const intern_type* __frm_end,
+                const intern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+                extern_type* __to,
+                extern_type* __to_end,
+                extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_in(state_type& __st,
+               const extern_type* __frm,
+               const extern_type* __frm_end,
+               const extern_type*& __frm_nxt,
+               intern_type* __to,
+               intern_type* __to_end,
+               intern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  result do_unshift(state_type& __st, extern_type* __to, extern_type* __to_end, extern_type*& __to_nxt) const override;
+  int do_encoding() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  bool do_always_noconv() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+  int do_length(state_type&, const extern_type* __frm, const extern_type* __end, size_t __mx) const override;
+  int do_max_length() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Elem, unsigned long _Maxcode = 0x10ffff, codecvt_mode _Mode = (codecvt_mode)0>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 codecvt_utf8_utf16 : public __codecvt_utf8_utf16<_Elem> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit codecvt_utf8_utf16(size_t __refs = 0)
+      : __codecvt_utf8_utf16<_Elem>(__refs, _Maxcode, _Mode) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~codecvt_utf8_utf16() {}
+};
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 26 || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY) || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_CODECVT)
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <mutex>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CODECVT

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/compare b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/compare
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8a41835b148978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/compare
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_COMPARE
+#define _LIBCPP_COMPARE
+
+/*
+    compare synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+  // [cmp.categories], comparison category types
+  class partial_ordering;
+  class weak_ordering;
+  class strong_ordering;
+
+  // named comparison functions
+  constexpr bool is_eq  (partial_ordering cmp) noexcept { return cmp == 0; }
+  constexpr bool is_neq (partial_ordering cmp) noexcept { return cmp != 0; }
+  constexpr bool is_lt  (partial_ordering cmp) noexcept { return cmp < 0; }
+  constexpr bool is_lteq(partial_ordering cmp) noexcept { return cmp <= 0; }
+  constexpr bool is_gt  (partial_ordering cmp) noexcept { return cmp > 0; }
+  constexpr bool is_gteq(partial_ordering cmp) noexcept { return cmp >= 0; }
+
+  // [cmp.common], common comparison category type
+  template<class... Ts>
+  struct common_comparison_category {
+    using type = see below;
+  };
+  template<class... Ts>
+    using common_comparison_category_t = typename common_comparison_category<Ts...>::type;
+
+  // [cmp.concept], concept three_way_comparable
+  template<class T, class Cat = partial_ordering>
+    concept three_way_comparable = see below;
+  template<class T, class U, class Cat = partial_ordering>
+    concept three_way_comparable_with = see below;
+
+  // [cmp.result], result of three-way comparison
+  template<class T, class U = T> struct compare_three_way_result;
+
+  template<class T, class U = T>
+    using compare_three_way_result_t = typename compare_three_way_result<T, U>::type;
+
+  // [comparisons.three.way], class compare_three_way
+  struct compare_three_way; // C++20
+
+  // [cmp.alg], comparison algorithms
+  inline namespace unspecified {
+    inline constexpr unspecified strong_order = unspecified;
+    inline constexpr unspecified weak_order = unspecified;
+    inline constexpr unspecified partial_order = unspecified;
+    inline constexpr unspecified compare_strong_order_fallback = unspecified;
+    inline constexpr unspecified compare_weak_order_fallback = unspecified;
+    inline constexpr unspecified compare_partial_order_fallback = unspecified;
+  }
+
+  // [cmp.partialord], Class partial_ordering
+  class partial_ordering {
+  public:
+    // valid values
+    static const partial_ordering less;
+    static const partial_ordering equivalent;
+    static const partial_ordering greater;
+    static const partial_ordering unordered;
+
+    // comparisons
+    friend constexpr bool operator==(partial_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator==(partial_ordering v, partial_ordering w) noexcept = default;
+    friend constexpr bool operator< (partial_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator> (partial_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator<=(partial_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator>=(partial_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator< (unspecified, partial_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator> (unspecified, partial_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator<=(unspecified, partial_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator>=(unspecified, partial_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr partial_ordering operator<=>(partial_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr partial_ordering operator<=>(unspecified, partial_ordering v) noexcept;
+  };
+
+  // [cmp.weakord], Class weak_ordering
+  class weak_ordering {
+  public:
+    // valid values
+    static const weak_ordering less;
+    static const weak_ordering equivalent;
+    static const weak_ordering greater;
+
+    // conversions
+    constexpr operator partial_ordering() const noexcept;
+
+    // comparisons
+    friend constexpr bool operator==(weak_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator==(weak_ordering v, weak_ordering w) noexcept = default;
+    friend constexpr bool operator< (weak_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator> (weak_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator<=(weak_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator>=(weak_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator< (unspecified, weak_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator> (unspecified, weak_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator<=(unspecified, weak_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator>=(unspecified, weak_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr weak_ordering operator<=>(weak_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr weak_ordering operator<=>(unspecified, weak_ordering v) noexcept;
+  };
+
+  // [cmp.strongord], Class strong_ordering
+  class strong_ordering {
+  public:
+    // valid values
+    static const strong_ordering less;
+    static const strong_ordering equal;
+    static const strong_ordering equivalent;
+    static const strong_ordering greater;
+
+    // conversions
+    constexpr operator partial_ordering() const noexcept;
+    constexpr operator weak_ordering() const noexcept;
+
+    // comparisons
+    friend constexpr bool operator==(strong_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator==(strong_ordering v, strong_ordering w) noexcept = default;
+    friend constexpr bool operator< (strong_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator> (strong_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator<=(strong_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator>=(strong_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator< (unspecified, strong_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator> (unspecified, strong_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator<=(unspecified, strong_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr bool operator>=(unspecified, strong_ordering v) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(strong_ordering v, unspecified) noexcept;
+    friend constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(unspecified, strong_ordering v) noexcept;
+  };
+}
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__compare/common_comparison_category.h>
+#  include <__compare/compare_partial_order_fallback.h>
+#  include <__compare/compare_strong_order_fallback.h>
+#  include <__compare/compare_three_way.h>
+#  include <__compare/compare_three_way_result.h>
+#  include <__compare/compare_weak_order_fallback.h>
+#  include <__compare/is_eq.h>
+#  include <__compare/ordering.h>
+#  include <__compare/partial_order.h>
+#  include <__compare/strong_order.h>
+#  include <__compare/synth_three_way.h>
+#  include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#  include <__compare/weak_order.h>
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <limits>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cmath>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_COMPARE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/complex b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/complex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e6534025de57e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/complex
@@ -0,0 +1,1480 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_COMPLEX
+#define _LIBCPP_COMPLEX
+
+/*
+    complex synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<class T>
+class complex
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    complex(const T& re = T(), const T& im = T()); // constexpr in C++14
+    complex(const complex&);  // constexpr in C++14
+    template<class X> complex(const complex<X>&);  // constexpr in C++14
+
+    T real() const; // constexpr in C++14
+    T imag() const; // constexpr in C++14
+
+    void real(T); // constexpr in C++20
+    void imag(T); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    complex<T>& operator= (const T&); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<T>& operator+=(const T&); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<T>& operator-=(const T&); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<T>& operator*=(const T&); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<T>& operator/=(const T&); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    complex& operator=(const complex&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<T>& operator= (const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<T>& operator+=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<T>& operator-=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<T>& operator*=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<T>& operator/=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+};
+
+template<>
+class complex<float>
+{
+public:
+    typedef float value_type;
+
+    constexpr complex(float re = 0.0f, float im = 0.0f);
+    explicit constexpr complex(const complex<double>&);
+    explicit constexpr complex(const complex<long double>&);
+
+    constexpr float real() const;
+    void real(float); // constexpr in C++20
+    constexpr float imag() const;
+    void imag(float); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    complex<float>& operator= (float); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<float>& operator+=(float); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<float>& operator-=(float); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<float>& operator*=(float); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<float>& operator/=(float); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    complex<float>& operator=(const complex<float>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<float>& operator= (const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<float>& operator+=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<float>& operator-=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<float>& operator*=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<float>& operator/=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+};
+
+template<>
+class complex<double>
+{
+public:
+    typedef double value_type;
+
+    constexpr complex(double re = 0.0, double im = 0.0);
+    constexpr complex(const complex<float>&);
+    explicit constexpr complex(const complex<long double>&);
+
+    constexpr double real() const;
+    void real(double); // constexpr in C++20
+    constexpr double imag() const;
+    void imag(double); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    complex<double>& operator= (double); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<double>& operator+=(double); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<double>& operator-=(double); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<double>& operator*=(double); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<double>& operator/=(double); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<double>& operator=(const complex<double>&); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    template<class X> complex<double>& operator= (const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<double>& operator+=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<double>& operator-=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<double>& operator*=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<double>& operator/=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+};
+
+template<>
+class complex<long double>
+{
+public:
+    typedef long double value_type;
+
+    constexpr complex(long double re = 0.0L, long double im = 0.0L);
+    constexpr complex(const complex<float>&);
+    constexpr complex(const complex<double>&);
+
+    constexpr long double real() const;
+    void real(long double); // constexpr in C++20
+    constexpr long double imag() const;
+    void imag(long double); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    complex<long double>& operator=(const complex<long double>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<long double>& operator= (long double); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<long double>& operator+=(long double); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<long double>& operator-=(long double); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<long double>& operator*=(long double); // constexpr in C++20
+    complex<long double>& operator/=(long double); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    template<class X> complex<long double>& operator= (const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<long double>& operator+=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<long double>& operator-=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<long double>& operator*=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class X> complex<long double>& operator/=(const complex<X>&); // constexpr in C++20
+};
+
+// 26.3.6 operators:
+template<class T> complex<T> operator+(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&); // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator+(const complex<T>&, const T&);          // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator+(const T&, const complex<T>&);          // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator-(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&); // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator-(const complex<T>&, const T&);          // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator-(const T&, const complex<T>&);          // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator*(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&); // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator*(const complex<T>&, const T&);          // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator*(const T&, const complex<T>&);          // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator/(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&); // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator/(const complex<T>&, const T&);          // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator/(const T&, const complex<T>&);          // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator+(const complex<T>&);                    // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> complex<T> operator-(const complex<T>&);                    // constexpr in C++20
+template<class T> bool operator==(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&);      // constexpr in C++14
+template<class T> bool operator==(const complex<T>&, const T&);               // constexpr in C++14
+template<class T> bool operator==(const T&, const complex<T>&);               // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template<class T> bool operator!=(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&);      // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template<class T> bool operator!=(const complex<T>&, const T&);               // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template<class T> bool operator!=(const T&, const complex<T>&);               // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+
+template<class T, class charT, class traits>
+  basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>&, complex<T>&);
+template<class T, class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&, const complex<T>&);
+
+// 26.3.7 values:
+
+template<class T>              T real(const complex<T>&); // constexpr in C++14
+                     long double real(long double);       // constexpr in C++14
+                          double real(double);            // constexpr in C++14
+template<Integral T>      double real(T);                 // constexpr in C++14
+                          float  real(float);             // constexpr in C++14
+
+template<class T>              T imag(const complex<T>&); // constexpr in C++14
+                     long double imag(long double);       // constexpr in C++14
+                          double imag(double);            // constexpr in C++14
+template<Integral T>      double imag(T);                 // constexpr in C++14
+                          float  imag(float);             // constexpr in C++14
+
+template<class T> T abs(const complex<T>&);
+
+template<class T>              T arg(const complex<T>&);
+                     long double arg(long double);
+                          double arg(double);
+template<Integral T>      double arg(T);
+                          float  arg(float);
+
+template<class T>              T norm(const complex<T>&); // constexpr in C++20
+                     long double norm(long double);       // constexpr in C++20
+                          double norm(double);            // constexpr in C++20
+template<Integral T>      double norm(T);                 // constexpr in C++20
+                          float  norm(float);             // constexpr in C++20
+
+template<class T>      complex<T>           conj(const complex<T>&); // constexpr in C++20
+                       complex<long double> conj(long double);       // constexpr in C++20
+                       complex<double>      conj(double);            // constexpr in C++20
+template<Integral T>   complex<double>      conj(T);                 // constexpr in C++20
+                       complex<float>       conj(float);             // constexpr in C++20
+
+template<class T>    complex<T>           proj(const complex<T>&);
+                     complex<long double> proj(long double);
+                     complex<double>      proj(double);
+template<Integral T> complex<double>      proj(T);
+                     complex<float>       proj(float);
+
+template<class T> complex<T> polar(const T&, const T& = T());
+
+// 26.3.8 transcendentals:
+template<class T> complex<T> acos(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> asin(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> atan(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> acosh(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> asinh(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> atanh(const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> cos (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> cosh (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> exp (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> log (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> log10(const complex<T>&);
+
+template<class T> complex<T> pow(const complex<T>&, const T&);
+template<class T> complex<T> pow(const complex<T>&, const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> pow(const T&, const complex<T>&);
+
+template<class T> complex<T> sin (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> sinh (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> sqrt (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> tan (const complex<T>&);
+template<class T> complex<T> tanh (const complex<T>&);
+
+  // [complex.tuple], tuple interface
+  template<class T> struct tuple_size;                               // Since C++26
+  template<size_t I, class T> struct tuple_element;                  // Since C++26
+  template<class T> struct tuple_size<complex<T>>;                   // Since C++26
+  template<size_t I, class T> struct tuple_element<I, complex<T>>;   // Since C++26
+  template<size_t I, class T>
+    constexpr T& get(complex<T>&) noexcept;                          // Since C++26
+  template<size_t I, class T>
+    constexpr T&& get(complex<T>&&) noexcept;                        // Since C++26
+  template<size_t I, class T>
+    constexpr const T& get(const complex<T>&) noexcept;              // Since C++26
+  template<size_t I, class T>
+    constexpr const T&& get(const complex<T>&&) noexcept;            // Since C++26
+
+  // [complex.literals], complex literals
+  inline namespace literals {
+  inline namespace complex_literals {
+    constexpr complex<long double> operator""il(long double);        // Since C++14
+    constexpr complex<long double> operator""il(unsigned long long); // Since C++14
+    constexpr complex<double> operator""i(long double);              // Since C++14
+    constexpr complex<double> operator""i(unsigned long long);       // Since C++14
+    constexpr complex<float> operator""if(long double);              // Since C++14
+    constexpr complex<float> operator""if(unsigned long long);       // Since C++14
+  }
+  }
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/complex.h>
+#include <__fwd/tuple.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_element.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#  include <sstream> // for std::basic_ostringstream
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS complex;
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator*(const complex<_Tp>& __z, const complex<_Tp>& __w);
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<!is_floating_point<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator*(const complex<_Tp>& __z, const complex<_Tp>& __w);
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator/(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y);
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<!is_floating_point<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator/(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS complex {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+private:
+  value_type __re_;
+  value_type __im_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14
+  complex(const value_type& __re = value_type(), const value_type& __im = value_type())
+      : __re_(__re), __im_(__im) {}
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 complex(const complex<_Xp>& __c)
+      : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 value_type real() const { return __re_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 value_type imag() const { return __im_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void real(value_type __re) { __re_ = __re; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void imag(value_type __im) { __im_ = __im; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator=(const value_type& __re) {
+    __re_ = __re;
+    __im_ = value_type();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator+=(const value_type& __re) {
+    __re_ += __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator-=(const value_type& __re) {
+    __re_ -= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator*=(const value_type& __re) {
+    __re_ *= __re;
+    __im_ *= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator/=(const value_type& __re) {
+    __re_ /= __re;
+    __im_ /= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ = __c.real();
+    __im_ = __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator+=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ += __c.real();
+    __im_ += __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator-=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ -= __c.real();
+    __im_ -= __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator*=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    *this = *this * complex(__c.real(), __c.imag());
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator/=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    *this = *this / complex(__c.real(), __c.imag());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Xp& get(complex<_Xp>&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Xp&& get(complex<_Xp>&&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Xp& get(const complex<_Xp>&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Xp&& get(const complex<_Xp>&&) noexcept;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS complex<double>;
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS complex<long double>;
+
+struct __from_builtin_tag {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __complex_t =
+    __conditional_t<is_same<_Tp, float>::value,
+                    _Complex float,
+                    __conditional_t<is_same<_Tp, double>::value, _Complex double, _Complex long double> >;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR __complex_t<_Tp> __make_complex(_Tp __re, _Tp __im) {
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_complex)
+  return __builtin_complex(__re, __im);
+#else
+  return __complex_t<_Tp>{__re, __im};
+#endif
+}
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS complex<float> {
+  float __re_;
+  float __im_;
+
+public:
+  typedef float value_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex(float __re = 0.0f, float __im = 0.0f) : __re_(__re), __im_(__im) {}
+
+  template <class _Tag, __enable_if_t<_IsSame<_Tag, __from_builtin_tag>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit complex(_Tag, _Complex float __v)
+      : __re_(__real__ __v), __im_(__imag__ __v) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex(const complex<double>& __c);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex(const complex<long double>& __c);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR float real() const { return __re_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR float imag() const { return __im_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void real(value_type __re) { __re_ = __re; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void imag(value_type __im) { __im_ = __im; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Complex float __builtin() const { return std::__make_complex(__re_, __im_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void __builtin(_Complex float __f) {
+    __re_ = __real__ __f;
+    __im_ = __imag__ __f;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator=(float __re) {
+    __re_ = __re;
+    __im_ = value_type();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator+=(float __re) {
+    __re_ += __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator-=(float __re) {
+    __re_ -= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator*=(float __re) {
+    __re_ *= __re;
+    __im_ *= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator/=(float __re) {
+    __re_ /= __re;
+    __im_ /= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ = __c.real();
+    __im_ = __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator+=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ += __c.real();
+    __im_ += __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator-=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ -= __c.real();
+    __im_ -= __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator*=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    *this = *this * complex(__c.real(), __c.imag());
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator/=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    *this = *this / complex(__c.real(), __c.imag());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Xp& get(complex<_Xp>&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Xp&& get(complex<_Xp>&&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Xp& get(const complex<_Xp>&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Xp&& get(const complex<_Xp>&&) noexcept;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS complex<double> {
+  double __re_;
+  double __im_;
+
+public:
+  typedef double value_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex(double __re = 0.0, double __im = 0.0) : __re_(__re), __im_(__im) {}
+
+  template <class _Tag, __enable_if_t<_IsSame<_Tag, __from_builtin_tag>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit complex(_Tag, _Complex double __v)
+      : __re_(__real__ __v), __im_(__imag__ __v) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex(const complex<float>& __c);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex(const complex<long double>& __c);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR double real() const { return __re_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR double imag() const { return __im_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void real(value_type __re) { __re_ = __re; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void imag(value_type __im) { __im_ = __im; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Complex double __builtin() const {
+    return std::__make_complex(__re_, __im_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void __builtin(_Complex double __f) {
+    __re_ = __real__ __f;
+    __im_ = __imag__ __f;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator=(double __re) {
+    __re_ = __re;
+    __im_ = value_type();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator+=(double __re) {
+    __re_ += __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator-=(double __re) {
+    __re_ -= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator*=(double __re) {
+    __re_ *= __re;
+    __im_ *= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator/=(double __re) {
+    __re_ /= __re;
+    __im_ /= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ = __c.real();
+    __im_ = __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator+=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ += __c.real();
+    __im_ += __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator-=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ -= __c.real();
+    __im_ -= __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator*=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    *this = *this * complex(__c.real(), __c.imag());
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator/=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    *this = *this / complex(__c.real(), __c.imag());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Xp& get(complex<_Xp>&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Xp&& get(complex<_Xp>&&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Xp& get(const complex<_Xp>&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Xp&& get(const complex<_Xp>&&) noexcept;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS complex<long double> {
+  long double __re_;
+  long double __im_;
+
+public:
+  typedef long double value_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex(long double __re = 0.0L, long double __im = 0.0L)
+      : __re_(__re), __im_(__im) {}
+
+  template <class _Tag, __enable_if_t<_IsSame<_Tag, __from_builtin_tag>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR explicit complex(_Tag, _Complex long double __v)
+      : __re_(__real__ __v), __im_(__imag__ __v) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex(const complex<float>& __c);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex(const complex<double>& __c);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR long double real() const { return __re_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR long double imag() const { return __im_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void real(value_type __re) { __re_ = __re; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void imag(value_type __im) { __im_ = __im; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Complex long double __builtin() const {
+    return std::__make_complex(__re_, __im_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void __builtin(_Complex long double __f) {
+    __re_ = __real__ __f;
+    __im_ = __imag__ __f;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator=(long double __re) {
+    __re_ = __re;
+    __im_ = value_type();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator+=(long double __re) {
+    __re_ += __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator-=(long double __re) {
+    __re_ -= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator*=(long double __re) {
+    __re_ *= __re;
+    __im_ *= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator/=(long double __re) {
+    __re_ /= __re;
+    __im_ /= __re;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ = __c.real();
+    __im_ = __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator+=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ += __c.real();
+    __im_ += __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator-=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    __re_ -= __c.real();
+    __im_ -= __c.imag();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator*=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    *this = *this * complex(__c.real(), __c.imag());
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <class _Xp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex& operator/=(const complex<_Xp>& __c) {
+    *this = *this / complex(__c.real(), __c.imag());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Xp& get(complex<_Xp>&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Xp&& get(complex<_Xp>&&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Xp& get(const complex<_Xp>&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Xp&& get(const complex<_Xp>&&) noexcept;
+#endif
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex<float>::complex(const complex<double>& __c) : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex<float>::complex(const complex<long double>& __c)
+    : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex<double>::complex(const complex<float>& __c) : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex<double>::complex(const complex<long double>& __c)
+    : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex<long double>::complex(const complex<float>& __c)
+    : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR complex<long double>::complex(const complex<double>& __c)
+    : __re_(__c.real()), __im_(__c.imag()) {}
+
+// 26.3.6 operators:
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator+(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y) {
+  complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+  __t += __y;
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator+(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y) {
+  complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+  __t += __y;
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator+(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y) {
+  complex<_Tp> __t(__y);
+  __t += __x;
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator-(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y) {
+  complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+  __t -= __y;
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator-(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y) {
+  complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+  __t -= __y;
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator-(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y) {
+  complex<_Tp> __t(-__y);
+  __t += __x;
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator*(const complex<_Tp>& __lhs, const complex<_Tp>& __rhs) {
+  return complex<_Tp>(__from_builtin_tag(), __lhs.__builtin() * __rhs.__builtin());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<!is_floating_point<_Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator*(const complex<_Tp>& __z, const complex<_Tp>& __w) {
+  _Tp __a = __z.real();
+  _Tp __b = __z.imag();
+  _Tp __c = __w.real();
+  _Tp __d = __w.imag();
+
+  return complex<_Tp>((__a * __c) - (__b * __d), (__a * __d) + (__b * __c));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator*(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y) {
+  complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+  __t *= __y;
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator*(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y) {
+  complex<_Tp> __t(__y);
+  __t *= __x;
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator/(const complex<_Tp>& __lhs, const complex<_Tp>& __rhs) {
+  return complex<_Tp>(__from_builtin_tag(), __lhs.__builtin() / __rhs.__builtin());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<!is_floating_point<_Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator/(const complex<_Tp>& __z, const complex<_Tp>& __w) {
+  _Tp __a = __z.real();
+  _Tp __b = __z.imag();
+  _Tp __c = __w.real();
+  _Tp __d = __w.imag();
+
+  _Tp __denom = __c * __c + __d * __d;
+  return complex<_Tp>((__a * __c + __b * __d) / __denom, (__b * __c - __a * __d) / __denom);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator/(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y) {
+  return complex<_Tp>(__x.real() / __y, __x.imag() / __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp>
+operator/(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y) {
+  complex<_Tp> __t(__x);
+  __t /= __y;
+  return __t;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp> operator+(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  return __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp> operator-(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  return complex<_Tp>(-__x.real(), -__x.imag());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator==(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y) {
+  return __x.real() == __y.real() && __x.imag() == __y.imag();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool operator==(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y) {
+  return __x.real() == __y && __x.imag() == 0;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool operator==(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y) {
+  return __x == __y.real() && 0 == __y.imag();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator!=(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool operator!=(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Tp& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool operator!=(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+// 26.3.7 values:
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_integral<_Tp>::value, bool = is_floating_point<_Tp>::value >
+struct __libcpp_complex_overload_traits {};
+
+// Integral Types
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_complex_overload_traits<_Tp, true, false> {
+  typedef double _ValueType;
+  typedef complex<double> _ComplexType;
+};
+
+// Floating point types
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __libcpp_complex_overload_traits<_Tp, false, true> {
+  typedef _Tp _ValueType;
+  typedef complex<_Tp> _ComplexType;
+};
+
+// real
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp real(const complex<_Tp>& __c) {
+  return __c.real();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename __libcpp_complex_overload_traits<_Tp>::_ValueType
+real(_Tp __re) {
+  return __re;
+}
+
+// imag
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp imag(const complex<_Tp>& __c) {
+  return __c.imag();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename __libcpp_complex_overload_traits<_Tp>::_ValueType
+imag(_Tp) {
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// abs
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp abs(const complex<_Tp>& __c) {
+  return std::hypot(__c.real(), __c.imag());
+}
+
+// arg
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp arg(const complex<_Tp>& __c) {
+  return std::atan2(__c.imag(), __c.real());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_same<_Tp, long double>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double arg(_Tp __re) {
+  return std::atan2l(0.L, __re);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value || is_same<_Tp, double>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double arg(_Tp __re) {
+  return std::atan2(0., __re);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_same<_Tp, float>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float arg(_Tp __re) {
+  return std::atan2f(0.F, __re);
+}
+
+// norm
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp norm(const complex<_Tp>& __c) {
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__c.real()))
+    return std::abs(__c.real());
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__c.imag()))
+    return std::abs(__c.imag());
+  return __c.real() * __c.real() + __c.imag() * __c.imag();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename __libcpp_complex_overload_traits<_Tp>::_ValueType
+norm(_Tp __re) {
+  typedef typename __libcpp_complex_overload_traits<_Tp>::_ValueType _ValueType;
+  return static_cast<_ValueType>(__re) * __re;
+}
+
+// conj
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 complex<_Tp> conj(const complex<_Tp>& __c) {
+  return complex<_Tp>(__c.real(), -__c.imag());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename __libcpp_complex_overload_traits<_Tp>::_ComplexType
+conj(_Tp __re) {
+  typedef typename __libcpp_complex_overload_traits<_Tp>::_ComplexType _ComplexType;
+  return _ComplexType(__re);
+}
+
+// proj
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> proj(const complex<_Tp>& __c) {
+  complex<_Tp> __r = __c;
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__c.real()) || std::__constexpr_isinf(__c.imag()))
+    __r = complex<_Tp>(INFINITY, std::copysign(_Tp(0), __c.imag()));
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_floating_point<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __libcpp_complex_overload_traits<_Tp>::_ComplexType proj(_Tp __re) {
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__re))
+    __re = std::abs(__re);
+  return complex<_Tp>(__re);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename __libcpp_complex_overload_traits<_Tp>::_ComplexType proj(_Tp __re) {
+  typedef typename __libcpp_complex_overload_traits<_Tp>::_ComplexType _ComplexType;
+  return _ComplexType(__re);
+}
+
+// polar
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> polar(const _Tp& __rho, const _Tp& __theta = _Tp()) {
+  if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__rho) || std::signbit(__rho))
+    return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(NAN), _Tp(NAN));
+  if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__theta)) {
+    if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__rho))
+      return complex<_Tp>(__rho, __theta);
+    return complex<_Tp>(__theta, __theta);
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__theta)) {
+    if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__rho))
+      return complex<_Tp>(__rho, _Tp(NAN));
+    return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(NAN), _Tp(NAN));
+  }
+  _Tp __x = __rho * std::cos(__theta);
+  if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__x))
+    __x = 0;
+  _Tp __y = __rho * std::sin(__theta);
+  if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__y))
+    __y = 0;
+  return complex<_Tp>(__x, __y);
+}
+
+// log
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> log(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  return complex<_Tp>(std::log(std::abs(__x)), std::arg(__x));
+}
+
+// log10
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> log10(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  return std::log(__x) / std::log(_Tp(10));
+}
+
+// sqrt
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> sqrt(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.imag()))
+    return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(INFINITY), __x.imag());
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.real())) {
+    if (__x.real() > _Tp(0))
+      return complex<_Tp>(
+          __x.real(), std::__constexpr_isnan(__x.imag()) ? __x.imag() : std::copysign(_Tp(0), __x.imag()));
+    return complex<_Tp>(
+        std::__constexpr_isnan(__x.imag()) ? __x.imag() : _Tp(0), std::copysign(__x.real(), __x.imag()));
+  }
+  return std::polar(std::sqrt(std::abs(__x)), std::arg(__x) / _Tp(2));
+}
+
+// exp
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> exp(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  _Tp __i = __x.imag();
+  if (__i == 0) {
+    return complex<_Tp>(std::exp(__x.real()), std::copysign(_Tp(0), __x.imag()));
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.real())) {
+    if (__x.real() < _Tp(0)) {
+      if (!std::__constexpr_isfinite(__i))
+        __i = _Tp(1);
+    } else if (__i == 0 || !std::__constexpr_isfinite(__i)) {
+      if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__i))
+        __i = _Tp(NAN);
+      return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), __i);
+    }
+  }
+  _Tp __e = std::exp(__x.real());
+  return complex<_Tp>(__e * std::cos(__i), __e * std::sin(__i));
+}
+
+// pow
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> pow(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Tp>& __y) {
+  return std::exp(__y * std::log(__x));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type>
+pow(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const complex<_Up>& __y) {
+  typedef complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type> result_type;
+  return std::pow(result_type(__x), result_type(__y));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_Up>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type> pow(const complex<_Tp>& __x, const _Up& __y) {
+  typedef complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type> result_type;
+  return std::pow(result_type(__x), result_type(__y));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, __enable_if_t<is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type> pow(const _Tp& __x, const complex<_Up>& __y) {
+  typedef complex<typename __promote<_Tp, _Up>::type> result_type;
+  return std::pow(result_type(__x), result_type(__y));
+}
+
+// __sqr, computes pow(x, 2)
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> __sqr(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  return complex<_Tp>((__x.real() - __x.imag()) * (__x.real() + __x.imag()), _Tp(2) * __x.real() * __x.imag());
+}
+
+// asinh
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> asinh(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  const _Tp __pi(atan2(+0., -0.));
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.real())) {
+    if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__x.imag()))
+      return __x;
+    if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.imag()))
+      return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), std::copysign(__pi * _Tp(0.25), __x.imag()));
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), std::copysign(_Tp(0), __x.imag()));
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__x.real())) {
+    if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.imag()))
+      return complex<_Tp>(__x.imag(), __x.real());
+    if (__x.imag() == 0)
+      return __x;
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), __x.real());
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.imag()))
+    return complex<_Tp>(std::copysign(__x.imag(), __x.real()), std::copysign(__pi / _Tp(2), __x.imag()));
+  complex<_Tp> __z = std::log(__x + std::sqrt(std::__sqr(__x) + _Tp(1)));
+  return complex<_Tp>(std::copysign(__z.real(), __x.real()), std::copysign(__z.imag(), __x.imag()));
+}
+
+// acosh
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> acosh(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  const _Tp __pi(atan2(+0., -0.));
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.real())) {
+    if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__x.imag()))
+      return complex<_Tp>(std::abs(__x.real()), __x.imag());
+    if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.imag())) {
+      if (__x.real() > 0)
+        return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), std::copysign(__pi * _Tp(0.25), __x.imag()));
+      else
+        return complex<_Tp>(-__x.real(), std::copysign(__pi * _Tp(0.75), __x.imag()));
+    }
+    if (__x.real() < 0)
+      return complex<_Tp>(-__x.real(), std::copysign(__pi, __x.imag()));
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), std::copysign(_Tp(0), __x.imag()));
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__x.real())) {
+    if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.imag()))
+      return complex<_Tp>(std::abs(__x.imag()), __x.real());
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), __x.real());
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.imag()))
+    return complex<_Tp>(std::abs(__x.imag()), std::copysign(__pi / _Tp(2), __x.imag()));
+  complex<_Tp> __z = std::log(__x + std::sqrt(std::__sqr(__x) - _Tp(1)));
+  return complex<_Tp>(std::copysign(__z.real(), _Tp(0)), std::copysign(__z.imag(), __x.imag()));
+}
+
+// atanh
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> atanh(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  const _Tp __pi(atan2(+0., -0.));
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.imag())) {
+    return complex<_Tp>(std::copysign(_Tp(0), __x.real()), std::copysign(__pi / _Tp(2), __x.imag()));
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__x.imag())) {
+    if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.real()) || __x.real() == 0)
+      return complex<_Tp>(std::copysign(_Tp(0), __x.real()), __x.imag());
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x.imag(), __x.imag());
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__x.real())) {
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), __x.real());
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.real())) {
+    return complex<_Tp>(std::copysign(_Tp(0), __x.real()), std::copysign(__pi / _Tp(2), __x.imag()));
+  }
+  if (std::abs(__x.real()) == _Tp(1) && __x.imag() == _Tp(0)) {
+    return complex<_Tp>(std::copysign(_Tp(INFINITY), __x.real()), std::copysign(_Tp(0), __x.imag()));
+  }
+  complex<_Tp> __z = std::log((_Tp(1) + __x) / (_Tp(1) - __x)) / _Tp(2);
+  return complex<_Tp>(std::copysign(__z.real(), __x.real()), std::copysign(__z.imag(), __x.imag()));
+}
+
+// sinh
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> sinh(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.real()) && !std::__constexpr_isfinite(__x.imag()))
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), _Tp(NAN));
+  if (__x.real() == 0 && !std::__constexpr_isfinite(__x.imag()))
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), _Tp(NAN));
+  if (__x.imag() == 0 && !std::__constexpr_isfinite(__x.real()))
+    return __x;
+  return complex<_Tp>(std::sinh(__x.real()) * std::cos(__x.imag()), std::cosh(__x.real()) * std::sin(__x.imag()));
+}
+
+// cosh
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> cosh(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.real()) && !std::__constexpr_isfinite(__x.imag()))
+    return complex<_Tp>(std::abs(__x.real()), _Tp(NAN));
+  if (__x.real() == 0 && !std::__constexpr_isfinite(__x.imag()))
+    return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(NAN), __x.real());
+  if (__x.real() == 0 && __x.imag() == 0)
+    return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(1), __x.imag());
+  if (__x.imag() == 0 && !std::__constexpr_isfinite(__x.real()))
+    return complex<_Tp>(std::abs(__x.real()), __x.imag());
+  return complex<_Tp>(std::cosh(__x.real()) * std::cos(__x.imag()), std::sinh(__x.real()) * std::sin(__x.imag()));
+}
+
+// tanh
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> tanh(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.real())) {
+    if (!std::__constexpr_isfinite(__x.imag()))
+      return complex<_Tp>(std::copysign(_Tp(1), __x.real()), _Tp(0));
+    return complex<_Tp>(std::copysign(_Tp(1), __x.real()), std::copysign(_Tp(0), std::sin(_Tp(2) * __x.imag())));
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__x.real()) && __x.imag() == 0)
+    return __x;
+  _Tp __2r(_Tp(2) * __x.real());
+  _Tp __2i(_Tp(2) * __x.imag());
+  _Tp __d(std::cosh(__2r) + std::cos(__2i));
+  _Tp __2rsh(std::sinh(__2r));
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__2rsh) && std::__constexpr_isinf(__d))
+    return complex<_Tp>(__2rsh > _Tp(0) ? _Tp(1) : _Tp(-1), __2i > _Tp(0) ? _Tp(0) : _Tp(-0.));
+  return complex<_Tp>(__2rsh / __d, std::sin(__2i) / __d);
+}
+
+// asin
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> asin(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  complex<_Tp> __z = std::asinh(complex<_Tp>(-__x.imag(), __x.real()));
+  return complex<_Tp>(__z.imag(), -__z.real());
+}
+
+// acos
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> acos(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  const _Tp __pi(atan2(+0., -0.));
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.real())) {
+    if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__x.imag()))
+      return complex<_Tp>(__x.imag(), __x.real());
+    if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.imag())) {
+      if (__x.real() < _Tp(0))
+        return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(0.75) * __pi, -__x.imag());
+      return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(0.25) * __pi, -__x.imag());
+    }
+    if (__x.real() < _Tp(0))
+      return complex<_Tp>(__pi, std::signbit(__x.imag()) ? -__x.real() : __x.real());
+    return complex<_Tp>(_Tp(0), std::signbit(__x.imag()) ? __x.real() : -__x.real());
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isnan(__x.real())) {
+    if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.imag()))
+      return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), -__x.imag());
+    return complex<_Tp>(__x.real(), __x.real());
+  }
+  if (std::__constexpr_isinf(__x.imag()))
+    return complex<_Tp>(__pi / _Tp(2), -__x.imag());
+  if (__x.real() == 0 && (__x.imag() == 0 || std::isnan(__x.imag())))
+    return complex<_Tp>(__pi / _Tp(2), -__x.imag());
+  complex<_Tp> __z = std::log(__x + std::sqrt(std::__sqr(__x) - _Tp(1)));
+  if (std::signbit(__x.imag()))
+    return complex<_Tp>(std::abs(__z.imag()), std::abs(__z.real()));
+  return complex<_Tp>(std::abs(__z.imag()), -std::abs(__z.real()));
+}
+
+// atan
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> atan(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  complex<_Tp> __z = std::atanh(complex<_Tp>(-__x.imag(), __x.real()));
+  return complex<_Tp>(__z.imag(), -__z.real());
+}
+
+// sin
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> sin(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  complex<_Tp> __z = std::sinh(complex<_Tp>(-__x.imag(), __x.real()));
+  return complex<_Tp>(__z.imag(), -__z.real());
+}
+
+// cos
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> cos(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  return std::cosh(complex<_Tp>(-__x.imag(), __x.real()));
+}
+
+// tan
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI complex<_Tp> tan(const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  complex<_Tp> __z = std::tanh(complex<_Tp>(-__x.imag(), __x.real()));
+  return complex<_Tp>(__z.imag(), -__z.real());
+}
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  if (__is.good()) {
+    std::ws(__is);
+    if (__is.peek() == _CharT('(')) {
+      __is.get();
+      _Tp __r;
+      __is >> __r;
+      if (!__is.fail()) {
+        std::ws(__is);
+        _CharT __c = __is.peek();
+        if (__c == _CharT(',')) {
+          __is.get();
+          _Tp __i;
+          __is >> __i;
+          if (!__is.fail()) {
+            std::ws(__is);
+            __c = __is.peek();
+            if (__c == _CharT(')')) {
+              __is.get();
+              __x = complex<_Tp>(__r, __i);
+            } else
+              __is.setstate(__is.failbit);
+          } else
+            __is.setstate(__is.failbit);
+        } else if (__c == _CharT(')')) {
+          __is.get();
+          __x = complex<_Tp>(__r, _Tp(0));
+        } else
+          __is.setstate(__is.failbit);
+      } else
+        __is.setstate(__is.failbit);
+    } else {
+      _Tp __r;
+      __is >> __r;
+      if (!__is.fail())
+        __x = complex<_Tp>(__r, _Tp(0));
+      else
+        __is.setstate(__is.failbit);
+    }
+  } else
+    __is.setstate(__is.failbit);
+  return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const complex<_Tp>& __x) {
+  basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits> __s;
+  __s.flags(__os.flags());
+  __s.imbue(__os.getloc());
+  __s.precision(__os.precision());
+  __s << '(' << __x.real() << ',' << __x.imag() << ')';
+  return __os << __s.str();
+}
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+// [complex.tuple], tuple interface
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct tuple_size<complex<_Tp>> : integral_constant<size_t, 2> {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+struct tuple_element<_Ip, complex<_Tp>> {
+  static_assert(_Ip < 2, "Index value is out of range.");
+  using type = _Tp;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Xp& get(complex<_Xp>& __z) noexcept {
+  static_assert(_Ip < 2, "Index value is out of range.");
+  if constexpr (_Ip == 0) {
+    return __z.__re_;
+  } else {
+    return __z.__im_;
+  }
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Xp&& get(complex<_Xp>&& __z) noexcept {
+  static_assert(_Ip < 2, "Index value is out of range.");
+  if constexpr (_Ip == 0) {
+    return std::move(__z.__re_);
+  } else {
+    return std::move(__z.__im_);
+  }
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Xp& get(const complex<_Xp>& __z) noexcept {
+  static_assert(_Ip < 2, "Index value is out of range.");
+  if constexpr (_Ip == 0) {
+    return __z.__re_;
+  } else {
+    return __z.__im_;
+  }
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Xp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Xp&& get(const complex<_Xp>&& __z) noexcept {
+  static_assert(_Ip < 2, "Index value is out of range.");
+  if constexpr (_Ip == 0) {
+    return std::move(__z.__re_);
+  } else {
+    return std::move(__z.__im_);
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+// Literal suffix for complex number literals [complex.literals]
+inline namespace literals {
+inline namespace complex_literals {
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr complex<long double> operator""il(long double __im) { return {0.0l, __im}; }
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr complex<long double> operator""il(unsigned long long __im) {
+  return {0.0l, static_cast<long double>(__im)};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr complex<double> operator""i(long double __im) {
+  return {0.0, static_cast<double>(__im)};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr complex<double> operator""i(unsigned long long __im) {
+  return {0.0, static_cast<double>(__im)};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr complex<float> operator""if(long double __im) {
+  return {0.0f, static_cast<float>(__im)};
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr complex<float> operator""if(unsigned long long __im) {
+  return {0.0f, static_cast<float>(__im)};
+}
+} // namespace complex_literals
+} // namespace literals
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_COMPLEX

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/complex.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/complex.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a3da21c843f365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/complex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_COMPLEX_H
+#define _LIBCPP_COMPLEX_H
+
+/*
+    complex.h synopsis
+
+#include <ccomplex>
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#  include <ccomplex>
+#elif __has_include_next(<complex.h>)
+#  include_next <complex.h>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_COMPLEX_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/concepts b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/concepts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e89d216a593725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/concepts
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CONCEPTS
+#define _LIBCPP_CONCEPTS
+
+/*
+    concepts synopsis
+namespace std {
+  // [concepts.lang], language-related concepts
+  // [concept.same], concept same_as
+  template<class T, class U>
+    concept same_as = see below;
+
+  // [concept.derived], concept derived_from
+  template<class Derived, class Base>
+    concept derived_from = see below;
+
+  // [concept.convertible], concept convertible_to
+  template<class From, class To>
+    concept convertible_to = see below;
+
+  // [concept.commonref], concept common_reference_with
+  template<class T, class U>
+    concept common_reference_with = see below;
+
+  // [concept.common], concept common_with
+  template<class T, class U>
+    concept common_with = see below;
+
+  // [concepts.arithmetic], arithmetic concepts
+  template<class T>
+    concept integral = see below;
+  template<class T>
+    concept signed_integral = see below;
+  template<class T>
+    concept unsigned_integral = see below;
+  template<class T>
+    concept floating_point = see below;
+
+  // [concept.assignable], concept assignable_from
+  template<class LHS, class RHS>
+    concept assignable_from = see below;
+
+  // [concept.swappable], concept swappable
+  namespace ranges {
+    inline namespace unspecified {
+      inline constexpr unspecified swap = unspecified;
+    }
+  }
+  template<class T>
+    concept swappable = see below;
+  template<class T, class U>
+    concept swappable_with = see below;
+
+  // [concept.destructible], concept destructible
+  template<class T>
+    concept destructible = see below;
+
+  // [concept.constructible], concept constructible_from
+  template<class T, class... Args>
+    concept constructible_from = see below;
+
+  // [concept.default.init], concept default_initializable
+  template<class T>
+    concept default_initializable = see below;
+
+  // [concept.moveconstructible], concept move_constructible
+  template<class T>
+    concept move_constructible = see below;
+
+  // [concept.copyconstructible], concept copy_constructible
+  template<class T>
+    concept copy_constructible = see below;
+
+  // [concept.equalitycomparable], concept equality_comparable
+  template<class T>
+    concept equality_comparable = see below;
+  template<class T, class U>
+    concept equality_comparable_with = see below;
+
+  // [concept.totallyordered], concept totally_ordered
+  template<class T>
+    concept totally_ordered = see below;
+  template<class T, class U>
+    concept totally_ordered_with = see below;
+
+  // [concepts.object], object concepts
+  template<class T>
+    concept movable = see below;
+  template<class T>
+    concept copyable = see below;
+  template<class T>
+    concept semiregular = see below;
+  template<class T>
+    concept regular = see below;
+
+  // [concepts.callable], callable concepts
+  // [concept.invocable], concept invocable
+  template<class F, class... Args>
+    concept invocable = see below;
+
+  // [concept.regularinvocable], concept regular_invocable
+  template<class F, class... Args>
+    concept regular_invocable = see below;
+
+  // [concept.predicate], concept predicate
+  template<class F, class... Args>
+    concept predicate = see below;
+
+  // [concept.relation], concept relation
+  template<class R, class T, class U>
+    concept relation = see below;
+
+  // [concept.equiv], concept equivalence_relation
+  template<class R, class T, class U>
+    concept equivalence_relation = see below;
+
+  // [concept.strictweakorder], concept strict_weak_order
+  template<class R, class T, class U>
+    concept strict_weak_order = see below;
+}
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#  include <__concepts/assignable.h>
+#  include <__concepts/boolean_testable.h>
+#  include <__concepts/class_or_enum.h>
+#  include <__concepts/common_reference_with.h>
+#  include <__concepts/common_with.h>
+#  include <__concepts/constructible.h>
+#  include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#  include <__concepts/copyable.h>
+#  include <__concepts/derived_from.h>
+#  include <__concepts/destructible.h>
+#  include <__concepts/
diff erent_from.h>
+#  include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#  include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#  include <__concepts/movable.h>
+#  include <__concepts/predicate.h>
+#  include <__concepts/regular.h>
+#  include <__concepts/relation.h>
+#  include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#  include <__concepts/semiregular.h>
+#  include <__concepts/swappable.h>
+#  include <__concepts/totally_ordered.h>
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+#  include <cstddef>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES)
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CONCEPTS

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/condition_variable b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/condition_variable
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5195cd6057dd33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/condition_variable
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CONDITION_VARIABLE
+#define _LIBCPP_CONDITION_VARIABLE
+
+/*
+    condition_variable synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+enum class cv_status { no_timeout, timeout };
+
+class condition_variable
+{
+public:
+    condition_variable();
+    ~condition_variable();
+
+    condition_variable(const condition_variable&) = delete;
+    condition_variable& operator=(const condition_variable&) = delete;
+
+    void notify_one() noexcept;
+    void notify_all() noexcept;
+
+    void wait(unique_lock<mutex>& lock);
+    template <class Predicate>
+        void wait(unique_lock<mutex>& lock, Predicate pred);
+
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        cv_status
+        wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& lock,
+                   const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+
+    template <class Clock, class Duration, class Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_until(unique_lock<mutex>& lock,
+                   const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time,
+                   Predicate pred);
+
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        cv_status
+        wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& lock,
+                 const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+
+    template <class Rep, class Period, class Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_for(unique_lock<mutex>& lock,
+                 const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time,
+                 Predicate pred);
+
+    typedef pthread_cond_t* native_handle_type;
+    native_handle_type native_handle();
+};
+
+void notify_all_at_thread_exit(condition_variable& cond, unique_lock<mutex> lk);
+
+class condition_variable_any
+{
+public:
+    condition_variable_any();
+    ~condition_variable_any();
+
+    condition_variable_any(const condition_variable_any&) = delete;
+    condition_variable_any& operator=(const condition_variable_any&) = delete;
+
+    void notify_one() noexcept;
+    void notify_all() noexcept;
+
+    template <class Lock>
+        void wait(Lock& lock);
+    template <class Lock, class Predicate>
+        void wait(Lock& lock, Predicate pred);
+
+    template <class Lock, class Clock, class Duration>
+        cv_status
+        wait_until(Lock& lock,
+                   const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+
+    template <class Lock, class Clock, class Duration, class Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_until(Lock& lock,
+                   const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time,
+                   Predicate pred);
+
+    template <class Lock, class Rep, class Period>
+        cv_status
+        wait_for(Lock& lock,
+                 const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+
+    template <class Lock, class Rep, class Period, class Predicate>
+        bool
+        wait_for(Lock& lock,
+                 const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time,
+                 Predicate pred);
+
+    // [thread.condvarany.intwait], interruptible waits
+    template <class Lock, class Predicate>
+      bool wait(Lock& lock, stop_token stoken, Predicate pred);                               // since C++20
+
+    template <class Lock, class Clock, class Duration, class Predicate>
+      bool wait_until(Lock& lock, stop_token stoken,
+                      const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time, Predicate pred);   // since C++20
+
+    template <class Lock, class Rep, class Period, class Predicate>
+      bool wait_for(Lock& lock, stop_token stoken,
+                    const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time, Predicate pred);           // since C++20
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#include <__chrono/steady_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__condition_variable/condition_variable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__mutex/lock_guard.h>
+#include <__mutex/mutex.h>
+#include <__mutex/tag_types.h>
+#include <__mutex/unique_lock.h>
+#include <__stop_token/stop_callback.h>
+#include <__stop_token/stop_token.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI condition_variable_any {
+  condition_variable __cv_;
+  shared_ptr<mutex> __mut_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI condition_variable_any();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_one() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void notify_all() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Lock>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS void wait(_Lock& __lock);
+  template <class _Lock, class _Predicate>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait(_Lock& __lock, _Predicate __pred);
+
+  template <class _Lock, class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS cv_status
+  wait_until(_Lock& __lock, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t);
+
+  template <class _Lock, class _Clock, class _Duration, class _Predicate>
+  bool _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  wait_until(_Lock& __lock, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t, _Predicate __pred);
+
+  template <class _Lock, class _Rep, class _Period>
+  cv_status _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wait_for(_Lock& __lock, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d);
+
+  template <class _Lock, class _Rep, class _Period, class _Predicate>
+  bool _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wait_for(_Lock& __lock, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d, _Predicate __pred);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN)
+
+  template <class _Lock, class _Predicate>
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool wait(_Lock& __lock, stop_token __stoken, _Predicate __pred);
+
+  template <class _Lock, class _Clock, class _Duration, class _Predicate>
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool wait_until(
+      _Lock& __lock, stop_token __stoken, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time, _Predicate __pred);
+
+  template <class _Lock, class _Rep, class _Period, class _Predicate>
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  wait_for(_Lock& __lock, stop_token __stoken, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time, _Predicate __pred);
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN)
+};
+
+inline condition_variable_any::condition_variable_any() : __mut_(make_shared<mutex>()) {}
+
+inline void condition_variable_any::notify_one() _NOEXCEPT {
+  { lock_guard<mutex> __lx(*__mut_); }
+  __cv_.notify_one();
+}
+
+inline void condition_variable_any::notify_all() _NOEXCEPT {
+  { lock_guard<mutex> __lx(*__mut_); }
+  __cv_.notify_all();
+}
+
+template <class _Lock>
+struct __unlock_guard {
+  _Lock& __lock_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __unlock_guard(_Lock& __lock) : __lock_(__lock) { __lock_.unlock(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__unlock_guard() _NOEXCEPT // turns exception to std::terminate
+  {
+    __lock_.lock();
+  }
+
+  __unlock_guard(const __unlock_guard&)            = delete;
+  __unlock_guard& operator=(const __unlock_guard&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class _Lock>
+void condition_variable_any::wait(_Lock& __lock) {
+  shared_ptr<mutex> __mut = __mut_;
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(*__mut);
+  __unlock_guard<_Lock> __unlock(__lock);
+  lock_guard<unique_lock<mutex> > __lx(__lk, adopt_lock_t());
+  __cv_.wait(__lk);
+} // __mut_.unlock(), __lock.lock()
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Predicate>
+inline void condition_variable_any::wait(_Lock& __lock, _Predicate __pred) {
+  while (!__pred())
+    wait(__lock);
+}
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Clock, class _Duration>
+cv_status condition_variable_any::wait_until(_Lock& __lock, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  shared_ptr<mutex> __mut = __mut_;
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(*__mut);
+  __unlock_guard<_Lock> __unlock(__lock);
+  lock_guard<unique_lock<mutex> > __lx(__lk, adopt_lock_t());
+  return __cv_.wait_until(__lk, __t);
+} // __mut_.unlock(), __lock.lock()
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Clock, class _Duration, class _Predicate>
+inline bool
+condition_variable_any::wait_until(_Lock& __lock, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t, _Predicate __pred) {
+  while (!__pred())
+    if (wait_until(__lock, __t) == cv_status::timeout)
+      return __pred();
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Rep, class _Period>
+inline cv_status condition_variable_any::wait_for(_Lock& __lock, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d) {
+  return wait_until(__lock, chrono::steady_clock::now() + __d);
+}
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Rep, class _Period, class _Predicate>
+inline bool
+condition_variable_any::wait_for(_Lock& __lock, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return wait_until(__lock, chrono::steady_clock::now() + __d, std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN)
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Predicate>
+bool condition_variable_any::wait(_Lock& __user_lock, stop_token __stoken, _Predicate __pred) {
+  if (__stoken.stop_requested())
+    return __pred();
+
+  // Per https://eel.is/c++draft/thread.condition.condvarany#general-note-2,
+  // we do need to take a copy of the shared pointer __mut_
+  // This ensures that a thread can call the destructor immediately after calling
+  // notify_all, without waiting all the wait calls.
+  // A thread can also safely call the destructor immediately after calling
+  // request_stop, as the call to request_stop would evaluate the callback,
+  // which accesses the internal condition variable, immediately on the same thread.
+  // In this situation, it is OK even without copying a shared ownership the internal
+  // condition variable. However, this needs the evaluation of stop_callback to
+  // happen-before the destruction.
+  // The spec only says "Only the notification to unblock the wait needs to happen
+  // before destruction". To make this work, we need to copy the shared ownership of
+  // the internal condition variable inside this function, which is not possible
+  // with the current ABI.
+  shared_ptr<mutex> __mut = __mut_;
+
+  stop_callback __cb(__stoken, [this] { notify_all(); });
+
+  while (true) {
+    if (__pred())
+      return true;
+
+    // We need to take the internal lock before checking stop_requested,
+    // so that the notification cannot come in between the stop_requested
+    // check and entering the wait.
+    // Note that the stop_callback takes the same internal lock before notifying
+    unique_lock<mutex> __internal_lock(*__mut);
+    if (__stoken.stop_requested())
+      break;
+
+    __unlock_guard<_Lock> __unlock(__user_lock);
+    unique_lock<mutex> __internal_lock2(
+        std::move(__internal_lock)); // switch unlock order between __internal_lock and __user_lock
+    __cv_.wait(__internal_lock2);
+  } // __internal_lock2.unlock(), __user_lock.lock()
+  return __pred();
+}
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Clock, class _Duration, class _Predicate>
+bool condition_variable_any::wait_until(
+    _Lock& __user_lock,
+    stop_token __stoken,
+    const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time,
+    _Predicate __pred) {
+  if (__stoken.stop_requested())
+    return __pred();
+
+  shared_ptr<mutex> __mut = __mut_;
+  stop_callback __cb(__stoken, [this] { notify_all(); });
+
+  while (true) {
+    if (__pred())
+      return true;
+
+    unique_lock<mutex> __internal_lock(*__mut);
+    if (__stoken.stop_requested())
+      break;
+
+    __unlock_guard<_Lock> __unlock(__user_lock);
+    unique_lock<mutex> __internal_lock2(
+        std::move(__internal_lock)); // switch unlock order between __internal_lock and __user_lock
+
+    if (__cv_.wait_until(__internal_lock2, __abs_time) == cv_status::timeout)
+      break;
+  } // __internal_lock2.unlock(), __user_lock.lock()
+  return __pred();
+}
+
+template <class _Lock, class _Rep, class _Period, class _Predicate>
+bool condition_variable_any::wait_for(
+    _Lock& __lock, stop_token __stoken, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return wait_until(__lock, std::move(__stoken), chrono::steady_clock::now() + __rel_time, std::move(__pred));
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN)
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void notify_all_at_thread_exit(condition_variable&, unique_lock<mutex>);
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <system_error>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CONDITION_VARIABLE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/coroutine b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/coroutine
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ee54388ad5aaf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/coroutine
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_COROUTINE
+#define _LIBCPP_COROUTINE
+
+/**
+    coroutine synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+// [coroutine.traits]
+template <class R, class... ArgTypes>
+  struct coroutine_traits;
+// [coroutine.handle]
+template <class Promise = void>
+  struct coroutine_handle;
+// [coroutine.handle.compare]
+constexpr bool operator==(coroutine_handle<> x, coroutine_handle<> y) noexcept;
+constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(coroutine_handle<> x, coroutine_handle<> y) noexcept;
+// [coroutine.handle.hash]
+template <class T> struct hash;
+template <class P> struct hash<coroutine_handle<P>>;
+// [coroutine.noop]
+struct noop_coroutine_promise;
+template<> struct coroutine_handle<noop_coroutine_promise>;
+using noop_coroutine_handle = coroutine_handle<noop_coroutine_promise>;
+noop_coroutine_handle noop_coroutine() noexcept;
+// [coroutine.trivial.awaitables]
+struct suspend_never;
+struct suspend_always;
+} // namespace std
+
+ */
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__coroutine/coroutine_handle.h>
+#  include <__coroutine/coroutine_traits.h>
+#  include <__coroutine/noop_coroutine_handle.h>
+#  include <__coroutine/trivial_awaitables.h>
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [coroutine.syn]
+#include <compare>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_COROUTINE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/csetjmp b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/csetjmp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7ba90068710aea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/csetjmp
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSETJMP
+#define _LIBCPP_CSETJMP
+
+/*
+    csetjmp synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    setjmp
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    jmp_buf
+
+void longjmp(jmp_buf env, int val);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+// <setjmp.h> is not provided by libc++
+#if __has_include(<setjmp.h>)
+#  include <setjmp.h>
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_SETJMP_H
+#    error "If libc++ starts defining <setjmp.h>, the __has_include check should move to libc++'s <setjmp.h>"
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::jmp_buf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::longjmp _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CSETJMP

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/csignal b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/csignal
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..804a7f95ae9682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/csignal
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSIGNAL
+#define _LIBCPP_CSIGNAL
+
+/*
+    csignal synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    SIG_DFL
+    SIG_ERR
+    SIG_IGN
+    SIGABRT
+    SIGFPE
+    SIGILL
+    SIGINT
+    SIGSEGV
+    SIGTERM
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    sig_atomic_t
+
+void (*signal(int sig, void (*func)(int)))(int);
+int raise(int sig);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+// <signal.h> is not provided by libc++
+#if __has_include(<signal.h>)
+#  include <signal.h>
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_SIGNAL_H
+#    error "If libc++ starts defining <signal.h>, the __has_include check should move to libc++'s <signal.h>"
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::sig_atomic_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::signal _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::raise _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CSIGNAL

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdarg b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdarg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4642eb7b5258ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdarg
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDARG
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDARG
+
+/*
+    cstdarg synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    type va_arg(va_list ap, type);
+    void va_copy(va_list dest, va_list src);  // C99
+    void va_end(va_list ap);
+    void va_start(va_list ap, parmN);
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    va_list
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+// <stdarg.h> is not provided by libc++
+#if __has_include(<stdarg.h>)
+#  include <stdarg.h>
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_STDARG_H
+#    error "If libc++ starts defining <stdarg.h>, the __has_include check should move to libc++'s <stdarg.h>"
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::va_list _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CSTDARG

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdbool b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdbool
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ef731c021a4ab8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdbool
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDBOOL
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDBOOL
+
+/*
+    cstdbool synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    __bool_true_false_are_defined
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#undef __bool_true_false_are_defined
+#define __bool_true_false_are_defined 1
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CSTDBOOL

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstddef b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstddef
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1a4049e4d34f2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstddef
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDDEF
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDDEF
+
+/*
+    cstddef synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    offsetof(type,member-designator)
+    NULL
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    ptr
diff _t
+    size_t
+    max_align_t // C++11
+    nullptr_t
+    byte // C++17
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <version>
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STDDEF_H
+#   error <cstddef> tried including <stddef.h> but didn't find libc++'s <stddef.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::nullptr_t;
+using ::ptr
diff _t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::size_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+using ::max_align_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+namespace std // purposefully not versioned
+{
+enum class byte : unsigned char {};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr byte operator|(byte __lhs, byte __rhs) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<byte>(
+      static_cast<unsigned char>(static_cast<unsigned int>(__lhs) | static_cast<unsigned int>(__rhs)));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr byte& operator|=(byte& __lhs, byte __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs = __lhs | __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr byte operator&(byte __lhs, byte __rhs) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<byte>(
+      static_cast<unsigned char>(static_cast<unsigned int>(__lhs) & static_cast<unsigned int>(__rhs)));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr byte& operator&=(byte& __lhs, byte __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs = __lhs & __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr byte operator^(byte __lhs, byte __rhs) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<byte>(
+      static_cast<unsigned char>(static_cast<unsigned int>(__lhs) ^ static_cast<unsigned int>(__rhs)));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr byte& operator^=(byte& __lhs, byte __rhs) noexcept {
+  return __lhs = __lhs ^ __rhs;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline constexpr byte operator~(byte __b) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<byte>(static_cast<unsigned char>(~static_cast<unsigned int>(__b)));
+}
+
+template <class _Integer, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Integer>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr byte& operator<<=(byte& __lhs, _Integer __shift) noexcept {
+  return __lhs = __lhs << __shift;
+}
+
+template <class _Integer, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Integer>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr byte operator<<(byte __lhs, _Integer __shift) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<byte>(static_cast<unsigned char>(static_cast<unsigned int>(__lhs) << __shift));
+}
+
+template <class _Integer, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Integer>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr byte& operator>>=(byte& __lhs, _Integer __shift) noexcept {
+  return __lhs = __lhs >> __shift;
+}
+
+template <class _Integer, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Integer>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr byte operator>>(byte __lhs, _Integer __shift) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<byte>(static_cast<unsigned char>(static_cast<unsigned int>(__lhs) >> __shift));
+}
+
+template <class _Integer, __enable_if_t<is_integral<_Integer>::value, int> = 0>
+[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Integer to_integer(byte __b) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<_Integer>(__b);
+}
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CSTDDEF

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdint b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdint
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8c4782859426dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdint
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDINT
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDINT
+
+/*
+    cstdint synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    INT8_MIN
+    INT16_MIN
+    INT32_MIN
+    INT64_MIN
+
+    INT8_MAX
+    INT16_MAX
+    INT32_MAX
+    INT64_MAX
+
+    UINT8_MAX
+    UINT16_MAX
+    UINT32_MAX
+    UINT64_MAX
+
+    INT_LEAST8_MIN
+    INT_LEAST16_MIN
+    INT_LEAST32_MIN
+    INT_LEAST64_MIN
+
+    INT_LEAST8_MAX
+    INT_LEAST16_MAX
+    INT_LEAST32_MAX
+    INT_LEAST64_MAX
+
+    UINT_LEAST8_MAX
+    UINT_LEAST16_MAX
+    UINT_LEAST32_MAX
+    UINT_LEAST64_MAX
+
+    INT_FAST8_MIN
+    INT_FAST16_MIN
+    INT_FAST32_MIN
+    INT_FAST64_MIN
+
+    INT_FAST8_MAX
+    INT_FAST16_MAX
+    INT_FAST32_MAX
+    INT_FAST64_MAX
+
+    UINT_FAST8_MAX
+    UINT_FAST16_MAX
+    UINT_FAST32_MAX
+    UINT_FAST64_MAX
+
+    INTPTR_MIN
+    INTPTR_MAX
+    UINTPTR_MAX
+
+    INTMAX_MIN
+    INTMAX_MAX
+
+    UINTMAX_MAX
+
+    PTRDIFF_MIN
+    PTRDIFF_MAX
+
+    SIG_ATOMIC_MIN
+    SIG_ATOMIC_MAX
+
+    SIZE_MAX
+
+    WCHAR_MIN
+    WCHAR_MAX
+
+    WINT_MIN
+    WINT_MAX
+
+    INT8_C(value)
+    INT16_C(value)
+    INT32_C(value)
+    INT64_C(value)
+
+    UINT8_C(value)
+    UINT16_C(value)
+    UINT32_C(value)
+    UINT64_C(value)
+
+    INTMAX_C(value)
+    UINTMAX_C(value)
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    int8_t
+    int16_t
+    int32_t
+    int64_t
+
+    uint8_t
+    uint16_t
+    uint32_t
+    uint64_t
+
+    int_least8_t
+    int_least16_t
+    int_least32_t
+    int_least64_t
+
+    uint_least8_t
+    uint_least16_t
+    uint_least32_t
+    uint_least64_t
+
+    int_fast8_t
+    int_fast16_t
+    int_fast32_t
+    int_fast64_t
+
+    uint_fast8_t
+    uint_fast16_t
+    uint_fast32_t
+    uint_fast64_t
+
+    intptr_t
+    uintptr_t
+
+    intmax_t
+    uintmax_t
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STDINT_H
+#   error <cstdint> tried including <stdint.h> but didn't find libc++'s <stdint.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::int8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::int16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::int32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::int64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::uint8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::uint16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::uint32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::uint64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::int_least8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::int_least16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::int_least32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::int_least64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::uint_least8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::uint_least16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::uint_least32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::uint_least64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::int_fast8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::int_fast16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::int_fast32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::int_fast64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::uint_fast8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::uint_fast16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::uint_fast32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::uint_fast64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::intptr_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::uintptr_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::intmax_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::uintmax_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CSTDINT

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdio b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdio
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7f94371081f8b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdio
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDIO
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDIO
+
+/*
+    cstdio synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    BUFSIZ
+    EOF
+    FILENAME_MAX
+    FOPEN_MAX
+    L_tmpnam
+    NULL
+    SEEK_CUR
+    SEEK_END
+    SEEK_SET
+    TMP_MAX
+    _IOFBF
+    _IOLBF
+    _IONBF
+    stderr
+    stdin
+    stdout
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+FILE
+fpos_t
+size_t
+
+int remove(const char* filename);
+int rename(const char* old, const char* new);
+FILE* tmpfile(void);
+char* tmpnam(char* s);
+int fclose(FILE* stream);
+int fflush(FILE* stream);
+FILE* fopen(const char* restrict filename, const char* restrict mode);
+FILE* freopen(const char* restrict filename, const char * restrict mode,
+              FILE * restrict stream);
+void setbuf(FILE* restrict stream, char* restrict buf);
+int setvbuf(FILE* restrict stream, char* restrict buf, int mode, size_t size);
+int fprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const char* restrict format, ...);
+int fscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const char * restrict format, ...);
+int printf(const char* restrict format, ...);
+int scanf(const char* restrict format, ...);
+int snprintf(char* restrict s, size_t n, const char* restrict format, ...);    // C99
+int sprintf(char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, ...);
+int sscanf(const char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, ...);
+int vfprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const char* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vfscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const char* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int vprintf(const char* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vscanf(const char* restrict format, va_list arg);                          // C99
+int vsnprintf(char* restrict s, size_t n, const char* restrict format,         // C99
+              va_list arg);
+int vsprintf(char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vsscanf(const char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, va_list arg); // C99
+int fgetc(FILE* stream);
+char* fgets(char* restrict s, int n, FILE* restrict stream);
+int fputc(int c, FILE* stream);
+int fputs(const char* restrict s, FILE* restrict stream);
+int getc(FILE* stream);
+int getchar(void);
+char* gets(char* s);  // removed in C++14
+int putc(int c, FILE* stream);
+int putchar(int c);
+int puts(const char* s);
+int ungetc(int c, FILE* stream);
+size_t fread(void* restrict ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb,
+             FILE* restrict stream);
+size_t fwrite(const void* restrict ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb,
+              FILE* restrict stream);
+int fgetpos(FILE* restrict stream, fpos_t* restrict pos);
+int fseek(FILE* stream, long offset, int whence);
+int fsetpos(FILE*stream, const fpos_t* pos);
+long ftell(FILE* stream);
+void rewind(FILE* stream);
+void clearerr(FILE* stream);
+int feof(FILE* stream);
+int ferror(FILE* stream);
+void perror(const char* s);
+
+}  // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STDIO_H
+#   error <cstdio> tried including <stdio.h> but didn't find libc++'s <stdio.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::FILE _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fpos_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::size_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::fclose _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fflush _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::setbuf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::setvbuf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fscanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::snprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::sprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::sscanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vfprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vfscanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vsscanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vsnprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vsprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fgetc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fgets _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fputc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fputs _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::getc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::putc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ungetc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fread _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fwrite _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fgetpos _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fseek _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fsetpos _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ftell _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::rewind _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::clearerr _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::feof _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ferror _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::perror _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::fopen _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::freopen _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::remove _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::rename _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tmpfile _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tmpnam _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::getchar _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 11
+using ::gets _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#endif
+using ::scanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vscanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::printf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::putchar _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::puts _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CSTDIO

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdlib b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdlib
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c817fd8f4accda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstdlib
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTDLIB
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTDLIB
+
+/*
+    cstdlib synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    EXIT_FAILURE
+    EXIT_SUCCESS
+    MB_CUR_MAX
+    NULL
+    RAND_MAX
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    size_t
+    div_t
+    ldiv_t
+    lldiv_t                                                               // C99
+
+double    atof (const char* nptr);
+int       atoi (const char* nptr);
+long      atol (const char* nptr);
+long long atoll(const char* nptr);                                        // C99
+double             strtod  (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr);
+float              strtof  (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr); // C99
+long double        strtold (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr); // C99
+long               strtol  (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+long long          strtoll (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base); // C99
+unsigned long      strtoul (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+unsigned long long strtoull(const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base); // C99
+int rand(void);
+void srand(unsigned int seed);
+void* calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
+void free(void* ptr);
+void* malloc(size_t size);
+void* realloc(void* ptr, size_t size);
+void abort(void);
+int atexit(void (*func)(void));
+void exit(int status);
+void _Exit(int status);
+char* getenv(const char* name);
+int system(const char* string);
+void* bsearch(const void* key, const void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+              int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));
+void qsort(void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+           int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));
+int         abs(      int j);
+long        abs(     long j);
+long long   abs(long long j);                                             // C++0X
+long       labs(     long j);
+long long llabs(long long j);                                             // C99
+div_t     div(      int numer,       int denom);
+ldiv_t    div(     long numer,      long denom);
+lldiv_t   div(long long numer, long long denom);                          // C++0X
+ldiv_t   ldiv(     long numer,      long denom);
+lldiv_t lldiv(long long numer, long long denom);                          // C99
+int mblen(const char* s, size_t n);
+int mbtowc(wchar_t* restrict pwc, const char* restrict s, size_t n);
+int wctomb(char* s, wchar_t wchar);
+size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t* restrict pwcs, const char* restrict s, size_t n);
+size_t wcstombs(char* restrict s, const wchar_t* restrict pwcs, size_t n);
+int at_quick_exit(void (*func)(void))                                     // C++11
+void quick_exit(int status);                                              // C++11
+void *aligned_alloc(size_t alignment, size_t size);                       // C11
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STDLIB_H
+#   error <cstdlib> tried including <stdlib.h> but didn't find libc++'s <stdlib.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::size_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::div_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ldiv_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::lldiv_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atof _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atoi _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atol _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atoll _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strtod _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strtof _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strtold _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strtol _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strtoll _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strtoul _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strtoull _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::rand _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::srand _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::calloc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::free _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::malloc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::realloc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::abort _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::atexit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::exit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::_Exit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::getenv _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::system _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::bsearch _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::qsort _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::abs _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::labs _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::llabs _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::div _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ldiv _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::lldiv _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::mblen _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using ::mbtowc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wctomb _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::mbstowcs _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcstombs _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#endif
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+using ::at_quick_exit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::quick_exit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#endif
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+using ::aligned_alloc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CSTDLIB

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstring b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstring
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c2c92b02e73cc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cstring
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CSTRING
+#define _LIBCPP_CSTRING
+
+/*
+    cstring synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    NULL
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    size_t
+
+void* memcpy(void* restrict s1, const void* restrict s2, size_t n);
+void* memmove(void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
+char* strcpy (char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
+char* strncpy(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
+char* strcat (char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
+char* strncat(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
+int memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
+int strcmp (const char* s1, const char* s2);
+int strncmp(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);
+int strcoll(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+size_t strxfrm(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
+const void* memchr(const void* s, int c, size_t n);
+      void* memchr(      void* s, int c, size_t n);
+const char* strchr(const char* s, int c);
+      char* strchr(      char* s, int c);
+size_t strcspn(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+const char* strpbrk(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+      char* strpbrk(      char* s1, const char* s2);
+const char* strrchr(const char* s, int c);
+      char* strrchr(      char* s, int c);
+size_t strspn(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+const char* strstr(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+      char* strstr(      char* s1, const char* s2);
+char* strtok(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
+void* memset(void* s, int c, size_t n);
+char* strerror(int errnum);
+size_t strlen(const char* s);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STRING_H
+#   error <cstring> tried including <string.h> but didn't find libc++'s <string.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::size_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::memcpy _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::memmove _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strcpy _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strncpy _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strcat _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strncat _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::memcmp _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strcmp _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strncmp _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strcoll _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strxfrm _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::memchr _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strchr _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strcspn _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strpbrk _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strrchr _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strspn _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strstr _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strtok _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::memset _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strerror _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strlen _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CSTRING

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctgmath b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctgmath
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6237979be4906c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctgmath
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CTGMATH
+#define _LIBCPP_CTGMATH
+
+/*
+    ctgmath synopsis
+
+#include <ccomplex>
+#include <cmath>
+
+*/
+
+#include <ccomplex>
+#include <cmath>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CTGMATH

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctime b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctime
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f47b49a43e23ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctime
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CTIME
+#define _LIBCPP_CTIME
+
+/*
+    ctime synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    NULL
+    CLOCKS_PER_SEC
+    TIME_UTC // C++17
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    clock_t
+    size_t
+    time_t
+    tm
+    timespec // C++17
+
+clock_t clock();
+double 
diff time(time_t time1, time_t time0);
+time_t mktime(tm* timeptr);
+time_t time(time_t* timer);
+char* asctime(const tm* timeptr);
+char* ctime(const time_t* timer);
+tm*    gmtime(const time_t* timer);
+tm* localtime(const time_t* timer);
+size_t strftime(char* restrict s, size_t maxsize, const char* restrict format,
+                const tm* restrict timeptr);
+int timespec_get( struct timespec *ts, int base); // C++17
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+// <time.h> is not provided by libc++
+#if __has_include(<time.h>)
+#  include <time.h>
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_TIME_H
+#    error "If libc++ starts defining <time.h>, the __has_include check should move to libc++'s <time.h>"
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::clock_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::size_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::time_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tm _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+using ::timespec _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#endif
+using ::clock _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::
diff time _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::mktime _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::time _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::asctime _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ctime _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::gmtime _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::localtime _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::strftime _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+using ::timespec_get _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CTIME

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctype.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctype.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..448e4410c554f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ctype.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CTYPE_H
+#define _LIBCPP_CTYPE_H
+
+/*
+    ctype.h synopsis
+
+int isalnum(int c);
+int isalpha(int c);
+int isblank(int c);  // C99
+int iscntrl(int c);
+int isdigit(int c);
+int isgraph(int c);
+int islower(int c);
+int isprint(int c);
+int ispunct(int c);
+int isspace(int c);
+int isupper(int c);
+int isxdigit(int c);
+int tolower(int c);
+int toupper(int c);
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include_next(<ctype.h>)
+#  include_next <ctype.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+#  undef isalnum
+#  undef isalpha
+#  undef isblank
+#  undef iscntrl
+#  undef isdigit
+#  undef isgraph
+#  undef islower
+#  undef isprint
+#  undef ispunct
+#  undef isspace
+#  undef isupper
+#  undef isxdigit
+#  undef tolower
+#  undef toupper
+
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CTYPE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cuchar b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cuchar
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f0015be275367d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cuchar
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CUCHAR
+#define _LIBCPP_CUCHAR
+
+/*
+    cuchar synopsis // since C++11
+
+Macros:
+
+    __STDC_UTF_16__
+    __STDC_UTF_32__
+
+namespace std {
+
+Types:
+
+  mbstate_t
+  size_t
+
+size_t mbrtoc8(char8_t* pc8, const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps);   // since C++20
+size_t c8rtomb(char* s, char8_t c8, mbstate_t* ps);                     // since C++20
+size_t mbrtoc16(char16_t* pc16, const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps);
+size_t c16rtomb(char* s, char16_t c16, mbstate_t* ps);
+size_t mbrtoc32(char32_t* pc32, const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps);
+size_t c32rtomb(char* s, char32_t c32, mbstate_t* ps);
+
+} // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <uchar.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_UCHAR_H
+#   error <cuchar> tried including <uchar.h> but didn't find libc++'s <uchar.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+
+using ::mbstate_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::size_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_C8RTOMB_MBRTOC8)
+using ::mbrtoc8 _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::c8rtomb _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#  endif
+using ::mbrtoc16 _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::c16rtomb _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::mbrtoc32 _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::c32rtomb _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CUCHAR

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cwchar b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cwchar
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..08cfac58c846ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cwchar
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CWCHAR
+#define _LIBCPP_CWCHAR
+
+/*
+    cwchar synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    NULL
+    WCHAR_MAX
+    WCHAR_MIN
+    WEOF
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    mbstate_t
+    size_t
+    tm
+    wint_t
+
+int fwprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int fwscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int swprintf(wchar_t* restrict s, size_t n, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int swscanf(const wchar_t* restrict s, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int vfwprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vfwscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int vswprintf(wchar_t* restrict s, size_t n, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vswscanf(const wchar_t* restrict s, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int vwprintf(const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vwscanf(const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int wprintf(const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int wscanf(const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+wint_t fgetwc(FILE* stream);
+wchar_t* fgetws(wchar_t* restrict s, int n, FILE* restrict stream);
+wint_t fputwc(wchar_t c, FILE* stream);
+int fputws(const wchar_t* restrict s, FILE* restrict stream);
+int fwide(FILE* stream, int mode);
+wint_t getwc(FILE* stream);
+wint_t getwchar();
+wint_t putwc(wchar_t c, FILE* stream);
+wint_t putwchar(wchar_t c);
+wint_t ungetwc(wint_t c, FILE* stream);
+double wcstod(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr);
+float wcstof(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr);         // C99
+long double wcstold(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr);  // C99
+long wcstol(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+long long wcstoll(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);  // C99
+unsigned long wcstoul(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+unsigned long long wcstoull(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);  // C99
+wchar_t* wcscpy(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2);
+wchar_t* wcsncpy(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wcscat(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2);
+wchar_t* wcsncat(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+int wcscmp(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+int wcscoll(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+int wcsncmp(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
+size_t wcsxfrm(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+const wchar_t* wcschr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+      wchar_t* wcschr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+size_t wcscspn(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+size_t wcslen(const wchar_t* s);
+const wchar_t* wcspbrk(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+      wchar_t* wcspbrk(      wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+const wchar_t* wcsrchr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+      wchar_t* wcsrchr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+size_t wcsspn(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+const wchar_t* wcsstr(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+      wchar_t* wcsstr(      wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+wchar_t* wcstok(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, wchar_t** restrict ptr);
+const wchar_t* wmemchr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
+      wchar_t* wmemchr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
+int wmemcmp(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wmemcpy(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wmemmove(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wmemset(wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
+size_t wcsftime(wchar_t* restrict s, size_t maxsize, const wchar_t* restrict format,
+                const tm* restrict timeptr);
+wint_t btowc(int c);
+int wctob(wint_t c);
+int mbsinit(const mbstate_t* ps);
+size_t mbrlen(const char* restrict s, size_t n, mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t mbrtowc(wchar_t* restrict pwc, const char* restrict s, size_t n, mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t wcrtomb(char* restrict s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t mbsrtowcs(wchar_t* restrict dst, const char** restrict src, size_t len,
+                 mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t wcsrtombs(char* restrict dst, const wchar_t** restrict src, size_t len,
+                 mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/copy_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <cwctype>
+
+#include <wchar.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_WCHAR_H
+#   error <cwchar> tried including <wchar.h> but didn't find libc++'s <wchar.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using ::mbstate_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::size_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::tm _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wint_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::FILE _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fwprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fwscanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::swprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vfwprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vswprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::swscanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vfwscanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vswscanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fgetwc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fgetws _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fputwc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fputws _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::fwide _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::getwc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::putwc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::ungetwc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcstod _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcstof _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcstold _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcstol _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcstoll _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcstoul _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcstoull _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcscpy _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcsncpy _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcscat _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcsncat _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcscmp _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcscoll _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcsncmp _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcsxfrm _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcschr _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcspbrk _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcsrchr _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcsstr _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wmemchr _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcscspn _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcslen _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcsspn _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcstok _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wmemcmp _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wmemcpy _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wmemmove _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wmemset _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcsftime _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::btowc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wctob _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::mbsinit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::mbrlen _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::mbrtowc _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcrtomb _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::mbsrtowcs _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wcsrtombs _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::getwchar _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vwscanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wscanf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using ::putwchar _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::vwprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wprintf _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 size_t __constexpr_wcslen(const wchar_t* __str) {
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_wcslen)
+  return __builtin_wcslen(__str);
+#else
+  if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+    return std::wcslen(__str);
+
+  size_t __len = 0;
+  for (; *__str != L'\0'; ++__str)
+    ++__len;
+  return __len;
+#endif
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 int
+__constexpr_wmemcmp(const wchar_t* __lhs, const wchar_t* __rhs, size_t __count) {
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_wmemcmp)
+  return __builtin_wmemcmp(__lhs, __rhs, __count);
+#else
+  if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+    return std::wmemcmp(__lhs, __rhs, __count);
+
+  for (; __count; --__count, ++__lhs, ++__rhs) {
+    if (*__lhs < *__rhs)
+      return -1;
+    if (*__rhs < *__lhs)
+      return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Tp* __constexpr_wmemchr(_Tp* __str, _Up __value, size_t __count) {
+  static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == sizeof(wchar_t)&& _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Tp) >= _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(wchar_t) &&
+                    __libcpp_is_trivially_equality_comparable<_Tp, _Tp>::value,
+                "Calling wmemchr on non-trivially equality comparable types is unsafe.");
+
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_wmemchr)
+  if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    wchar_t __value_buffer = 0;
+    __builtin_memcpy(&__value_buffer, &__value, sizeof(wchar_t));
+    return reinterpret_cast<_Tp*>(
+        __builtin_wmemchr(reinterpret_cast<__copy_cv_t<_Tp, wchar_t>*>(__str), __value_buffer, __count));
+  }
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  else if constexpr (is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, wchar_t>)
+    return __builtin_wmemchr(__str, __value, __count);
+#  endif
+#endif // __has_builtin(__builtin_wmemchr)
+
+  for (; __count; --__count) {
+    if (*__str == __value)
+      return __str;
+    ++__str;
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstddef>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CWCHAR

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cwctype b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cwctype
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..04abfabef57933
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/cwctype
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CWCTYPE
+#define _LIBCPP_CWCTYPE
+
+/*
+    cwctype synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    WEOF
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+Types:
+
+    wint_t
+    wctrans_t
+    wctype_t
+
+int iswalnum(wint_t wc);
+int iswalpha(wint_t wc);
+int iswblank(wint_t wc);  // C99
+int iswcntrl(wint_t wc);
+int iswdigit(wint_t wc);
+int iswgraph(wint_t wc);
+int iswlower(wint_t wc);
+int iswprint(wint_t wc);
+int iswpunct(wint_t wc);
+int iswspace(wint_t wc);
+int iswupper(wint_t wc);
+int iswxdigit(wint_t wc);
+int iswctype(wint_t wc, wctype_t desc);
+wctype_t wctype(const char* property);
+wint_t towlower(wint_t wc);
+wint_t towupper(wint_t wc);
+wint_t towctrans(wint_t wc, wctrans_t desc);
+wctrans_t wctrans(const char* property);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cctype>
+
+#include <wctype.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_H
+#   error <cwctype> tried including <wctype.h> but didn't find libc++'s <wctype.h> header. \
+          This usually means that your header search paths are not configured properly. \
+          The header search paths should contain the C++ Standard Library headers before \
+          any C Standard Library, and you are probably using compiler flags that make that \
+          not be the case.
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_INCLUDED_C_LIBRARY_WCTYPE_H)
+using ::wint_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wctrans_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wctype_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswalnum _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswalpha _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswblank _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswcntrl _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswdigit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswgraph _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswlower _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswprint _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswpunct _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswspace _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswupper _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswxdigit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::iswctype _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wctype _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::towlower _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::towupper _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::towctrans _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using ::wctrans _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_INCLUDED_C_LIBRARY_WCTYPE_H
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CWCTYPE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/deque b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/deque
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e73135a8647b98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/deque
@@ -0,0 +1,2621 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_DEQUE
+#define _LIBCPP_DEQUE
+
+/*
+    deque synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Allocator = allocator<T> >
+class deque
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef T value_type;
+    typedef Allocator allocator_type;
+
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    deque() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit deque(const allocator_type& a);
+    explicit deque(size_type n);
+    explicit deque(size_type n, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    deque(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    deque(size_type n, const value_type& v, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        deque(InputIterator f, InputIterator l);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        deque(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, const allocator_type& a);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+        deque(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Allocator& = Allocator()); // C++23
+    deque(const deque& c);
+    deque(deque&& c)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    deque(initializer_list<value_type> il, const Allocator& a = allocator_type());
+    deque(const deque& c, const allocator_type& a);
+    deque(deque&& c, const allocator_type& a);
+    ~deque();
+
+    deque& operator=(const deque& c);
+    deque& operator=(deque&& c)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    deque& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void assign(InputIterator f, InputIterator l);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      void assign_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    void assign(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    // iterators:
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept;
+
+    reverse_iterator       rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator       rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;
+
+    // capacity:
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+    void resize(size_type n);
+    void resize(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    void shrink_to_fit();
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+
+    // element access:
+    reference operator[](size_type i);
+    const_reference operator[](size_type i) const;
+    reference at(size_type i);
+    const_reference at(size_type i) const;
+    reference front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    void push_front(const value_type& v);
+    void push_front(value_type&& v);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      void prepend_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    void push_back(const value_type& v);
+    void push_back(value_type&& v);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      void append_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    template <class... Args> reference emplace_front(Args&&... args);  // reference in C++17
+    template <class... Args> reference emplace_back(Args&&... args);   // reference in C++17
+    template <class... Args> iterator emplace(const_iterator p, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator p, const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator p, value_type&& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator p, size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator p, InputIterator f, InputIterator l);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      iterator insert_range(const_iterator position, R&& rg); // C++23
+    iterator insert(const_iterator p, initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    void pop_front();
+    void pop_back();
+    iterator erase(const_iterator p);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator f, const_iterator l);
+    void swap(deque& c)
+        noexcept(allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value);  // C++17
+    void clear() noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Allocator = allocator<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>>
+   deque(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator = Allocator())
+   -> deque<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<R>>>
+  deque(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> deque<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator==(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator< (const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y); // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator!=(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y); // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator> (const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y); // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator>=(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y); // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator<=(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y); // removed in C++20
+template<class T, class Allocator>
+    synth-three-way-result<T> operator<=>(const deque<T, Allocator>& x,
+                                          const deque<T, Allocator>& y);       // since C++20
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    void swap(deque<T,Allocator>& x, deque<T,Allocator>& y)
+         noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class T, class Allocator, class U>
+    typename deque<T, Allocator>::size_type
+    erase(deque<T, Allocator>& c, const U& value);       // C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator, class Predicate>
+    typename deque<T, Allocator>::size_type
+    erase_if(deque<T, Allocator>& c, Predicate pred);    // C++20
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/copy_backward.h>
+#include <__algorithm/copy_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/fill_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__algorithm/remove.h>
+#include <__algorithm/remove_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__debug_utils/sanitizers.h>
+#include <__format/enable_insertable.h>
+#include <__fwd/deque.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/prev.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/segmented_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_destructor.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/temp_value.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__split_buffer>
+#include <__type_traits/is_allocator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <limits>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [deque.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _DiffType>
+struct __deque_block_size {
+  static const _DiffType value = sizeof(_ValueType) < 256 ? 4096 / sizeof(_ValueType) : 16;
+};
+
+template <class _ValueType,
+          class _Pointer,
+          class _Reference,
+          class _MapPointer,
+          class _DiffType,
+          _DiffType _BS =
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_INCOMPLETE_TYPES_IN_DEQUE
+              // Keep template parameter to avoid changing all template declarations thoughout
+              // this file.
+          0
+#else
+              __deque_block_size<_ValueType, _DiffType>::value
+#endif
+          >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __deque_iterator {
+  typedef _MapPointer __map_iterator;
+
+public:
+  typedef _Pointer pointer;
+  typedef _DiffType 
diff erence_type;
+
+private:
+  __map_iterator __m_iter_;
+  pointer __ptr_;
+
+  static const 
diff erence_type __block_size;
+
+public:
+  typedef _ValueType value_type;
+  typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef _Reference reference;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_iterator() _NOEXCEPT
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      : __m_iter_(nullptr),
+        __ptr_(nullptr)
+#endif
+  {
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp, class _Rp, class _MP, __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_Pp, pointer>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __deque_iterator(const __deque_iterator<value_type, _Pp, _Rp, _MP, 
diff erence_type, _BS>& __it) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __m_iter_(__it.__m_iter_),
+        __ptr_(__it.__ptr_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return *__ptr_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return __ptr_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_iterator& operator++() {
+    if (++__ptr_ - *__m_iter_ == __block_size) {
+      ++__m_iter_;
+      __ptr_ = *__m_iter_;
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __deque_iterator __tmp = *this;
+    ++(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_iterator& operator--() {
+    if (__ptr_ == *__m_iter_) {
+      --__m_iter_;
+      __ptr_ = *__m_iter_ + __block_size;
+    }
+    --__ptr_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_iterator operator--(int) {
+    __deque_iterator __tmp = *this;
+    --(*this);
+    return __tmp;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type __n) {
+    if (__n != 0) {
+      __n += __ptr_ - *__m_iter_;
+      if (__n > 0) {
+        __m_iter_ += __n / __block_size;
+        __ptr_ = *__m_iter_ + __n % __block_size;
+      } else // (__n < 0)
+      {
+        
diff erence_type __z = __block_size - 1 - __n;
+        __m_iter_ -= __z / __block_size;
+        __ptr_ = *__m_iter_ + (__block_size - 1 - __z % __block_size);
+      }
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type __n) { return *this += -__n; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_iterator operator+(
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    __deque_iterator __t(*this);
+    __t += __n;
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_iterator operator-(
diff erence_type __n) const {
+    __deque_iterator __t(*this);
+    __t -= __n;
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend __deque_iterator operator+(
diff erence_type __n, const __deque_iterator& __it) {
+    return __it + __n;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend 
diff erence_type operator-(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y) {
+    if (__x != __y)
+      return (__x.__m_iter_ - __y.__m_iter_) * __block_size + (__x.__ptr_ - *__x.__m_iter_) -
+             (__y.__ptr_ - *__y.__m_iter_);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator[](
diff erence_type __n) const { return *(*this + __n); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator!=(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  // TODO(mordante) disable these overloads in the LLVM 20 release.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator<(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__m_iter_ < __y.__m_iter_ || (__x.__m_iter_ == __y.__m_iter_ && __x.__ptr_ < __y.__ptr_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator>(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y) {
+    return __y < __x;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator<=(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__y < __x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator>=(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x < __y);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend strong_ordering operator<=>(const __deque_iterator& __x, const __deque_iterator& __y) {
+    if (__x.__m_iter_ < __y.__m_iter_)
+      return strong_ordering::less;
+
+    if (__x.__m_iter_ == __y.__m_iter_) {
+      if constexpr (three_way_comparable<pointer, strong_ordering>) {
+        return __x.__ptr_ <=> __y.__ptr_;
+      } else {
+        if (__x.__ptr_ < __y.__ptr_)
+          return strong_ordering::less;
+
+        if (__x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_)
+          return strong_ordering::equal;
+
+        return strong_ordering::greater;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return strong_ordering::greater;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __deque_iterator(__map_iterator __m, pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __m_iter_(__m),
+        __ptr_(__p) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Ap>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS deque;
+  template <class _Vp, class _Pp, class _Rp, class _MP, class _Dp, _Dp>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __deque_iterator;
+
+  template <class>
+  friend struct __segmented_iterator_traits;
+};
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _Pointer, class _Reference, class _MapPointer, class _DiffType, _DiffType _BlockSize>
+struct __segmented_iterator_traits<
+    __deque_iterator<_ValueType, _Pointer, _Reference, _MapPointer, _DiffType, _BlockSize> > {
+private:
+  using _Iterator = __deque_iterator<_ValueType, _Pointer, _Reference, _MapPointer, _DiffType, _BlockSize>;
+
+public:
+  using __is_segmented_iterator = true_type;
+  using __segment_iterator      = _MapPointer;
+  using __local_iterator        = _Pointer;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __segment_iterator __segment(_Iterator __iter) { return __iter.__m_iter_; }
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __local_iterator __local(_Iterator __iter) { return __iter.__ptr_; }
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __local_iterator __begin(__segment_iterator __iter) { return *__iter; }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __local_iterator __end(__segment_iterator __iter) {
+    return *__iter + _Iterator::__block_size;
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Iterator __compose(__segment_iterator __segment, __local_iterator __local) {
+    if (__segment && __local == __end(__segment)) {
+      ++__segment;
+      return _Iterator(__segment, *__segment);
+    }
+    return _Iterator(__segment, __local);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ValueType, class _Pointer, class _Reference, class _MapPointer, class _DiffType, _DiffType _BlockSize>
+const _DiffType __deque_iterator<_ValueType, _Pointer, _Reference, _MapPointer, _DiffType, _BlockSize>::__block_size =
+    __deque_block_size<_ValueType, _DiffType>::value;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator /*= allocator<_Tp>*/>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS deque {
+public:
+  // types:
+
+  using value_type = _Tp;
+
+  using allocator_type = _Allocator;
+  using __alloc_traits = allocator_traits<allocator_type>;
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value, "");
+  static_assert(is_same<typename allocator_type::value_type, value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+
+  using size_type       = typename __alloc_traits::size_type;
+  using 
diff erence_type = typename __alloc_traits::
diff erence_type;
+
+  using pointer       = typename __alloc_traits::pointer;
+  using const_pointer = typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer;
+
+  using __pointer_allocator       = __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, pointer>;
+  using __const_pointer_allocator = __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, const_pointer>;
+  using __map                     = __split_buffer<pointer, __pointer_allocator>;
+  using __map_alloc_traits        = allocator_traits<__pointer_allocator>;
+  using __map_pointer             = typename __map_alloc_traits::pointer;
+  using __map_const_pointer       = typename allocator_traits<__const_pointer_allocator>::const_pointer;
+  using __map_const_iterator      = typename __map::const_iterator;
+
+  using reference       = value_type&;
+  using const_reference = const value_type&;
+
+  using iterator = __deque_iterator<value_type, pointer, reference, __map_pointer, 
diff erence_type>;
+  using const_iterator =
+      __deque_iterator<value_type, const_pointer, const_reference, __map_const_pointer, 
diff erence_type>;
+  using reverse_iterator       = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+  using const_reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
+
+  // A deque contains the following members which may be trivially relocatable:
+  // - __map: is a `__split_buffer`, see `__split_buffer` for more information on when it is trivially relocatable
+  // - size_type: is always trivially relocatable, since it is required to be an integral type
+  // - allocator_type: may not be trivially relocatable, so it's checked
+  // None of these are referencing the `deque` itself, so if all of them are trivially relocatable, `deque` is too.
+  using __trivially_relocatable = __conditional_t<
+      __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<__map>::value && __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<allocator_type>::value,
+      deque,
+      void>;
+
+  static_assert(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value ==
+                    is_nothrow_default_constructible<__pointer_allocator>::value,
+                "rebinding an allocator should not change exception guarantees");
+  static_assert(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value ==
+                    is_nothrow_move_constructible<typename __map::allocator_type>::value,
+                "rebinding an allocator should not change exception guarantees");
+
+private:
+  struct __deque_block_range {
+    explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_block_range(pointer __b, pointer __e) _NOEXCEPT
+        : __begin_(__b),
+          __end_(__e) {}
+    const pointer __begin_;
+    const pointer __end_;
+  };
+
+  struct __deque_range {
+    iterator __pos_;
+    const iterator __end_;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_range(iterator __pos, iterator __e) _NOEXCEPT : __pos_(__pos), __end_(__e) {}
+
+    explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT { return __pos_ != __end_; }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_range begin() const { return *this; }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_range end() const { return __deque_range(__end_, __end_); }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_block_range operator*() const _NOEXCEPT {
+      if (__pos_.__m_iter_ == __end_.__m_iter_) {
+        return __deque_block_range(__pos_.__ptr_, __end_.__ptr_);
+      }
+      return __deque_block_range(__pos_.__ptr_, *__pos_.__m_iter_ + __block_size);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __deque_range& operator++() _NOEXCEPT {
+      if (__pos_.__m_iter_ == __end_.__m_iter_) {
+        __pos_ = __end_;
+      } else {
+        ++__pos_.__m_iter_;
+        __pos_.__ptr_ = *__pos_.__m_iter_;
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(__deque_range const& __lhs, __deque_range const& __rhs) {
+      return __lhs.__pos_ == __rhs.__pos_;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator!=(__deque_range const& __lhs, __deque_range const& __rhs) {
+      return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct _ConstructTransaction {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ConstructTransaction(deque* __db, __deque_block_range& __r)
+        : __pos_(__r.__begin_), __end_(__r.__end_), __begin_(__r.__begin_), __base_(__db) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~_ConstructTransaction() { __base_->__size() += (__pos_ - __begin_); }
+
+    pointer __pos_;
+    const pointer __end_;
+
+  private:
+    const pointer __begin_;
+    deque* const __base_;
+  };
+
+  static const 
diff erence_type __block_size;
+
+  __map __map_;
+  size_type __start_;
+  __compressed_pair<size_type, allocator_type> __size_;
+
+public:
+  // construct/copy/destroy:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+      : __start_(0), __size_(0, __default_init_tag()) {
+    __annotate_new(0);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~deque() {
+    clear();
+    __annotate_delete();
+    typename __map::iterator __i = __map_.begin();
+    typename __map::iterator __e = __map_.end();
+    for (; __i != __e; ++__i)
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), *__i, __block_size);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit deque(const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __map_(__pointer_allocator(__a)), __start_(0), __size_(0, __a) {
+    __annotate_new(0);
+  }
+
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(size_type __n);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(size_type __n, const _Allocator& __a);
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+
+  template <__enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(size_type __n, const value_type& __v, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __map_(__pointer_allocator(__a)), __start_(0), __size_(0, __a) {
+    __annotate_new(0);
+    if (__n > 0)
+      __append(__n, __v);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l);
+  template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __map_(__pointer_allocator(__a)), __start_(0), __size_(0, __a) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      __append_with_size(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::distance(__range));
+
+    } else {
+      for (auto&& __e : __range) {
+        emplace_back(std::forward<decltype(__e)>(__e));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(const deque& __c);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(const deque& __c, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque& operator=(const deque& __c);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    assign(__il);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(deque&& __c) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque(deque&& __c, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI deque&
+  operator=(deque&& __c) noexcept(__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+                                  is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { assign(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <class _InputIter,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value &&
+                              !__has_random_access_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l);
+  template <class _RAIter, __enable_if_t<__has_random_access_iterator_category<_RAIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(_RAIter __f, _RAIter __l);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::random_access_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      __assign_with_size_random_access(ranges::begin(__range), __n);
+
+    } else if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      __assign_with_size(ranges::begin(__range), __n);
+
+    } else {
+      __assign_with_sentinel(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT { return __size_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const allocator_type& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT { return __size_.second(); }
+
+  // iterators:
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT {
+    __map_pointer __mp = __map_.begin() + __start_ / __block_size;
+    return iterator(__mp, __map_.empty() ? 0 : *__mp + __start_ % __block_size);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    __map_const_pointer __mp = static_cast<__map_const_pointer>(__map_.begin() + __start_ / __block_size);
+    return const_iterator(__mp, __map_.empty() ? 0 : *__mp + __start_ % __block_size);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT {
+    size_type __p      = size() + __start_;
+    __map_pointer __mp = __map_.begin() + __p / __block_size;
+    return iterator(__mp, __map_.empty() ? 0 : *__mp + __p % __block_size);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    size_type __p            = size() + __start_;
+    __map_const_pointer __mp = static_cast<__map_const_pointer>(__map_.begin() + __p / __block_size);
+    return const_iterator(__mp, __map_.empty() ? 0 : *__mp + __p % __block_size);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  // capacity:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type& __size() _NOEXCEPT { return __size_.first(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const size_type& __size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __size_.first(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::min<size_type>(__alloc_traits::max_size(__alloc()), numeric_limits<
diff erence_type>::max());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return size() == 0; }
+
+  // element access:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator[](size_type __i) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference operator[](size_type __i) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference at(size_type __i);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference at(size_type __i) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference front() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference front() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference back() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference back() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  // 23.2.2.3 modifiers:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_front(const value_type& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_back(const value_type& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference emplace_front(_Args&&... __args);
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference emplace_back(_Args&&... __args);
+#  else
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void emplace_front(_Args&&... __args);
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void emplace_back(_Args&&... __args);
+#  endif
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_front(value_type&& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_back(value_type&& __v);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void prepend_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    insert_range(begin(), std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void append_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    insert_range(end(), std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    return insert(__p, __il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+  template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, _InputIter __f, _InputIter __l);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, _ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l);
+  template <class _BiIter, __enable_if_t<__has_bidirectional_iterator_category<_BiIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, _BiIter __f, _BiIter __l);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_range(const_iterator __position, _Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::bidirectional_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      return __insert_bidirectional(__position, ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __n);
+
+    } else if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      return __insert_with_size(__position, ranges::begin(__range), __n);
+
+    } else {
+      return __insert_with_sentinel(__position, ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop_front();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop_back();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(deque& __c)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT;
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<allocator_type>);
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __invariants() const {
+    if (!__map_.__invariants())
+      return false;
+    if (__map_.size() >= size_type(-1) / __block_size)
+      return false;
+    for (__map_const_iterator __i = __map_.begin(), __e = __map_.end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+      if (*__i == nullptr)
+        return false;
+    if (__map_.size() != 0) {
+      if (size() >= __map_.size() * __block_size)
+        return false;
+      if (__start_ >= __map_.size() * __block_size - size())
+        return false;
+    } else {
+      if (size() != 0)
+        return false;
+      if (__start_ != 0)
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(deque& __c)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+                 is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+    __move_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(deque& __c, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+    __alloc() = std::move(__c.__alloc());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(deque&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(deque& __c)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value&&
+                     is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+    __map_   = std::move(__c.__map_);
+    __start_ = __c.__start_;
+    __size() = __c.size();
+    __move_assign_alloc(__c);
+    __c.__start_ = __c.__size() = 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static size_type __recommend_blocks(size_type __n) {
+    return __n / __block_size + (__n % __block_size != 0);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __capacity() const {
+    return __map_.size() == 0 ? 0 : __map_.size() * __block_size - 1;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __block_count() const { return __map_.size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __front_spare() const { return __start_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __front_spare_blocks() const { return __front_spare() / __block_size; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __back_spare() const { return __capacity() - (__start_ + size()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __back_spare_blocks() const { return __back_spare() / __block_size; }
+
+private:
+  enum __asan_annotation_type { __asan_unposion, __asan_poison };
+
+  enum __asan_annotation_place {
+    __asan_front_moved,
+    __asan_back_moved,
+  };
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_from_to(
+      size_type __beg,
+      size_type __end,
+      __asan_annotation_type __annotation_type,
+      __asan_annotation_place __place) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__beg;
+    (void)__end;
+    (void)__annotation_type;
+    (void)__place;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    // __beg - index of the first item to annotate
+    // __end - index behind the last item to annotate (so last item + 1)
+    // __annotation_type - __asan_unposion or __asan_poison
+    // __place - __asan_front_moved or __asan_back_moved
+    // Note: All indexes in __map_
+    if (__beg == __end)
+      return;
+    // __annotations_beg_map - first chunk which annotations we want to modify
+    // __annotations_end_map - last chunk which annotations we want to modify
+    // NOTE: if __end % __block_size == 0, __annotations_end_map points at the next block, which may not exist
+    __map_const_iterator __annotations_beg_map = __map_.begin() + __beg / __block_size;
+    __map_const_iterator __annotations_end_map = __map_.begin() + __end / __block_size;
+
+    bool const __poisoning = __annotation_type == __asan_poison;
+    // __old_c_beg_index - index of the first element in old container
+    // __old_c_end_index - index of the end of old container (last + 1)
+    // Note: may be outside the area we are annotating
+    size_t __old_c_beg_index = (__poisoning && __place == __asan_front_moved) ? __beg : __start_;
+    size_t __old_c_end_index = (__poisoning && __place == __asan_back_moved) ? __end : __start_ + size();
+    bool const __front       = __place == __asan_front_moved;
+
+    if (__poisoning && empty()) {
+      // Special case: we shouldn't trust __start_
+      __old_c_beg_index = __beg;
+      __old_c_end_index = __end;
+    }
+    // __old_c_beg_map - memory block (chunk) with first element
+    // __old_c_end_map - memory block (chunk) with end of old container
+    // Note: if __old_c_end_index % __block_size == 0, __old_c_end_map points at the next block,
+    // which may not exist
+    __map_const_iterator __old_c_beg_map = __map_.begin() + __old_c_beg_index / __block_size;
+    __map_const_iterator __old_c_end_map = __map_.begin() + __old_c_end_index / __block_size;
+
+    // One edge (front/end) of the container was moved and one was not modified.
+    // __new_edge_index - index of new edge
+    // __new_edge_map    - memory block (chunk) with new edge, it always equals to
+    //                    __annotations_beg_map or __annotations_end_map
+    // __old_edge_map    - memory block (chunk) with old edge, it always equals to
+    //                    __old_c_beg_map or __old_c_end_map
+    size_t __new_edge_index             = (__poisoning ^ __front) ? __beg : __end;
+    __map_const_iterator __new_edge_map = __map_.begin() + __new_edge_index / __block_size;
+    __map_const_iterator __old_edge_map = __front ? __old_c_end_map : __old_c_beg_map;
+
+    // We iterate over map pointers (chunks) and fully poison all memory blocks between the first and the last.
+    // First and last chunk may be partially poisoned.
+    // __annotate_end_map may point at not existing chunk, therefore we have to have a check for it.
+    for (__map_const_iterator __map_it = __annotations_beg_map; __map_it <= __annotations_end_map; ++__map_it) {
+      if (__map_it == __annotations_end_map && __end % __block_size == 0)
+        // Chunk may not exist, but nothing to do here anyway
+        break;
+
+      // The beginning and the end of the current memory block
+      const void* __mem_beg = std::__to_address(*__map_it);
+      const void* __mem_end = std::__to_address(*__map_it + __block_size);
+
+      // The beginning of memory-in-use in the memory block before container modification
+      const void* __old_beg =
+          (__map_it == __old_c_beg_map) ? std::__to_address(*__map_it + (__old_c_beg_index % __block_size)) : __mem_beg;
+
+      // The end of memory-in-use in the memory block before container modification
+      const void* __old_end;
+      if (__map_it < __old_c_beg_map || __map_it > __old_c_end_map || (!__poisoning && empty()))
+        __old_end = __old_beg;
+      else
+        __old_end = (__map_it == __old_c_end_map)
+                      ? std::__to_address(*__map_it + (__old_c_end_index % __block_size))
+                      : __mem_end;
+
+      // New edge of the container in current memory block
+      // If the edge is in a 
diff erent chunk it points on corresponding end of the memory block
+      const void* __new_edge;
+      if (__map_it == __new_edge_map)
+        __new_edge = std::__to_address(*__map_it + (__new_edge_index % __block_size));
+      else
+        __new_edge = (__poisoning ^ __front) ? __mem_beg : __mem_end;
+
+      // Not modified edge of the container
+      // If the edge is in a 
diff erent chunk it points on corresponding end of the memory block
+      const void* __old_edge;
+      if (__map_it == __old_edge_map)
+        __old_edge = __front ? __old_end : __old_beg;
+      else
+        __old_edge = __front ? __mem_end : __mem_beg;
+
+      // __new_beg - the beginning of memory-in-use in the memory block after container modification
+      // __new_end - the end of memory-in-use in the memory block after container modification
+      const void* __new_beg = __front ? __new_edge : __old_edge;
+      const void* __new_end = __front ? __old_edge : __new_edge;
+
+      std::__annotate_double_ended_contiguous_container<_Allocator>(
+          __mem_beg, __mem_end, __old_beg, __old_end, __new_beg, __new_end);
+    }
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_new(size_type __current_size) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__current_size;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    if (__current_size == 0)
+      __annotate_from_to(0, __map_.size() * __block_size, __asan_poison, __asan_back_moved);
+    else {
+      __annotate_from_to(0, __start_, __asan_poison, __asan_front_moved);
+      __annotate_from_to(__start_ + __current_size, __map_.size() * __block_size, __asan_poison, __asan_back_moved);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_delete() const _NOEXCEPT {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    if (empty()) {
+      for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __map_.size(); ++__i) {
+        __annotate_whole_block(__i, __asan_unposion);
+      }
+    } else {
+      __annotate_from_to(0, __start_, __asan_unposion, __asan_front_moved);
+      __annotate_from_to(__start_ + size(), __map_.size() * __block_size, __asan_unposion, __asan_back_moved);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_increase_front(size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__n;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    __annotate_from_to(__start_ - __n, __start_, __asan_unposion, __asan_front_moved);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_increase_back(size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__n;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    __annotate_from_to(__start_ + size(), __start_ + size() + __n, __asan_unposion, __asan_back_moved);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_shrink_front(size_type __old_size, size_type __old_start) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__old_size;
+    (void)__old_start;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    __annotate_from_to(__old_start, __old_start + (__old_size - size()), __asan_poison, __asan_front_moved);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_shrink_back(size_type __old_size, size_type __old_start) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__old_size;
+    (void)__old_start;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    __annotate_from_to(__old_start + size(), __old_start + __old_size, __asan_poison, __asan_back_moved);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_poison_block(const void* __beginning, const void* __end) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::__annotate_double_ended_contiguous_container<_Allocator>(__beginning, __end, __beginning, __end, __end, __end);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __annotate_whole_block(size_t __block_index, __asan_annotation_type __annotation_type) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__block_index;
+    (void)__annotation_type;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    __map_const_iterator __block_it = __map_.begin() + __block_index;
+    const void* __block_start       = std::__to_address(*__block_it);
+    const void* __block_end         = std::__to_address(*__block_it + __block_size);
+
+    if (__annotation_type == __asan_poison)
+      __annotate_poison_block(__block_start, __block_end);
+    else {
+      std::__annotate_double_ended_contiguous_container<_Allocator>(
+          __block_start, __block_end, __block_start, __block_start, __block_start, __block_end);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN)
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __verify_asan_annotations() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    // This function tests deque object annotations.
+    if (empty()) {
+      for (__map_const_iterator __it = __map_.begin(); __it != __map_.end(); ++__it) {
+        if (!__sanitizer_verify_double_ended_contiguous_container(
+                std::__to_address(*__it),
+                std::__to_address(*__it),
+                std::__to_address(*__it),
+                std::__to_address(*__it + __block_size)))
+          return false;
+      }
+
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    size_type __end                 = __start_ + size();
+    __map_const_iterator __first_mp = __map_.begin() + __start_ / __block_size;
+    __map_const_iterator __last_mp  = __map_.begin() + (__end - 1) / __block_size;
+
+    // Pointers to first and after last elements
+    // Those can be in 
diff erent deque blocks
+    const void* __p_beg = std::__to_address(*__first_mp + (__start_ % __block_size));
+    const void* __p_end =
+        std::__to_address(*__last_mp + ((__end % __block_size == 0) ? __block_size : __end % __block_size));
+
+    for (__map_const_iterator __it = __map_.begin(); __it != __map_.end(); ++__it) {
+      // Go over all blocks, find the place we are in and verify its annotations
+      // Note that __p_end points *behind* the last item.
+
+      // - blocks before the first block with container elements
+      // - first block with items
+      // - last block with items
+      // - blocks after last block with ciontainer elements
+
+      // Is the block before or after deque blocks that contain elements?
+      if (__it < __first_mp || __it > __last_mp) {
+        if (!__sanitizer_verify_double_ended_contiguous_container(
+                std::__to_address(*__it),
+                std::__to_address(*__it),
+                std::__to_address(*__it),
+                std::__to_address(*__it + __block_size)))
+          return false;
+      } else {
+        const void* __containers_buffer_beg = (__it == __first_mp) ? __p_beg : (const void*)std::__to_address(*__it);
+        const void* __containers_buffer_end =
+            (__it == __last_mp) ? __p_end : (const void*)std::__to_address(*__it + __block_size);
+        if (!__sanitizer_verify_double_ended_contiguous_container(
+                std::__to_address(*__it),
+                __containers_buffer_beg,
+                __containers_buffer_end,
+                std::__to_address(*__it + __block_size))) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+private:
+#endif // _LIBCPP_VERIFY_ASAN_DEQUE_ANNOTATIONS
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __maybe_remove_front_spare(bool __keep_one = true) {
+    if (__front_spare_blocks() >= 2 || (!__keep_one && __front_spare_blocks())) {
+      __annotate_whole_block(0, __asan_unposion);
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __map_.front(), __block_size);
+      __map_.pop_front();
+      __start_ -= __block_size;
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __maybe_remove_back_spare(bool __keep_one = true) {
+    if (__back_spare_blocks() >= 2 || (!__keep_one && __back_spare_blocks())) {
+      __annotate_whole_block(__map_.size() - 1, __asan_unposion);
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __map_.back(), __block_size);
+      __map_.pop_back();
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_with_sentinel(_Iterator __f, _Sentinel __l);
+
+  template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_with_size_random_access(_RandomAccessIterator __f, 
diff erence_type __n);
+  template <class _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_with_size(_Iterator __f, 
diff erence_type __n);
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_with_sentinel(const_iterator __p, _Iterator __f, _Sentinel __l);
+
+  template <class _Iterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_with_size(const_iterator __p, _Iterator __f, size_type __n);
+
+  template <class _BiIter, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  __insert_bidirectional(const_iterator __p, _BiIter __f, _Sentinel __sent, size_type __n);
+  template <class _BiIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_bidirectional(const_iterator __p, _BiIter __f, _BiIter __l, size_type __n);
+
+  template <class _InpIter, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InpIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __append(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l);
+  template <class _ForIter, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __append(_ForIter __f, _ForIter __l);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __append_with_size(_InputIterator __from, size_type __n);
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __append_with_sentinel(_InputIterator __f, _Sentinel __l);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __append(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __append(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __erase_to_end(const_iterator __f);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_front_capacity();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_front_capacity(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_back_capacity();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_back_capacity(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __move_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  __move_backward_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_construct_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __move_construct_backward_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const deque& __c) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const deque& __c, true_type) {
+    if (__alloc() != __c.__alloc()) {
+      clear();
+      shrink_to_fit();
+    }
+    __alloc()        = __c.__alloc();
+    __map_.__alloc() = __c.__map_.__alloc();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const deque&, false_type) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(deque& __c, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(deque& __c, false_type);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const typename allocator_traits<_Alloc>::
diff erence_type deque<_Tp, _Alloc>::__block_size =
+    __deque_block_size<value_type, 
diff erence_type>::value;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+deque(_InputIterator, _InputIterator) -> deque<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Alloc>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Alloc,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+deque(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Alloc) -> deque<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Alloc>;
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+deque(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Alloc = _Alloc()) -> deque<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Alloc>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(size_type __n) : __start_(0), __size_(0, __default_init_tag()) {
+  __annotate_new(0);
+  if (__n > 0)
+    __append(__n);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(size_type __n, const _Allocator& __a)
+    : __map_(__pointer_allocator(__a)), __start_(0), __size_(0, __a) {
+  __annotate_new(0);
+  if (__n > 0)
+    __append(__n);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(size_type __n, const value_type& __v) : __start_(0), __size_(0, __default_init_tag()) {
+  __annotate_new(0);
+  if (__n > 0)
+    __append(__n, __v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> >
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l) : __start_(0), __size_(0, __default_init_tag()) {
+  __annotate_new(0);
+  __append(__f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> >
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __map_(__pointer_allocator(__a)), __start_(0), __size_(0, __a) {
+  __annotate_new(0);
+  __append(__f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(const deque& __c)
+    : __map_(__pointer_allocator(__alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__c.__alloc()))),
+      __start_(0),
+      __size_(0, __map_.__alloc()) {
+  __annotate_new(0);
+  __append(__c.begin(), __c.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(const deque& __c, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a)
+    : __map_(__pointer_allocator(__a)), __start_(0), __size_(0, __a) {
+  __annotate_new(0);
+  __append(__c.begin(), __c.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator=(const deque& __c) {
+  if (this != std::addressof(__c)) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(__c);
+    assign(__c.begin(), __c.end());
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(initializer_list<value_type> __il) : __start_(0), __size_(0, __default_init_tag()) {
+  __annotate_new(0);
+  __append(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __map_(__pointer_allocator(__a)), __start_(0), __size_(0, __a) {
+  __annotate_new(0);
+  __append(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(deque&& __c) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __map_(std::move(__c.__map_)), __start_(std::move(__c.__start_)), __size_(std::move(__c.__size_)) {
+  __c.__start_ = 0;
+  __c.__size() = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::deque(deque&& __c, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a)
+    : __map_(std::move(__c.__map_), __pointer_allocator(__a)),
+      __start_(std::move(__c.__start_)),
+      __size_(std::move(__c.__size()), __a) {
+  if (__a == __c.__alloc()) {
+    __c.__start_ = 0;
+    __c.__size() = 0;
+  } else {
+    __map_.clear();
+    __start_ = 0;
+    __size() = 0;
+    typedef move_iterator<iterator> _Ip;
+    assign(_Ip(__c.begin()), _Ip(__c.end()));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator=(deque&& __c) noexcept(
+    __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+    is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+  __move_assign(__c, integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_assign(deque& __c, false_type) {
+  if (__alloc() != __c.__alloc()) {
+    typedef move_iterator<iterator> _Ip;
+    assign(_Ip(__c.begin()), _Ip(__c.end()));
+  } else
+    __move_assign(__c, true_type());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_assign(deque& __c,
+                                           true_type) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+  clear();
+  shrink_to_fit();
+  __move_assign(__c);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIter,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value &&
+                            !__has_random_access_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value,
+                        int> >
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l) {
+  __assign_with_sentinel(__f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__assign_with_sentinel(_Iterator __f, _Sentinel __l) {
+  iterator __i = begin();
+  iterator __e = end();
+  for (; __f != __l && __i != __e; ++__f, (void)++__i)
+    *__i = *__f;
+  if (__f != __l)
+    __append_with_sentinel(std::move(__f), std::move(__l));
+  else
+    __erase_to_end(__i);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _RAIter, __enable_if_t<__has_random_access_iterator_category<_RAIter>::value, int> >
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(_RAIter __f, _RAIter __l) {
+  __assign_with_size_random_access(__f, __l - __f);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _RandomAccessIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__assign_with_size_random_access(_RandomAccessIterator __f, 
diff erence_type __n) {
+  if (static_cast<size_type>(__n) > size()) {
+    auto __l = __f + size();
+    std::copy(__f, __l, begin());
+    __append_with_size(__l, __n - size());
+  } else
+    __erase_to_end(std::copy_n(__f, __n, begin()));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Iterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__assign_with_size(_Iterator __f, 
diff erence_type __n) {
+  if (static_cast<size_type>(__n) > size()) {
+    auto __added_size = __n - size();
+
+    auto __i = begin();
+    for (auto __count = size(); __count != 0; --__count) {
+      *__i++ = *__f++;
+    }
+
+    __append_with_size(__f, __added_size);
+
+  } else {
+    __erase_to_end(std::copy_n(__f, __n, begin()));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __v) {
+  if (__n > size()) {
+    std::fill_n(begin(), size(), __v);
+    __n -= size();
+    __append(__n, __v);
+  } else
+    __erase_to_end(std::fill_n(begin(), __n, __v));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _Allocator deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __alloc();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __n) {
+  if (__n > size())
+    __append(__n - size());
+  else if (__n < size())
+    __erase_to_end(begin() + __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __v) {
+  if (__n > size())
+    __append(__n - size(), __v);
+  else if (__n < size())
+    __erase_to_end(begin() + __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (empty()) {
+    __annotate_delete();
+    while (__map_.size() > 0) {
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __map_.back(), __block_size);
+      __map_.pop_back();
+    }
+    __start_ = 0;
+  } else {
+    __maybe_remove_front_spare(/*__keep_one=*/false);
+    __maybe_remove_back_spare(/*__keep_one=*/false);
+  }
+  __map_.shrink_to_fit();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator[](size_type __i) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__i < size(), "deque::operator[] index out of bounds");
+  size_type __p = __start_ + __i;
+  return *(*(__map_.begin() + __p / __block_size) + __p % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator[](size_type __i) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__i < size(), "deque::operator[] index out of bounds");
+  size_type __p = __start_ + __i;
+  return *(*(__map_.begin() + __p / __block_size) + __p % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::at(size_type __i) {
+  if (__i >= size())
+    std::__throw_out_of_range("deque");
+  size_type __p = __start_ + __i;
+  return *(*(__map_.begin() + __p / __block_size) + __p % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::at(size_type __i) const {
+  if (__i >= size())
+    std::__throw_out_of_range("deque");
+  size_type __p = __start_ + __i;
+  return *(*(__map_.begin() + __p / __block_size) + __p % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::front() _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "deque::front called on an empty deque");
+  return *(*(__map_.begin() + __start_ / __block_size) + __start_ % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::front() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "deque::front called on an empty deque");
+  return *(*(__map_.begin() + __start_ / __block_size) + __start_ % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::back() _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "deque::back called on an empty deque");
+  size_type __p = size() + __start_ - 1;
+  return *(*(__map_.begin() + __p / __block_size) + __p % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::back() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "deque::back called on an empty deque");
+  size_type __p = size() + __start_ - 1;
+  return *(*(__map_.begin() + __p / __block_size) + __p % __block_size);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(const value_type& __v) {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__back_spare() == 0)
+    __add_back_capacity();
+  // __back_spare() >= 1
+  __annotate_increase_back(1);
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*end()), __v);
+  ++__size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_front(const value_type& __v) {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__front_spare() == 0)
+    __add_front_capacity();
+  // __front_spare() >= 1
+  __annotate_increase_front(1);
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*--begin()), __v);
+  --__start_;
+  ++__size();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(value_type&& __v) {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__back_spare() == 0)
+    __add_back_capacity();
+  // __back_spare() >= 1
+  __annotate_increase_back(1);
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*end()), std::move(__v));
+  ++__size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference
+#  else
+void
+#  endif
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace_back(_Args&&... __args) {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__back_spare() == 0)
+    __add_back_capacity();
+  // __back_spare() >= 1
+  __annotate_increase_back(1);
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*end()), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  ++__size();
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  return *--end();
+#  endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_front(value_type&& __v) {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__front_spare() == 0)
+    __add_front_capacity();
+  // __front_spare() >= 1
+  __annotate_increase_front(1);
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*--begin()), std::move(__v));
+  --__start_;
+  ++__size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference
+#  else
+void
+#  endif
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace_front(_Args&&... __args) {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__front_spare() == 0)
+    __add_front_capacity();
+  // __front_spare() >= 1
+  __annotate_increase_front(1);
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*--begin()), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  --__start_;
+  ++__size();
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  return *begin();
+#  endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v) {
+  size_type __pos     = __p - begin();
+  size_type __to_end  = size() - __pos;
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__pos < __to_end) { // insert by shifting things backward
+    if (__front_spare() == 0)
+      __add_front_capacity();
+    // __front_spare() >= 1
+    __annotate_increase_front(1);
+    if (__pos == 0) {
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*--begin()), std::move(__v));
+      --__start_;
+      ++__size();
+    } else {
+      iterator __b   = begin();
+      iterator __bm1 = std::prev(__b);
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*__bm1), std::move(*__b));
+      --__start_;
+      ++__size();
+      if (__pos > 1)
+        __b = std::move(std::next(__b), __b + __pos, __b);
+      *__b = std::move(__v);
+    }
+  } else { // insert by shifting things forward
+    if (__back_spare() == 0)
+      __add_back_capacity();
+    // __back_capacity >= 1
+    __annotate_increase_back(1);
+    size_type __de = size() - __pos;
+    if (__de == 0) {
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*end()), std::move(__v));
+      ++__size();
+    } else {
+      iterator __e   = end();
+      iterator __em1 = std::prev(__e);
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*__e), std::move(*__em1));
+      ++__size();
+      if (__de > 1)
+        __e = std::move_backward(__e - __de, __em1, __e);
+      *--__e = std::move(__v);
+    }
+  }
+  return begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+  size_type __pos     = __p - begin();
+  size_type __to_end  = size() - __pos;
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__pos < __to_end) { // insert by shifting things backward
+    if (__front_spare() == 0)
+      __add_front_capacity();
+    // __front_spare() >= 1
+    __annotate_increase_front(1);
+    if (__pos == 0) {
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*--begin()), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+      --__start_;
+      ++__size();
+    } else {
+      __temp_value<value_type, _Allocator> __tmp(__alloc(), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+      iterator __b   = begin();
+      iterator __bm1 = std::prev(__b);
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*__bm1), std::move(*__b));
+      --__start_;
+      ++__size();
+      if (__pos > 1)
+        __b = std::move(std::next(__b), __b + __pos, __b);
+      *__b = std::move(__tmp.get());
+    }
+  } else { // insert by shifting things forward
+    if (__back_spare() == 0)
+      __add_back_capacity();
+    // __back_capacity >= 1
+    __annotate_increase_back(1);
+    size_type __de = size() - __pos;
+    if (__de == 0) {
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*end()), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+      ++__size();
+    } else {
+      __temp_value<value_type, _Allocator> __tmp(__alloc(), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+      iterator __e   = end();
+      iterator __em1 = std::prev(__e);
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*__e), std::move(*__em1));
+      ++__size();
+      if (__de > 1)
+        __e = std::move_backward(__e - __de, __em1, __e);
+      *--__e = std::move(__tmp.get());
+    }
+  }
+  return begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v) {
+  size_type __pos     = __p - begin();
+  size_type __to_end  = size() - __pos;
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__pos < __to_end) { // insert by shifting things backward
+    if (__front_spare() == 0)
+      __add_front_capacity();
+    // __front_spare() >= 1
+    __annotate_increase_front(1);
+    if (__pos == 0) {
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*--begin()), __v);
+      --__start_;
+      ++__size();
+    } else {
+      const_pointer __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__v);
+      iterator __b       = begin();
+      iterator __bm1     = std::prev(__b);
+      if (__vt == pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(*__b))
+        __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(*__bm1);
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*__bm1), std::move(*__b));
+      --__start_;
+      ++__size();
+      if (__pos > 1)
+        __b = __move_and_check(std::next(__b), __b + __pos, __b, __vt);
+      *__b = *__vt;
+    }
+  } else { // insert by shifting things forward
+    if (__back_spare() == 0)
+      __add_back_capacity();
+    // __back_capacity >= 1
+    __annotate_increase_back(1);
+    size_type __de = size() - __pos;
+    if (__de == 0) {
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*end()), __v);
+      ++__size();
+    } else {
+      const_pointer __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__v);
+      iterator __e       = end();
+      iterator __em1     = std::prev(__e);
+      if (__vt == pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(*__em1))
+        __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(*__e);
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*__e), std::move(*__em1));
+      ++__size();
+      if (__de > 1)
+        __e = __move_backward_and_check(__e - __de, __em1, __e, __vt);
+      *--__e = *__vt;
+    }
+  }
+  return begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, const value_type& __v) {
+  size_type __pos     = __p - begin();
+  size_type __to_end  = __size() - __pos;
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__pos < __to_end) { // insert by shifting things backward
+    if (__n > __front_spare())
+      __add_front_capacity(__n - __front_spare());
+    // __n <= __front_spare()
+    __annotate_increase_front(__n);
+    iterator __old_begin = begin();
+    iterator __i         = __old_begin;
+    if (__n > __pos) {
+      for (size_type __m = __n - __pos; __m; --__m, --__start_, ++__size())
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*--__i), __v);
+      __n = __pos;
+    }
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      const_pointer __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__v);
+      iterator __obn     = __old_begin + __n;
+      __move_construct_backward_and_check(__old_begin, __obn, __i, __vt);
+      if (__n < __pos)
+        __old_begin = __move_and_check(__obn, __old_begin + __pos, __old_begin, __vt);
+      std::fill_n(__old_begin, __n, *__vt);
+    }
+  } else { // insert by shifting things forward
+    size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare();
+    if (__n > __back_capacity)
+      __add_back_capacity(__n - __back_capacity);
+    // __n <= __back_capacity
+    __annotate_increase_back(__n);
+    iterator __old_end = end();
+    iterator __i       = __old_end;
+    size_type __de     = size() - __pos;
+    if (__n > __de) {
+      for (size_type __m = __n - __de; __m; --__m, (void)++__i, ++__size())
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*__i), __v);
+      __n = __de;
+    }
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      const_pointer __vt = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__v);
+      iterator __oen     = __old_end - __n;
+      __move_construct_and_check(__oen, __old_end, __i, __vt);
+      if (__n < __de)
+        __old_end = __move_backward_and_check(__old_end - __de, __oen, __old_end, __vt);
+      std::fill_n(__old_end - __n, __n, *__vt);
+    }
+  }
+  return begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> >
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __p, _InputIter __f, _InputIter __l) {
+  return __insert_with_sentinel(__p, __f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__insert_with_sentinel(const_iterator __p, _Iterator __f, _Sentinel __l) {
+  __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __buf(__alloc());
+  __buf.__construct_at_end_with_sentinel(std::move(__f), std::move(__l));
+  typedef typename __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&>::iterator __bi;
+  return insert(__p, move_iterator<__bi>(__buf.begin()), move_iterator<__bi>(__buf.end()));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> >
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __p, _ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l) {
+  return __insert_with_size(__p, __f, std::distance(__f, __l));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Iterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__insert_with_size(const_iterator __p, _Iterator __f, size_type __n) {
+  __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __buf(__n, 0, __alloc());
+  __buf.__construct_at_end_with_size(__f, __n);
+  typedef typename __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&>::iterator __fwd;
+  return insert(__p, move_iterator<__fwd>(__buf.begin()), move_iterator<__fwd>(__buf.end()));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _BiIter, __enable_if_t<__has_bidirectional_iterator_category<_BiIter>::value, int> >
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __p, _BiIter __f, _BiIter __l) {
+  return __insert_bidirectional(__p, __f, __l, std::distance(__f, __l));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _BiIter, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__insert_bidirectional(const_iterator __p, _BiIter __f, _Sentinel, size_type __n) {
+  return __insert_bidirectional(__p, __f, std::next(__f, __n), __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _BiIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__insert_bidirectional(const_iterator __p, _BiIter __f, _BiIter __l, size_type __n) {
+  size_type __pos     = __p - begin();
+  size_type __to_end  = size() - __pos;
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__pos < __to_end) { // insert by shifting things backward
+    if (__n > __front_spare())
+      __add_front_capacity(__n - __front_spare());
+    // __n <= __front_spare()
+    __annotate_increase_front(__n);
+    iterator __old_begin = begin();
+    iterator __i         = __old_begin;
+    _BiIter __m          = __f;
+    if (__n > __pos) {
+      __m = __pos < __n / 2 ? std::prev(__l, __pos) : std::next(__f, __n - __pos);
+      for (_BiIter __j = __m; __j != __f; --__start_, ++__size())
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*--__i), *--__j);
+      __n = __pos;
+    }
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      iterator __obn = __old_begin + __n;
+      for (iterator __j = __obn; __j != __old_begin;) {
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*--__i), std::move(*--__j));
+        --__start_;
+        ++__size();
+      }
+      if (__n < __pos)
+        __old_begin = std::move(__obn, __old_begin + __pos, __old_begin);
+      std::copy(__m, __l, __old_begin);
+    }
+  } else { // insert by shifting things forward
+    size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare();
+    if (__n > __back_capacity)
+      __add_back_capacity(__n - __back_capacity);
+    // __n <= __back_capacity
+    __annotate_increase_back(__n);
+    iterator __old_end = end();
+    iterator __i       = __old_end;
+    _BiIter __m        = __l;
+    size_type __de     = size() - __pos;
+    if (__n > __de) {
+      __m = __de < __n / 2 ? std::next(__f, __de) : std::prev(__l, __n - __de);
+      for (_BiIter __j = __m; __j != __l; ++__i, (void)++__j, ++__size())
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*__i), *__j);
+      __n = __de;
+    }
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      iterator __oen = __old_end - __n;
+      for (iterator __j = __oen; __j != __old_end; ++__i, (void)++__j, ++__size())
+        __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*__i), std::move(*__j));
+      if (__n < __de)
+        __old_end = std::move_backward(__old_end - __de, __oen, __old_end);
+      std::copy_backward(__f, __m, __old_end);
+    }
+  }
+  return begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InpIter, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InpIter>::value, int> >
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l) {
+  __append_with_sentinel(__f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append_with_sentinel(_InputIterator __f, _Sentinel __l) {
+  for (; __f != __l; ++__f)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    push_back(*__f);
+#else
+    emplace_back(*__f);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForIter, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForIter>::value, int> >
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(_ForIter __f, _ForIter __l) {
+  __append_with_size(__f, std::distance(__f, __l));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append_with_size(_InputIterator __f, size_type __n) {
+  allocator_type& __a       = __alloc();
+  size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare();
+  if (__n > __back_capacity)
+    __add_back_capacity(__n - __back_capacity);
+
+  // __n <= __back_capacity
+  __annotate_increase_back(__n);
+  for (__deque_block_range __br : __deque_range(end(), end() + __n)) {
+    _ConstructTransaction __tx(this, __br);
+    for (; __tx.__pos_ != __tx.__end_; ++__tx.__pos_, (void)++__f) {
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::__to_address(__tx.__pos_), *__f);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(size_type __n) {
+  allocator_type& __a       = __alloc();
+  size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare();
+  if (__n > __back_capacity)
+    __add_back_capacity(__n - __back_capacity);
+  // __n <= __back_capacity
+  __annotate_increase_back(__n);
+  for (__deque_block_range __br : __deque_range(end(), end() + __n)) {
+    _ConstructTransaction __tx(this, __br);
+    for (; __tx.__pos_ != __tx.__end_; ++__tx.__pos_) {
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::__to_address(__tx.__pos_));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(size_type __n, const value_type& __v) {
+  allocator_type& __a       = __alloc();
+  size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare();
+  if (__n > __back_capacity)
+    __add_back_capacity(__n - __back_capacity);
+  // __n <= __back_capacity
+  __annotate_increase_back(__n);
+  for (__deque_block_range __br : __deque_range(end(), end() + __n)) {
+    _ConstructTransaction __tx(this, __br);
+    for (; __tx.__pos_ != __tx.__end_; ++__tx.__pos_) {
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::__to_address(__tx.__pos_), __v);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Create front capacity for one block of elements.
+// Strong guarantee.  Either do it or don't touch anything.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__add_front_capacity() {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__back_spare() >= __block_size) {
+    __start_ += __block_size;
+    pointer __pt = __map_.back();
+    __map_.pop_back();
+    __map_.push_front(__pt);
+  }
+  // Else if __map_.size() < __map_.capacity() then we need to allocate 1 buffer
+  else if (__map_.size() < __map_.capacity()) { // we can put the new buffer into the map, but don't shift things around
+    // until all buffers are allocated.  If we throw, we don't need to fix
+    // anything up (any added buffers are undetectible)
+    if (__map_.__front_spare() > 0)
+      __map_.push_front(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size));
+    else {
+      __map_.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size));
+      // Done allocating, reorder capacity
+      pointer __pt = __map_.back();
+      __map_.pop_back();
+      __map_.push_front(__pt);
+    }
+    __start_ = __map_.size() == 1 ? __block_size / 2 : __start_ + __block_size;
+  }
+  // Else need to allocate 1 buffer, *and* we need to reallocate __map_.
+  else {
+    __split_buffer<pointer, __pointer_allocator&> __buf(
+        std::max<size_type>(2 * __map_.capacity(), 1), 0, __map_.__alloc());
+
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Allocator> _Dp;
+    unique_ptr<pointer, _Dp> __hold(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size), _Dp(__a, __block_size));
+    __buf.push_back(__hold.get());
+    __hold.release();
+
+    for (__map_pointer __i = __map_.begin(); __i != __map_.end(); ++__i)
+      __buf.push_back(*__i);
+    std::swap(__map_.__first_, __buf.__first_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__begin_, __buf.__begin_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__end_, __buf.__end_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__end_cap(), __buf.__end_cap());
+    __start_ = __map_.size() == 1 ? __block_size / 2 : __start_ + __block_size;
+  }
+  __annotate_whole_block(0, __asan_poison);
+}
+
+// Create front capacity for __n elements.
+// Strong guarantee.  Either do it or don't touch anything.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__add_front_capacity(size_type __n) {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  size_type __nb      = __recommend_blocks(__n + __map_.empty());
+  // Number of unused blocks at back:
+  size_type __back_capacity = __back_spare() / __block_size;
+  __back_capacity           = std::min(__back_capacity, __nb); // don't take more than you need
+  __nb -= __back_capacity;                                     // number of blocks need to allocate
+  // If __nb == 0, then we have sufficient capacity.
+  if (__nb == 0) {
+    __start_ += __block_size * __back_capacity;
+    for (; __back_capacity > 0; --__back_capacity) {
+      pointer __pt = __map_.back();
+      __map_.pop_back();
+      __map_.push_front(__pt);
+    }
+  }
+  // Else if __nb <= __map_.capacity() - __map_.size() then we need to allocate __nb buffers
+  else if (__nb <= __map_.capacity() -
+                       __map_.size()) { // we can put the new buffers into the map, but don't shift things around
+    // until all buffers are allocated.  If we throw, we don't need to fix
+    // anything up (any added buffers are undetectible)
+    for (; __nb > 0; --__nb, __start_ += __block_size - (__map_.size() == 1)) {
+      if (__map_.__front_spare() == 0)
+        break;
+      __map_.push_front(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size));
+      __annotate_whole_block(0, __asan_poison);
+    }
+    for (; __nb > 0; --__nb, ++__back_capacity)
+      __map_.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size));
+    // Done allocating, reorder capacity
+    __start_ += __back_capacity * __block_size;
+    for (; __back_capacity > 0; --__back_capacity) {
+      pointer __pt = __map_.back();
+      __map_.pop_back();
+      __map_.push_front(__pt);
+      __annotate_whole_block(0, __asan_poison);
+    }
+  }
+  // Else need to allocate __nb buffers, *and* we need to reallocate __map_.
+  else {
+    size_type __ds = (__nb + __back_capacity) * __block_size - __map_.empty();
+    __split_buffer<pointer, __pointer_allocator&> __buf(
+        std::max<size_type>(2 * __map_.capacity(), __nb + __map_.size()), 0, __map_.__alloc());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (; __nb > 0; --__nb) {
+        __buf.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size));
+        // ASan: this is empty container, we have to poison whole block
+        __annotate_poison_block(std::__to_address(__buf.back()), std::__to_address(__buf.back() + __block_size));
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __annotate_delete();
+      for (__map_pointer __i = __buf.begin(); __i != __buf.end(); ++__i)
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, *__i, __block_size);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    for (; __back_capacity > 0; --__back_capacity) {
+      __buf.push_back(__map_.back());
+      __map_.pop_back();
+    }
+    for (__map_pointer __i = __map_.begin(); __i != __map_.end(); ++__i)
+      __buf.push_back(*__i);
+    std::swap(__map_.__first_, __buf.__first_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__begin_, __buf.__begin_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__end_, __buf.__end_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__end_cap(), __buf.__end_cap());
+    __start_ += __ds;
+  }
+}
+
+// Create back capacity for one block of elements.
+// Strong guarantee.  Either do it or don't touch anything.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__add_back_capacity() {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  if (__front_spare() >= __block_size) {
+    __start_ -= __block_size;
+    pointer __pt = __map_.front();
+    __map_.pop_front();
+    __map_.push_back(__pt);
+  }
+  // Else if __nb <= __map_.capacity() - __map_.size() then we need to allocate __nb buffers
+  else if (__map_.size() < __map_.capacity()) { // we can put the new buffer into the map, but don't shift things around
+    // until it is allocated.  If we throw, we don't need to fix
+    // anything up (any added buffers are undetectible)
+    if (__map_.__back_spare() != 0)
+      __map_.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size));
+    else {
+      __map_.push_front(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size));
+      // Done allocating, reorder capacity
+      pointer __pt = __map_.front();
+      __map_.pop_front();
+      __map_.push_back(__pt);
+    }
+    __annotate_whole_block(__map_.size() - 1, __asan_poison);
+  }
+  // Else need to allocate 1 buffer, *and* we need to reallocate __map_.
+  else {
+    __split_buffer<pointer, __pointer_allocator&> __buf(
+        std::max<size_type>(2 * __map_.capacity(), 1), __map_.size(), __map_.__alloc());
+
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Allocator> _Dp;
+    unique_ptr<pointer, _Dp> __hold(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size), _Dp(__a, __block_size));
+    __buf.push_back(__hold.get());
+    __hold.release();
+
+    for (__map_pointer __i = __map_.end(); __i != __map_.begin();)
+      __buf.push_front(*--__i);
+    std::swap(__map_.__first_, __buf.__first_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__begin_, __buf.__begin_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__end_, __buf.__end_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__end_cap(), __buf.__end_cap());
+    __annotate_whole_block(__map_.size() - 1, __asan_poison);
+  }
+}
+
+// Create back capacity for __n elements.
+// Strong guarantee.  Either do it or don't touch anything.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__add_back_capacity(size_type __n) {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  size_type __nb      = __recommend_blocks(__n + __map_.empty());
+  // Number of unused blocks at front:
+  size_type __front_capacity = __front_spare() / __block_size;
+  __front_capacity           = std::min(__front_capacity, __nb); // don't take more than you need
+  __nb -= __front_capacity;                                      // number of blocks need to allocate
+  // If __nb == 0, then we have sufficient capacity.
+  if (__nb == 0) {
+    __start_ -= __block_size * __front_capacity;
+    for (; __front_capacity > 0; --__front_capacity) {
+      pointer __pt = __map_.front();
+      __map_.pop_front();
+      __map_.push_back(__pt);
+    }
+  }
+  // Else if __nb <= __map_.capacity() - __map_.size() then we need to allocate __nb buffers
+  else if (__nb <= __map_.capacity() -
+                       __map_.size()) { // we can put the new buffers into the map, but don't shift things around
+    // until all buffers are allocated.  If we throw, we don't need to fix
+    // anything up (any added buffers are undetectible)
+    for (; __nb > 0; --__nb) {
+      if (__map_.__back_spare() == 0)
+        break;
+      __map_.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size));
+      __annotate_whole_block(__map_.size() - 1, __asan_poison);
+    }
+    for (; __nb > 0; --__nb, ++__front_capacity, __start_ += __block_size - (__map_.size() == 1)) {
+      __map_.push_front(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size));
+      __annotate_whole_block(0, __asan_poison);
+    }
+    // Done allocating, reorder capacity
+    __start_ -= __block_size * __front_capacity;
+    for (; __front_capacity > 0; --__front_capacity) {
+      pointer __pt = __map_.front();
+      __map_.pop_front();
+      __map_.push_back(__pt);
+    }
+  }
+  // Else need to allocate __nb buffers, *and* we need to reallocate __map_.
+  else {
+    size_type __ds = __front_capacity * __block_size;
+    __split_buffer<pointer, __pointer_allocator&> __buf(
+        std::max<size_type>(2 * __map_.capacity(), __nb + __map_.size()),
+        __map_.size() - __front_capacity,
+        __map_.__alloc());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (; __nb > 0; --__nb) {
+        __buf.push_back(__alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __block_size));
+        // ASan: this is an empty container, we have to poison the whole block
+        __annotate_poison_block(std::__to_address(__buf.back()), std::__to_address(__buf.back() + __block_size));
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __annotate_delete();
+      for (__map_pointer __i = __buf.begin(); __i != __buf.end(); ++__i)
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, *__i, __block_size);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    for (; __front_capacity > 0; --__front_capacity) {
+      __buf.push_back(__map_.front());
+      __map_.pop_front();
+    }
+    for (__map_pointer __i = __map_.end(); __i != __map_.begin();)
+      __buf.push_front(*--__i);
+    std::swap(__map_.__first_, __buf.__first_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__begin_, __buf.__begin_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__end_, __buf.__end_);
+    std::swap(__map_.__end_cap(), __buf.__end_cap());
+    __start_ -= __ds;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::pop_front() {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "deque::pop_front called on an empty deque");
+  size_type __old_sz    = size();
+  size_type __old_start = __start_;
+  allocator_type& __a   = __alloc();
+  __alloc_traits::destroy(
+      __a, std::__to_address(*(__map_.begin() + __start_ / __block_size) + __start_ % __block_size));
+  --__size();
+  ++__start_;
+  __annotate_shrink_front(__old_sz, __old_start);
+  __maybe_remove_front_spare();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::pop_back() {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "deque::pop_back called on an empty deque");
+  size_type __old_sz    = size();
+  size_type __old_start = __start_;
+  allocator_type& __a   = __alloc();
+  size_type __p         = size() + __start_ - 1;
+  __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, std::__to_address(*(__map_.begin() + __p / __block_size) + __p % __block_size));
+  --__size();
+  __annotate_shrink_back(__old_sz, __old_start);
+  __maybe_remove_back_spare();
+}
+
+// move assign [__f, __l) to [__r, __r + (__l-__f)).
+// If __vt points into [__f, __l), then subtract (__f - __r) from __vt.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt) {
+  // as if
+  //   for (; __f != __l; ++__f, ++__r)
+  //       *__r = std::move(*__f);
+  
diff erence_type __n = __l - __f;
+  while (__n > 0) {
+    pointer __fb         = __f.__ptr_;
+    pointer __fe         = *__f.__m_iter_ + __block_size;
+    
diff erence_type __bs = __fe - __fb;
+    if (__bs > __n) {
+      __bs = __n;
+      __fe = __fb + __bs;
+    }
+    if (__fb <= __vt && __vt < __fe)
+      __vt = (const_iterator(static_cast<__map_const_pointer>(__f.__m_iter_), __vt) -= __f - __r).__ptr_;
+    __r = std::move(__fb, __fe, __r);
+    __n -= __bs;
+    __f += __bs;
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+// move assign [__f, __l) to [__r - (__l-__f), __r) backwards.
+// If __vt points into [__f, __l), then add (__r - __l) to __vt.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_backward_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt) {
+  // as if
+  //   while (__f != __l)
+  //       *--__r = std::move(*--__l);
+  
diff erence_type __n = __l - __f;
+  while (__n > 0) {
+    --__l;
+    pointer __lb         = *__l.__m_iter_;
+    pointer __le         = __l.__ptr_ + 1;
+    
diff erence_type __bs = __le - __lb;
+    if (__bs > __n) {
+      __bs = __n;
+      __lb = __le - __bs;
+    }
+    if (__lb <= __vt && __vt < __le)
+      __vt = (const_iterator(static_cast<__map_const_pointer>(__l.__m_iter_), __vt) += __r - __l - 1).__ptr_;
+    __r = std::move_backward(__lb, __le, __r);
+    __n -= __bs;
+    __l -= __bs - 1;
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+// move construct [__f, __l) to [__r, __r + (__l-__f)).
+// If __vt points into [__f, __l), then add (__r - __f) to __vt.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_construct_and_check(iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt) {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  // as if
+  //   for (; __f != __l; ++__r, ++__f, ++__size())
+  //       __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*__r), std::move(*__f));
+  
diff erence_type __n = __l - __f;
+  while (__n > 0) {
+    pointer __fb         = __f.__ptr_;
+    pointer __fe         = *__f.__m_iter_ + __block_size;
+    
diff erence_type __bs = __fe - __fb;
+    if (__bs > __n) {
+      __bs = __n;
+      __fe = __fb + __bs;
+    }
+    if (__fb <= __vt && __vt < __fe)
+      __vt = (const_iterator(static_cast<__map_const_pointer>(__f.__m_iter_), __vt) += __r - __f).__ptr_;
+    for (; __fb != __fe; ++__fb, ++__r, ++__size())
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*__r), std::move(*__fb));
+    __n -= __bs;
+    __f += __bs;
+  }
+}
+
+// move construct [__f, __l) to [__r - (__l-__f), __r) backwards.
+// If __vt points into [__f, __l), then subtract (__l - __r) from __vt.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_construct_backward_and_check(
+    iterator __f, iterator __l, iterator __r, const_pointer& __vt) {
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  // as if
+  //   for (iterator __j = __l; __j != __f;)
+  //   {
+  //       __alloc_traitsconstruct(__a, std::addressof(*--__r), std::move(*--__j));
+  //       --__start_;
+  //       ++__size();
+  //   }
+  
diff erence_type __n = __l - __f;
+  while (__n > 0) {
+    --__l;
+    pointer __lb         = *__l.__m_iter_;
+    pointer __le         = __l.__ptr_ + 1;
+    
diff erence_type __bs = __le - __lb;
+    if (__bs > __n) {
+      __bs = __n;
+      __lb = __le - __bs;
+    }
+    if (__lb <= __vt && __vt < __le)
+      __vt = (const_iterator(static_cast<__map_const_pointer>(__l.__m_iter_), __vt) -= __l - __r + 1).__ptr_;
+    while (__le != __lb) {
+      __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(*--__r), std::move(*--__le));
+      --__start_;
+      ++__size();
+    }
+    __n -= __bs;
+    __l -= __bs - 1;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __f) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+      __f != end(), "deque::erase(iterator) called with a non-dereferenceable iterator");
+  size_type __old_sz    = size();
+  size_type __old_start = __start_;
+  iterator __b          = begin();
+  
diff erence_type __pos = __f - __b;
+  iterator __p          = __b + __pos;
+  allocator_type& __a   = __alloc();
+  if (static_cast<size_t>(__pos) <= (size() - 1) / 2) { // erase from front
+    std::move_backward(__b, __p, std::next(__p));
+    __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, std::addressof(*__b));
+    --__size();
+    ++__start_;
+    __annotate_shrink_front(__old_sz, __old_start);
+    __maybe_remove_front_spare();
+  } else { // erase from back
+    iterator __i = std::move(std::next(__p), end(), __p);
+    __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, std::addressof(*__i));
+    --__size();
+    __annotate_shrink_back(__old_sz, __old_start);
+    __maybe_remove_back_spare();
+  }
+  return begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__f <= __l, "deque::erase(first, last) called with an invalid range");
+  size_type __old_sz    = size();
+  size_type __old_start = __start_;
+  
diff erence_type __n   = __l - __f;
+  iterator __b          = begin();
+  
diff erence_type __pos = __f - __b;
+  iterator __p          = __b + __pos;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+    if (static_cast<size_t>(__pos) <= (size() - __n) / 2) { // erase from front
+      iterator __i = std::move_backward(__b, __p, __p + __n);
+      for (; __b != __i; ++__b)
+        __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, std::addressof(*__b));
+      __size() -= __n;
+      __start_ += __n;
+      __annotate_shrink_front(__old_sz, __old_start);
+      while (__maybe_remove_front_spare()) {
+      }
+    } else { // erase from back
+      iterator __i = std::move(__p + __n, end(), __p);
+      for (iterator __e = end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+        __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, std::addressof(*__i));
+      __size() -= __n;
+      __annotate_shrink_back(__old_sz, __old_start);
+      while (__maybe_remove_back_spare()) {
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return begin() + __pos;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::__erase_to_end(const_iterator __f) {
+  size_type __old_sz    = size();
+  size_type __old_start = __start_;
+  iterator __e          = end();
+  
diff erence_type __n   = __e - __f;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    allocator_type& __a   = __alloc();
+    iterator __b          = begin();
+    
diff erence_type __pos = __f - __b;
+    for (iterator __p = __b + __pos; __p != __e; ++__p)
+      __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, std::addressof(*__p));
+    __size() -= __n;
+    __annotate_shrink_back(__old_sz, __old_start);
+    while (__maybe_remove_back_spare()) {
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::swap(deque& __c)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+    _NOEXCEPT
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<allocator_type>)
+#endif
+{
+  __map_.swap(__c.__map_);
+  std::swap(__start_, __c.__start_);
+  std::swap(__size(), __c.__size());
+  std::__swap_allocator(__alloc(), __c.__alloc());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline void deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::clear() _NOEXCEPT {
+  __annotate_delete();
+  allocator_type& __a = __alloc();
+  for (iterator __i = begin(), __e = end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+    __alloc_traits::destroy(__a, std::addressof(*__i));
+  __size() = 0;
+  while (__map_.size() > 2) {
+    __alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, __map_.front(), __block_size);
+    __map_.pop_front();
+  }
+  switch (__map_.size()) {
+  case 1:
+    __start_ = __block_size / 2;
+    break;
+  case 2:
+    __start_ = __block_size;
+    break;
+  }
+  __annotate_new(0);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  const typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type __sz = __x.size();
+  return __sz == __y.size() && std::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __synth_three_way_result<_Tp>
+operator<=>(const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end(), std::__synth_three_way);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase(deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __c, const _Up& __v) {
+  auto __old_size = __c.size();
+  __c.erase(std::remove(__c.begin(), __c.end(), __v), __c.end());
+  return __old_size - __c.size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename deque<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(deque<_Tp, _Allocator>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  auto __old_size = __c.size();
+  __c.erase(std::remove_if(__c.begin(), __c.end(), __pred), __c.end());
+  return __old_size - __c.size();
+}
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __format::__enable_insertable<std::deque<char>> = true;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __format::__enable_insertable<std::deque<wchar_t>> = true;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace pmr {
+template <class _ValueT>
+using deque _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = std::deque<_ValueT, polymorphic_allocator<_ValueT>>;
+} // namespace pmr
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_DEQUE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/errno.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/errno.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e657ad84ff44bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/errno.h
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ERRNO_H
+#define _LIBCPP_ERRNO_H
+
+/*
+    errno.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    EDOM
+    EILSEQ  // C99
+    ERANGE
+    errno
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include_next(<errno.h>)
+#  include_next <errno.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+#  if !defined(EOWNERDEAD) || !defined(ENOTRECOVERABLE)
+
+#    ifdef ELAST
+
+static const int __elast1 = ELAST + 1;
+static const int __elast2 = ELAST + 2;
+
+#    else
+
+static const int __elast1 = 104;
+static const int __elast2 = 105;
+
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef ENOTRECOVERABLE
+
+#      define EOWNERDEAD __elast1
+
+#      ifdef ELAST
+#        undef ELAST
+#        define ELAST EOWNERDEAD
+#      endif
+
+#    elif defined(EOWNERDEAD)
+
+#      define ENOTRECOVERABLE __elast1
+#      ifdef ELAST
+#        undef ELAST
+#        define ELAST ENOTRECOVERABLE
+#      endif
+
+#    else // defined(EOWNERDEAD)
+
+#      define EOWNERDEAD __elast1
+#      define ENOTRECOVERABLE __elast2
+#      ifdef ELAST
+#        undef ELAST
+#        define ELAST ENOTRECOVERABLE
+#      endif
+
+#    endif // defined(EOWNERDEAD)
+
+#  endif // !defined(EOWNERDEAD) || !defined(ENOTRECOVERABLE)
+
+//  supply errno values likely to be missing, particularly on Windows
+
+#  ifndef EAFNOSUPPORT
+#    define EAFNOSUPPORT 9901
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EADDRINUSE
+#    define EADDRINUSE 9902
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EADDRNOTAVAIL
+#    define EADDRNOTAVAIL 9903
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EISCONN
+#    define EISCONN 9904
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EBADMSG
+#    define EBADMSG 9905
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ECONNABORTED
+#    define ECONNABORTED 9906
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EALREADY
+#    define EALREADY 9907
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ECONNREFUSED
+#    define ECONNREFUSED 9908
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ECONNRESET
+#    define ECONNRESET 9909
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EDESTADDRREQ
+#    define EDESTADDRREQ 9910
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EHOSTUNREACH
+#    define EHOSTUNREACH 9911
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EIDRM
+#    define EIDRM 9912
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EMSGSIZE
+#    define EMSGSIZE 9913
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENETDOWN
+#    define ENETDOWN 9914
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENETRESET
+#    define ENETRESET 9915
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENETUNREACH
+#    define ENETUNREACH 9916
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOBUFS
+#    define ENOBUFS 9917
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOLINK
+#    define ENOLINK 9918
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENODATA
+#    define ENODATA 9919
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOMSG
+#    define ENOMSG 9920
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOPROTOOPT
+#    define ENOPROTOOPT 9921
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOSR
+#    define ENOSR 9922
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOTSOCK
+#    define ENOTSOCK 9923
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOSTR
+#    define ENOSTR 9924
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOTCONN
+#    define ENOTCONN 9925
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOTSUP
+#    define ENOTSUP 9926
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ECANCELED
+#    define ECANCELED 9927
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EINPROGRESS
+#    define EINPROGRESS 9928
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EOPNOTSUPP
+#    define EOPNOTSUPP 9929
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EWOULDBLOCK
+#    define EWOULDBLOCK 9930
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EOWNERDEAD
+#    define EOWNERDEAD 9931
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EPROTO
+#    define EPROTO 9932
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EPROTONOSUPPORT
+#    define EPROTONOSUPPORT 9933
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOTRECOVERABLE
+#    define ENOTRECOVERABLE 9934
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ETIME
+#    define ETIME 9935
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ETXTBSY
+#    define ETXTBSY 9936
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ETIMEDOUT
+#    define ETIMEDOUT 9938
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ELOOP
+#    define ELOOP 9939
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EOVERFLOW
+#    define EOVERFLOW 9940
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EPROTOTYPE
+#    define EPROTOTYPE 9941
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOSYS
+#    define ENOSYS 9942
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EINVAL
+#    define EINVAL 9943
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ERANGE
+#    define ERANGE 9944
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EILSEQ
+#    define EILSEQ 9945
+#  endif
+
+//  Windows Mobile doesn't appear to define these:
+
+#  ifndef E2BIG
+#    define E2BIG 9946
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EDOM
+#    define EDOM 9947
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EFAULT
+#    define EFAULT 9948
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EBADF
+#    define EBADF 9949
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EPIPE
+#    define EPIPE 9950
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EXDEV
+#    define EXDEV 9951
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EBUSY
+#    define EBUSY 9952
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOTEMPTY
+#    define ENOTEMPTY 9953
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOEXEC
+#    define ENOEXEC 9954
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EEXIST
+#    define EEXIST 9955
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EFBIG
+#    define EFBIG 9956
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENAMETOOLONG
+#    define ENAMETOOLONG 9957
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOTTY
+#    define ENOTTY 9958
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EINTR
+#    define EINTR 9959
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ESPIPE
+#    define ESPIPE 9960
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EIO
+#    define EIO 9961
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EISDIR
+#    define EISDIR 9962
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ECHILD
+#    define ECHILD 9963
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOLCK
+#    define ENOLCK 9964
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOSPC
+#    define ENOSPC 9965
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENXIO
+#    define ENXIO 9966
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENODEV
+#    define ENODEV 9967
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOENT
+#    define ENOENT 9968
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ESRCH
+#    define ESRCH 9969
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOTDIR
+#    define ENOTDIR 9970
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENOMEM
+#    define ENOMEM 9971
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EPERM
+#    define EPERM 9972
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EACCES
+#    define EACCES 9973
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EROFS
+#    define EROFS 9974
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EDEADLK
+#    define EDEADLK 9975
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EAGAIN
+#    define EAGAIN 9976
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef ENFILE
+#    define ENFILE 9977
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EMFILE
+#    define EMFILE 9978
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef EMLINK
+#    define EMLINK 9979
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __cplusplus
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ERRNO_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/exception b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/exception
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5eff8e3f8a4bfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/exception
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION
+#define _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION
+
+/*
+    exception synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class exception
+{
+public:
+    exception() noexcept;
+    exception(const exception&) noexcept;
+    exception& operator=(const exception&) noexcept;
+    virtual ~exception() noexcept;
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+class bad_exception
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_exception() noexcept;
+    bad_exception(const bad_exception&) noexcept;
+    bad_exception& operator=(const bad_exception&) noexcept;
+    virtual ~bad_exception() noexcept;
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+typedef void (*unexpected_handler)();
+unexpected_handler set_unexpected(unexpected_handler  f ) noexcept;
+unexpected_handler get_unexpected() noexcept;
+[[noreturn]] void unexpected();
+
+typedef void (*terminate_handler)();
+terminate_handler set_terminate(terminate_handler  f ) noexcept;
+terminate_handler get_terminate() noexcept;
+[[noreturn]] void terminate() noexcept;
+
+bool uncaught_exception()  noexcept;
+int  uncaught_exceptions() noexcept;  // C++17
+
+typedef unspecified exception_ptr;
+
+exception_ptr current_exception() noexcept;
+void rethrow_exception [[noreturn]] (exception_ptr p);
+template<class E> exception_ptr make_exception_ptr(E e) noexcept;
+
+class nested_exception
+{
+public:
+    nested_exception() noexcept;
+    nested_exception(const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
+    nested_exception& operator=(const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
+    virtual ~nested_exception() = default;
+
+    // access functions
+    [[noreturn]] void rethrow_nested() const;
+    exception_ptr nested_ptr() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class T> [[noreturn]] void throw_with_nested(T&& t);
+template <class E> void rethrow_if_nested(const E& e);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/exception.h>
+#include <__exception/exception_ptr.h>
+#include <__exception/nested_exception.h>
+#include <__exception/operations.h>
+#include <__exception/terminate.h>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXCEPTION

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/execution b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/execution
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..94d434b2e4603e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/execution
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXECUTION
+#define _LIBCPP_EXECUTION
+
+/*
+namespace std::execution {
+  struct sequenced_policy;
+  struct parallel_policy;
+  struct parallel_unsequenced_policy;
+  struct unsequenced_policy; // since C++20
+
+  inline constexpr sequenced_policy seq = implementation-defined;
+  inline constexpr parallel_policy par = implementation-defined;
+  inline constexpr parallel_unsequenced_policy par_unseq = implementation-defined;
+  inline constexpr unsequenced_policy unseq = implementation-defined; // since C++20
+}
+
+namespace std {
+  template <class T>
+  struct is_execution_policy;
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline constexpr bool is_execution_policy_v;
+}
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_PSTL) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace execution {
+struct sequenced_policy {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit sequenced_policy(__disable_user_instantiations_tag) {}
+  sequenced_policy(const sequenced_policy&)            = delete;
+  sequenced_policy& operator=(const sequenced_policy&) = delete;
+};
+
+inline constexpr sequenced_policy seq{__disable_user_instantiations_tag{}};
+
+struct parallel_policy {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit parallel_policy(__disable_user_instantiations_tag) {}
+  parallel_policy(const parallel_policy&)            = delete;
+  parallel_policy& operator=(const parallel_policy&) = delete;
+};
+
+inline constexpr parallel_policy par{__disable_user_instantiations_tag{}};
+
+struct parallel_unsequenced_policy {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit parallel_unsequenced_policy(__disable_user_instantiations_tag) {}
+  parallel_unsequenced_policy(const parallel_unsequenced_policy&)            = delete;
+  parallel_unsequenced_policy& operator=(const parallel_unsequenced_policy&) = delete;
+};
+
+inline constexpr parallel_unsequenced_policy par_unseq{__disable_user_instantiations_tag{}};
+
+struct __unsequenced_policy {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __unsequenced_policy(__disable_user_instantiations_tag) {}
+  __unsequenced_policy(const __unsequenced_policy&)            = delete;
+  __unsequenced_policy& operator=(const __unsequenced_policy&) = delete;
+};
+
+constexpr __unsequenced_policy __unseq{__disable_user_instantiations_tag{}};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+struct unsequenced_policy {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit unsequenced_policy(__disable_user_instantiations_tag) {}
+  unsequenced_policy(const unsequenced_policy&)            = delete;
+  unsequenced_policy& operator=(const unsequenced_policy&) = delete;
+};
+
+inline constexpr unsequenced_policy unseq{__disable_user_instantiations_tag{}};
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+} // namespace execution
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool is_execution_policy_v<execution::sequenced_policy> = true;
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool is_execution_policy_v<execution::parallel_policy> = true;
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool is_execution_policy_v<execution::parallel_unsequenced_policy> = true;
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool is_execution_policy_v<execution::__unsequenced_policy> = true;
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __is_parallel_execution_policy_impl<execution::parallel_policy> = true;
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __is_parallel_execution_policy_impl<execution::parallel_unsequenced_policy> = true;
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __is_unsequenced_execution_policy_impl<execution::__unsequenced_policy> = true;
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __is_unsequenced_execution_policy_impl<execution::parallel_unsequenced_policy> = true;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool is_execution_policy_v<execution::unsequenced_policy> = true;
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __is_unsequenced_execution_policy_impl<execution::unsequenced_policy> = true;
+
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_execution_policy : bool_constant<is_execution_policy_v<_Tp>> {};
+
+template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __remove_parallel_policy(const _ExecutionPolicy&) {
+  if constexpr (is_same_v<_ExecutionPolicy, execution::parallel_policy>) {
+    return execution::sequenced_policy(execution::__disable_user_instantiations_tag{});
+  } else if constexpr (is_same_v<_ExecutionPolicy, execution::parallel_unsequenced_policy>) {
+    return execution::__unsequenced_policy{execution::__disable_user_instantiations_tag{}};
+  }
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INCOMPLETE_PSTL) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstddef>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXECUTION

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/expected b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/expected
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6a2f12f2bf3b5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/expected
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPECTED
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPECTED
+
+/*
+  Header <expected> synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+  // [expected.unexpected], class template unexpected
+  template<class E> class unexpected;
+
+  // [expected.bad], class template bad_expected_access
+  template<class E> class bad_expected_access;
+
+  // [expected.bad.void], specialization for void
+  template<> class bad_expected_access<void>;
+
+  // in-place construction of unexpected values
+  struct unexpect_t {
+    explicit unexpect_t() = default;
+  };
+  inline constexpr unexpect_t unexpect{};
+
+  // [expected.expected], class template expected
+  template<class T, class E> class expected;
+
+  // [expected.void], partial specialization of expected for void types
+  template<class T, class E> requires is_void_v<T> class expected<T, E>;
+}
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#  include <__expected/bad_expected_access.h>
+#  include <__expected/expected.h>
+#  include <__expected/unexpect.h>
+#  include <__expected/unexpected.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <new>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPECTED

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__config b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__config
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7b23791511ceff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__config
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_CONFIG
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_CONFIG
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#define _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL                                                                           \
+  namespace std {                                                                                                      \
+  namespace experimental {
+#define _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL                                                                             \
+  }                                                                                                                    \
+  }
+
+#define _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_LFTS _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL inline namespace fundamentals_v1 {
+#define _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_LFTS                                                                                     \
+  }                                                                                                                    \
+  }                                                                                                                    \
+  }
+
+#define _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_LFTS_V2 _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL inline namespace fundamentals_v2 {
+#define _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_LFTS_V2                                                                                  \
+  }                                                                                                                    \
+  }                                                                                                                    \
+  }
+
+// TODO: support more targets
+#if defined(__AVX__)
+#  define _LIBCPP_NATIVE_SIMD_WIDTH_IN_BYTES 32
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_NATIVE_SIMD_WIDTH_IN_BYTES 16
+#endif
+
+#endif

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/aligned_tag.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/aligned_tag.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..31d2b50aa1dd36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/aligned_tag.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_ALIGNED_TAG_H
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_ALIGNED_TAG_H
+
+#include <__memory/assume_aligned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+#include <experimental/__simd/traits.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+inline namespace parallelism_v2 {
+// memory alignment
+struct element_aligned_tag {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up = typename _Tp::value_type>
+  static constexpr size_t __alignment = alignof(_Up);
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Up* __apply(_Up* __ptr) {
+    return __ptr;
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool is_simd_flag_type_v<element_aligned_tag> = true;
+
+struct vector_aligned_tag {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up = typename _Tp::value_type>
+  static constexpr size_t __alignment = memory_alignment_v<_Tp, remove_const_t<_Up>>;
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Up* __apply(_Up* __ptr) {
+    return std::__assume_aligned<__alignment<_Tp, _Up>, _Up>(__ptr);
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool is_simd_flag_type_v<vector_aligned_tag> = true;
+
+template <size_t _Np>
+struct overaligned_tag {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up = typename _Tp::value_type>
+  static constexpr size_t __alignment = _Np;
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Up* __apply(_Up* __ptr) {
+    return std::__assume_aligned<__alignment<_Tp, _Up>, _Up>(__ptr);
+  }
+};
+
+template <size_t _Np>
+inline constexpr bool is_simd_flag_type_v<overaligned_tag<_Np>> = true;
+
+inline constexpr element_aligned_tag element_aligned{};
+
+inline constexpr vector_aligned_tag vector_aligned{};
+
+template <size_t _Np>
+inline constexpr overaligned_tag<_Np> overaligned{};
+
+} // namespace parallelism_v2
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_ALIGNED_TAG_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/declaration.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/declaration.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7b45d035c27121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/declaration.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_DECLARATION_H
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_DECLARATION_H
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+inline namespace parallelism_v2 {
+namespace simd_abi {
+template <int>
+struct __vec_ext;
+struct __scalar;
+
+using scalar = __scalar;
+
+// TODO: make this platform dependent
+template <int _Np>
+using fixed_size = __vec_ext<_Np>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr int max_fixed_size = 32;
+
+// TODO: make this platform dependent
+template <class _Tp>
+using compatible = __vec_ext<16 / sizeof(_Tp)>;
+
+// TODO: make this platform dependent
+template <class _Tp>
+using native = __vec_ext<_LIBCPP_NATIVE_SIMD_WIDTH_IN_BYTES / sizeof(_Tp)>;
+
+// TODO: make this platform dependent
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np, class... _Abis>
+struct deduce {
+  using type = fixed_size<_Np>;
+};
+
+// TODO: make this platform dependent
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Np, class... _Abis>
+using deduce_t = typename deduce<_Tp, _Np, _Abis...>::type;
+
+} // namespace simd_abi
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi>
+struct __simd_storage;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi>
+struct __mask_storage;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi>
+struct __simd_operations;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi>
+struct __mask_operations;
+
+struct element_aligned_tag;
+struct vector_aligned_tag;
+template <size_t>
+struct overaligned_tag;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi = simd_abi::compatible<_Tp>>
+class simd;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi = simd_abi::compatible<_Tp>>
+class simd_mask;
+
+} // namespace parallelism_v2
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_DECLARATION_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/reference.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/reference.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..af61dbcc2fe92d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/reference.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_REFERENCE_H
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_REFERENCE_H
+
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+#include <experimental/__simd/utility.h>
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+inline namespace parallelism_v2 {
+template <class _Tp, class _Storage, class _Vp>
+class __simd_reference {
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class simd;
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class simd_mask;
+
+  _Storage& __s_;
+  size_t __idx_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __simd_reference(_Storage& __s, size_t __idx) : __s_(__s), __idx_(__idx) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Vp __get() const noexcept { return __s_.__get(__idx_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __set(_Vp __v) {
+    if constexpr (is_same_v<_Vp, bool>)
+      __s_.__set(__idx_, experimental::__set_all_bits<_Tp>(__v));
+    else
+      __s_.__set(__idx_, __v);
+  }
+
+public:
+  using value_type = _Vp;
+
+  __simd_reference()                        = delete;
+  __simd_reference(const __simd_reference&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator value_type() const noexcept { return __get(); }
+
+  template <class _Up, enable_if_t<is_assignable_v<value_type&, _Up&&>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __simd_reference operator=(_Up&& __v) && noexcept {
+    __set(static_cast<value_type>(std::forward<_Up>(__v)));
+    return {__s_, __idx_};
+  }
+
+  // Note: This approach might not fully align with the specification,
+  // which might be a wording defect. (https://wg21.link/N4808 section 9.6.3)
+  template <class _Tp1, class _Storage1, class _Vp1>
+  friend void
+  swap(__simd_reference<_Tp1, _Storage1, _Vp1>&& __a, __simd_reference<_Tp1, _Storage1, _Vp1>&& __b) noexcept;
+
+  template <class _Tp1, class _Storage1, class _Vp1>
+  friend void swap(_Vp1& __a, __simd_reference<_Tp1, _Storage1, _Vp1>&& __b) noexcept;
+
+  template <class _Tp1, class _Storage1, class _Vp1>
+  friend void swap(__simd_reference<_Tp1, _Storage1, _Vp1>&& __a, _Vp1& __b) noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Storage, class _Vp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(__simd_reference<_Tp, _Storage, _Vp>&& __a, __simd_reference<_Tp, _Storage, _Vp>&& __b) noexcept {
+  _Vp __tmp(std::move(__a));
+  std::move(__a) = std::move(__b);
+  std::move(__b) = std::move(__tmp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Storage, class _Vp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(_Vp& __a, __simd_reference<_Tp, _Storage, _Vp>&& __b) noexcept {
+  _Vp __tmp(std::move(__a));
+  __a            = std::move(__b);
+  std::move(__b) = std::move(__tmp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Storage, class _Vp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__simd_reference<_Tp, _Storage, _Vp>&& __a, _Vp& __b) noexcept {
+  _Vp __tmp(std::move(__a));
+  std::move(__a) = std::move(__b);
+  __b            = std::move(__tmp);
+}
+
+} // namespace parallelism_v2
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_REFERENCE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/scalar.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/scalar.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1add4653209ace
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/scalar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_SCALAR_H
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_SCALAR_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+#include <experimental/__simd/declaration.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/traits.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+inline namespace parallelism_v2 {
+namespace simd_abi {
+struct __scalar {
+  static constexpr size_t __simd_size = 1;
+};
+} // namespace simd_abi
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool is_abi_tag_v<simd_abi::__scalar> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __simd_storage<_Tp, simd_abi::__scalar> {
+  _Tp __data;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __get([[maybe_unused]] size_t __idx) const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__idx == 0, "Index is out of bounds");
+    return __data;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __set([[maybe_unused]] size_t __idx, _Tp __v) noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__idx == 0, "Index is out of bounds");
+    __data = __v;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __mask_storage<_Tp, simd_abi::__scalar> : __simd_storage<bool, simd_abi::__scalar> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __simd_operations<_Tp, simd_abi::__scalar> {
+  using _SimdStorage = __simd_storage<_Tp, simd_abi::__scalar>;
+  using _MaskStorage = __mask_storage<_Tp, simd_abi::__scalar>;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _SimdStorage __broadcast(_Tp __v) noexcept { return {__v}; }
+
+  template <class _Generator>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _SimdStorage __generate(_Generator&& __g) noexcept {
+    return {__g(std::integral_constant<size_t, 0>())};
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __load(_SimdStorage& __s, const _Up* __mem) noexcept {
+    __s.__data = static_cast<_Tp>(__mem[0]);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __store(_SimdStorage __s, _Up* __mem) noexcept {
+    *__mem = static_cast<_Up>(__s.__data);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __mask_operations<_Tp, simd_abi::__scalar> {
+  using _MaskStorage = __mask_storage<_Tp, simd_abi::__scalar>;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _MaskStorage __broadcast(bool __v) noexcept { return {__v}; }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __load(_MaskStorage& __s, const bool* __mem) noexcept { __s.__data = __mem[0]; }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __store(_MaskStorage __s, bool* __mem) noexcept { __mem[0] = __s.__data; }
+};
+
+} // namespace parallelism_v2
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_SCALAR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/simd.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/simd.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..37e334aad6da07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/simd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_SIMD_H
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_SIMD_H
+
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+#include <experimental/__simd/declaration.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/reference.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/traits.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/utility.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+inline namespace parallelism_v2 {
+
+// class template simd [simd.class]
+// TODO: implement simd class
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi>
+class simd {
+  using _Impl    = __simd_operations<_Tp, _Abi>;
+  using _Storage = typename _Impl::_SimdStorage;
+
+  _Storage __s_;
+
+public:
+  using value_type = _Tp;
+  using reference  = __simd_reference<_Tp, _Storage, value_type>;
+  using mask_type  = simd_mask<_Tp, _Abi>;
+  using abi_type   = _Abi;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t size() noexcept { return simd_size_v<value_type, abi_type>; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI simd() noexcept = default;
+
+  // broadcast constructor
+  template <class _Up, enable_if_t<__can_broadcast_v<value_type, __remove_cvref_t<_Up>>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI simd(_Up&& __v) noexcept : __s_(_Impl::__broadcast(static_cast<value_type>(__v))) {}
+
+  // implicit type conversion constructor
+  template <class _Up,
+            enable_if_t<!is_same_v<_Up, _Tp> && is_same_v<abi_type, simd_abi::fixed_size<size()>> &&
+                            __is_non_narrowing_convertible_v<_Up, value_type>,
+                        int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI simd(const simd<_Up, simd_abi::fixed_size<size()>>& __v) noexcept {
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < size(); __i++) {
+      (*this)[__i] = static_cast<value_type>(__v[__i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // generator constructor
+  template <class _Generator, enable_if_t<__can_generate_v<value_type, _Generator, size()>, int> = 0>
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI simd(_Generator&& __g) noexcept
+      : __s_(_Impl::__generate(std::forward<_Generator>(__g))) {}
+
+  // load constructor
+  template <class _Up, class _Flags, enable_if_t<__is_vectorizable_v<_Up> && is_simd_flag_type_v<_Flags>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI simd(const _Up* __mem, _Flags) {
+    _Impl::__load(__s_, _Flags::template __apply<simd>(__mem));
+  }
+
+  // copy functions
+  template <class _Up, class _Flags, enable_if_t<__is_vectorizable_v<_Up> && is_simd_flag_type_v<_Flags>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void copy_from(const _Up* __mem, _Flags) {
+    _Impl::__load(__s_, _Flags::template __apply<simd>(__mem));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up, class _Flags, enable_if_t<__is_vectorizable_v<_Up> && is_simd_flag_type_v<_Flags>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void copy_to(_Up* __mem, _Flags) const {
+    _Impl::__store(__s_, _Flags::template __apply<simd>(__mem));
+  }
+
+  // scalar access [simd.subscr]
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator[](size_t __i) noexcept { return reference(__s_, __i); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type operator[](size_t __i) const noexcept { return __s_.__get(__i); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi>
+inline constexpr bool is_simd_v<simd<_Tp, _Abi>> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using native_simd = simd<_Tp, simd_abi::native<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Tp, int _Np>
+using fixed_size_simd = simd<_Tp, simd_abi::fixed_size<_Np>>;
+
+} // namespace parallelism_v2
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_SIMD_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/simd_mask.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/simd_mask.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fd6dee2e28ee91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/simd_mask.h
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_SIMD_MASK_H
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_SIMD_MASK_H
+
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+#include <experimental/__simd/declaration.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/reference.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/traits.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+inline namespace parallelism_v2 {
+
+// class template simd_mask [simd.mask.class]
+// TODO: implement simd_mask class
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi>
+class simd_mask {
+  using _Impl    = __mask_operations<_Tp, _Abi>;
+  using _Storage = typename _Impl::_MaskStorage;
+
+  _Storage __s_;
+
+public:
+  using value_type = bool;
+  using reference  = __simd_reference<_Tp, _Storage, value_type>;
+  using simd_type  = simd<_Tp, _Abi>;
+  using abi_type   = _Abi;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t size() noexcept { return simd_type::size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI simd_mask() noexcept = default;
+
+  // broadcast constructor
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit simd_mask(value_type __v) noexcept : __s_(_Impl::__broadcast(__v)) {}
+
+  // implicit type conversion constructor
+  template <class _Up, enable_if_t<!is_same_v<_Up, _Tp> && is_same_v<abi_type, simd_abi::fixed_size<size()>>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI simd_mask(const simd_mask<_Up, simd_abi::fixed_size<size()>>& __v) noexcept {
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < size(); __i++) {
+      (*this)[__i] = __v[__i];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // load constructor
+  template <class _Flags, enable_if_t<is_simd_flag_type_v<_Flags>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI simd_mask(const value_type* __mem, _Flags) {
+    _Impl::__load(__s_, _Flags::template __apply<simd_mask>(__mem));
+  }
+
+  // copy functions
+  template <class _Flags, enable_if_t<is_simd_flag_type_v<_Flags>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void copy_from(const value_type* __mem, _Flags) {
+    _Impl::__load(__s_, _Flags::template __apply<simd_mask>(__mem));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Flags, enable_if_t<is_simd_flag_type_v<_Flags>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void copy_to(value_type* __mem, _Flags) const {
+    _Impl::__store(__s_, _Flags::template __apply<simd_mask>(__mem));
+  }
+
+  // scalar access [simd.mask.subscr]
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator[](size_t __i) noexcept { return reference(__s_, __i); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type operator[](size_t __i) const noexcept { return __s_.__get(__i); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi>
+inline constexpr bool is_simd_mask_v<simd_mask<_Tp, _Abi>> = true;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using native_simd_mask = simd_mask<_Tp, simd_abi::native<_Tp>>;
+
+template <class _Tp, int _Np>
+using fixed_size_simd_mask = simd_mask<_Tp, simd_abi::fixed_size<_Np>>;
+
+} // namespace parallelism_v2
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_SIMD_MASK_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/traits.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ec25b4bfa7f95e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_TRAITS_H
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <__bit/bit_ceil.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+#include <experimental/__simd/declaration.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/utility.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+inline namespace parallelism_v2 {
+
+// traits [simd.traits]
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_abi_tag_v = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_abi_tag : bool_constant<is_abi_tag_v<_Tp>> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_simd_v = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_simd : bool_constant<is_simd_v<_Tp>> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_simd_mask_v = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_simd_mask : bool_constant<is_simd_mask_v<_Tp>> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_simd_flag_type_v = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct is_simd_flag_type : bool_constant<is_simd_flag_type_v<_Tp>> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi = simd_abi::compatible<_Tp>, bool = (__is_vectorizable_v<_Tp> && is_abi_tag_v<_Abi>)>
+struct simd_size : integral_constant<size_t, _Abi::__simd_size> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi>
+struct simd_size<_Tp, _Abi, false> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Abi = simd_abi::compatible<_Tp>>
+inline constexpr size_t simd_size_v = simd_size<_Tp, _Abi>::value;
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Up = typename _Tp::value_type,
+          bool      = (is_simd_v<_Tp> && __is_vectorizable_v<_Up>) || (is_simd_mask_v<_Tp> && is_same_v<_Up, bool>)>
+struct memory_alignment : integral_constant<size_t, std::__bit_ceil(sizeof(_Up) * _Tp::size())> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct memory_alignment<_Tp, _Up, false> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up = typename _Tp::value_type>
+inline constexpr size_t memory_alignment_v = memory_alignment<_Tp, _Up>::value;
+
+} // namespace parallelism_v2
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_TRAITS_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/utility.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/utility.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..708fa3d8f72cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/utility.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_UTILITY_H
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_UTILITY_H
+
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_volatile.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+#include <limits>
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+inline namespace parallelism_v2 {
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __is_vectorizable_v =
+    is_arithmetic_v<_Tp> && !is_const_v<_Tp> && !is_volatile_v<_Tp> && !is_same_v<_Tp, bool>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto __choose_mask_type() {
+  if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == 1) {
+    return uint8_t{};
+  } else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == 2) {
+    return uint16_t{};
+  } else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == 4) {
+    return uint32_t{};
+  } else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == 8) {
+    return uint64_t{};
+  }
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_INT128
+  else if constexpr (sizeof(_Tp) == 16) {
+    return __uint128_t{};
+  }
+#  endif
+  else
+    static_assert(sizeof(_Tp) == 0, "Unexpected size");
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto constexpr __set_all_bits(bool __v) {
+  return __v ? (numeric_limits<decltype(__choose_mask_type<_Tp>())>::max()) : 0;
+}
+
+template <class _From, class _To, class = void>
+inline constexpr bool __is_non_narrowing_convertible_v = false;
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+inline constexpr bool __is_non_narrowing_convertible_v<_From, _To, std::void_t<decltype(_To{std::declval<_From>()})>> =
+    true;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+inline constexpr bool __can_broadcast_v =
+    (__is_vectorizable_v<_Up> && __is_non_narrowing_convertible_v<_Up, _Tp>) ||
+    (!__is_vectorizable_v<_Up> && is_convertible_v<_Up, _Tp>) || is_same_v<_Up, int> ||
+    (is_same_v<_Up, unsigned int> && is_unsigned_v<_Tp>);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Generator, std::size_t _Idx, class = void>
+inline constexpr bool __is_well_formed = false;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Generator, std::size_t _Idx>
+inline constexpr bool
+    __is_well_formed<_Tp,
+                     _Generator,
+                     _Idx,
+                     std::void_t<decltype(std::declval<_Generator>()(integral_constant<size_t, _Idx>()))>> =
+        __can_broadcast_v<_Tp, decltype(std::declval<_Generator>()(integral_constant<size_t, _Idx>()))>;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Generator, std::size_t... _Idxes>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __can_generate(index_sequence<_Idxes...>) {
+  return (true && ... && __is_well_formed<_Tp, _Generator, _Idxes>);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Generator, std::size_t _Size>
+inline constexpr bool __can_generate_v = experimental::__can_generate<_Tp, _Generator>(make_index_sequence<_Size>());
+
+} // namespace parallelism_v2
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_UTILITY_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/vec_ext.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/vec_ext.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..316866b84873dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/__simd/vec_ext.h
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_VEC_EXT_H
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_VEC_EXT_H
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__bit/bit_ceil.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+#include <experimental/__simd/declaration.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/traits.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/utility.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+inline namespace parallelism_v2 {
+namespace simd_abi {
+template <int _Np>
+struct __vec_ext {
+  static constexpr size_t __simd_size = _Np;
+};
+} // namespace simd_abi
+
+template <int _Np>
+inline constexpr bool is_abi_tag_v<simd_abi::__vec_ext<_Np>> = _Np > 0 && _Np <= 32;
+
+template <class _Tp, int _Np>
+struct __simd_storage<_Tp, simd_abi::__vec_ext<_Np>> {
+  _Tp __data __attribute__((__vector_size__(std::__bit_ceil((sizeof(_Tp) * _Np)))));
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __get(size_t __idx) const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__idx >= 0 && __idx < _Np, "Index is out of bounds");
+    return __data[__idx];
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __set(size_t __idx, _Tp __v) noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__idx >= 0 && __idx < _Np, "Index is out of bounds");
+    __data[__idx] = __v;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, int _Np>
+struct __mask_storage<_Tp, simd_abi::__vec_ext<_Np>>
+    : __simd_storage<decltype(experimental::__choose_mask_type<_Tp>()), simd_abi::__vec_ext<_Np>> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, int _Np>
+struct __simd_operations<_Tp, simd_abi::__vec_ext<_Np>> {
+  using _SimdStorage = __simd_storage<_Tp, simd_abi::__vec_ext<_Np>>;
+  using _MaskStorage = __mask_storage<_Tp, simd_abi::__vec_ext<_Np>>;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _SimdStorage __broadcast(_Tp __v) noexcept {
+    _SimdStorage __result;
+    for (int __i = 0; __i < _Np; ++__i) {
+      __result.__set(__i, __v);
+    }
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Generator, size_t... _Is>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _SimdStorage __generate_init(_Generator&& __g, std::index_sequence<_Is...>) {
+    return _SimdStorage{{__g(std::integral_constant<size_t, _Is>())...}};
+  }
+
+  template <class _Generator>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _SimdStorage __generate(_Generator&& __g) noexcept {
+    return __generate_init(std::forward<_Generator>(__g), std::make_index_sequence<_Np>());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __load(_SimdStorage& __s, const _Up* __mem) noexcept {
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Np; __i++)
+      __s.__data[__i] = static_cast<_Tp>(__mem[__i]);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __store(_SimdStorage __s, _Up* __mem) noexcept {
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Np; __i++)
+      __mem[__i] = static_cast<_Up>(__s.__data[__i]);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, int _Np>
+struct __mask_operations<_Tp, simd_abi::__vec_ext<_Np>> {
+  using _MaskStorage = __mask_storage<_Tp, simd_abi::__vec_ext<_Np>>;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _MaskStorage __broadcast(bool __v) noexcept {
+    _MaskStorage __result;
+    auto __all_bits_v = experimental::__set_all_bits<_Tp>(__v);
+    for (int __i = 0; __i < _Np; ++__i) {
+      __result.__set(__i, __all_bits_v);
+    }
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __load(_MaskStorage& __s, const bool* __mem) noexcept {
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Np; __i++)
+      __s.__data[__i] = experimental::__set_all_bits<_Tp>(__mem[__i]);
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __store(_MaskStorage __s, bool* __mem) noexcept {
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _Np; __i++)
+      __mem[__i] = static_cast<bool>(__s.__data[__i]);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace parallelism_v2
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17 && defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL)
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL___SIMD_VEC_EXT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/iterator b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/iterator
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..de82da2d3d72bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/iterator
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_ITERATOR
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_ITERATOR
+
+/*
+namespace std {
+  namespace experimental {
+    inline namespace fundamentals_v2 {
+
+    template <class DelimT, class charT = char, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
+        class ostream_joiner {
+        public:
+         typedef charT                        char_type;
+         typedef traits                       traits_type;
+         typedef basic_ostream<charT, traits> ostream_type;
+         typedef output_iterator_tag          iterator_category;
+         typedef void                         value_type;
+         typedef void                         
diff erence_type;
+         typedef void                         pointer;
+         typedef void                         reference;
+
+         ostream_joiner(ostream_type& s, const DelimT& delimiter);
+         ostream_joiner(ostream_type& s, DelimT&& delimiter);
+
+         template<typename T>
+         ostream_joiner& operator=(const T& value);
+
+         ostream_joiner& operator*() noexcept;
+         ostream_joiner& operator++() noexcept;
+         ostream_joiner& operator++(int) noexcept;
+   private:
+      ostream_type* out_stream;   // exposition only
+      DelimT delim;               // exposition only
+      bool first_element;         // exposition only
+   };
+
+  template <class charT, class traits, class DelimT>
+    ostream_joiner<decay_t<DelimT>, charT, traits>
+    make_ostream_joiner(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, DelimT&& delimiter);
+
+    } // inline namespace fundamentals_v2
+  } // namespace experimental
+} // namespace std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+#include <iterator>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_LFTS
+
+template <class _Delim, class _CharT = char, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>>
+class ostream_joiner {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type> ostream_type;
+  typedef output_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef void value_type;
+  typedef void 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef void pointer;
+  typedef void reference;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_joiner(ostream_type& __os, _Delim&& __d)
+      : __output_iter_(std::addressof(__os)), __delim_(std::move(__d)), __first_(true) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_joiner(ostream_type& __os, const _Delim& __d)
+      : __output_iter_(std::addressof(__os)), __delim_(__d), __first_(true) {}
+
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_joiner& operator=(const _Tp& __v) {
+    if (!__first_)
+      *__output_iter_ << __delim_;
+    __first_ = false;
+    *__output_iter_ << __v;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_joiner& operator*() _NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_joiner& operator++() _NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_joiner& operator++(int) _NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
+
+private:
+  ostream_type* __output_iter_;
+  _Delim __delim_;
+  bool __first_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Delim>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostream_joiner<__decay_t<_Delim>, _CharT, _Traits>
+make_ostream_joiner(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, _Delim&& __d) {
+  return ostream_joiner<__decay_t<_Delim>, _CharT, _Traits>(__os, std::forward<_Delim>(__d));
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_LFTS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_ITERATOR

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/memory b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/memory
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e9663d43a8ab73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/memory
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_MEMORY
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_MEMORY
+
+/*
+    experimental/memory synopsis
+
+namespace std::experimental::inline fundamentals_v2  {
+
+template <class W> class observer_ptr {
+public:
+    using element_type = W;
+    using pointer = add_pointer_t<W>; // exposition-only
+    using reference = add_lvalue_reference_t<W>; // exposition-only
+
+    // default ctor
+    constexpr observer_ptr() noexcept;
+
+    // pointer-accepting ctors
+    constexpr observer_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept;
+    constexpr explicit observer_ptr(pointer) noexcept;
+
+    // copying ctors (in addition to compiler-generated copy ctor)
+    template <class W2> constexpr observer_ptr(observer_ptr<W2>) noexcept;
+
+    // observers
+    constexpr pointer get() const noexcept;
+    constexpr reference operator*() const;
+    constexpr pointer operator->() const noexcept;
+    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+
+    // conversions
+    constexpr explicit operator pointer() const noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers
+    constexpr pointer release() noexcept;
+    constexpr void reset(pointer = nullptr) noexcept;
+    constexpr void swap(observer_ptr&) noexcept;
+};
+
+}
+*/
+
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_LFTS_V2
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Wp>
+class observer_ptr {
+public:
+  using element_type = _Wp;
+
+  // constructors
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr observer_ptr() noexcept : __ptr_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr observer_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept : __ptr_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit observer_ptr(element_type* __p) noexcept : __ptr_(__p) {}
+
+  template <class _W2, __enable_if_t<is_convertible<_W2*, _Wp*>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr observer_ptr(observer_ptr<_W2> __other) noexcept : __ptr_(__other.get()) {}
+
+  // observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr element_type* get() const noexcept { return __ptr_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_lvalue_reference_t<_Wp> operator*() const { return *__ptr_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr element_type* operator->() const noexcept { return __ptr_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return __ptr_ != nullptr; }
+
+  // conversions
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator element_type*() const noexcept { return __ptr_; }
+
+  // modifiers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void reset(element_type* __p = nullptr) noexcept { __ptr_ = __p; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void swap(observer_ptr& __other) noexcept {
+    observer_ptr __tmp = __other;
+    __other            = *this;
+    *this              = __tmp;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr element_type* release() noexcept {
+    observer_ptr __p;
+    __p.swap(*this);
+    return __p.get();
+  }
+
+private:
+  element_type* __ptr_;
+};
+
+// specializations
+
+template <class _Wp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void swap(observer_ptr<_Wp>& __a, observer_ptr<_Wp>& __b) noexcept {
+  __a.swap(__b);
+}
+
+template <class _Wp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI observer_ptr<_Wp> make_observer(_Wp* __ptr) noexcept {
+  return observer_ptr<_Wp>{__ptr};
+}
+
+template <class _W1, class _W2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(observer_ptr<_W1> __a, observer_ptr<_W2> __b) {
+  return __a.get() == __b.get();
+}
+
+template <class _W1, class _W2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(observer_ptr<_W1> __a, observer_ptr<_W2> __b) {
+  return !(__a == __b);
+}
+
+template <class _Wp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(observer_ptr<_Wp> __p, nullptr_t) {
+  return !__p;
+}
+
+template <class _Wp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(nullptr_t, observer_ptr<_Wp> __p) {
+  return !__p;
+}
+
+template <class _Wp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(observer_ptr<_Wp> __p, nullptr_t) {
+  return (bool)__p;
+}
+
+template <class _Wp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(nullptr_t, observer_ptr<_Wp> __p) {
+  return (bool)__p;
+}
+
+template <class _W1, class _W2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(observer_ptr<_W1> __a, observer_ptr<_W2> __b) {
+  return std::less<typename std::common_type<_W1*, _W2*>::type>()(__a.get(), __b.get());
+}
+
+template <class _W1, class _W2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(observer_ptr<_W1> __a, observer_ptr<_W2> __b) {
+  return __b < __a;
+}
+
+template <class _W1, class _W2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(observer_ptr<_W1> __a, observer_ptr<_W2> __b) {
+  return !(__a > __b);
+}
+
+template <class _W1, class _W2>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(observer_ptr<_W1> __a, observer_ptr<_W2> __b) {
+  return !(__a < __b);
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_LFTS_V2
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// hash
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+struct hash<experimental::observer_ptr<_Tp>> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const experimental::observer_ptr<_Tp>& __ptr) const noexcept {
+    return hash<_Tp*>()(__ptr.get());
+  }
+};
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <limits>
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_MEMORY */

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/propagate_const b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/propagate_const
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d7a695d8388923
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/propagate_const
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_PROPAGATE_CONST
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_PROPAGATE_CONST
+
+/*
+    propagate_const synopsis
+
+    namespace std { namespace experimental { inline namespace fundamentals_v2 {
+
+    // [propagate_const]
+    template <class T> class propagate_const;
+
+    // [propagate_const.underlying], underlying pointer access
+    constexpr const _Tp& get_underlying(const propagate_const<T>& pt) noexcept;
+    constexpr T& get_underlying(propagate_const<T>& pt) noexcept;
+
+    // [propagate_const.relational], relational operators
+    template <class T> constexpr bool operator==(const propagate_const<T>& pt, nullptr_t);
+    template <class T> constexpr bool operator==(nullptr_t, const propagate_const<T>& pu);
+    template <class T> constexpr bool operator!=(const propagate_const<T>& pt, nullptr_t);
+    template <class T> constexpr bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const propagate_const<T>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator==(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator!=(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<=(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>=(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator==(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const _Up& u);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator!=(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const _Up& u);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const _Up& u);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const _Up& u);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<=(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const _Up& u);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>=(const propagate_const<T>& pt, const _Up& u);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator==(const _Tp& t, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator!=(const _Tp& t, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<(const _Tp& t, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>(const _Tp& t, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<=(const _Tp& t, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+    template <class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>=(const _Tp& t, const propagate_const<_Up>& pu);
+
+    // [propagate_const.algorithms], specialized algorithms
+    template <class T> constexpr void swap(propagate_const<T>& pt, propagate_const<T>& pu) noexcept(see below);
+
+    template <class T>
+    class propagate_const
+    {
+
+    public:
+      typedef remove_reference_t<decltype(*declval<T&>())> element_type;
+
+      // [propagate_const.ctor], constructors
+      constexpr propagate_const() = default;
+      propagate_const(const propagate_const& p) = delete;
+      constexpr propagate_const(propagate_const&& p) = default;
+      template <class U> EXPLICIT constexpr propagate_const(propagate_const<_Up>&& pu); // see below
+      template <class U> EXPLICIT constexpr propagate_const(U&& u); // see below
+
+      // [propagate_const.assignment], assignment
+      propagate_const& operator=(const propagate_const& p) = delete;
+      constexpr propagate_const& operator=(propagate_const&& p) = default;
+      template <class U> constexpr propagate_const& operator=(propagate_const<_Up>&& pu);
+      template <class U> constexpr propagate_const& operator=(U&& u); // see below
+
+      // [propagate_const.const_observers], const observers
+      explicit constexpr operator bool() const;
+      constexpr const element_type* operator->() const;
+      constexpr operator const element_type*() const; // Not always defined
+      constexpr const element_type& operator*() const;
+      constexpr const element_type* get() const;
+
+      // [propagate_const.non_const_observers], non-const observers
+      constexpr element_type* operator->();
+      constexpr operator element_type*(); // Not always defined
+      constexpr element_type& operator*();
+      constexpr element_type* get();
+
+      // [propagate_const.modifiers], modifiers
+      constexpr void swap(propagate_const& pt) noexcept(see below)
+
+    private:
+      T t_; // exposition only
+    };
+
+  } // namespace fundamentals_v2
+  } // namespace experimental
+
+  // [propagate_const.hash], hash support
+  template <class T> struct hash<experimental::propagate_const<T>>;
+
+  // [propagate_const.comparison_function_objects], comparison function objects
+  template <class T> struct equal_to<experimental::propagate_const<T>>;
+  template <class T> struct not_equal_to<experimental::propagate_const<T>>;
+  template <class T> struct less<experimental::propagate_const<T>>;
+  template <class T> struct greater<experimental::propagate_const<T>>;
+  template <class T> struct less_equal<experimental::propagate_const<T>>;
+  template <class T> struct greater_equal<experimental::propagate_const<T>>;
+
+} // namespace std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__fwd/functional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <experimental/__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_LFTS_V2
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class propagate_const;
+
+template <class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Up& get_underlying(const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Up& get_underlying(propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class propagate_const {
+public:
+  typedef remove_reference_t<decltype(*std::declval<_Tp&>())> element_type;
+
+  static_assert(!is_array<_Tp>::value, "Instantiation of propagate_const with an array type is ill-formed.");
+  static_assert(!is_reference<_Tp>::value, "Instantiation of propagate_const with a reference type is ill-formed.");
+  static_assert(!(is_pointer<_Tp>::value && is_function<__remove_pointer_t<_Tp> >::value),
+                "Instantiation of propagate_const with a function-pointer type is ill-formed.");
+  static_assert(!(is_pointer<_Tp>::value && is_same<__remove_cv_t<__remove_pointer_t<_Tp> >, void>::value),
+                "Instantiation of propagate_const with a pointer to (possibly cv-qualified) void is ill-formed.");
+
+private:
+  template <class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr element_type* __get_pointer(_Up* __u) {
+    return __u;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr element_type* __get_pointer(_Up& __u) {
+    return __get_pointer(__u.get());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const element_type* __get_pointer(const _Up* __u) {
+    return __u;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const element_type* __get_pointer(const _Up& __u) {
+    return __get_pointer(__u.get());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  struct __is_propagate_const : false_type {};
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  struct __is_propagate_const<propagate_const<_Up>> : true_type {};
+
+  _Tp __t_;
+
+public:
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend constexpr const _Up& experimental::fundamentals_v2::get_underlying(const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend constexpr _Up& experimental::fundamentals_v2::get_underlying(propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr propagate_const() = default;
+
+  propagate_const(const propagate_const&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr propagate_const(propagate_const&&) = default;
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            enable_if_t<!is_convertible<_Up, _Tp>::value && is_constructible<_Tp, _Up&&>::value, bool> = true>
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr propagate_const(propagate_const<_Up>&& __pu)
+      : __t_(std::move(experimental::get_underlying(__pu))) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            enable_if_t<is_convertible<_Up&&, _Tp>::value && is_constructible<_Tp, _Up&&>::value, bool> = false>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr propagate_const(propagate_const<_Up>&& __pu)
+      : __t_(std::move(experimental::get_underlying(__pu))) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            enable_if_t<!is_convertible<_Up&&, _Tp>::value && is_constructible<_Tp, _Up&&>::value &&
+                            !__is_propagate_const<decay_t<_Up>>::value,
+                        bool> = true>
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr propagate_const(_Up&& __u) : __t_(std::forward<_Up>(__u)) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            enable_if_t<is_convertible<_Up&&, _Tp>::value && is_constructible<_Tp, _Up&&>::value &&
+                            !__is_propagate_const<decay_t<_Up>>::value,
+                        bool> = false>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr propagate_const(_Up&& __u) : __t_(std::forward<_Up>(__u)) {}
+
+  propagate_const& operator=(const propagate_const&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr propagate_const& operator=(propagate_const&&) = default;
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr propagate_const& operator=(propagate_const<_Up>&& __pu) {
+    __t_ = std::move(experimental::get_underlying(__pu));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up, class _Vp = enable_if_t<!__is_propagate_const<decay_t<_Up>>::value>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr propagate_const& operator=(_Up&& __u) {
+    __t_ = std::forward<_Up>(__u);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const element_type* get() const { return __get_pointer(__t_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr element_type* get() { return __get_pointer(__t_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr operator bool() const { return get() != nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const element_type* operator->() const { return get(); }
+
+  template <class _Dummy = _Tp, class _Up = enable_if_t<is_convertible< const _Dummy, const element_type*>::value>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator const element_type*() const {
+    return get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const element_type& operator*() const { return *get(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr element_type* operator->() { return get(); }
+
+  template <class _Dummy = _Tp, class _Up = enable_if_t< is_convertible<_Dummy, element_type*>::value>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr operator element_type*() {
+    return get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr element_type& operator*() { return *get(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void swap(propagate_const& __pt) noexcept(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(__t_, __pt.__t_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, nullptr_t) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) == nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(nullptr_t, const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt) {
+  return nullptr == experimental::get_underlying(__pt);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator!=(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, nullptr_t) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) != nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt) {
+  return nullptr != experimental::get_underlying(__pt);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) == experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator!=(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) != experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) < experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) > experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<=(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) <= experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>=(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) >= experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const _Up& __u) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) == __u;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator!=(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const _Up& __u) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) != __u;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const _Up& __u) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) < __u;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const _Up& __u) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) > __u;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<=(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const _Up& __u) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) <= __u;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>=(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt, const _Up& __u) {
+  return experimental::get_underlying(__pt) >= __u;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(const _Tp& __t, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return __t == experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator!=(const _Tp& __t, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return __t != experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<(const _Tp& __t, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return __t < experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>(const _Tp& __t, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return __t > experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<=(const _Tp& __t, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return __t <= experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>=(const _Tp& __t, const propagate_const<_Up>& __pu) {
+  return __t >= experimental::get_underlying(__pu);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void
+swap(propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc1, propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc2) noexcept(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp>) {
+  __pc1.swap(__pc2);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+constexpr const _Tp& get_underlying(const propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __pt.__t_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+constexpr _Tp& get_underlying(propagate_const<_Tp>& __pt) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __pt.__t_;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_LFTS_V2
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct hash<experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>> {
+  typedef size_t result_type;
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> argument_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc1) const {
+    return std::hash<_Tp>()(experimental::get_underlying(__pc1));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct equal_to<experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>> {
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> first_argument_type;
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> second_argument_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator()(const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc1, const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc2) const {
+    return std::equal_to<_Tp>()(experimental::get_underlying(__pc1), experimental::get_underlying(__pc2));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct not_equal_to<experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>> {
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> first_argument_type;
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> second_argument_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator()(const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc1, const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc2) const {
+    return std::not_equal_to<_Tp>()(experimental::get_underlying(__pc1), experimental::get_underlying(__pc2));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct less<experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>> {
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> first_argument_type;
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> second_argument_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator()(const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc1, const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc2) const {
+    return std::less<_Tp>()(experimental::get_underlying(__pc1), experimental::get_underlying(__pc2));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct greater<experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>> {
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> first_argument_type;
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> second_argument_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator()(const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc1, const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc2) const {
+    return std::greater<_Tp>()(experimental::get_underlying(__pc1), experimental::get_underlying(__pc2));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct less_equal<experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>> {
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> first_argument_type;
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> second_argument_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator()(const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc1, const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc2) const {
+    return std::less_equal<_Tp>()(experimental::get_underlying(__pc1), experimental::get_underlying(__pc2));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct greater_equal<experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>> {
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> first_argument_type;
+  typedef experimental::propagate_const<_Tp> second_argument_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator()(const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc1, const experimental::propagate_const<_Tp>& __pc2) const {
+    return std::greater_equal<_Tp>()(experimental::get_underlying(__pc1), experimental::get_underlying(__pc2));
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_PROPAGATE_CONST

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/simd b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/simd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..484543b81daf1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/simd
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_SIMD
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_SIMD
+
+/*
+    experimental/simd synopsis
+
+namespace std::experimental {
+inline namespace parallelism_v2 {
+  namespace simd_abi {
+    using scalar = see below;
+    template<int N> using fixed_size = see below;
+    template<class T> inline constexpr int max_fixed_size = implementation-defined;
+    template<class T> using compatible = implementation-defined;
+    template<class T> using native = implementation-defined;
+
+    template<class T, size_t N, class... Abis> struct deduce { using type = see below; };
+    template<class T, size_t N, class... Abis> using deduce_t =
+      typename deduce<T, N, Abis...>::type;
+  } // namespace simd_abi
+
+  // class template simd [simd.class]
+  template <class T, class Abi = simd_abi::compatible<T>> class simd;
+  template <class T> using native_simd = simd<T, simd_abi::native<T>>;
+  template <class T, int N> using fixed_size_simd = simd<T, simd_abi::fixed_size<N>>;
+
+  // class template simd_mask [simd.mask.class]
+  template <class T, class Abi = simd_abi::compatible<T>> class simd_mask;
+  template <class T> using native_simd_mask = simd_mask<T, simd_abi::native<T>>;
+  template <class T, int N> using fixed_size_simd_mask = simd_mask<T, simd_abi::fixed_size<N>>;
+
+  // memory alignment
+  struct element_aligned_tag {};
+  struct vector_aligned_tag {};
+  template <size_t> struct overaligned_tag {};
+  inline constexpr element_aligned_tag element_aligned{};
+  inline constexpr vector_aligned_tag vector_aligned{};
+  template <size_t N> inline constexpr overaligned_tag<N> overaligned{};
+
+  // traits [simd.traits]
+  template<class T> struct is_abi_tag;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr bool is_abi_tag_v = is_abi_tag<T>::value;
+
+  template <class T> struct is_simd;
+  template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_simd_v = is_simd<T>::value;
+
+  template <class T> struct is_simd_mask;
+  template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_simd_mask_v = is_simd_mask<T>::value;
+
+  template<class T> struct is_simd_flag_type;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr bool is_simd_flag_type_v = is_simd_flag_type<T>::value;
+
+  template<class T, class Abi = simd_abi::compatible<T>> struct simd_size;
+  template<class T, class Abi = simd_abi::compatible<T>>
+    inline constexpr size_t simd_size_v = simd_size<T,Abi>::value;
+
+  template<class T, class U = typename T::value_type> struct memory_alignment;
+  template<class T, class U = typename T::value_type>
+    inline constexpr size_t memory_alignment_v = memory_alignment<T,U>::value;
+
+} // namespace parallelism_v2
+} // namespace std::experimental
+
+*/
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#include <experimental/__config>
+#include <experimental/__simd/aligned_tag.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/declaration.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/reference.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/scalar.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/simd.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/simd_mask.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/traits.h>
+#include <experimental/__simd/vec_ext.h>
+
+#endif /* _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_SIMD */

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/type_traits b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/type_traits
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..31b041bc94c43a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/type_traits
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_TYPE_TRAITS
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_TYPE_TRAITS
+
+/**
+    experimental/type_traits synopsis
+
+// C++1y
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace std {
+namespace experimental {
+inline namespace fundamentals_v1 {
+
+  // 3.3.2, Other type transformations
+  template <class> class invocation_type; // not defined
+  template <class F, class... ArgTypes> class invocation_type<F(ArgTypes...)>;
+  template <class> class raw_invocation_type; // not defined
+  template <class F, class... ArgTypes> class raw_invocation_type<F(ArgTypes...)>;
+
+  template <class T>
+    using invocation_type_t = typename invocation_type<T>::type;
+  template <class T>
+    using raw_invocation_type_t = typename raw_invocation_type<T>::type;
+
+  // 3.3.4, Detection idiom
+  template <class...> using void_t = void;
+
+  struct nonesuch {
+    nonesuch() = delete;
+    ~nonesuch() = delete;
+    nonesuch(nonesuch const&) = delete;
+    void operator=(nonesuch const&) = delete;
+  };
+
+  template <template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
+    using is_detected = see below;
+  template <template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
+    constexpr bool is_detected_v = is_detected<Op, Args...>::value;
+  template <template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
+    using detected_t = see below;
+  template <class Default, template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
+    using detected_or = see below;
+  template <class Default, template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
+    using detected_or_t = typename detected_or<Default, Op, Args...>::type;
+  template <class Expected, template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
+    using is_detected_exact = is_same<Expected, detected_t<Op, Args...>>;
+  template <class Expected, template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
+    constexpr bool is_detected_exact_v
+      = is_detected_exact<Expected, Op, Args...>::value;
+  template <class To, template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
+     using is_detected_convertible = is_convertible<detected_t<Op, Args...>, To>;
+  template <class To, template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
+     constexpr bool is_detected_convertible_v
+       = is_detected_convertible<To, Op, Args...>::value;
+
+} // namespace fundamentals_v1
+} // namespace experimental
+} // namespace std
+
+ */
+
+#include <experimental/__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <type_traits>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_LFTS
+
+// 3.3.2, Other type transformations
+/*
+template <class>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS raw_invocation_type;
+
+template <class _Fn, class ..._Args>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS raw_invocation_type<_Fn(_Args...)>;
+
+template <class>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS invokation_type;
+
+template <class _Fn, class ..._Args>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS invokation_type<_Fn(_Args...)>;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using invokation_type_t = typename invokation_type<_Tp>::type;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using raw_invocation_type_t = typename raw_invocation_type<_Tp>::type;
+*/
+
+// 3.3.4, Detection idiom
+template <class...>
+using void_t = void;
+
+struct nonesuch : private __nat { // make nonesuch "not an aggregate"
+  ~nonesuch()                     = delete;
+  nonesuch(nonesuch const&)       = delete;
+  void operator=(nonesuch const&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class _Default, class _AlwaysVoid, template <class...> class _Op, class... _Args>
+struct _DETECTOR {
+  using value_t = false_type;
+  using type    = _Default;
+};
+
+template <class _Default, template <class...> class _Op, class... _Args>
+struct _DETECTOR<_Default, void_t<_Op<_Args...>>, _Op, _Args...> {
+  using value_t = true_type;
+  using type    = _Op<_Args...>;
+};
+
+template <template <class...> class _Op, class... _Args>
+using is_detected = typename _DETECTOR<nonesuch, void, _Op, _Args...>::value_t;
+template <template <class...> class _Op, class... _Args>
+using detected_t = typename _DETECTOR<nonesuch, void, _Op, _Args...>::type;
+template <template <class...> class _Op, class... _Args>
+constexpr bool is_detected_v = is_detected<_Op, _Args...>::value;
+
+template <class _Default, template <class...> class _Op, class... _Args>
+using detected_or = _DETECTOR<_Default, void, _Op, _Args...>;
+template <class _Default, template <class...> class _Op, class... _Args>
+using detected_or_t = typename detected_or<_Default, _Op, _Args...>::type;
+
+template <class _Expected, template <class...> class _Op, class... _Args>
+using is_detected_exact = is_same<_Expected, detected_t<_Op, _Args...>>;
+template <class _Expected, template <class...> class _Op, class... _Args>
+constexpr bool is_detected_exact_v = is_detected_exact<_Expected, _Op, _Args...>::value;
+
+template <class _To, template <class...> class _Op, class... _Args>
+using is_detected_convertible = is_convertible<detected_t<_Op, _Args...>, _To>;
+template <class _To, template <class...> class _Op, class... _Args>
+constexpr bool is_detected_convertible_v = is_detected_convertible<_To, _Op, _Args...>::value;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_LFTS
+
+#endif /* _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14 */
+
+#endif /* _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_TYPE_TRAITS */

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/utility b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/utility
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8bd0a055b7783f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/experimental/utility
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_UTILITY
+#define _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_UTILITY
+
+/*
+    experimental/utility synopsis
+
+// C++1y
+
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace std {
+namespace experimental {
+inline namespace fundamentals_v1 {
+
+  3.1.2, erased-type placeholder
+  struct erased_type { };
+
+} // namespace fundamentals_v1
+} // namespace experimental
+} // namespace std
+
+ */
+
+#include <experimental/__config>
+#include <utility>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_LFTS
+
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS erased_type {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_LFTS
+
+#endif /* _LIBCPP_EXPERIMENTAL_UTILITY */

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/__hash b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/__hash
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..67f7e351756fb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/__hash
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_EXT_HASH
+#define _LIBCPP_EXT_HASH
+
+#pragma GCC system_header
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace __gnu_cxx {
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash {};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<const char*> : public std::__unary_function<const char*, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const char* __c) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__do_string_hash(__c, __c + strlen(__c));
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<char*> : public std::__unary_function<char*, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(char* __c) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__do_string_hash<const char*>(__c, __c + strlen(__c));
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<char> : public std::__unary_function<char, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(char __c) const _NOEXCEPT { return __c; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<signed char> : public std::__unary_function<signed char, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(signed char __c) const _NOEXCEPT { return __c; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<unsigned char> : public std::__unary_function<unsigned char, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(unsigned char __c) const _NOEXCEPT { return __c; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<short> : public std::__unary_function<short, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(short __c) const _NOEXCEPT { return __c; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<unsigned short> : public std::__unary_function<unsigned short, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(unsigned short __c) const _NOEXCEPT { return __c; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<int> : public std::__unary_function<int, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(int __c) const _NOEXCEPT { return __c; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<unsigned int> : public std::__unary_function<unsigned int, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(unsigned int __c) const _NOEXCEPT { return __c; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<long> : public std::__unary_function<long, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(long __c) const _NOEXCEPT { return __c; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<unsigned long> : public std::__unary_function<unsigned long, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(unsigned long __c) const _NOEXCEPT { return __c; }
+};
+} // namespace __gnu_cxx
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_EXT_HASH

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/hash_map b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/hash_map
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7b5b31c4081788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/hash_map
@@ -0,0 +1,872 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HASH_MAP
+#define _LIBCPP_HASH_MAP
+
+/*
+
+    hash_map synopsis
+
+namespace __gnu_cxx
+{
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>, class Pred = equal_to<Key>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class hash_map
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Key                                                        key_type;
+    typedef T                                                          mapped_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+
+    hash_map();
+    explicit hash_map(size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+    hash_map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+    hash_map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    hash_map(const hash_map&);
+    ~hash_map();
+    hash_map& operator=(const hash_map&);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const;
+
+    bool      empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+    size_type max_size() const;
+
+    iterator       begin();
+    iterator       end();
+    const_iterator begin()  const;
+    const_iterator end()    const;
+
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+    void erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    void erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear();
+
+    void swap(hash_map&);
+
+    hasher hash_funct() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& k);
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const;
+
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type n) const;
+
+    void resize(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>, class Pred = equal_to<Key>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class hash_multimap
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Key                                                        key_type;
+    typedef T                                                          mapped_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+
+    explicit hash_multimap(size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        hash_multimap(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    explicit hash_multimap(const allocator_type&);
+    hash_multimap(const hash_multimap&);
+    ~hash_multimap();
+    hash_multimap& operator=(const hash_multimap&);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const;
+
+    bool      empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+    size_type max_size() const;
+
+    iterator       begin();
+    iterator       end();
+    const_iterator begin()  const;
+    const_iterator end()    const;
+
+    iterator insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+    void erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    void erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear();
+
+    void swap(hash_multimap&);
+
+    hasher hash_funct() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const;
+
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type n) const;
+
+    void resize(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+}  // __gnu_cxx
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__hash_table>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <ext/__hash>
+#include <functional>
+
+#if defined(__DEPRECATED) && __DEPRECATED
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WARNING)
+_LIBCPP_WARNING("Use of the header <ext/hash_map> is deprecated.  Migrate to <unordered_map>")
+#  else
+#    warning Use of the header <ext/hash_map> is deprecated.  Migrate to <unordered_map>
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+namespace __gnu_cxx {
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash, bool = std::is_empty<_Hash>::value && !std::__libcpp_is_final<_Hash>::value >
+class __hash_map_hasher : private _Hash {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_hasher() : _Hash() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_hasher(const _Hash& __h) : _Hash(__h) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Hash& hash_function() const { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return static_cast<const _Hash&>(*this)(__x.first); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Hash&>(*this)(__x);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Hash>
+class __hash_map_hasher<_Tp, _Hash, false> {
+  _Hash __hash_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_hasher() : __hash_() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_hasher(const _Hash& __h) : __hash_(__h) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Hash& hash_function() const { return __hash_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return __hash_(__x.first); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x) const { return __hash_(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Pred, bool = std::is_empty<_Pred>::value && !std::__libcpp_is_final<_Pred>::value >
+class __hash_map_equal : private _Pred {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_equal() : _Pred() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_equal(const _Pred& __p) : _Pred(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Pred& key_eq() const { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x.first, __y.first);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x, __y.first);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x.first, __y);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x, const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x, __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Pred>
+class __hash_map_equal<_Tp, _Pred, false> {
+  _Pred __pred_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_equal() : __pred_() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_equal(const _Pred& __p) : __pred_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Pred& key_eq() const { return __pred_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __pred_(__x.first, __y.first); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x, const _Tp& __y) const {
+    return __pred_(__x, __y.first);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const {
+    return __pred_(__x.first, __y);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator()(const typename _Tp::first_type& __x, const typename _Tp::first_type& __y) const {
+    return __pred_(__x, __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __hash_map_node_destructor {
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+  typedef std::allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::value_type::__node_value_type value_type;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+
+private:
+  typedef typename value_type::first_type first_type;
+  typedef typename value_type::second_type second_type;
+
+  allocator_type& __na_;
+
+public:
+  bool __first_constructed;
+  bool __second_constructed;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_node_destructor(__hash_map_node_destructor const&) = default;
+  __hash_map_node_destructor& operator=(const __hash_map_node_destructor&)            = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __hash_map_node_destructor(allocator_type& __na)
+      : __na_(__na), __first_constructed(false), __second_constructed(false) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_node_destructor(std::__hash_node_destructor<allocator_type>&& __x)
+      : __na_(__x.__na_), __first_constructed(__x.__value_constructed), __second_constructed(__x.__value_constructed) {
+    __x.__value_constructed = false;
+  }
+#else  // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_node_destructor(const std::__hash_node_destructor<allocator_type>& __x)
+      : __na_(__x.__na_), __first_constructed(__x.__value_constructed), __second_constructed(__x.__value_constructed) {
+    const_cast<bool&>(__x.__value_constructed) = false;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(pointer __p) {
+    if (__second_constructed)
+      __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, std::addressof(__p->__get_value().second));
+    if (__first_constructed)
+      __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, std::addressof(__p->__get_value().first));
+    if (__p)
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__na_, __p, 1);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _HashIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_iterator {
+  _HashIterator __i_;
+
+  typedef const typename _HashIterator::value_type::first_type key_type;
+  typedef typename _HashIterator::value_type::second_type mapped_type;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef std::pair<key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+  typedef typename _HashIterator::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef std::__rebind_pointer_t<typename _HashIterator::pointer, value_type> pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_iterator() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_iterator(_HashIterator __i) : __i_(__i) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return *operator->(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return (pointer)__i_.operator->(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++__i_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __hash_map_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __hash_map_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __hash_map_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;
+  }
+
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash_map;
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash_multimap;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_iterator;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_local_iterator;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _HashIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_const_iterator {
+  _HashIterator __i_;
+
+  typedef const typename _HashIterator::value_type::first_type key_type;
+  typedef typename _HashIterator::value_type::second_type mapped_type;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef std::pair<key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+  typedef typename _HashIterator::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef const value_type& reference;
+  typedef std::__rebind_pointer_t<typename _HashIterator::pointer, const value_type> pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_const_iterator() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_const_iterator(_HashIterator __i) : __i_(__i) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_const_iterator(__hash_map_iterator<typename _HashIterator::__non_const_iterator> __i)
+      : __i_(__i.__i_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return *operator->(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return (pointer)__i_.operator->(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_const_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++__i_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_const_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __hash_map_const_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const __hash_map_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const __hash_map_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;
+  }
+
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash_map;
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash_multimap;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_iterator;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_local_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Hash  = hash<_Key>,
+          class _Pred  = std::equal_to<_Key>,
+          class _Alloc = std::allocator<std::pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash_map {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef _Tp data_type;
+  typedef _Hash hasher;
+  typedef _Pred key_equal;
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+  typedef std::pair<const key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+
+private:
+  typedef std::pair<key_type, mapped_type> __value_type;
+  typedef __hash_map_hasher<__value_type, hasher> __hasher;
+  typedef __hash_map_equal<__value_type, key_equal> __key_equal;
+  typedef std::__rebind_alloc<std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>, __value_type> __allocator_type;
+
+  typedef std::__hash_table<__value_type, __hasher, __key_equal, __allocator_type> __table;
+
+  __table __table_;
+
+  typedef typename __table::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::__node_const_pointer __node_const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::__node_traits __node_traits;
+  typedef typename __table::__node_allocator __node_allocator;
+  typedef typename __table::__node __node;
+  typedef __hash_map_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _Dp;
+  typedef std::unique_ptr<__node, _Dp> __node_holder;
+  typedef std::allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::iterator> iterator;
+  typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_map() {}
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  hash_map(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(), const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_map(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_map(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  hash_map(_InputIterator __first,
+           _InputIterator __last,
+           size_type __n,
+           const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+           const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  hash_map(_InputIterator __first,
+           _InputIterator __last,
+           size_type __n,
+           const hasher& __hf,
+           const key_equal& __eql,
+           const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_map(const hash_map& __u);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const { return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const { return __table_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const { return __table_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const { return __table_.max_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const { return __table_.end(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_unique(__x);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x) { return insert(__x).first; }
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void erase(const_iterator __p) { __table_.erase(__p.__i_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.__erase_unique(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) {
+    __table_.erase(__first.__i_, __last.__i_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() { __table_.clear(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(hash_map& __u) { __table_.swap(__u.__table_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hasher hash_funct() const { return __table_.hash_function().hash_function(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_equal key_eq() const { return __table_.key_eq().key_eq(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.__count_unique(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& __k);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_count() const { return __table_.bucket_count(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_bucket_count() const { return __table_.max_bucket_count(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type __n) const { return __table_.bucket_size(__n); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __n) { __table_.__rehash_unique(__n); }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_holder __construct_node(const key_type& __k);
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(
+    size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_map(const hash_map& __u) : __table_(__u.__table_) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+typename hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__construct_node(const key_type& __k) {
+  __node_allocator& __na = __table_.__node_alloc();
+  __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _Dp(__na));
+  __node_traits::construct(__na, std::addressof(__h->__get_value().first), __k);
+  __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+  __node_traits::construct(__na, std::addressof(__h->__get_value().second));
+  __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+  return __h;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline void hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __table_.__insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_Tp& hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator[](const key_type& __k) {
+  iterator __i = find(__k);
+  if (__i != end())
+    return __i->second;
+  __node_holder __h             = __construct_node(__k);
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> __r = __table_.__node_insert_unique(__h.get());
+  __h.release();
+  return __r.first->second;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, const hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+    return false;
+  typedef typename hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(), __ey = __y.end(); __i != __ex; ++__i) {
+    const_iterator __j = __y.find(__i->first);
+    if (__j == __ey || !(*__i == *__j))
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, const hash_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Hash  = hash<_Key>,
+          class _Pred  = std::equal_to<_Key>,
+          class _Alloc = std::allocator<std::pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash_multimap {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef _Tp data_type;
+  typedef _Hash hasher;
+  typedef _Pred key_equal;
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+  typedef std::pair<const key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+
+private:
+  typedef std::pair<key_type, mapped_type> __value_type;
+  typedef __hash_map_hasher<__value_type, hasher> __hasher;
+  typedef __hash_map_equal<__value_type, key_equal> __key_equal;
+  typedef std::__rebind_alloc<std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>, __value_type> __allocator_type;
+
+  typedef std::__hash_table<__value_type, __hasher, __key_equal, __allocator_type> __table;
+
+  __table __table_;
+
+  typedef typename __table::__node_traits __node_traits;
+  typedef typename __table::__node_allocator __node_allocator;
+  typedef typename __table::__node __node;
+  typedef __hash_map_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _Dp;
+  typedef std::unique_ptr<__node, _Dp> __node_holder;
+  typedef std::allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::iterator> iterator;
+  typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_multimap() {}
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  hash_multimap(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(), const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  hash_multimap(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  hash_multimap(_InputIterator __first,
+                _InputIterator __last,
+                size_type __n,
+                const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+                const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_multimap(
+      _InputIterator __first,
+      _InputIterator __last,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf,
+      const key_equal& __eql,
+      const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_multimap(const hash_multimap& __u);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const { return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const { return __table_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const { return __table_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const { return __table_.max_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const { return __table_.end(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const value_type& __x) { return __table_.__insert_multi(__x); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x) { return insert(__x); }
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void erase(const_iterator __p) { __table_.erase(__p.__i_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.__erase_multi(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) {
+    __table_.erase(__first.__i_, __last.__i_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() { __table_.clear(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(hash_multimap& __u) { __table_.swap(__u.__table_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hasher hash_funct() const { return __table_.hash_function().hash_function(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_equal key_eq() const { return __table_.key_eq().key_eq(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.__count_multi(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_count() const { return __table_.bucket_count(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_bucket_count() const { return __table_.max_bucket_count(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type __n) const { return __table_.bucket_size(__n); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __n) { __table_.__rehash_multi(__n); }
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(
+    size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multimap(const hash_multimap& __u) : __table_(__u.__table_) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline void hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __table_.__insert_multi(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                      const hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+    return false;
+  typedef typename hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  typedef std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _EqRng;
+  for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(); __i != __ex;) {
+    _EqRng __xeq = __x.equal_range(__i->first);
+    _EqRng __yeq = __y.equal_range(__i->first);
+    if (std::distance(__xeq.first, __xeq.second) != std::distance(__yeq.first, __yeq.second) ||
+        !std::is_permutation(__xeq.first, __xeq.second, __yeq.first))
+      return false;
+    __i = __xeq.second;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                             const hash_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+} // namespace __gnu_cxx
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HASH_MAP

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/hash_set b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/hash_set
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1ab259b59979f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ext/hash_set
@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HASH_SET
+#define _LIBCPP_HASH_SET
+
+/*
+
+    hash_set synopsis
+
+namespace __gnu_cxx
+{
+
+template <class Value, class Hash = hash<Value>, class Pred = equal_to<Value>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<Value>>
+class hash_set
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Value                                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+
+    explicit hash_set(size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        hash_set(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    hash_set(const hash_set&);
+    ~hash_set();
+    hash_set& operator=(const hash_set&);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const;
+
+    bool      empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+    size_type max_size() const;
+
+    iterator       begin();
+    iterator       end();
+    const_iterator begin()  const;
+    const_iterator end()    const;
+
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+    void erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    void erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear();
+
+    void swap(hash_set&);
+
+    hasher hash_funct() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const;
+
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type n) const;
+
+    void resize(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash = hash<Value>, class Pred = equal_to<Value>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<Value>>
+class hash_multiset
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Value                                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+
+    explicit hash_multiset(size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        hash_multiset(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 193, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    hash_multiset(const hash_multiset&);
+    ~hash_multiset();
+    hash_multiset& operator=(const hash_multiset&);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const;
+
+    bool      empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+    size_type max_size() const;
+
+    iterator       begin();
+    iterator       end();
+    const_iterator begin()  const;
+    const_iterator end()    const;
+
+    iterator insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+    void erase(const_iterator position);
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    void erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear();
+
+    void swap(hash_multiset&);
+
+    hasher hash_funct() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const;
+
+    size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type n) const;
+
+    void resize(size_type n);
+};
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const hash_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+}  // __gnu_cxx
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__hash_table>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <ext/__hash>
+#include <functional>
+
+#if defined(__DEPRECATED) && __DEPRECATED
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_WARNING)
+_LIBCPP_WARNING("Use of the header <ext/hash_set> is deprecated.  Migrate to <unordered_set>")
+#  else
+#    warning Use of the header <ext/hash_set> is deprecated.  Migrate to <unordered_set>
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+namespace __gnu_cxx {
+
+template <class _Value,
+          class _Hash  = hash<_Value>,
+          class _Pred  = std::equal_to<_Value>,
+          class _Alloc = std::allocator<_Value> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash_set {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _Value key_type;
+  typedef key_type value_type;
+  typedef _Hash hasher;
+  typedef _Pred key_equal;
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+
+private:
+  typedef std::__hash_table<value_type, hasher, key_equal, allocator_type> __table;
+
+  __table __table_;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __table::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __table::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  typedef typename __table::const_iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename __table::const_iterator const_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_set() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit hash_set(
+      size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(), const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_set(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_set(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  hash_set(_InputIterator __first,
+           _InputIterator __last,
+           size_type __n,
+           const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+           const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  hash_set(_InputIterator __first,
+           _InputIterator __last,
+           size_type __n,
+           const hasher& __hf,
+           const key_equal& __eql,
+           const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_set(const hash_set& __u);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const { return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const { return __table_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const { return __table_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const { return __table_.max_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const { return __table_.end(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_unique(__x);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x) { return insert(__x).first; }
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void erase(const_iterator __p) { __table_.erase(__p); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.__erase_unique(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) { __table_.erase(__first, __last); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() { __table_.clear(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(hash_set& __u) { __table_.swap(__u.__table_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hasher hash_funct() const { return __table_.hash_function(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_equal key_eq() const { return __table_.key_eq(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.__count_unique(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_count() const { return __table_.bucket_count(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_bucket_count() const { return __table_.max_bucket_count(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type __n) const { return __table_.bucket_size(__n); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __n) { __table_.__rehash_unique(__n); }
+};
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(
+    size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_set(const hash_set& __u) : __table_(__u.__table_) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline void hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __table_.__insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, const hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+    return false;
+  typedef typename hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(), __ey = __y.end(); __i != __ex; ++__i) {
+    const_iterator __j = __y.find(*__i);
+    if (__j == __ey || !(*__i == *__j))
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, const hash_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Value,
+          class _Hash  = hash<_Value>,
+          class _Pred  = std::equal_to<_Value>,
+          class _Alloc = std::allocator<_Value> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash_multiset {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _Value key_type;
+  typedef key_type value_type;
+  typedef _Hash hasher;
+  typedef _Pred key_equal;
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+
+private:
+  typedef std::__hash_table<value_type, hasher, key_equal, allocator_type> __table;
+
+  __table __table_;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __table::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __table::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  typedef typename __table::const_iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename __table::const_iterator const_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_multiset() {}
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  hash_multiset(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(), const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  hash_multiset(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_multiset(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  hash_multiset(_InputIterator __first,
+                _InputIterator __last,
+                size_type __n,
+                const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+                const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_multiset(
+      _InputIterator __first,
+      _InputIterator __last,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf,
+      const key_equal& __eql,
+      const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hash_multiset(const hash_multiset& __u);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const { return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const { return __table_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const { return __table_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const { return __table_.max_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const { return __table_.end(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const value_type& __x) { return __table_.__insert_multi(__x); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x) { return insert(__x); }
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void erase(const_iterator __p) { __table_.erase(__p); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.__erase_multi(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) { __table_.erase(__first, __last); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() { __table_.clear(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(hash_multiset& __u) { __table_.swap(__u.__table_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hasher hash_funct() const { return __table_.hash_function(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_equal key_eq() const { return __table_.key_eq(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.__count_multi(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_count() const { return __table_.bucket_count(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_bucket_count() const { return __table_.max_bucket_count(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type elems_in_bucket(size_type __n) const { return __table_.bucket_size(__n); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __n) { __table_.__rehash_multi(__n); }
+};
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(
+    size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::hash_multiset(const hash_multiset& __u) : __table_(__u.__table_) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline void hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __table_.__insert_multi(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                      const hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+    return false;
+  typedef typename hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  typedef std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _EqRng;
+  for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(); __i != __ex;) {
+    _EqRng __xeq = __x.equal_range(*__i);
+    _EqRng __yeq = __y.equal_range(*__i);
+    if (std::distance(__xeq.first, __xeq.second) != std::distance(__yeq.first, __yeq.second) ||
+        !std::is_permutation(__xeq.first, __xeq.second, __yeq.first))
+      return false;
+    __i = __xeq.second;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                             const hash_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+} // namespace __gnu_cxx
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HASH_SET

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/fenv.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/fenv.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5647f2b339555d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/fenv.h
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FENV_H
+#define _LIBCPP_FENV_H
+
+/*
+    fenv.h synopsis
+
+This entire header is C99 / C++0X
+
+Macros:
+
+    FE_DIVBYZERO
+    FE_INEXACT
+    FE_INVALID
+    FE_OVERFLOW
+    FE_UNDERFLOW
+    FE_ALL_EXCEPT
+    FE_DOWNWARD
+    FE_TONEAREST
+    FE_TOWARDZERO
+    FE_UPWARD
+    FE_DFL_ENV
+
+Types:
+
+    fenv_t
+    fexcept_t
+
+int feclearexcept(int excepts);
+int fegetexceptflag(fexcept_t* flagp, int excepts);
+int feraiseexcept(int excepts);
+int fesetexceptflag(const fexcept_t* flagp, int excepts);
+int fetestexcept(int excepts);
+int fegetround();
+int fesetround(int round);
+int fegetenv(fenv_t* envp);
+int feholdexcept(fenv_t* envp);
+int fesetenv(const fenv_t* envp);
+int feupdateenv(const fenv_t* envp);
+
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include_next(<fenv.h>)
+#  include_next <fenv.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+extern "C++" {
+
+#  ifdef feclearexcept
+#    undef feclearexcept
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef fegetexceptflag
+#    undef fegetexceptflag
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef feraiseexcept
+#    undef feraiseexcept
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef fesetexceptflag
+#    undef fesetexceptflag
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef fetestexcept
+#    undef fetestexcept
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef fegetround
+#    undef fegetround
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef fesetround
+#    undef fesetround
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef fegetenv
+#    undef fegetenv
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef feholdexcept
+#    undef feholdexcept
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef fesetenv
+#    undef fesetenv
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef feupdateenv
+#    undef feupdateenv
+#  endif
+
+} // extern "C++"
+
+#endif // defined(__cplusplus)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_FENV_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/filesystem b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/filesystem
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6ea04df0a089b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/filesystem
@@ -0,0 +1,577 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FILESYSTEM
+#define _LIBCPP_FILESYSTEM
+
+/*
+    filesystem synopsis
+
+    namespace std::filesystem {
+
+    // `class path` from http://eel.is/c++draft/fs.class.path.general#6
+    class path {
+      public:
+        using value_type  = see below;
+        using string_type = basic_string<value_type>;
+        static constexpr value_type preferred_separator = see below;
+
+        enum format;
+
+        path() noexcept;
+        path(const path& p);
+        path(path&& p) noexcept;
+        path(string_type&& source, format fmt = auto_format);
+        template<class Source>
+          path(const Source& source, format fmt = auto_format);
+        template<class InputIterator>
+          path(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, format fmt = auto_format);
+        template<class Source>
+          path(const Source& source, const locale& loc, format fmt = auto_format);
+        template<class InputIterator>
+          path(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const locale& loc, format fmt = auto_format);
+        ~path();
+
+        path& operator=(const path& p);
+        path& operator=(path&& p) noexcept;
+        path& operator=(string_type&& source);
+        path& assign(string_type&& source);
+        template<class Source>
+          path& operator=(const Source& source);
+        template<class Source>
+          path& assign(const Source& source);
+        template<class InputIterator>
+          path& assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+        path& operator/=(const path& p);
+        template<class Source>
+          path& operator/=(const Source& source);
+        template<class Source>
+          path& append(const Source& source);
+        template<class InputIterator>
+          path& append(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+        path& operator+=(const path& x);
+        path& operator+=(const string_type& x);
+        path& operator+=(basic_string_view<value_type> x);
+        path& operator+=(const value_type* x);
+        path& operator+=(value_type x);
+        template<class Source>
+          path& operator+=(const Source& x);
+        template<class EcharT>
+          path& operator+=(EcharT x);
+        template<class Source>
+          path& concat(const Source& x);
+        template<class InputIterator>
+          path& concat(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+        void  clear() noexcept;
+        path& make_preferred();
+        path& remove_filename();
+        path& replace_filename(const path& replacement);
+        path& replace_extension(const path& replacement = path());
+        void  swap(path& rhs) noexcept;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
+        friend bool operator!=(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+        friend bool operator< (const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+        friend bool operator<=(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+        friend bool operator> (const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+        friend bool operator>=(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+        friend strong_ordering operator<=>(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept; // C++20
+
+        friend path operator/(const path& lhs, const path& rhs);
+
+        const string_type& native() const noexcept;
+        const value_type*  c_str() const noexcept;
+        operator string_type() const;
+
+        template<class EcharT, class traits = char_traits<EcharT>,
+                 class Allocator = allocator<EcharT>>
+          basic_string<EcharT, traits, Allocator>
+            string(const Allocator& a = Allocator()) const;
+        std::string    string() const;
+        std::wstring   wstring() const;
+        std::u8string  u8string() const;
+        std::u16string u16string() const;
+        std::u32string u32string() const;
+
+        template<class EcharT, class traits = char_traits<EcharT>,
+                 class Allocator = allocator<EcharT>>
+          basic_string<EcharT, traits, Allocator>
+            generic_string(const Allocator& a = Allocator()) const;
+        std::string    generic_string() const;
+        std::wstring   generic_wstring() const;
+        std::u8string  generic_u8string() const;
+        std::u16string generic_u16string() const;
+        std::u32string generic_u32string() const;
+
+        int compare(const path& p) const noexcept;
+        int compare(const string_type& s) const;
+        int compare(basic_string_view<value_type> s) const;
+        int compare(const value_type* s) const;
+
+        path root_name() const;
+        path root_directory() const;
+        path root_path() const;
+        path relative_path() const;
+        path parent_path() const;
+        path filename() const;
+        path stem() const;
+        path extension() const;
+
+        [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept;
+        bool has_root_name() const;
+        bool has_root_directory() const;
+        bool has_root_path() const;
+        bool has_relative_path() const;
+        bool has_parent_path() const;
+        bool has_filename() const;
+        bool has_stem() const;
+        bool has_extension() const;
+        bool is_absolute() const;
+        bool is_relative() const;
+
+        path lexically_normal() const;
+        path lexically_relative(const path& base) const;
+        path lexically_proximate(const path& base) const;
+
+        class iterator;
+        using const_iterator = iterator;
+
+        iterator begin() const;
+        iterator end() const;
+
+        template<class charT, class traits>
+          friend basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+            operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const path& p);
+        template<class charT, class traits>
+          friend basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+            operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, path& p);
+    };
+
+    void swap(path& lhs, path& rhs) noexcept;
+    size_t hash_value(const path& p) noexcept;
+
+    // [fs.path.hash], hash support
+    template<> struct hash<filesystem::path>;
+
+    template <class Source>
+      path u8path(const Source& source);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+      path u8path(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+    class filesystem_error;
+
+    class directory_entry {
+    public:
+      directory_entry() noexcept = default;
+      directory_entry(const directory_entry&) = default;
+      directory_entry(directory_entry&&) noexcept = default;
+      explicit directory_entry(const filesystem::path& p);
+      directory_entry(const filesystem::path& p, error_code& ec);
+      ~directory_entry();
+
+      directory_entry& operator=(const directory_entry&) = default;
+      directory_entry& operator=(directory_entry&&) noexcept = default;
+
+      void assign(const filesystem::path& p);
+      void assign(const filesystem::path& p, error_code& ec);
+      void replace_filename(const filesystem::path& p);
+      void replace_filename(const filesystem::path& p, error_code& ec);
+      void refresh();
+      void refresh(error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+      const filesystem::path& path() const noexcept;
+      operator const filesystem::path&() const noexcept;
+      bool exists() const;
+      bool exists(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      bool is_block_file() const;
+      bool is_block_file(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      bool is_character_file() const;
+      bool is_character_file(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      bool is_directory() const;
+      bool is_directory(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      bool is_fifo() const;
+      bool is_fifo(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      bool is_other() const;
+      bool is_other(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      bool is_regular_file() const;
+      bool is_regular_file(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      bool is_socket() const;
+      bool is_socket(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      bool is_symlink() const;
+      bool is_symlink(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      uintmax_t file_size() const;
+      uintmax_t file_size(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      uintmax_t hard_link_count() const;
+      uintmax_t hard_link_count(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      file_time_type last_write_time() const;
+      file_time_type last_write_time(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      file_status status() const;
+      file_status status(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+      file_status symlink_status() const;
+      file_status symlink_status(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
+
+      bool operator==(const directory_entry& rhs) const noexcept;
+      bool operator!=(const directory_entry& rhs) const noexcept;             // removed  in C++20
+      bool operator< (const directory_entry& rhs) const noexcept;             // removed  in C++20
+      bool operator<=(const directory_entry& rhs) const noexcept;             // removed  in C++20
+      bool operator> (const directory_entry& rhs) const noexcept;             // removed  in C++20
+      bool operator>=(const directory_entry& rhs) const noexcept;             // removed  in C++20
+      strong_ordering operator<=>(const directory_entry& rhs) const noexcept; // since C++20
+
+      template<class charT, class traits>
+        friend basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+          operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const directory_entry& d);
+
+    private:
+      filesystem::path pathobject;        // exposition only
+      friend class directory_iterator;    // exposition only
+    };
+
+  class directory_iterator {
+  public:
+    using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+    using value_type        = directory_entry;
+    using 
diff erence_type   = ptr
diff _t;
+    using pointer           = const directory_entry*;
+    using reference         = const directory_entry&;
+
+    // [fs.dir.itr.members], member functions
+    directory_iterator() noexcept;
+    explicit directory_iterator(const path& p);
+    directory_iterator(const path& p, directory_options options);
+    directory_iterator(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+    directory_iterator(const path& p, directory_options options,
+                       error_code& ec);
+    directory_iterator(const directory_iterator& rhs);
+    directory_iterator(directory_iterator&& rhs) noexcept;
+    ~directory_iterator();
+
+    directory_iterator& operator=(const directory_iterator& rhs);
+    directory_iterator& operator=(directory_iterator&& rhs) noexcept;
+
+    const directory_entry& operator*() const;
+    const directory_entry* operator->() const;
+    directory_iterator&    operator++();
+    directory_iterator&    increment(error_code& ec);
+
+    bool operator==(default_sentinel_t) const noexcept {          // since C++20
+      return *this == directory_iterator();
+    }
+
+    // other members as required by [input.iterators], input iterators
+  };
+
+    // enable directory_iterator range-based for statements
+    directory_iterator begin(directory_iterator iter) noexcept;
+    directory_iterator end(directory_iterator) noexcept;
+
+class recursive_directory_iterator {
+  public:
+    using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
+    using value_type        = directory_entry;
+    using 
diff erence_type   = ptr
diff _t;
+    using pointer           = const directory_entry*;
+    using reference         = const directory_entry&;
+
+    // [fs.rec.dir.itr.members], constructors and destructor
+    recursive_directory_iterator() noexcept;
+    explicit recursive_directory_iterator(const path& p);
+    recursive_directory_iterator(const path& p, directory_options options);
+    recursive_directory_iterator(const path& p, directory_options options,
+                                 error_code& ec);
+    recursive_directory_iterator(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+    recursive_directory_iterator(const recursive_directory_iterator& rhs);
+    recursive_directory_iterator(recursive_directory_iterator&& rhs) noexcept;
+    ~recursive_directory_iterator();
+
+    // [fs.rec.dir.itr.members], observers
+    directory_options  options() const;
+    int                depth() const;
+    bool               recursion_pending() const;
+
+    const directory_entry& operator*() const;
+    const directory_entry* operator->() const;
+
+    // [fs.rec.dir.itr.members], modifiers
+    recursive_directory_iterator&
+      operator=(const recursive_directory_iterator& rhs);
+    recursive_directory_iterator&
+      operator=(recursive_directory_iterator&& rhs) noexcept;
+
+    recursive_directory_iterator& operator++();
+    recursive_directory_iterator& increment(error_code& ec);
+
+    void pop();
+    void pop(error_code& ec);
+    void disable_recursion_pending();
+
+    bool operator==(default_sentinel_t) const noexcept {          // since C++20
+      return *this == recursive_directory_iterator();
+    }
+
+    // other members as required by [input.iterators], input iterators
+  };
+
+    // enable recursive_directory_iterator range-based for statements
+    recursive_directory_iterator begin(recursive_directory_iterator iter) noexcept;
+    recursive_directory_iterator end(recursive_directory_iterator) noexcept;
+
+  class file_status {
+  public:
+    // [fs.file.status.cons], constructors and destructor
+    file_status() noexcept : file_status(file_type::none) {}
+    explicit file_status(file_type ft,
+                         perms prms = perms::unknown) noexcept;
+    file_status(const file_status&) noexcept = default;
+    file_status(file_status&&) noexcept = default;
+    ~file_status();
+
+    // assignments
+    file_status& operator=(const file_status&) noexcept = default;
+    file_status& operator=(file_status&&) noexcept = default;
+
+    // [fs.file.status.mods], modifiers
+    void       type(file_type ft) noexcept;
+    void       permissions(perms prms) noexcept;
+
+    // [fs.file.status.obs], observers
+    file_type  type() const noexcept;
+    perms      permissions() const noexcept;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const file_status& lhs, const file_status& rhs) noexcept
+      { return lhs.type() == rhs.type() && lhs.permissions() == rhs.permissions(); } // C++20
+  };
+
+    struct space_info
+    {
+      uintmax_t capacity;
+      uintmax_t free;
+      uintmax_t available;
+
+      friend bool operator==(const space_info&, const space_info&) = default; // C++20
+    };
+
+    enum class file_type;
+    enum class perms;
+    enum class perm_options;
+    enum class copy_options;
+    enum class directory_options;
+
+    typedef chrono::time_point<trivial-clock>  file_time_type;
+
+    // operational functions
+
+    path absolute(const path& p);
+    path absolute(const path& p, error_code &ec);
+
+    path canonical(const path& p);
+    path canonical(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+
+    void copy(const path& from, const path& to);
+    void copy(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec);
+    void copy(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options options);
+    void copy(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options options,
+                   error_code& ec);
+
+    bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to);
+    bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec);
+    bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options option);
+    bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options option,
+                           error_code& ec);
+
+    void copy_symlink(const path& existing_symlink, const path& new_symlink);
+    void copy_symlink(const path& existing_symlink, const path& new_symlink,
+                              error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool create_directories(const path& p);
+    bool create_directories(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+
+    bool create_directory(const path& p);
+    bool create_directory(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool create_directory(const path& p, const path& attributes);
+    bool create_directory(const path& p, const path& attributes,
+                                  error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    void create_directory_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink);
+    void create_directory_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink,
+                                          error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    void create_hard_link(const path& to, const path& new_hard_link);
+    void create_hard_link(const path& to, const path& new_hard_link,
+                                  error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    void create_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink);
+    void create_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink,
+                                error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    path current_path();
+    path current_path(error_code& ec);
+    void current_path(const path& p);
+    void current_path(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool exists(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool exists(const path& p);
+    bool exists(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool equivalent(const path& p1, const path& p2);
+    bool equivalent(const path& p1, const path& p2, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    uintmax_t    file_size(const path& p);
+    uintmax_t    file_size(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    uintmax_t    hard_link_count(const path& p);
+    uintmax_t    hard_link_count(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_block_file(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_block_file(const path& p);
+    bool is_block_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_character_file(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_character_file(const path& p);
+    bool is_character_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_directory(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_directory(const path& p);
+    bool is_directory(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_empty(const path& p);
+    bool is_empty(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_fifo(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_fifo(const path& p);
+    bool is_fifo(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_other(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_other(const path& p);
+    bool is_other(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_regular_file(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_regular_file(const path& p);
+    bool is_regular_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_socket(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_socket(const path& p);
+    bool is_socket(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool is_symlink(file_status s) noexcept;
+    bool is_symlink(const path& p);
+    bool is_symlink(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    file_time_type  last_write_time(const path& p);
+    file_time_type  last_write_time(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+    void last_write_time(const path& p, file_time_type new_time);
+    void last_write_time(const path& p, file_time_type new_time,
+                                 error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    void permissions(const path& p, perms prms,
+                     perm_options opts=perm_options::replace);
+    void permissions(const path& p, perms prms, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+    void permissions(const path& p, perms prms, perm_options opts,
+                     error_code& ec);
+
+    path proximate(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+    path proximate(const path& p, const path& base = current_path());
+    path proximate(const path& p, const path& base, error_code &ec);
+
+    path read_symlink(const path& p);
+    path read_symlink(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+
+    path relative(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+    path relative(const path& p, const path& base=current_path());
+    path relative(const path& p, const path& base, error_code& ec);
+
+    bool remove(const path& p);
+    bool remove(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    uintmax_t    remove_all(const path& p);
+    uintmax_t    remove_all(const path& p, error_code& ec);
+
+    void rename(const path& from, const path& to);
+    void rename(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    void resize_file(const path& p, uintmax_t size);
+    void resize_file(const path& p, uintmax_t size, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    space_info   space(const path& p);
+    space_info   space(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    file_status  status(const path& p);
+    file_status  status(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    bool status_known(file_status s) noexcept;
+
+    file_status  symlink_status(const path& p);
+    file_status  symlink_status(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+    path temp_directory_path();
+    path temp_directory_path(error_code& ec);
+
+    path weakly_canonical(path const& p);
+    path weakly_canonical(path const& p, error_code& ec);
+
+} // namespace std::filesystem
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool std::ranges::enable_borrowed_range<std::filesystem::directory_iterator> = true;
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool std::ranges::enable_borrowed_range<std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator> = true;
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool std::ranges::enable_view<std::filesystem::directory_iterator> = true;
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool std::ranges::enable_view<std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator> = true;
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#  include <__filesystem/copy_options.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/directory_entry.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/directory_iterator.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/directory_options.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/file_status.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/file_time_type.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/file_type.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/filesystem_error.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/operations.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/path.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/path_iterator.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/perm_options.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/perms.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/recursive_directory_iterator.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/space_info.h>
+#  include <__filesystem/u8path.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [fs.filesystem.syn]
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <system_error>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_FILESYSTEM

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/float.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/float.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d572866c1358be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/float.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FLOAT_H
+#define _LIBCPP_FLOAT_H
+
+/*
+    float.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    FLT_ROUNDS
+    FLT_EVAL_METHOD     // C99
+    FLT_RADIX
+
+    FLT_MANT_DIG
+    DBL_MANT_DIG
+    LDBL_MANT_DIG
+
+    FLT_HAS_SUBNORM     // C11
+    DBL_HAS_SUBNORM     // C11
+    LDBL_HAS_SUBNORM    // C11
+
+    DECIMAL_DIG         // C99
+    FLT_DECIMAL_DIG     // C11
+    DBL_DECIMAL_DIG     // C11
+    LDBL_DECIMAL_DIG    // C11
+
+    FLT_DIG
+    DBL_DIG
+    LDBL_DIG
+
+    FLT_MIN_EXP
+    DBL_MIN_EXP
+    LDBL_MIN_EXP
+
+    FLT_MIN_10_EXP
+    DBL_MIN_10_EXP
+    LDBL_MIN_10_EXP
+
+    FLT_MAX_EXP
+    DBL_MAX_EXP
+    LDBL_MAX_EXP
+
+    FLT_MAX_10_EXP
+    DBL_MAX_10_EXP
+    LDBL_MAX_10_EXP
+
+    FLT_MAX
+    DBL_MAX
+    LDBL_MAX
+
+    FLT_EPSILON
+    DBL_EPSILON
+    LDBL_EPSILON
+
+    FLT_MIN
+    DBL_MIN
+    LDBL_MIN
+
+    FLT_TRUE_MIN        // C11
+    DBL_TRUE_MIN        // C11
+    LDBL_TRUE_MIN       // C11
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include_next(<float.h>)
+#  include_next <float.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+#  ifndef FLT_EVAL_METHOD
+#    define FLT_EVAL_METHOD __FLT_EVAL_METHOD__
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef DECIMAL_DIG
+#    define DECIMAL_DIG __DECIMAL_DIG__
+#  endif
+
+#endif // __cplusplus
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_FLOAT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/format b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/format
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a88b3ef8528e2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/format
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FORMAT
+#define _LIBCPP_FORMAT
+
+/*
+
+namespace std {
+  // [format.context], class template basic_format_context
+  template<class Out, class charT> class basic_format_context;
+  using format_context = basic_format_context<unspecified, char>;
+  using wformat_context = basic_format_context<unspecified, wchar_t>;
+
+  // [format.args], class template basic_format_args
+  template<class Context> class basic_format_args;
+  using format_args = basic_format_args<format_context>;
+  using wformat_args = basic_format_args<wformat_context>;
+
+  // [format.fmt.string], class template basic_format_string
+  template<class charT, class... Args>
+    struct basic_format_string {                                // since C++23, exposition only before C++23
+    private:
+      basic_string_view<charT> str;                             // exposition only
+
+    public:
+      template<class T> consteval basic_format_string(const T& s);
+      basic_format_string(runtime-format-string<charT> s) noexcept : str(s.str) {}   // since C++26
+
+      constexpr basic_string_view<charT> get() const noexcept { return str; }
+    };
+  template<class... Args>
+    using format_string =                                       // since C++23, exposition only before C++23
+      basic_format_string<char, type_identity_t<Args>...>;
+  template<class... Args>
+    using wformat_string =                                      // since C++23, exposition only before C++23
+      basic_format_string<wchar_t, type_identity_t<Args>...>;
+
+  template<class charT> struct runtime-format-string {          // since C++26, exposition-only
+  private:
+    basic_string_view<charT> str;                               // exposition-only
+
+  public:
+    runtime-format-string(basic_string_view<charT> s) noexcept : str(s) {}
+
+    runtime-format-string(const runtime-format-string&) = delete;
+    runtime-format-string& operator=(const runtime-format-string&) = delete;
+  };
+
+  runtime-format-string<char> runtime_format(string_view fmt) noexcept {
+    return fmt;
+  }
+  runtime-format-string<wchar_t> runtime_format(wstring_view fmt) noexcept {
+    return fmt;
+  }
+
+  // [format.functions], formatting functions
+  template<class... Args>
+    string format(format-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class... Args>
+    wstring format(wformat-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class... Args>
+    string format(const locale& loc, format-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class... Args>
+    wstring format(const locale& loc, wformat-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+
+  string vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args);
+  wstring vformat(wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args);
+  string vformat(const locale& loc, string_view fmt, format_args args);
+  wstring vformat(const locale& loc, wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args);
+
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    Out format_to(Out out, format-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    Out format_to(Out out, wformat-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    Out format_to(Out out, const locale& loc, format-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    Out format_to(Out out, const locale& loc, wformat-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+
+  template<class Out>
+    Out vformat_to(Out out, string_view fmt, format_args args);
+  template<class Out>
+    Out vformat_to(Out out, wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args);
+  template<class Out>
+    Out vformat_to(Out out, const locale& loc, string_view fmt,
+                   format_args char> args);
+  template<class Out>
+    Out vformat_to(Out out, const locale& loc, wstring_view fmt,
+                   wformat_args args);
+
+  template<class Out> struct format_to_n_result {
+    Out out;
+    iter_
diff erence_t<Out> size;
+  };
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    format_to_n_result<Out> format_to_n(Out out, iter_
diff erence_t<Out> n,
+                                        format-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    format_to_n_result<Out> format_to_n(Out out, iter_
diff erence_t<Out> n,
+                                        wformat-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    format_to_n_result<Out> format_to_n(Out out, iter_
diff erence_t<Out> n,
+                                        const locale& loc, format-string<Args...> fmt,
+                                        Args&&... args);
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    format_to_n_result<Out> format_to_n(Out out, iter_
diff erence_t<Out> n,
+                                        const locale& loc, wformat-string<Args...> fmt,
+                                        Args&&... args);
+
+  template<class... Args>
+    size_t formatted_size(format-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class... Args>
+    size_t formatted_size(wformat-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class... Args>
+    size_t formatted_size(const locale& loc, format-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class... Args>
+    size_t formatted_size(const locale& loc, wformat-string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+
+  // [format.formatter], formatter
+  template<class T, class charT = char> struct formatter;
+
+  // [format.parse.ctx], class template basic_format_parse_context
+  template<class charT> class basic_format_parse_context;
+  using format_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
+  using wformat_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
+
+  // [format.range], formatting of ranges
+  // [format.range.fmtkind], variable template format_kind
+  enum class range_format {                                     // since C++23
+    disabled,
+    map,
+    set,
+    sequence,
+    string,
+    debug_string
+  };
+
+  template<class R>
+    constexpr unspecified format_kind = unspecified;            // since C++23
+
+  template<ranges::input_range R>
+      requires same_as<R, remove_cvref_t<R>>
+    constexpr range_format format_kind<R> = see below;          // since C++23
+
+  // [format.range.formatter], class template range_formatter
+  template<class T, class charT = char>
+    requires same_as<remove_cvref_t<T>, T> && formattable<T, charT>
+  class range_formatter;                                        // since C++23
+
+  // [format.range.fmtdef], class template range-default-formatter
+  template<range_format K, ranges::input_range R, class charT>
+    struct range-default-formatter;                             // exposition only, since C++23
+
+  // [format.range.fmtmap], [format.range.fmtset], [format.range.fmtstr],
+  // specializations for maps, sets, and strings
+  template<ranges::input_range R, class charT>
+    requires (format_kind<R> != range_format::disabled) &&
+             formattable<ranges::range_reference_t<R>, charT>
+  struct formatter<R, charT> : range-default-formatter<format_kind<R>, R, charT> { }; // since C++23
+
+  // [format.arguments], arguments
+  // [format.arg], class template basic_format_arg
+  template<class Context> class basic_format_arg;
+
+  template<class Visitor, class Context>
+    see below visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis, basic_format_arg<Context> arg); // Deprecated in C++26
+
+  // [format.arg.store], class template format-arg-store
+  template<class Context, class... Args> struct format-arg-store;      // exposition only
+
+  template<class Context = format_context, class... Args>
+    format-arg-store<Context, Args...>
+      make_format_args(Args&... args);
+  template<class... Args>
+    format-arg-store<wformat_context, Args...>
+      make_wformat_args(Args&... args);
+
+  // [format.error], class format_error
+  class format_error;
+}
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__format/buffer.h>
+#  include <__format/concepts.h>
+#  include <__format/container_adaptor.h>
+#  include <__format/enable_insertable.h>
+#  include <__format/escaped_output_table.h>
+#  include <__format/extended_grapheme_cluster_table.h>
+#  include <__format/format_arg.h>
+#  include <__format/format_arg_store.h>
+#  include <__format/format_args.h>
+#  include <__format/format_context.h>
+#  include <__format/format_error.h>
+#  include <__format/format_functions.h>
+#  include <__format/format_parse_context.h>
+#  include <__format/format_string.h>
+#  include <__format/format_to_n_result.h>
+#  include <__format/formatter.h>
+#  include <__format/formatter_bool.h>
+#  include <__format/formatter_char.h>
+#  include <__format/formatter_floating_point.h>
+#  include <__format/formatter_integer.h>
+#  include <__format/formatter_pointer.h>
+#  include <__format/formatter_string.h>
+#  include <__format/formatter_tuple.h>
+#  include <__format/parser_std_format_spec.h>
+#  include <__format/range_default_formatter.h>
+#  include <__format/range_formatter.h>
+#  include <__format/unicode.h>
+#  include <__fwd/format.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <array>
+#  include <cctype>
+#  include <cerrno>
+#  include <clocale>
+#  include <cmath>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <locale>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <optional>
+#  include <queue>
+#  include <stack>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <string>
+#  include <string_view>
+#  include <tuple>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
+#    include <cwchar>
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_FORMAT

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/forward_list b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/forward_list
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b14d2cb6c78036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/forward_list
@@ -0,0 +1,1575 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FORWARD_LIST
+#define _LIBCPP_FORWARD_LIST
+
+/*
+    forward_list synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Allocator = allocator<T>>
+class forward_list
+{
+public:
+    typedef T         value_type;
+    typedef Allocator allocator_type;
+
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+    typedef <details> iterator;
+    typedef <details> const_iterator;
+
+    forward_list()
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit forward_list(const allocator_type& a);
+    explicit forward_list(size_type n);
+    explicit forward_list(size_type n, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    forward_list(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    forward_list(size_type n, const value_type& v, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        forward_list(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        forward_list(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const allocator_type& a);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+        forward_list(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Allocator& = Allocator()); // C++23
+    forward_list(const forward_list& x);
+    forward_list(const forward_list& x, const allocator_type& a);
+    forward_list(forward_list&& x)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    forward_list(forward_list&& x, const allocator_type& a);
+    forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> il, const allocator_type& a);
+
+    ~forward_list();
+
+    forward_list& operator=(const forward_list& x);
+    forward_list& operator=(forward_list&& x)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    forward_list& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      void assign_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    void assign(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       before_begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator before_begin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbefore_begin() const noexcept;
+
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    reference       front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+
+    template <class... Args> reference emplace_front(Args&&... args);  // reference in C++17
+    void push_front(const value_type& v);
+    void push_front(value_type&& v);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      void prepend_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+
+    void pop_front();
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_after(const_iterator p, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator p, const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator p, value_type&& v);
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator p, size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        iterator insert_after(const_iterator p,
+                              InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      iterator insert_range_after(const_iterator position, R&& rg); // C++23
+    iterator insert_after(const_iterator p, initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator erase_after(const_iterator p);
+    iterator erase_after(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+
+    void swap(forward_list& x)
+        noexcept(allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value);  // C++17
+
+    void resize(size_type n);
+    void resize(size_type n, const value_type& v);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list& x);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list&& x);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list& x, const_iterator i);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list&& x, const_iterator i);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list& x,
+                      const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void splice_after(const_iterator p, forward_list&& x,
+                      const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    size_type remove(const value_type& v);           // void before C++20
+    template <class Predicate>
+      size_type remove_if(Predicate pred);           // void before C++20
+    size_type unique();                              // void before C++20
+    template <class BinaryPredicate>
+      size_type unique(BinaryPredicate binary_pred); // void before C++20
+    void merge(forward_list& x);
+    void merge(forward_list&& x);
+    template <class Compare> void merge(forward_list& x, Compare comp);
+    template <class Compare> void merge(forward_list&& x, Compare comp);
+    void sort();
+    template <class Compare> void sort(Compare comp);
+    void reverse() noexcept;
+};
+
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Allocator = allocator<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>>
+    forward_list(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> forward_list<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type, Allocator>;  // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<R>>>
+  forward_list(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator = Allocator())
+      -> forward_list<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator==(const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator< (const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y); // removed in C++20
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator!=(const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y); // removed in C++20
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator> (const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y); // removed in C++20
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator>=(const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y); // removed in C++20
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    bool operator<=(const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                    const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y); // removed in C++20
+
+template<class T, class Allocator>
+    synth-three-way-result<T> operator<=>(const forward_list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                                          const forward_list<T, Allocator>& y); // since C++20
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+    void swap(forward_list<T, Allocator>& x, forward_list<T, Allocator>& y)
+         noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class T, class Allocator, class U>
+    typename forward_list<T, Allocator>::size_type
+    erase(forward_list<T, Allocator>& c, const U& value);       // C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator, class Predicate>
+    typename forward_list<T, Allocator>::size_type
+    erase_if(forward_list<T, Allocator>& c, Predicate pred);    // C++20
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/move_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocation_guard.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/compressed_pair.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/swap_allocator.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_allocator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <limits>
+#include <new> // __launder
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [forward.list.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __forward_list_node;
+template <class _NodePtr>
+struct __forward_begin_node;
+
+template <class>
+struct __forward_list_node_value_type;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __forward_list_node_value_type<__forward_list_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> > {
+  typedef _Tp type;
+};
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+struct __forward_node_traits {
+  typedef __remove_cv_t<typename pointer_traits<_NodePtr>::element_type> __node_type;
+  typedef typename __forward_list_node_value_type<__node_type>::type __node_value_type;
+  typedef _NodePtr __node_pointer;
+  typedef __forward_begin_node<_NodePtr> __begin_node;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_NodePtr, __begin_node> __begin_node_pointer;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_NodePtr, void> __void_pointer;
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_FORWARD_LIST_REMOVE_NODE_POINTER_UB)
+  typedef __begin_node_pointer __iter_node_pointer;
+#else
+  typedef __conditional_t<is_pointer<__void_pointer>::value, __begin_node_pointer, __node_pointer> __iter_node_pointer;
+#endif
+
+  typedef __conditional_t<is_same<__iter_node_pointer, __node_pointer>::value, __begin_node_pointer, __node_pointer>
+      __non_iter_node_pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __iter_node_pointer __as_iter_node(__iter_node_pointer __p) { return __p; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static __iter_node_pointer __as_iter_node(__non_iter_node_pointer __p) {
+    return static_cast<__iter_node_pointer>(static_cast<__void_pointer>(__p));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+struct __forward_begin_node {
+  typedef _NodePtr pointer;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_NodePtr, __forward_begin_node> __begin_node_pointer;
+
+  pointer __next_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __forward_begin_node() : __next_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __forward_begin_node(pointer __n) : __next_(__n) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __begin_node_pointer __next_as_begin() const {
+    return static_cast<__begin_node_pointer>(__next_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+using __begin_node_of = __forward_begin_node<__rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __forward_list_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> > >;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __forward_list_node : public __begin_node_of<_Tp, _VoidPtr> {
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef __begin_node_of<_Tp, _VoidPtr> _Base;
+  typedef typename _Base::pointer _NodePtr;
+
+  // We allow starting the lifetime of nodes without initializing the value held by the node,
+  // since that is handled by the list itself in order to be allocator-aware.
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+private:
+  union {
+    _Tp __value_;
+  };
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& __get_value() { return __value_; }
+#else
+
+private:
+  _ALIGNAS_TYPE(_Tp) char __buffer_[sizeof(_Tp)];
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& __get_value() { return *std::__launder(reinterpret_cast<_Tp*>(&__buffer_)); }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __forward_list_node(_NodePtr __next) : _Base(__next) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__forward_list_node() {}
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc = allocator<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS forward_list;
+template <class _NodeConstPtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __forward_list_const_iterator;
+
+template <class _NodePtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __forward_list_iterator {
+  typedef __forward_node_traits<_NodePtr> __traits;
+  typedef typename __traits::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename __traits::__begin_node_pointer __begin_node_pointer;
+  typedef typename __traits::__iter_node_pointer __iter_node_pointer;
+  typedef typename __traits::__void_pointer __void_pointer;
+
+  __iter_node_pointer __ptr_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __begin_node_pointer __get_begin() const {
+    return static_cast<__begin_node_pointer>(static_cast<__void_pointer>(__ptr_));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_pointer __get_unsafe_node_pointer() const {
+    return static_cast<__node_pointer>(static_cast<__void_pointer>(__ptr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __forward_list_iterator(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __forward_list_iterator(__begin_node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__traits::__as_iter_node(__p)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __forward_list_iterator(__node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__traits::__as_iter_node(__p)) {}
+
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS forward_list;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __forward_list_const_iterator;
+
+public:
+  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename __traits::__node_value_type value_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<__node_pointer, value_type> pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __forward_list_iterator() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __get_unsafe_node_pointer()->__get_value(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const {
+    return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__get_unsafe_node_pointer()->__get_value());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __forward_list_iterator& operator++() {
+    __ptr_ = __traits::__as_iter_node(__ptr_->__next_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __forward_list_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __forward_list_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __forward_list_iterator& __x, const __forward_list_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __forward_list_iterator& __x, const __forward_list_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _NodeConstPtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __forward_list_const_iterator {
+  static_assert(!is_const<typename pointer_traits<_NodeConstPtr>::element_type>::value, "");
+  typedef _NodeConstPtr _NodePtr;
+
+  typedef __forward_node_traits<_NodePtr> __traits;
+  typedef typename __traits::__node_type __node_type;
+  typedef typename __traits::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename __traits::__begin_node_pointer __begin_node_pointer;
+  typedef typename __traits::__iter_node_pointer __iter_node_pointer;
+  typedef typename __traits::__void_pointer __void_pointer;
+
+  __iter_node_pointer __ptr_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __begin_node_pointer __get_begin() const {
+    return static_cast<__begin_node_pointer>(static_cast<__void_pointer>(__ptr_));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_pointer __get_unsafe_node_pointer() const {
+    return static_cast<__node_pointer>(static_cast<__void_pointer>(__ptr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __forward_list_const_iterator(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __forward_list_const_iterator(__begin_node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__traits::__as_iter_node(__p)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __forward_list_const_iterator(__node_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__traits::__as_iter_node(__p)) {}
+
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class forward_list;
+
+public:
+  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename __traits::__node_value_type value_type;
+  typedef const value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename pointer_traits<__node_pointer>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<__node_pointer, const value_type> pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __forward_list_const_iterator() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __forward_list_const_iterator(__forward_list_iterator<__node_pointer> __p) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__p.__ptr_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __get_unsafe_node_pointer()->__get_value(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const {
+    return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__get_unsafe_node_pointer()->__get_value());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __forward_list_const_iterator& operator++() {
+    __ptr_ = __traits::__as_iter_node(__ptr_->__next_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __forward_list_const_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __forward_list_const_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const __forward_list_const_iterator& __x, const __forward_list_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const __forward_list_const_iterator& __x, const __forward_list_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+class __forward_list_base {
+protected:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+
+  typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::void_pointer void_pointer;
+  typedef __forward_list_node<value_type, void_pointer> __node_type;
+  typedef __begin_node_of<value_type, void_pointer> __begin_node;
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<allocator_traits<allocator_type>, __node_type> __node_allocator;
+  typedef allocator_traits<__node_allocator> __node_traits;
+  typedef typename __node_traits::pointer __node_pointer;
+
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<allocator_traits<allocator_type>, __begin_node> __begin_node_allocator;
+  typedef typename allocator_traits<__begin_node_allocator>::pointer __begin_node_pointer;
+
+  __compressed_pair<__begin_node, __node_allocator> __before_begin_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __begin_node_pointer __before_begin() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return pointer_traits<__begin_node_pointer>::pointer_to(__before_begin_.first());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __begin_node_pointer __before_begin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return pointer_traits<__begin_node_pointer>::pointer_to(const_cast<__begin_node&>(__before_begin_.first()));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_allocator& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT { return __before_begin_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const __node_allocator& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT { return __before_begin_.second(); }
+
+  typedef __forward_list_iterator<__node_pointer> iterator;
+  typedef __forward_list_const_iterator<__node_pointer> const_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __forward_list_base() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value)
+      : __before_begin_(__begin_node(), __default_init_tag()) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __forward_list_base(const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __before_begin_(__begin_node(), __node_allocator(__a)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __forward_list_base(const __node_allocator& __a)
+      : __before_begin_(__begin_node(), __a) {}
+
+public:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __forward_list_base(__forward_list_base&& __x) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __forward_list_base(__forward_list_base&& __x, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  __forward_list_base(const __forward_list_base&)            = delete;
+  __forward_list_base& operator=(const __forward_list_base&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__forward_list_base();
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __forward_list_base& __x) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(__x, integral_constant<bool, __node_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__forward_list_base& __x)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+                 is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value) {
+    __move_assign_alloc(__x, integral_constant<bool, __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_pointer __create_node(__node_pointer __next, _Args&&... __args) {
+    __node_allocator& __a = __alloc();
+    __allocation_guard<__node_allocator> __guard(__a, 1);
+    // Begin the lifetime of the node itself. Note that this doesn't begin the lifetime of the value
+    // held inside the node, since we need to use the allocator's construct() method for that.
+    //
+    // We don't use the allocator's construct() method to construct the node itself since the
+    // Cpp17FooInsertable named requirements don't require the allocator's construct() method
+    // to work on anything other than the value_type.
+    std::__construct_at(std::addressof(*__guard.__get()), __next);
+
+    // Now construct the value_type using the allocator's construct() method.
+    __node_traits::construct(__a, std::addressof(__guard.__get()->__get_value()), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    return __guard.__release_ptr();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __delete_node(__node_pointer __node) {
+    // For the same reason as above, we use the allocator's destroy() method for the value_type,
+    // but not for the node itself.
+    __node_allocator& __a = __alloc();
+    __node_traits::destroy(__a, std::addressof(__node->__get_value()));
+    std::__destroy_at(std::addressof(*__node));
+    __node_traits::deallocate(__a, __node, 1);
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__forward_list_base& __x)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT;
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__node_allocator>);
+#endif
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __forward_list_base&, false_type) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __forward_list_base& __x, true_type) {
+    if (__alloc() != __x.__alloc())
+      clear();
+    __alloc() = __x.__alloc();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__forward_list_base&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__forward_list_base& __x, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value) {
+    __alloc() = std::move(__x.__alloc());
+  }
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline __forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::__forward_list_base(__forward_list_base&& __x) noexcept(
+    is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value)
+    : __before_begin_(std::move(__x.__before_begin_)) {
+  __x.__before_begin()->__next_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline __forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::__forward_list_base(__forward_list_base&& __x, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __before_begin_(__begin_node(), __node_allocator(__a)) {
+  if (__alloc() == __x.__alloc()) {
+    __before_begin()->__next_     = __x.__before_begin()->__next_;
+    __x.__before_begin()->__next_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+__forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::~__forward_list_base() {
+  clear();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline void __forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::swap(__forward_list_base& __x)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+    _NOEXCEPT
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__node_allocator>)
+#endif
+{
+  std::__swap_allocator(
+      __alloc(), __x.__alloc(), integral_constant<bool, __node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());
+  using std::swap;
+  swap(__before_begin()->__next_, __x.__before_begin()->__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void __forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc>::clear() _NOEXCEPT {
+  for (__node_pointer __p = __before_begin()->__next_; __p != nullptr;) {
+    __node_pointer __next = __p->__next_;
+    __delete_node(__p);
+    __p = __next;
+  }
+  __before_begin()->__next_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc /*= allocator<_Tp>*/>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS forward_list : private __forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc> {
+  typedef __forward_list_base<_Tp, _Alloc> base;
+  typedef typename base::__node_allocator __node_allocator;
+  typedef typename base::__node_type __node_type;
+  typedef typename base::__node_traits __node_traits;
+  typedef typename base::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename base::__begin_node_pointer __begin_node_pointer;
+
+public:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value, "");
+
+  static_assert(is_same<value_type, typename allocator_type::value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+
+  static_assert(!is_same<allocator_type, __node_allocator>::value,
+                "internal allocator type must 
diff er from user-specified type; otherwise overload resolution breaks");
+
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+  typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  typedef typename base::iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename base::const_iterator const_iterator;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef size_type __remove_return_type;
+#else
+  typedef void __remove_return_type;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value) {
+  } // = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit forward_list(const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit forward_list(size_type __n);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit forward_list(size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+
+  template <__enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list(size_type __n, const value_type& __v, const allocator_type& __a) : base(__a) {
+    insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __n, __v);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : base(__a) {
+    prepend_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list(const forward_list& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list(const forward_list& __x, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list& operator=(const forward_list& __x);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list(forward_list&& __x) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<base>::value)
+      : base(std::move(__x)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list(forward_list&& __x, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list& operator=(forward_list&& __x) noexcept(
+      __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+      is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI forward_list& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  // ~forward_list() = default;
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI assign(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    __assign_with_sentinel(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT { return allocator_type(base::__alloc()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return iterator(base::__before_begin()->__next_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_iterator(base::__before_begin()->__next_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return iterator(nullptr); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_iterator(nullptr); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_iterator(base::__before_begin()->__next_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_iterator(nullptr); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator before_begin() _NOEXCEPT { return iterator(base::__before_begin()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator before_begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_iterator(base::__before_begin()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbefore_begin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_iterator(base::__before_begin());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return base::__before_begin()->__next_ == nullptr;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::min<size_type>(__node_traits::max_size(base::__alloc()), numeric_limits<
diff erence_type>::max());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference front() { return base::__before_begin()->__next_->__get_value(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference front() const { return base::__before_begin()->__next_->__get_value(); }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference emplace_front(_Args&&... __args);
+#  else
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void emplace_front(_Args&&... __args);
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_front(value_type&& __v);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_front(const value_type& __v);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void prepend_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    insert_range_after(cbefore_begin(), std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop_front();
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace_after(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_after(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_after(const_iterator __p, initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    return insert_after(__p, __il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_after(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_after(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_after(const_iterator __p, _InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_range_after(const_iterator __position, _Range&& __range) {
+    return __insert_after_with_sentinel(__position, ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_after_with_sentinel(const_iterator __p, _InputIterator __f, _Sentinel __l);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase_after(const_iterator __p);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase_after(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(forward_list& __x)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__node_allocator>)
+#endif
+  {
+    base::swap(__x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT { base::clear(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list&& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list&& __x, const_iterator __i);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list&& __x, const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list& __x, const_iterator __i);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list& __x, const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __remove_return_type remove(const value_type& __v);
+  template <class _Predicate>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __remove_return_type remove_if(_Predicate __pred);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __remove_return_type unique() { return unique(__equal_to()); }
+  template <class _BinaryPredicate>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __remove_return_type unique(_BinaryPredicate __binary_pred);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(forward_list&& __x) { merge(__x, __less<>()); }
+  template <class _Compare>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(forward_list&& __x, _Compare __comp) {
+    merge(__x, std::move(__comp));
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(forward_list& __x) { merge(__x, __less<>()); }
+  template <class _Compare>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(forward_list& __x, _Compare __comp);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void sort() { sort(__less<>()); }
+  template <class _Compare>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void sort(_Compare __comp);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reverse() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(forward_list& __x, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(forward_list& __x, false_type);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_with_sentinel(_Iter __f, _Sent __l);
+
+  template <class _Compare>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_pointer __merge(__node_pointer __f1, __node_pointer __f2, _Compare& __comp);
+
+  // TODO: Make this _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  template <class _Compare>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __node_pointer __sort(__node_pointer __f, 
diff erence_type __sz, _Compare& __comp);
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+forward_list(_InputIterator, _InputIterator) -> forward_list<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Alloc>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Alloc,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+forward_list(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Alloc) -> forward_list<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Alloc>;
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+forward_list(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Alloc = _Alloc()) -> forward_list<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Alloc>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(const allocator_type& __a) : base(__a) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(size_type __n) {
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    for (__begin_node_pointer __p = base::__before_begin(); __n > 0; --__n, __p = __p->__next_as_begin()) {
+      __p->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* next = */ nullptr);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(size_type __n, const allocator_type& __base_alloc) : base(__base_alloc) {
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    for (__begin_node_pointer __p = base::__before_begin(); __n > 0; --__n, __p = __p->__next_as_begin()) {
+      __p->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* next = */ nullptr);
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(size_type __n, const value_type& __v) {
+  insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __n, __v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l) {
+  insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const allocator_type& __a) : base(__a) {
+  insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(const forward_list& __x)
+    : base(__node_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__x.__alloc())) {
+  insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __x.begin(), __x.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(const forward_list& __x, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a)
+    : base(__a) {
+  insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __x.begin(), __x.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::operator=(const forward_list& __x) {
+  if (this != std::addressof(__x)) {
+    base::__copy_assign_alloc(__x);
+    assign(__x.begin(), __x.end());
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(forward_list&& __x, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a)
+    : base(std::move(__x), __a) {
+  if (base::__alloc() != __x.__alloc()) {
+    typedef move_iterator<iterator> _Ip;
+    insert_after(cbefore_begin(), _Ip(__x.begin()), _Ip(__x.end()));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::forward_list(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a) : base(__a) {
+  insert_after(cbefore_begin(), __il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__move_assign(forward_list& __x, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+  clear();
+  base::__move_assign_alloc(__x);
+  base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __x.__before_begin()->__next_;
+  __x.__before_begin()->__next_   = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__move_assign(forward_list& __x, false_type) {
+  if (base::__alloc() == __x.__alloc())
+    __move_assign(__x, true_type());
+  else {
+    typedef move_iterator<iterator> _Ip;
+    assign(_Ip(__x.begin()), _Ip(__x.end()));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::operator=(forward_list&& __x) _NOEXCEPT_(
+    __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value&& is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+  __move_assign(__x, integral_constant<bool, __node_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::assign(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l) {
+  __assign_with_sentinel(__f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Iter, class _Sent>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__assign_with_sentinel(_Iter __f, _Sent __l) {
+  iterator __i = before_begin();
+  iterator __j = std::next(__i);
+  iterator __e = end();
+  for (; __j != __e && __f != __l; ++__i, (void)++__j, ++__f)
+    *__j = *__f;
+  if (__j == __e)
+    __insert_after_with_sentinel(__i, std::move(__f), std::move(__l));
+  else
+    erase_after(__i, __e);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __v) {
+  iterator __i = before_begin();
+  iterator __j = std::next(__i);
+  iterator __e = end();
+  for (; __j != __e && __n > 0; --__n, ++__i, ++__j)
+    *__j = __v;
+  if (__j == __e)
+    insert_after(__i, __n, __v);
+  else
+    erase_after(__i, __e);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::reference
+#  else
+void
+#  endif
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::emplace_front(_Args&&... __args) {
+  base::__before_begin()->__next_ =
+      this->__create_node(/* next = */ base::__before_begin()->__next_, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  return base::__before_begin()->__next_->__get_value();
+#  endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_front(value_type&& __v) {
+  base::__before_begin()->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* next = */ base::__before_begin()->__next_, std::move(__v));
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_front(const value_type& __v) {
+  base::__before_begin()->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* next = */ base::__before_begin()->__next_, __v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::pop_front() {
+  __node_pointer __p              = base::__before_begin()->__next_;
+  base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __p->__next_;
+  this->__delete_node(__p);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::emplace_after(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+  __begin_node_pointer const __r = __p.__get_begin();
+  __r->__next_                   = this->__create_node(/* next = */ __r->__next_, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  return iterator(__r->__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert_after(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v) {
+  __begin_node_pointer const __r = __p.__get_begin();
+  __r->__next_                   = this->__create_node(/* next = */ __r->__next_, std::move(__v));
+  return iterator(__r->__next_);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert_after(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v) {
+  __begin_node_pointer const __r = __p.__get_begin();
+  __r->__next_                   = this->__create_node(/* next = */ __r->__next_, __v);
+  return iterator(__r->__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert_after(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, const value_type& __v) {
+  __begin_node_pointer __r = __p.__get_begin();
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __node_pointer __first = this->__create_node(/* next = */ nullptr, __v);
+    __node_pointer __last  = __first;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (--__n; __n != 0; --__n, __last = __last->__next_) {
+        __last->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* next = */ nullptr, __v);
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      while (__first != nullptr) {
+        __node_pointer __next = __first->__next_;
+        this->__delete_node(__first);
+        __first = __next;
+      }
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __last->__next_ = __r->__next_;
+    __r->__next_    = __first;
+    __r             = static_cast<__begin_node_pointer>(__last);
+  }
+  return iterator(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert_after(const_iterator __p, _InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l) {
+  return __insert_after_with_sentinel(__p, std::move(__f), std::move(__l));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__insert_after_with_sentinel(const_iterator __p, _InputIterator __f, _Sentinel __l) {
+  __begin_node_pointer __r = __p.__get_begin();
+
+  if (__f != __l) {
+    __node_pointer __first = this->__create_node(/* next = */ nullptr, *__f);
+    __node_pointer __last  = __first;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (++__f; __f != __l; ++__f, ((void)(__last = __last->__next_))) {
+        __last->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* next = */ nullptr, *__f);
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      while (__first != nullptr) {
+        __node_pointer __next = __first->__next_;
+        this->__delete_node(__first);
+        __first = __next;
+      }
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+
+    __last->__next_ = __r->__next_;
+    __r->__next_    = __first;
+    __r             = static_cast<__begin_node_pointer>(__last);
+  }
+
+  return iterator(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::erase_after(const_iterator __f) {
+  __begin_node_pointer __p = __f.__get_begin();
+  __node_pointer __n       = __p->__next_;
+  __p->__next_             = __n->__next_;
+  this->__delete_node(__n);
+  return iterator(__p->__next_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::erase_after(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) {
+  __node_pointer __e = __l.__get_unsafe_node_pointer();
+  if (__f != __l) {
+    __begin_node_pointer __bp = __f.__get_begin();
+
+    __node_pointer __n = __bp->__next_;
+    if (__n != __e) {
+      __bp->__next_ = __e;
+      do {
+        __node_pointer __tmp = __n->__next_;
+        this->__delete_node(__n);
+        __n = __tmp;
+      } while (__n != __e);
+    }
+  }
+  return iterator(__e);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::resize(size_type __n) {
+  size_type __sz = 0;
+  iterator __p   = before_begin();
+  iterator __i   = begin();
+  iterator __e   = end();
+  for (; __i != __e && __sz < __n; ++__p, ++__i, ++__sz)
+    ;
+  if (__i != __e)
+    erase_after(__p, __e);
+  else {
+    __n -= __sz;
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      for (__begin_node_pointer __ptr = __p.__get_begin(); __n > 0; --__n, __ptr = __ptr->__next_as_begin()) {
+        __ptr->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* next = */ nullptr);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __v) {
+  size_type __sz = 0;
+  iterator __p   = before_begin();
+  iterator __i   = begin();
+  iterator __e   = end();
+  for (; __i != __e && __sz < __n; ++__p, ++__i, ++__sz)
+    ;
+  if (__i != __e)
+    erase_after(__p, __e);
+  else {
+    __n -= __sz;
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      for (__begin_node_pointer __ptr = __p.__get_begin(); __n > 0; --__n, __ptr = __ptr->__next_as_begin()) {
+        __ptr->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* next = */ nullptr, __v);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list& __x) {
+  if (!__x.empty()) {
+    if (__p.__get_begin()->__next_ != nullptr) {
+      const_iterator __lm1 = __x.before_begin();
+      while (__lm1.__get_begin()->__next_ != nullptr)
+        ++__lm1;
+      __lm1.__get_begin()->__next_ = __p.__get_begin()->__next_;
+    }
+    __p.__get_begin()->__next_    = __x.__before_begin()->__next_;
+    __x.__before_begin()->__next_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list& /*__other*/, const_iterator __i) {
+  const_iterator __lm1 = std::next(__i);
+  if (__p != __i && __p != __lm1) {
+    __i.__get_begin()->__next_   = __lm1.__get_begin()->__next_;
+    __lm1.__get_begin()->__next_ = __p.__get_begin()->__next_;
+    __p.__get_begin()->__next_   = __lm1.__get_unsafe_node_pointer();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(
+    const_iterator __p, forward_list& /*__other*/, const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) {
+  if (__f != __l && __p != __f) {
+    const_iterator __lm1 = __f;
+    while (__lm1.__get_begin()->__next_ != __l.__get_begin())
+      ++__lm1;
+    if (__f != __lm1) {
+      __lm1.__get_begin()->__next_ = __p.__get_begin()->__next_;
+      __p.__get_begin()->__next_   = __f.__get_begin()->__next_;
+      __f.__get_begin()->__next_   = __l.__get_unsafe_node_pointer();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list&& __x) {
+  splice_after(__p, __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(const_iterator __p, forward_list&& __x, const_iterator __i) {
+  splice_after(__p, __x, __i);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice_after(
+    const_iterator __p, forward_list&& __x, const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) {
+  splice_after(__p, __x, __f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__remove_return_type forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::remove(const value_type& __v) {
+  forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc> __deleted_nodes(get_allocator()); // collect the nodes we're removing
+  typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::size_type __count_removed = 0;
+  const iterator __e                                            = end();
+  for (iterator __i = before_begin(); __i.__get_begin()->__next_ != nullptr;) {
+    if (__i.__get_begin()->__next_->__get_value() == __v) {
+      ++__count_removed;
+      iterator __j = std::next(__i, 2);
+      for (; __j != __e && *__j == __v; ++__j)
+        ++__count_removed;
+      __deleted_nodes.splice_after(__deleted_nodes.before_begin(), *this, __i, __j);
+      if (__j == __e)
+        break;
+      __i = __j;
+    } else
+      ++__i;
+  }
+
+  return (__remove_return_type)__count_removed;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Predicate>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__remove_return_type forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::remove_if(_Predicate __pred) {
+  forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc> __deleted_nodes(get_allocator()); // collect the nodes we're removing
+  typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::size_type __count_removed = 0;
+  const iterator __e                                            = end();
+  for (iterator __i = before_begin(); __i.__get_begin()->__next_ != nullptr;) {
+    if (__pred(__i.__get_begin()->__next_->__get_value())) {
+      ++__count_removed;
+      iterator __j = std::next(__i, 2);
+      for (; __j != __e && __pred(*__j); ++__j)
+        ++__count_removed;
+      __deleted_nodes.splice_after(__deleted_nodes.before_begin(), *this, __i, __j);
+      if (__j == __e)
+        break;
+      __i = __j;
+    } else
+      ++__i;
+  }
+
+  return (__remove_return_type)__count_removed;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _BinaryPredicate>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__remove_return_type
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::unique(_BinaryPredicate __binary_pred) {
+  forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc> __deleted_nodes(get_allocator()); // collect the nodes we're removing
+  typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::size_type __count_removed = 0;
+  for (iterator __i = begin(), __e = end(); __i != __e;) {
+    iterator __j = std::next(__i);
+    for (; __j != __e && __binary_pred(*__i, *__j); ++__j)
+      ++__count_removed;
+    if (__i.__get_begin()->__next_ != __j.__get_unsafe_node_pointer())
+      __deleted_nodes.splice_after(__deleted_nodes.before_begin(), *this, __i, __j);
+    __i = __j;
+  }
+
+  return (__remove_return_type)__count_removed;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Compare>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::merge(forward_list& __x, _Compare __comp) {
+  if (this != std::addressof(__x)) {
+    base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __merge(base::__before_begin()->__next_, __x.__before_begin()->__next_, __comp);
+    __x.__before_begin()->__next_   = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Compare>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__node_pointer
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__merge(__node_pointer __f1, __node_pointer __f2, _Compare& __comp) {
+  if (__f1 == nullptr)
+    return __f2;
+  if (__f2 == nullptr)
+    return __f1;
+  __node_pointer __r;
+  if (__comp(__f2->__get_value(), __f1->__get_value())) {
+    __node_pointer __t = __f2;
+    while (__t->__next_ != nullptr && __comp(__t->__next_->__get_value(), __f1->__get_value()))
+      __t = __t->__next_;
+    __r          = __f2;
+    __f2         = __t->__next_;
+    __t->__next_ = __f1;
+  } else
+    __r = __f1;
+  __node_pointer __p = __f1;
+  __f1               = __f1->__next_;
+  while (__f1 != nullptr && __f2 != nullptr) {
+    if (__comp(__f2->__get_value(), __f1->__get_value())) {
+      __node_pointer __t = __f2;
+      while (__t->__next_ != nullptr && __comp(__t->__next_->__get_value(), __f1->__get_value()))
+        __t = __t->__next_;
+      __p->__next_ = __f2;
+      __f2         = __t->__next_;
+      __t->__next_ = __f1;
+    }
+    __p  = __f1;
+    __f1 = __f1->__next_;
+  }
+  if (__f2 != nullptr)
+    __p->__next_ = __f2;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Compare>
+inline void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::sort(_Compare __comp) {
+  base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __sort(base::__before_begin()->__next_, std::distance(begin(), end()), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Compare>
+typename forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__node_pointer
+forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__sort(__node_pointer __f1, 
diff erence_type __sz, _Compare& __comp) {
+  switch (__sz) {
+  case 0:
+  case 1:
+    return __f1;
+  case 2:
+    if (__comp(__f1->__next_->__get_value(), __f1->__get_value())) {
+      __node_pointer __t = __f1->__next_;
+      __t->__next_       = __f1;
+      __f1->__next_      = nullptr;
+      __f1               = __t;
+    }
+    return __f1;
+  }
+  
diff erence_type __sz1 = __sz / 2;
+  
diff erence_type __sz2 = __sz - __sz1;
+  __node_pointer __t    = std::next(iterator(__f1), __sz1 - 1).__get_unsafe_node_pointer();
+  __node_pointer __f2   = __t->__next_;
+  __t->__next_          = nullptr;
+  return __merge(__sort(__f1, __sz1, __comp), __sort(__f2, __sz2, __comp), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>::reverse() _NOEXCEPT {
+  __node_pointer __p = base::__before_begin()->__next_;
+  if (__p != nullptr) {
+    __node_pointer __f = __p->__next_;
+    __p->__next_       = nullptr;
+    while (__f != nullptr) {
+      __node_pointer __t = __f->__next_;
+      __f->__next_       = __p;
+      __p                = __f;
+      __f                = __t;
+    }
+    base::__before_begin()->__next_ = __p;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  typedef forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc> _Cp;
+  typedef typename _Cp::const_iterator _Ip;
+  _Ip __ix = __x.begin();
+  _Ip __ex = __x.end();
+  _Ip __iy = __y.begin();
+  _Ip __ey = __y.end();
+  for (; __ix != __ex && __iy != __ey; ++__ix, ++__iy)
+    if (!(*__ix == *__iy))
+      return false;
+  return (__ix == __ex) == (__iy == __ey);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#else // #if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __synth_three_way_result<_Tp>
+operator<=>(const forward_list<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const forward_list<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(
+      __x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end(), std::__synth_three_way);
+}
+
+#endif // #if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, forward_list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename forward_list<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(forward_list<_Tp, _Allocator>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return __c.remove_if(__pred);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename forward_list<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase(forward_list<_Tp, _Allocator>& __c, const _Up& __v) {
+  return std::erase_if(__c, [&](auto& __elem) { return __elem == __v; });
+}
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace pmr {
+template <class _ValueT>
+using forward_list _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = std::forward_list<_ValueT, polymorphic_allocator<_ValueT>>;
+} // namespace pmr
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_FORWARD_LIST

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/fstream b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/fstream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ab5ebf8e2c3d30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/fstream
@@ -0,0 +1,1572 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FSTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_FSTREAM
+
+/*
+    fstream synopsis
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_filebuf
+    : public basic_streambuf<charT, traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    // 27.9.1.2 Constructors/destructor:
+    basic_filebuf();
+    basic_filebuf(basic_filebuf&& rhs);
+    virtual ~basic_filebuf();
+
+    // 27.9.1.3 Assign/swap:
+    basic_filebuf& operator=(basic_filebuf&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_filebuf& rhs);
+
+    // 27.9.1.4 Members:
+    bool is_open() const;
+    basic_filebuf* open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode);
+    basic_filebuf* open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode);
+    basic_filebuf* open(const filesystem::path& p, ios_base::openmode mode); // C++17
+    basic_filebuf* close();
+
+protected:
+    // 27.9.1.5 Overridden virtual functions:
+    virtual streamsize showmanyc();
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual int_type uflow();
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* setbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual int sync();
+    virtual void imbue(const locale& loc);
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void
+  swap(basic_filebuf<charT, traits>& x, basic_filebuf<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_filebuf<char>    filebuf;
+typedef basic_filebuf<wchar_t> wfilebuf;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_ifstream
+    : public basic_istream<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    using native_handle_type = typename basic_filebuf<charT, traits>::native_handle_type; // Since C++26
+
+    basic_ifstream();
+    explicit basic_ifstream(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
+    explicit basic_ifstream(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
+    template<class T>
+    explicit basic_ifstream(const T& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in); // Since C++17
+    basic_ifstream(basic_ifstream&& rhs);
+
+    basic_ifstream& operator=(basic_ifstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_ifstream& rhs);
+
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept; // Since C++26
+    bool is_open() const;
+    void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
+    void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
+    void open(const filesystem::path& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in); // C++17
+
+    void close();
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void
+  swap(basic_ifstream<charT, traits>& x, basic_ifstream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_ifstream<char>    ifstream;
+typedef basic_ifstream<wchar_t> wifstream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_ofstream
+    : public basic_ostream<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    using native_handle_type = typename basic_filebuf<charT, traits>::native_handle_type; // Since C++26
+
+    basic_ofstream();
+    explicit basic_ofstream(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_ofstream(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
+    template<class T>
+    explicit basic_ofstream(const T& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); // Since C++17
+    basic_ofstream(basic_ofstream&& rhs);
+
+    basic_ofstream& operator=(basic_ofstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_ofstream& rhs);
+
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept; // Since C++26
+
+    bool is_open() const;
+    void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
+    void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
+    void open(const filesystem::path& p,
+              ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); // C++17
+
+    void close();
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void
+  swap(basic_ofstream<charT, traits>& x, basic_ofstream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_ofstream<char>    ofstream;
+typedef basic_ofstream<wchar_t> wofstream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits=char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_fstream
+    : public basic_iostream<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    using native_handle_type = typename basic_filebuf<charT, traits>::native_handle_type; // Since C++26
+
+    basic_fstream();
+    explicit basic_fstream(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in|ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_fstream(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in|ios_base::out);
+    template<class T>
+    explicit basic_fstream(const T& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); // Since C++17
+    basic_fstream(basic_fstream&& rhs);
+
+    basic_fstream& operator=(basic_fstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_fstream& rhs);
+
+    basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept; // Since C++26
+    bool is_open() const;
+    void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in|ios_base::out);
+    void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in|ios_base::out);
+    void open(const filesystem::path& s,
+              ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in|ios_base::out); // C++17
+
+    void close();
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void swap(basic_fstream<charT, traits>& x, basic_fstream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_fstream<char>    fstream;
+typedef basic_fstream<wchar_t> wfstream;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/max.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/fstream.h>
+#include <__locale>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <istream>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(_NEWLIB_VERSION)
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_OFF_T_FUNCTIONS
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM)
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26 && defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void* __filebuf_windows_native_handle(FILE* __file) noexcept;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_filebuf : public basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::state_type state_type;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+#    if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+  using native_handle_type = void*; // HANDLE
+#    elif __has_include(<unistd.h>)
+  using native_handle_type = int; // POSIX file descriptor
+#    else
+#      error "Provide a native file handle!"
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+  // 27.9.1.2 Constructors/destructor:
+  basic_filebuf();
+  basic_filebuf(basic_filebuf&& __rhs);
+  ~basic_filebuf() override;
+
+  // 27.9.1.3 Assign/swap:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_filebuf& operator=(basic_filebuf&& __rhs);
+  void swap(basic_filebuf& __rhs);
+
+  // 27.9.1.4 Members:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_open() const;
+  basic_filebuf* open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode);
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+  basic_filebuf* open(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode);
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_filebuf* open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_filebuf*
+  open(const filesystem::path& __p, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+    return open(__p.c_str(), __mode);
+  }
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_filebuf* __open(int __fd, ios_base::openmode __mode);
+  basic_filebuf* close();
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(this->is_open(), "File must be opened");
+#    if defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+    return std::__filebuf_windows_native_handle(__file_);
+#    elif __has_include(<unistd.h>)
+    return fileno(__file_);
+#    else
+#      error "Provide a way to determine the file native handle!"
+#    endif
+  }
+#  endif //  _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline static const char* __make_mdstring(ios_base::openmode __mode) _NOEXCEPT;
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline static const wchar_t* __make_mdwstring(ios_base::openmode __mode) _NOEXCEPT;
+#  endif
+
+protected:
+  // 27.9.1.5 Overridden virtual functions:
+  int_type underflow() override;
+  int_type pbackfail(int_type __c = traits_type::eof()) override;
+  int_type overflow(int_type __c = traits_type::eof()) override;
+  basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* setbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n) override;
+  pos_type
+  seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way, ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
+  pos_type seekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
+  int sync() override;
+  void imbue(const locale& __loc) override;
+
+private:
+  char* __extbuf_;
+  const char* __extbufnext_;
+  const char* __extbufend_;
+  char __extbuf_min_[8];
+  size_t __ebs_;
+  char_type* __intbuf_;
+  size_t __ibs_;
+  FILE* __file_;
+  const codecvt<char_type, char, state_type>* __cv_;
+  state_type __st_;
+  state_type __st_last_;
+  ios_base::openmode __om_;
+  // There have been no file operations yet, which allows setting unbuffered
+  // I/O mode.
+  static const ios_base::openmode __no_io_operations = ios_base::trunc;
+  // Unbuffered I/O mode has been requested.
+  static const ios_base::openmode __use_unbuffered_io = ios_base::ate;
+  // Used to track the currently used mode and track whether the output should
+  // be unbuffered.
+  // [filebuf.virtuals]/12
+  //   If setbuf(0, 0) is called on a stream before any I/O has occurred on
+  //   that stream, the stream becomes unbuffered. Otherwise the results are
+  //   implementation-defined.
+  // This allows calling setbuf(0, 0)
+  // - before opening a file,
+  // - after opening a file, before
+  //   - a read
+  //   - a write
+  //   - a seek.
+  // Note that opening a file with ios_base::ate does a seek operation.
+  // Normally underflow, overflow, and sync change this flag to ios_base::in,
+  // ios_base_out, or 0.
+  //
+  // The ios_base::trunc and ios_base::ate flags are not used in __cm_. They
+  // are used to track the state of the unbuffered request. For readability
+  // they have the aliases __no_io_operations and __use_unbuffered_io
+  // respectively.
+  //
+  // The __no_io_operations and __use_unbuffered_io flags are used in the
+  // following way:
+  // - __no_io_operations is set upon construction to indicate the unbuffered
+  //   state can be set.
+  // - When requesting unbuffered output:
+  //   - If the file is open it sets the mode.
+  //   - Else places a request by adding the __use_unbuffered_io flag.
+  // - When a file is opened it checks whether both __no_io_operations and
+  //   __use_unbuffered_io are set. If so switches to unbuffered mode.
+  // - All file I/O operations change the mode effectively clearing the
+  //   __no_io_operations and __use_unbuffered_io flags.
+  ios_base::openmode __cm_;
+  bool __owns_eb_;
+  bool __owns_ib_;
+  bool __always_noconv_;
+
+  bool __read_mode();
+  void __write_mode();
+
+  _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI friend FILE* __get_ostream_file(ostream&);
+
+  // There are multiple (__)open function, they use 
diff erent C-API open
+  // function. After that call these functions behave the same. This function
+  // does that part and determines the final return value.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_filebuf* __do_open(FILE* __file, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+    __file_ = __file;
+    if (!__file_)
+      return nullptr;
+
+    __om_ = __mode;
+    if (__cm_ == (__no_io_operations | __use_unbuffered_io)) {
+      std::setbuf(__file_, nullptr);
+      __cm_ = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (__mode & ios_base::ate) {
+      __cm_ = 0;
+      if (fseek(__file_, 0, SEEK_END)) {
+        fclose(__file_);
+        __file_ = nullptr;
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  // If the file is already open, switch to unbuffered mode. Otherwise, record
+  // the request to use unbuffered mode so that we use that mode when we
+  // eventually open the file.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __request_unbuffered_mode(char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+    if (__cm_ == __no_io_operations && __s == nullptr && __n == 0) {
+      if (__file_) {
+        std::setbuf(__file_, nullptr);
+        __cm_ = 0;
+      } else {
+        __cm_ = __no_io_operations | __use_unbuffered_io;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_filebuf()
+    : __extbuf_(nullptr),
+      __extbufnext_(nullptr),
+      __extbufend_(nullptr),
+      __ebs_(0),
+      __intbuf_(nullptr),
+      __ibs_(0),
+      __file_(nullptr),
+      __cv_(nullptr),
+      __st_(),
+      __st_last_(),
+      __om_(0),
+      __cm_(__no_io_operations),
+      __owns_eb_(false),
+      __owns_ib_(false),
+      __always_noconv_(false) {
+  if (std::has_facet<codecvt<char_type, char, state_type> >(this->getloc())) {
+    __cv_            = &std::use_facet<codecvt<char_type, char, state_type> >(this->getloc());
+    __always_noconv_ = __cv_->always_noconv();
+  }
+  setbuf(nullptr, 4096);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_filebuf(basic_filebuf&& __rhs) : basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>(__rhs) {
+  if (__rhs.__extbuf_ == __rhs.__extbuf_min_) {
+    __extbuf_     = __extbuf_min_;
+    __extbufnext_ = __extbuf_ + (__rhs.__extbufnext_ - __rhs.__extbuf_);
+    __extbufend_  = __extbuf_ + (__rhs.__extbufend_ - __rhs.__extbuf_);
+  } else {
+    __extbuf_     = __rhs.__extbuf_;
+    __extbufnext_ = __rhs.__extbufnext_;
+    __extbufend_  = __rhs.__extbufend_;
+  }
+  __ebs_           = __rhs.__ebs_;
+  __intbuf_        = __rhs.__intbuf_;
+  __ibs_           = __rhs.__ibs_;
+  __file_          = __rhs.__file_;
+  __cv_            = __rhs.__cv_;
+  __st_            = __rhs.__st_;
+  __st_last_       = __rhs.__st_last_;
+  __om_            = __rhs.__om_;
+  __cm_            = __rhs.__cm_;
+  __owns_eb_       = __rhs.__owns_eb_;
+  __owns_ib_       = __rhs.__owns_ib_;
+  __always_noconv_ = __rhs.__always_noconv_;
+  if (__rhs.pbase()) {
+    if (__rhs.pbase() == __rhs.__intbuf_)
+      this->setp(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + (__rhs.epptr() - __rhs.pbase()));
+    else
+      this->setp((char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)__extbuf_ + (__rhs.epptr() - __rhs.pbase()));
+    this->__pbump(__rhs.pptr() - __rhs.pbase());
+  } else if (__rhs.eback()) {
+    if (__rhs.eback() == __rhs.__intbuf_)
+      this->setg(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + (__rhs.gptr() - __rhs.eback()), __intbuf_ + (__rhs.egptr() - __rhs.eback()));
+    else
+      this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_,
+                 (char_type*)__extbuf_ + (__rhs.gptr() - __rhs.eback()),
+                 (char_type*)__extbuf_ + (__rhs.egptr() - __rhs.eback()));
+  }
+  __rhs.__extbuf_     = nullptr;
+  __rhs.__extbufnext_ = nullptr;
+  __rhs.__extbufend_  = nullptr;
+  __rhs.__ebs_        = 0;
+  __rhs.__intbuf_     = 0;
+  __rhs.__ibs_        = 0;
+  __rhs.__file_       = nullptr;
+  __rhs.__st_         = state_type();
+  __rhs.__st_last_    = state_type();
+  __rhs.__om_         = 0;
+  __rhs.__cm_         = 0;
+  __rhs.__owns_eb_    = false;
+  __rhs.__owns_ib_    = false;
+  __rhs.setg(0, 0, 0);
+  __rhs.setp(0, 0);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_filebuf&& __rhs) {
+  close();
+  swap(__rhs);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_filebuf() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    close();
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  if (__owns_eb_)
+    delete[] __extbuf_;
+  if (__owns_ib_)
+    delete[] __intbuf_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_filebuf& __rhs) {
+  basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+  if (__extbuf_ != __extbuf_min_ && __rhs.__extbuf_ != __rhs.__extbuf_min_) {
+    // Neither *this nor __rhs uses the small buffer, so we can simply swap the pointers.
+    std::swap(__extbuf_, __rhs.__extbuf_);
+    std::swap(__extbufnext_, __rhs.__extbufnext_);
+    std::swap(__extbufend_, __rhs.__extbufend_);
+  } else {
+    ptr
diff _t __ln = __extbufnext_ ? __extbufnext_ - __extbuf_ : 0;
+    ptr
diff _t __le = __extbufend_ ? __extbufend_ - __extbuf_ : 0;
+    ptr
diff _t __rn = __rhs.__extbufnext_ ? __rhs.__extbufnext_ - __rhs.__extbuf_ : 0;
+    ptr
diff _t __re = __rhs.__extbufend_ ? __rhs.__extbufend_ - __rhs.__extbuf_ : 0;
+    if (__extbuf_ == __extbuf_min_ && __rhs.__extbuf_ != __rhs.__extbuf_min_) {
+      // *this uses the small buffer, but __rhs doesn't.
+      __extbuf_       = __rhs.__extbuf_;
+      __rhs.__extbuf_ = __rhs.__extbuf_min_;
+      std::memmove(__rhs.__extbuf_min_, __extbuf_min_, sizeof(__extbuf_min_));
+    } else if (__extbuf_ != __extbuf_min_ && __rhs.__extbuf_ == __rhs.__extbuf_min_) {
+      // *this doesn't use the small buffer, but __rhs does.
+      __rhs.__extbuf_ = __extbuf_;
+      __extbuf_       = __extbuf_min_;
+      std::memmove(__extbuf_min_, __rhs.__extbuf_min_, sizeof(__extbuf_min_));
+    } else {
+      // Both *this and __rhs use the small buffer.
+      char __tmp[sizeof(__extbuf_min_)];
+      std::memmove(__tmp, __extbuf_min_, sizeof(__extbuf_min_));
+      std::memmove(__extbuf_min_, __rhs.__extbuf_min_, sizeof(__extbuf_min_));
+      std::memmove(__rhs.__extbuf_min_, __tmp, sizeof(__extbuf_min_));
+    }
+    __extbufnext_       = __extbuf_ + __rn;
+    __extbufend_        = __extbuf_ + __re;
+    __rhs.__extbufnext_ = __rhs.__extbuf_ + __ln;
+    __rhs.__extbufend_  = __rhs.__extbuf_ + __le;
+  }
+  std::swap(__ebs_, __rhs.__ebs_);
+  std::swap(__intbuf_, __rhs.__intbuf_);
+  std::swap(__ibs_, __rhs.__ibs_);
+  std::swap(__file_, __rhs.__file_);
+  std::swap(__cv_, __rhs.__cv_);
+  std::swap(__st_, __rhs.__st_);
+  std::swap(__st_last_, __rhs.__st_last_);
+  std::swap(__om_, __rhs.__om_);
+  std::swap(__cm_, __rhs.__cm_);
+  std::swap(__owns_eb_, __rhs.__owns_eb_);
+  std::swap(__owns_ib_, __rhs.__owns_ib_);
+  std::swap(__always_noconv_, __rhs.__always_noconv_);
+  if (this->eback() == (char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_) {
+    ptr
diff _t __n = this->gptr() - this->eback();
+    ptr
diff _t __e = this->egptr() - this->eback();
+    this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_min_, (char_type*)__extbuf_min_ + __n, (char_type*)__extbuf_min_ + __e);
+  } else if (this->pbase() == (char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_) {
+    ptr
diff _t __n = this->pptr() - this->pbase();
+    ptr
diff _t __e = this->epptr() - this->pbase();
+    this->setp((char_type*)__extbuf_min_, (char_type*)__extbuf_min_ + __e);
+    this->__pbump(__n);
+  }
+  if (__rhs.eback() == (char_type*)__extbuf_min_) {
+    ptr
diff _t __n = __rhs.gptr() - __rhs.eback();
+    ptr
diff _t __e = __rhs.egptr() - __rhs.eback();
+    __rhs.setg(
+        (char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_, (char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_ + __n, (char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_ + __e);
+  } else if (__rhs.pbase() == (char_type*)__extbuf_min_) {
+    ptr
diff _t __n = __rhs.pptr() - __rhs.pbase();
+    ptr
diff _t __e = __rhs.epptr() - __rhs.pbase();
+    __rhs.setp((char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_, (char_type*)__rhs.__extbuf_min_ + __e);
+    __rhs.__pbump(__n);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>& __x, basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline bool basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::is_open() const {
+  return __file_ != nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const char* basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::__make_mdstring(ios_base::openmode __mode) _NOEXCEPT {
+  switch (__mode & ~ios_base::ate) {
+  case ios_base::out:
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc:
+    return "w" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::app:
+  case ios_base::app:
+    return "a" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::in:
+    return "r" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out:
+    return "r+" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc:
+    return "w+" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::app:
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::app:
+    return "a+" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::binary:
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::binary:
+    return "wb" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+  case ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+    return "ab" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::binary:
+    return "rb" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::binary:
+    return "r+b" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::binary:
+    return "w+b" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+    return "a+b" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::noreplace:
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::noreplace:
+    return "wx" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::noreplace:
+    return "w+x" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::binary | ios_base::noreplace:
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::binary | ios_base::noreplace:
+    return "wbx" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::binary | ios_base::noreplace:
+    return "w+bx" _LIBCPP_FOPEN_CLOEXEC_MODE;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  default:
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  __libcpp_unreachable();
+}
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const wchar_t* basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::__make_mdwstring(ios_base::openmode __mode) _NOEXCEPT {
+  switch (__mode & ~ios_base::ate) {
+  case ios_base::out:
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc:
+    return L"w";
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::app:
+  case ios_base::app:
+    return L"a";
+  case ios_base::in:
+    return L"r";
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out:
+    return L"r+";
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc:
+    return L"w+";
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::app:
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::app:
+    return L"a+";
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::binary:
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::binary:
+    return L"wb";
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+  case ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+    return L"ab";
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::binary:
+    return L"rb";
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::binary:
+    return L"r+b";
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::binary:
+    return L"w+b";
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::app | ios_base::binary:
+    return L"a+b";
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::noreplace:
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::noreplace:
+    return L"wx";
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::noreplace:
+    return L"w+x";
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::binary | ios_base::noreplace:
+  case ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::binary | ios_base::noreplace:
+    return L"wbx";
+  case ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::trunc | ios_base::binary | ios_base::noreplace:
+    return L"w+bx";
+#    endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  default:
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  __libcpp_unreachable();
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__file_)
+    return nullptr;
+  const char* __mdstr = __make_mdstring(__mode);
+  if (!__mdstr)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  return __do_open(fopen(__s, __mdstr), __mode);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::__open(int __fd, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__file_)
+    return nullptr;
+  const char* __mdstr = __make_mdstring(__mode);
+  if (!__mdstr)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  return __do_open(fdopen(__fd, __mdstr), __mode);
+}
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+// This is basically the same as the char* overload except that it uses _wfopen
+// and long mode strings.
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__file_)
+    return nullptr;
+  const wchar_t* __mdstr = __make_mdwstring(__mode);
+  if (!__mdstr)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  return __do_open(_wfopen(__s, __mdstr), __mode);
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  return open(__s.c_str(), __mode);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::close() {
+  basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>* __rt = nullptr;
+  if (__file_) {
+    __rt = this;
+    unique_ptr<FILE, int (*)(FILE*)> __h(__file_, fclose);
+    if (sync())
+      __rt = nullptr;
+    if (fclose(__h.release()))
+      __rt = nullptr;
+    __file_ = nullptr;
+    setbuf(0, 0);
+  }
+  return __rt;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::underflow() {
+  if (__file_ == nullptr)
+    return traits_type::eof();
+  bool __initial = __read_mode();
+  char_type __1buf;
+  if (this->gptr() == nullptr)
+    this->setg(&__1buf, &__1buf + 1, &__1buf + 1);
+  const size_t __unget_sz = __initial ? 0 : std::min<size_t>((this->egptr() - this->eback()) / 2, 4);
+  int_type __c            = traits_type::eof();
+  if (this->gptr() == this->egptr()) {
+    std::memmove(this->eback(), this->egptr() - __unget_sz, __unget_sz * sizeof(char_type));
+    if (__always_noconv_) {
+      size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(this->egptr() - this->eback() - __unget_sz);
+      __nmemb        = ::fread(this->eback() + __unget_sz, 1, __nmemb, __file_);
+      if (__nmemb != 0) {
+        this->setg(this->eback(), this->eback() + __unget_sz, this->eback() + __unget_sz + __nmemb);
+        __c = traits_type::to_int_type(*this->gptr());
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (__extbufend_ != __extbufnext_) {
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__extbufnext_ != nullptr, "underflow moving from nullptr");
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__extbuf_ != nullptr, "underflow moving into nullptr");
+        std::memmove(__extbuf_, __extbufnext_, __extbufend_ - __extbufnext_);
+      }
+      __extbufnext_ = __extbuf_ + (__extbufend_ - __extbufnext_);
+      __extbufend_  = __extbuf_ + (__extbuf_ == __extbuf_min_ ? sizeof(__extbuf_min_) : __ebs_);
+      size_t __nmemb =
+          std::min(static_cast<size_t>(__ibs_ - __unget_sz), static_cast<size_t>(__extbufend_ - __extbufnext_));
+      codecvt_base::result __r;
+      __st_last_  = __st_;
+      size_t __nr = fread((void*)const_cast<char*>(__extbufnext_), 1, __nmemb, __file_);
+      if (__nr != 0) {
+        if (!__cv_)
+          __throw_bad_cast();
+
+        __extbufend_ = __extbufnext_ + __nr;
+        char_type* __inext;
+        __r = __cv_->in(
+            __st_, __extbuf_, __extbufend_, __extbufnext_, this->eback() + __unget_sz, this->eback() + __ibs_, __inext);
+        if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv) {
+          this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)const_cast<char*>(__extbufend_));
+          __c = traits_type::to_int_type(*this->gptr());
+        } else if (__inext != this->eback() + __unget_sz) {
+          this->setg(this->eback(), this->eback() + __unget_sz, __inext);
+          __c = traits_type::to_int_type(*this->gptr());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else
+    __c = traits_type::to_int_type(*this->gptr());
+  if (this->eback() == &__1buf)
+    this->setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+  return __c;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pbackfail(int_type __c) {
+  if (__file_ && this->eback() < this->gptr()) {
+    if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof())) {
+      this->gbump(-1);
+      return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+    }
+    if ((__om_ & ios_base::out) || traits_type::eq(traits_type::to_char_type(__c), this->gptr()[-1])) {
+      this->gbump(-1);
+      *this->gptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+      return __c;
+    }
+  }
+  return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::overflow(int_type __c) {
+  if (__file_ == nullptr)
+    return traits_type::eof();
+  __write_mode();
+  char_type __1buf;
+  char_type* __pb_save  = this->pbase();
+  char_type* __epb_save = this->epptr();
+  if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof())) {
+    if (this->pptr() == nullptr)
+      this->setp(&__1buf, &__1buf + 1);
+    *this->pptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+    this->pbump(1);
+  }
+  if (this->pptr() != this->pbase()) {
+    if (__always_noconv_) {
+      size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(this->pptr() - this->pbase());
+      if (std::fwrite(this->pbase(), sizeof(char_type), __nmemb, __file_) != __nmemb)
+        return traits_type::eof();
+    } else {
+      char* __extbe = __extbuf_;
+      codecvt_base::result __r;
+      do {
+        if (!__cv_)
+          __throw_bad_cast();
+
+        const char_type* __e;
+        __r = __cv_->out(__st_, this->pbase(), this->pptr(), __e, __extbuf_, __extbuf_ + __ebs_, __extbe);
+        if (__e == this->pbase())
+          return traits_type::eof();
+        if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv) {
+          size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(this->pptr() - this->pbase());
+          if (std::fwrite(this->pbase(), 1, __nmemb, __file_) != __nmemb)
+            return traits_type::eof();
+        } else if (__r == codecvt_base::ok || __r == codecvt_base::partial) {
+          size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(__extbe - __extbuf_);
+          if (fwrite(__extbuf_, 1, __nmemb, __file_) != __nmemb)
+            return traits_type::eof();
+          if (__r == codecvt_base::partial) {
+            this->setp(const_cast<char_type*>(__e), this->pptr());
+            this->__pbump(this->epptr() - this->pbase());
+          }
+        } else
+          return traits_type::eof();
+      } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+    }
+    this->setp(__pb_save, __epb_save);
+  }
+  return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::setbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+  this->setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+  this->setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+  __request_unbuffered_mode(__s, __n);
+  if (__owns_eb_)
+    delete[] __extbuf_;
+  if (__owns_ib_)
+    delete[] __intbuf_;
+  __ebs_ = __n;
+  if (__ebs_ > sizeof(__extbuf_min_)) {
+    if (__always_noconv_ && __s) {
+      __extbuf_  = (char*)__s;
+      __owns_eb_ = false;
+    } else {
+      __extbuf_  = new char[__ebs_];
+      __owns_eb_ = true;
+    }
+  } else {
+    __extbuf_  = __extbuf_min_;
+    __ebs_     = sizeof(__extbuf_min_);
+    __owns_eb_ = false;
+  }
+  if (!__always_noconv_) {
+    __ibs_ = max<streamsize>(__n, sizeof(__extbuf_min_));
+    if (__s && __ibs_ > sizeof(__extbuf_min_)) {
+      __intbuf_  = __s;
+      __owns_ib_ = false;
+    } else {
+      __intbuf_  = new char_type[__ibs_];
+      __owns_ib_ = true;
+    }
+  } else {
+    __ibs_     = 0;
+    __intbuf_  = nullptr;
+    __owns_ib_ = false;
+  }
+  return this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way, ios_base::openmode) {
+  if (!__cv_)
+    __throw_bad_cast();
+
+  int __width = __cv_->encoding();
+  if (__file_ == nullptr || (__width <= 0 && __off != 0) || sync())
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+  // __width > 0 || __off == 0
+  int __whence;
+  switch (__way) {
+  case ios_base::beg:
+    __whence = SEEK_SET;
+    break;
+  case ios_base::cur:
+    __whence = SEEK_CUR;
+    break;
+  case ios_base::end:
+    __whence = SEEK_END;
+    break;
+  default:
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+  }
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_OFF_T_FUNCTIONS)
+  if (fseek(__file_, __width > 0 ? __width * __off : 0, __whence))
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+  pos_type __r = ftell(__file_);
+#  else
+  if (::fseeko(__file_, __width > 0 ? __width * __off : 0, __whence))
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+  pos_type __r = ftello(__file_);
+#  endif
+  __r.state(__st_);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::seekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode) {
+  if (__file_ == nullptr || sync())
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_OFF_T_FUNCTIONS)
+  if (fseek(__file_, __sp, SEEK_SET))
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+#  else
+  if (::fseeko(__file_, __sp, SEEK_SET))
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+#  endif
+  __st_ = __sp.state();
+  return __sp;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+int basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::sync() {
+  if (__file_ == nullptr)
+    return 0;
+  if (!__cv_)
+    __throw_bad_cast();
+
+  if (__cm_ & ios_base::out) {
+    if (this->pptr() != this->pbase())
+      if (overflow() == traits_type::eof())
+        return -1;
+    codecvt_base::result __r;
+    do {
+      char* __extbe;
+      __r            = __cv_->unshift(__st_, __extbuf_, __extbuf_ + __ebs_, __extbe);
+      size_t __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(__extbe - __extbuf_);
+      if (fwrite(__extbuf_, 1, __nmemb, __file_) != __nmemb)
+        return -1;
+    } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+    if (__r == codecvt_base::error)
+      return -1;
+    if (fflush(__file_))
+      return -1;
+  } else if (__cm_ & ios_base::in) {
+    off_type __c;
+    state_type __state = __st_last_;
+    bool __update_st   = false;
+    if (__always_noconv_)
+      __c = this->egptr() - this->gptr();
+    else {
+      int __width = __cv_->encoding();
+      __c         = __extbufend_ - __extbufnext_;
+      if (__width > 0)
+        __c += __width * (this->egptr() - this->gptr());
+      else {
+        if (this->gptr() != this->egptr()) {
+          const int __off = __cv_->length(__state, __extbuf_, __extbufnext_, this->gptr() - this->eback());
+          __c += __extbufnext_ - __extbuf_ - __off;
+          __update_st = true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_OFF_T_FUNCTIONS)
+    if (fseek(__file_, -__c, SEEK_CUR))
+      return -1;
+#  else
+    if (::fseeko(__file_, -__c, SEEK_CUR))
+      return -1;
+#  endif
+    if (__update_st)
+      __st_ = __state;
+    __extbufnext_ = __extbufend_ = __extbuf_;
+    this->setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+    __cm_ = 0;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::imbue(const locale& __loc) {
+  sync();
+  __cv_            = &std::use_facet<codecvt<char_type, char, state_type> >(__loc);
+  bool __old_anc   = __always_noconv_;
+  __always_noconv_ = __cv_->always_noconv();
+  if (__old_anc != __always_noconv_) {
+    this->setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+    this->setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+    // invariant, char_type is char, else we couldn't get here
+    if (__always_noconv_) // need to dump __intbuf_
+    {
+      if (__owns_eb_)
+        delete[] __extbuf_;
+      __owns_eb_ = __owns_ib_;
+      __ebs_     = __ibs_;
+      __extbuf_  = (char*)__intbuf_;
+      __ibs_     = 0;
+      __intbuf_  = nullptr;
+      __owns_ib_ = false;
+    } else // need to obtain an __intbuf_.
+    {      // If __extbuf_ is user-supplied, use it, else new __intbuf_
+      if (!__owns_eb_ && __extbuf_ != __extbuf_min_) {
+        __ibs_     = __ebs_;
+        __intbuf_  = (char_type*)__extbuf_;
+        __owns_ib_ = false;
+        __extbuf_  = new char[__ebs_];
+        __owns_eb_ = true;
+      } else {
+        __ibs_     = __ebs_;
+        __intbuf_  = new char_type[__ibs_];
+        __owns_ib_ = true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+bool basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::__read_mode() {
+  if (!(__cm_ & ios_base::in)) {
+    this->setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+    if (__always_noconv_)
+      this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)__extbuf_ + __ebs_, (char_type*)__extbuf_ + __ebs_);
+    else
+      this->setg(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + __ibs_, __intbuf_ + __ibs_);
+    __cm_ = ios_base::in;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::__write_mode() {
+  if (!(__cm_ & ios_base::out)) {
+    this->setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+    if (__ebs_ > sizeof(__extbuf_min_)) {
+      if (__always_noconv_)
+        this->setp((char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)__extbuf_ + (__ebs_ - 1));
+      else
+        this->setp(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + (__ibs_ - 1));
+    } else
+      this->setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+    __cm_ = ios_base::out;
+  }
+}
+
+// basic_ifstream
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_ifstream : public basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  using native_handle_type = typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::native_handle_type;
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ifstream();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ifstream(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in);
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ifstream(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in);
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ifstream(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in);
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  template <class _Tp, class = enable_if_t<is_same_v<_Tp, filesystem::path>>>
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ifstream(const _Tp& __p, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in)
+      : basic_ifstream(__p.c_str(), __mode) {}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ifstream(basic_ifstream&& __rhs);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ifstream& operator=(basic_ifstream&& __rhs);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_ifstream& __rhs);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept { return rdbuf()->native_handle(); }
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_open() const;
+  void open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in);
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+  void open(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in);
+#  endif
+  void open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in);
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  open(const filesystem::path& __p, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in) {
+    return open(__p.c_str(), __mode);
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __open(int __fd, ios_base::openmode __mode);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void close();
+
+private:
+  basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type> __sb_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ifstream() : basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ifstream(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::in) == nullptr)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ifstream(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::in) == nullptr)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ifstream(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::in) == nullptr)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ifstream(basic_ifstream&& __rhs)
+    : basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>(std::move(__rhs)), __sb_(std::move(__rhs.__sb_)) {
+  this->set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_ifstream&& __rhs) {
+  basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(std::move(__rhs));
+  __sb_ = std::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline void basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_ifstream& __rhs) {
+  basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+  __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __x, basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::rdbuf() const {
+  return const_cast<basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>*>(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline bool basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::is_open() const {
+  return __sb_.is_open();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::in))
+    this->clear();
+  else
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::in))
+    this->clear();
+  else
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::in))
+    this->clear();
+  else
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline void basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::__open(int __fd, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__sb_.__open(__fd, __mode | ios_base::in))
+    this->clear();
+  else
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline void basic_ifstream<_CharT, _Traits>::close() {
+  if (__sb_.close() == 0)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+// basic_ofstream
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_ofstream : public basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  using native_handle_type = typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::native_handle_type;
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ofstream();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ofstream(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out);
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ofstream(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out);
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ofstream(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  template <class _Tp, class = enable_if_t<is_same_v<_Tp, filesystem::path>>>
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ofstream(const _Tp& __p, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out)
+      : basic_ofstream(__p.c_str(), __mode) {}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ofstream(basic_ofstream&& __rhs);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ofstream& operator=(basic_ofstream&& __rhs);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_ofstream& __rhs);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept { return rdbuf()->native_handle(); }
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_open() const;
+  void open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out);
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+  void open(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out);
+#  endif
+  void open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  open(const filesystem::path& __p, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out) {
+    return open(__p.c_str(), __mode);
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __open(int __fd, ios_base::openmode __mode);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void close();
+
+private:
+  basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type> __sb_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ofstream() : basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ofstream(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::out) == nullptr)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ofstream(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::out) == nullptr)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ofstream(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::out) == nullptr)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ofstream(basic_ofstream&& __rhs)
+    : basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>(std::move(__rhs)), __sb_(std::move(__rhs.__sb_)) {
+  this->set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_ofstream&& __rhs) {
+  basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(std::move(__rhs));
+  __sb_ = std::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline void basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_ofstream& __rhs) {
+  basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+  __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __x, basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::rdbuf() const {
+  return const_cast<basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>*>(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline bool basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::is_open() const {
+  return __sb_.is_open();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::out))
+    this->clear();
+  else
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::out))
+    this->clear();
+  else
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode | ios_base::out))
+    this->clear();
+  else
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline void basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::__open(int __fd, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__sb_.__open(__fd, __mode | ios_base::out))
+    this->clear();
+  else
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline void basic_ofstream<_CharT, _Traits>::close() {
+  if (__sb_.close() == nullptr)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+// basic_fstream
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_fstream : public basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  using native_handle_type = typename basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>::native_handle_type;
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_fstream();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_fstream(const char* __s,
+                                               ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_fstream(const wchar_t* __s,
+                                               ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_fstream(const string& __s,
+                                               ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  template <class _Tp, class = enable_if_t<is_same_v<_Tp, filesystem::path>>>
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_fstream(
+      const _Tp& __p, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out)
+      : basic_fstream(__p.c_str(), __mode) {}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_fstream(basic_fstream&& __rhs);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_fstream& operator=(basic_fstream&& __rhs);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_fstream& __rhs);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept { return rdbuf()->native_handle(); }
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool is_open() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+  void open(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+#  endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  open(const filesystem::path& __p, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) {
+    return open(__p.c_str(), __mode);
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void close();
+
+private:
+  basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type> __sb_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_fstream() : basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_fstream(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode) == nullptr)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_fstream(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode) == nullptr)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_fstream(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode)
+    : basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>(&__sb_) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode) == nullptr)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_fstream(basic_fstream&& __rhs)
+    : basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>(std::move(__rhs)), __sb_(std::move(__rhs.__sb_)) {
+  this->set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_fstream&& __rhs) {
+  basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(std::move(__rhs));
+  __sb_ = std::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline void basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_fstream& __rhs) {
+  basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+  __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __x, basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline basic_filebuf<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::rdbuf() const {
+  return const_cast<basic_filebuf<char_type, traits_type>*>(&__sb_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline bool basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::is_open() const {
+  return __sb_.is_open();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const char* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode))
+    this->clear();
+  else
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_OPEN_WITH_WCHAR
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const wchar_t* __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode))
+    this->clear();
+  else
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::open(const string& __s, ios_base::openmode __mode) {
+  if (__sb_.open(__s, __mode))
+    this->clear();
+  else
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline void basic_fstream<_CharT, _Traits>::close() {
+  if (__sb_.close() == nullptr)
+    this->setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_ADDITIONAL_IOSTREAM_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATIONS_1
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_ifstream<char>;
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_ofstream<char>;
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_filebuf<char>;
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <mutex>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_FSTREAM

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/functional b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/functional
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3d39f654ddb08a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/functional
@@ -0,0 +1,598 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL
+#define _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL
+
+/*
+    functional synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class Arg, class Result>
+struct unary_function
+{
+    typedef Arg    argument_type;
+    typedef Result result_type;
+};
+
+template <class Arg1, class Arg2, class Result>
+struct binary_function
+{
+    typedef Arg1   first_argument_type;
+    typedef Arg2   second_argument_type;
+    typedef Result result_type;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class reference_wrapper
+    : public unary_function<T1, R> // if wrapping a unary functor
+    : public binary_function<T1, T2, R> // if wrapping a binary functor
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef T type;
+    typedef see below result_type; // Not always defined
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy
+    template<class U>
+      constexpr reference_wrapper(U&&);                                   // constexpr since C++20
+    constexpr reference_wrapper(const reference_wrapper<T>& x) noexcept;  // constexpr since C++20
+
+    // assignment
+    constexpr reference_wrapper&
+    operator=(const reference_wrapper<T>& x) noexcept;                    // constexpr since C++20
+
+    // access
+    constexpr operator T& () const noexcept;                              // constexpr since C++20
+    constexpr T& get() const noexcept;                                    // constexpr since C++20
+
+    // invoke
+    template <class... ArgTypes>
+      constexpr typename result_of<T&(ArgTypes&&...)>::type               // constexpr since C++20
+          operator() (ArgTypes&&...) const
+              noexcept(is_nothrow_invocable_v<T&, ArgTypes...>);          // noexcept since C++17
+};
+
+template <class T>
+  reference_wrapper(T&) -> reference_wrapper<T>;
+
+template <class T> reference_wrapper<T> ref(T& t) noexcept;
+template <class T> void ref(const T&& t) = delete;
+template <class T> reference_wrapper<T> ref(reference_wrapper<T>t) noexcept;
+
+template <class T> reference_wrapper<const T> cref(const T& t) noexcept;
+template <class T> void cref(const T&& t) = delete;
+template <class T> reference_wrapper<const T> cref(reference_wrapper<T> t) noexcept;
+
+template <class T> struct unwrap_reference;                                       // since C++20
+template <class T> struct unwrap_ref_decay : unwrap_reference<decay_t<T>> { };    // since C++20
+template <class T> using unwrap_reference_t = typename unwrap_reference<T>::type; // since C++20
+template <class T> using unwrap_ref_decay_t = typename unwrap_ref_decay<T>::type; // since C++20
+
+// [refwrap.comparisons], comparisons
+friend constexpr bool operator==(reference_wrapper, reference_wrapper);           // Since C++26
+friend constexpr bool operator==(reference_wrapper, const T&);                    // Since C++26
+friend constexpr bool operator==(reference_wrapper, reference_wrapper<const T>);  // Since C++26
+
+friend constexpr auto operator<=>(reference_wrapper, reference_wrapper);          // Since C++26
+friend constexpr auto operator<=>(reference_wrapper, const T&);                   // Since C++26
+friend constexpr auto operator<=>(reference_wrapper, reference_wrapper<const T>); // Since C++26
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct plus {
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct minus {
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct multiplies {
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct divides {
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct modulus {
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct negate {
+    T operator()(const T& x) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct equal_to {
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct not_equal_to {
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct greater {
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct less {
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct greater_equal {
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct less_equal {
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+// [comparisons.three.way], class compare_three_way
+struct compare_three_way;
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct logical_and {
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct logical_or {
+    bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct logical_not {
+    bool operator()(const T& x) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct bit_and {
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct bit_or {
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T> // <class T=void> in C++14
+struct bit_xor {
+    T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class T=void> // C++14
+struct bit_not {
+    T operator()(const T& x) const;
+};
+
+struct identity; // C++20
+
+template <class Predicate>
+class unary_negate // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+    : public unary_function<typename Predicate::argument_type, bool>
+{
+public:
+    explicit unary_negate(const Predicate& pred);
+    bool operator()(const typename Predicate::argument_type& x) const;
+};
+
+template <class Predicate> // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+unary_negate<Predicate> not1(const Predicate& pred);
+
+template <class Predicate>
+class binary_negate // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+    : public binary_function<typename Predicate::first_argument_type,
+                             typename Predicate::second_argument_type,
+                             bool>
+{
+public:
+    explicit binary_negate(const Predicate& pred);
+    bool operator()(const typename Predicate::first_argument_type& x,
+                    const typename Predicate::second_argument_type& y) const;
+};
+
+template <class Predicate> // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+binary_negate<Predicate> not2(const Predicate& pred);
+
+template <class F>
+constexpr unspecified not_fn(F&& f); // C++17, constexpr in C++20
+
+// [func.bind.partial], function templates bind_front and bind_back
+template<class F, class... Args>
+  constexpr unspecified bind_front(F&&, Args&&...); // C++20
+template<class F, class... Args>
+  constexpr unspecified bind_back(F&&, Args&&...);  // C++23
+
+template<class T> struct is_bind_expression;
+template<class T> struct is_placeholder;
+
+    // See C++14 20.9.9, Function object binders
+template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_bind_expression_v
+  = is_bind_expression<T>::value; // C++17
+template <class T> inline constexpr int is_placeholder_v
+  = is_placeholder<T>::value; // C++17
+
+
+template<class Fn, class... BoundArgs>
+  constexpr unspecified bind(Fn&&, BoundArgs&&...);  // constexpr in C++20
+template<class R, class Fn, class... BoundArgs>
+  constexpr unspecified bind(Fn&&, BoundArgs&&...);  // constexpr in C++20
+
+// [func.invoke]
+template<class F, class... Args>
+ constexpr // constexpr in C++20
+ invoke_result_t<F, Args...> invoke(F&& f, Args&&... args) // C++17
+    noexcept(is_nothrow_invocable_v<F, Args...>);
+
+template<class R, class F, class... Args>
+  constexpr R invoke_r(F&& f, Args&&... args)              // C++23
+    noexcept(is_nothrow_invocable_r_v<R, F, Args...>);
+
+namespace placeholders {
+  // M is the implementation-defined number of placeholders
+  extern unspecified _1;
+  extern unspecified _2;
+  .
+  .
+  .
+  extern unspecified _Mp;
+}
+
+template <class Operation>
+class binder1st     // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+    : public unary_function<typename Operation::second_argument_type,
+                            typename Operation::result_type>
+{
+protected:
+    Operation                               op;
+    typename Operation::first_argument_type value;
+public:
+    binder1st(const Operation& x, const typename Operation::first_argument_type y);
+    typename Operation::result_type operator()(      typename Operation::second_argument_type& x) const;
+    typename Operation::result_type operator()(const typename Operation::second_argument_type& x) const;
+};
+
+template <class Operation, class T>
+binder1st<Operation> bind1st(const Operation& op, const T& x);                  // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+
+template <class Operation>
+class binder2nd                                                                 // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+    : public unary_function<typename Operation::first_argument_type,
+                            typename Operation::result_type>
+{
+protected:
+    Operation                                op;
+    typename Operation::second_argument_type value;
+public:
+    binder2nd(const Operation& x, const typename Operation::second_argument_type y);
+    typename Operation::result_type operator()(      typename Operation::first_argument_type& x) const;
+    typename Operation::result_type operator()(const typename Operation::first_argument_type& x) const;
+};
+
+template <class Operation, class T>
+binder2nd<Operation> bind2nd(const Operation& op, const T& x);                  // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+
+template <class Arg, class Result>                                              // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+class pointer_to_unary_function : public unary_function<Arg, Result>
+{
+public:
+    explicit pointer_to_unary_function(Result (*f)(Arg));
+    Result operator()(Arg x) const;
+};
+
+template <class Arg, class Result>
+pointer_to_unary_function<Arg,Result> ptr_fun(Result (*f)(Arg));                // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+
+template <class Arg1, class Arg2, class Result>                                 // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+class pointer_to_binary_function : public binary_function<Arg1, Arg2, Result>
+{
+public:
+    explicit pointer_to_binary_function(Result (*f)(Arg1, Arg2));
+    Result operator()(Arg1 x, Arg2 y) const;
+};
+
+template <class Arg1, class Arg2, class Result>
+pointer_to_binary_function<Arg1,Arg2,Result> ptr_fun(Result (*f)(Arg1,Arg2));   // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+
+template<class S, class T>                                                      // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+class mem_fun_t : public unary_function<T*, S>
+{
+public:
+    explicit mem_fun_t(S (T::*p)());
+    S operator()(T* p) const;
+};
+
+template<class S, class T, class A>
+class mem_fun1_t : public binary_function<T*, A, S>                             // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+{
+public:
+    explicit mem_fun1_t(S (T::*p)(A));
+    S operator()(T* p, A x) const;
+};
+
+template<class S, class T>          mem_fun_t<S,T>    mem_fun(S (T::*f)());     // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+template<class S, class T, class A> mem_fun1_t<S,T,A> mem_fun(S (T::*f)(A));    // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+
+template<class S, class T>
+class mem_fun_ref_t : public unary_function<T, S>                               // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+{
+public:
+    explicit mem_fun_ref_t(S (T::*p)());
+    S operator()(T& p) const;
+};
+
+template<class S, class T, class A>
+class mem_fun1_ref_t : public binary_function<T, A, S>                          // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+{
+public:
+    explicit mem_fun1_ref_t(S (T::*p)(A));
+    S operator()(T& p, A x) const;
+};
+
+template<class S, class T>
+mem_fun_ref_t<S,T>    mem_fun_ref(S (T::*f)());                                 // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+template<class S, class T, class A>
+mem_fun1_ref_t<S,T,A> mem_fun_ref(S (T::*f)(A));                                // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+
+template <class S, class T>
+class const_mem_fun_t : public unary_function<const T*, S>                      // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+{
+public:
+    explicit const_mem_fun_t(S (T::*p)() const);
+    S operator()(const T* p) const;
+};
+
+template <class S, class T, class A>
+class const_mem_fun1_t : public binary_function<const T*, A, S>                 // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+{
+public:
+    explicit const_mem_fun1_t(S (T::*p)(A) const);
+    S operator()(const T* p, A x) const;
+};
+
+template <class S, class T>
+const_mem_fun_t<S,T>    mem_fun(S (T::*f)() const);                             // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+template <class S, class T, class A>
+const_mem_fun1_t<S,T,A> mem_fun(S (T::*f)(A) const);                            // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+
+template <class S, class T>
+class const_mem_fun_ref_t : public unary_function<T, S>                         // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+{
+public:
+    explicit const_mem_fun_ref_t(S (T::*p)() const);
+    S operator()(const T& p) const;
+};
+
+template <class S, class T, class A>
+class const_mem_fun1_ref_t : public binary_function<T, A, S>                    // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+{
+public:
+    explicit const_mem_fun1_ref_t(S (T::*p)(A) const);
+    S operator()(const T& p, A x) const;
+};
+
+template <class S, class T>
+const_mem_fun_ref_t<S,T>    mem_fun_ref(S (T::*f)() const);                     // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+template <class S, class T, class A>
+const_mem_fun1_ref_t<S,T,A> mem_fun_ref(S (T::*f)(A) const);                    // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+
+template<class R, class T> constexpr unspecified mem_fn(R T::*);                // constexpr in C++20
+
+class bad_function_call
+    : public exception
+{
+};
+
+template<class> class function; // undefined
+
+template<class R, class... ArgTypes>
+class function<R(ArgTypes...)>
+  : public unary_function<T1, R>      // iff sizeof...(ArgTypes) == 1 and
+                                      // ArgTypes contains T1
+  : public binary_function<T1, T2, R> // iff sizeof...(ArgTypes) == 2 and
+                                      // ArgTypes contains T1 and T2
+{
+public:
+    typedef R result_type;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    function() noexcept;
+    function(nullptr_t) noexcept;
+    function(const function&);
+    function(function&&) noexcept;
+    template<class F>
+      function(F);
+    template<Allocator Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&) noexcept;            // removed in C++17
+    template<Allocator Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&, nullptr_t) noexcept; // removed in C++17
+    template<Allocator Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&, const function&);    // removed in C++17
+    template<Allocator Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&, function&&);         // removed in C++17
+    template<class F, Allocator Alloc>
+      function(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&, F);                  // removed in C++17
+
+    function& operator=(const function&);
+    function& operator=(function&&) noexcept;
+    function& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept;
+    template<class F>
+      function& operator=(F&&);
+    template<class F>
+      function& operator=(reference_wrapper<F>) noexcept;
+
+    ~function();
+
+    // function modifiers:
+    void swap(function&) noexcept;
+    template<class F, class Alloc>
+      void assign(F&&, const Alloc&);                 // Removed in C++17
+
+    // function capacity:
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+
+    // function invocation:
+    R operator()(ArgTypes...) const;
+
+    // function target access:
+    const std::type_info& target_type() const noexcept;
+    template <typename T>       T* target() noexcept;
+    template <typename T> const T* target() const noexcept;
+};
+
+// Deduction guides
+template<class R, class ...Args>
+function(R(*)(Args...)) -> function<R(Args...)>; // since C++17
+
+template<class F>
+function(F) -> function<see-below>; // since C++17
+
+// Null pointer comparisons:
+template <class R, class ... ArgTypes>
+  bool operator==(const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+
+template <class R, class ... ArgTypes>
+  bool operator==(nullptr_t, const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept; // removed in C++20
+
+template <class R, class ... ArgTypes>
+  bool operator!=(const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, nullptr_t) noexcept; // removed in C++20
+
+template <class  R, class ... ArgTypes>
+  bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept; // removed in C++20
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class  R, class ... ArgTypes>
+  void swap(function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept;
+
+template <class T> struct hash;
+
+template <> struct hash<bool>;
+template <> struct hash<char>;
+template <> struct hash<signed char>;
+template <> struct hash<unsigned char>;
+template <> struct hash<char8_t>; // since C++20
+template <> struct hash<char16_t>;
+template <> struct hash<char32_t>;
+template <> struct hash<wchar_t>;
+template <> struct hash<short>;
+template <> struct hash<unsigned short>;
+template <> struct hash<int>;
+template <> struct hash<unsigned int>;
+template <> struct hash<long>;
+template <> struct hash<long long>;
+template <> struct hash<unsigned long>;
+template <> struct hash<unsigned long long>;
+
+template <> struct hash<float>;
+template <> struct hash<double>;
+template <> struct hash<long double>;
+
+template<class T> struct hash<T*>;
+template <> struct hash<nullptr_t>;  // C++17
+
+namespace ranges {
+  // [range.cmp], concept-constrained comparisons
+  struct equal_to;
+  struct not_equal_to;
+  struct greater;
+  struct less;
+  struct greater_equal;
+  struct less_equal;
+}
+
+}  // std
+
+POLICY:  For non-variadic implementations, the number of arguments is limited
+         to 3.  It is hoped that the need for non-variadic implementations
+         will be minimal.
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <__functional/binary_function.h>
+#include <__functional/binary_negate.h>
+#include <__functional/bind.h>
+#include <__functional/binder1st.h>
+#include <__functional/binder2nd.h>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/mem_fn.h> // TODO: deprecate
+#include <__functional/mem_fun_ref.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__functional/pointer_to_binary_function.h>
+#include <__functional/pointer_to_unary_function.h>
+#include <__functional/reference_wrapper.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_negate.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#  include <__functional/function.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#  include <__functional/boyer_moore_searcher.h>
+#  include <__functional/default_searcher.h>
+#  include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#  include <__functional/not_fn.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__functional/bind_back.h>
+#  include <__functional/bind_front.h>
+#  include <__functional/identity.h>
+#  include <__functional/ranges_operations.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/unwrap_ref.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <new>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+#  include <array>
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <unordered_map>
+#  include <vector>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <exception>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <memory>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <tuple>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_FUNCTIONAL

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/future b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/future
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0be32620139e37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/future
@@ -0,0 +1,2062 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_FUTURE
+#define _LIBCPP_FUTURE
+
+/*
+    future synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+enum class future_errc
+{
+    future_already_retrieved = 1,
+    promise_already_satisfied,
+    no_state,
+    broken_promise
+};
+
+enum class launch
+{
+    async = 1,
+    deferred = 2,
+    any = async | deferred
+};
+
+enum class future_status
+{
+    ready,
+    timeout,
+    deferred
+};
+
+template <> struct is_error_code_enum<future_errc> : public true_type { };
+error_code make_error_code(future_errc e) noexcept;
+error_condition make_error_condition(future_errc e) noexcept;
+
+const error_category& future_category() noexcept;
+
+class future_error : public logic_error {
+public:
+    explicit future_error(future_errc e); // since C++17
+
+    const error_code& code() const noexcept;
+    const char*       what() const noexcept;
+
+private:
+    error_code ec_;             // exposition only
+};
+
+template <class R>
+class promise
+{
+public:
+    promise();
+    template <class Allocator>
+        promise(allocator_arg_t, const Allocator& a);
+    promise(promise&& rhs) noexcept;
+    promise(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    ~promise();
+
+    // assignment
+    promise& operator=(promise&& rhs) noexcept;
+    promise& operator=(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    void swap(promise& other) noexcept;
+
+    // retrieving the result
+    future<R> get_future();
+
+    // setting the result
+    void set_value(const R& r);
+    void set_value(R&& r);
+    void set_exception(exception_ptr p);
+
+    // setting the result with deferred notification
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit(const R& r);
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit(R&& r);
+    void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr p);
+};
+
+template <class R>
+class promise<R&>
+{
+public:
+    promise();
+    template <class Allocator>
+        promise(allocator_arg_t, const Allocator& a);
+    promise(promise&& rhs) noexcept;
+    promise(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    ~promise();
+
+    // assignment
+    promise& operator=(promise&& rhs) noexcept;
+    promise& operator=(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    void swap(promise& other) noexcept;
+
+    // retrieving the result
+    future<R&> get_future();
+
+    // setting the result
+    void set_value(R& r);
+    void set_exception(exception_ptr p);
+
+    // setting the result with deferred notification
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit(R&);
+    void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr p);
+};
+
+template <>
+class promise<void>
+{
+public:
+    promise();
+    template <class Allocator>
+        promise(allocator_arg_t, const Allocator& a);
+    promise(promise&& rhs) noexcept;
+    promise(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    ~promise();
+
+    // assignment
+    promise& operator=(promise&& rhs) noexcept;
+    promise& operator=(const promise& rhs) = delete;
+    void swap(promise& other) noexcept;
+
+    // retrieving the result
+    future<void> get_future();
+
+    // setting the result
+    void set_value();
+    void set_exception(exception_ptr p);
+
+    // setting the result with deferred notification
+    void set_value_at_thread_exit();
+    void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr p);
+};
+
+template <class R> void swap(promise<R>& x, promise<R>& y) noexcept;
+
+template <class R, class Alloc>
+    struct uses_allocator<promise<R>, Alloc> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class R>
+class future
+{
+public:
+    future() noexcept;
+    future(future&&) noexcept;
+    future(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    ~future();
+    future& operator=(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    future& operator=(future&&) noexcept;
+    shared_future<R> share() noexcept;
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    R get();
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const noexcept;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <class R>
+class future<R&>
+{
+public:
+    future() noexcept;
+    future(future&&) noexcept;
+    future(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    ~future();
+    future& operator=(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    future& operator=(future&&) noexcept;
+    shared_future<R&> share() noexcept;
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    R& get();
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const noexcept;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <>
+class future<void>
+{
+public:
+    future() noexcept;
+    future(future&&) noexcept;
+    future(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    ~future();
+    future& operator=(const future& rhs) = delete;
+    future& operator=(future&&) noexcept;
+    shared_future<void> share() noexcept;
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    void get();
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const noexcept;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <class R>
+class shared_future
+{
+public:
+    shared_future() noexcept;
+    shared_future(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future(future<R>&&) noexcept;
+    shared_future(shared_future&& rhs) noexcept;
+    ~shared_future();
+    shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& rhs) noexcept;
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    const R& get() const;
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const noexcept;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <class R>
+class shared_future<R&>
+{
+public:
+    shared_future() noexcept;
+    shared_future(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future(future<R&>&&) noexcept;
+    shared_future(shared_future&& rhs) noexcept;
+    ~shared_future();
+    shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& rhs) noexcept;
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    R& get() const;
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const noexcept;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <>
+class shared_future<void>
+{
+public:
+    shared_future() noexcept;
+    shared_future(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future(future<void>&&) noexcept;
+    shared_future(shared_future&& rhs) noexcept;
+    ~shared_future();
+    shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& rhs);
+    shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& rhs) noexcept;
+
+    // retrieving the value
+    void get() const;
+
+    // functions to check state
+    bool valid() const noexcept;
+
+    void wait() const;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        future_status
+        wait_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time) const;
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        future_status
+        wait_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time) const;
+};
+
+template <class F, class... Args>
+  future<typename result_of<typename decay<F>::type(typename decay<Args>::type...)>::type>
+  async(F&& f, Args&&... args);
+
+template <class F, class... Args>
+  future<typename result_of<typename decay<F>::type(typename decay<Args>::type...)>::type>
+  async(launch policy, F&& f, Args&&... args);
+
+template <class> class packaged_task; // undefined
+
+template <class R, class... ArgTypes>
+class packaged_task<R(ArgTypes...)>
+{
+public:
+    typedef R result_type; // extension
+
+    // construction and destruction
+    packaged_task() noexcept;
+    template <class F>
+        explicit packaged_task(F&& f);
+    template <class F, class Allocator>
+        packaged_task(allocator_arg_t, const Allocator& a, F&& f);
+    ~packaged_task();
+
+    // no copy
+    packaged_task(const packaged_task&) = delete;
+    packaged_task& operator=(const packaged_task&) = delete;
+
+    // move support
+    packaged_task(packaged_task&& other) noexcept;
+    packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task&& other) noexcept;
+    void swap(packaged_task& other) noexcept;
+
+    bool valid() const noexcept;
+
+    // result retrieval
+    future<R> get_future();
+
+    // execution
+    void operator()(ArgTypes... );
+    void make_ready_at_thread_exit(ArgTypes...);
+
+    void reset();
+};
+
+template <class R>
+  void swap(packaged_task<R(ArgTypes...)&, packaged_task<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept;
+
+template <class R, class Alloc> struct uses_allocator<packaged_task<R>, Alloc>;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#  include <__assert>
+#  include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#  include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#  include <__exception/exception_ptr.h>
+#  include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#  include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#  include <__memory/allocator_arg_t.h>
+#  include <__memory/allocator_destructor.h>
+#  include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#  include <__memory/compressed_pair.h>
+#  include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#  include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#  include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#  include <__memory/uses_allocator.h>
+#  include <__system_error/error_category.h>
+#  include <__system_error/error_code.h>
+#  include <__system_error/error_condition.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/aligned_storage.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/strip_signature.h>
+#  include <__utility/auto_cast.h>
+#  include <__utility/forward.h>
+#  include <__utility/move.h>
+#  include <mutex>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <thread>
+#  include <version>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// enum class future_errc
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM(future_errc){
+    future_already_retrieved = 1, promise_already_satisfied, no_state, broken_promise};
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM_EPILOG(future_errc)
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_error_code_enum<future_errc> : public true_type {};
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_error_code_enum<future_errc::__lx> : public true_type {};
+#  endif
+
+// enum class launch
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM(launch){async = 1, deferred = 2, any = async | deferred};
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM_EPILOG(launch)
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+typedef underlying_type<launch>::type __launch_underlying_type;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr launch operator&(launch __x, launch __y) {
+  return static_cast<launch>(static_cast<__launch_underlying_type>(__x) & static_cast<__launch_underlying_type>(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr launch operator|(launch __x, launch __y) {
+  return static_cast<launch>(static_cast<__launch_underlying_type>(__x) | static_cast<__launch_underlying_type>(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr launch operator^(launch __x, launch __y) {
+  return static_cast<launch>(static_cast<__launch_underlying_type>(__x) ^ static_cast<__launch_underlying_type>(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr launch operator~(launch __x) {
+  return static_cast<launch>(~static_cast<__launch_underlying_type>(__x) & 3);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI launch& operator&=(launch& __x, launch __y) {
+  __x = __x & __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI launch& operator|=(launch& __x, launch __y) {
+  __x = __x | __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI launch& operator^=(launch& __x, launch __y) {
+  __x = __x ^ __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+#  endif // !_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+// enum class future_status
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM(future_status){ready, timeout, deferred};
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM_EPILOG(future_status)
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const error_category& future_category() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_code make_error_code(future_errc __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return error_code(static_cast<int>(__e), future_category());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_condition make_error_condition(future_errc __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return error_condition(static_cast<int>(__e), future_category());
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_future_error(future_errc __ev);
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI future_error : public logic_error {
+  error_code __ec_;
+
+  future_error(error_code);
+  friend void __throw_future_error(future_errc);
+  template <class>
+  friend class promise;
+
+public:
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit future_error(future_errc __ec) : future_error(std::make_error_code(__ec)) {}
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const error_code& code() const _NOEXCEPT { return __ec_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_error(const future_error&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~future_error() _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+// Declared above std::future_error
+void __throw_future_error(future_errc __ev) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw future_error(make_error_code(__ev));
+#  else
+  (void)__ev;
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("future_error was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#  endif
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __assoc_sub_state : public __shared_count {
+protected:
+  exception_ptr __exception_;
+  mutable mutex __mut_;
+  mutable condition_variable __cv_;
+  unsigned __state_;
+
+  void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT override;
+  void __sub_wait(unique_lock<mutex>& __lk);
+
+public:
+  enum { __constructed = 1, __future_attached = 2, ready = 4, deferred = 8 };
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __assoc_sub_state() : __state_(0) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __has_value() const { return (__state_ & __constructed) || (__exception_ != nullptr); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __attach_future() {
+    lock_guard<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+    bool __has_future_attached = (__state_ & __future_attached) != 0;
+    if (__has_future_attached)
+      __throw_future_error(future_errc::future_already_retrieved);
+    this->__add_shared();
+    __state_ |= __future_attached;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __set_deferred() { __state_ |= deferred; }
+
+  void __make_ready();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_ready() const { return (__state_ & ready) != 0; }
+
+  void set_value();
+  void set_value_at_thread_exit();
+
+  void set_exception(exception_ptr __p);
+  void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p);
+
+  void copy();
+
+  void wait();
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  future_status _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const;
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS future_status
+  wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const;
+
+  virtual void __execute();
+};
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+future_status __assoc_sub_state::wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const {
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__mut_);
+  if (__state_ & deferred)
+    return future_status::deferred;
+  while (!(__state_ & ready) && _Clock::now() < __abs_time)
+    __cv_.wait_until(__lk, __abs_time);
+  if (__state_ & ready)
+    return future_status::ready;
+  return future_status::timeout;
+}
+
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+inline future_status __assoc_sub_state::wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const {
+  return wait_until(chrono::steady_clock::now() + __rel_time);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __assoc_state : public __assoc_sub_state {
+  typedef __assoc_sub_state base;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  typedef typename aligned_storage<sizeof(_Rp), _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(_Rp)>::type _Up;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+protected:
+  _Up __value_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT override;
+
+public:
+  template <class _Arg>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_value(_Arg&& __arg);
+
+  template <class _Arg>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_value_at_thread_exit(_Arg&& __arg);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp move();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __add_lvalue_reference_t<_Rp> copy();
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void __assoc_state<_Rp>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (this->__state_ & base::__constructed)
+    reinterpret_cast<_Rp*>(&__value_)->~_Rp();
+  delete this;
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+template <class _Arg>
+void __assoc_state<_Rp>::set_value(_Arg&& __arg) {
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+  if (this->__has_value())
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied);
+  ::new ((void*)&__value_) _Rp(std::forward<_Arg>(__arg));
+  this->__state_ |= base::__constructed | base::ready;
+  __cv_.notify_all();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+template <class _Arg>
+void __assoc_state<_Rp>::set_value_at_thread_exit(_Arg&& __arg) {
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+  if (this->__has_value())
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied);
+  ::new ((void*)&__value_) _Rp(std::forward<_Arg>(__arg));
+  this->__state_ |= base::__constructed;
+  __thread_local_data()->__make_ready_at_thread_exit(this);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+_Rp __assoc_state<_Rp>::move() {
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+  this->__sub_wait(__lk);
+  if (this->__exception_ != nullptr)
+    std::rethrow_exception(this->__exception_);
+  return std::move(*reinterpret_cast<_Rp*>(&__value_));
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+__add_lvalue_reference_t<_Rp> __assoc_state<_Rp>::copy() {
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+  this->__sub_wait(__lk);
+  if (this->__exception_ != nullptr)
+    std::rethrow_exception(this->__exception_);
+  return *reinterpret_cast<_Rp*>(&__value_);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+class __assoc_state<_Rp&> : public __assoc_sub_state {
+  typedef __assoc_sub_state base;
+  typedef _Rp* _Up;
+
+protected:
+  _Up __value_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT override;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_value(_Rp& __arg);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_value_at_thread_exit(_Rp& __arg);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp& copy();
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void __assoc_state<_Rp&>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT {
+  delete this;
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void __assoc_state<_Rp&>::set_value(_Rp& __arg) {
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+  if (this->__has_value())
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied);
+  __value_ = std::addressof(__arg);
+  this->__state_ |= base::__constructed | base::ready;
+  __cv_.notify_all();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void __assoc_state<_Rp&>::set_value_at_thread_exit(_Rp& __arg) {
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+  if (this->__has_value())
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied);
+  __value_ = std::addressof(__arg);
+  this->__state_ |= base::__constructed;
+  __thread_local_data()->__make_ready_at_thread_exit(this);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+_Rp& __assoc_state<_Rp&>::copy() {
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(this->__mut_);
+  this->__sub_wait(__lk);
+  if (this->__exception_ != nullptr)
+    std::rethrow_exception(this->__exception_);
+  return *__value_;
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Alloc>
+class __assoc_state_alloc : public __assoc_state<_Rp> {
+  typedef __assoc_state<_Rp> base;
+  _Alloc __alloc_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __assoc_state_alloc(const _Alloc& __a) : __alloc_(__a) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Alloc>
+void __assoc_state_alloc<_Rp, _Alloc>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (this->__state_ & base::__constructed)
+    reinterpret_cast<_Rp*>(std::addressof(this->__value_))->~_Rp();
+  typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, __assoc_state_alloc>::type _Al;
+  typedef allocator_traits<_Al> _ATraits;
+  typedef pointer_traits<typename _ATraits::pointer> _PTraits;
+  _Al __a(__alloc_);
+  this->~__assoc_state_alloc();
+  __a.deallocate(_PTraits::pointer_to(*this), 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Alloc>
+class __assoc_state_alloc<_Rp&, _Alloc> : public __assoc_state<_Rp&> {
+  typedef __assoc_state<_Rp&> base;
+  _Alloc __alloc_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __assoc_state_alloc(const _Alloc& __a) : __alloc_(__a) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Alloc>
+void __assoc_state_alloc<_Rp&, _Alloc>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, __assoc_state_alloc>::type _Al;
+  typedef allocator_traits<_Al> _ATraits;
+  typedef pointer_traits<typename _ATraits::pointer> _PTraits;
+  _Al __a(__alloc_);
+  this->~__assoc_state_alloc();
+  __a.deallocate(_PTraits::pointer_to(*this), 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __assoc_sub_state_alloc : public __assoc_sub_state {
+  typedef __assoc_sub_state base;
+  _Alloc __alloc_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT override;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __assoc_sub_state_alloc(const _Alloc& __a) : __alloc_(__a) {}
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+void __assoc_sub_state_alloc<_Alloc>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, __assoc_sub_state_alloc>::type _Al;
+  typedef allocator_traits<_Al> _ATraits;
+  typedef pointer_traits<typename _ATraits::pointer> _PTraits;
+  _Al __a(__alloc_);
+  this->~__assoc_sub_state_alloc();
+  __a.deallocate(_PTraits::pointer_to(*this), 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp>
+class __deferred_assoc_state : public __assoc_state<_Rp> {
+  typedef __assoc_state<_Rp> base;
+
+  _Fp __func_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __deferred_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __execute();
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp>
+inline __deferred_assoc_state<_Rp, _Fp>::__deferred_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f) : __func_(std::forward<_Fp>(__f)) {
+  this->__set_deferred();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp>
+void __deferred_assoc_state<_Rp, _Fp>::__execute() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    this->set_value(__func_());
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->set_exception(current_exception());
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _Fp>
+class __deferred_assoc_state<void, _Fp> : public __assoc_sub_state {
+  typedef __assoc_sub_state base;
+
+  _Fp __func_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __deferred_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __execute() override;
+};
+
+template <class _Fp>
+inline __deferred_assoc_state<void, _Fp>::__deferred_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f) : __func_(std::forward<_Fp>(__f)) {
+  this->__set_deferred();
+}
+
+template <class _Fp>
+void __deferred_assoc_state<void, _Fp>::__execute() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __func_();
+    this->set_value();
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->set_exception(current_exception());
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp>
+class __async_assoc_state : public __assoc_state<_Rp> {
+  typedef __assoc_state<_Rp> base;
+
+  _Fp __func_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __async_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __execute();
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp>
+inline __async_assoc_state<_Rp, _Fp>::__async_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f) : __func_(std::forward<_Fp>(__f)) {}
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp>
+void __async_assoc_state<_Rp, _Fp>::__execute() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    this->set_value(__func_());
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->set_exception(current_exception());
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp>
+void __async_assoc_state<_Rp, _Fp>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT {
+  this->wait();
+  base::__on_zero_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _Fp>
+class __async_assoc_state<void, _Fp> : public __assoc_sub_state {
+  typedef __assoc_sub_state base;
+
+  _Fp __func_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT override;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __async_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __execute() override;
+};
+
+template <class _Fp>
+inline __async_assoc_state<void, _Fp>::__async_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f) : __func_(std::forward<_Fp>(__f)) {}
+
+template <class _Fp>
+void __async_assoc_state<void, _Fp>::__execute() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __func_();
+    this->set_value();
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    this->set_exception(current_exception());
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _Fp>
+void __async_assoc_state<void, _Fp>::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT {
+  this->wait();
+  base::__on_zero_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS promise;
+template <class _Rp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS shared_future;
+
+// future
+
+template <class _Rp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS future;
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future<_Rp> __make_deferred_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future<_Rp> __make_async_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+
+template <class _Rp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS future {
+  __assoc_state<_Rp>* __state_;
+
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future(__assoc_state<_Rp>* __state);
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class promise;
+  template <class>
+  friend class shared_future;
+
+  template <class _R1, class _Fp>
+  friend future<_R1> __make_deferred_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+  template <class _R1, class _Fp>
+  friend future<_R1> __make_async_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future() _NOEXCEPT : __state_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future(future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__rhs.__state_) { __rhs.__state_ = nullptr; }
+  future(const future&)            = delete;
+  future& operator=(const future&) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future& operator=(future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~future();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future<_Rp> share() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  // retrieving the value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp get();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(future& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT { std::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_); }
+
+  // functions to check state
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool valid() const _NOEXCEPT { return __state_ != nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait() const { __state_->wait(); }
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);
+  }
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+future<_Rp>::future(__assoc_state<_Rp>* __state) : __state_(__state) {
+  __state_->__attach_future();
+}
+
+struct __release_shared_count {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(__shared_count* __p) { __p->__release_shared(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+future<_Rp>::~future() {
+  if (__state_)
+    __state_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+_Rp future<_Rp>::get() {
+  unique_ptr<__shared_count, __release_shared_count> __guard(__state_);
+  __assoc_state<_Rp>* __s = __state_;
+  __state_                = nullptr;
+  return __s->move();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS future<_Rp&> {
+  __assoc_state<_Rp&>* __state_;
+
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future(__assoc_state<_Rp&>* __state);
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class promise;
+  template <class>
+  friend class shared_future;
+
+  template <class _R1, class _Fp>
+  friend future<_R1> __make_deferred_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+  template <class _R1, class _Fp>
+  friend future<_R1> __make_async_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future() _NOEXCEPT : __state_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future(future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__rhs.__state_) { __rhs.__state_ = nullptr; }
+  future(const future&)            = delete;
+  future& operator=(const future&) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future& operator=(future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~future();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future<_Rp&> share() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  // retrieving the value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp& get();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(future& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT { std::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_); }
+
+  // functions to check state
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool valid() const _NOEXCEPT { return __state_ != nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait() const { __state_->wait(); }
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);
+  }
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+future<_Rp&>::future(__assoc_state<_Rp&>* __state) : __state_(__state) {
+  __state_->__attach_future();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+future<_Rp&>::~future() {
+  if (__state_)
+    __state_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+_Rp& future<_Rp&>::get() {
+  unique_ptr<__shared_count, __release_shared_count> __guard(__state_);
+  __assoc_state<_Rp&>* __s = __state_;
+  __state_                 = nullptr;
+  return __s->copy();
+}
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI future<void> {
+  __assoc_sub_state* __state_;
+
+  explicit future(__assoc_sub_state* __state);
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class promise;
+  template <class>
+  friend class shared_future;
+
+  template <class _R1, class _Fp>
+  friend future<_R1> __make_deferred_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+  template <class _R1, class _Fp>
+  friend future<_R1> __make_async_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f);
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future() _NOEXCEPT : __state_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future(future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__rhs.__state_) { __rhs.__state_ = nullptr; }
+  future(const future&)            = delete;
+  future& operator=(const future&) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future& operator=(future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ~future();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future<void> share() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  // retrieving the value
+  void get();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(future& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT { std::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_); }
+
+  // functions to check state
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool valid() const _NOEXCEPT { return __state_ != nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait() const { __state_->wait(); }
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);
+  }
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(future<_Rp>& __x, future<_Rp>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+// promise<R>
+
+template <class _Callable>
+class packaged_task;
+
+template <class _Rp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS promise {
+  __assoc_state<_Rp>* __state_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit promise(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(nullptr) {}
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class packaged_task;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI promise();
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI promise(promise&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__rhs.__state_) { __rhs.__state_ = nullptr; }
+  promise(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~promise();
+
+  // assignment
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI promise& operator=(promise&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    promise(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  promise& operator=(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(promise& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT { std::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_); }
+
+  // retrieving the result
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future<_Rp> get_future();
+
+  // setting the result
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_value(const _Rp& __r);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_value(_Rp&& __r);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_exception(exception_ptr __p);
+
+  // setting the result with deferred notification
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_value_at_thread_exit(const _Rp& __r);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_value_at_thread_exit(_Rp&& __r);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p);
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+promise<_Rp>::promise() : __state_(new __assoc_state<_Rp>) {}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+template <class _Alloc>
+promise<_Rp>::promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0) {
+  typedef __assoc_state_alloc<_Rp, _Alloc> _State;
+  typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, _State>::type _A2;
+  typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+  _A2 __a(__a0);
+  unique_ptr<_State, _D2> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D2(__a, 1));
+  ::new ((void*)std::addressof(*__hold.get())) _State(__a0);
+  __state_ = std::addressof(*__hold.release());
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+promise<_Rp>::~promise() {
+  if (__state_) {
+    if (!__state_->__has_value() && __state_->use_count() > 1)
+      __state_->set_exception(make_exception_ptr(future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::broken_promise))));
+    __state_->__release_shared();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+future<_Rp> promise<_Rp>::get_future() {
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  return future<_Rp>(__state_);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void promise<_Rp>::set_value(const _Rp& __r) {
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __state_->set_value(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void promise<_Rp>::set_value(_Rp&& __r) {
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __state_->set_value(std::move(__r));
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void promise<_Rp>::set_exception(exception_ptr __p) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__p != nullptr, "promise::set_exception: received nullptr");
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __state_->set_exception(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void promise<_Rp>::set_value_at_thread_exit(const _Rp& __r) {
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __state_->set_value_at_thread_exit(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void promise<_Rp>::set_value_at_thread_exit(_Rp&& __r) {
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __state_->set_value_at_thread_exit(std::move(__r));
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void promise<_Rp>::set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__p != nullptr, "promise::set_exception_at_thread_exit: received nullptr");
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __state_->set_exception_at_thread_exit(__p);
+}
+
+// promise<R&>
+
+template <class _Rp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS promise<_Rp&> {
+  __assoc_state<_Rp&>* __state_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit promise(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(nullptr) {}
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class packaged_task;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI promise();
+  template <class _Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Allocator& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI promise(promise&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__rhs.__state_) { __rhs.__state_ = nullptr; }
+  promise(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~promise();
+
+  // assignment
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI promise& operator=(promise&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    promise(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  promise& operator=(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(promise& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT { std::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_); }
+
+  // retrieving the result
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future<_Rp&> get_future();
+
+  // setting the result
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_value(_Rp& __r);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_exception(exception_ptr __p);
+
+  // setting the result with deferred notification
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_value_at_thread_exit(_Rp&);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p);
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+promise<_Rp&>::promise() : __state_(new __assoc_state<_Rp&>) {}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+template <class _Alloc>
+promise<_Rp&>::promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0) {
+  typedef __assoc_state_alloc<_Rp&, _Alloc> _State;
+  typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, _State>::type _A2;
+  typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+  _A2 __a(__a0);
+  unique_ptr<_State, _D2> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D2(__a, 1));
+  ::new ((void*)std::addressof(*__hold.get())) _State(__a0);
+  __state_ = std::addressof(*__hold.release());
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+promise<_Rp&>::~promise() {
+  if (__state_) {
+    if (!__state_->__has_value() && __state_->use_count() > 1)
+      __state_->set_exception(make_exception_ptr(future_error(make_error_code(future_errc::broken_promise))));
+    __state_->__release_shared();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+future<_Rp&> promise<_Rp&>::get_future() {
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  return future<_Rp&>(__state_);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void promise<_Rp&>::set_value(_Rp& __r) {
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __state_->set_value(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void promise<_Rp&>::set_exception(exception_ptr __p) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__p != nullptr, "promise::set_exception: received nullptr");
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __state_->set_exception(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void promise<_Rp&>::set_value_at_thread_exit(_Rp& __r) {
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __state_->set_value_at_thread_exit(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+void promise<_Rp&>::set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__p != nullptr, "promise::set_exception_at_thread_exit: received nullptr");
+  if (__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __state_->set_exception_at_thread_exit(__p);
+}
+
+// promise<void>
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI promise<void> {
+  __assoc_sub_state* __state_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit promise(nullptr_t) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(nullptr) {}
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class packaged_task;
+
+public:
+  promise();
+  template <class _Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Allocator& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI promise(promise&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__rhs.__state_) { __rhs.__state_ = nullptr; }
+  promise(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+  ~promise();
+
+  // assignment
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI promise& operator=(promise&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    promise(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  promise& operator=(const promise& __rhs) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(promise& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT { std::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_); }
+
+  // retrieving the result
+  future<void> get_future();
+
+  // setting the result
+  void set_value();
+  void set_exception(exception_ptr __p);
+
+  // setting the result with deferred notification
+  void set_value_at_thread_exit();
+  void set_exception_at_thread_exit(exception_ptr __p);
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+promise<void>::promise(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0) {
+  typedef __assoc_sub_state_alloc<_Alloc> _State;
+  typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, _State>::type _A2;
+  typedef __allocator_destructor<_A2> _D2;
+  _A2 __a(__a0);
+  unique_ptr<_State, _D2> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _D2(__a, 1));
+  ::new ((void*)std::addressof(*__hold.get())) _State(__a0);
+  __state_ = std::addressof(*__hold.release());
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(promise<_Rp>& __x, promise<_Rp>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS uses_allocator<promise<_Rp>, _Alloc> : public true_type {};
+
+// packaged_task
+
+template <class _Fp>
+class __packaged_task_base;
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class __packaged_task_base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __packaged_task_base() {}
+  __packaged_task_base(const __packaged_task_base&)            = delete;
+  __packaged_task_base& operator=(const __packaged_task_base&) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL
+  virtual ~__packaged_task_base() {}
+  virtual void __move_to(__packaged_task_base*) _NOEXCEPT = 0;
+  virtual void destroy()                                  = 0;
+  virtual void destroy_deallocate()                       = 0;
+  virtual _Rp operator()(_ArgTypes&&...)                  = 0;
+};
+
+template <class _FD, class _Alloc, class _FB>
+class __packaged_task_func;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class __packaged_task_func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)> : public __packaged_task_base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+  __compressed_pair<_Fp, _Alloc> __f_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __packaged_task_func(const _Fp& __f) : __f_(__f, __default_init_tag()) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __packaged_task_func(_Fp&& __f) : __f_(std::move(__f), __default_init_tag()) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __packaged_task_func(const _Fp& __f, const _Alloc& __a) : __f_(__f, __a) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __packaged_task_func(_Fp&& __f, const _Alloc& __a) : __f_(std::move(__f), __a) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __move_to(__packaged_task_base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>*) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void destroy();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void destroy_deallocate();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual _Rp operator()(_ArgTypes&&... __args);
+};
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+void __packaged_task_func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::__move_to(
+    __packaged_task_base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>* __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  ::new ((void*)__p) __packaged_task_func(std::move(__f_.first()), std::move(__f_.second()));
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+void __packaged_task_func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::destroy() {
+  __f_.~__compressed_pair<_Fp, _Alloc>();
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+void __packaged_task_func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::destroy_deallocate() {
+  typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, __packaged_task_func>::type _Ap;
+  typedef allocator_traits<_Ap> _ATraits;
+  typedef pointer_traits<typename _ATraits::pointer> _PTraits;
+  _Ap __a(__f_.second());
+  __f_.~__compressed_pair<_Fp, _Alloc>();
+  __a.deallocate(_PTraits::pointer_to(*this), 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc, class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+_Rp __packaged_task_func<_Fp, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes&&... __arg) {
+  return std::__invoke(__f_.first(), std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__arg)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Callable>
+class __packaged_task_function;
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class __packaged_task_function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+  typedef __packaged_task_base<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> __base;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_NO_CFI __base* __get_buf() { return (__base*)&__buf_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  typename aligned_storage<3 * sizeof(void*)>::type __buf_;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  __base* __f_;
+
+public:
+  typedef _Rp result_type;
+
+  // construct/copy/destroy:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __packaged_task_function() _NOEXCEPT : __f_(nullptr) {}
+  template <class _Fp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __packaged_task_function(_Fp&& __f);
+  template <class _Fp, class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __packaged_task_function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _Fp&& __f);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __packaged_task_function(__packaged_task_function&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __packaged_task_function& operator=(__packaged_task_function&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  __packaged_task_function(const __packaged_task_function&)            = delete;
+  __packaged_task_function& operator=(const __packaged_task_function&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__packaged_task_function();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__packaged_task_function&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp operator()(_ArgTypes...) const;
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+__packaged_task_function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::__packaged_task_function(__packaged_task_function&& __f) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__f.__f_ == nullptr)
+    __f_ = nullptr;
+  else if (__f.__f_ == __f.__get_buf()) {
+    __f.__f_->__move_to(__get_buf());
+    __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+  } else {
+    __f_     = __f.__f_;
+    __f.__f_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+template <class _Fp>
+__packaged_task_function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::__packaged_task_function(_Fp&& __f) : __f_(nullptr) {
+  typedef __libcpp_remove_reference_t<__decay_t<_Fp> > _FR;
+  typedef __packaged_task_func<_FR, allocator<_FR>, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)> _FF;
+  if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_)) {
+    ::new ((void*)&__buf_) _FF(std::forward<_Fp>(__f));
+    __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+  } else {
+    typedef allocator<_FF> _Ap;
+    _Ap __a;
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Ap> _Dp;
+    unique_ptr<__base, _Dp> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _Dp(__a, 1));
+    ::new ((void*)__hold.get()) _FF(std::forward<_Fp>(__f), allocator<_FR>(__a));
+    __f_ = __hold.release();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+template <class _Fp, class _Alloc>
+__packaged_task_function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::__packaged_task_function(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a0, _Fp&& __f)
+    : __f_(nullptr) {
+  typedef __libcpp_remove_reference_t<__decay_t<_Fp> > _FR;
+  typedef __packaged_task_func<_FR, _Alloc, _Rp(_ArgTypes...)> _FF;
+  if (sizeof(_FF) <= sizeof(__buf_)) {
+    __f_ = (__base*)&__buf_;
+    ::new ((void*)__f_) _FF(std::forward<_Fp>(__f));
+  } else {
+    typedef typename __allocator_traits_rebind<_Alloc, _FF>::type _Ap;
+    _Ap __a(__a0);
+    typedef __allocator_destructor<_Ap> _Dp;
+    unique_ptr<__base, _Dp> __hold(__a.allocate(1), _Dp(__a, 1));
+    ::new ((void*)std::addressof(*__hold.get())) _FF(std::forward<_Fp>(__f), _Alloc(__a));
+    __f_ = std::addressof(*__hold.release());
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+__packaged_task_function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>&
+__packaged_task_function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::operator=(__packaged_task_function&& __f) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__f_ == __get_buf())
+    __f_->destroy();
+  else if (__f_)
+    __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+  __f_ = nullptr;
+  if (__f.__f_ == nullptr)
+    __f_ = nullptr;
+  else if (__f.__f_ == __f.__get_buf()) {
+    __f.__f_->__move_to(__get_buf());
+    __f_ = __get_buf();
+  } else {
+    __f_     = __f.__f_;
+    __f.__f_ = nullptr;
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+__packaged_task_function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::~__packaged_task_function() {
+  if (__f_ == __get_buf())
+    __f_->destroy();
+  else if (__f_)
+    __f_->destroy_deallocate();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+_LIBCPP_NO_CFI void __packaged_task_function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::swap(__packaged_task_function& __f) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_ && __f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_) {
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+    typename aligned_storage<sizeof(__buf_)>::type __tempbuf;
+    _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+    __base* __t = (__base*)&__tempbuf;
+    __f_->__move_to(__t);
+    __f_->destroy();
+    __f_ = nullptr;
+    __f.__f_->__move_to((__base*)&__buf_);
+    __f.__f_->destroy();
+    __f.__f_ = nullptr;
+    __f_     = (__base*)&__buf_;
+    __t->__move_to((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+    __t->destroy();
+    __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+  } else if (__f_ == (__base*)&__buf_) {
+    __f_->__move_to((__base*)&__f.__buf_);
+    __f_->destroy();
+    __f_     = __f.__f_;
+    __f.__f_ = (__base*)&__f.__buf_;
+  } else if (__f.__f_ == (__base*)&__f.__buf_) {
+    __f.__f_->__move_to((__base*)&__buf_);
+    __f.__f_->destroy();
+    __f.__f_ = __f_;
+    __f_     = (__base*)&__buf_;
+  } else
+    std::swap(__f_, __f.__f_);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _Rp __packaged_task_function<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes... __arg) const {
+  return (*__f_)(std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__arg)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS packaged_task<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)> {
+public:
+  typedef _Rp result_type; // extension
+
+private:
+  __packaged_task_function<result_type(_ArgTypes...)> __f_;
+  promise<result_type> __p_;
+
+public:
+  // construction and destruction
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI packaged_task() _NOEXCEPT : __p_(nullptr) {}
+
+  template <class _Fp, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__remove_cvref_t<_Fp>, packaged_task>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit packaged_task(_Fp&& __f) : __f_(std::forward<_Fp>(__f)) {}
+
+  template <class _Fp, class _Allocator, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__remove_cvref_t<_Fp>, packaged_task>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI packaged_task(allocator_arg_t, const _Allocator& __a, _Fp&& __f)
+      : __f_(allocator_arg_t(), __a, std::forward<_Fp>(__f)), __p_(allocator_arg_t(), __a) {}
+  // ~packaged_task() = default;
+
+  // no copy
+  packaged_task(const packaged_task&)            = delete;
+  packaged_task& operator=(const packaged_task&) = delete;
+
+  // move support
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI packaged_task(packaged_task&& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __f_(std::move(__other.__f_)),
+        __p_(std::move(__other.__p_)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task&& __other) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __f_ = std::move(__other.__f_);
+    __p_ = std::move(__other.__p_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(packaged_task& __other) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __f_.swap(__other.__f_);
+    __p_.swap(__other.__p_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool valid() const _NOEXCEPT { return __p_.__state_ != nullptr; }
+
+  // result retrieval
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future<result_type> get_future() { return __p_.get_future(); }
+
+  // execution
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(_ArgTypes... __args);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void make_ready_at_thread_exit(_ArgTypes... __args);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset();
+};
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+void packaged_task<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes... __args) {
+  if (__p_.__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  if (__p_.__state_->__has_value())
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __p_.set_value(__f_(std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...));
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __p_.set_exception(current_exception());
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+void packaged_task<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::make_ready_at_thread_exit(_ArgTypes... __args) {
+  if (__p_.__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  if (__p_.__state_->__has_value())
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __p_.set_value_at_thread_exit(__f_(std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...));
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __p_.set_exception_at_thread_exit(current_exception());
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+void packaged_task<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>::reset() {
+  if (!valid())
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __p_ = promise<result_type>();
+}
+
+template <class... _ArgTypes>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS packaged_task<void(_ArgTypes...)> {
+public:
+  typedef void result_type; // extension
+
+private:
+  __packaged_task_function<result_type(_ArgTypes...)> __f_;
+  promise<result_type> __p_;
+
+public:
+  // construction and destruction
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI packaged_task() _NOEXCEPT : __p_(nullptr) {}
+  template <class _Fp, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__remove_cvref_t<_Fp>, packaged_task>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit packaged_task(_Fp&& __f) : __f_(std::forward<_Fp>(__f)) {}
+  template <class _Fp, class _Allocator, __enable_if_t<!is_same<__remove_cvref_t<_Fp>, packaged_task>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI packaged_task(allocator_arg_t, const _Allocator& __a, _Fp&& __f)
+      : __f_(allocator_arg_t(), __a, std::forward<_Fp>(__f)), __p_(allocator_arg_t(), __a) {}
+  // ~packaged_task() = default;
+
+  // no copy
+  packaged_task(const packaged_task&)            = delete;
+  packaged_task& operator=(const packaged_task&) = delete;
+
+  // move support
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI packaged_task(packaged_task&& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __f_(std::move(__other.__f_)),
+        __p_(std::move(__other.__p_)) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI packaged_task& operator=(packaged_task&& __other) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __f_ = std::move(__other.__f_);
+    __p_ = std::move(__other.__p_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(packaged_task& __other) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __f_.swap(__other.__f_);
+    __p_.swap(__other.__p_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool valid() const _NOEXCEPT { return __p_.__state_ != nullptr; }
+
+  // result retrieval
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future<result_type> get_future() { return __p_.get_future(); }
+
+  // execution
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(_ArgTypes... __args);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void make_ready_at_thread_exit(_ArgTypes... __args);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reset();
+};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _Args>
+packaged_task(_Rp (*)(_Args...)) -> packaged_task<_Rp(_Args...)>;
+
+template <class _Fp, class _Stripped = typename __strip_signature<decltype(&_Fp::operator())>::type>
+packaged_task(_Fp) -> packaged_task<_Stripped>;
+
+#  endif
+
+template <class... _ArgTypes>
+void packaged_task<void(_ArgTypes...)>::operator()(_ArgTypes... __args) {
+  if (__p_.__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  if (__p_.__state_->__has_value())
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __f_(std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
+    __p_.set_value();
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __p_.set_exception(current_exception());
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class... _ArgTypes>
+void packaged_task<void(_ArgTypes...)>::make_ready_at_thread_exit(_ArgTypes... __args) {
+  if (__p_.__state_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  if (__p_.__state_->__has_value())
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::promise_already_satisfied);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __f_(std::forward<_ArgTypes>(__args)...);
+    __p_.set_value_at_thread_exit();
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __p_.set_exception_at_thread_exit(current_exception());
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class... _ArgTypes>
+void packaged_task<void(_ArgTypes...)>::reset() {
+  if (!valid())
+    __throw_future_error(future_errc::no_state);
+  __p_ = promise<result_type>();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class... _ArgTypes>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(packaged_task<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& __x, packaged_task<_Rp(_ArgTypes...)>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Callable, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS uses_allocator<packaged_task<_Callable>, _Alloc> : public true_type {};
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future<_Rp> __make_deferred_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f) {
+  unique_ptr<__deferred_assoc_state<_Rp, _Fp>, __release_shared_count> __h(
+      new __deferred_assoc_state<_Rp, _Fp>(std::forward<_Fp>(__f)));
+  return future<_Rp>(__h.get());
+}
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Fp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future<_Rp> __make_async_assoc_state(_Fp&& __f) {
+  unique_ptr<__async_assoc_state<_Rp, _Fp>, __release_shared_count> __h(
+      new __async_assoc_state<_Rp, _Fp>(std::forward<_Fp>(__f)));
+  std::thread(&__async_assoc_state<_Rp, _Fp>::__execute, __h.get()).detach();
+  return future<_Rp>(__h.get());
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _Args>
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __async_func {
+  tuple<_Fp, _Args...> __f_;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __invoke_of<_Fp, _Args...>::type _Rp;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __async_func(_Fp&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __f_(std::move(__f), std::move(__args)...) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __async_func(__async_func&& __f) : __f_(std::move(__f.__f_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp operator()() {
+    typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<1 + sizeof...(_Args), 1>::type _Index;
+    return __execute(_Index());
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <size_t... _Indices>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp __execute(__tuple_indices<_Indices...>) {
+    return std::__invoke(std::move(std::get<0>(__f_)), std::move(std::get<_Indices>(__f_))...);
+  }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __does_policy_contain(launch __policy, launch __value) {
+  return (int(__policy) & int(__value)) != 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future<typename __invoke_of<__decay_t<_Fp>, __decay_t<_Args>...>::type>
+async(launch __policy, _Fp&& __f, _Args&&... __args) {
+  typedef __async_func<__decay_t<_Fp>, __decay_t<_Args>...> _BF;
+  typedef typename _BF::_Rp _Rp;
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#    endif
+    if (__does_policy_contain(__policy, launch::async))
+      return std::__make_async_assoc_state<_Rp>(
+          _BF(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Fp>(__f)), _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Args>(__args))...));
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    if (__policy == launch::async)
+      throw;
+  }
+#    endif
+
+  if (__does_policy_contain(__policy, launch::deferred))
+    return std::__make_deferred_assoc_state<_Rp>(
+        _BF(_LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Fp>(__f)), _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(std::forward<_Args>(__args))...));
+  return future<_Rp>{};
+}
+
+template <class _Fp, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future<typename __invoke_of<__decay_t<_Fp>, __decay_t<_Args>...>::type>
+async(_Fp&& __f, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return std::async(launch::any, std::forward<_Fp>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+#  endif // C++03
+
+// shared_future
+
+template <class _Rp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS shared_future {
+  __assoc_state<_Rp>* __state_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future() _NOEXCEPT : __state_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future(const shared_future& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {
+    if (__state_)
+      __state_->__add_shared();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future(future<_Rp>&& __f) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__f.__state_) { __f.__state_ = nullptr; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future(shared_future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {
+    __rhs.__state_ = nullptr;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~shared_future();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    shared_future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // retrieving the value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Rp& get() const { return __state_->copy(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(shared_future& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT { std::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_); }
+
+  // functions to check state
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool valid() const _NOEXCEPT { return __state_ != nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait() const { __state_->wait(); }
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);
+  }
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+shared_future<_Rp>::~shared_future() {
+  if (__state_)
+    __state_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+shared_future<_Rp>& shared_future<_Rp>::operator=(const shared_future& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__rhs.__state_)
+    __rhs.__state_->__add_shared();
+  if (__state_)
+    __state_->__release_shared();
+  __state_ = __rhs.__state_;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS shared_future<_Rp&> {
+  __assoc_state<_Rp&>* __state_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future() _NOEXCEPT : __state_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future(const shared_future& __rhs) : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {
+    if (__state_)
+      __state_->__add_shared();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future(future<_Rp&>&& __f) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__f.__state_) { __f.__state_ = nullptr; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future(shared_future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {
+    __rhs.__state_ = nullptr;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~shared_future();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& __rhs);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    shared_future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // retrieving the value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Rp& get() const { return __state_->copy(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(shared_future& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT { std::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_); }
+
+  // functions to check state
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool valid() const _NOEXCEPT { return __state_ != nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait() const { __state_->wait(); }
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);
+  }
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+shared_future<_Rp&>::~shared_future() {
+  if (__state_)
+    __state_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+shared_future<_Rp&>& shared_future<_Rp&>::operator=(const shared_future& __rhs) {
+  if (__rhs.__state_)
+    __rhs.__state_->__add_shared();
+  if (__state_)
+    __state_->__release_shared();
+  __state_ = __rhs.__state_;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI shared_future<void> {
+  __assoc_sub_state* __state_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future() _NOEXCEPT : __state_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future(const shared_future& __rhs) : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {
+    if (__state_)
+      __state_->__add_shared();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future(future<void>&& __f) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__f.__state_) { __f.__state_ = nullptr; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future(shared_future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT : __state_(__rhs.__state_) {
+    __rhs.__state_ = nullptr;
+  }
+  ~shared_future();
+  shared_future& operator=(const shared_future& __rhs);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_future& operator=(shared_future&& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+    shared_future(std::move(__rhs)).swap(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // retrieving the value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void get() const { __state_->copy(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(shared_future& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT { std::swap(__state_, __rhs.__state_); }
+
+  // functions to check state
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool valid() const _NOEXCEPT { return __state_ != nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait() const { __state_->wait(); }
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_for(__rel_time);
+  }
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI future_status wait_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) const {
+    return __state_->wait_until(__abs_time);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Rp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(shared_future<_Rp>& __x, shared_future<_Rp>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+inline shared_future<_Rp> future<_Rp>::share() _NOEXCEPT {
+  return shared_future<_Rp>(std::move(*this));
+}
+
+template <class _Rp>
+inline shared_future<_Rp&> future<_Rp&>::share() _NOEXCEPT {
+  return shared_future<_Rp&>(std::move(*this));
+}
+
+inline shared_future<void> future<void>::share() _NOEXCEPT { return shared_future<void>(std::move(*this)); }
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+#  include <chrono>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <exception>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <system_error>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_FUTURE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/initializer_list b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/initializer_list
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..680ca1cd20d550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/initializer_list
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_INITIALIZER_LIST
+#define _LIBCPP_INITIALIZER_LIST
+
+/*
+    initializer_list synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<class E>
+class initializer_list
+{
+public:
+    typedef E        value_type;
+    typedef const E& reference;
+    typedef const E& const_reference;
+    typedef size_t   size_type;
+
+    typedef const E* iterator;
+    typedef const E* const_iterator;
+
+    initializer_list() noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+
+    size_t   size()  const noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+    const E* begin() const noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+    const E* end()   const noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+};
+
+template<class E> const E* begin(initializer_list<E> il) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+template<class E> const E* end(initializer_list<E> il) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+namespace std // purposefully not versioned
+{
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Ep>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS initializer_list {
+  const _Ep* __begin_;
+  size_t __size_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 initializer_list(const _Ep* __b, size_t __s) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __begin_(__b),
+        __size_(__s) {}
+
+public:
+  typedef _Ep value_type;
+  typedef const _Ep& reference;
+  typedef const _Ep& const_reference;
+  typedef size_t size_type;
+
+  typedef const _Ep* iterator;
+  typedef const _Ep* const_iterator;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 initializer_list() _NOEXCEPT : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 size_t size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __size_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Ep* begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __begin_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Ep* end() const _NOEXCEPT { return __begin_ + __size_; }
+};
+
+template <class _Ep>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Ep* begin(initializer_list<_Ep> __il) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __il.begin();
+}
+
+template <class _Ep>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Ep* end(initializer_list<_Ep> __il) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __il.end();
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_INITIALIZER_LIST

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/inttypes.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/inttypes.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8664412bd52ffc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/inttypes.h
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_INTTYPES_H
+// AIX system headers need inttypes.h to be re-enterable while _STD_TYPES_T
+// is defined until an inclusion of it without _STD_TYPES_T occurs, in which
+// case the header guard macro is defined.
+#if !defined(_AIX) || !defined(_STD_TYPES_T)
+#  define _LIBCPP_INTTYPES_H
+#endif // _STD_TYPES_T
+
+/*
+    inttypes.h synopsis
+
+This entire header is C99 / C++0X
+
+#include <stdint.h>  // <cinttypes> includes <cstdint>
+
+Macros:
+
+    PRId8
+    PRId16
+    PRId32
+    PRId64
+
+    PRIdLEAST8
+    PRIdLEAST16
+    PRIdLEAST32
+    PRIdLEAST64
+
+    PRIdFAST8
+    PRIdFAST16
+    PRIdFAST32
+    PRIdFAST64
+
+    PRIdMAX
+    PRIdPTR
+
+    PRIi8
+    PRIi16
+    PRIi32
+    PRIi64
+
+    PRIiLEAST8
+    PRIiLEAST16
+    PRIiLEAST32
+    PRIiLEAST64
+
+    PRIiFAST8
+    PRIiFAST16
+    PRIiFAST32
+    PRIiFAST64
+
+    PRIiMAX
+    PRIiPTR
+
+    PRIo8
+    PRIo16
+    PRIo32
+    PRIo64
+
+    PRIoLEAST8
+    PRIoLEAST16
+    PRIoLEAST32
+    PRIoLEAST64
+
+    PRIoFAST8
+    PRIoFAST16
+    PRIoFAST32
+    PRIoFAST64
+
+    PRIoMAX
+    PRIoPTR
+
+    PRIu8
+    PRIu16
+    PRIu32
+    PRIu64
+
+    PRIuLEAST8
+    PRIuLEAST16
+    PRIuLEAST32
+    PRIuLEAST64
+
+    PRIuFAST8
+    PRIuFAST16
+    PRIuFAST32
+    PRIuFAST64
+
+    PRIuMAX
+    PRIuPTR
+
+    PRIx8
+    PRIx16
+    PRIx32
+    PRIx64
+
+    PRIxLEAST8
+    PRIxLEAST16
+    PRIxLEAST32
+    PRIxLEAST64
+
+    PRIxFAST8
+    PRIxFAST16
+    PRIxFAST32
+    PRIxFAST64
+
+    PRIxMAX
+    PRIxPTR
+
+    PRIX8
+    PRIX16
+    PRIX32
+    PRIX64
+
+    PRIXLEAST8
+    PRIXLEAST16
+    PRIXLEAST32
+    PRIXLEAST64
+
+    PRIXFAST8
+    PRIXFAST16
+    PRIXFAST32
+    PRIXFAST64
+
+    PRIXMAX
+    PRIXPTR
+
+    SCNd8
+    SCNd16
+    SCNd32
+    SCNd64
+
+    SCNdLEAST8
+    SCNdLEAST16
+    SCNdLEAST32
+    SCNdLEAST64
+
+    SCNdFAST8
+    SCNdFAST16
+    SCNdFAST32
+    SCNdFAST64
+
+    SCNdMAX
+    SCNdPTR
+
+    SCNi8
+    SCNi16
+    SCNi32
+    SCNi64
+
+    SCNiLEAST8
+    SCNiLEAST16
+    SCNiLEAST32
+    SCNiLEAST64
+
+    SCNiFAST8
+    SCNiFAST16
+    SCNiFAST32
+    SCNiFAST64
+
+    SCNiMAX
+    SCNiPTR
+
+    SCNo8
+    SCNo16
+    SCNo32
+    SCNo64
+
+    SCNoLEAST8
+    SCNoLEAST16
+    SCNoLEAST32
+    SCNoLEAST64
+
+    SCNoFAST8
+    SCNoFAST16
+    SCNoFAST32
+    SCNoFAST64
+
+    SCNoMAX
+    SCNoPTR
+
+    SCNu8
+    SCNu16
+    SCNu32
+    SCNu64
+
+    SCNuLEAST8
+    SCNuLEAST16
+    SCNuLEAST32
+    SCNuLEAST64
+
+    SCNuFAST8
+    SCNuFAST16
+    SCNuFAST32
+    SCNuFAST64
+
+    SCNuMAX
+    SCNuPTR
+
+    SCNx8
+    SCNx16
+    SCNx32
+    SCNx64
+
+    SCNxLEAST8
+    SCNxLEAST16
+    SCNxLEAST32
+    SCNxLEAST64
+
+    SCNxFAST8
+    SCNxFAST16
+    SCNxFAST32
+    SCNxFAST64
+
+    SCNxMAX
+    SCNxPTR
+
+Types:
+
+    imaxdiv_t
+
+intmax_t  imaxabs(intmax_t j);
+imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t numer, intmax_t denom);
+intmax_t  strtoimax(const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+uintmax_t strtoumax(const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+intmax_t  wcstoimax(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+uintmax_t wcstoumax(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+/* C99 stdlib (e.g. glibc < 2.18) does not provide format macros needed
+   for C++11 unless __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS is defined
+*/
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(__STDC_FORMAT_MACROS)
+#  define __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include_next(<inttypes.h>)
+#  include_next <inttypes.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+#  include <stdint.h>
+
+#  undef imaxabs
+#  undef imaxdiv
+
+#endif // __cplusplus
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_INTTYPES_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iomanip b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iomanip
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fb4f15b9a58533
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iomanip
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_IOMANIP
+#define _LIBCPP_IOMANIP
+
+/*
+    iomanip synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+
+// types T1, T2, ... are unspecified implementation types
+T1 resetiosflags(ios_base::fmtflags mask);
+T2 setiosflags (ios_base::fmtflags mask);
+T3 setbase(int base);
+template<charT> T4 setfill(charT c);
+T5 setprecision(int n);
+T6 setw(int n);
+template <class moneyT> T7 get_money(moneyT& mon, bool intl = false);
+template <class charT, class moneyT> T8 put_money(const moneyT& mon, bool intl = false);
+template <class charT> T9 get_time(struct tm* tmb, const charT* fmt);
+template <class charT> T10 put_time(const struct tm* tmb, const charT* fmt);
+
+template <class charT>
+  T11 quoted(const charT* s, charT delim=charT('"'), charT escape=charT('\\')); // C++14
+
+template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+  T12 quoted(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s,
+             charT delim=charT('"'), charT escape=charT('\\')); // C++14
+
+template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+  T13 quoted(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s,
+             charT delim=charT('"'), charT escape=charT('\\')); // C++14
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <istream>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// resetiosflags
+
+class __iom_t1 {
+  ios_base::fmtflags __mask_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __iom_t1(ios_base::fmtflags __m) : __mask_(__m) {}
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t1& __x) {
+    __is.unsetf(__x.__mask_);
+    return __is;
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t1& __x) {
+    __os.unsetf(__x.__mask_);
+    return __os;
+  }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t1 resetiosflags(ios_base::fmtflags __mask) { return __iom_t1(__mask); }
+
+// setiosflags
+
+class __iom_t2 {
+  ios_base::fmtflags __mask_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __iom_t2(ios_base::fmtflags __m) : __mask_(__m) {}
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t2& __x) {
+    __is.setf(__x.__mask_);
+    return __is;
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t2& __x) {
+    __os.setf(__x.__mask_);
+    return __os;
+  }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t2 setiosflags(ios_base::fmtflags __mask) { return __iom_t2(__mask); }
+
+// setbase
+
+class __iom_t3 {
+  int __base_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __iom_t3(int __b) : __base_(__b) {}
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t3& __x) {
+    __is.setf(__x.__base_ == 8    ? ios_base::oct
+              : __x.__base_ == 10 ? ios_base::dec
+              : __x.__base_ == 16 ? ios_base::hex
+                                  : ios_base::fmtflags(0),
+              ios_base::basefield);
+    return __is;
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t3& __x) {
+    __os.setf(__x.__base_ == 8    ? ios_base::oct
+              : __x.__base_ == 10 ? ios_base::dec
+              : __x.__base_ == 16 ? ios_base::hex
+                                  : ios_base::fmtflags(0),
+              ios_base::basefield);
+    return __os;
+  }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t3 setbase(int __base) { return __iom_t3(__base); }
+
+// setfill
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __iom_t4 {
+  _CharT __fill_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __iom_t4(_CharT __c) : __fill_(__c) {}
+
+  template <class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t4& __x) {
+    __os.fill(__x.__fill_);
+    return __os;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t4<_CharT> setfill(_CharT __c) {
+  return __iom_t4<_CharT>(__c);
+}
+
+// setprecision
+
+class __iom_t5 {
+  int __n_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __iom_t5(int __n) : __n_(__n) {}
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t5& __x) {
+    __is.precision(__x.__n_);
+    return __is;
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t5& __x) {
+    __os.precision(__x.__n_);
+    return __os;
+  }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t5 setprecision(int __n) { return __iom_t5(__n); }
+
+// setw
+
+class __iom_t6 {
+  int __n_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __iom_t6(int __n) : __n_(__n) {}
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t6& __x) {
+    __is.width(__x.__n_);
+    return __is;
+  }
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t6& __x) {
+    __os.width(__x.__n_);
+    return __os;
+  }
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t6 setw(int __n) { return __iom_t6(__n); }
+
+// get_money
+
+template <class _MoneyT>
+class __iom_t7;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _MoneyT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t7<_MoneyT>& __x);
+
+template <class _MoneyT>
+class __iom_t7 {
+  _MoneyT& __mon_;
+  bool __intl_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t7(_MoneyT& __mon, bool __intl) : __mon_(__mon), __intl_(__intl) {}
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Mp>
+  friend basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t7<_Mp>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _MoneyT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t7<_MoneyT>& __x) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__is);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Ip;
+      typedef money_get<_CharT, _Ip> _Fp;
+      ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+      const _Fp& __mf         = std::use_facet<_Fp>(__is.getloc());
+      __mf.get(_Ip(__is), _Ip(), __x.__intl_, __is, __err, __x.__mon_);
+      __is.setstate(__err);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __is.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _MoneyT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t7<_MoneyT> get_money(_MoneyT& __mon, bool __intl = false) {
+  return __iom_t7<_MoneyT>(__mon, __intl);
+}
+
+// put_money
+
+template <class _MoneyT>
+class __iom_t8;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _MoneyT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t8<_MoneyT>& __x);
+
+template <class _MoneyT>
+class __iom_t8 {
+  const _MoneyT& __mon_;
+  bool __intl_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t8(const _MoneyT& __mon, bool __intl) : __mon_(__mon), __intl_(__intl) {}
+
+  template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Mp>
+  friend basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t8<_Mp>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _MoneyT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t8<_MoneyT>& __x) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Op;
+      typedef money_put<_CharT, _Op> _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __mf = std::use_facet<_Fp>(__os.getloc());
+      if (__mf.put(_Op(__os), __x.__intl_, __os, __os.fill(), __x.__mon_).failed())
+        __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _MoneyT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t8<_MoneyT> put_money(const _MoneyT& __mon, bool __intl = false) {
+  return __iom_t8<_MoneyT>(__mon, __intl);
+}
+
+// get_time
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __iom_t9;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t9<_CharT>& __x);
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __iom_t9 {
+  tm* __tm_;
+  const _CharT* __fmt_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t9(tm* __tm, const _CharT* __fmt) : __tm_(__tm), __fmt_(__fmt) {}
+
+  template <class _Cp, class _Traits>
+  friend basic_istream<_Cp, _Traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<_Cp, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t9<_Cp>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __iom_t9<_CharT>& __x) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__is);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Ip;
+      typedef time_get<_CharT, _Ip> _Fp;
+      ios_base::iostate __err = ios_base::goodbit;
+      const _Fp& __tf         = std::use_facet<_Fp>(__is.getloc());
+      __tf.get(_Ip(__is), _Ip(), __is, __err, __x.__tm_, __x.__fmt_, __x.__fmt_ + _Traits::length(__x.__fmt_));
+      __is.setstate(__err);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __is.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t9<_CharT> get_time(tm* __tm, const _CharT* __fmt) {
+  return __iom_t9<_CharT>(__tm, __fmt);
+}
+
+// put_time
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __iom_t10;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t10<_CharT>& __x);
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __iom_t10 {
+  const tm* __tm_;
+  const _CharT* __fmt_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t10(const tm* __tm, const _CharT* __fmt) : __tm_(__tm), __fmt_(__fmt) {}
+
+  template <class _Cp, class _Traits>
+  friend basic_ostream<_Cp, _Traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<_Cp, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t10<_Cp>& __x);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __iom_t10<_CharT>& __x) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    typename basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__os);
+    if (__s) {
+      typedef ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Op;
+      typedef time_put<_CharT, _Op> _Fp;
+      const _Fp& __tf = std::use_facet<_Fp>(__os.getloc());
+      if (__tf.put(_Op(__os), __os, __os.fill(), __x.__tm_, __x.__fmt_, __x.__fmt_ + _Traits::length(__x.__fmt_))
+              .failed())
+        __os.setstate(ios_base::badbit);
+    }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __os.__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  return __os;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iom_t10<_CharT> put_time(const tm* __tm, const _CharT* __fmt) {
+  return __iom_t10<_CharT>(__tm, __fmt);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __quoted_output(
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
+    const _CharT* __first,
+    const _CharT* __last,
+    _CharT __delim,
+    _CharT __escape) {
+  basic_string<_CharT, _Traits> __str;
+  __str.push_back(__delim);
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    if (_Traits::eq(*__first, __escape) || _Traits::eq(*__first, __delim))
+      __str.push_back(__escape);
+    __str.push_back(*__first);
+  }
+  __str.push_back(__delim);
+  return std::__put_character_sequence(__os, __str.data(), __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _String>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+__quoted_input(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _String& __string, _CharT __delim, _CharT __escape) {
+  __string.clear();
+  _CharT __c;
+  __is >> __c;
+  if (__is.fail())
+    return __is;
+
+  if (!_Traits::eq(__c, __delim)) {
+    // no delimiter, read the whole string
+    __is.unget();
+    __is >> __string;
+    return __is;
+  }
+
+  __save_flags<_CharT, _Traits> __sf(__is);
+  std::noskipws(__is);
+  while (true) {
+    __is >> __c;
+    if (__is.fail())
+      break;
+    if (_Traits::eq(__c, __escape)) {
+      __is >> __c;
+      if (__is.fail())
+        break;
+    } else if (_Traits::eq(__c, __delim))
+      break;
+    __string.push_back(__c);
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __quoted_output_proxy {
+  const _CharT* __first_;
+  const _CharT* __last_;
+  _CharT __delim_;
+  _CharT __escape_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __quoted_output_proxy(const _CharT* __f, const _CharT* __l, _CharT __d, _CharT __e)
+      : __first_(__f), __last_(__l), __delim_(__d), __escape_(__e) {}
+
+  template <class _T2, __enable_if_t<_IsSame<_Traits, void>::value || _IsSame<_Traits, _T2>::value, int> = 0>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _T2>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _T2>& __os, const __quoted_output_proxy& __p) {
+    return std::__quoted_output(__os, __p.__first_, __p.__last_, __p.__delim_, __p.__escape_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __quoted_proxy {
+  basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __string_;
+  _CharT __delim_;
+  _CharT __escape_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __quoted_proxy(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __s, _CharT __d, _CharT __e)
+      : __string_(__s), __delim_(__d), __escape_(__e) {}
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const __quoted_proxy& __p) {
+    return std::__quoted_output(
+        __os, __p.__string_.data(), __p.__string_.data() + __p.__string_.size(), __p.__delim_, __p.__escape_);
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+  operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, const __quoted_proxy& __p) {
+    return std::__quoted_input(__is, __p.__string_, __p.__delim_, __p.__escape_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __quoted_output_proxy<_CharT, _Traits>
+__quoted(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __s,
+         _CharT __delim  = _CharT('"'),
+         _CharT __escape = _CharT('\\')) {
+  return __quoted_output_proxy<_CharT, _Traits>(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size(), __delim, __escape);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __quoted_proxy<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+__quoted(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __s, _CharT __delim = _CharT('"'), _CharT __escape = _CharT('\\')) {
+  return __quoted_proxy<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>(__s, __delim, __escape);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto quoted(const _CharT* __s, _CharT __delim = _CharT('"'), _CharT __escape = _CharT('\\')) {
+  const _CharT* __end = __s;
+  while (*__end)
+    ++__end;
+  return __quoted_output_proxy<_CharT, void>(__s, __end, __delim, __escape);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+quoted(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __s,
+       _CharT __delim  = _CharT('"'),
+       _CharT __escape = _CharT('\\')) {
+  return __quoted_output_proxy<_CharT, _Traits>(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size(), __delim, __escape);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+quoted(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __s, _CharT __delim = _CharT('"'), _CharT __escape = _CharT('\\')) {
+  return __quoted_proxy<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>(__s, __delim, __escape);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+quoted(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __sv, _CharT __delim = _CharT('"'), _CharT __escape = _CharT('\\')) {
+  return __quoted_output_proxy<_CharT, _Traits>(__sv.data(), __sv.data() + __sv.size(), __delim, __escape);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_IOMANIP

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ios b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ios
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d8a3643c7ad50d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ios
@@ -0,0 +1,889 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_IOS
+#define _LIBCPP_IOS
+
+/*
+    ios synopsis
+
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+typedef OFF_T streamoff;
+typedef SZ_T streamsize;
+template <class stateT> class fpos;
+
+class ios_base
+{
+public:
+    class failure;
+
+    typedef T1 fmtflags;
+    static constexpr fmtflags boolalpha;
+    static constexpr fmtflags dec;
+    static constexpr fmtflags fixed;
+    static constexpr fmtflags hex;
+    static constexpr fmtflags internal;
+    static constexpr fmtflags left;
+    static constexpr fmtflags oct;
+    static constexpr fmtflags right;
+    static constexpr fmtflags scientific;
+    static constexpr fmtflags showbase;
+    static constexpr fmtflags showpoint;
+    static constexpr fmtflags showpos;
+    static constexpr fmtflags skipws;
+    static constexpr fmtflags unitbuf;
+    static constexpr fmtflags uppercase;
+    static constexpr fmtflags adjustfield;
+    static constexpr fmtflags basefield;
+    static constexpr fmtflags floatfield;
+
+    typedef T2 iostate;
+    static constexpr iostate badbit;
+    static constexpr iostate eofbit;
+    static constexpr iostate failbit;
+    static constexpr iostate goodbit;
+
+    typedef T3 openmode;
+    static constexpr openmode app;
+    static constexpr openmode ate;
+    static constexpr openmode binary;
+    static constexpr openmode in;
+    static constexpr openmode noreplace; // since C++23
+    static constexpr openmode out;
+    static constexpr openmode trunc;
+
+    typedef T4 seekdir;
+    static constexpr seekdir beg;
+    static constexpr seekdir cur;
+    static constexpr seekdir end;
+
+    class Init;
+
+    // 27.5.2.2 fmtflags state:
+    fmtflags flags() const;
+    fmtflags flags(fmtflags fmtfl);
+    fmtflags setf(fmtflags fmtfl);
+    fmtflags setf(fmtflags fmtfl, fmtflags mask);
+    void unsetf(fmtflags mask);
+
+    streamsize precision() const;
+    streamsize precision(streamsize prec);
+    streamsize width() const;
+    streamsize width(streamsize wide);
+
+    // 27.5.2.3 locales:
+    locale imbue(const locale& loc);
+    locale getloc() const;
+
+    // 27.5.2.5 storage:
+    static int xalloc();
+    long& iword(int index);
+    void*& pword(int index);
+
+    // destructor
+    virtual ~ios_base();
+
+    // 27.5.2.6 callbacks;
+    enum event { erase_event, imbue_event, copyfmt_event };
+    typedef void (*event_callback)(event, ios_base&, int index);
+    void register_callback(event_callback fn, int index);
+
+    ios_base(const ios_base&) = delete;
+    ios_base& operator=(const ios_base&) = delete;
+
+    static bool sync_with_stdio(bool sync = true);
+
+protected:
+    ios_base();
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_ios
+    : public ios_base
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT char_type;
+    typedef typename traits::int_type int_type;  // removed in C++17
+    typedef typename traits::pos_type pos_type;  // removed in C++17
+    typedef typename traits::off_type off_type;  // removed in C++17
+    typedef traits traits_type;
+
+    operator unspecified-bool-type() const;
+    bool operator!() const;
+    iostate rdstate() const;
+    void clear(iostate state = goodbit);
+    void setstate(iostate state);
+    bool good() const;
+    bool eof() const;
+    bool fail() const;
+    bool bad() const;
+
+    iostate exceptions() const;
+    void exceptions(iostate except);
+
+    // 27.5.4.1 Constructor/destructor:
+    explicit basic_ios(basic_streambuf<charT,traits>* sb);
+    virtual ~basic_ios();
+
+    // 27.5.4.2 Members:
+    basic_ostream<charT,traits>* tie() const;
+    basic_ostream<charT,traits>* tie(basic_ostream<charT,traits>* tiestr);
+
+    basic_streambuf<charT,traits>* rdbuf() const;
+    basic_streambuf<charT,traits>* rdbuf(basic_streambuf<charT,traits>* sb);
+
+    basic_ios& copyfmt(const basic_ios& rhs);
+
+    char_type fill() const;
+    char_type fill(char_type ch);
+
+    locale imbue(const locale& loc);
+
+    char narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const;
+    char_type widen(char c) const;
+
+    basic_ios(const basic_ios& ) = delete;
+    basic_ios& operator=(const basic_ios&) = delete;
+
+protected:
+    basic_ios();
+    void init(basic_streambuf<charT,traits>* sb);
+    void move(basic_ios& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_ios& rhs) noexcept;
+    void set_rdbuf(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
+};
+
+// 27.5.5, manipulators:
+ios_base& boolalpha (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& noboolalpha(ios_base& str);
+ios_base& showbase (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& noshowbase (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& showpoint (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& noshowpoint(ios_base& str);
+ios_base& showpos (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& noshowpos (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& skipws (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& noskipws (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& uppercase (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& nouppercase(ios_base& str);
+ios_base& unitbuf (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& nounitbuf (ios_base& str);
+
+// 27.5.5.2 adjustfield:
+ios_base& internal (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& left (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& right (ios_base& str);
+
+// 27.5.5.3 basefield:
+ios_base& dec (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& hex (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& oct (ios_base& str);
+
+// 27.5.5.4 floatfield:
+ios_base& fixed (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& scientific (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& hexfloat (ios_base& str);
+ios_base& defaultfloat(ios_base& str);
+
+// 27.5.5.5 error reporting:
+enum class io_errc
+{
+    stream = 1
+};
+
+concept_map ErrorCodeEnum<io_errc> { };
+error_code make_error_code(io_errc e) noexcept;
+error_condition make_error_condition(io_errc e) noexcept;
+storage-class-specifier const error_category& iostream_category() noexcept;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+#  include <__fwd/ios.h>
+#  include <__ios/fpos.h>
+#  include <__locale>
+#  include <__system_error/error_category.h>
+#  include <__system_error/error_code.h>
+#  include <__system_error/error_condition.h>
+#  include <__system_error/system_error.h>
+#  include <__utility/swap.h>
+#  include <__verbose_abort>
+#  include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [ios.syn]
+#  include <iosfwd>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ATOMIC_HEADER)
+#    include <__atomic/atomic.h> // for __xindex_
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+typedef ptr
diff _t streamsize;
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ios_base {
+public:
+  class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI failure;
+
+  typedef unsigned int fmtflags;
+  static const fmtflags boolalpha   = 0x0001;
+  static const fmtflags dec         = 0x0002;
+  static const fmtflags fixed       = 0x0004;
+  static const fmtflags hex         = 0x0008;
+  static const fmtflags internal    = 0x0010;
+  static const fmtflags left        = 0x0020;
+  static const fmtflags oct         = 0x0040;
+  static const fmtflags right       = 0x0080;
+  static const fmtflags scientific  = 0x0100;
+  static const fmtflags showbase    = 0x0200;
+  static const fmtflags showpoint   = 0x0400;
+  static const fmtflags showpos     = 0x0800;
+  static const fmtflags skipws      = 0x1000;
+  static const fmtflags unitbuf     = 0x2000;
+  static const fmtflags uppercase   = 0x4000;
+  static const fmtflags adjustfield = left | right | internal;
+  static const fmtflags basefield   = dec | oct | hex;
+  static const fmtflags floatfield  = scientific | fixed;
+
+  typedef unsigned int iostate;
+  static const iostate badbit  = 0x1;
+  static const iostate eofbit  = 0x2;
+  static const iostate failbit = 0x4;
+  static const iostate goodbit = 0x0;
+
+  typedef unsigned int openmode;
+  static const openmode app    = 0x01;
+  static const openmode ate    = 0x02;
+  static const openmode binary = 0x04;
+  static const openmode in     = 0x08;
+  static const openmode out    = 0x10;
+  static const openmode trunc  = 0x20;
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  static const openmode noreplace = 0x40;
+#  endif
+
+  enum seekdir { beg, cur, end };
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+  typedef iostate io_state;
+  typedef openmode open_mode;
+  typedef seekdir seek_dir;
+
+  typedef std::streamoff streamoff;
+  typedef std::streampos streampos;
+#  endif
+
+  class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI Init;
+
+  // 27.5.2.2 fmtflags state:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI fmtflags flags() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI fmtflags flags(fmtflags __fmtfl);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI fmtflags setf(fmtflags __fmtfl);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI fmtflags setf(fmtflags __fmtfl, fmtflags __mask);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void unsetf(fmtflags __mask);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streamsize precision() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streamsize precision(streamsize __prec);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streamsize width() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streamsize width(streamsize __wide);
+
+  // 27.5.2.3 locales:
+  locale imbue(const locale& __loc);
+  locale getloc() const;
+
+  // 27.5.2.5 storage:
+  static int xalloc();
+  long& iword(int __index);
+  void*& pword(int __index);
+
+  // destructor
+  virtual ~ios_base();
+
+  // 27.5.2.6 callbacks;
+  enum event { erase_event, imbue_event, copyfmt_event };
+  typedef void (*event_callback)(event, ios_base&, int __index);
+  void register_callback(event_callback __fn, int __index);
+
+  ios_base(const ios_base&)            = delete;
+  ios_base& operator=(const ios_base&) = delete;
+
+  static bool sync_with_stdio(bool __sync = true);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iostate rdstate() const;
+  void clear(iostate __state = goodbit);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void setstate(iostate __state);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool good() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool eof() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool fail() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool bad() const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iostate exceptions() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void exceptions(iostate __iostate);
+
+  void __set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+  void __set_failbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __setstate_nothrow(iostate __state) {
+    if (__rdbuf_)
+      __rdstate_ |= __state;
+    else
+      __rdstate_ |= __state | ios_base::badbit;
+  }
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ios_base() : __loc_(nullptr) {
+    // Purposefully does no initialization
+    //
+    // Except for the locale, this is a sentinel to avoid destroying
+    // an uninitialized object. See
+    // test/libcxx/input.output/iostreams.base/ios.base/ios.base.cons/dtor.uninitialized.pass.cpp
+    // for the details.
+  }
+
+  void init(void* __sb);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* rdbuf() const { return __rdbuf_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void rdbuf(void* __sb) {
+    __rdbuf_ = __sb;
+    clear();
+  }
+
+  void __call_callbacks(event);
+  void copyfmt(const ios_base&);
+  void move(ios_base&);
+  void swap(ios_base&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_rdbuf(void* __sb) { __rdbuf_ = __sb; }
+
+private:
+  // All data members must be scalars
+  fmtflags __fmtflags_;
+  streamsize __precision_;
+  streamsize __width_;
+  iostate __rdstate_;
+  iostate __exceptions_;
+  void* __rdbuf_;
+  void* __loc_;
+  event_callback* __fn_;
+  int* __index_;
+  size_t __event_size_;
+  size_t __event_cap_;
+// TODO(EricWF): Enable this for both Clang and GCC. Currently it is only
+// enabled with clang.
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_C_ATOMIC_IMP) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+  static atomic<int> __xindex_;
+#  else
+  static int __xindex_;
+#  endif
+  long* __iarray_;
+  size_t __iarray_size_;
+  size_t __iarray_cap_;
+  void** __parray_;
+  size_t __parray_size_;
+  size_t __parray_cap_;
+};
+
+// enum class io_errc
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM(io_errc){stream = 1};
+_LIBCPP_DECLARE_STRONG_ENUM_EPILOG(io_errc)
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_error_code_enum<io_errc> : public true_type {};
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS is_error_code_enum<io_errc::__lx> : public true_type {};
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const error_category& iostream_category() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_code make_error_code(io_errc __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return error_code(static_cast<int>(__e), iostream_category());
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI error_condition make_error_condition(io_errc __e) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return error_condition(static_cast<int>(__e), iostream_category());
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ios_base::failure : public system_error {
+public:
+  explicit failure(const string& __msg, const error_code& __ec = io_errc::stream);
+  explicit failure(const char* __msg, const error_code& __ec = io_errc::stream);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI failure(const failure&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~failure() _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_failure(char const* __msg) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw ios_base::failure(__msg);
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("ios_base::failure was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode with message \"%s\"", __msg);
+#  endif
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ios_base::Init {
+public:
+  Init();
+  ~Init();
+};
+
+// fmtflags
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::flags() const { return __fmtflags_; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::flags(fmtflags __fmtfl) {
+  fmtflags __r = __fmtflags_;
+  __fmtflags_  = __fmtfl;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::setf(fmtflags __fmtfl) {
+  fmtflags __r = __fmtflags_;
+  __fmtflags_ |= __fmtfl;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void ios_base::unsetf(fmtflags __mask) { __fmtflags_ &= ~__mask; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ios_base::fmtflags ios_base::setf(fmtflags __fmtfl, fmtflags __mask) {
+  fmtflags __r = __fmtflags_;
+  unsetf(__mask);
+  __fmtflags_ |= __fmtfl & __mask;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+// precision
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streamsize ios_base::precision() const { return __precision_; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streamsize ios_base::precision(streamsize __prec) {
+  streamsize __r = __precision_;
+  __precision_   = __prec;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+// width
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streamsize ios_base::width() const { return __width_; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streamsize ios_base::width(streamsize __wide) {
+  streamsize __r = __width_;
+  __width_       = __wide;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+// iostate
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ios_base::iostate ios_base::rdstate() const { return __rdstate_; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void ios_base::setstate(iostate __state) { clear(__rdstate_ | __state); }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ios_base::good() const { return __rdstate_ == 0; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ios_base::eof() const { return (__rdstate_ & eofbit) != 0; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ios_base::fail() const { return (__rdstate_ & (failbit | badbit)) != 0; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ios_base::bad() const { return (__rdstate_ & badbit) != 0; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ios_base::iostate ios_base::exceptions() const { return __exceptions_; }
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void ios_base::exceptions(iostate __iostate) {
+  __exceptions_ = __iostate;
+  clear(__rdstate_);
+}
+
+template <class _Traits>
+// Attribute 'packed' is used to keep the layout compatible with the previous
+// definition of the '__fill_' and '_set_' pair in basic_ios on AIX & z/OS.
+struct _LIBCPP_PACKED _FillHelper {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __init() { __set_ = false; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _FillHelper& operator=(typename _Traits::int_type __x) {
+    __set_      = true;
+    __fill_val_ = __x;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_set() const { return __set_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Traits::int_type __get() const { return __fill_val_; }
+
+private:
+  typename _Traits::int_type __fill_val_;
+  bool __set_;
+};
+
+template <class _Traits>
+struct _LIBCPP_PACKED _SentinelValueFill {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __init() { __fill_val_ = _Traits::eof(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _SentinelValueFill& operator=(typename _Traits::int_type __x) {
+    __fill_val_ = __x;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_set() const { return __fill_val_ != _Traits::eof(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Traits::int_type __get() const { return __fill_val_; }
+
+private:
+  typename _Traits::int_type __fill_val_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_ios : public ios_base {
+public:
+  // types:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+  static_assert(is_same<_CharT, typename traits_type::char_type>::value,
+                "traits_type::char_type must be the same type as CharT");
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  // Preserve the ability to compare with literal 0,
+  // and implicitly convert to bool, but not implicitly convert to int.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator void*() const { return fail() ? nullptr : (void*)this; }
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const { return !fail(); }
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!() const { return fail(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iostate rdstate() const { return ios_base::rdstate(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear(iostate __state = goodbit) { ios_base::clear(__state); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void setstate(iostate __state) { ios_base::setstate(__state); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool good() const { return ios_base::good(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool eof() const { return ios_base::eof(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool fail() const { return ios_base::fail(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool bad() const { return ios_base::bad(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iostate exceptions() const { return ios_base::exceptions(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void exceptions(iostate __iostate) { ios_base::exceptions(__iostate); }
+
+  // 27.5.4.1 Constructor/destructor:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ios(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+  ~basic_ios() override;
+
+  // 27.5.4.2 Members:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* tie() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* tie(basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* __tiestr);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* rdbuf(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+
+  basic_ios& copyfmt(const basic_ios& __rhs);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type fill() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type fill(char_type __ch);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI locale imbue(const locale& __loc);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char narrow(char_type __c, char __dfault) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type widen(char __c) const;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ios() {
+    // purposefully does no initialization
+    // since the destructor does nothing this does not have ios_base issues.
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void init(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void move(basic_ios& __rhs);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void move(basic_ios&& __rhs) { move(__rhs); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_ios& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_rdbuf(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+
+private:
+  basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* __tie_;
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_IOS_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_FILL_VALUE)
+  using _FillType = _FillHelper<traits_type>;
+#else
+  using _FillType = _SentinelValueFill<traits_type>;
+#endif
+  mutable _FillType __fill_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ios(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb) {
+  init(__sb);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_ios() {}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::init(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb) {
+  ios_base::init(__sb);
+  __tie_  = nullptr;
+  __fill_.__init();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::tie() const {
+  return __tie_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::tie(basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* __tiestr) {
+  basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>* __r = __tie_;
+  __tie_                                     = __tiestr;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::rdbuf() const {
+  return static_cast<basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>*>(ios_base::rdbuf());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>*
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::rdbuf(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb) {
+  basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __r = rdbuf();
+  ios_base::rdbuf(__sb);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI locale basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::imbue(const locale& __loc) {
+  locale __r = getloc();
+  ios_base::imbue(__loc);
+  if (rdbuf())
+    rdbuf()->pubimbue(__loc);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::narrow(char_type __c, char __dfault) const {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(getloc()).narrow(__c, __dfault);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _CharT basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::widen(char __c) const {
+  return std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(getloc()).widen(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _CharT basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::fill() const {
+  if (!__fill_.__is_set())
+    __fill_ = widen(' ');
+  return __fill_.__get();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _CharT basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::fill(char_type __ch) {
+  if (!__fill_.__is_set())
+    __fill_ = widen(' ');
+  char_type __r = __fill_.__get();
+  __fill_       = __ch;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::copyfmt(const basic_ios& __rhs) {
+  if (this != &__rhs) {
+    __call_callbacks(erase_event);
+    ios_base::copyfmt(__rhs);
+    __tie_  = __rhs.__tie_;
+    __fill_ = __rhs.__fill_;
+    __call_callbacks(copyfmt_event);
+    exceptions(__rhs.exceptions());
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::move(basic_ios& __rhs) {
+  ios_base::move(__rhs);
+  __tie_       = __rhs.__tie_;
+  __rhs.__tie_ = nullptr;
+  __fill_      = __rhs.__fill_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_ios& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  ios_base::swap(__rhs);
+  std::swap(__tie_, __rhs.__tie_);
+  std::swap(__fill_, __rhs.__fill_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>::set_rdbuf(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb) {
+  ios_base::set_rdbuf(__sb);
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_ios<char>;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_ios<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& boolalpha(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::boolalpha);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& noboolalpha(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.unsetf(ios_base::boolalpha);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& showbase(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::showbase);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& noshowbase(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.unsetf(ios_base::showbase);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& showpoint(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::showpoint);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& noshowpoint(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.unsetf(ios_base::showpoint);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& showpos(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::showpos);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& noshowpos(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.unsetf(ios_base::showpos);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& skipws(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::skipws);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& noskipws(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.unsetf(ios_base::skipws);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& uppercase(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::uppercase);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& nouppercase(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.unsetf(ios_base::uppercase);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& unitbuf(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::unitbuf);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& nounitbuf(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.unsetf(ios_base::unitbuf);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& internal(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::internal, ios_base::adjustfield);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& left(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::left, ios_base::adjustfield);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& right(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::right, ios_base::adjustfield);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& dec(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::dec, ios_base::basefield);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& hex(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::hex, ios_base::basefield);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& oct(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::oct, ios_base::basefield);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& fixed(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& scientific(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::scientific, ios_base::floatfield);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& hexfloat(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.setf(ios_base::fixed | ios_base::scientific, ios_base::floatfield);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline ios_base& defaultfloat(ios_base& __str) {
+  __str.unsetf(ios_base::floatfield);
+  return __str;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <mutex>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <system_error>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_IOS

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iosfwd b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iosfwd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..051c73995e98b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iosfwd
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_IOSFWD
+#define _LIBCPP_IOSFWD
+
+/*
+    iosfwd synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<class charT> struct char_traits;
+template<>            struct char_traits<char>;
+template<>            struct char_traits<char8_t>;  // C++20
+template<>            struct char_traits<char16_t>;
+template<>            struct char_traits<char32_t>;
+template<>            struct char_traits<wchar_t>;
+
+template<class T>     class allocator;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_ios;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_streambuf;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_istream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_ostream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_iostream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+    class basic_stringbuf;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+    class basic_istringstream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+    class basic_ostringstream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+    class basic_stringstream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_filebuf;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_ifstream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_ofstream;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class basic_fstream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class istreambuf_iterator;
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class ostreambuf_iterator;
+
+typedef basic_ios<char>              ios;
+typedef basic_ios<wchar_t>           wios;
+
+typedef basic_streambuf<char>        streambuf;
+typedef basic_istream<char>          istream;
+typedef basic_ostream<char>          ostream;
+typedef basic_iostream<char>         iostream;
+
+typedef basic_stringbuf<char>        stringbuf;
+typedef basic_istringstream<char>    istringstream;
+typedef basic_ostringstream<char>    ostringstream;
+typedef basic_stringstream<char>     stringstream;
+
+typedef basic_filebuf<char>          filebuf;
+typedef basic_ifstream<char>         ifstream;
+typedef basic_ofstream<char>         ofstream;
+typedef basic_fstream<char>          fstream;
+
+typedef basic_streambuf<wchar_t>     wstreambuf;
+typedef basic_istream<wchar_t>       wistream;
+typedef basic_ostream<wchar_t>       wostream;
+typedef basic_iostream<wchar_t>      wiostream;
+
+typedef basic_stringbuf<wchar_t>     wstringbuf;
+typedef basic_istringstream<wchar_t> wistringstream;
+typedef basic_ostringstream<wchar_t> wostringstream;
+typedef basic_stringstream<wchar_t>  wstringstream;
+
+typedef basic_filebuf<wchar_t>       wfilebuf;
+typedef basic_ifstream<wchar_t>      wifstream;
+typedef basic_ofstream<wchar_t>      wofstream;
+typedef basic_fstream<wchar_t>       wfstream;
+
+template <class state> class fpos;
+using streampos  = fpos<char_traits<char>::state_type>;
+using wstreampos = fpos<char_traits<wchar_t>::state_type>;
+using u8streampos = fpos<char_traits<char8_t>::state_type>; // C++20
+using u16streampos = fpos<char_traits<char16_t>::state_type>;
+using u32streampos = fpos<char_traits<char32_t>::state_type>;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
+    class basic_syncbuf;                          // C++20
+
+using syncbuf = basic_syncbuf<char>;              // C++20
+using wsyncbuf = basic_syncbuf<wchar_t>;          // C++20
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
+    class basic_osyncstream;                      // C++20
+
+using osyncstream = basic_osyncstream<char>;      // C++20
+using wosyncstream = basic_osyncstream<wchar_t>;  // C++20
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/fstream.h>
+#include <__fwd/ios.h>
+#include <__fwd/istream.h>
+#include <__fwd/memory.h>
+#include <__fwd/ostream.h>
+#include <__fwd/sstream.h>
+#include <__fwd/streambuf.h>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+#include <__std_mbstate_t.h>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS istreambuf_iterator;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ostreambuf_iterator;
+
+template <class _State>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS fpos;
+typedef fpos<mbstate_t> streampos;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+typedef fpos<mbstate_t> wstreampos;
+#endif
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+typedef fpos<mbstate_t> u8streampos;
+#endif
+typedef fpos<mbstate_t> u16streampos;
+typedef fpos<mbstate_t> u32streampos;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_SYNCSTREAM)
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>, class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT>>
+class basic_syncbuf;
+
+using syncbuf = basic_syncbuf<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wsyncbuf = basic_syncbuf<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = char_traits<_CharT>, class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT>>
+class basic_osyncstream;
+
+using osyncstream = basic_osyncstream<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wosyncstream = basic_osyncstream<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_SYNCSTREAM)
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __save_flags {
+  typedef basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits> __stream_type;
+  typedef typename __stream_type::fmtflags fmtflags;
+
+  __stream_type& __stream_;
+  fmtflags __fmtflags_;
+  _CharT __fill_;
+
+public:
+    __save_flags(const __save_flags&) = delete;
+    __save_flags& operator=(const __save_flags&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __save_flags(__stream_type& __stream)
+      : __stream_(__stream), __fmtflags_(__stream.flags()), __fill_(__stream.fill()) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__save_flags() {
+    __stream_.flags(__fmtflags_);
+    __stream_.fill(__fill_);
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_IOSFWD

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iostream b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iostream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5df45c6d3f78e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iostream
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_IOSTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_IOSTREAM
+
+/*
+    iostream synopsis
+
+#include <ios>
+#include <istream>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <streambuf>
+
+namespace std {
+
+extern istream cin;
+extern ostream cout;
+extern ostream cerr;
+extern ostream clog;
+extern wistream wcin;
+extern wostream wcout;
+extern wostream wcerr;
+extern wostream wclog;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iostream.syn]
+#include <ios>
+#include <istream>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <streambuf>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+extern _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI istream cin;
+extern _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ostream cout;
+extern _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ostream cerr;
+extern _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ostream clog;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wistream wcin;
+extern _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wostream wcout;
+extern _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wostream wcerr;
+extern _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wostream wclog;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_IOSTREAM

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/istream b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/istream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d2b577a9ad9efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/istream
@@ -0,0 +1,1373 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ISTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_ISTREAM
+
+/*
+    istream synopsis
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_istream
+    : virtual public basic_ios<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types (inherited from basic_ios (27.5.4)):
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    // 27.7.1.1.1 Constructor/destructor:
+    explicit basic_istream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* sb);
+    basic_istream(basic_istream&& rhs);
+    virtual ~basic_istream();
+
+    // 27.7.1.1.2 Assign/swap:
+    basic_istream& operator=(basic_istream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_istream& rhs);
+
+    // 27.7.1.1.3 Prefix/suffix:
+    class sentry;
+
+    // 27.7.1.2 Formatted input:
+    basic_istream& operator>>(basic_istream& (*pf)(basic_istream&));
+    basic_istream& operator>>(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&
+                              (*pf)(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&));
+    basic_istream& operator>>(ios_base& (*pf)(ios_base&));
+    basic_istream& operator>>(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* sb);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(bool& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(short& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned short& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(int& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned int& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(long& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned long& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(long long& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned long long& n);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(float& f);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(double& f);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(long double& f);
+    basic_istream& operator>>(void*& p);
+
+    // 27.7.1.3 Unformatted input:
+    streamsize gcount() const;
+    int_type get();
+    basic_istream& get(char_type& c);
+    basic_istream& get(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    basic_istream& get(char_type* s, streamsize n, char_type delim);
+    basic_istream& get(basic_streambuf<char_type,traits_type>& sb);
+    basic_istream& get(basic_streambuf<char_type,traits_type>& sb, char_type delim);
+
+    basic_istream& getline(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    basic_istream& getline(char_type* s, streamsize n, char_type delim);
+
+    basic_istream& ignore(streamsize n = 1, int_type delim = traits_type::eof());
+    int_type peek();
+    basic_istream& read (char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    streamsize readsome(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+
+    basic_istream& putback(char_type c);
+    basic_istream& unget();
+    int sync();
+
+    pos_type tellg();
+    basic_istream& seekg(pos_type);
+    basic_istream& seekg(off_type, ios_base::seekdir);
+protected:
+    basic_istream(const basic_istream& rhs) = delete;
+    basic_istream(basic_istream&& rhs);
+    // 27.7.2.1.2 Assign/swap:
+    basic_istream& operator=(const basic_istream& rhs) = delete;
+    basic_istream& operator=(basic_istream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_istream& rhs);
+};
+
+// 27.7.1.2.3 character extraction templates:
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_istream<charT,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<charT,traits>&, charT&);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_istream<char,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char,traits>&, unsigned char&);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_istream<char,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char,traits>&, signed char&);
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_istream<charT,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<charT,traits>&, charT*);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_istream<char,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char,traits>&, unsigned char*);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_istream<char,traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char,traits>&, signed char*);
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void
+  swap(basic_istream<charT, traits>& x, basic_istream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_istream<char> istream;
+typedef basic_istream<wchar_t> wistream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_iostream :
+    public basic_istream<charT,traits>,
+    public basic_ostream<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    // constructor/destructor
+    explicit basic_iostream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* sb);
+    basic_iostream(basic_iostream&& rhs);
+    virtual ~basic_iostream();
+
+    // assign/swap
+    basic_iostream& operator=(basic_iostream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_iostream& rhs);
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void
+  swap(basic_iostream<charT, traits>& x, basic_iostream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+typedef basic_iostream<char> iostream;
+typedef basic_iostream<wchar_t> wiostream;
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  basic_istream<charT,traits>&
+  ws(basic_istream<charT,traits>& is);
+
+// rvalue stream extraction
+template <class Stream, class T>
+  Stream&& operator>>(Stream&& is, T&& x);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/istream.h>
+#include <__iterator/istreambuf_iterator.h>
+#include <__ostream/basic_ostream.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_base_of.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <bitset>
+#include <ios>
+#include <locale>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_istream : virtual public basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits> {
+  streamsize __gc_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __inc_gcount() {
+    if (__gc_ < numeric_limits<streamsize>::max())
+      ++__gc_;
+  }
+
+public:
+  // types (inherited from basic_ios (27.5.4)):
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+  // 27.7.1.1.1 Constructor/destructor:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 explicit basic_istream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb)
+      : __gc_(0) {
+    this->init(__sb);
+  }
+  ~basic_istream() override;
+
+protected:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream(basic_istream&& __rhs);
+
+  // 27.7.1.1.2 Assign/swap:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream& operator=(basic_istream&& __rhs);
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 void swap(basic_istream& __rhs) {
+    std::swap(__gc_, __rhs.__gc_);
+    basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+  }
+
+public:
+  basic_istream(const basic_istream& __rhs)            = delete;
+  basic_istream& operator=(const basic_istream& __rhs) = delete;
+
+  // 27.7.1.1.3 Prefix/suffix:
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS sentry;
+
+  // 27.7.1.2 Formatted input:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_istream& operator>>(basic_istream& (*__pf)(basic_istream&)) {
+    return __pf(*this);
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_istream&
+  operator>>(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>& (*__pf)(basic_ios<char_type, traits_type>&)) {
+    __pf(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_istream& operator>>(ios_base& (*__pf)(ios_base&)) {
+    __pf(*this);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  basic_istream& operator>>(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(bool& __n);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(short& __n);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned short& __n);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(int& __n);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned int& __n);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(long& __n);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned long& __n);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(long long& __n);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(unsigned long long& __n);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(float& __f);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(double& __f);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(long double& __f);
+  basic_istream& operator>>(void*& __p);
+
+  // 27.7.1.3 Unformatted input:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streamsize gcount() const { return __gc_; }
+  int_type get();
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_istream& get(char_type& __c) {
+    int_type __ch = get();
+    if (__ch != traits_type::eof())
+      __c = traits_type::to_char_type(__ch);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_istream& get(char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+    return get(__s, __n, this->widen('\n'));
+  }
+
+  basic_istream& get(char_type* __s, streamsize __n, char_type __dlm);
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_istream& get(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>& __sb) {
+    return get(__sb, this->widen('\n'));
+  }
+
+  basic_istream& get(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>& __sb, char_type __dlm);
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_istream& getline(char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+    return getline(__s, __n, this->widen('\n'));
+  }
+
+  basic_istream& getline(char_type* __s, streamsize __n, char_type __dlm);
+
+  basic_istream& ignore(streamsize __n = 1, int_type __dlm = traits_type::eof());
+  int_type peek();
+  basic_istream& read(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+  streamsize readsome(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+
+  basic_istream& putback(char_type __c);
+  basic_istream& unget();
+  int sync();
+
+  pos_type tellg();
+  basic_istream& seekg(pos_type __pos);
+  basic_istream& seekg(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __dir);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry {
+  bool __ok_;
+
+public:
+  explicit sentry(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, bool __noskipws = false);
+  //    ~sentry() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const { return __ok_; }
+
+  sentry(const sentry&)            = delete;
+  sentry& operator=(const sentry&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry::sentry(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, bool __noskipws) : __ok_(false) {
+  if (__is.good()) {
+    if (__is.tie())
+      __is.tie()->flush();
+    if (!__noskipws && (__is.flags() & ios_base::skipws)) {
+      typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Ip;
+      const ctype<_CharT>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__is.getloc());
+      _Ip __i(__is);
+      _Ip __eof;
+      for (; __i != __eof; ++__i)
+        if (!__ct.is(__ct.space, *__i))
+          break;
+      if (__i == __eof)
+        __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit | ios_base::eofbit);
+    }
+    __ok_ = __is.good();
+  } else
+    __is.setstate(ios_base::failbit);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_istream(basic_istream&& __rhs) : __gc_(__rhs.__gc_) {
+  __rhs.__gc_ = 0;
+  this->move(__rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_istream&& __rhs) {
+  swap(__rhs);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_istream() {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+__input_arithmetic(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _Tp& __n) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__is);
+  if (__s) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Ip;
+      typedef num_get<_CharT, _Ip> _Fp;
+      std::use_facet<_Fp>(__is.getloc()).get(_Ip(__is), _Ip(), __is, __state, __n);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      __is.__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (__is.exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+    __is.setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(unsigned short& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic<unsigned short>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(unsigned int& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic<unsigned int>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(long& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic<long>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(unsigned long& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic<unsigned long>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(long long& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic<long long>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(unsigned long long& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic<unsigned long long>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(float& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic<float>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(double& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic<double>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(long double& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic<long double>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(bool& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic<bool>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(void*& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic<void*>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+__input_arithmetic_with_numeric_limits(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _Tp& __n) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __s(__is);
+  if (__s) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      typedef istreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> _Ip;
+      typedef num_get<_CharT, _Ip> _Fp;
+      long __temp;
+      std::use_facet<_Fp>(__is.getloc()).get(_Ip(__is), _Ip(), __is, __state, __temp);
+      if (__temp < numeric_limits<_Tp>::min()) {
+        __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+        __n = numeric_limits<_Tp>::min();
+      } else if (__temp > numeric_limits<_Tp>::max()) {
+        __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+        __n = numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+      } else {
+        __n = static_cast<_Tp>(__temp);
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      __is.__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (__is.exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __is.setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(short& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic_with_numeric_limits<short>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(int& __n) {
+  return std::__input_arithmetic_with_numeric_limits<int>(*this, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+__input_c_string(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _CharT* __p, size_t __n) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif
+      _CharT* __s               = __p;
+      const ctype<_CharT>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__is.getloc());
+      while (__s != __p + (__n - 1)) {
+        typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sgetc();
+        if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof())) {
+          __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+          break;
+        }
+        _CharT __ch = _Traits::to_char_type(__i);
+        if (__ct.is(__ct.space, __ch))
+          break;
+        *__s++ = __ch;
+        __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+      }
+      *__s = _CharT();
+      __is.width(0);
+      if (__s == __p)
+        __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      __is.__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (__is.exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+    __is.setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, size_t _Np>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _CharT (&__buf)[_Np]) {
+  size_t __n = _Np;
+  if (__is.width() > 0)
+    __n = std::min(size_t(__is.width()), _Np);
+  return std::__input_c_string(__is, __buf, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Traits, size_t _Np>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<char, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<char, _Traits>& __is, unsigned char (&__buf)[_Np]) {
+  return __is >> (char(&)[_Np])__buf;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits, size_t _Np>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<char, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<char, _Traits>& __is, signed char (&__buf)[_Np]) {
+  return __is >> (char(&)[_Np])__buf;
+}
+
+#else
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _CharT* __s) {
+  streamsize __n = __is.width();
+  if (__n <= 0)
+    __n = numeric_limits<streamsize>::max() / sizeof(_CharT) - 1;
+  return std::__input_c_string(__is, __s, size_t(__n));
+}
+
+template <class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<char, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<char, _Traits>& __is, unsigned char* __s) {
+  return __is >> (char*)__s;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<char, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<char, _Traits>& __is, signed char* __s) {
+  return __is >> (char*)__s;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, _CharT& __c) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif
+      typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+      if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof()))
+        __state |= ios_base::eofbit | ios_base::failbit;
+      else
+        __c = _Traits::to_char_type(__i);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      __is.__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (__is.exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+    __is.setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<char, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<char, _Traits>& __is, unsigned char& __c) {
+  return __is >> (char&)__c;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<char, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<char, _Traits>& __is, signed char& __c) {
+  return __is >> (char&)__c;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator>>(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  __gc_                     = 0;
+  sentry __s(*this, true);
+  if (__s) {
+    if (__sb) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        while (true) {
+          typename traits_type::int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sgetc();
+          if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof())) {
+            __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+            break;
+          }
+          if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__sb->sputc(traits_type::to_char_type(__i)), traits_type::eof()))
+            break;
+          __inc_gcount();
+          this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+        }
+        if (__gc_ == 0)
+          __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      } catch (...) {
+        __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+        if (__gc_ == 0)
+          __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+
+        this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+        if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::failbit || this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+          throw;
+        }
+      }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } else {
+      __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+    }
+    this->setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::get() {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  __gc_                     = 0;
+  int_type __r              = traits_type::eof();
+  sentry __s(*this, true);
+  if (__s) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif
+      __r = this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+      if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__r, traits_type::eof()))
+        __state |= ios_base::failbit | ios_base::eofbit;
+      else
+        __gc_ = 1;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(this->rdstate() | ios_base::badbit);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+    this->setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::get(char_type* __s, streamsize __n, char_type __dlm) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  __gc_                     = 0;
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+    if (__n > 0) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      try {
+#endif
+        while (__gc_ < __n - 1) {
+          int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sgetc();
+          if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, traits_type::eof())) {
+            __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+            break;
+          }
+          char_type __ch = traits_type::to_char_type(__i);
+          if (traits_type::eq(__ch, __dlm))
+            break;
+          *__s++ = __ch;
+          __inc_gcount();
+          this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+        }
+        if (__gc_ == 0)
+          __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      } catch (...) {
+        __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+        this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+        if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+          if (__n > 0)
+            *__s = char_type();
+          throw;
+        }
+      }
+#endif
+    } else {
+      __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+    }
+
+    if (__n > 0)
+      *__s = char_type();
+    this->setstate(__state);
+  }
+  if (__n > 0)
+    *__s = char_type();
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::get(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>& __sb, char_type __dlm) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  __gc_                     = 0;
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      while (true) {
+        typename traits_type::int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sgetc();
+        if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, traits_type::eof())) {
+          __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+          break;
+        }
+        char_type __ch = traits_type::to_char_type(__i);
+        if (traits_type::eq(__ch, __dlm))
+          break;
+        if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__sb.sputc(__ch), traits_type::eof()))
+          break;
+        __inc_gcount();
+        this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      // according to the spec, exceptions here are caught but not rethrown
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__gc_ == 0)
+      __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+    this->setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::getline(char_type* __s, streamsize __n, char_type __dlm) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  __gc_                     = 0;
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      while (true) {
+        typename traits_type::int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sgetc();
+        if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, traits_type::eof())) {
+          __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+          break;
+        }
+        char_type __ch = traits_type::to_char_type(__i);
+        if (traits_type::eq(__ch, __dlm)) {
+          this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+          __inc_gcount();
+          break;
+        }
+        if (__gc_ >= __n - 1) {
+          __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+          break;
+        }
+        *__s++ = __ch;
+        this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+        __inc_gcount();
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        if (__n > 0)
+          *__s = char_type();
+        if (__gc_ == 0)
+          __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+  if (__n > 0)
+    *__s = char_type();
+  if (__gc_ == 0)
+    __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+  this->setstate(__state);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::ignore(streamsize __n, int_type __dlm) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  __gc_                     = 0;
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      if (__n == numeric_limits<streamsize>::max()) {
+        while (true) {
+          typename traits_type::int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+          if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, traits_type::eof())) {
+            __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+            break;
+          }
+          __inc_gcount();
+          if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, __dlm))
+            break;
+        }
+      } else {
+        while (__gc_ < __n) {
+          typename traits_type::int_type __i = this->rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+          if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, traits_type::eof())) {
+            __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+            break;
+          }
+          __inc_gcount();
+          if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__i, __dlm))
+            break;
+        }
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    this->setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::peek() {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  __gc_                     = 0;
+  int_type __r              = traits_type::eof();
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      __r = this->rdbuf()->sgetc();
+      if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__r, traits_type::eof()))
+        __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    this->setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::read(char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  __gc_                     = 0;
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      __gc_ = this->rdbuf()->sgetn(__s, __n);
+      if (__gc_ != __n)
+        __state |= ios_base::failbit | ios_base::eofbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } else {
+    __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+  }
+  this->setstate(__state);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+streamsize basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::readsome(char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  __gc_                     = 0;
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      streamsize __c = this->rdbuf()->in_avail();
+      switch (__c) {
+      case -1:
+        __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+        break;
+      case 0:
+        break;
+      default:
+        __n   = std::min(__c, __n);
+        __gc_ = this->rdbuf()->sgetn(__s, __n);
+        if (__gc_ != __n)
+          __state |= ios_base::failbit | ios_base::eofbit;
+        break;
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } else {
+    __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+  }
+  this->setstate(__state);
+  return __gc_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::putback(char_type __c) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = this->rdstate() & ~ios_base::eofbit;
+  __gc_                     = 0;
+  this->clear(__state);
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      if (this->rdbuf() == nullptr || this->rdbuf()->sputbackc(__c) == traits_type::eof())
+        __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } else {
+    __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+  }
+  this->setstate(__state);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::unget() {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = this->rdstate() & ~ios_base::eofbit;
+  __gc_                     = 0;
+  this->clear(__state);
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      if (this->rdbuf() == nullptr || this->rdbuf()->sungetc() == traits_type::eof())
+        __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } else {
+    __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+  }
+  this->setstate(__state);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+int basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sync() {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (this->rdbuf() == nullptr)
+    return -1;
+
+  int __r = 0;
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      if (this->rdbuf()->pubsync() == -1) {
+        __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+        __r = -1;
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    this->setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::tellg() {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  pos_type __r(-1);
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      __r = this->rdbuf()->pubseekoff(0, ios_base::cur, ios_base::in);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    this->setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::seekg(pos_type __pos) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = this->rdstate() & ~ios_base::eofbit;
+  this->clear(__state);
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      if (this->rdbuf()->pubseekpos(__pos, ios_base::in) == pos_type(-1))
+        __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    this->setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::seekg(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __dir) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = this->rdstate() & ~ios_base::eofbit;
+  this->clear(__state);
+  sentry __sen(*this, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      if (this->rdbuf()->pubseekoff(__off, __dir, ios_base::in) == pos_type(-1))
+        __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      this->__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (this->exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    this->setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& ws(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      const ctype<_CharT>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__is.getloc());
+      while (true) {
+        typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sgetc();
+        if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof())) {
+          __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+          break;
+        }
+        if (!__ct.is(__ct.space, _Traits::to_char_type(__i)))
+          break;
+        __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      __is.__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (__is.exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __is.setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _Stream, class _Tp, class = void>
+struct __is_istreamable : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Stream, class _Tp>
+struct __is_istreamable<_Stream, _Tp, decltype(std::declval<_Stream>() >> std::declval<_Tp>(), void())> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Stream,
+          class _Tp,
+          __enable_if_t< _And<is_base_of<ios_base, _Stream>, __is_istreamable<_Stream&, _Tp&&> >::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Stream&& operator>>(_Stream&& __is, _Tp&& __x) {
+  __is >> std::forward<_Tp>(__x);
+  return std::move(__is);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_iostream
+    : public basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>,
+      public basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  // types:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+  // constructor/destructor
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 explicit basic_iostream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* __sb)
+      : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(__sb) {}
+
+  ~basic_iostream() override;
+
+protected:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_iostream(basic_iostream&& __rhs);
+
+  // assign/swap
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_iostream& operator=(basic_iostream&& __rhs);
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 void swap(basic_iostream& __rhs) {
+    basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_iostream(basic_iostream&& __rhs)
+    : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::move(__rhs)) {}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(basic_iostream&& __rhs) {
+  swap(__rhs);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_iostream() {}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif
+      __str.clear();
+      streamsize __n = __is.width();
+      if (__n <= 0)
+        __n = __str.max_size();
+      if (__n <= 0)
+        __n = numeric_limits<streamsize>::max();
+      streamsize __c            = 0;
+      const ctype<_CharT>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__is.getloc());
+      while (__c < __n) {
+        typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sgetc();
+        if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof())) {
+          __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+          break;
+        }
+        _CharT __ch = _Traits::to_char_type(__i);
+        if (__ct.is(__ct.space, __ch))
+          break;
+        __str.push_back(__ch);
+        ++__c;
+        __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+      }
+      __is.width(0);
+      if (__c == 0)
+        __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      __is.__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (__is.exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+    __is.setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str, _CharT __dlm) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is, true);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif
+      __str.clear();
+      streamsize __extr = 0;
+      while (true) {
+        typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+        if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof())) {
+          __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+          break;
+        }
+        ++__extr;
+        _CharT __ch = _Traits::to_char_type(__i);
+        if (_Traits::eq(__ch, __dlm))
+          break;
+        __str.push_back(__ch);
+        if (__str.size() == __str.max_size()) {
+          __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (__extr == 0)
+        __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      __is.__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (__is.exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+    __is.setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str) {
+  return std::getline(__is, __str, __is.widen('\n'));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __is, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str, _CharT __dlm) {
+  return std::getline(__is, __str, __dlm);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __is, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str) {
+  return std::getline(__is, __str, __is.widen('\n'));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, size_t _Size>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, bitset<_Size>& __x) {
+  ios_base::iostate __state = ios_base::goodbit;
+  typename basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::sentry __sen(__is);
+  if (__sen) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif
+      basic_string<_CharT, _Traits> __str;
+      const ctype<_CharT>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__is.getloc());
+      size_t __c                = 0;
+      _CharT __zero             = __ct.widen('0');
+      _CharT __one              = __ct.widen('1');
+      while (__c != _Size) {
+        typename _Traits::int_type __i = __is.rdbuf()->sgetc();
+        if (_Traits::eq_int_type(__i, _Traits::eof())) {
+          __state |= ios_base::eofbit;
+          break;
+        }
+        _CharT __ch = _Traits::to_char_type(__i);
+        if (!_Traits::eq(__ch, __zero) && !_Traits::eq(__ch, __one))
+          break;
+        __str.push_back(__ch);
+        ++__c;
+        __is.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
+      }
+      __x = bitset<_Size>(__str);
+      if (_Size > 0 && __c == 0)
+        __state |= ios_base::failbit;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __state |= ios_base::badbit;
+      __is.__setstate_nothrow(__state);
+      if (__is.exceptions() & ios_base::badbit) {
+        throw;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+    __is.setstate(__state);
+  }
+  return __is;
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_istream<char>;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_istream<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_iostream<char>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <ostream>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ISTREAM

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iterator b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iterator
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fca75f0a19ed1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/iterator
@@ -0,0 +1,754 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ITERATOR
+#define _LIBCPP_ITERATOR
+
+/*
+    iterator synopsis
+
+#include <concepts>
+
+namespace std
+{
+template<class> struct incrementable_traits;       // since C++20
+template<class T>
+  using iter_
diff erence_t = see below;             // since C++20
+
+template<class> struct indirectly_readable_traits; // since C++20
+template<class T>
+  using iter_value_t = see below;                  // since C++20
+
+template<class Iterator>
+struct iterator_traits;
+
+template<class T>
+  requires is_object_v<T>                    // since C++20
+struct iterator_traits<T*>;
+
+template<dereferenceable T>
+  using iter_reference_t = decltype(*declval<T&>());
+
+namespace ranges::inline unspecified {
+    inline constexpr unspecified iter_move = unspecified; // since C++20, nodiscard as an extension
+}}
+
+template<dereferenceable T>
+  requires ...
+using iter_rvalue_reference_t = decltype(ranges::iter_move(declval<T&>())); // since C++20
+
+// [iterator.concepts], iterator concepts
+// [iterator.concept.readable], concept indirectly_readable
+template<class In>
+  concept indirectly_readable = see below;                      // since C++20
+
+template<indirectly_readable T>
+  using iter_common_reference_t =
+    common_reference_t<iter_reference_t<T>, iter_value_t<T>&>;  // since C++20
+
+// [iterator.concept.writable], concept indirectly_writable
+template<class Out, class T>
+  concept indirectly_writable = see below;                // since C++20
+
+// [iterator.concept.winc], concept weakly_incrementable
+template<class I>
+  concept weakly_incrementable = see below;                // since C++20
+
+// [iterator.concept.inc], concept incrementable
+template<class I>
+  concept incrementable = see below;                       // since C++20
+
+// [iterator.concept.iterator], concept input_or_output_iterator
+  template<class I>
+    concept input_or_output_iterator = see below;          // since C++20
+
+// [iterator.concept.sentinel], concept sentinel_for
+template<class S, class I>
+  concept sentinel_for = see below;                        // since C++20
+
+// [iterator.concept.sizedsentinel], concept sized_sentinel_for
+template<class S, class I>
+  inline constexpr bool disable_sized_sentinel_for = false;
+
+template<class S, class I>
+  concept sized_sentinel_for = see below;
+
+// [iterator.concept.input], concept input_iterator
+template<class I>
+  concept input_iterator = see below;                      // since C++20
+
+// [iterator.concept.output], concept output_iterator
+template<class I, class T>
+  concept output_iterator = see below;                     // since C++20
+
+// [iterator.concept.forward], concept forward_iterator
+template<class I>
+  concept forward_iterator = see below;                    // since C++20
+
+// [iterator.concept.bidir], concept bidirectional_iterator
+template<class I>
+  concept bidirectional_iterator = see below;              // since C++20
+
+// [iterator.concept.random.access], concept random_access_iterator
+template<class I>
+  concept random_access_iterator = see below;              // since C++20
+
+// [indirectcallable]
+// [indirectcallable.indirectinvocable]
+template<class F, class I>
+  concept indirectly_unary_invocable = see below;          // since C++20
+
+template<class F, class I>
+  concept indirectly_regular_unary_invocable = see below;  // since C++20
+
+template<class F, class I>
+  concept indirect_unary_predicate = see below;            // since C++20
+
+template<class F, class I1, class I2>
+  concept indirect_binary_predicate = see below;           // since C++20
+
+template<class F, class I1, class I2 = I1>
+  concept indirect_equivalence_relation = see below;       // since C++20
+
+template<class F, class I1, class I2 = I1>
+  concept indirect_strict_weak_order = see below;          // since C++20
+
+template<class F, class... Is>
+  using indirect_result_t = see below;                     // since C++20
+
+// [projected], projected
+template<indirectly_readable I, indirectly_regular_unary_invocable<I> Proj>
+  struct projected;                                        // since C++20
+
+template<weakly_incrementable I, indirectly_regular_unary_invocable<I> Proj>
+  struct incrementable_traits<projected<I, Proj>>;         // since C++20
+
+// [alg.req.ind.move], concept indirectly_movable
+template<class In, class Out>
+  concept indirectly_movable = see below;                  // since C++20
+
+template<class In, class Out>
+  concept indirectly_movable_storable = see below;         // since C++20
+
+// [alg.req.ind.copy], concept indirectly_copyable
+template<class In, class Out>
+  concept indirectly_copyable = see below;                 // since C++20
+
+template<class In, class Out>
+  concept indirectly_copyable_storable = see below;        // since C++20
+
+// [alg.req.ind.swap], concept indirectly_swappable
+template<class I1, class I2 = I1>
+  concept indirectly_swappable = see below;                // since C++20
+
+template<class I1, class I2, class R, class P1 = identity,
+         class P2 = identity>
+  concept indirectly_comparable =
+    indirect_binary_predicate<R, projected<I1, P1>, projected<I2, P2>>; // since C++20
+
+// [alg.req.permutable], concept permutable
+template<class I>
+  concept permutable = see below;                          // since C++20
+
+ // [alg.req.mergeable], concept mergeable
+template<class I1, class I2, class Out,
+    class R = ranges::less, class P1 = identity, class P2 = identity>
+  concept mergeable = see below;                           // since C++20
+
+// [alg.req.sortable], concept sortable
+template<class I, class R = ranges::less, class P = identity>
+  concept sortable = see below;                            // since C++20
+
+template<input_or_output_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S>
+  requires (!same_as<I, S> && copyable<I>)
+class common_iterator;                                     // since C++20
+
+template<class Category, class T, class Distance = ptr
diff _t,
+         class Pointer = T*, class Reference = T&>
+struct iterator                                            // deprecated in C++17
+{
+    typedef T         value_type;
+    typedef Distance  
diff erence_type;
+    typedef Pointer   pointer;
+    typedef Reference reference;
+    typedef Category  iterator_category;
+};
+
+struct input_iterator_tag  {};
+struct output_iterator_tag {};
+struct forward_iterator_tag       : public input_iterator_tag         {};
+struct bidirectional_iterator_tag : public forward_iterator_tag       {};
+struct random_access_iterator_tag : public bidirectional_iterator_tag {};
+struct contiguous_iterator_tag    : public random_access_iterator_tag {};
+
+// 27.4.3, iterator operations
+template <class InputIterator, class Distance>  // constexpr in C++17
+  constexpr void advance(InputIterator& i, Distance n);
+
+template <class InputIterator>  // constexpr in C++17
+  constexpr typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::
diff erence_type
+    distance(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+template <class InputIterator>  // constexpr in C++17
+  constexpr InputIterator next(InputIterator x,
+typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::
diff erence_type n = 1);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator>  // constexpr in C++17
+  constexpr BidirectionalIterator prev(BidirectionalIterator x,
+    typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::
diff erence_type n = 1);
+
+// [range.iter.ops], range iterator operations
+namespace ranges {
+  // [range.iter.op.advance], ranges::advance
+  template<input_or_output_iterator I>
+    constexpr void advance(I& i, iter_
diff erence_t<I> n);                          // since C++20
+  template<input_or_output_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S>
+    constexpr void advance(I& i, S bound);                                         // since C++20
+  template<input_or_output_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S>
+    constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<I> advance(I& i, iter_
diff erence_t<I> n, S bound); // since C++20
+}
+
+template <class Iterator>
+class reverse_iterator
+    : public iterator<typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::iterator_category, // until C++17
+                      typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type,
+                      typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::
diff erence_type,
+                      typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer,
+                      typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference>
+{
+protected:
+    Iterator current;
+public:
+    using iterator_type     = Iterator;
+    using iterator_concept  = see below; // since C++20
+    using iterator_category = typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::iterator_category; // since C++17, until C++20
+    using iterator_category = see below; // since C++20
+    using value_type        = typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type; // since C++17, until C++20
+    using value_type        = iter_value_t<Iterator>; // since C++20
+    using 
diff erence_type   = typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::
diff erence_type; // until C++20
+    using 
diff erence_type   = iter_
diff erence_t<Iterator>; // since C++20
+    using pointer           = typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer;
+    using reference         = typename iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference; // until C++20
+    using reference         = iter_reference_t<Iterator>; // since C++20
+
+    constexpr reverse_iterator();
+    constexpr explicit reverse_iterator(Iterator x);
+    template <class U> constexpr reverse_iterator(const reverse_iterator<U>& u);
+    template <class U> constexpr reverse_iterator& operator=(const reverse_iterator<U>& u);
+    constexpr Iterator base() const;
+    constexpr reference operator*() const;
+    constexpr pointer   operator->() const; // until C++20
+    constexpr pointer   operator->() const requires see below; // since C++20
+    constexpr reverse_iterator& operator++();
+    constexpr reverse_iterator  operator++(int);
+    constexpr reverse_iterator& operator--();
+    constexpr reverse_iterator  operator--(int);
+    constexpr reverse_iterator  operator+ (
diff erence_type n) const;
+    constexpr reverse_iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type n);
+    constexpr reverse_iterator  operator- (
diff erence_type n) const;
+    constexpr reverse_iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type n);
+    constexpr unspecified       operator[](
diff erence_type n) const;
+
+    friend constexpr iter_rvalue_reference_t<Iterator>
+      iter_move(const reverse_iterator& i) noexcept(see below);
+    template<indirectly_swappable<Iterator> Iterator2>
+      friend constexpr void
+        iter_swap(const reverse_iterator& x,
+                  const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y) noexcept(see below);
+};
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool                          // constexpr in C++17
+operator==(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool                          // constexpr in C++17
+operator!=(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool                          // constexpr in C++17
+operator<(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool                          // constexpr in C++17
+operator>(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool                          // constexpr in C++17
+operator<=(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool                          // constexpr in C++17
+operator>=(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template<class Iterator1, three_way_comparable_with<Iterator1> Iterator2>
+  constexpr compare_three_way_result_t<Iterator1, Iterator2>
+    operator<=>(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x,
+                const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr auto
+operator-(const reverse_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const reverse_iterator<Iterator2>& y)
+-> decltype(__y.base() - __x.base());   // constexpr in C++17
+
+template <class Iterator>
+constexpr reverse_iterator<Iterator>
+operator+(typename reverse_iterator<Iterator>::
diff erence_type n,
+          const reverse_iterator<Iterator>& x);   // constexpr in C++17
+
+template <class Iterator>
+constexpr reverse_iterator<Iterator> make_reverse_iterator(Iterator i); // C++14, constexpr in C++17
+
+template<class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+    requires (!sized_sentinel_for<Iterator1, Iterator2>)
+  inline constexpr bool disable_sized_sentinel_for<reverse_iterator<Iterator1>,
+                                                   reverse_iterator<Iterator2>> = true;
+
+template <class Container>
+class back_insert_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void> // until C++17
+{
+protected:
+    Container* container;
+public:
+    typedef Container                   container_type;
+    typedef void                        value_type;
+    typedef void                        
diff erence_type; // until C++20
+    typedef ptr
diff _t                   
diff erence_type; // since C++20
+    typedef void                        reference;
+    typedef void                        pointer;
+
+    explicit back_insert_iterator(Container& x);  // constexpr in C++20
+    back_insert_iterator& operator=(const typename Container::value_type& value);  // constexpr in C++20
+    back_insert_iterator& operator*();  // constexpr in C++20
+    back_insert_iterator& operator++();  // constexpr in C++20
+    back_insert_iterator  operator++(int);  // constexpr in C++20
+};
+
+template <class Container> back_insert_iterator<Container> back_inserter(Container& x);  // constexpr in C++20
+
+template <class Container>
+class front_insert_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void> // until C++17
+{
+protected:
+    Container* container;
+public:
+    typedef Container                    container_type;
+    typedef void                         value_type;
+    typedef void                         
diff erence_type; // until C++20
+    typedef ptr
diff _t                    
diff erence_type; // since C++20
+    typedef void                         reference;
+    typedef void                         pointer;
+
+    explicit front_insert_iterator(Container& x);  // constexpr in C++20
+    front_insert_iterator& operator=(const typename Container::value_type& value);  // constexpr in C++20
+    front_insert_iterator& operator*();  // constexpr in C++20
+    front_insert_iterator& operator++();  // constexpr in C++20
+    front_insert_iterator  operator++(int);  // constexpr in C++20
+};
+
+template <class Container> front_insert_iterator<Container> front_inserter(Container& x);  // constexpr in C++20
+
+template <class Container>
+class insert_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void> // until C++17
+{
+protected:
+    Container* container;
+    typename Container::iterator iter;
+public:
+    typedef Container              container_type;
+    typedef void                   value_type;
+    typedef void                   
diff erence_type; // until C++20
+    typedef ptr
diff _t              
diff erence_type; // since C++20
+    typedef void                   reference;
+    typedef void                   pointer;
+
+    insert_iterator(Container& x, typename Container::iterator i);  // constexpr in C++20
+    insert_iterator& operator=(const typename Container::value_type& value);  // constexpr in C++20
+    insert_iterator& operator*();  // constexpr in C++20
+    insert_iterator& operator++();  // constexpr in C++20
+    insert_iterator& operator++(int);  // constexpr in C++20
+};
+
+template <class Container>
+insert_iterator<Container> inserter(Container& x, typename Container::iterator i);  // until C++20
+template <class Container>
+constexpr insert_iterator<Container> inserter(Container& x, ranges::iterator_t<Container> i);  // since C++20
+
+template <class Iterator>
+class move_iterator {
+public:
+    using iterator_type     = Iterator;
+    using iterator_concept  = see below; // From C++20
+    using iterator_category = see below; // not always present starting from C++20
+    using value_type        = iter_value_t<Iterator>; // Until C++20, iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type
+    using 
diff erence_type   = iter_
diff erence_t<Iterator>; // Until C++20, iterator_traits<Iterator>::
diff erence_type;
+    using pointer           = Iterator;
+    using reference         = iter_rvalue_reference_t<Iterator>; // Until C++20, value_type&&
+
+    constexpr move_iterator();  // all the constexprs are in C++17
+    constexpr explicit move_iterator(Iterator i);
+    template <class U>
+      constexpr move_iterator(const move_iterator<U>& u);
+    template <class U>
+      constexpr move_iterator& operator=(const move_iterator<U>& u);
+
+    constexpr iterator_type base() const; // Until C++20
+    constexpr const Iterator& base() const & noexcept; // From C++20
+    constexpr Iterator base() &&; // From C++20
+
+    constexpr reference operator*() const;
+    constexpr pointer operator->() const; // Deprecated in C++20
+    constexpr move_iterator& operator++();
+    constexpr auto operator++(int); // Return type was move_iterator until C++20
+    constexpr move_iterator& operator--();
+    constexpr move_iterator operator--(int);
+    constexpr move_iterator operator+(
diff erence_type n) const;
+    constexpr move_iterator& operator+=(
diff erence_type n);
+    constexpr move_iterator operator-(
diff erence_type n) const;
+    constexpr move_iterator& operator-=(
diff erence_type n);
+    constexpr reference operator[](
diff erence_type n) const; // Return type unspecified until C++20
+
+    template<sentinel_for<Iterator> S>
+      friend constexpr bool
+        operator==(const move_iterator& x, const move_sentinel<S>& y); // Since C++20
+    template<sized_sentinel_for<Iterator> S>
+      friend constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<Iterator>
+        operator-(const move_sentinel<S>& x, const move_iterator& y); // Since C++20
+    template<sized_sentinel_for<Iterator> S>
+      friend constexpr iter_
diff erence_t<Iterator>
+        operator-(const move_iterator& x, const move_sentinel<S>& y); // Since C++20
+    friend constexpr iter_rvalue_reference_t<Iterator>
+      iter_move(const move_iterator& i)
+        noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_move(i.current))); // Since C++20
+    template<indirectly_swappable<Iterator> Iterator2>
+      friend constexpr void
+        iter_swap(const move_iterator& x, const move_iterator<Iterator2>& y)
+          noexcept(noexcept(ranges::iter_swap(x.current, y.current))); // Since C++20
+
+private:
+    Iterator current; // exposition only
+};
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool   // constexpr in C++17
+operator==(const move_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const move_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool   // constexpr in C++17
+operator!=(const move_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const move_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool   // constexpr in C++17
+operator<(const move_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const move_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool   // constexpr in C++17
+operator<=(const move_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const move_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool   // constexpr in C++17
+operator>(const move_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const move_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr bool   // constexpr in C++17
+operator>=(const move_iterator<Iterator1>& x, const move_iterator<Iterator2>& y);
+
+template <class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+constexpr auto   // constexpr in C++17
+operator-(const move_iterator<Iterator1>& x,
+          const move_iterator<Iterator2>& y) -> decltype(x.base() - y.base());
+
+template <class Iterator>
+constexpr move_iterator<Iterator> operator+(   // constexpr in C++17
+            typename move_iterator<Iterator>::
diff erence_type n,
+            const move_iterator<Iterator>& x);
+
+template <class Iterator>   // constexpr in C++17
+constexpr  move_iterator<Iterator> make_move_iterator(const Iterator& i);
+
+template<class Iterator1, class Iterator2>
+    requires (!sized_sentinel_for<Iterator1, Iterator2>)
+  inline constexpr bool disable_sized_sentinel_for<move_iterator<Iterator1>,    // since C++20
+                                                    move_iterator<Iterator2>> = true;
+
+template<semiregular S>
+class move_sentinel {
+public:
+  constexpr move_sentinel();
+  constexpr explicit move_sentinel(S s);
+  template<class S2>
+    requires convertible_to<const S2&, S>
+      constexpr move_sentinel(const move_sentinel<S2>& s);
+  template<class S2>
+    requires assignable_from<S&, const S2&>
+      constexpr move_sentinel& operator=(const move_sentinel<S2>& s);
+
+  constexpr S base() const;
+private:
+  S last;     // exposition only
+};
+
+// [default.sentinel], default sentinel
+struct default_sentinel_t;
+inline constexpr default_sentinel_t default_sentinel{};
+
+// [iterators.counted], counted iterators
+template<input_or_output_iterator I> class counted_iterator;
+
+template<input_iterator I>
+  requires see below
+  struct iterator_traits<counted_iterator<I>>;
+
+// [unreachable.sentinel], unreachable sentinel
+struct unreachable_sentinel_t;
+inline constexpr unreachable_sentinel_t unreachable_sentinel{};
+
+template <class T, class charT = char, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Distance = ptr
diff _t>
+class istream_iterator
+    : public iterator<input_iterator_tag, T, Distance, const T*, const T&> // until C++17
+{
+public:
+    typedef input_iterator_tag           iterator_category;
+    typedef T                            value_type;
+    typedef Distance                     
diff erence_type;
+    typedef const T*                     pointer;
+    typedef const T&                     reference;
+
+    typedef charT                        char_type;
+    typedef traits                       traits_type;
+    typedef basic_istream<charT, traits> istream_type;
+
+    istream_iterator(); // constexpr since C++11
+    constexpr istream_iterator(default_sentinel_t); // since C++20
+    istream_iterator(istream_type& s);
+    istream_iterator(const istream_iterator& x);
+    ~istream_iterator();
+
+    const T& operator*() const;
+    const T* operator->() const;
+    istream_iterator& operator++();
+    istream_iterator  operator++(int);
+    friend bool operator==(const istream_iterator& i, default_sentinel_t); // since C++20
+};
+
+template <class T, class charT, class traits, class Distance>
+bool operator==(const istream_iterator<T,charT,traits,Distance>& x,
+                const istream_iterator<T,charT,traits,Distance>& y);
+template <class T, class charT, class traits, class Distance>
+bool operator!=(const istream_iterator<T,charT,traits,Distance>& x,
+                const istream_iterator<T,charT,traits,Distance>& y); // until C++20
+
+template <class T, class charT = char, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class ostream_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void> // until C++17
+{
+public:
+    typedef output_iterator_tag         iterator_category;
+    typedef void                        value_type;
+    typedef void                        
diff erence_type; // until C++20
+    typedef ptr
diff _t                   
diff erence_type; // since C++20
+    typedef void                        pointer;
+    typedef void                        reference;
+
+    typedef charT char_type;
+    typedef traits traits_type;
+    typedef basic_ostream<charT,traits> ostream_type;
+
+    ostream_iterator(ostream_type& s);
+    ostream_iterator(ostream_type& s, const charT* delimiter);
+    ostream_iterator(const ostream_iterator& x);
+    ~ostream_iterator();
+    ostream_iterator& operator=(const T& value);
+
+    ostream_iterator& operator*();
+    ostream_iterator& operator++();
+    ostream_iterator& operator++(int);
+};
+
+template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class istreambuf_iterator
+    : public iterator<input_iterator_tag, charT, traits::off_type, unspecified, charT> // until C++17
+{
+public:
+    typedef input_iterator_tag              iterator_category;
+    typedef charT                           value_type;
+    typedef traits::off_type                
diff erence_type;
+    typedef unspecified                     pointer;
+    typedef charT                           reference;
+
+    typedef charT                           char_type;
+    typedef traits                          traits_type;
+    typedef traits::int_type                int_type;
+    typedef basic_streambuf<charT, traits>  streambuf_type;
+    typedef basic_istream<charT, traits>    istream_type;
+
+    istreambuf_iterator() noexcept; // constexpr since C++11
+    constexpr istreambuf_iterator(default_sentinel_t) noexcept; // since C++20
+    istreambuf_iterator(istream_type& s) noexcept;
+    istreambuf_iterator(streambuf_type* s) noexcept;
+    istreambuf_iterator(a-private-type) noexcept;
+
+    charT                operator*() const;
+    pointer operator->() const;
+    istreambuf_iterator& operator++();
+    a-private-type       operator++(int);
+
+    bool equal(const istreambuf_iterator& b) const;
+    friend bool operator==(const istreambuf_iterator& i, default_sentinel_t s); // since C++20
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+bool operator==(const istreambuf_iterator<charT,traits>& a,
+                const istreambuf_iterator<charT,traits>& b);
+template <class charT, class traits>
+bool operator!=(const istreambuf_iterator<charT,traits>& a,
+                const istreambuf_iterator<charT,traits>& b); // until C++20
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class ostreambuf_iterator
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void> // until C++17
+{
+public:
+    typedef output_iterator_tag            iterator_category;
+    typedef void                           value_type;
+    typedef void                           
diff erence_type; // until C++20
+    typedef ptr
diff _t                      
diff erence_type; // since C++20
+    typedef void                           pointer;
+    typedef void                           reference;
+
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef basic_streambuf<charT, traits> streambuf_type;
+    typedef basic_ostream<charT, traits>   ostream_type;
+
+    ostreambuf_iterator(ostream_type& s) noexcept;
+    ostreambuf_iterator(streambuf_type* s) noexcept;
+    ostreambuf_iterator& operator=(charT c);
+    ostreambuf_iterator& operator*();
+    ostreambuf_iterator& operator++();
+    ostreambuf_iterator& operator++(int);
+    bool failed() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class C> constexpr auto begin(C& c) -> decltype(c.begin());                   // constexpr since C++17
+template <class C> constexpr auto begin(const C& c) -> decltype(c.begin());             // constexpr since C++17
+template <class C> constexpr auto end(C& c) -> decltype(c.end());                       // constexpr since C++17
+template <class C> constexpr auto end(const C& c) -> decltype(c.end());                 // constexpr since C++17
+template <class T, size_t N> constexpr T* begin(T (&array)[N]) noexcept;
+template <class T, size_t N> constexpr T* end(T (&array)[N]) noexcept;
+
+template <class C> constexpr auto cbegin(const C& c) noexcept(see-below) -> decltype(std::begin(c)); // C++14
+template <class C> constexpr auto cend(const C& c) noexcept(see-below) -> decltype(std::end(c));     // C++14
+template <class C> constexpr auto rbegin(C& c) -> decltype(c.rbegin());                 // C++14, constexpr since C++17
+template <class C> constexpr auto rbegin(const C& c) -> decltype(c.rbegin());           // C++14, constexpr since C++17
+template <class C> constexpr auto rend(C& c) -> decltype(c.rend());                     // C++14, constexpr since C++17
+template <class C> constexpr auto rend(const C& c) -> decltype(c.rend());               // C++14, constexpr since C++17
+template <class E> constexpr reverse_iterator<const E*> rbegin(initializer_list<E> il); // C++14, constexpr since C++17
+template <class E> constexpr reverse_iterator<const E*> rend(initializer_list<E> il);   // C++14, constexpr since C++17
+template <class T, size_t N> constexpr reverse_iterator<T*> rbegin(T (&array)[N]);      // C++14, constexpr since C++17
+template <class T, size_t N> constexpr reverse_iterator<T*> rend(T (&array)[N]);        // C++14, constexpr since C++17
+template <class C> constexpr auto crbegin(const C& c) -> decltype(std::rbegin(c));      // C++14, constexpr since C++17
+template <class C> constexpr auto crend(const C& c) -> decltype(std::rend(c));          // C++14, constexpr since C++17
+
+// 24.8, container access:
+template <class C> constexpr auto size(const C& c) -> decltype(c.size());         // C++17
+template <class T, size_t N> constexpr size_t size(const T (&array)[N]) noexcept; // C++17
+
+template <class C> constexpr auto ssize(const C& c)
+    -> common_type_t<ptr
diff _t, make_signed_t<decltype(c.size())>>;                    // C++20
+template <class T, ptr
diff _t> constexpr ptr
diff _t ssize(const T (&array)[N]) noexcept; // C++20
+
+template <class C> constexpr auto empty(const C& c) -> decltype(c.empty());       // C++17
+template <class T, size_t N> constexpr bool empty(const T (&array)[N]) noexcept;  // C++17
+template <class E> constexpr bool empty(initializer_list<E> il) noexcept;         // C++17
+template <class C> constexpr auto data(C& c) -> decltype(c.data());               // C++17
+template <class C> constexpr auto data(const C& c) -> decltype(c.data());         // C++17
+template <class T, size_t N> constexpr T* data(T (&array)[N]) noexcept;           // C++17
+template <class E> constexpr const E* data(initializer_list<E> il) noexcept;      // C++17
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/front_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/istream_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/istreambuf_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/move_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/ostream_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/ostreambuf_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/prev.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/wrap_iter.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+#  include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#  include <__iterator/data.h>
+#  include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#  include <__iterator/size.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__iterator/common_iterator.h>
+#  include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#  include <__iterator/counted_iterator.h>
+#  include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#  include <__iterator/incrementable_traits.h>
+#  include <__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h>
+#  include <__iterator/iter_move.h>
+#  include <__iterator/iter_swap.h>
+#  include <__iterator/mergeable.h>
+#  include <__iterator/move_sentinel.h>
+#  include <__iterator/permutable.h>
+#  include <__iterator/projected.h>
+#  include <__iterator/readable_traits.h>
+#  include <__iterator/sortable.h>
+#  include <__iterator/unreachable_sentinel.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.synopsis]
+#include <compare>
+#include <concepts>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+#  include <variant>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <exception>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ITERATOR

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/latch b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/latch
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..81d6028a9c2ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/latch
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_LATCH
+#define _LIBCPP_LATCH
+
+/*
+    latch synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+  class latch
+  {
+  public:
+    static constexpr ptr
diff _t max() noexcept;
+
+    constexpr explicit latch(ptr
diff _t __expected);
+    ~latch();
+
+    latch(const latch&) = delete;
+    latch& operator=(const latch&) = delete;
+
+    void count_down(ptr
diff _t __update = 1);
+    bool try_wait() const noexcept;
+    void wait() const;
+    void arrive_and_wait(ptr
diff _t __update = 1);
+
+  private:
+    ptr
diff _t __counter; // exposition only
+  };
+
+}
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#  include <__assert>
+#  include <__atomic/atomic_base.h>
+#  include <__atomic/atomic_sync.h>
+#  include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <version>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC latch {
+  __atomic_base<ptr
diff _t> __a_;
+
+public:
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr ptr
diff _t max() noexcept { return numeric_limits<ptr
diff _t>::max(); }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit latch(ptr
diff _t __expected) : __a_(__expected) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __expected >= 0,
+        "latch::latch(ptr
diff _t): latch cannot be "
+        "initialized with a negative value");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __expected <= max(),
+        "latch::latch(ptr
diff _t): latch cannot be "
+        "initialized with a value greater than max()");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~latch() = default;
+  latch(const latch&)            = delete;
+  latch& operator=(const latch&) = delete;
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void count_down(ptr
diff _t __update = 1) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(__update >= 0, "latch::count_down called with a negative value");
+    auto const __old = __a_.fetch_sub(__update, memory_order_release);
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __update <= __old,
+        "latch::count_down called with a value greater "
+        "than the internal counter");
+    if (__old == __update)
+      __a_.notify_all();
+  }
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_wait() const noexcept {
+    auto __value = __a_.load(memory_order_acquire);
+    return try_wait_impl(__value);
+  }
+  inline _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void wait() const {
+    std::__atomic_wait_unless(
+        __a_, [this](ptr
diff _t& __value) -> bool { return try_wait_impl(__value); }, memory_order_acquire);
+  }
+  inline _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void arrive_and_wait(ptr
diff _t __update = 1) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(__update >= 0, "latch::arrive_and_wait called with a negative value");
+    // other preconditions on __update are checked in count_down()
+
+    count_down(__update);
+    wait();
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_wait_impl(ptr
diff _t& __value) const noexcept { return __value == 0; }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#endif
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_LATCH

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/limits b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/limits
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d55c7cd75f34fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/limits
@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_LIMITS
+#define _LIBCPP_LIMITS
+
+/*
+    limits synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<class T>
+class numeric_limits
+{
+public:
+    static constexpr bool is_specialized = false;
+    static constexpr T min() noexcept;
+    static constexpr T max() noexcept;
+    static constexpr T lowest() noexcept;
+
+    static constexpr int  digits = 0;
+    static constexpr int  digits10 = 0;
+    static constexpr int  max_digits10 = 0;
+    static constexpr bool is_signed = false;
+    static constexpr bool is_integer = false;
+    static constexpr bool is_exact = false;
+    static constexpr int  radix = 0;
+    static constexpr T epsilon() noexcept;
+    static constexpr T round_error() noexcept;
+
+    static constexpr int  min_exponent = 0;
+    static constexpr int  min_exponent10 = 0;
+    static constexpr int  max_exponent = 0;
+    static constexpr int  max_exponent10 = 0;
+
+    static constexpr bool has_infinity = false;
+    static constexpr bool has_quiet_NaN = false;
+    static constexpr bool has_signaling_NaN = false;
+    static constexpr float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_absent; // deprecated in C++23
+    static constexpr bool has_denorm_loss = false;                  // deprecated in C++23
+    static constexpr T infinity() noexcept;
+    static constexpr T quiet_NaN() noexcept;
+    static constexpr T signaling_NaN() noexcept;
+    static constexpr T denorm_min() noexcept;
+
+    static constexpr bool is_iec559 = false;
+    static constexpr bool is_bounded = false;
+    static constexpr bool is_modulo = false;
+
+    static constexpr bool traps = false;
+    static constexpr bool tinyness_before = false;
+    static constexpr float_round_style round_style = round_toward_zero;
+};
+
+enum float_round_style
+{
+    round_indeterminate       = -1,
+    round_toward_zero         =  0,
+    round_to_nearest          =  1,
+    round_toward_infinity     =  2,
+    round_toward_neg_infinity =  3
+};
+
+enum float_denorm_style // deprecated in C++23
+{
+    denorm_indeterminate = -1,
+    denorm_absent = 0,
+    denorm_present = 1
+};
+
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv bool>;
+
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv char>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv signed char>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv unsigned char>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv wchar_t>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv char8_t>; // C++20
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv char16_t>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv char32_t>;
+
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv short>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv int>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv long>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv long long>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv unsigned short>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv unsigned int>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv unsigned long>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv unsigned long long>;
+
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv float>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv double>;
+template<> class numeric_limits<cv long double>;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+#include <version>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+enum float_round_style {
+  round_indeterminate       = -1,
+  round_toward_zero         = 0,
+  round_to_nearest          = 1,
+  round_toward_infinity     = 2,
+  round_toward_neg_infinity = 3
+};
+
+enum _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 float_denorm_style {
+  denorm_indeterminate = -1,
+  denorm_absent        = 0,
+  denorm_present       = 1
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_arithmetic<_Tp>::value>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits {
+protected:
+  typedef _Tp type;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_specialized = false;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type min() _NOEXCEPT { return type(); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type max() _NOEXCEPT { return type(); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type lowest() _NOEXCEPT { return type(); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits       = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits10     = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_digits10 = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_signed   = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_integer  = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_exact    = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int radix        = 0;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT { return type(); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type round_error() _NOEXCEPT { return type(); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent   = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent10 = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent   = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent10 = 0;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_infinity                                         = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_quiet_NaN                                        = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_signaling_NaN                                    = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_absent;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_denorm_loss          = false;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type infinity() _NOEXCEPT { return type(); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT { return type(); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT { return type(); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT { return type(); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_iec559  = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_bounded = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_modulo  = false;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool traps                    = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool tinyness_before          = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_round_style round_style = round_toward_zero;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, int __digits, bool _IsSigned>
+struct __libcpp_compute_min {
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const _Tp value = _Tp(_Tp(1) << __digits);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, int __digits>
+struct __libcpp_compute_min<_Tp, __digits, false> {
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const _Tp value = _Tp(0);
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits<_Tp, true> {
+protected:
+  typedef _Tp type;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_specialized = true;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_signed   = type(-1) < type(0);
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits       = static_cast<int>(sizeof(type) * __CHAR_BIT__ - is_signed);
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits10     = digits * 3 / 10;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_digits10 = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const type __min       = __libcpp_compute_min<type, digits, is_signed>::value;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const type __max       = is_signed ? type(type(~0) ^ __min) : type(~0);
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type min() _NOEXCEPT { return __min; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type max() _NOEXCEPT { return __max; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type lowest() _NOEXCEPT { return min(); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_integer = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_exact   = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int radix       = 2;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type round_error() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent   = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent10 = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent   = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent10 = 0;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_infinity                                         = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_quiet_NaN                                        = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_signaling_NaN                                    = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_absent;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_denorm_loss          = false;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type infinity() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_iec559  = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_bounded = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_modulo  = !std::is_signed<_Tp>::value;
+
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__pnacl__) || defined(__wasm__)
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool traps = true;
+#else
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool traps = false;
+#endif
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool tinyness_before          = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_round_style round_style = round_toward_zero;
+};
+
+template <>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits<bool, true> {
+protected:
+  typedef bool type;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_specialized = true;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_signed   = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits       = 1;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits10     = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_digits10 = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const type __min       = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const type __max       = true;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type min() _NOEXCEPT { return __min; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type max() _NOEXCEPT { return __max; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type lowest() _NOEXCEPT { return min(); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_integer = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_exact   = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int radix       = 2;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type round_error() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent   = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent10 = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent   = 0;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent10 = 0;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_infinity                                         = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_quiet_NaN                                        = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_signaling_NaN                                    = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_absent;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_denorm_loss          = false;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type infinity() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT { return type(0); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_iec559  = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_bounded = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_modulo  = false;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool traps                    = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool tinyness_before          = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_round_style round_style = round_toward_zero;
+};
+
+template <>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits<float, true> {
+protected:
+  typedef float type;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_specialized = true;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_signed   = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits       = __FLT_MANT_DIG__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits10     = __FLT_DIG__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_digits10 = 2 + (digits * 30103l) / 100000l;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type min() _NOEXCEPT { return __FLT_MIN__; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type max() _NOEXCEPT { return __FLT_MAX__; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type lowest() _NOEXCEPT { return -max(); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_integer = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_exact   = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int radix       = __FLT_RADIX__;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT { return __FLT_EPSILON__; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type round_error() _NOEXCEPT { return 0.5F; }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent   = __FLT_MIN_EXP__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent10 = __FLT_MIN_10_EXP__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent   = __FLT_MAX_EXP__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent10 = __FLT_MAX_10_EXP__;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_infinity                                         = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_quiet_NaN                                        = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_signaling_NaN                                    = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_present;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_denorm_loss          = false;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __builtin_huge_valf();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __builtin_nanf("");
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __builtin_nansf("");
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __FLT_DENORM_MIN__;
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_iec559  = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_bounded = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_modulo  = false;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool traps = false;
+#if (defined(__arm__) || defined(__aarch64__))
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool tinyness_before = true;
+#else
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool tinyness_before = false;
+#endif
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_round_style round_style = round_to_nearest;
+};
+
+template <>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits<double, true> {
+protected:
+  typedef double type;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_specialized = true;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_signed   = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits       = __DBL_MANT_DIG__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits10     = __DBL_DIG__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_digits10 = 2 + (digits * 30103l) / 100000l;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type min() _NOEXCEPT { return __DBL_MIN__; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type max() _NOEXCEPT { return __DBL_MAX__; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type lowest() _NOEXCEPT { return -max(); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_integer = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_exact   = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int radix       = __FLT_RADIX__;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT { return __DBL_EPSILON__; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type round_error() _NOEXCEPT { return 0.5; }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent   = __DBL_MIN_EXP__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent10 = __DBL_MIN_10_EXP__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent   = __DBL_MAX_EXP__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent10 = __DBL_MAX_10_EXP__;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_infinity                                         = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_quiet_NaN                                        = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_signaling_NaN                                    = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_present;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_denorm_loss          = false;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __builtin_huge_val();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __builtin_nan("");
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __builtin_nans("");
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __DBL_DENORM_MIN__;
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_iec559  = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_bounded = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_modulo  = false;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool traps = false;
+#if (defined(__arm__) || defined(__aarch64__))
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool tinyness_before = true;
+#else
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool tinyness_before = false;
+#endif
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_round_style round_style = round_to_nearest;
+};
+
+template <>
+class __libcpp_numeric_limits<long double, true> {
+protected:
+  typedef long double type;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_specialized = true;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_signed   = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits       = __LDBL_MANT_DIG__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits10     = __LDBL_DIG__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_digits10 = 2 + (digits * 30103l) / 100000l;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type min() _NOEXCEPT { return __LDBL_MIN__; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type max() _NOEXCEPT { return __LDBL_MAX__; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type lowest() _NOEXCEPT { return -max(); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_integer = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_exact   = false;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int radix       = __FLT_RADIX__;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT { return __LDBL_EPSILON__; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type round_error() _NOEXCEPT { return 0.5L; }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent   = __LDBL_MIN_EXP__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent10 = __LDBL_MIN_10_EXP__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent   = __LDBL_MAX_EXP__;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent10 = __LDBL_MAX_10_EXP__;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_infinity                                         = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_quiet_NaN                                        = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_signaling_NaN                                    = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_denorm_style has_denorm = denorm_present;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_denorm_loss          = false;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __builtin_huge_vall();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __builtin_nanl("");
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __builtin_nansl("");
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __LDBL_DENORM_MIN__;
+  }
+
+#if defined(__powerpc__) && defined(__LONG_DOUBLE_IBM128__)
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_iec559 = false;
+#else
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_iec559 = true;
+#endif
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_bounded = true;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_modulo  = false;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool traps = false;
+#if (defined(__arm__) || defined(__aarch64__))
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool tinyness_before = true;
+#else
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool tinyness_before = false;
+#endif
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_round_style round_style = round_to_nearest;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS numeric_limits : private __libcpp_numeric_limits<_Tp> {
+  typedef __libcpp_numeric_limits<_Tp> __base;
+  typedef typename __base::type type;
+
+public:
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_specialized = __base::is_specialized;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type min() _NOEXCEPT { return __base::min(); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type max() _NOEXCEPT { return __base::max(); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type lowest() _NOEXCEPT { return __base::lowest(); }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits       = __base::digits;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int digits10     = __base::digits10;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_digits10 = __base::max_digits10;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_signed   = __base::is_signed;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_integer  = __base::is_integer;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_exact    = __base::is_exact;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int radix        = __base::radix;
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type epsilon() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __base::epsilon();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type round_error() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __base::round_error();
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent   = __base::min_exponent;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int min_exponent10 = __base::min_exponent10;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent   = __base::max_exponent;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int max_exponent10 = __base::max_exponent10;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_infinity      = __base::has_infinity;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_quiet_NaN     = __base::has_quiet_NaN;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_signaling_NaN = __base::has_signaling_NaN;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_denorm_style has_denorm = __base::has_denorm;
+  static _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX23 _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool has_denorm_loss          = __base::has_denorm_loss;
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type infinity() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __base::infinity();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type quiet_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __base::quiet_NaN();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type signaling_NaN() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __base::signaling_NaN();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR type denorm_min() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __base::denorm_min();
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_iec559  = __base::is_iec559;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_bounded = __base::is_bounded;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool is_modulo  = __base::is_modulo;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool traps                    = __base::traps;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool tinyness_before          = __base::tinyness_before;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_round_style round_style = __base::round_style;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::is_specialized;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int numeric_limits<_Tp>::digits10;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int numeric_limits<_Tp>::max_digits10;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::is_signed;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::is_integer;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::is_exact;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int numeric_limits<_Tp>::radix;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int numeric_limits<_Tp>::min_exponent;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int numeric_limits<_Tp>::min_exponent10;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int numeric_limits<_Tp>::max_exponent;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const int numeric_limits<_Tp>::max_exponent10;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::has_infinity;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::has_quiet_NaN;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::has_signaling_NaN;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_denorm_style numeric_limits<_Tp>::has_denorm;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::has_denorm_loss;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::is_iec559;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::is_bounded;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::is_modulo;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::traps;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const bool numeric_limits<_Tp>::tinyness_before;
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const float_round_style numeric_limits<_Tp>::round_style;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS numeric_limits<const _Tp> : public numeric_limits<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS numeric_limits<volatile _Tp> : public numeric_limits<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS numeric_limits<const volatile _Tp> : public numeric_limits<_Tp> {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_LIMITS

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/list b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/list
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..929c84de7be449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/list
@@ -0,0 +1,1743 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_LIST
+#define _LIBCPP_LIST
+
+/*
+    list synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Alloc = allocator<T> >
+class list
+{
+public:
+
+    // types:
+    typedef T value_type;
+    typedef Alloc allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer const_pointer;
+    typedef implementation-defined iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined const_iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined size_type;
+    typedef implementation-defined 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+    typedef reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    list()
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit list(const allocator_type& a);
+    explicit list(size_type n);
+    explicit list(size_type n, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    list(size_type n, const value_type& value);
+    list(size_type n, const value_type& value, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class Iter>
+        list(Iter first, Iter last);
+    template <class Iter>
+        list(Iter first, Iter last, const allocator_type& a);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      list(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Allocator& = Allocator()); // C++23
+    list(const list& x);
+    list(const list&, const allocator_type& a);
+    list(list&& x)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    list(list&&, const allocator_type& a);
+    list(initializer_list<value_type>);
+    list(initializer_list<value_type>, const allocator_type& a);
+
+    ~list();
+
+    list& operator=(const list& x);
+    list& operator=(list&& x)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+             is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+    list& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+    template <class Iter>
+        void assign(Iter first, Iter last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      void assign_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    void assign(size_type n, const value_type& t);
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+    iterator end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;
+
+    reference front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        reference emplace_front(Args&&... args); // reference in C++17
+    void pop_front();
+    template <class... Args>
+        reference emplace_back(Args&&... args);  // reference in C++17
+    void pop_back();
+    void push_front(const value_type& x);
+    void push_front(value_type&& x);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      void prepend_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    void push_back(const value_type& x);
+    void push_back(value_type&& x);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      void append_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type&& x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, size_type n, const value_type& x);
+    template <class Iter>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator position, Iter first, Iter last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      iterator insert_range(const_iterator position, R&& rg); // C++23
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position, const_iterator last);
+
+    void resize(size_type sz);
+    void resize(size_type sz, const value_type& c);
+
+    void swap(list&)
+        noexcept(allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value);  // C++17
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list& x);
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list&& x);
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list& x, const_iterator i);
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list&& x, const_iterator i);
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list& x, const_iterator first,
+                                                  const_iterator last);
+    void splice(const_iterator position, list&& x, const_iterator first,
+                                                  const_iterator last);
+
+    size_type remove(const value_type& value);       // void before C++20
+    template <class Pred>
+      size_type remove_if(Pred pred);                // void before C++20
+    size_type unique();                              // void before C++20
+    template <class BinaryPredicate>
+      size_type unique(BinaryPredicate binary_pred); // void before C++20
+    void merge(list& x);
+    void merge(list&& x);
+    template <class Compare>
+        void merge(list& x, Compare comp);
+    template <class Compare>
+        void merge(list&& x, Compare comp);
+    void sort();
+    template <class Compare>
+        void sort(Compare comp);
+    void reverse() noexcept;
+};
+
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Allocator = allocator<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>>
+    list(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> list<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type, Allocator>;  // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<R>>>
+  list(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> list<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator==(const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator< (const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);     // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator!=(const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);     // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator> (const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);     // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator>=(const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);     // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    bool operator<=(const list<T,Alloc>& x, const list<T,Alloc>& y);     // removed in C++20
+template<class T, class Allocator>
+  synth-three-way-result<T> operator<=>(const list<T, Allocator>& x,
+                                        const list<T, Allocator>& y);    // since C++20
+
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+    void swap(list<T,Alloc>& x, list<T,Alloc>& y)
+         noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class T, class Allocator, class U>
+    typename list<T, Allocator>::size_type
+    erase(list<T, Allocator>& c, const U& value);       // since C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator, class Predicate>
+    typename list<T, Allocator>::size_type
+    erase_if(list<T, Allocator>& c, Predicate pred);    // since C++20
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/comp.h>
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__format/enable_insertable.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/move_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/next.h>
+#include <__iterator/prev.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocation_guard.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/compressed_pair.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/swap_allocator.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_allocator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <limits>
+#include <new> // __launder
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [list.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __list_node;
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __list_node_base;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __list_node_pointer_traits {
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __list_node<_Tp, _VoidPtr> > __node_pointer;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, __list_node_base<_Tp, _VoidPtr> > __base_pointer;
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_LIST_REMOVE_NODE_POINTER_UB)
+  typedef __base_pointer __link_pointer;
+#else
+  typedef __conditional_t<is_pointer<_VoidPtr>::value, __base_pointer, __node_pointer> __link_pointer;
+#endif
+
+  typedef __conditional_t<is_same<__link_pointer, __node_pointer>::value, __base_pointer, __node_pointer>
+      __non_link_pointer;
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __link_pointer __unsafe_link_pointer_cast(__link_pointer __p) { return __p; }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __link_pointer __unsafe_link_pointer_cast(__non_link_pointer __p) {
+    return static_cast<__link_pointer>(static_cast<_VoidPtr>(__p));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __list_node_base {
+  typedef __list_node_pointer_traits<_Tp, _VoidPtr> _NodeTraits;
+  typedef typename _NodeTraits::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTraits::__base_pointer __base_pointer;
+  typedef typename _NodeTraits::__link_pointer __link_pointer;
+
+  __link_pointer __prev_;
+  __link_pointer __next_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_node_base()
+      : __prev_(_NodeTraits::__unsafe_link_pointer_cast(__self())),
+        __next_(_NodeTraits::__unsafe_link_pointer_cast(__self())) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __list_node_base(__link_pointer __prev, __link_pointer __next)
+      : __prev_(__prev), __next_(__next) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __base_pointer __self() { return pointer_traits<__base_pointer>::pointer_to(*this); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_pointer __as_node() { return static_cast<__node_pointer>(__self()); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+struct __list_node : public __list_node_base<_Tp, _VoidPtr> {
+  // We allow starting the lifetime of nodes without initializing the value held by the node,
+  // since that is handled by the list itself in order to be allocator-aware.
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+private:
+  union {
+    _Tp __value_;
+  };
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& __get_value() { return __value_; }
+#else
+
+private:
+  _ALIGNAS_TYPE(_Tp) char __buffer_[sizeof(_Tp)];
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp& __get_value() { return *std::__launder(reinterpret_cast<_Tp*>(&__buffer_)); }
+#endif
+
+  typedef __list_node_base<_Tp, _VoidPtr> __base;
+  typedef typename __base::__link_pointer __link_pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __list_node(__link_pointer __prev, __link_pointer __next) : __base(__prev, __next) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__list_node() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __link_pointer __as_link() { return static_cast<__link_pointer>(__base::__self()); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc = allocator<_Tp> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS list;
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+class __list_imp;
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __list_const_iterator;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __list_iterator {
+  typedef __list_node_pointer_traits<_Tp, _VoidPtr> _NodeTraits;
+  typedef typename _NodeTraits::__link_pointer __link_pointer;
+
+  __link_pointer __ptr_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __list_iterator(__link_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p) {}
+
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class list;
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class __list_imp;
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class __list_const_iterator;
+
+public:
+  typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, value_type> pointer;
+  typedef typename pointer_traits<pointer>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_iterator() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __ptr_->__as_node()->__get_value(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const {
+    return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__ptr_->__as_node()->__get_value());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_iterator& operator++() {
+    __ptr_ = __ptr_->__next_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __list_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_iterator& operator--() {
+    __ptr_ = __ptr_->__prev_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_iterator operator--(int) {
+    __list_iterator __t(*this);
+    --(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __list_iterator& __x, const __list_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __list_iterator& __x, const __list_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _VoidPtr>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __list_const_iterator {
+  typedef __list_node_pointer_traits<_Tp, _VoidPtr> _NodeTraits;
+  typedef typename _NodeTraits::__link_pointer __link_pointer;
+
+  __link_pointer __ptr_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __list_const_iterator(__link_pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(__p) {}
+
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class list;
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class __list_imp;
+
+public:
+  typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef const value_type& reference;
+  typedef __rebind_pointer_t<_VoidPtr, const value_type> pointer;
+  typedef typename pointer_traits<pointer>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_const_iterator() _NOEXCEPT : __ptr_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_const_iterator(const __list_iterator<_Tp, _VoidPtr>& __p) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __ptr_(__p.__ptr_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __ptr_->__as_node()->__get_value(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const {
+    return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__ptr_->__as_node()->__get_value());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_const_iterator& operator++() {
+    __ptr_ = __ptr_->__next_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_const_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __list_const_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_const_iterator& operator--() {
+    __ptr_ = __ptr_->__prev_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_const_iterator operator--(int) {
+    __list_const_iterator __t(*this);
+    --(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __list_const_iterator& __x, const __list_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__ptr_ == __y.__ptr_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __list_const_iterator& __x, const __list_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return !(__x == __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+class __list_imp {
+public:
+  __list_imp(const __list_imp&) = delete;
+  __list_imp& operator=(const __list_imp&) = delete;
+
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+
+protected:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::void_pointer __void_pointer;
+  typedef __list_iterator<value_type, __void_pointer> iterator;
+  typedef __list_const_iterator<value_type, __void_pointer> const_iterator;
+  typedef __list_node_base<value_type, __void_pointer> __node_base;
+  typedef __list_node<value_type, __void_pointer> __node_type;
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, __node_type> __node_allocator;
+  typedef allocator_traits<__node_allocator> __node_alloc_traits;
+  typedef typename __node_alloc_traits::pointer __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename __node_alloc_traits::pointer __node_const_pointer;
+  typedef __list_node_pointer_traits<value_type, __void_pointer> __node_pointer_traits;
+  typedef typename __node_pointer_traits::__link_pointer __link_pointer;
+  typedef __link_pointer __link_const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, __node_base> __node_base_allocator;
+  typedef typename allocator_traits<__node_base_allocator>::pointer __node_base_pointer;
+  static_assert(!is_same<allocator_type, __node_allocator>::value,
+                "internal allocator type must 
diff er from user-specified type; otherwise overload resolution breaks");
+
+  __node_base __end_;
+  __compressed_pair<size_type, __node_allocator> __size_alloc_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __link_pointer __end_as_link() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __node_pointer_traits::__unsafe_link_pointer_cast(const_cast<__node_base&>(__end_).__self());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type& __sz() _NOEXCEPT { return __size_alloc_.first(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const size_type& __sz() const _NOEXCEPT { return __size_alloc_.first(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_allocator& __node_alloc() _NOEXCEPT { return __size_alloc_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const __node_allocator& __node_alloc() const _NOEXCEPT { return __size_alloc_.second(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __node_alloc_max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __node_alloc_traits::max_size(__node_alloc());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __unlink_nodes(__link_pointer __f, __link_pointer __l) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_imp() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_imp(const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_imp(const __node_allocator& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __list_imp(__node_allocator&& __a) _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__list_imp();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return __sz() == 0; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return iterator(__end_.__next_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_iterator(__end_.__next_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return iterator(__end_as_link()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_iterator(__end_as_link()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__list_imp& __c)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT;
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<allocator_type>);
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __list_imp& __c) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(
+        __c, integral_constant<bool, __node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__list_imp& __c)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+                 is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value) {
+    __move_assign_alloc(
+        __c, integral_constant<bool, __node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_pointer __create_node(__link_pointer __prev, __link_pointer __next, _Args&&... __args) {
+    __node_allocator& __alloc = __node_alloc();
+    __allocation_guard<__node_allocator> __guard(__alloc, 1);
+    // Begin the lifetime of the node itself. Note that this doesn't begin the lifetime of the value
+    // held inside the node, since we need to use the allocator's construct() method for that.
+    //
+    // We don't use the allocator's construct() method to construct the node itself since the
+    // Cpp17FooInsertable named requirements don't require the allocator's construct() method
+    // to work on anything other than the value_type.
+    std::__construct_at(std::addressof(*__guard.__get()), __prev, __next);
+
+    // Now construct the value_type using the allocator's construct() method.
+    __node_alloc_traits::construct(
+        __alloc, std::addressof(__guard.__get()->__get_value()), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    return __guard.__release_ptr();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __delete_node(__node_pointer __node) {
+    // For the same reason as above, we use the allocator's destroy() method for the value_type,
+    // but not for the node itself.
+    __node_allocator& __alloc = __node_alloc();
+    __node_alloc_traits::destroy(__alloc, std::addressof(__node->__get_value()));
+    std::__destroy_at(std::addressof(*__node));
+    __node_alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc, __node, 1);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __list_imp& __c, true_type) {
+    if (__node_alloc() != __c.__node_alloc())
+      clear();
+    __node_alloc() = __c.__node_alloc();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const __list_imp&, false_type) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__list_imp& __c, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value) {
+    __node_alloc() = std::move(__c.__node_alloc());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(__list_imp&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+};
+
+// Unlink nodes [__f, __l]
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline void __list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::__unlink_nodes(__link_pointer __f, __link_pointer __l) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __f->__prev_->__next_ = __l->__next_;
+  __l->__next_->__prev_ = __f->__prev_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline __list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::__list_imp() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value)
+    : __size_alloc_(0, __default_init_tag()) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline __list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::__list_imp(const allocator_type& __a) : __size_alloc_(0, __node_allocator(__a)) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline __list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::__list_imp(const __node_allocator& __a) : __size_alloc_(0, __a) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline __list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::__list_imp(__node_allocator&& __a) _NOEXCEPT : __size_alloc_(0, std::move(__a)) {}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+__list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::~__list_imp() {
+  clear();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void __list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::clear() _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (!empty()) {
+    __link_pointer __f = __end_.__next_;
+    __link_pointer __l = __end_as_link();
+    __unlink_nodes(__f, __l->__prev_);
+    __sz() = 0;
+    while (__f != __l) {
+      __node_pointer __np = __f->__as_node();
+      __f                 = __f->__next_;
+      __delete_node(__np);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void __list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc>::swap(__list_imp& __c)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+    _NOEXCEPT
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<allocator_type>)
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || this->__node_alloc() == __c.__node_alloc(),
+      "list::swap: Either propagate_on_container_swap must be true"
+      " or the allocators must compare equal");
+  using std::swap;
+  std::__swap_allocator(__node_alloc(), __c.__node_alloc());
+  swap(__sz(), __c.__sz());
+  swap(__end_, __c.__end_);
+  if (__sz() == 0)
+    __end_.__next_ = __end_.__prev_ = __end_as_link();
+  else
+    __end_.__prev_->__next_ = __end_.__next_->__prev_ = __end_as_link();
+  if (__c.__sz() == 0)
+    __c.__end_.__next_ = __c.__end_.__prev_ = __c.__end_as_link();
+  else
+    __c.__end_.__prev_->__next_ = __c.__end_.__next_->__prev_ = __c.__end_as_link();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc /*= allocator<_Tp>*/>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS list : private __list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc> {
+  typedef __list_imp<_Tp, _Alloc> base;
+  typedef typename base::__node_type __node_type;
+  typedef typename base::__node_allocator __node_allocator;
+  typedef typename base::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename base::__node_alloc_traits __node_alloc_traits;
+  typedef typename base::__node_base __node_base;
+  typedef typename base::__node_base_pointer __node_base_pointer;
+  typedef typename base::__link_pointer __link_pointer;
+
+public:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value);
+  static_assert(is_same<value_type, typename allocator_type::value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+  typedef typename base::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename base::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename base::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename base::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename base::iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename base::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef size_type __remove_return_type;
+#else
+  typedef void __remove_return_type;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__node_allocator>::value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit list(const allocator_type& __a) : base(__a) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit list(size_type __n);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit list(size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list(size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+  template <__enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list(size_type __n, const value_type& __x, const allocator_type& __a) : base(__a) {
+    for (; __n > 0; --__n)
+      push_back(__x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InpIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InpIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l);
+
+  template <class _InpIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InpIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type()) : base(__a) {
+    prepend_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list(const list& __c);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list(const list& __c, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list& operator=(const list& __c);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list(list&& __c) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list(list&& __c, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list& operator=(list&& __c)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value&&
+                     is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI list& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { assign(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <class _InpIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InpIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    __assign_with_sentinel(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return base::__sz(); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return base::empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::min<size_type>(base::__node_alloc_max_size(), numeric_limits<
diff erence_type >::max());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return base::begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return base::begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return base::end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return base::end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return base::begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return base::end(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference front() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "list::front called on empty list");
+    return base::__end_.__next_->__as_node()->__get_value();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference front() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "list::front called on empty list");
+    return base::__end_.__next_->__as_node()->__get_value();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference back() {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "list::back called on empty list");
+    return base::__end_.__prev_->__as_node()->__get_value();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference back() const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "list::back called on empty list");
+    return base::__end_.__prev_->__as_node()->__get_value();
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_front(value_type&& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_back(value_type&& __x);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void prepend_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    insert_range(begin(), std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void append_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    insert_range(end(), std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference emplace_front(_Args&&... __args);
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void emplace_front(_Args&&... __args);
+#  endif
+  template <class... _Args>
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference emplace_back(_Args&&... __args);
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void emplace_back(_Args&&... __args);
+#  endif
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __x);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    return insert(__p, __il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_front(const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_back(const value_type& __x);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Arg>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __emplace_back(_Arg&& __arg) {
+    emplace_back(std::forward<_Arg>(__arg));
+  }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __emplace_back(value_type const& __arg) { push_back(__arg); }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+
+  template <class _InpIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InpIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, _InpIter __f, _InpIter __l);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_range(const_iterator __position, _Range&& __range) {
+    return __insert_with_sentinel(__position, ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(list& __c)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<__node_allocator>)
+#endif
+  {
+    base::swap(__c);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT { base::clear(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop_front();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop_back();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void splice(const_iterator __p, list&& __c) { splice(__p, __c); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void splice(const_iterator __p, list&& __c, const_iterator __i) { splice(__p, __c, __i); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void splice(const_iterator __p, list&& __c, const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) {
+    splice(__p, __c, __f, __l);
+  }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c, const_iterator __i);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c, const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __remove_return_type remove(const value_type& __x);
+  template <class _Pred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __remove_return_type remove_if(_Pred __pred);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __remove_return_type unique() { return unique(__equal_to()); }
+  template <class _BinaryPred>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __remove_return_type unique(_BinaryPred __binary_pred);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(list& __c);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(list&& __c) { merge(__c); }
+
+  template <class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(list&& __c, _Comp __comp) {
+    merge(__c, __comp);
+  }
+#endif
+  template <class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(list& __c, _Comp __comp);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void sort();
+  template <class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void sort(_Comp __comp);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reverse() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __invariants() const;
+
+private:
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_with_sentinel(_Iterator __f, _Sentinel __l);
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __insert_with_sentinel(const_iterator __p, _Iterator __f, _Sentinel __l);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __link_nodes(__link_pointer __p, __link_pointer __f, __link_pointer __l);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __link_nodes_at_front(__link_pointer __f, __link_pointer __l);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __link_nodes_at_back(__link_pointer __f, __link_pointer __l);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __iterator(size_type __n);
+  // TODO: Make this _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  template <class _Comp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDDEN static iterator __sort(iterator __f1, iterator __e2, size_type __n, _Comp& __comp);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(list& __c, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(list& __c, false_type);
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+list(_InputIterator, _InputIterator) -> list<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Alloc>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Alloc,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+list(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Alloc) -> list<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Alloc>;
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+list(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Alloc = _Alloc()) -> list<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Alloc>;
+#endif
+
+// Link in nodes [__f, __l] just prior to __p
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__link_nodes(__link_pointer __p, __link_pointer __f, __link_pointer __l) {
+  __p->__prev_->__next_ = __f;
+  __f->__prev_          = __p->__prev_;
+  __p->__prev_          = __l;
+  __l->__next_          = __p;
+}
+
+// Link in nodes [__f, __l] at the front of the list
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__link_nodes_at_front(__link_pointer __f, __link_pointer __l) {
+  __f->__prev_          = base::__end_as_link();
+  __l->__next_          = base::__end_.__next_;
+  __l->__next_->__prev_ = __l;
+  base::__end_.__next_  = __f;
+}
+
+// Link in nodes [__f, __l] at the back of the list
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__link_nodes_at_back(__link_pointer __f, __link_pointer __l) {
+  __l->__next_          = base::__end_as_link();
+  __f->__prev_          = base::__end_.__prev_;
+  __f->__prev_->__next_ = __f;
+  base::__end_.__prev_  = __l;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__iterator(size_type __n) {
+  return __n <= base::__sz() / 2 ? std::next(begin(), __n) : std::prev(end(), base::__sz() - __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(size_type __n) {
+  for (; __n > 0; --__n)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    emplace_back();
+#else
+    push_back(value_type());
+#endif
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a) : base(__a) {
+  for (; __n > 0; --__n)
+    emplace_back();
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(size_type __n, const value_type& __x) {
+  for (; __n > 0; --__n)
+    push_back(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InpIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InpIter>::value, int> >
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l) {
+  for (; __f != __l; ++__f)
+    __emplace_back(*__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InpIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InpIter>::value, int> >
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l, const allocator_type& __a) : base(__a) {
+  for (; __f != __l; ++__f)
+    __emplace_back(*__f);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(const list& __c)
+    : base(__node_alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__c.__node_alloc())) {
+  for (const_iterator __i = __c.begin(), __e = __c.end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+    push_back(*__i);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(const list& __c, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a) : base(__a) {
+  for (const_iterator __i = __c.begin(), __e = __c.end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+    push_back(*__i);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a) : base(__a) {
+  for (typename initializer_list<value_type>::const_iterator __i = __il.begin(), __e = __il.end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+    push_back(*__i);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  for (typename initializer_list<value_type>::const_iterator __i = __il.begin(), __e = __il.end(); __i != __e; ++__i)
+    push_back(*__i);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(list&& __c) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__node_allocator>::value)
+    : base(std::move(__c.__node_alloc())) {
+  splice(end(), __c);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline list<_Tp, _Alloc>::list(list&& __c, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a) : base(__a) {
+  if (__a == __c.get_allocator())
+    splice(end(), __c);
+  else {
+    typedef move_iterator<iterator> _Ip;
+    assign(_Ip(__c.begin()), _Ip(__c.end()));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline list<_Tp, _Alloc>& list<_Tp, _Alloc>::operator=(list&& __c) noexcept(
+    __node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+    is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value) {
+  __move_assign(__c, integral_constant<bool, __node_alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__move_assign(list& __c, false_type) {
+  if (base::__node_alloc() != __c.__node_alloc()) {
+    typedef move_iterator<iterator> _Ip;
+    assign(_Ip(__c.begin()), _Ip(__c.end()));
+  } else
+    __move_assign(__c, true_type());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__move_assign(list& __c,
+                                      true_type) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__node_allocator>::value) {
+  clear();
+  base::__move_assign_alloc(__c);
+  splice(end(), __c);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline list<_Tp, _Alloc>& list<_Tp, _Alloc>::operator=(const list& __c) {
+  if (this != std::addressof(__c)) {
+    base::__copy_assign_alloc(__c);
+    assign(__c.begin(), __c.end());
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InpIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InpIter>::value, int> >
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::assign(_InpIter __f, _InpIter __l) {
+  __assign_with_sentinel(__f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__assign_with_sentinel(_Iterator __f, _Sentinel __l) {
+  iterator __i = begin();
+  iterator __e = end();
+  for (; __f != __l && __i != __e; ++__f, (void)++__i)
+    *__i = *__f;
+  if (__i == __e)
+    __insert_with_sentinel(__e, std::move(__f), std::move(__l));
+  else
+    erase(__i, __e);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __x) {
+  iterator __i = begin();
+  iterator __e = end();
+  for (; __n > 0 && __i != __e; --__n, (void)++__i)
+    *__i = __x;
+  if (__i == __e)
+    insert(__e, __n, __x);
+  else
+    erase(__i, __e);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _Alloc list<_Tp, _Alloc>::get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return allocator_type(base::__node_alloc());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __x) {
+  __node_pointer __node = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, __x);
+  __link_nodes(__p.__ptr_, __node->__as_link(), __node->__as_link());
+  ++base::__sz();
+  return iterator(__node->__as_link());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, const value_type& __x) {
+  iterator __r(__p.__ptr_);
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    size_type __ds        = 0;
+    __node_pointer __node = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, __x);
+    ++__ds;
+    __r          = iterator(__node->__as_link());
+    iterator __e = __r;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (--__n; __n != 0; --__n, (void)++__e, ++__ds) {
+        __e.__ptr_->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ __e.__ptr_, /* next = */ nullptr, __x)->__as_link();
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      while (true) {
+        __link_pointer __prev    = __e.__ptr_->__prev_;
+        __node_pointer __current = __e.__ptr_->__as_node();
+        this->__delete_node(__current);
+        if (__prev == 0)
+          break;
+        __e = iterator(__prev);
+      }
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __link_nodes(__p.__ptr_, __r.__ptr_, __e.__ptr_);
+    base::__sz() += __ds;
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InpIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InpIter>::value, int> >
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert(const_iterator __p, _InpIter __f, _InpIter __l) {
+  return __insert_with_sentinel(__p, __f, __l);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__insert_with_sentinel(const_iterator __p, _Iterator __f, _Sentinel __l) {
+  iterator __r(__p.__ptr_);
+  if (__f != __l) {
+    size_type __ds        = 0;
+    __node_pointer __node = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, *__f);
+    ++__ds;
+    __r          = iterator(__node->__as_link());
+    iterator __e = __r;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (++__f; __f != __l; ++__f, (void)++__e, ++__ds) {
+        __e.__ptr_->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ __e.__ptr_, /* next = */ nullptr, *__f)->__as_link();
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      while (true) {
+        __link_pointer __prev    = __e.__ptr_->__prev_;
+        __node_pointer __current = __e.__ptr_->__as_node();
+        this->__delete_node(__current);
+        if (__prev == 0)
+          break;
+        __e = iterator(__prev);
+      }
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __link_nodes(__p.__ptr_, __r.__ptr_, __e.__ptr_);
+    base::__sz() += __ds;
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_front(const value_type& __x) {
+  __node_pointer __node = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, __x);
+  __link_pointer __nl   = __node->__as_link();
+  __link_nodes_at_front(__nl, __nl);
+  ++base::__sz();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(const value_type& __x) {
+  __node_pointer __node = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, __x);
+  __link_pointer __nl   = __node->__as_link();
+  __link_nodes_at_back(__nl, __nl);
+  ++base::__sz();
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_front(value_type&& __x) {
+  __node_pointer __node = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, std::move(__x));
+  __link_pointer __nl   = __node->__as_link();
+  __link_nodes_at_front(__nl, __nl);
+  ++base::__sz();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::push_back(value_type&& __x) {
+  __node_pointer __node = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, std::move(__x));
+  __link_pointer __nl   = __node->__as_link();
+  __link_nodes_at_back(__nl, __nl);
+  ++base::__sz();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::reference
+#  else
+void
+#  endif
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::emplace_front(_Args&&... __args) {
+  __node_pointer __node =
+      this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  __link_pointer __nl = __node->__as_link();
+  __link_nodes_at_front(__nl, __nl);
+  ++base::__sz();
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  return __node->__get_value();
+#  endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::reference
+#  else
+void
+#  endif
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::emplace_back(_Args&&... __args) {
+  __node_pointer __node =
+      this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  __link_pointer __nl = __node->__as_link();
+  __link_nodes_at_back(__nl, __nl);
+  ++base::__sz();
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  return __node->__get_value();
+#  endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class... _Args>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator list<_Tp, _Alloc>::emplace(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+  __node_pointer __node =
+      this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  __link_pointer __nl = __node->__as_link();
+  __link_nodes(__p.__ptr_, __nl, __nl);
+  ++base::__sz();
+  return iterator(__nl);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator list<_Tp, _Alloc>::insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __x) {
+  __node_pointer __node = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, std::move(__x));
+  __link_pointer __nl   = __node->__as_link();
+  __link_nodes(__p.__ptr_, __nl, __nl);
+  ++base::__sz();
+  return iterator(__nl);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::pop_front() {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "list::pop_front() called with empty list");
+  __link_pointer __n = base::__end_.__next_;
+  base::__unlink_nodes(__n, __n);
+  --base::__sz();
+  this->__delete_node(__n->__as_node());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::pop_back() {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "list::pop_back() called on an empty list");
+  __link_pointer __n = base::__end_.__prev_;
+  base::__unlink_nodes(__n, __n);
+  --base::__sz();
+  this->__delete_node(__n->__as_node());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator list<_Tp, _Alloc>::erase(const_iterator __p) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__p != end(), "list::erase(iterator) called with a non-dereferenceable iterator");
+  __link_pointer __n = __p.__ptr_;
+  __link_pointer __r = __n->__next_;
+  base::__unlink_nodes(__n, __n);
+  --base::__sz();
+  this->__delete_node(__n->__as_node());
+  return iterator(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator list<_Tp, _Alloc>::erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) {
+  if (__f != __l) {
+    base::__unlink_nodes(__f.__ptr_, __l.__ptr_->__prev_);
+    while (__f != __l) {
+      __link_pointer __n = __f.__ptr_;
+      ++__f;
+      --base::__sz();
+      this->__delete_node(__n->__as_node());
+    }
+  }
+  return iterator(__l.__ptr_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::resize(size_type __n) {
+  if (__n < base::__sz())
+    erase(__iterator(__n), end());
+  else if (__n > base::__sz()) {
+    __n -= base::__sz();
+    size_type __ds        = 0;
+    __node_pointer __node = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr);
+    ++__ds;
+    iterator __r = iterator(__node->__as_link());
+    iterator __e = __r;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (--__n; __n != 0; --__n, (void)++__e, ++__ds) {
+        __e.__ptr_->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ __e.__ptr_, /* next = */ nullptr)->__as_link();
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      while (true) {
+        __link_pointer __prev    = __e.__ptr_->__prev_;
+        __node_pointer __current = __e.__ptr_->__as_node();
+        this->__delete_node(__current);
+        if (__prev == 0)
+          break;
+        __e = iterator(__prev);
+      }
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __link_nodes_at_back(__r.__ptr_, __e.__ptr_);
+    base::__sz() += __ds;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::resize(size_type __n, const value_type& __x) {
+  if (__n < base::__sz())
+    erase(__iterator(__n), end());
+  else if (__n > base::__sz()) {
+    __n -= base::__sz();
+    size_type __ds        = 0;
+    __node_pointer __node = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ nullptr, /* next = */ nullptr, __x);
+    ++__ds;
+    __link_pointer __nl = __node->__as_link();
+    iterator __r        = iterator(__nl);
+    iterator __e        = __r;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (--__n; __n != 0; --__n, (void)++__e, ++__ds) {
+        __e.__ptr_->__next_ = this->__create_node(/* prev = */ __e.__ptr_, /* next = */ nullptr, __x)->__as_link();
+      }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      while (true) {
+        __link_pointer __prev    = __e.__ptr_->__prev_;
+        __node_pointer __current = __e.__ptr_->__as_node();
+        this->__delete_node(__current);
+        if (__prev == 0)
+          break;
+        __e = iterator(__prev);
+      }
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __link_nodes(base::__end_as_link(), __r.__ptr_, __e.__ptr_);
+    base::__sz() += __ds;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(
+      this != std::addressof(__c), "list::splice(iterator, list) called with this == &list");
+  if (!__c.empty()) {
+    __link_pointer __f = __c.__end_.__next_;
+    __link_pointer __l = __c.__end_.__prev_;
+    base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __l);
+    __link_nodes(__p.__ptr_, __f, __l);
+    base::__sz() += __c.__sz();
+    __c.__sz() = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c, const_iterator __i) {
+  if (__p.__ptr_ != __i.__ptr_ && __p.__ptr_ != __i.__ptr_->__next_) {
+    __link_pointer __f = __i.__ptr_;
+    base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __f);
+    __link_nodes(__p.__ptr_, __f, __f);
+    --__c.__sz();
+    ++base::__sz();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::splice(const_iterator __p, list& __c, const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) {
+  if (__f != __l) {
+    __link_pointer __first = __f.__ptr_;
+    --__l;
+    __link_pointer __last = __l.__ptr_;
+    if (this != std::addressof(__c)) {
+      size_type __s = std::distance(__f, __l) + 1;
+      __c.__sz() -= __s;
+      base::__sz() += __s;
+    }
+    base::__unlink_nodes(__first, __last);
+    __link_nodes(__p.__ptr_, __first, __last);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__remove_return_type list<_Tp, _Alloc>::remove(const value_type& __x) {
+  list<_Tp, _Alloc> __deleted_nodes(get_allocator()); // collect the nodes we're removing
+  for (const_iterator __i = begin(), __e = end(); __i != __e;) {
+    if (*__i == __x) {
+      const_iterator __j = std::next(__i);
+      for (; __j != __e && *__j == __x; ++__j)
+        ;
+      __deleted_nodes.splice(__deleted_nodes.end(), *this, __i, __j);
+      __i = __j;
+      if (__i != __e)
+        ++__i;
+    } else
+      ++__i;
+  }
+
+  return (__remove_return_type)__deleted_nodes.size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Pred>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__remove_return_type list<_Tp, _Alloc>::remove_if(_Pred __pred) {
+  list<_Tp, _Alloc> __deleted_nodes(get_allocator()); // collect the nodes we're removing
+  for (iterator __i = begin(), __e = end(); __i != __e;) {
+    if (__pred(*__i)) {
+      iterator __j = std::next(__i);
+      for (; __j != __e && __pred(*__j); ++__j)
+        ;
+      __deleted_nodes.splice(__deleted_nodes.end(), *this, __i, __j);
+      __i = __j;
+      if (__i != __e)
+        ++__i;
+    } else
+      ++__i;
+  }
+
+  return (__remove_return_type)__deleted_nodes.size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _BinaryPred>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__remove_return_type list<_Tp, _Alloc>::unique(_BinaryPred __binary_pred) {
+  list<_Tp, _Alloc> __deleted_nodes(get_allocator()); // collect the nodes we're removing
+  for (iterator __i = begin(), __e = end(); __i != __e;) {
+    iterator __j = std::next(__i);
+    for (; __j != __e && __binary_pred(*__i, *__j); ++__j)
+      ;
+    if (++__i != __j) {
+      __deleted_nodes.splice(__deleted_nodes.end(), *this, __i, __j);
+      __i = __j;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (__remove_return_type)__deleted_nodes.size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::merge(list& __c) {
+  merge(__c, __less<>());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Comp>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::merge(list& __c, _Comp __comp) {
+  if (this != std::addressof(__c)) {
+    iterator __f1 = begin();
+    iterator __e1 = end();
+    iterator __f2 = __c.begin();
+    iterator __e2 = __c.end();
+    while (__f1 != __e1 && __f2 != __e2) {
+      if (__comp(*__f2, *__f1)) {
+        size_type __ds = 1;
+        iterator __m2  = std::next(__f2);
+        for (; __m2 != __e2 && __comp(*__m2, *__f1); ++__m2, (void)++__ds)
+          ;
+        base::__sz() += __ds;
+        __c.__sz() -= __ds;
+        __link_pointer __f = __f2.__ptr_;
+        __link_pointer __l = __m2.__ptr_->__prev_;
+        __f2               = __m2;
+        base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __l);
+        __m2 = std::next(__f1);
+        __link_nodes(__f1.__ptr_, __f, __l);
+        __f1 = __m2;
+      } else
+        ++__f1;
+    }
+    splice(__e1, __c);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::sort() {
+  sort(__less<>());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Comp>
+inline void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::sort(_Comp __comp) {
+  __sort(begin(), end(), base::__sz(), __comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+template <class _Comp>
+typename list<_Tp, _Alloc>::iterator
+list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__sort(iterator __f1, iterator __e2, size_type __n, _Comp& __comp) {
+  switch (__n) {
+  case 0:
+  case 1:
+    return __f1;
+  case 2:
+    if (__comp(*--__e2, *__f1)) {
+      __link_pointer __f = __e2.__ptr_;
+      base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __f);
+      __link_nodes(__f1.__ptr_, __f, __f);
+      return __e2;
+    }
+    return __f1;
+  }
+  size_type __n2 = __n / 2;
+  iterator __e1  = std::next(__f1, __n2);
+  iterator __r = __f1 = __sort(__f1, __e1, __n2, __comp);
+  iterator __f2 = __e1 = __sort(__e1, __e2, __n - __n2, __comp);
+  if (__comp(*__f2, *__f1)) {
+    iterator __m2 = std::next(__f2);
+    for (; __m2 != __e2 && __comp(*__m2, *__f1); ++__m2)
+      ;
+    __link_pointer __f = __f2.__ptr_;
+    __link_pointer __l = __m2.__ptr_->__prev_;
+    __r                = __f2;
+    __e1 = __f2 = __m2;
+    base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __l);
+    __m2 = std::next(__f1);
+    __link_nodes(__f1.__ptr_, __f, __l);
+    __f1 = __m2;
+  } else
+    ++__f1;
+  while (__f1 != __e1 && __f2 != __e2) {
+    if (__comp(*__f2, *__f1)) {
+      iterator __m2 = std::next(__f2);
+      for (; __m2 != __e2 && __comp(*__m2, *__f1); ++__m2)
+        ;
+      __link_pointer __f = __f2.__ptr_;
+      __link_pointer __l = __m2.__ptr_->__prev_;
+      if (__e1 == __f2)
+        __e1 = __m2;
+      __f2 = __m2;
+      base::__unlink_nodes(__f, __l);
+      __m2 = std::next(__f1);
+      __link_nodes(__f1.__ptr_, __f, __l);
+      __f1 = __m2;
+    } else
+      ++__f1;
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+void list<_Tp, _Alloc>::reverse() _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (base::__sz() > 1) {
+    iterator __e = end();
+    for (iterator __i = begin(); __i.__ptr_ != __e.__ptr_;) {
+      std::swap(__i.__ptr_->__prev_, __i.__ptr_->__next_);
+      __i.__ptr_ = __i.__ptr_->__prev_;
+    }
+    std::swap(__e.__ptr_->__prev_, __e.__ptr_->__next_);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+bool list<_Tp, _Alloc>::__invariants() const {
+  return size() == std::distance(begin(), end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return __x.size() == __y.size() && std::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __synth_three_way_result<_Tp>
+operator<=>(const list<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const list<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(
+      __x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end(), std::__synth_three_way);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __x, list<_Tp, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename list<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(list<_Tp, _Allocator>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return __c.remove_if(__pred);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename list<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase(list<_Tp, _Allocator>& __c, const _Up& __v) {
+  return std::erase_if(__c, [&](auto& __elem) { return __elem == __v; });
+}
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __format::__enable_insertable<std::list<char>> = true;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __format::__enable_insertable<std::list<wchar_t>> = true;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace pmr {
+template <class _ValueT>
+using list _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = std::list<_ValueT, polymorphic_allocator<_ValueT>>;
+} // namespace pmr
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_LIST

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/locale b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/locale
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..573910a85bef54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/locale
@@ -0,0 +1,3767 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_LOCALE
+#define _LIBCPP_LOCALE
+
+/*
+    locale synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class locale
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    class facet;
+    class id;
+
+    typedef int category;
+    static const category // values assigned here are for exposition only
+        none     = 0x000,
+        collate  = 0x010,
+        ctype    = 0x020,
+        monetary = 0x040,
+        numeric  = 0x080,
+        time     = 0x100,
+        messages = 0x200,
+        all = collate | ctype | monetary | numeric | time | messages;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    locale() noexcept;
+    locale(const locale& other) noexcept;
+    explicit locale(const char* std_name);
+    explicit locale(const string& std_name);
+    locale(const locale& other, const char* std_name, category);
+    locale(const locale& other, const string& std_name, category);
+    template <class Facet> locale(const locale& other, Facet* f);
+    locale(const locale& other, const locale& one, category);
+
+    ~locale(); // not virtual
+
+    const locale& operator=(const locale& other) noexcept;
+
+    template <class Facet> locale combine(const locale& other) const;
+
+    // locale operations:
+    basic_string<char> name() const;
+    bool operator==(const locale& other) const;
+    bool operator!=(const locale& other) const;                              // removed C++20
+    template <class charT, class Traits, class Allocator>
+      bool operator()(const basic_string<charT,Traits,Allocator>& s1,
+                      const basic_string<charT,Traits,Allocator>& s2) const;
+
+    // global locale objects:
+    static locale global(const locale&);
+    static const locale& classic();
+};
+
+template <class Facet> const Facet& use_facet(const locale&);
+template <class Facet> bool has_facet(const locale&) noexcept;
+
+// 22.3.3, convenience interfaces:
+template <class charT> bool isspace (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isprint (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool iscntrl (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isupper (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool islower (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isalpha (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isdigit (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool ispunct (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isxdigit(charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isalnum (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> bool isgraph (charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> charT toupper(charT c, const locale& loc);
+template <class charT> charT tolower(charT c, const locale& loc);
+
+template<class Codecvt, class Elem = wchar_t,
+         class Wide_alloc = allocator<Elem>,
+         class Byte_alloc = allocator<char>>
+class wstring_convert                                      // Removed in C++26
+{
+public:
+    typedef basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, Byte_alloc> byte_string;
+    typedef basic_string<Elem, char_traits<Elem>, Wide_alloc> wide_string;
+    typedef typename Codecvt::state_type                      state_type;
+    typedef typename wide_string::traits_type::int_type       int_type;
+
+    wstring_convert(Codecvt* pcvt = new Codecvt);          // before C++14
+    explicit wstring_convert(Codecvt* pcvt = new Codecvt); // before C++20
+    wstring_convert() : wstring_convert(new Codecvt) {}    // C++20
+    explicit wstring_convert(Codecvt* pcvt);               // C++20
+
+    wstring_convert(Codecvt* pcvt, state_type state);
+    explicit wstring_convert(const byte_string& byte_err,           // explicit in C++14
+                    const wide_string& wide_err = wide_string());
+    wstring_convert(const wstring_convert&) = delete;               // C++14
+    wstring_convert & operator=(const wstring_convert &) = delete;  // C++14
+    ~wstring_convert();
+
+    wide_string from_bytes(char byte);
+    wide_string from_bytes(const char* ptr);
+    wide_string from_bytes(const byte_string& str);
+    wide_string from_bytes(const char* first, const char* last);
+
+    byte_string to_bytes(Elem wchar);
+    byte_string to_bytes(const Elem* wptr);
+    byte_string to_bytes(const wide_string& wstr);
+    byte_string to_bytes(const Elem* first, const Elem* last);
+
+    size_t converted() const; // noexcept in C++14
+    state_type state() const;
+};
+
+template <class Codecvt, class Elem = wchar_t, class Tr = char_traits<Elem>>
+class wbuffer_convert                                               // Removed in C++26
+    : public basic_streambuf<Elem, Tr>
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename Tr::state_type state_type;
+
+    wbuffer_convert(streambuf* bytebuf = 0, Codecvt* pcvt = new Codecvt,
+                    state_type state = state_type());          // before C++14
+    explicit wbuffer_convert(streambuf* bytebuf = nullptr, Codecvt* pcvt = new Codecvt,
+                            state_type state = state_type()); // before C++20
+    wbuffer_convert() : wbuffer_convert(nullptr) {} // C++20
+    explicit wbuffer_convert(streambuf* bytebuf, Codecvt* pcvt = new Codecvt,
+                            state_type state = state_type()); // C++20
+
+    wbuffer_convert(const wbuffer_convert&) = delete;               // C++14
+    wbuffer_convert & operator=(const wbuffer_convert &) = delete;  // C++14
+    ~wbuffer_convert();                                             // C++14
+
+    streambuf* rdbuf() const;
+    streambuf* rdbuf(streambuf* bytebuf);
+
+    state_type state() const;
+};
+
+// 22.4.1 and 22.4.1.3, ctype:
+class ctype_base;
+template <class charT> class ctype;
+template <> class ctype<char>; // specialization
+template <class charT> class ctype_byname;
+template <> class ctype_byname<char>; // specialization
+
+class codecvt_base;
+template <class internT, class externT, class stateT> class codecvt;
+template <class internT, class externT, class stateT> class codecvt_byname;
+
+// 22.4.2 and 22.4.3, numeric:
+template <class charT, class InputIterator> class num_get;
+template <class charT, class OutputIterator> class num_put;
+template <class charT> class numpunct;
+template <class charT> class numpunct_byname;
+
+// 22.4.4, col lation:
+template <class charT> class collate;
+template <class charT> class collate_byname;
+
+// 22.4.5, date and time:
+class time_base;
+template <class charT, class InputIterator> class time_get;
+template <class charT, class InputIterator> class time_get_byname;
+template <class charT, class OutputIterator> class time_put;
+template <class charT, class OutputIterator> class time_put_byname;
+
+// 22.4.6, money:
+class money_base;
+template <class charT, class InputIterator> class money_get;
+template <class charT, class OutputIterator> class money_put;
+template <class charT, bool Intl> class moneypunct;
+template <class charT, bool Intl> class moneypunct_byname;
+
+// 22.4.7, message retrieval:
+class messages_base;
+template <class charT> class messages;
+template <class charT> class messages_byname;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+#  include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/find.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/max.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/reverse.h>
+#  include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#  include <__assert>
+#  include <__iterator/access.h>
+#  include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#  include <__iterator/istreambuf_iterator.h>
+#  include <__iterator/ostreambuf_iterator.h>
+#  include <__locale>
+#  include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#  include <cerrno>
+#  include <cstdio>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <ctime>
+#  include <ios>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <streambuf>
+#  include <version>
+
+// TODO: Fix __bsd_locale_defaults.h
+// NOLINTBEGIN(libcpp-robust-against-adl)
+
+#  if defined(__unix__) || (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__))
+// Most unix variants have catopen.  These are the specific ones that don't.
+#    if !defined(__BIONIC__) && !defined(_NEWLIB_VERSION) && !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+#      define _LIBCPP_HAS_CATOPEN 1
+#      include <nl_types.h>
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+#    include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api/bsd_locale_defaults.h>
+#  else
+#    include <__locale_dir/locale_base_api/bsd_locale_fallbacks.h>
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#    include <xlocale.h>
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE 0
+#  elif defined(__NetBSD__)
+#    define _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE LC_C_LOCALE
+#  else
+#    define _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE __cloc()
+// Get the C locale object
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI locale_t __cloc();
+#    define __cloc_defined
+#  endif
+
+// __scan_keyword
+// Scans [__b, __e) until a match is found in the basic_strings range
+//  [__kb, __ke) or until it can be shown that there is no match in [__kb, __ke).
+//  __b will be incremented (visibly), consuming CharT until a match is found
+//  or proved to not exist.  A keyword may be "", in which will match anything.
+//  If one keyword is a prefix of another, and the next CharT in the input
+//  might match another keyword, the algorithm will attempt to find the longest
+//  matching keyword.  If the longer matching keyword ends up not matching, then
+//  no keyword match is found.  If no keyword match is found, __ke is returned
+//  and failbit is set in __err.
+//  Else an iterator pointing to the matching keyword is found.  If more than
+//  one keyword matches, an iterator to the first matching keyword is returned.
+//  If on exit __b == __e, eofbit is set in __err.  If __case_sensitive is false,
+//  __ct is used to force to lower case before comparing characters.
+//  Examples:
+//  Keywords:  "a", "abb"
+//  If the input is "a", the first keyword matches and eofbit is set.
+//  If the input is "abc", no match is found and "ab" are consumed.
+template <class _InputIterator, class _ForwardIterator, class _Ctype>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator __scan_keyword(
+    _InputIterator& __b,
+    _InputIterator __e,
+    _ForwardIterator __kb,
+    _ForwardIterator __ke,
+    const _Ctype& __ct,
+    ios_base::iostate& __err,
+    bool __case_sensitive = true) {
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type _CharT;
+  size_t __nkw                       = static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(__kb, __ke));
+  const unsigned char __doesnt_match = '\0';
+  const unsigned char __might_match  = '\1';
+  const unsigned char __does_match   = '\2';
+  unsigned char __statbuf[100];
+  unsigned char* __status = __statbuf;
+  unique_ptr<unsigned char, void (*)(void*)> __stat_hold(nullptr, free);
+  if (__nkw > sizeof(__statbuf)) {
+    __status = (unsigned char*)malloc(__nkw);
+    if (__status == nullptr)
+      __throw_bad_alloc();
+    __stat_hold.reset(__status);
+  }
+  size_t __n_might_match = __nkw; // At this point, any keyword might match
+  size_t __n_does_match  = 0;     // but none of them definitely do
+  // Initialize all statuses to __might_match, except for "" keywords are __does_match
+  unsigned char* __st = __status;
+  for (_ForwardIterator __ky = __kb; __ky != __ke; ++__ky, (void)++__st) {
+    if (!__ky->empty())
+      *__st = __might_match;
+    else {
+      *__st = __does_match;
+      --__n_might_match;
+      ++__n_does_match;
+    }
+  }
+  // While there might be a match, test keywords against the next CharT
+  for (size_t __indx = 0; __b != __e && __n_might_match > 0; ++__indx) {
+    // Peek at the next CharT but don't consume it
+    _CharT __c = *__b;
+    if (!__case_sensitive)
+      __c = __ct.toupper(__c);
+    bool __consume = false;
+    // For each keyword which might match, see if the __indx character is __c
+    // If a match if found, consume __c
+    // If a match is found, and that is the last character in the keyword,
+    //    then that keyword matches.
+    // If the keyword doesn't match this character, then change the keyword
+    //    to doesn't match
+    __st = __status;
+    for (_ForwardIterator __ky = __kb; __ky != __ke; ++__ky, (void)++__st) {
+      if (*__st == __might_match) {
+        _CharT __kc = (*__ky)[__indx];
+        if (!__case_sensitive)
+          __kc = __ct.toupper(__kc);
+        if (__c == __kc) {
+          __consume = true;
+          if (__ky->size() == __indx + 1) {
+            *__st = __does_match;
+            --__n_might_match;
+            ++__n_does_match;
+          }
+        } else {
+          *__st = __doesnt_match;
+          --__n_might_match;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // consume if we matched a character
+    if (__consume) {
+      ++__b;
+      // If we consumed a character and there might be a matched keyword that
+      //   was marked matched on a previous iteration, then such keywords
+      //   which are now marked as not matching.
+      if (__n_might_match + __n_does_match > 1) {
+        __st = __status;
+        for (_ForwardIterator __ky = __kb; __ky != __ke; ++__ky, (void)++__st) {
+          if (*__st == __does_match && __ky->size() != __indx + 1) {
+            *__st = __doesnt_match;
+            --__n_does_match;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // We've exited the loop because we hit eof and/or we have no more "might matches".
+  if (__b == __e)
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+  // Return the first matching result
+  for (__st = __status; __kb != __ke; ++__kb, (void)++__st)
+    if (*__st == __does_match)
+      break;
+  if (__kb == __ke)
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+  return __kb;
+}
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __num_get_base {
+  static const int __num_get_buf_sz = 40;
+
+  static int __get_base(ios_base&);
+  static const char __src[33]; // "0123456789abcdefABCDEFxX+-pPiInN"
+  // count of leading characters in __src used for parsing integers ("012..X+-")
+  static const size_t __int_chr_cnt = 26;
+  // count of leading characters in __src used for parsing floating-point values ("012..-pP")
+  static const size_t __fp_chr_cnt = 28;
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void
+__check_grouping(const string& __grouping, unsigned* __g, unsigned* __g_end, ios_base::iostate& __err);
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct __num_get : protected __num_get_base {
+  static string __stage2_float_prep(ios_base& __iob, _CharT* __atoms, _CharT& __decimal_point, _CharT& __thousands_sep);
+
+  static int __stage2_float_loop(
+      _CharT __ct,
+      bool& __in_units,
+      char& __exp,
+      char* __a,
+      char*& __a_end,
+      _CharT __decimal_point,
+      _CharT __thousands_sep,
+      const string& __grouping,
+      unsigned* __g,
+      unsigned*& __g_end,
+      unsigned& __dc,
+      _CharT* __atoms);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_OPTIMIZED_LOCALE_NUM_GET
+  static string __stage2_int_prep(ios_base& __iob, _CharT* __atoms, _CharT& __thousands_sep);
+  static int __stage2_int_loop(
+      _CharT __ct,
+      int __base,
+      char* __a,
+      char*& __a_end,
+      unsigned& __dc,
+      _CharT __thousands_sep,
+      const string& __grouping,
+      unsigned* __g,
+      unsigned*& __g_end,
+      _CharT* __atoms);
+
+#  else
+  static string __stage2_int_prep(ios_base& __iob, _CharT& __thousands_sep) {
+    locale __loc                 = __iob.getloc();
+    const numpunct<_CharT>& __np = use_facet<numpunct<_CharT> >(__loc);
+    __thousands_sep              = __np.thousands_sep();
+    return __np.grouping();
+  }
+
+  const _CharT* __do_widen(ios_base& __iob, _CharT* __atoms) const { return __do_widen_p(__iob, __atoms); }
+
+  static int __stage2_int_loop(
+      _CharT __ct,
+      int __base,
+      char* __a,
+      char*& __a_end,
+      unsigned& __dc,
+      _CharT __thousands_sep,
+      const string& __grouping,
+      unsigned* __g,
+      unsigned*& __g_end,
+      const _CharT* __atoms);
+
+private:
+  template <typename _Tp>
+  const _Tp* __do_widen_p(ios_base& __iob, _Tp* __atoms) const {
+    locale __loc = __iob.getloc();
+    use_facet<ctype<_Tp> >(__loc).widen(__src, __src + __int_chr_cnt, __atoms);
+    return __atoms;
+  }
+
+  const char* __do_widen_p(ios_base& __iob, char* __atoms) const {
+    (void)__iob;
+    (void)__atoms;
+    return __src;
+  }
+#  endif
+};
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_OPTIMIZED_LOCALE_NUM_GET
+template <class _CharT>
+string __num_get<_CharT>::__stage2_int_prep(ios_base& __iob, _CharT* __atoms, _CharT& __thousands_sep) {
+  locale __loc = __iob.getloc();
+  std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).widen(__src, __src + __int_chr_cnt, __atoms);
+  const numpunct<_CharT>& __np = std::use_facet<numpunct<_CharT> >(__loc);
+  __thousands_sep              = __np.thousands_sep();
+  return __np.grouping();
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT>
+string __num_get<_CharT>::__stage2_float_prep(
+    ios_base& __iob, _CharT* __atoms, _CharT& __decimal_point, _CharT& __thousands_sep) {
+  locale __loc = __iob.getloc();
+  std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc).widen(__src, __src + __fp_chr_cnt, __atoms);
+  const numpunct<_CharT>& __np = std::use_facet<numpunct<_CharT> >(__loc);
+  __decimal_point              = __np.decimal_point();
+  __thousands_sep              = __np.thousands_sep();
+  return __np.grouping();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+int
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_OPTIMIZED_LOCALE_NUM_GET
+__num_get<_CharT>::__stage2_int_loop(_CharT __ct, int __base, char* __a, char*& __a_end,
+                  unsigned& __dc, _CharT __thousands_sep, const string& __grouping,
+                  unsigned* __g, unsigned*& __g_end, _CharT* __atoms)
+#  else
+__num_get<_CharT>::__stage2_int_loop(_CharT __ct, int __base, char* __a, char*& __a_end,
+                  unsigned& __dc, _CharT __thousands_sep, const string& __grouping,
+                  unsigned* __g, unsigned*& __g_end, const _CharT* __atoms)
+
+#  endif
+{
+  if (__a_end == __a && (__ct == __atoms[24] || __ct == __atoms[25])) {
+    *__a_end++ = __ct == __atoms[24] ? '+' : '-';
+    __dc       = 0;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __ct == __thousands_sep) {
+    if (__g_end - __g < __num_get_buf_sz) {
+      *__g_end++ = __dc;
+      __dc       = 0;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+  ptr
diff _t __f = std::find(__atoms, __atoms + __int_chr_cnt, __ct) - __atoms;
+  if (__f >= 24)
+    return -1;
+  switch (__base) {
+  case 8:
+  case 10:
+    if (__f >= __base)
+      return -1;
+    break;
+  case 16:
+    if (__f < 22)
+      break;
+    if (__a_end != __a && __a_end - __a <= 2 && __a_end[-1] == '0') {
+      __dc       = 0;
+      *__a_end++ = __src[__f];
+      return 0;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+  *__a_end++ = __src[__f];
+  ++__dc;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+int __num_get<_CharT>::__stage2_float_loop(
+    _CharT __ct,
+    bool& __in_units,
+    char& __exp,
+    char* __a,
+    char*& __a_end,
+    _CharT __decimal_point,
+    _CharT __thousands_sep,
+    const string& __grouping,
+    unsigned* __g,
+    unsigned*& __g_end,
+    unsigned& __dc,
+    _CharT* __atoms) {
+  if (__ct == __decimal_point) {
+    if (!__in_units)
+      return -1;
+    __in_units = false;
+    *__a_end++ = '.';
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end - __g < __num_get_buf_sz)
+      *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (__ct == __thousands_sep && __grouping.size() != 0) {
+    if (!__in_units)
+      return -1;
+    if (__g_end - __g < __num_get_buf_sz) {
+      *__g_end++ = __dc;
+      __dc       = 0;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+  ptr
diff _t __f = std::find(__atoms, __atoms + __num_get_base::__fp_chr_cnt, __ct) - __atoms;
+  if (__f >= static_cast<ptr
diff _t>(__num_get_base::__fp_chr_cnt))
+    return -1;
+  char __x = __src[__f];
+  if (__x == '-' || __x == '+') {
+    if (__a_end == __a || (std::toupper(__a_end[-1]) == std::toupper(__exp))) {
+      *__a_end++ = __x;
+      return 0;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+  if (__x == 'x' || __x == 'X')
+    __exp = 'P';
+  else if (std::toupper(__x) == __exp) {
+    __exp = std::tolower(__exp);
+    if (__in_units) {
+      __in_units = false;
+      if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end - __g < __num_get_buf_sz)
+        *__g_end++ = __dc;
+    }
+  }
+  *__a_end++ = __x;
+  if (__f >= 22)
+    return 0;
+  ++__dc;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern template struct _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS __num_get<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template struct _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS __num_get<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator = istreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS num_get : public locale::facet, private __num_get<_CharT> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _InputIterator iter_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit num_get(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, bool& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, long& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, long long& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned short& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned int& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned long& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned long long& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, float& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, double& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, long double& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, void*& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~num_get() override {}
+
+  template <class _Fp>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS iter_type
+  __do_get_floating_point(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, _Fp& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Signed>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS iter_type
+  __do_get_signed(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, _Signed& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Unsigned>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS iter_type
+  __do_get_unsigned(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, _Unsigned& __v) const;
+
+  virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, bool& __v) const;
+
+  virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, long& __v) const {
+    return this->__do_get_signed(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, long long& __v) const {
+    return this->__do_get_signed(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned short& __v) const {
+    return this->__do_get_unsigned(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned int& __v) const {
+    return this->__do_get_unsigned(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned long& __v) const {
+    return this->__do_get_unsigned(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, unsigned long long& __v) const {
+    return this->__do_get_unsigned(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, float& __v) const {
+    return this->__do_get_floating_point(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, double& __v) const {
+    return this->__do_get_floating_point(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, long double& __v) const {
+    return this->__do_get_floating_point(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  virtual iter_type do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, void*& __v) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+locale::id num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::id;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__num_get_signed_integral(const char* __a, const char* __a_end, ios_base::iostate& __err, int __base) {
+  if (__a != __a_end) {
+    __libcpp_remove_reference_t<decltype(errno)> __save_errno = errno;
+    errno                                                     = 0;
+    char* __p2;
+    long long __ll                                               = strtoll_l(__a, &__p2, __base, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE);
+    __libcpp_remove_reference_t<decltype(errno)> __current_errno = errno;
+    if (__current_errno == 0)
+      errno = __save_errno;
+    if (__p2 != __a_end) {
+      __err = ios_base::failbit;
+      return 0;
+    } else if (__current_errno == ERANGE || __ll < numeric_limits<_Tp>::min() || numeric_limits<_Tp>::max() < __ll) {
+      __err = ios_base::failbit;
+      if (__ll > 0)
+        return numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+      else
+        return numeric_limits<_Tp>::min();
+    }
+    return static_cast<_Tp>(__ll);
+  }
+  __err = ios_base::failbit;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp
+__num_get_unsigned_integral(const char* __a, const char* __a_end, ios_base::iostate& __err, int __base) {
+  if (__a != __a_end) {
+    const bool __negate = *__a == '-';
+    if (__negate && ++__a == __a_end) {
+      __err = ios_base::failbit;
+      return 0;
+    }
+    __libcpp_remove_reference_t<decltype(errno)> __save_errno = errno;
+    errno                                                     = 0;
+    char* __p2;
+    unsigned long long __ll                                      = strtoull_l(__a, &__p2, __base, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE);
+    __libcpp_remove_reference_t<decltype(errno)> __current_errno = errno;
+    if (__current_errno == 0)
+      errno = __save_errno;
+    if (__p2 != __a_end) {
+      __err = ios_base::failbit;
+      return 0;
+    } else if (__current_errno == ERANGE || numeric_limits<_Tp>::max() < __ll) {
+      __err = ios_base::failbit;
+      return numeric_limits<_Tp>::max();
+    }
+    _Tp __res = static_cast<_Tp>(__ll);
+    if (__negate)
+      __res = -__res;
+    return __res;
+  }
+  __err = ios_base::failbit;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __do_strtod(const char* __a, char** __p2);
+
+template <>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float __do_strtod<float>(const char* __a, char** __p2) {
+  return strtof_l(__a, __p2, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double __do_strtod<double>(const char* __a, char** __p2) {
+  return strtod_l(__a, __p2, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double __do_strtod<long double>(const char* __a, char** __p2) {
+  return strtold_l(__a, __p2, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp __num_get_float(const char* __a, const char* __a_end, ios_base::iostate& __err) {
+  if (__a != __a_end) {
+    __libcpp_remove_reference_t<decltype(errno)> __save_errno = errno;
+    errno                                                     = 0;
+    char* __p2;
+    _Tp __ld                                                     = std::__do_strtod<_Tp>(__a, &__p2);
+    __libcpp_remove_reference_t<decltype(errno)> __current_errno = errno;
+    if (__current_errno == 0)
+      errno = __save_errno;
+    if (__p2 != __a_end) {
+      __err = ios_base::failbit;
+      return 0;
+    } else if (__current_errno == ERANGE)
+      __err = ios_base::failbit;
+    return __ld;
+  }
+  __err = ios_base::failbit;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, bool& __v) const {
+  if ((__iob.flags() & ios_base::boolalpha) == 0) {
+    long __lv = -1;
+    __b       = do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __lv);
+    switch (__lv) {
+    case 0:
+      __v = false;
+      break;
+    case 1:
+      __v = true;
+      break;
+    default:
+      __v   = true;
+      __err = ios_base::failbit;
+      break;
+    }
+    return __b;
+  }
+  const ctype<_CharT>& __ct    = std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__iob.getloc());
+  const numpunct<_CharT>& __np = std::use_facet<numpunct<_CharT> >(__iob.getloc());
+  typedef typename numpunct<_CharT>::string_type string_type;
+  const string_type __names[2] = {__np.truename(), __np.falsename()};
+  const string_type* __i       = std::__scan_keyword(__b, __e, __names, __names + 2, __ct, __err);
+  __v                          = __i == __names;
+  return __b;
+}
+
+// signed
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+template <class _Signed>
+_InputIterator num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__do_get_signed(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, _Signed& __v) const {
+  // Stage 1
+  int __base = this->__get_base(__iob);
+  // Stage 2
+  char_type __thousands_sep;
+  const int __atoms_size = __num_get_base::__int_chr_cnt;
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_OPTIMIZED_LOCALE_NUM_GET
+  char_type __atoms1[__atoms_size];
+  const char_type* __atoms = this->__do_widen(__iob, __atoms1);
+  string __grouping        = this->__stage2_int_prep(__iob, __thousands_sep);
+#  else
+  char_type __atoms[__atoms_size];
+  string __grouping = this->__stage2_int_prep(__iob, __atoms, __thousands_sep);
+#  endif
+  string __buf;
+  __buf.resize(__buf.capacity());
+  char* __a     = &__buf[0];
+  char* __a_end = __a;
+  unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+  unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+  unsigned __dc     = 0;
+  for (; __b != __e; ++__b) {
+    if (__a_end == __a + __buf.size()) {
+      size_t __tmp = __buf.size();
+      __buf.resize(2 * __buf.size());
+      __buf.resize(__buf.capacity());
+      __a     = &__buf[0];
+      __a_end = __a + __tmp;
+    }
+    if (this->__stage2_int_loop(*__b, __base, __a, __a_end, __dc, __thousands_sep, __grouping, __g, __g_end, __atoms))
+      break;
+  }
+  if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end - __g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+    *__g_end++ = __dc;
+  // Stage 3
+  __v = std::__num_get_signed_integral<_Signed>(__a, __a_end, __err, __base);
+  // Digit grouping checked
+  __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+  // EOF checked
+  if (__b == __e)
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+  return __b;
+}
+
+// unsigned
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+template <class _Unsigned>
+_InputIterator num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__do_get_unsigned(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, _Unsigned& __v) const {
+  // Stage 1
+  int __base = this->__get_base(__iob);
+  // Stage 2
+  char_type __thousands_sep;
+  const int __atoms_size = __num_get_base::__int_chr_cnt;
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_OPTIMIZED_LOCALE_NUM_GET
+  char_type __atoms1[__atoms_size];
+  const char_type* __atoms = this->__do_widen(__iob, __atoms1);
+  string __grouping        = this->__stage2_int_prep(__iob, __thousands_sep);
+#  else
+  char_type __atoms[__atoms_size];
+  string __grouping = this->__stage2_int_prep(__iob, __atoms, __thousands_sep);
+#  endif
+  string __buf;
+  __buf.resize(__buf.capacity());
+  char* __a     = &__buf[0];
+  char* __a_end = __a;
+  unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+  unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+  unsigned __dc     = 0;
+  for (; __b != __e; ++__b) {
+    if (__a_end == __a + __buf.size()) {
+      size_t __tmp = __buf.size();
+      __buf.resize(2 * __buf.size());
+      __buf.resize(__buf.capacity());
+      __a     = &__buf[0];
+      __a_end = __a + __tmp;
+    }
+    if (this->__stage2_int_loop(*__b, __base, __a, __a_end, __dc, __thousands_sep, __grouping, __g, __g_end, __atoms))
+      break;
+  }
+  if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __g_end - __g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+    *__g_end++ = __dc;
+  // Stage 3
+  __v = std::__num_get_unsigned_integral<_Unsigned>(__a, __a_end, __err, __base);
+  // Digit grouping checked
+  __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+  // EOF checked
+  if (__b == __e)
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+  return __b;
+}
+
+// floating point
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+template <class _Fp>
+_InputIterator num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__do_get_floating_point(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, _Fp& __v) const {
+  // Stage 1, nothing to do
+  // Stage 2
+  char_type __atoms[__num_get_base::__fp_chr_cnt];
+  char_type __decimal_point;
+  char_type __thousands_sep;
+  string __grouping = this->__stage2_float_prep(__iob, __atoms, __decimal_point, __thousands_sep);
+  string __buf;
+  __buf.resize(__buf.capacity());
+  char* __a     = &__buf[0];
+  char* __a_end = __a;
+  unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+  unsigned* __g_end        = __g;
+  unsigned __dc            = 0;
+  bool __in_units          = true;
+  char __exp               = 'E';
+  bool __is_leading_parsed = false;
+  for (; __b != __e; ++__b) {
+    if (__a_end == __a + __buf.size()) {
+      size_t __tmp = __buf.size();
+      __buf.resize(2 * __buf.size());
+      __buf.resize(__buf.capacity());
+      __a     = &__buf[0];
+      __a_end = __a + __tmp;
+    }
+    if (this->__stage2_float_loop(
+            *__b,
+            __in_units,
+            __exp,
+            __a,
+            __a_end,
+            __decimal_point,
+            __thousands_sep,
+            __grouping,
+            __g,
+            __g_end,
+            __dc,
+            __atoms))
+      break;
+
+    // the leading character excluding the sign must be a decimal digit
+    if (!__is_leading_parsed) {
+      if (__a_end - __a >= 1 && __a[0] != '-' && __a[0] != '+') {
+        if (('0' <= __a[0] && __a[0] <= '9') || __a[0] == '.')
+          __is_leading_parsed = true;
+        else
+          break;
+      } else if (__a_end - __a >= 2 && (__a[0] == '-' || __a[0] == '+')) {
+        if (('0' <= __a[1] && __a[1] <= '9') || __a[1] == '.')
+          __is_leading_parsed = true;
+        else
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (__grouping.size() != 0 && __in_units && __g_end - __g < __num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz)
+    *__g_end++ = __dc;
+  // Stage 3
+  __v = std::__num_get_float<_Fp>(__a, __a_end, __err);
+  // Digit grouping checked
+  __check_grouping(__grouping, __g, __g_end, __err);
+  // EOF checked
+  if (__b == __e)
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+  return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator num_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, void*& __v) const {
+  // Stage 1
+  int __base = 16;
+  // Stage 2
+  char_type __atoms[__num_get_base::__int_chr_cnt];
+  char_type __thousands_sep = char_type();
+  string __grouping;
+  std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__iob.getloc())
+      .widen(__num_get_base::__src, __num_get_base::__src + __num_get_base::__int_chr_cnt, __atoms);
+  string __buf;
+  __buf.resize(__buf.capacity());
+  char* __a     = &__buf[0];
+  char* __a_end = __a;
+  unsigned __g[__num_get_base::__num_get_buf_sz];
+  unsigned* __g_end = __g;
+  unsigned __dc     = 0;
+  for (; __b != __e; ++__b) {
+    if (__a_end == __a + __buf.size()) {
+      size_t __tmp = __buf.size();
+      __buf.resize(2 * __buf.size());
+      __buf.resize(__buf.capacity());
+      __a     = &__buf[0];
+      __a_end = __a + __tmp;
+    }
+    if (this->__stage2_int_loop(*__b, __base, __a, __a_end, __dc, __thousands_sep, __grouping, __g, __g_end, __atoms))
+      break;
+  }
+  // Stage 3
+  __buf.resize(__a_end - __a);
+  if (__libcpp_sscanf_l(__buf.c_str(), _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE, "%p", &__v) != 1)
+    __err = ios_base::failbit;
+  // EOF checked
+  if (__b == __e)
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+  return __b;
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS num_get<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS num_get<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __num_put_base {
+protected:
+  static void __format_int(char* __fmt, const char* __len, bool __signd, ios_base::fmtflags __flags);
+  static bool __format_float(char* __fmt, const char* __len, ios_base::fmtflags __flags);
+  static char* __identify_padding(char* __nb, char* __ne, const ios_base& __iob);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct __num_put : protected __num_put_base {
+  static void __widen_and_group_int(
+      char* __nb, char* __np, char* __ne, _CharT* __ob, _CharT*& __op, _CharT*& __oe, const locale& __loc);
+  static void __widen_and_group_float(
+      char* __nb, char* __np, char* __ne, _CharT* __ob, _CharT*& __op, _CharT*& __oe, const locale& __loc);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __num_put<_CharT>::__widen_and_group_int(
+    char* __nb, char* __np, char* __ne, _CharT* __ob, _CharT*& __op, _CharT*& __oe, const locale& __loc) {
+  const ctype<_CharT>& __ct     = std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc);
+  const numpunct<_CharT>& __npt = std::use_facet<numpunct<_CharT> >(__loc);
+  string __grouping             = __npt.grouping();
+  if (__grouping.empty()) {
+    __ct.widen(__nb, __ne, __ob);
+    __oe = __ob + (__ne - __nb);
+  } else {
+    __oe       = __ob;
+    char* __nf = __nb;
+    if (*__nf == '-' || *__nf == '+')
+      *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+    if (__ne - __nf >= 2 && __nf[0] == '0' && (__nf[1] == 'x' || __nf[1] == 'X')) {
+      *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+      *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+    }
+    std::reverse(__nf, __ne);
+    _CharT __thousands_sep = __npt.thousands_sep();
+    unsigned __dc          = 0;
+    unsigned __dg          = 0;
+    for (char* __p = __nf; __p < __ne; ++__p) {
+      if (static_cast<unsigned>(__grouping[__dg]) > 0 && __dc == static_cast<unsigned>(__grouping[__dg])) {
+        *__oe++ = __thousands_sep;
+        __dc    = 0;
+        if (__dg < __grouping.size() - 1)
+          ++__dg;
+      }
+      *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__p);
+      ++__dc;
+    }
+    std::reverse(__ob + (__nf - __nb), __oe);
+  }
+  if (__np == __ne)
+    __op = __oe;
+  else
+    __op = __ob + (__np - __nb);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __num_put<_CharT>::__widen_and_group_float(
+    char* __nb, char* __np, char* __ne, _CharT* __ob, _CharT*& __op, _CharT*& __oe, const locale& __loc) {
+  const ctype<_CharT>& __ct     = std::use_facet<ctype<_CharT> >(__loc);
+  const numpunct<_CharT>& __npt = std::use_facet<numpunct<_CharT> >(__loc);
+  string __grouping             = __npt.grouping();
+  __oe                          = __ob;
+  char* __nf                    = __nb;
+  if (*__nf == '-' || *__nf == '+')
+    *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+  char* __ns;
+  if (__ne - __nf >= 2 && __nf[0] == '0' && (__nf[1] == 'x' || __nf[1] == 'X')) {
+    *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+    *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf++);
+    for (__ns = __nf; __ns < __ne; ++__ns)
+      if (!isxdigit_l(*__ns, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE))
+        break;
+  } else {
+    for (__ns = __nf; __ns < __ne; ++__ns)
+      if (!isdigit_l(*__ns, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE))
+        break;
+  }
+  if (__grouping.empty()) {
+    __ct.widen(__nf, __ns, __oe);
+    __oe += __ns - __nf;
+  } else {
+    std::reverse(__nf, __ns);
+    _CharT __thousands_sep = __npt.thousands_sep();
+    unsigned __dc          = 0;
+    unsigned __dg          = 0;
+    for (char* __p = __nf; __p < __ns; ++__p) {
+      if (__grouping[__dg] > 0 && __dc == static_cast<unsigned>(__grouping[__dg])) {
+        *__oe++ = __thousands_sep;
+        __dc    = 0;
+        if (__dg < __grouping.size() - 1)
+          ++__dg;
+      }
+      *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__p);
+      ++__dc;
+    }
+    std::reverse(__ob + (__nf - __nb), __oe);
+  }
+  for (__nf = __ns; __nf < __ne; ++__nf) {
+    if (*__nf == '.') {
+      *__oe++ = __npt.decimal_point();
+      ++__nf;
+      break;
+    } else
+      *__oe++ = __ct.widen(*__nf);
+  }
+  __ct.widen(__nf, __ne, __oe);
+  __oe += __ne - __nf;
+  if (__np == __ne)
+    __op = __oe;
+  else
+    __op = __ob + (__np - __nb);
+}
+
+extern template struct _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS __num_put<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template struct _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS __num_put<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator = ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS num_put : public locale::facet, private __num_put<_CharT> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _OutputIterator iter_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit num_put(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, bool __v) const {
+    return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long __v) const {
+    return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long long __v) const {
+    return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, unsigned long __v) const {
+    return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, unsigned long long __v) const {
+    return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, double __v) const {
+    return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long double __v) const {
+    return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, const void* __v) const {
+    return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __v);
+  }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~num_put() override {}
+
+  virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, bool __v) const;
+  virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long __v) const;
+  virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long long __v) const;
+  virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, unsigned long) const;
+  virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, unsigned long long) const;
+  virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, double __v) const;
+  virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long double __v) const;
+  virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, const void* __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Integral>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _OutputIterator
+  __do_put_integral(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, _Integral __v, char const* __len) const;
+
+  template <class _Float>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _OutputIterator
+  __do_put_floating_point(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, _Float __v, char const* __len) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+locale::id num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::id;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutputIterator __pad_and_output(
+    _OutputIterator __s, const _CharT* __ob, const _CharT* __op, const _CharT* __oe, ios_base& __iob, _CharT __fl) {
+  streamsize __sz = __oe - __ob;
+  streamsize __ns = __iob.width();
+  if (__ns > __sz)
+    __ns -= __sz;
+  else
+    __ns = 0;
+  for (; __ob < __op; ++__ob, ++__s)
+    *__s = *__ob;
+  for (; __ns; --__ns, ++__s)
+    *__s = __fl;
+  for (; __ob < __oe; ++__ob, ++__s)
+    *__s = *__ob;
+  __iob.width(0);
+  return __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> __pad_and_output(
+    ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT, _Traits> __s,
+    const _CharT* __ob,
+    const _CharT* __op,
+    const _CharT* __oe,
+    ios_base& __iob,
+    _CharT __fl) {
+  if (__s.__sbuf_ == nullptr)
+    return __s;
+  streamsize __sz = __oe - __ob;
+  streamsize __ns = __iob.width();
+  if (__ns > __sz)
+    __ns -= __sz;
+  else
+    __ns = 0;
+  streamsize __np = __op - __ob;
+  if (__np > 0) {
+    if (__s.__sbuf_->sputn(__ob, __np) != __np) {
+      __s.__sbuf_ = nullptr;
+      return __s;
+    }
+  }
+  if (__ns > 0) {
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits> __sp(__ns, __fl);
+    if (__s.__sbuf_->sputn(__sp.data(), __ns) != __ns) {
+      __s.__sbuf_ = nullptr;
+      return __s;
+    }
+  }
+  __np = __oe - __op;
+  if (__np > 0) {
+    if (__s.__sbuf_->sputn(__op, __np) != __np) {
+      __s.__sbuf_ = nullptr;
+      return __s;
+    }
+  }
+  __iob.width(0);
+  return __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, bool __v) const {
+  if ((__iob.flags() & ios_base::boolalpha) == 0)
+    return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, (unsigned long)__v);
+  const numpunct<char_type>& __np = std::use_facet<numpunct<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+  typedef typename numpunct<char_type>::string_type string_type;
+  string_type __nm = __v ? __np.truename() : __np.falsename();
+  for (typename string_type::iterator __i = __nm.begin(); __i != __nm.end(); ++__i, ++__s)
+    *__s = *__i;
+  return __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+template <class _Integral>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _OutputIterator num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::__do_put_integral(
+    iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, _Integral __v, char const* __len) const {
+  // Stage 1 - Get number in narrow char
+  char __fmt[8] = {'%', 0};
+  this->__format_int(__fmt + 1, __len, is_signed<_Integral>::value, __iob.flags());
+  // Worst case is octal, with showbase enabled. Note that octal is always
+  // printed as an unsigned value.
+  using _Unsigned = typename make_unsigned<_Integral>::type;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const unsigned __nbuf =
+      (numeric_limits<_Unsigned>::digits / 3)          // 1 char per 3 bits
+      + ((numeric_limits<_Unsigned>::digits % 3) != 0) // round up
+      + 2;                                             // base prefix + terminating null character
+  char __nar[__nbuf];
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+  _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wformat-nonliteral")
+  _LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wformat-nonliteral")
+  int __nc = __libcpp_snprintf_l(__nar, sizeof(__nar), _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE, __fmt, __v);
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+  char* __ne = __nar + __nc;
+  char* __np = this->__identify_padding(__nar, __ne, __iob);
+  // Stage 2 - Widen __nar while adding thousands separators
+  char_type __o[2 * (__nbuf - 1) - 1];
+  char_type* __op; // pad here
+  char_type* __oe; // end of output
+  this->__widen_and_group_int(__nar, __np, __ne, __o, __op, __oe, __iob.getloc());
+  // [__o, __oe) contains thousands_sep'd wide number
+  // Stage 3 & 4
+  return std::__pad_and_output(__s, __o, __op, __oe, __iob, __fl);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long __v) const {
+  return this->__do_put_integral(__s, __iob, __fl, __v, "l");
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long long __v) const {
+  return this->__do_put_integral(__s, __iob, __fl, __v, "ll");
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, unsigned long __v) const {
+  return this->__do_put_integral(__s, __iob, __fl, __v, "l");
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, unsigned long long __v) const {
+  return this->__do_put_integral(__s, __iob, __fl, __v, "ll");
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+template <class _Float>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _OutputIterator num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::__do_put_floating_point(
+    iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, _Float __v, char const* __len) const {
+  // Stage 1 - Get number in narrow char
+  char __fmt[8]            = {'%', 0};
+  bool __specify_precision = this->__format_float(__fmt + 1, __len, __iob.flags());
+  const unsigned __nbuf    = 30;
+  char __nar[__nbuf];
+  char* __nb = __nar;
+  int __nc;
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_PUSH
+  _LIBCPP_CLANG_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wformat-nonliteral")
+  _LIBCPP_GCC_DIAGNOSTIC_IGNORED("-Wformat-nonliteral")
+  if (__specify_precision)
+    __nc = __libcpp_snprintf_l(__nb, __nbuf, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE, __fmt, (int)__iob.precision(), __v);
+  else
+    __nc = __libcpp_snprintf_l(__nb, __nbuf, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE, __fmt, __v);
+  unique_ptr<char, void (*)(void*)> __nbh(nullptr, free);
+  if (__nc > static_cast<int>(__nbuf - 1)) {
+    if (__specify_precision)
+      __nc = __libcpp_asprintf_l(&__nb, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE, __fmt, (int)__iob.precision(), __v);
+    else
+      __nc = __libcpp_asprintf_l(&__nb, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE, __fmt, __v);
+    if (__nc == -1)
+      __throw_bad_alloc();
+    __nbh.reset(__nb);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
+  char* __ne = __nb + __nc;
+  char* __np = this->__identify_padding(__nb, __ne, __iob);
+  // Stage 2 - Widen __nar while adding thousands separators
+  char_type __o[2 * (__nbuf - 1) - 1];
+  char_type* __ob = __o;
+  unique_ptr<char_type, void (*)(void*)> __obh(0, free);
+  if (__nb != __nar) {
+    __ob = (char_type*)malloc(2 * static_cast<size_t>(__nc) * sizeof(char_type));
+    if (__ob == 0)
+      __throw_bad_alloc();
+    __obh.reset(__ob);
+  }
+  char_type* __op; // pad here
+  char_type* __oe; // end of output
+  this->__widen_and_group_float(__nb, __np, __ne, __ob, __op, __oe, __iob.getloc());
+  // [__o, __oe) contains thousands_sep'd wide number
+  // Stage 3 & 4
+  __s = std::__pad_and_output(__s, __ob, __op, __oe, __iob, __fl);
+  return __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, double __v) const {
+  return this->__do_put_floating_point(__s, __iob, __fl, __v, "");
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long double __v) const {
+  return this->__do_put_floating_point(__s, __iob, __fl, __v, "L");
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator
+num_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, const void* __v) const {
+  // Stage 1 - Get pointer in narrow char
+  const unsigned __nbuf = 20;
+  char __nar[__nbuf];
+  int __nc   = __libcpp_snprintf_l(__nar, sizeof(__nar), _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE, "%p", __v);
+  char* __ne = __nar + __nc;
+  char* __np = this->__identify_padding(__nar, __ne, __iob);
+  // Stage 2 - Widen __nar
+  char_type __o[2 * (__nbuf - 1) - 1];
+  char_type* __op; // pad here
+  char_type* __oe; // end of output
+  const ctype<char_type>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+  __ct.widen(__nar, __ne, __o);
+  __oe = __o + (__ne - __nar);
+  if (__np == __ne)
+    __op = __oe;
+  else
+    __op = __o + (__np - __nar);
+  // [__o, __oe) contains wide number
+  // Stage 3 & 4
+  return std::__pad_and_output(__s, __o, __op, __oe, __iob, __fl);
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS num_put<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS num_put<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __get_up_to_n_digits(
+    _InputIterator& __b, _InputIterator __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<_CharT>& __ct, int __n) {
+  // Precondition:  __n >= 1
+  if (__b == __e) {
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit | ios_base::failbit;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  // get first digit
+  _CharT __c = *__b;
+  if (!__ct.is(ctype_base::digit, __c)) {
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  int __r = __ct.narrow(__c, 0) - '0';
+  for (++__b, (void)--__n; __b != __e && __n > 0; ++__b, (void)--__n) {
+    // get next digit
+    __c = *__b;
+    if (!__ct.is(ctype_base::digit, __c))
+      return __r;
+    __r = __r * 10 + __ct.narrow(__c, 0) - '0';
+  }
+  if (__b == __e)
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI time_base {
+public:
+  enum dateorder { no_order, dmy, mdy, ymd, ydm };
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __time_get_c_storage {
+protected:
+  typedef basic_string<_CharT> string_type;
+
+  virtual const string_type* __weeks() const;
+  virtual const string_type* __months() const;
+  virtual const string_type* __am_pm() const;
+  virtual const string_type& __c() const;
+  virtual const string_type& __r() const;
+  virtual const string_type& __x() const;
+  virtual const string_type& __X() const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__time_get_c_storage() {}
+};
+
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const string* __time_get_c_storage<char>::__weeks() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const string* __time_get_c_storage<char>::__months() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const string* __time_get_c_storage<char>::__am_pm() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const string& __time_get_c_storage<char>::__c() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const string& __time_get_c_storage<char>::__r() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const string& __time_get_c_storage<char>::__x() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const string& __time_get_c_storage<char>::__X() const;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const wstring* __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__weeks() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const wstring* __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__months() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const wstring* __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__am_pm() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const wstring& __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__c() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const wstring& __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__r() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const wstring& __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__x() const;
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const wstring& __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__X() const;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator = istreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS time_get : public locale::facet, public time_base, private __time_get_c_storage<_CharT> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _InputIterator iter_type;
+  typedef time_base::dateorder dateorder;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit time_get(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI dateorder date_order() const { return this->do_date_order(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get_time(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const {
+    return do_get_time(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get_date(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const {
+    return do_get_date(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get_weekday(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const {
+    return do_get_weekday(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get_monthname(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const {
+    return do_get_monthname(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get_year(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const {
+    return do_get_year(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm, char __fmt, char __mod = 0)
+      const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt, __mod);
+  }
+
+  iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b,
+      iter_type __e,
+      ios_base& __iob,
+      ios_base::iostate& __err,
+      tm* __tm,
+      const char_type* __fmtb,
+      const char_type* __fmte) const;
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~time_get() override {}
+
+  virtual dateorder do_date_order() const;
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get_time(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const;
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get_date(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const;
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get_weekday(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const;
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get_monthname(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const;
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get_year(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const;
+  virtual iter_type do_get(
+      iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm, char __fmt, char __mod) const;
+
+private:
+  void __get_white_space(iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void __get_percent(iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+
+  void __get_weekdayname(
+      int& __m, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void __get_monthname(
+      int& __m, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void __get_day(int& __d, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void
+  __get_month(int& __m, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void
+  __get_year(int& __y, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void
+  __get_year4(int& __y, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void
+  __get_hour(int& __d, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void
+  __get_12_hour(int& __h, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void
+  __get_am_pm(int& __h, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void
+  __get_minute(int& __m, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void
+  __get_second(int& __s, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void
+  __get_weekday(int& __w, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+  void __get_day_year_num(
+      int& __w, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+locale::id time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::id;
+
+// time_get primitives
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_weekdayname(
+    int& __w, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  // Note:  ignoring case comes from the POSIX strptime spec
+  const string_type* __wk = this->__weeks();
+  ptr
diff _t __i           = std::__scan_keyword(__b, __e, __wk, __wk + 14, __ct, __err, false) - __wk;
+  if (__i < 14)
+    __w = __i % 7;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_monthname(
+    int& __m, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  // Note:  ignoring case comes from the POSIX strptime spec
+  const string_type* __month = this->__months();
+  ptr
diff _t __i              = std::__scan_keyword(__b, __e, __month, __month + 24, __ct, __err, false) - __month;
+  if (__i < 24)
+    __m = __i % 12;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_day(
+    int& __d, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  int __t = std::__get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2);
+  if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && 1 <= __t && __t <= 31)
+    __d = __t;
+  else
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_month(
+    int& __m, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  int __t = std::__get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2) - 1;
+  if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && 0 <= __t && __t <= 11)
+    __m = __t;
+  else
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_year(
+    int& __y, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  int __t = std::__get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 4);
+  if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit)) {
+    if (__t < 69)
+      __t += 2000;
+    else if (69 <= __t && __t <= 99)
+      __t += 1900;
+    __y = __t - 1900;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_year4(
+    int& __y, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  int __t = std::__get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 4);
+  if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit))
+    __y = __t - 1900;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_hour(
+    int& __h, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  int __t = std::__get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2);
+  if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && __t <= 23)
+    __h = __t;
+  else
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_12_hour(
+    int& __h, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  int __t = std::__get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2);
+  if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && 1 <= __t && __t <= 12)
+    __h = __t;
+  else
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_minute(
+    int& __m, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  int __t = std::__get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2);
+  if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && __t <= 59)
+    __m = __t;
+  else
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_second(
+    int& __s, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  int __t = std::__get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 2);
+  if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && __t <= 60)
+    __s = __t;
+  else
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_weekday(
+    int& __w, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  int __t = std::__get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 1);
+  if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && __t <= 6)
+    __w = __t;
+  else
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_day_year_num(
+    int& __d, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  int __t = std::__get_up_to_n_digits(__b, __e, __err, __ct, 3);
+  if (!(__err & ios_base::failbit) && __t <= 365)
+    __d = __t;
+  else
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_white_space(
+    iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  for (; __b != __e && __ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__b); ++__b)
+    ;
+  if (__b == __e)
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_am_pm(
+    int& __h, iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  const string_type* __ap = this->__am_pm();
+  if (__ap[0].size() + __ap[1].size() == 0) {
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+    return;
+  }
+  ptr
diff _t __i = std::__scan_keyword(__b, __e, __ap, __ap + 2, __ct, __err, false) - __ap;
+  if (__i == 0 && __h == 12)
+    __h = 0;
+  else if (__i == 1 && __h < 12)
+    __h += 12;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+void time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__get_percent(
+    iter_type& __b, iter_type __e, ios_base::iostate& __err, const ctype<char_type>& __ct) const {
+  if (__b == __e) {
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit | ios_base::failbit;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (__ct.narrow(*__b, 0) != '%')
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+  else if (++__b == __e)
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+}
+
+// time_get end primitives
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::get(
+    iter_type __b,
+    iter_type __e,
+    ios_base& __iob,
+    ios_base::iostate& __err,
+    tm* __tm,
+    const char_type* __fmtb,
+    const char_type* __fmte) const {
+  const ctype<char_type>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+  __err                        = ios_base::goodbit;
+  while (__fmtb != __fmte && __err == ios_base::goodbit) {
+    if (__b == __e) {
+      __err = ios_base::failbit;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (__ct.narrow(*__fmtb, 0) == '%') {
+      if (++__fmtb == __fmte) {
+        __err = ios_base::failbit;
+        break;
+      }
+      char __cmd = __ct.narrow(*__fmtb, 0);
+      char __opt = '\0';
+      if (__cmd == 'E' || __cmd == '0') {
+        if (++__fmtb == __fmte) {
+          __err = ios_base::failbit;
+          break;
+        }
+        __opt = __cmd;
+        __cmd = __ct.narrow(*__fmtb, 0);
+      }
+      __b = do_get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __cmd, __opt);
+      ++__fmtb;
+    } else if (__ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__fmtb)) {
+      for (++__fmtb; __fmtb != __fmte && __ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__fmtb); ++__fmtb)
+        ;
+      for (; __b != __e && __ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__b); ++__b)
+        ;
+    } else if (__ct.toupper(*__b) == __ct.toupper(*__fmtb)) {
+      ++__b;
+      ++__fmtb;
+    } else
+      __err = ios_base::failbit;
+  }
+  if (__b == __e)
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+  return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+typename time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::dateorder time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_date_order() const {
+  return mdy;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get_time(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const {
+  const char_type __fmt[] = {'%', 'H', ':', '%', 'M', ':', '%', 'S'};
+  return get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt, __fmt + sizeof(__fmt) / sizeof(__fmt[0]));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get_date(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const {
+  const string_type& __fmt = this->__x();
+  return get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fmt.data(), __fmt.data() + __fmt.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get_weekday(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const {
+  const ctype<char_type>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+  __get_weekdayname(__tm->tm_wday, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+  return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get_monthname(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const {
+  const ctype<char_type>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+  __get_monthname(__tm->tm_mon, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+  return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get_year(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm) const {
+  const ctype<char_type>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+  __get_year(__tm->tm_year, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+  return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, tm* __tm, char __fmt, char) const {
+  __err                        = ios_base::goodbit;
+  const ctype<char_type>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+  switch (__fmt) {
+  case 'a':
+  case 'A':
+    __get_weekdayname(__tm->tm_wday, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'b':
+  case 'B':
+  case 'h':
+    __get_monthname(__tm->tm_mon, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'c': {
+    const string_type& __fm = this->__c();
+    __b                     = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fm.data(), __fm.data() + __fm.size());
+  } break;
+  case 'd':
+  case 'e':
+    __get_day(__tm->tm_mday, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'D': {
+    const char_type __fm[] = {'%', 'm', '/', '%', 'd', '/', '%', 'y'};
+    __b                    = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fm, __fm + sizeof(__fm) / sizeof(__fm[0]));
+  } break;
+  case 'F': {
+    const char_type __fm[] = {'%', 'Y', '-', '%', 'm', '-', '%', 'd'};
+    __b                    = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fm, __fm + sizeof(__fm) / sizeof(__fm[0]));
+  } break;
+  case 'H':
+    __get_hour(__tm->tm_hour, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'I':
+    __get_12_hour(__tm->tm_hour, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'j':
+    __get_day_year_num(__tm->tm_yday, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'm':
+    __get_month(__tm->tm_mon, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'M':
+    __get_minute(__tm->tm_min, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'n':
+  case 't':
+    __get_white_space(__b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'p':
+    __get_am_pm(__tm->tm_hour, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'r': {
+    const char_type __fm[] = {'%', 'I', ':', '%', 'M', ':', '%', 'S', ' ', '%', 'p'};
+    __b                    = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fm, __fm + sizeof(__fm) / sizeof(__fm[0]));
+  } break;
+  case 'R': {
+    const char_type __fm[] = {'%', 'H', ':', '%', 'M'};
+    __b                    = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fm, __fm + sizeof(__fm) / sizeof(__fm[0]));
+  } break;
+  case 'S':
+    __get_second(__tm->tm_sec, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'T': {
+    const char_type __fm[] = {'%', 'H', ':', '%', 'M', ':', '%', 'S'};
+    __b                    = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fm, __fm + sizeof(__fm) / sizeof(__fm[0]));
+  } break;
+  case 'w':
+    __get_weekday(__tm->tm_wday, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'x':
+    return do_get_date(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm);
+  case 'X': {
+    const string_type& __fm = this->__X();
+    __b                     = get(__b, __e, __iob, __err, __tm, __fm.data(), __fm.data() + __fm.size());
+  } break;
+  case 'y':
+    __get_year(__tm->tm_year, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case 'Y':
+    __get_year4(__tm->tm_year, __b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  case '%':
+    __get_percent(__b, __e, __err, __ct);
+    break;
+  default:
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+  }
+  return __b;
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS time_get<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS time_get<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __time_get {
+protected:
+  locale_t __loc_;
+
+  __time_get(const char* __nm);
+  __time_get(const string& __nm);
+  ~__time_get();
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __time_get_storage : public __time_get {
+protected:
+  typedef basic_string<_CharT> string_type;
+
+  string_type __weeks_[14];
+  string_type __months_[24];
+  string_type __am_pm_[2];
+  string_type __c_;
+  string_type __r_;
+  string_type __x_;
+  string_type __X_;
+
+  explicit __time_get_storage(const char* __nm);
+  explicit __time_get_storage(const string& __nm);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__time_get_storage() {}
+
+  time_base::dateorder __do_date_order() const;
+
+private:
+  void init(const ctype<_CharT>&);
+  string_type __analyze(char __fmt, const ctype<_CharT>&);
+};
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_TIME_GET_STORAGE_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION(_CharT)                                                      \
+    template <>                                                                                                        \
+    _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI time_base::dateorder __time_get_storage<_CharT>::__do_date_order() const;                \
+    template <>                                                                                                        \
+    _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __time_get_storage<_CharT>::__time_get_storage(const char*);                             \
+    template <>                                                                                                        \
+    _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __time_get_storage<_CharT>::__time_get_storage(const string&);                           \
+    template <>                                                                                                        \
+    _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __time_get_storage<_CharT>::init(const ctype<_CharT>&);                             \
+    template <>                                                                                                        \
+    _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __time_get_storage<_CharT>::string_type __time_get_storage<_CharT>::__analyze(           \
+        char, const ctype<_CharT>&);                                                                                   \
+    extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI time_base::dateorder __time_get_storage<_CharT>::__do_date_order()       \
+        const;                                                                                                         \
+    extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __time_get_storage<_CharT>::__time_get_storage(const char*);             \
+    extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __time_get_storage<_CharT>::__time_get_storage(const string&);           \
+    extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __time_get_storage<_CharT>::init(const ctype<_CharT>&);             \
+    extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __time_get_storage<_CharT>::string_type                                  \
+    __time_get_storage<_CharT>::__analyze(char, const ctype<_CharT>&);                                                 \
+    /**/
+
+_LIBCPP_TIME_GET_STORAGE_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION(char)
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+_LIBCPP_TIME_GET_STORAGE_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION(wchar_t)
+#  endif
+#  undef _LIBCPP_TIME_GET_STORAGE_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATION
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator = istreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS time_get_byname
+    : public time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>,
+      private __time_get_storage<_CharT> {
+public:
+  typedef time_base::dateorder dateorder;
+  typedef _InputIterator iter_type;
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit time_get_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+      : time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>(__refs), __time_get_storage<_CharT>(__nm) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit time_get_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+      : time_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>(__refs), __time_get_storage<_CharT>(__nm) {}
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~time_get_byname() override {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL dateorder do_date_order() const override { return this->__do_date_order(); }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL const string_type* __weeks() const override { return this->__weeks_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL const string_type* __months() const override { return this->__months_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL const string_type* __am_pm() const override { return this->__am_pm_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL const string_type& __c() const override { return this->__c_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL const string_type& __r() const override { return this->__r_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL const string_type& __x() const override { return this->__x_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL const string_type& __X() const override { return this->__X_; }
+};
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS time_get_byname<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS time_get_byname<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __time_put {
+  locale_t __loc_;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __time_put() : __loc_(_LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE) {}
+  __time_put(const char* __nm);
+  __time_put(const string& __nm);
+  ~__time_put();
+  void __do_put(char* __nb, char*& __ne, const tm* __tm, char __fmt, char __mod) const;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+  void __do_put(wchar_t* __wb, wchar_t*& __we, const tm* __tm, char __fmt, char __mod) const;
+#  endif
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator = ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS time_put : public locale::facet, private __time_put {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _OutputIterator iter_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit time_put(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  iter_type
+  put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, const tm* __tm, const char_type* __pb, const char_type* __pe)
+      const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  put(iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, const tm* __tm, char __fmt, char __mod = 0) const {
+    return do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __tm, __fmt, __mod);
+  }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~time_put() override {}
+  virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, ios_base&, char_type, const tm* __tm, char __fmt, char __mod) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit time_put(const char* __nm, size_t __refs) : locale::facet(__refs), __time_put(__nm) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit time_put(const string& __nm, size_t __refs)
+      : locale::facet(__refs), __time_put(__nm) {}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+locale::id time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::id;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::put(
+    iter_type __s, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, const tm* __tm, const char_type* __pb, const char_type* __pe)
+    const {
+  const ctype<char_type>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__iob.getloc());
+  for (; __pb != __pe; ++__pb) {
+    if (__ct.narrow(*__pb, 0) == '%') {
+      if (++__pb == __pe) {
+        *__s++ = __pb[-1];
+        break;
+      }
+      char __mod = 0;
+      char __fmt = __ct.narrow(*__pb, 0);
+      if (__fmt == 'E' || __fmt == 'O') {
+        if (++__pb == __pe) {
+          *__s++ = __pb[-2];
+          *__s++ = __pb[-1];
+          break;
+        }
+        __mod = __fmt;
+        __fmt = __ct.narrow(*__pb, 0);
+      }
+      __s = do_put(__s, __iob, __fl, __tm, __fmt, __mod);
+    } else
+      *__s++ = *__pb;
+  }
+  return __s;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(
+    iter_type __s, ios_base&, char_type, const tm* __tm, char __fmt, char __mod) const {
+  char_type __nar[100];
+  char_type* __nb = __nar;
+  char_type* __ne = __nb + 100;
+  __do_put(__nb, __ne, __tm, __fmt, __mod);
+  return std::copy(__nb, __ne, __s);
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS time_put<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS time_put<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator = ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS time_put_byname : public time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator> {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit time_put_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+      : time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>(__nm, __refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit time_put_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+      : time_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>(__nm, __refs) {}
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~time_put_byname() override {}
+};
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS time_put_byname<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS time_put_byname<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+// money_base
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI money_base {
+public:
+  enum part { none, space, symbol, sign, value };
+  struct pattern {
+    char field[4];
+  };
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI money_base() {}
+};
+
+// moneypunct
+
+template <class _CharT, bool _International = false>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS moneypunct : public locale::facet, public money_base {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit moneypunct(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type decimal_point() const { return do_decimal_point(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type thousands_sep() const { return do_thousands_sep(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string grouping() const { return do_grouping(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type curr_symbol() const { return do_curr_symbol(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type positive_sign() const { return do_positive_sign(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type negative_sign() const { return do_negative_sign(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int frac_digits() const { return do_frac_digits(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pattern pos_format() const { return do_pos_format(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pattern neg_format() const { return do_neg_format(); }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+  static const bool intl = _International;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~moneypunct() override {}
+
+  virtual char_type do_decimal_point() const { return numeric_limits<char_type>::max(); }
+  virtual char_type do_thousands_sep() const { return numeric_limits<char_type>::max(); }
+  virtual string do_grouping() const { return string(); }
+  virtual string_type do_curr_symbol() const { return string_type(); }
+  virtual string_type do_positive_sign() const { return string_type(); }
+  virtual string_type do_negative_sign() const { return string_type(1, '-'); }
+  virtual int do_frac_digits() const { return 0; }
+  virtual pattern do_pos_format() const {
+    pattern __p = {{symbol, sign, none, value}};
+    return __p;
+  }
+  virtual pattern do_neg_format() const {
+    pattern __p = {{symbol, sign, none, value}};
+    return __p;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, bool _International>
+locale::id moneypunct<_CharT, _International>::id;
+
+template <class _CharT, bool _International>
+const bool moneypunct<_CharT, _International>::intl;
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS moneypunct<char, false>;
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS moneypunct<char, true>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS moneypunct<wchar_t, false>;
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS moneypunct<wchar_t, true>;
+#  endif
+
+// moneypunct_byname
+
+template <class _CharT, bool _International = false>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS moneypunct_byname : public moneypunct<_CharT, _International> {
+public:
+  typedef money_base::pattern pattern;
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit moneypunct_byname(const char* __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+      : moneypunct<_CharT, _International>(__refs) {
+    init(__nm);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit moneypunct_byname(const string& __nm, size_t __refs = 0)
+      : moneypunct<_CharT, _International>(__refs) {
+    init(__nm.c_str());
+  }
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~moneypunct_byname() override {}
+
+  char_type do_decimal_point() const override { return __decimal_point_; }
+  char_type do_thousands_sep() const override { return __thousands_sep_; }
+  string do_grouping() const override { return __grouping_; }
+  string_type do_curr_symbol() const override { return __curr_symbol_; }
+  string_type do_positive_sign() const override { return __positive_sign_; }
+  string_type do_negative_sign() const override { return __negative_sign_; }
+  int do_frac_digits() const override { return __frac_digits_; }
+  pattern do_pos_format() const override { return __pos_format_; }
+  pattern do_neg_format() const override { return __neg_format_; }
+
+private:
+  char_type __decimal_point_;
+  char_type __thousands_sep_;
+  string __grouping_;
+  string_type __curr_symbol_;
+  string_type __positive_sign_;
+  string_type __negative_sign_;
+  int __frac_digits_;
+  pattern __pos_format_;
+  pattern __neg_format_;
+
+  void init(const char*);
+};
+
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void moneypunct_byname<char, false>::init(const char*);
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void moneypunct_byname<char, true>::init(const char*);
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS moneypunct_byname<char, false>;
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS moneypunct_byname<char, true>;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>::init(const char*);
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>::init(const char*);
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>;
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>;
+#  endif
+
+// money_get
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __money_get {
+protected:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __money_get() {}
+
+  static void __gather_info(
+      bool __intl,
+      const locale& __loc,
+      money_base::pattern& __pat,
+      char_type& __dp,
+      char_type& __ts,
+      string& __grp,
+      string_type& __sym,
+      string_type& __psn,
+      string_type& __nsn,
+      int& __fd);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __money_get<_CharT>::__gather_info(
+    bool __intl,
+    const locale& __loc,
+    money_base::pattern& __pat,
+    char_type& __dp,
+    char_type& __ts,
+    string& __grp,
+    string_type& __sym,
+    string_type& __psn,
+    string_type& __nsn,
+    int& __fd) {
+  if (__intl) {
+    const moneypunct<char_type, true>& __mp = std::use_facet<moneypunct<char_type, true> >(__loc);
+    __pat                                   = __mp.neg_format();
+    __nsn                                   = __mp.negative_sign();
+    __psn                                   = __mp.positive_sign();
+    __dp                                    = __mp.decimal_point();
+    __ts                                    = __mp.thousands_sep();
+    __grp                                   = __mp.grouping();
+    __sym                                   = __mp.curr_symbol();
+    __fd                                    = __mp.frac_digits();
+  } else {
+    const moneypunct<char_type, false>& __mp = std::use_facet<moneypunct<char_type, false> >(__loc);
+    __pat                                    = __mp.neg_format();
+    __nsn                                    = __mp.negative_sign();
+    __psn                                    = __mp.positive_sign();
+    __dp                                     = __mp.decimal_point();
+    __ts                                     = __mp.thousands_sep();
+    __grp                                    = __mp.grouping();
+    __sym                                    = __mp.curr_symbol();
+    __fd                                     = __mp.frac_digits();
+  }
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS __money_get<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS __money_get<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator = istreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS money_get : public locale::facet, private __money_get<_CharT> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _InputIterator iter_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit money_get(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, long double& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __intl, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, string_type& __v) const {
+    return do_get(__b, __e, __intl, __iob, __err, __v);
+  }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~money_get() override {}
+
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, long double& __v) const;
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_get(iter_type __b, iter_type __e, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, string_type& __v) const;
+
+private:
+  static bool __do_get(
+      iter_type& __b,
+      iter_type __e,
+      bool __intl,
+      const locale& __loc,
+      ios_base::fmtflags __flags,
+      ios_base::iostate& __err,
+      bool& __neg,
+      const ctype<char_type>& __ct,
+      unique_ptr<char_type, void (*)(void*)>& __wb,
+      char_type*& __wn,
+      char_type* __we);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+locale::id money_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::id;
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __do_nothing(void*);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __double_or_nothing(unique_ptr<_Tp, void (*)(void*)>& __b, _Tp*& __n, _Tp*& __e) {
+  bool __owns      = __b.get_deleter() != __do_nothing;
+  size_t __cur_cap = static_cast<size_t>(__e - __b.get()) * sizeof(_Tp);
+  size_t __new_cap = __cur_cap < numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / 2 ? 2 * __cur_cap : numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+  if (__new_cap == 0)
+    __new_cap = sizeof(_Tp);
+  size_t __n_off = static_cast<size_t>(__n - __b.get());
+  _Tp* __t       = (_Tp*)std::realloc(__owns ? __b.get() : 0, __new_cap);
+  if (__t == 0)
+    __throw_bad_alloc();
+  if (__owns)
+    __b.release();
+  __b = unique_ptr<_Tp, void (*)(void*)>(__t, free);
+  __new_cap /= sizeof(_Tp);
+  __n = __b.get() + __n_off;
+  __e = __b.get() + __new_cap;
+}
+
+// true == success
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+bool money_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::__do_get(
+    iter_type& __b,
+    iter_type __e,
+    bool __intl,
+    const locale& __loc,
+    ios_base::fmtflags __flags,
+    ios_base::iostate& __err,
+    bool& __neg,
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct,
+    unique_ptr<char_type, void (*)(void*)>& __wb,
+    char_type*& __wn,
+    char_type* __we) {
+  if (__b == __e) {
+    __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+    return false;
+  }
+  const unsigned __bz = 100;
+  unsigned __gbuf[__bz];
+  unique_ptr<unsigned, void (*)(void*)> __gb(__gbuf, __do_nothing);
+  unsigned* __gn = __gb.get();
+  unsigned* __ge = __gn + __bz;
+  money_base::pattern __pat;
+  char_type __dp;
+  char_type __ts;
+  string __grp;
+  string_type __sym;
+  string_type __psn;
+  string_type __nsn;
+  // Capture the spaces read into money_base::{space,none} so they
+  // can be compared to initial spaces in __sym.
+  string_type __spaces;
+  int __fd;
+  __money_get<_CharT>::__gather_info(__intl, __loc, __pat, __dp, __ts, __grp, __sym, __psn, __nsn, __fd);
+  const string_type* __trailing_sign = 0;
+  __wn                               = __wb.get();
+  for (unsigned __p = 0; __p < 4 && __b != __e; ++__p) {
+    switch (__pat.field[__p]) {
+    case money_base::space:
+      if (__p != 3) {
+        if (__ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__b))
+          __spaces.push_back(*__b++);
+        else {
+          __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      _LIBCPP_FALLTHROUGH();
+    case money_base::none:
+      if (__p != 3) {
+        while (__b != __e && __ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__b))
+          __spaces.push_back(*__b++);
+      }
+      break;
+    case money_base::sign:
+      if (__psn.size() > 0 && *__b == __psn[0]) {
+        ++__b;
+        __neg = false;
+        if (__psn.size() > 1)
+          __trailing_sign = &__psn;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (__nsn.size() > 0 && *__b == __nsn[0]) {
+        ++__b;
+        __neg = true;
+        if (__nsn.size() > 1)
+          __trailing_sign = &__nsn;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (__psn.size() > 0 && __nsn.size() > 0) { // sign is required
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (__psn.size() == 0 && __nsn.size() == 0)
+        // locale has no way of specifying a sign. Use the initial value of __neg as a default
+        break;
+      __neg = (__nsn.size() == 0);
+      break;
+    case money_base::symbol: {
+      bool __more_needed =
+          __trailing_sign || (__p < 2) || (__p == 2 && __pat.field[3] != static_cast<char>(money_base::none));
+      bool __sb = (__flags & ios_base::showbase) != 0;
+      if (__sb || __more_needed) {
+        typename string_type::const_iterator __sym_space_end = __sym.begin();
+        if (__p > 0 && (__pat.field[__p - 1] == money_base::none || __pat.field[__p - 1] == money_base::space)) {
+          // Match spaces we've already read against spaces at
+          // the beginning of __sym.
+          while (__sym_space_end != __sym.end() && __ct.is(ctype_base::space, *__sym_space_end))
+            ++__sym_space_end;
+          const size_t __num_spaces = __sym_space_end - __sym.begin();
+          if (__num_spaces > __spaces.size() ||
+              !std::equal(__spaces.end() - __num_spaces, __spaces.end(), __sym.begin())) {
+            // No match. Put __sym_space_end back at the
+            // beginning of __sym, which will prevent a
+            // match in the next loop.
+            __sym_space_end = __sym.begin();
+          }
+        }
+        typename string_type::const_iterator __sym_curr_char = __sym_space_end;
+        while (__sym_curr_char != __sym.end() && __b != __e && *__b == *__sym_curr_char) {
+          ++__b;
+          ++__sym_curr_char;
+        }
+        if (__sb && __sym_curr_char != __sym.end()) {
+          __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    } break;
+    case money_base::value: {
+      unsigned __ng = 0;
+      for (; __b != __e; ++__b) {
+        char_type __c = *__b;
+        if (__ct.is(ctype_base::digit, __c)) {
+          if (__wn == __we)
+            std::__double_or_nothing(__wb, __wn, __we);
+          *__wn++ = __c;
+          ++__ng;
+        } else if (__grp.size() > 0 && __ng > 0 && __c == __ts) {
+          if (__gn == __ge)
+            std::__double_or_nothing(__gb, __gn, __ge);
+          *__gn++ = __ng;
+          __ng    = 0;
+        } else
+          break;
+      }
+      if (__gb.get() != __gn && __ng > 0) {
+        if (__gn == __ge)
+          std::__double_or_nothing(__gb, __gn, __ge);
+        *__gn++ = __ng;
+      }
+      if (__fd > 0) {
+        if (__b == __e || *__b != __dp) {
+          __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+          return false;
+        }
+        for (++__b; __fd > 0; --__fd, ++__b) {
+          if (__b == __e || !__ct.is(ctype_base::digit, *__b)) {
+            __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+            return false;
+          }
+          if (__wn == __we)
+            std::__double_or_nothing(__wb, __wn, __we);
+          *__wn++ = *__b;
+        }
+      }
+      if (__wn == __wb.get()) {
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+        return false;
+      }
+    } break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (__trailing_sign) {
+    for (unsigned __i = 1; __i < __trailing_sign->size(); ++__i, ++__b) {
+      if (__b == __e || *__b != (*__trailing_sign)[__i]) {
+        __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (__gb.get() != __gn) {
+    ios_base::iostate __et = ios_base::goodbit;
+    __check_grouping(__grp, __gb.get(), __gn, __et);
+    if (__et) {
+      __err |= ios_base::failbit;
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator money_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, long double& __v) const {
+  const int __bz = 100;
+  char_type __wbuf[__bz];
+  unique_ptr<char_type, void (*)(void*)> __wb(__wbuf, __do_nothing);
+  char_type* __wn;
+  char_type* __we              = __wbuf + __bz;
+  locale __loc                 = __iob.getloc();
+  const ctype<char_type>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__loc);
+  bool __neg                   = false;
+  if (__do_get(__b, __e, __intl, __loc, __iob.flags(), __err, __neg, __ct, __wb, __wn, __we)) {
+    const char __src[] = "0123456789";
+    char_type __atoms[sizeof(__src) - 1];
+    __ct.widen(__src, __src + (sizeof(__src) - 1), __atoms);
+    char __nbuf[__bz];
+    char* __nc = __nbuf;
+    unique_ptr<char, void (*)(void*)> __h(nullptr, free);
+    if (__wn - __wb.get() > __bz - 2) {
+      __h.reset((char*)malloc(static_cast<size_t>(__wn - __wb.get() + 2)));
+      if (__h.get() == nullptr)
+        __throw_bad_alloc();
+      __nc = __h.get();
+    }
+    if (__neg)
+      *__nc++ = '-';
+    for (const char_type* __w = __wb.get(); __w < __wn; ++__w, ++__nc)
+      *__nc = __src[std::find(__atoms, std::end(__atoms), *__w) - __atoms];
+    *__nc = char();
+    if (sscanf(__nbuf, "%Lf", &__v) != 1)
+      __throw_runtime_error("money_get error");
+  }
+  if (__b == __e)
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+  return __b;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _InputIterator>
+_InputIterator money_get<_CharT, _InputIterator>::do_get(
+    iter_type __b, iter_type __e, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, ios_base::iostate& __err, string_type& __v) const {
+  const int __bz = 100;
+  char_type __wbuf[__bz];
+  unique_ptr<char_type, void (*)(void*)> __wb(__wbuf, __do_nothing);
+  char_type* __wn;
+  char_type* __we              = __wbuf + __bz;
+  locale __loc                 = __iob.getloc();
+  const ctype<char_type>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__loc);
+  bool __neg                   = false;
+  if (__do_get(__b, __e, __intl, __loc, __iob.flags(), __err, __neg, __ct, __wb, __wn, __we)) {
+    __v.clear();
+    if (__neg)
+      __v.push_back(__ct.widen('-'));
+    char_type __z = __ct.widen('0');
+    char_type* __w;
+    for (__w = __wb.get(); __w < __wn - 1; ++__w)
+      if (*__w != __z)
+        break;
+    __v.append(__w, __wn);
+  }
+  if (__b == __e)
+    __err |= ios_base::eofbit;
+  return __b;
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS money_get<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS money_get<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+// money_put
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __money_put {
+protected:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __money_put() {}
+
+  static void __gather_info(
+      bool __intl,
+      bool __neg,
+      const locale& __loc,
+      money_base::pattern& __pat,
+      char_type& __dp,
+      char_type& __ts,
+      string& __grp,
+      string_type& __sym,
+      string_type& __sn,
+      int& __fd);
+  static void __format(
+      char_type* __mb,
+      char_type*& __mi,
+      char_type*& __me,
+      ios_base::fmtflags __flags,
+      const char_type* __db,
+      const char_type* __de,
+      const ctype<char_type>& __ct,
+      bool __neg,
+      const money_base::pattern& __pat,
+      char_type __dp,
+      char_type __ts,
+      const string& __grp,
+      const string_type& __sym,
+      const string_type& __sn,
+      int __fd);
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __money_put<_CharT>::__gather_info(
+    bool __intl,
+    bool __neg,
+    const locale& __loc,
+    money_base::pattern& __pat,
+    char_type& __dp,
+    char_type& __ts,
+    string& __grp,
+    string_type& __sym,
+    string_type& __sn,
+    int& __fd) {
+  if (__intl) {
+    const moneypunct<char_type, true>& __mp = std::use_facet<moneypunct<char_type, true> >(__loc);
+    if (__neg) {
+      __pat = __mp.neg_format();
+      __sn  = __mp.negative_sign();
+    } else {
+      __pat = __mp.pos_format();
+      __sn  = __mp.positive_sign();
+    }
+    __dp  = __mp.decimal_point();
+    __ts  = __mp.thousands_sep();
+    __grp = __mp.grouping();
+    __sym = __mp.curr_symbol();
+    __fd  = __mp.frac_digits();
+  } else {
+    const moneypunct<char_type, false>& __mp = std::use_facet<moneypunct<char_type, false> >(__loc);
+    if (__neg) {
+      __pat = __mp.neg_format();
+      __sn  = __mp.negative_sign();
+    } else {
+      __pat = __mp.pos_format();
+      __sn  = __mp.positive_sign();
+    }
+    __dp  = __mp.decimal_point();
+    __ts  = __mp.thousands_sep();
+    __grp = __mp.grouping();
+    __sym = __mp.curr_symbol();
+    __fd  = __mp.frac_digits();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __money_put<_CharT>::__format(
+    char_type* __mb,
+    char_type*& __mi,
+    char_type*& __me,
+    ios_base::fmtflags __flags,
+    const char_type* __db,
+    const char_type* __de,
+    const ctype<char_type>& __ct,
+    bool __neg,
+    const money_base::pattern& __pat,
+    char_type __dp,
+    char_type __ts,
+    const string& __grp,
+    const string_type& __sym,
+    const string_type& __sn,
+    int __fd) {
+  __me = __mb;
+  for (char __p : __pat.field) {
+    switch (__p) {
+    case money_base::none:
+      __mi = __me;
+      break;
+    case money_base::space:
+      __mi    = __me;
+      *__me++ = __ct.widen(' ');
+      break;
+    case money_base::sign:
+      if (!__sn.empty())
+        *__me++ = __sn[0];
+      break;
+    case money_base::symbol:
+      if (!__sym.empty() && (__flags & ios_base::showbase))
+        __me = std::copy(__sym.begin(), __sym.end(), __me);
+      break;
+    case money_base::value: {
+      // remember start of value so we can reverse it
+      char_type* __t = __me;
+      // find beginning of digits
+      if (__neg)
+        ++__db;
+      // find end of digits
+      const char_type* __d;
+      for (__d = __db; __d < __de; ++__d)
+        if (!__ct.is(ctype_base::digit, *__d))
+          break;
+      // print fractional part
+      if (__fd > 0) {
+        int __f;
+        for (__f = __fd; __d > __db && __f > 0; --__f)
+          *__me++ = *--__d;
+        char_type __z = __f > 0 ? __ct.widen('0') : char_type();
+        for (; __f > 0; --__f)
+          *__me++ = __z;
+        *__me++ = __dp;
+      }
+      // print units part
+      if (__d == __db) {
+        *__me++ = __ct.widen('0');
+      } else {
+        unsigned __ng = 0;
+        unsigned __ig = 0;
+        unsigned __gl = __grp.empty() ? numeric_limits<unsigned>::max() : static_cast<unsigned>(__grp[__ig]);
+        while (__d != __db) {
+          if (__ng == __gl) {
+            *__me++ = __ts;
+            __ng    = 0;
+            if (++__ig < __grp.size())
+              __gl = __grp[__ig] == numeric_limits<char>::max()
+                       ? numeric_limits<unsigned>::max()
+                       : static_cast<unsigned>(__grp[__ig]);
+          }
+          *__me++ = *--__d;
+          ++__ng;
+        }
+      }
+      // reverse it
+      std::reverse(__t, __me);
+    } break;
+    }
+  }
+  // print rest of sign, if any
+  if (__sn.size() > 1)
+    __me = std::copy(__sn.begin() + 1, __sn.end(), __me);
+  // set alignment
+  if ((__flags & ios_base::adjustfield) == ios_base::left)
+    __mi = __me;
+  else if ((__flags & ios_base::adjustfield) != ios_base::internal)
+    __mi = __mb;
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS __money_put<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS __money_put<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator = ostreambuf_iterator<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS money_put : public locale::facet, private __money_put<_CharT> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _OutputIterator iter_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit money_put(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  put(iter_type __s, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long double __units) const {
+    return do_put(__s, __intl, __iob, __fl, __units);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iter_type
+  put(iter_type __s, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, const string_type& __digits) const {
+    return do_put(__s, __intl, __iob, __fl, __digits);
+  }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~money_put() override {}
+
+  virtual iter_type do_put(iter_type __s, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long double __units) const;
+  virtual iter_type
+  do_put(iter_type __s, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, const string_type& __digits) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+locale::id money_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::id;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator money_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(
+    iter_type __s, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, long double __units) const {
+  // convert to char
+  const size_t __bs = 100;
+  char __buf[__bs];
+  char* __bb = __buf;
+  char_type __digits[__bs];
+  char_type* __db = __digits;
+  int __n         = snprintf(__bb, __bs, "%.0Lf", __units);
+  unique_ptr<char, void (*)(void*)> __hn(nullptr, free);
+  unique_ptr<char_type, void (*)(void*)> __hd(0, free);
+  // secure memory for digit storage
+  if (static_cast<size_t>(__n) > __bs - 1) {
+    __n = __libcpp_asprintf_l(&__bb, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE, "%.0Lf", __units);
+    if (__n == -1)
+      __throw_bad_alloc();
+    __hn.reset(__bb);
+    __hd.reset((char_type*)malloc(static_cast<size_t>(__n) * sizeof(char_type)));
+    if (__hd == nullptr)
+      __throw_bad_alloc();
+    __db = __hd.get();
+  }
+  // gather info
+  locale __loc                 = __iob.getloc();
+  const ctype<char_type>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__loc);
+  __ct.widen(__bb, __bb + __n, __db);
+  bool __neg = __n > 0 && __bb[0] == '-';
+  money_base::pattern __pat;
+  char_type __dp;
+  char_type __ts;
+  string __grp;
+  string_type __sym;
+  string_type __sn;
+  int __fd;
+  this->__gather_info(__intl, __neg, __loc, __pat, __dp, __ts, __grp, __sym, __sn, __fd);
+  // secure memory for formatting
+  char_type __mbuf[__bs];
+  char_type* __mb = __mbuf;
+  unique_ptr<char_type, void (*)(void*)> __hw(0, free);
+  size_t __exn = __n > __fd ? (static_cast<size_t>(__n) - static_cast<size_t>(__fd)) * 2 + __sn.size() + __sym.size() +
+                                  static_cast<size_t>(__fd) + 1
+                            : __sn.size() + __sym.size() + static_cast<size_t>(__fd) + 2;
+  if (__exn > __bs) {
+    __hw.reset((char_type*)malloc(__exn * sizeof(char_type)));
+    __mb = __hw.get();
+    if (__mb == 0)
+      __throw_bad_alloc();
+  }
+  // format
+  char_type* __mi;
+  char_type* __me;
+  this->__format(
+      __mb, __mi, __me, __iob.flags(), __db, __db + __n, __ct, __neg, __pat, __dp, __ts, __grp, __sym, __sn, __fd);
+  return std::__pad_and_output(__s, __mb, __mi, __me, __iob, __fl);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _OutputIterator>
+_OutputIterator money_put<_CharT, _OutputIterator>::do_put(
+    iter_type __s, bool __intl, ios_base& __iob, char_type __fl, const string_type& __digits) const {
+  // gather info
+  locale __loc                 = __iob.getloc();
+  const ctype<char_type>& __ct = std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__loc);
+  bool __neg                   = __digits.size() > 0 && __digits[0] == __ct.widen('-');
+  money_base::pattern __pat;
+  char_type __dp;
+  char_type __ts;
+  string __grp;
+  string_type __sym;
+  string_type __sn;
+  int __fd;
+  this->__gather_info(__intl, __neg, __loc, __pat, __dp, __ts, __grp, __sym, __sn, __fd);
+  // secure memory for formatting
+  char_type __mbuf[100];
+  char_type* __mb = __mbuf;
+  unique_ptr<char_type, void (*)(void*)> __h(0, free);
+  size_t __exn =
+      static_cast<int>(__digits.size()) > __fd
+          ? (__digits.size() - static_cast<size_t>(__fd)) * 2 + __sn.size() + __sym.size() + static_cast<size_t>(__fd) +
+                1
+          : __sn.size() + __sym.size() + static_cast<size_t>(__fd) + 2;
+  if (__exn > 100) {
+    __h.reset((char_type*)malloc(__exn * sizeof(char_type)));
+    __mb = __h.get();
+    if (__mb == 0)
+      __throw_bad_alloc();
+  }
+  // format
+  char_type* __mi;
+  char_type* __me;
+  this->__format(
+      __mb,
+      __mi,
+      __me,
+      __iob.flags(),
+      __digits.data(),
+      __digits.data() + __digits.size(),
+      __ct,
+      __neg,
+      __pat,
+      __dp,
+      __ts,
+      __grp,
+      __sym,
+      __sn,
+      __fd);
+  return std::__pad_and_output(__s, __mb, __mi, __me, __iob, __fl);
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS money_put<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS money_put<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+// messages
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI messages_base {
+public:
+  typedef intptr_t catalog;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI messages_base() {}
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS messages : public locale::facet, public messages_base {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<_CharT> string_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit messages(size_t __refs = 0) : locale::facet(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI catalog open(const basic_string<char>& __nm, const locale& __loc) const {
+    return do_open(__nm, __loc);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type get(catalog __c, int __set, int __msgid, const string_type& __dflt) const {
+    return do_get(__c, __set, __msgid, __dflt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void close(catalog __c) const { do_close(__c); }
+
+  static locale::id id;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~messages() override {}
+
+  virtual catalog do_open(const basic_string<char>&, const locale&) const;
+  virtual string_type do_get(catalog, int __set, int __msgid, const string_type& __dflt) const;
+  virtual void do_close(catalog) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+locale::id messages<_CharT>::id;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename messages<_CharT>::catalog messages<_CharT>::do_open(const basic_string<char>& __nm, const locale&) const {
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_CATOPEN
+  return (catalog)catopen(__nm.c_str(), NL_CAT_LOCALE);
+#  else  // !_LIBCPP_HAS_CATOPEN
+  (void)__nm;
+  return -1;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_CATOPEN
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename messages<_CharT>::string_type
+messages<_CharT>::do_get(catalog __c, int __set, int __msgid, const string_type& __dflt) const {
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_CATOPEN
+  string __ndflt;
+  __narrow_to_utf8<sizeof(char_type) * __CHAR_BIT__>()(
+      std::back_inserter(__ndflt), __dflt.c_str(), __dflt.c_str() + __dflt.size());
+  nl_catd __cat = (nl_catd)__c;
+  static_assert(sizeof(catalog) >= sizeof(nl_catd), "Unexpected nl_catd type");
+  char* __n = catgets(__cat, __set, __msgid, __ndflt.c_str());
+  string_type __w;
+  __widen_from_utf8<sizeof(char_type) * __CHAR_BIT__>()(std::back_inserter(__w), __n, __n + std::strlen(__n));
+  return __w;
+#  else  // !_LIBCPP_HAS_CATOPEN
+  (void)__c;
+  (void)__set;
+  (void)__msgid;
+  return __dflt;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_CATOPEN
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void messages<_CharT>::do_close(catalog __c) const {
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_CATOPEN
+  catclose((nl_catd)__c);
+#  else  // !_LIBCPP_HAS_CATOPEN
+  (void)__c;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_CATOPEN
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS messages<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS messages<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS messages_byname : public messages<_CharT> {
+public:
+  typedef messages_base::catalog catalog;
+  typedef basic_string<_CharT> string_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit messages_byname(const char*, size_t __refs = 0) : messages<_CharT>(__refs) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit messages_byname(const string&, size_t __refs = 0) : messages<_CharT>(__refs) {}
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL ~messages_byname() override {}
+};
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS messages_byname<char>;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS messages_byname<wchar_t>;
+#  endif
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 26 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_WSTRING_CONVERT)
+
+template <class _Codecvt,
+          class _Elem      = wchar_t,
+          class _WideAlloc = allocator<_Elem>,
+          class _ByteAlloc = allocator<char> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 wstring_convert {
+public:
+  typedef basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, _ByteAlloc> byte_string;
+  typedef basic_string<_Elem, char_traits<_Elem>, _WideAlloc> wide_string;
+  typedef typename _Codecvt::state_type state_type;
+  typedef typename wide_string::traits_type::int_type int_type;
+
+private:
+  byte_string __byte_err_string_;
+  wide_string __wide_err_string_;
+  _Codecvt* __cvtptr_;
+  state_type __cvtstate_;
+  size_t __cvtcount_;
+
+public:
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wstring_convert() : wstring_convert(new _Codecvt) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit wstring_convert(_Codecvt* __pcvt);
+#    else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX14 wstring_convert(_Codecvt* __pcvt = new _Codecvt);
+#    endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wstring_convert(_Codecvt* __pcvt, state_type __state);
+  _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  wstring_convert(const byte_string& __byte_err, const wide_string& __wide_err = wide_string());
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wstring_convert(wstring_convert&& __wc);
+#    endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~wstring_convert();
+
+  wstring_convert(const wstring_convert& __wc)            = delete;
+  wstring_convert& operator=(const wstring_convert& __wc) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wide_string from_bytes(char __byte) { return from_bytes(&__byte, &__byte + 1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wide_string from_bytes(const char* __ptr) {
+    return from_bytes(__ptr, __ptr + char_traits<char>::length(__ptr));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wide_string from_bytes(const byte_string& __str) {
+    return from_bytes(__str.data(), __str.data() + __str.size());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wide_string from_bytes(const char* __first, const char* __last);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI byte_string to_bytes(_Elem __wchar) { return to_bytes(&__wchar, &__wchar + 1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI byte_string to_bytes(const _Elem* __wptr) {
+    return to_bytes(__wptr, __wptr + char_traits<_Elem>::length(__wptr));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI byte_string to_bytes(const wide_string& __wstr) {
+    return to_bytes(__wstr.data(), __wstr.data() + __wstr.size());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI byte_string to_bytes(const _Elem* __first, const _Elem* __last);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t converted() const _NOEXCEPT { return __cvtcount_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI state_type state() const { return __cvtstate_; }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _WideAlloc, class _ByteAlloc>
+inline wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _WideAlloc, _ByteAlloc>::wstring_convert(_Codecvt* __pcvt)
+    : __cvtptr_(__pcvt), __cvtstate_(), __cvtcount_(0) {}
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _WideAlloc, class _ByteAlloc>
+inline wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _WideAlloc, _ByteAlloc>::wstring_convert(_Codecvt* __pcvt, state_type __state)
+    : __cvtptr_(__pcvt), __cvtstate_(__state), __cvtcount_(0) {}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _WideAlloc, class _ByteAlloc>
+wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _WideAlloc, _ByteAlloc>::wstring_convert(
+    const byte_string& __byte_err, const wide_string& __wide_err)
+    : __byte_err_string_(__byte_err), __wide_err_string_(__wide_err), __cvtstate_(), __cvtcount_(0) {
+  __cvtptr_ = new _Codecvt;
+}
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _WideAlloc, class _ByteAlloc>
+inline wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _WideAlloc, _ByteAlloc>::wstring_convert(wstring_convert&& __wc)
+    : __byte_err_string_(std::move(__wc.__byte_err_string_)),
+      __wide_err_string_(std::move(__wc.__wide_err_string_)),
+      __cvtptr_(__wc.__cvtptr_),
+      __cvtstate_(__wc.__cvtstate_),
+      __cvtcount_(__wc.__cvtcount_) {
+  __wc.__cvtptr_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+#    endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _WideAlloc, class _ByteAlloc>
+wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _WideAlloc, _ByteAlloc>::~wstring_convert() {
+  delete __cvtptr_;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _WideAlloc, class _ByteAlloc>
+typename wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _WideAlloc, _ByteAlloc>::wide_string
+wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _WideAlloc, _ByteAlloc>::from_bytes(const char* __frm, const char* __frm_end) {
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  __cvtcount_ = 0;
+  if (__cvtptr_ != nullptr) {
+    wide_string __ws(2 * (__frm_end - __frm), _Elem());
+    if (__frm != __frm_end)
+      __ws.resize(__ws.capacity());
+    codecvt_base::result __r = codecvt_base::ok;
+    state_type __st          = __cvtstate_;
+    if (__frm != __frm_end) {
+      _Elem* __to     = &__ws[0];
+      _Elem* __to_end = __to + __ws.size();
+      const char* __frm_nxt;
+      do {
+        _Elem* __to_nxt;
+        __r = __cvtptr_->in(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+        __cvtcount_ += __frm_nxt - __frm;
+        if (__frm_nxt == __frm) {
+          __r = codecvt_base::error;
+        } else if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv) {
+          __ws.resize(__to - &__ws[0]);
+          // This only gets executed if _Elem is char
+          __ws.append((const _Elem*)__frm, (const _Elem*)__frm_end);
+          __frm = __frm_nxt;
+          __r   = codecvt_base::ok;
+        } else if (__r == codecvt_base::ok) {
+          __ws.resize(__to_nxt - &__ws[0]);
+          __frm = __frm_nxt;
+        } else if (__r == codecvt_base::partial) {
+          ptr
diff _t __s = __to_nxt - &__ws[0];
+          __ws.resize(2 * __s);
+          __to     = &__ws[0] + __s;
+          __to_end = &__ws[0] + __ws.size();
+          __frm    = __frm_nxt;
+        }
+      } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial && __frm_nxt < __frm_end);
+    }
+    if (__r == codecvt_base::ok)
+      return __ws;
+  }
+
+  if (__wide_err_string_.empty())
+    __throw_range_error("wstring_convert: from_bytes error");
+
+  return __wide_err_string_;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _WideAlloc, class _ByteAlloc>
+typename wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _WideAlloc, _ByteAlloc>::byte_string
+wstring_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _WideAlloc, _ByteAlloc>::to_bytes(const _Elem* __frm, const _Elem* __frm_end) {
+  __cvtcount_ = 0;
+  if (__cvtptr_ != nullptr) {
+    byte_string __bs(2 * (__frm_end - __frm), char());
+    if (__frm != __frm_end)
+      __bs.resize(__bs.capacity());
+    codecvt_base::result __r = codecvt_base::ok;
+    state_type __st          = __cvtstate_;
+    if (__frm != __frm_end) {
+      char* __to     = &__bs[0];
+      char* __to_end = __to + __bs.size();
+      const _Elem* __frm_nxt;
+      do {
+        char* __to_nxt;
+        __r = __cvtptr_->out(__st, __frm, __frm_end, __frm_nxt, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+        __cvtcount_ += __frm_nxt - __frm;
+        if (__frm_nxt == __frm) {
+          __r = codecvt_base::error;
+        } else if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv) {
+          __bs.resize(__to - &__bs[0]);
+          // This only gets executed if _Elem is char
+          __bs.append((const char*)__frm, (const char*)__frm_end);
+          __frm = __frm_nxt;
+          __r   = codecvt_base::ok;
+        } else if (__r == codecvt_base::ok) {
+          __bs.resize(__to_nxt - &__bs[0]);
+          __frm = __frm_nxt;
+        } else if (__r == codecvt_base::partial) {
+          ptr
diff _t __s = __to_nxt - &__bs[0];
+          __bs.resize(2 * __s);
+          __to     = &__bs[0] + __s;
+          __to_end = &__bs[0] + __bs.size();
+          __frm    = __frm_nxt;
+        }
+      } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial && __frm_nxt < __frm_end);
+    }
+    if (__r == codecvt_base::ok) {
+      size_t __s = __bs.size();
+      __bs.resize(__bs.capacity());
+      char* __to     = &__bs[0] + __s;
+      char* __to_end = __to + __bs.size();
+      do {
+        char* __to_nxt;
+        __r = __cvtptr_->unshift(__st, __to, __to_end, __to_nxt);
+        if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv) {
+          __bs.resize(__to - &__bs[0]);
+          __r = codecvt_base::ok;
+        } else if (__r == codecvt_base::ok) {
+          __bs.resize(__to_nxt - &__bs[0]);
+        } else if (__r == codecvt_base::partial) {
+          ptr
diff _t __sp = __to_nxt - &__bs[0];
+          __bs.resize(2 * __sp);
+          __to     = &__bs[0] + __sp;
+          __to_end = &__bs[0] + __bs.size();
+        }
+      } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+      if (__r == codecvt_base::ok)
+        return __bs;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (__byte_err_string_.empty())
+    __throw_range_error("wstring_convert: to_bytes error");
+
+  return __byte_err_string_;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem = wchar_t, class _Tr = char_traits<_Elem> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 wbuffer_convert : public basic_streambuf<_Elem, _Tr> {
+public:
+  // types:
+  typedef _Elem char_type;
+  typedef _Tr traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+  typedef typename _Codecvt::state_type state_type;
+
+private:
+  char* __extbuf_;
+  const char* __extbufnext_;
+  const char* __extbufend_;
+  char __extbuf_min_[8];
+  size_t __ebs_;
+  char_type* __intbuf_;
+  size_t __ibs_;
+  streambuf* __bufptr_;
+  _Codecvt* __cv_;
+  state_type __st_;
+  ios_base::openmode __cm_;
+  bool __owns_eb_;
+  bool __owns_ib_;
+  bool __always_noconv_;
+
+public:
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wbuffer_convert() : wbuffer_convert(nullptr) {}
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  wbuffer_convert(streambuf* __bytebuf, _Codecvt* __pcvt = new _Codecvt, state_type __state = state_type());
+#    else
+  _LIBCPP_EXPLICIT_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  wbuffer_convert(streambuf* __bytebuf = nullptr, _Codecvt* __pcvt = new _Codecvt, state_type __state = state_type());
+#    endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~wbuffer_convert();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streambuf* rdbuf() const { return __bufptr_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streambuf* rdbuf(streambuf* __bytebuf) {
+    streambuf* __r = __bufptr_;
+    __bufptr_      = __bytebuf;
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  wbuffer_convert(const wbuffer_convert&)            = delete;
+  wbuffer_convert& operator=(const wbuffer_convert&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI state_type state() const { return __st_; }
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual int_type underflow();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual int_type overflow(int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* setbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual pos_type
+  seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way, ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual pos_type
+  seekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual int sync();
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL bool __read_mode();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL void __write_mode();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL wbuffer_convert* __close();
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::wbuffer_convert(streambuf* __bytebuf, _Codecvt* __pcvt, state_type __state)
+    : __extbuf_(nullptr),
+      __extbufnext_(nullptr),
+      __extbufend_(nullptr),
+      __ebs_(0),
+      __intbuf_(0),
+      __ibs_(0),
+      __bufptr_(__bytebuf),
+      __cv_(__pcvt),
+      __st_(__state),
+      __cm_(0),
+      __owns_eb_(false),
+      __owns_ib_(false),
+      __always_noconv_(__cv_ ? __cv_->always_noconv() : false) {
+  setbuf(0, 4096);
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::~wbuffer_convert() {
+  __close();
+  delete __cv_;
+  if (__owns_eb_)
+    delete[] __extbuf_;
+  if (__owns_ib_)
+    delete[] __intbuf_;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+typename wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::int_type wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::underflow() {
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  if (__cv_ == 0 || __bufptr_ == nullptr)
+    return traits_type::eof();
+  bool __initial = __read_mode();
+  char_type __1buf;
+  if (this->gptr() == 0)
+    this->setg(&__1buf, &__1buf + 1, &__1buf + 1);
+  const size_t __unget_sz = __initial ? 0 : std::min<size_t>((this->egptr() - this->eback()) / 2, 4);
+  int_type __c            = traits_type::eof();
+  if (this->gptr() == this->egptr()) {
+    std::memmove(this->eback(), this->egptr() - __unget_sz, __unget_sz * sizeof(char_type));
+    if (__always_noconv_) {
+      streamsize __nmemb = static_cast<streamsize>(this->egptr() - this->eback() - __unget_sz);
+      __nmemb            = __bufptr_->sgetn((char*)this->eback() + __unget_sz, __nmemb);
+      if (__nmemb != 0) {
+        this->setg(this->eback(), this->eback() + __unget_sz, this->eback() + __unget_sz + __nmemb);
+        __c = *this->gptr();
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (__extbufend_ != __extbufnext_) {
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__extbufnext_ != nullptr, "underflow moving from nullptr");
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__extbuf_ != nullptr, "underflow moving into nullptr");
+        std::memmove(__extbuf_, __extbufnext_, __extbufend_ - __extbufnext_);
+      }
+      __extbufnext_      = __extbuf_ + (__extbufend_ - __extbufnext_);
+      __extbufend_       = __extbuf_ + (__extbuf_ == __extbuf_min_ ? sizeof(__extbuf_min_) : __ebs_);
+      streamsize __nmemb = std::min(static_cast<streamsize>(this->egptr() - this->eback() - __unget_sz),
+                                    static_cast<streamsize>(__extbufend_ - __extbufnext_));
+      codecvt_base::result __r;
+      // FIXME: Do we ever need to restore the state here?
+      // state_type __svs = __st_;
+      streamsize __nr = __bufptr_->sgetn(const_cast<char*>(__extbufnext_), __nmemb);
+      if (__nr != 0) {
+        __extbufend_ = __extbufnext_ + __nr;
+        char_type* __inext;
+        __r = __cv_->in(
+            __st_, __extbuf_, __extbufend_, __extbufnext_, this->eback() + __unget_sz, this->egptr(), __inext);
+        if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv) {
+          this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)const_cast<char*>(__extbufend_));
+          __c = *this->gptr();
+        } else if (__inext != this->eback() + __unget_sz) {
+          this->setg(this->eback(), this->eback() + __unget_sz, __inext);
+          __c = *this->gptr();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else
+    __c = *this->gptr();
+  if (this->eback() == &__1buf)
+    this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+  return __c;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+typename wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::int_type
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::pbackfail(int_type __c) {
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  if (__cv_ != 0 && __bufptr_ && this->eback() < this->gptr()) {
+    if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof())) {
+      this->gbump(-1);
+      return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+    }
+    if (traits_type::eq(traits_type::to_char_type(__c), this->gptr()[-1])) {
+      this->gbump(-1);
+      *this->gptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+      return __c;
+    }
+  }
+  return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+typename wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::int_type wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::overflow(int_type __c) {
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  if (__cv_ == 0 || !__bufptr_)
+    return traits_type::eof();
+  __write_mode();
+  char_type __1buf;
+  char_type* __pb_save  = this->pbase();
+  char_type* __epb_save = this->epptr();
+  if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof())) {
+    if (this->pptr() == 0)
+      this->setp(&__1buf, &__1buf + 1);
+    *this->pptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+    this->pbump(1);
+  }
+  if (this->pptr() != this->pbase()) {
+    if (__always_noconv_) {
+      streamsize __nmemb = static_cast<streamsize>(this->pptr() - this->pbase());
+      if (__bufptr_->sputn((const char*)this->pbase(), __nmemb) != __nmemb)
+        return traits_type::eof();
+    } else {
+      char* __extbe = __extbuf_;
+      codecvt_base::result __r;
+      do {
+        const char_type* __e;
+        __r = __cv_->out(__st_, this->pbase(), this->pptr(), __e, __extbuf_, __extbuf_ + __ebs_, __extbe);
+        if (__e == this->pbase())
+          return traits_type::eof();
+        if (__r == codecvt_base::noconv) {
+          streamsize __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(this->pptr() - this->pbase());
+          if (__bufptr_->sputn((const char*)this->pbase(), __nmemb) != __nmemb)
+            return traits_type::eof();
+        } else if (__r == codecvt_base::ok || __r == codecvt_base::partial) {
+          streamsize __nmemb = static_cast<size_t>(__extbe - __extbuf_);
+          if (__bufptr_->sputn(__extbuf_, __nmemb) != __nmemb)
+            return traits_type::eof();
+          if (__r == codecvt_base::partial) {
+            this->setp(const_cast<char_type*>(__e), this->pptr());
+            this->__pbump(this->epptr() - this->pbase());
+          }
+        } else
+          return traits_type::eof();
+      } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+    }
+    this->setp(__pb_save, __epb_save);
+  }
+  return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+basic_streambuf<_Elem, _Tr>* wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::setbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+  this->setp(0, 0);
+  if (__owns_eb_)
+    delete[] __extbuf_;
+  if (__owns_ib_)
+    delete[] __intbuf_;
+  __ebs_ = __n;
+  if (__ebs_ > sizeof(__extbuf_min_)) {
+    if (__always_noconv_ && __s) {
+      __extbuf_  = (char*)__s;
+      __owns_eb_ = false;
+    } else {
+      __extbuf_  = new char[__ebs_];
+      __owns_eb_ = true;
+    }
+  } else {
+    __extbuf_  = __extbuf_min_;
+    __ebs_     = sizeof(__extbuf_min_);
+    __owns_eb_ = false;
+  }
+  if (!__always_noconv_) {
+    __ibs_ = max<streamsize>(__n, sizeof(__extbuf_min_));
+    if (__s && __ibs_ >= sizeof(__extbuf_min_)) {
+      __intbuf_  = __s;
+      __owns_ib_ = false;
+    } else {
+      __intbuf_  = new char_type[__ibs_];
+      __owns_ib_ = true;
+    }
+  } else {
+    __ibs_     = 0;
+    __intbuf_  = 0;
+    __owns_ib_ = false;
+  }
+  return this;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+typename wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::pos_type
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way, ios_base::openmode __om) {
+  int __width = __cv_->encoding();
+  if (__cv_ == 0 || !__bufptr_ || (__width <= 0 && __off != 0) || sync())
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+  // __width > 0 || __off == 0, now check __way
+  if (__way != ios_base::beg && __way != ios_base::cur && __way != ios_base::end)
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+  pos_type __r = __bufptr_->pubseekoff(__width * __off, __way, __om);
+  __r.state(__st_);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+typename wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::pos_type
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::seekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode __wch) {
+  if (__cv_ == 0 || !__bufptr_ || sync())
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+  if (__bufptr_->pubseekpos(__sp, __wch) == pos_type(off_type(-1)))
+    return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+  return __sp;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+int wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::sync() {
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  if (__cv_ == 0 || !__bufptr_)
+    return 0;
+  if (__cm_ & ios_base::out) {
+    if (this->pptr() != this->pbase())
+      if (overflow() == traits_type::eof())
+        return -1;
+    codecvt_base::result __r;
+    do {
+      char* __extbe;
+      __r                = __cv_->unshift(__st_, __extbuf_, __extbuf_ + __ebs_, __extbe);
+      streamsize __nmemb = static_cast<streamsize>(__extbe - __extbuf_);
+      if (__bufptr_->sputn(__extbuf_, __nmemb) != __nmemb)
+        return -1;
+    } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+    if (__r == codecvt_base::error)
+      return -1;
+    if (__bufptr_->pubsync())
+      return -1;
+  } else if (__cm_ & ios_base::in) {
+    off_type __c;
+    if (__always_noconv_)
+      __c = this->egptr() - this->gptr();
+    else {
+      int __width = __cv_->encoding();
+      __c         = __extbufend_ - __extbufnext_;
+      if (__width > 0)
+        __c += __width * (this->egptr() - this->gptr());
+      else {
+        if (this->gptr() != this->egptr()) {
+          std::reverse(this->gptr(), this->egptr());
+          codecvt_base::result __r;
+          const char_type* __e = this->gptr();
+          char* __extbe;
+          do {
+            __r = __cv_->out(__st_, __e, this->egptr(), __e, __extbuf_, __extbuf_ + __ebs_, __extbe);
+            switch (__r) {
+            case codecvt_base::noconv:
+              __c += this->egptr() - this->gptr();
+              break;
+            case codecvt_base::ok:
+            case codecvt_base::partial:
+              __c += __extbe - __extbuf_;
+              break;
+            default:
+              return -1;
+            }
+          } while (__r == codecvt_base::partial);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (__bufptr_->pubseekoff(-__c, ios_base::cur, __cm_) == pos_type(off_type(-1)))
+      return -1;
+    this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+    __cm_ = 0;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+bool wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::__read_mode() {
+  if (!(__cm_ & ios_base::in)) {
+    this->setp(0, 0);
+    if (__always_noconv_)
+      this->setg((char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)__extbuf_ + __ebs_, (char_type*)__extbuf_ + __ebs_);
+    else
+      this->setg(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + __ibs_, __intbuf_ + __ibs_);
+    __cm_ = ios_base::in;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+void wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::__write_mode() {
+  if (!(__cm_ & ios_base::out)) {
+    this->setg(0, 0, 0);
+    if (__ebs_ > sizeof(__extbuf_min_)) {
+      if (__always_noconv_)
+        this->setp((char_type*)__extbuf_, (char_type*)__extbuf_ + (__ebs_ - 1));
+      else
+        this->setp(__intbuf_, __intbuf_ + (__ibs_ - 1));
+    } else
+      this->setp(0, 0);
+    __cm_ = ios_base::out;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Codecvt, class _Elem, class _Tr>
+wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>* wbuffer_convert<_Codecvt, _Elem, _Tr>::__close() {
+  wbuffer_convert* __rt = nullptr;
+  if (__cv_ != nullptr && __bufptr_ != nullptr) {
+    __rt = this;
+    if ((__cm_ & ios_base::out) && sync())
+      __rt = nullptr;
+  }
+  return __rt;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 26 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_WSTRING_CONVERT)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+// NOLINTEND(libcpp-robust-against-adl)
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdarg>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <mutex>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_LOCALE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/locale.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/locale.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..425bf47d437ac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/locale.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_LOCALE_H
+#define _LIBCPP_LOCALE_H
+
+/*
+    locale.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    LC_ALL
+    LC_COLLATE
+    LC_CTYPE
+    LC_MONETARY
+    LC_NUMERIC
+    LC_TIME
+
+Types:
+
+    lconv
+
+Functions:
+
+   setlocale
+   localeconv
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include_next(<locale.h>)
+#  include_next <locale.h>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_LOCALE_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/map b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/map
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..02bd17ccb4e8cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/map
@@ -0,0 +1,2181 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_MAP
+#define _LIBCPP_MAP
+
+/*
+
+    map synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare = less<Key>,
+          class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class map
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef Key                                      key_type;
+    typedef T                                        mapped_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>        value_type;
+    typedef Compare                                  key_compare;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+    typedef unspecified                              node_type;              // C++17
+    typedef INSERT_RETURN_TYPE<iterator, node_type>  insert_return_type;     // C++17
+
+    class value_compare
+    {
+        friend class map;
+    protected:
+        key_compare comp;
+
+        value_compare(key_compare c);
+    public:
+        typedef bool result_type;  // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+        typedef value_type first_argument_type;  // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+        typedef value_type second_argument_type;  // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+        bool operator()(const value_type& x, const value_type& y) const;
+    };
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    map()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit map(const key_compare& comp);
+    map(const key_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        map(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+            const key_compare& comp = key_compare());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        map(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+            const key_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      map(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Compare& comp = Compare(), const Allocator& = Allocator()); // C++23
+    map(const map& m);
+    map(map&& m)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit map(const allocator_type& a);
+    map(const map& m, const allocator_type& a);
+    map(map&& m, const allocator_type& a);
+    map(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp = key_compare());
+    map(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        map(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const allocator_type& a)
+            : map(first, last, Compare(), a) {}  // C++14
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      map(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Allocator& a))
+        : map(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), Compare(), a) { } // C++23
+    map(initializer_list<value_type> il, const allocator_type& a)
+        : map(il, Compare(), a) {}  // C++14
+   ~map();
+
+    map& operator=(const map& m);
+    map& operator=(map&& m)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_compare>::value);
+    map& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    // iterators:
+          iterator begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+          iterator end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()   const noexcept;
+
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+          reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()   const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    // capacity:
+    bool      empty()    const noexcept;
+    size_type size()     const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    // element access:
+    mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& k);
+    mapped_type& operator[](key_type&& k);
+
+          mapped_type& at(const key_type& k);
+    const mapped_type& at(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& v);
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(      value_type&& v);                                // C++17
+    template <class P>
+        pair<iterator, bool> insert(P&& p);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position,       value_type&& v);                   // C++17
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator position, P&& p);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      void insert_range(R&& rg);                                                      // C++23
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    node_type extract(const_iterator position);                                       // C++17
+    node_type extract(const key_type& x);                                             // C++17
+    insert_return_type insert(node_type&& nh);                                        // C++17
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, node_type&& nh);                             // C++17
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_type& k, Args&&... args);          // C++17
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_type&& k, Args&&... args);               // C++17
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, const key_type& k, Args&&... args); // C++17
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, key_type&& k, Args&&... args);      // C++17
+    template <class M>
+        pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_type& k, M&& obj);            // C++17
+    template <class M>
+        pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_type&& k, M&& obj);                 // C++17
+    template <class M>
+        iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, const key_type& k, M&& obj);   // C++17
+    template <class M>
+        iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, key_type&& k, M&& obj);        // C++17
+
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator  erase(iterator position); // C++14
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(map<Key, T, C2, Allocator>& source);         // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(map<Key, T, C2, Allocator>&& source);        // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(multimap<Key, T, C2, Allocator>& source);    // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(multimap<Key, T, C2, Allocator>&& source);   // C++17
+
+    void swap(map& m)
+        noexcept(allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value &&
+            is_nothrow_swappable<key_compare>::value); // C++17
+
+    // observers:
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+    key_compare    key_comp()      const;
+    value_compare  value_comp()    const;
+
+    // map operations:
+          iterator find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator find(const K& x);              // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator find(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+
+    template<typename K>
+      size_type count(const K& x) const;        // C++14
+    size_type      count(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    bool           contains(const key_type& x) const;  // C++20
+    template<class K> bool contains(const K& x) const; // C++20
+
+          iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator lower_bound(const K& x);              // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator lower_bound(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+
+          iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator upper_bound(const K& x);              // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator upper_bound(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+
+    pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const K& x);        // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+};
+
+template <class InputIterator,
+      class Compare = less<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>,
+      class Allocator = allocator<iter_to_alloc_t<InputIterator>>>
+map(InputIterator, InputIterator, Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> map<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_val_t<InputIterator>, Compare, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Compare = less<range-key-type<R>,
+         class Allocator = allocator<range-to-alloc-type<R>>>
+  map(from_range_t, R&&, Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> map<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, Compare, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class Key, class T, class Compare = less<Key>,
+    class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+map(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+map(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator)
+  -> map<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_val_t<InputIterator>, less<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>,
+    Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  map(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator)
+    -> map<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, less<range-key-type<R>>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class Key, class T, class Allocator>
+map(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, Allocator) -> map<Key, T, less<Key>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator==(const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator< (const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);      // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator!=(const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);      // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator> (const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);      // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator>=(const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);      // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator<=(const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);      // removed in C++20
+
+template<class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+  synth-three-way-result<pair<const Key, T>>
+    operator<=>(const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+                const map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y); // since C++20
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+void
+swap(map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x, map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y)
+    noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator, class Predicate>
+typename map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& c, Predicate pred);  // C++20
+
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare = less<Key>,
+          class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class multimap
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef Key                                      key_type;
+    typedef T                                        mapped_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type,mapped_type>         value_type;
+    typedef Compare                                  key_compare;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+    typedef unspecified                              node_type;              // C++17
+
+    class value_compare
+    {
+        friend class multimap;
+    protected:
+        key_compare comp;
+        value_compare(key_compare c);
+    public:
+        typedef bool result_type;  // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+        typedef value_type first_argument_type;  // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+        typedef value_type second_argument_type;  // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+        bool operator()(const value_type& x, const value_type& y) const;
+    };
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    multimap()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit multimap(const key_compare& comp);
+    multimap(const key_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const key_compare& comp);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const key_compare& comp,
+                 const allocator_type& a);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      multimap(from_range_t, R&& rg,
+               const Compare& comp = Compare(), const Allocator& = Allocator()); // C++23
+    multimap(const multimap& m);
+    multimap(multimap&& m)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit multimap(const allocator_type& a);
+    multimap(const multimap& m, const allocator_type& a);
+    multimap(multimap&& m, const allocator_type& a);
+    multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp = key_compare());
+    multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp,
+             const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const allocator_type& a)
+            : multimap(first, last, Compare(), a) {} // C++14
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      multimap(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Allocator& a))
+        : multimap(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), Compare(), a) { } // C++23
+    multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, const allocator_type& a)
+        : multimap(il, Compare(), a) {} // C++14
+    ~multimap();
+
+    multimap& operator=(const multimap& m);
+    multimap& operator=(multimap&& m)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_compare>::value);
+    multimap& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    // iterators:
+          iterator begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+          iterator end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()   const noexcept;
+
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+          reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()   const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    // capacity:
+    bool      empty()    const noexcept;
+    size_type size()     const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert(      value_type&& v);                                            // C++17
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(P&& p);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position,       value_type&& v);                   // C++17
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator position, P&& p);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      void insert_range(R&& rg);                                                      // C++23
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    node_type extract(const_iterator position);                                       // C++17
+    node_type extract(const key_type& x);                                             // C++17
+    iterator insert(node_type&& nh);                                                  // C++17
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, node_type&& nh);                             // C++17
+
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator  erase(iterator position); // C++14
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(multimap<Key, T, C2, Allocator>& source);    // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(multimap<Key, T, C2, Allocator>&& source);   // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(map<Key, T, C2, Allocator>& source);         // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(map<Key, T, C2, Allocator>&& source);        // C++17
+
+    void swap(multimap& m)
+        noexcept(allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value &&
+            is_nothrow_swappable<key_compare>::value); // C++17
+
+    // observers:
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+    key_compare    key_comp()      const;
+    value_compare  value_comp()    const;
+
+    // map operations:
+          iterator find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator find(const K& x);              // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator find(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+
+    template<typename K>
+      size_type count(const K& x) const;        // C++14
+    size_type      count(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    bool           contains(const key_type& x) const;  // C++20
+    template<class K> bool contains(const K& x) const; // C++20
+
+          iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator lower_bound(const K& x);              // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator lower_bound(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+
+          iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator upper_bound(const K& x);              // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator upper_bound(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+
+    pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const K& x);        // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+};
+
+template <class InputIterator,
+      class Compare = less<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>,
+      class Allocator = allocator<iter_to_alloc_t<InputIterator>>>
+multimap(InputIterator, InputIterator, Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> multimap<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_val_t<InputIterator>, Compare, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Compare = less<range-key-type<R>>,
+          class Allocator = allocator<range-to-alloc-type<R>>>
+  multimap(from_range_t, R&&, Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> multimap<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, Compare, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class Key, class T, class Compare = less<Key>,
+    class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+multimap(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+multimap(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator)
+  -> multimap<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_val_t<InputIterator>,
+    less<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  multimap(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator)
+    -> multimap<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, less<range-key-type<R>>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class Key, class T, class Allocator>
+multimap(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, Allocator)
+  -> multimap<Key, T, less<Key>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator==(const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator< (const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);      // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator!=(const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);      // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator> (const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);      // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator>=(const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);      // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator<=(const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y);      // removed in C++20
+
+template<class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+  synth-three-way-result<pair<const Key, T>>
+    operator<=>(const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+                const multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y); // since c++20
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator>
+void
+swap(multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+     multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& y)
+    noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare, class Allocator, class Predicate>
+typename multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(multimap<Key, T, Compare, Allocator>& c, Predicate pred);  // C++20
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/binary_function.h>
+#include <__functional/is_transparent.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/erase_if_container.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/ranges_iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h>
+#include <__node_handle>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__tree>
+#include <__type_traits/is_allocator.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/piecewise_construct.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [associative.map.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _CP,
+          class _Compare,
+          bool = is_empty<_Compare>::value && !__libcpp_is_final<_Compare>::value>
+class __map_value_compare : private _Compare {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_value_compare() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Compare>::value)
+      : _Compare() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_value_compare(_Compare __c) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Compare>::value)
+      : _Compare(__c) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Compare& key_comp() const _NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _CP& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x.__get_value().first, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _Key& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x.__get_value().first, __y);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _CP& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__map_value_compare& __y) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Compare>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(static_cast<_Compare&>(*this), static_cast<_Compare&>(__y));
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _K2& __x, const _CP& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _K2& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Compare&>(*this)(__x.__get_value().first, __y);
+  }
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _CP, class _Compare>
+class __map_value_compare<_Key, _CP, _Compare, false> {
+  _Compare __comp_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_value_compare() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Compare>::value)
+      : __comp_() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_value_compare(_Compare __c) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Compare>::value)
+      : __comp_(__c) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Compare& key_comp() const _NOEXCEPT { return __comp_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _CP& __y) const {
+    return __comp_(__x.__get_value().first, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _Key& __y) const {
+    return __comp_(__x.__get_value().first, __y);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _CP& __y) const {
+    return __comp_(__x, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+  void swap(__map_value_compare& __y) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Compare>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(__comp_, __y.__comp_);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _K2& __x, const _CP& __y) const {
+    return __comp_(__x, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _CP& __x, const _K2& __y) const {
+    return __comp_(__x.__get_value().first, __y);
+  }
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _CP, class _Compare, bool __b>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(__map_value_compare<_Key, _CP, _Compare, __b>& __x, __map_value_compare<_Key, _CP, _Compare, __b>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+class __map_node_destructor {
+  typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+
+private:
+  allocator_type& __na_;
+
+public:
+  bool __first_constructed;
+  bool __second_constructed;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __map_node_destructor(allocator_type& __na) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __na_(__na),
+        __first_constructed(false),
+        __second_constructed(false) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_node_destructor(__tree_node_destructor<allocator_type>&& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __na_(__x.__na_),
+        __first_constructed(__x.__value_constructed),
+        __second_constructed(__x.__value_constructed) {
+    __x.__value_constructed = false;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  __map_node_destructor& operator=(const __map_node_destructor&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__second_constructed)
+      __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, std::addressof(__p->__value_.__get_value().second));
+    if (__first_constructed)
+      __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, std::addressof(__p->__value_.__get_value().first));
+    if (__p)
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__na_, __p, 1);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+class map;
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+class multimap;
+template <class _TreeIterator>
+class __map_const_iterator;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_STANDALONE_DEBUG __value_type {
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+  typedef pair<key_type&, mapped_type&> __nc_ref_pair_type;
+  typedef pair<key_type&&, mapped_type&&> __nc_rref_pair_type;
+
+private:
+  value_type __cc_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type& __get_value() {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+    return *std::launder(std::addressof(__cc_));
+#  else
+    return __cc_;
+#  endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const value_type& __get_value() const {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+    return *std::launder(std::addressof(__cc_));
+#  else
+    return __cc_;
+#  endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __nc_ref_pair_type __ref() {
+    value_type& __v = __get_value();
+    return __nc_ref_pair_type(const_cast<key_type&>(__v.first), __v.second);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __nc_rref_pair_type __move() {
+    value_type& __v = __get_value();
+    return __nc_rref_pair_type(std::move(const_cast<key_type&>(__v.first)), std::move(__v.second));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __value_type& operator=(const __value_type& __v) {
+    __ref() = __v.__get_value();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __value_type& operator=(__value_type&& __v) {
+    __ref() = __v.__move();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _ValueTp, __enable_if_t<__is_same_uncvref<_ValueTp, value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __value_type& operator=(_ValueTp&& __v) {
+    __ref() = std::forward<_ValueTp>(__v);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  __value_type()                    = delete;
+  ~__value_type()                   = delete;
+  __value_type(const __value_type&) = delete;
+  __value_type(__value_type&&)      = delete;
+};
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp>
+struct __value_type {
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+
+private:
+  value_type __cc_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type& __get_value() { return __cc_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const value_type& __get_value() const { return __cc_; }
+
+  __value_type()                               = delete;
+  __value_type(__value_type const&)            = delete;
+  __value_type& operator=(__value_type const&) = delete;
+  ~__value_type()                              = delete;
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __extract_key_value_types;
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp>
+struct __extract_key_value_types<__value_type<_Key, _Tp> > {
+  typedef _Key const __key_type;
+  typedef _Tp __mapped_type;
+};
+
+template <class _TreeIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __map_iterator {
+  typedef typename _TreeIterator::_NodeTypes _NodeTypes;
+  typedef typename _TreeIterator::__pointer_traits __pointer_traits;
+
+  _TreeIterator __i_;
+
+public:
+  typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__map_value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _TreeIterator::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__map_value_type_pointer pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_iterator(_TreeIterator __i) _NOEXCEPT : __i_(__i) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __i_->__get_value(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__i_->__get_value()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++__i_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __map_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_iterator& operator--() {
+    --__i_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_iterator operator--(int) {
+    __map_iterator __t(*this);
+    --(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __map_iterator& __x, const __map_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __map_iterator& __x, const __map_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;
+  }
+
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS map;
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multimap;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __map_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _TreeIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __map_const_iterator {
+  typedef typename _TreeIterator::_NodeTypes _NodeTypes;
+  typedef typename _TreeIterator::__pointer_traits __pointer_traits;
+
+  _TreeIterator __i_;
+
+public:
+  typedef bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__map_value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _TreeIterator::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef const value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__const_map_value_type_pointer pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_const_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_const_iterator(_TreeIterator __i) _NOEXCEPT : __i_(__i) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __map_const_iterator(__map_iterator< typename _TreeIterator::__non_const_iterator> __i) _NOEXCEPT : __i_(__i.__i_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __i_->__get_value(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__i_->__get_value()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_const_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++__i_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_const_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __map_const_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_const_iterator& operator--() {
+    --__i_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __map_const_iterator operator--(int) {
+    __map_const_iterator __t(*this);
+    --(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __map_const_iterator& __x, const __map_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;
+  }
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __map_const_iterator& __x, const __map_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;
+  }
+
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS map;
+  template <class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multimap;
+  template <class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __tree_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare = less<_Key>, class _Allocator = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS map {
+public:
+  // types:
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Compare> key_compare;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Allocator> allocator_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+
+  static_assert(is_same<typename allocator_type::value_type, value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS value_compare : public __binary_function<value_type, value_type, bool> {
+    friend class map;
+
+  protected:
+    key_compare comp;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_compare(key_compare __c) : comp(__c) {}
+
+  public:
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const value_type& __x, const value_type& __y) const {
+      return comp(__x.first, __y.first);
+    }
+  };
+
+private:
+  typedef std::__value_type<key_type, mapped_type> __value_type;
+  typedef __map_value_compare<key_type, __value_type, key_compare> __vc;
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<allocator_traits<allocator_type>, __value_type> __allocator_type;
+  typedef __tree<__value_type, __vc, __allocator_type> __base;
+  typedef typename __base::__node_traits __node_traits;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value, "");
+
+  __base __tree_;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef __map_iterator<typename __base::iterator> iterator;
+  typedef __map_const_iterator<typename __base::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  typedef __map_node_handle<typename __base::__node, allocator_type> node_type;
+  typedef __insert_return_type<iterator, node_type> insert_return_type;
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Key2, class _Value2, class _Comp2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS map;
+  template <class _Key2, class _Value2, class _Comp2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multimap;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map() _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value&& is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value&&
+          is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+      : __tree_(__vc(key_compare())) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit map(const key_compare& __comp) _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value&& is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit map(const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {}
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp)) {
+    insert(__f, __l);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  map(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {
+    insert(__f, __l);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  map(from_range_t,
+      _Range&& __range,
+      const key_compare& __comp = key_compare(),
+      const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {
+    insert_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : map(__f, __l, key_compare(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : map(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), key_compare(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map(const map& __m) : __tree_(__m.__tree_) { insert(__m.begin(), __m.end()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map& operator=(const map& __m) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    __tree_ = __m.__tree_;
+#else
+    if (this != std::addressof(__m)) {
+      __tree_.clear();
+      __tree_.value_comp() = __m.__tree_.value_comp();
+      __tree_.__copy_assign_alloc(__m.__tree_);
+      insert(__m.begin(), __m.end());
+    }
+#endif
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map(map&& __m) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__base>::value)
+      : __tree_(std::move(__m.__tree_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map(map&& __m, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map& operator=(map&& __m) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__base>::value) {
+    __tree_ = std::move(__m.__tree_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp)) {
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : map(__il, key_compare(), __a) {}
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    __tree_.__assign_unique(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit map(const allocator_type& __a) : __tree_(typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map(const map& __m, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__m.__tree_.value_comp(), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {
+    insert(__m.begin(), __m.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~map() { static_assert(sizeof(__diagnose_non_const_comparator<_Key, _Compare>()), ""); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.end(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return rbegin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT { return rend(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.max_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& __k);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mapped_type& operator[](key_type&& __k);
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mapped_type& at(const key_type& __k);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const mapped_type& at(const key_type& __k) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT { return allocator_type(__tree_.__alloc()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_compare key_comp() const { return __tree_.value_comp().key_comp(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_compare value_comp() const { return value_compare(__tree_.value_comp().key_comp()); }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_.__emplace_unique(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_.__emplace_hint_unique(__p.__i_, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<value_type, _Pp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert(_Pp&& __p) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_unique(std::forward<_Pp>(__p));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<value_type, _Pp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __pos, _Pp&& __p) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_unique(__pos.__i_, std::forward<_Pp>(__p));
+  }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& __v) { return __tree_.__insert_unique(__v); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_unique(__p.__i_, __v);
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type&& __v) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_unique(std::move(__v));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_unique(__p.__i_, std::move(__v));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { insert(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
+#endif
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l) {
+    for (const_iterator __e = cend(); __f != __l; ++__f)
+      insert(__e.__i_, *__f);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    const_iterator __end = cend();
+    for (auto&& __element : __range) {
+      insert(__end.__i_, std::forward<decltype(__element)>(__element));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_type& __k, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_.__emplace_unique_key_args(
+        __k,
+        std::piecewise_construct,
+        std::forward_as_tuple(__k),
+        std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_type&& __k, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_.__emplace_unique_key_args(
+        __k,
+        std::piecewise_construct,
+        std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(__k)),
+        std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator try_emplace(const_iterator __h, const key_type& __k, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_
+        .__emplace_hint_unique_key_args(
+            __h.__i_,
+            __k,
+            std::piecewise_construct,
+            std::forward_as_tuple(__k),
+            std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...))
+        .first;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator try_emplace(const_iterator __h, key_type&& __k, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_
+        .__emplace_hint_unique_key_args(
+            __h.__i_,
+            __k,
+            std::piecewise_construct,
+            std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(__k)),
+            std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...))
+        .first;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_type& __k, _Vp&& __v) {
+    iterator __p = lower_bound(__k);
+    if (__p != end() && !key_comp()(__k, __p->first)) {
+      __p->second = std::forward<_Vp>(__v);
+      return std::make_pair(__p, false);
+    }
+    return std::make_pair(emplace_hint(__p, __k, std::forward<_Vp>(__v)), true);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_type&& __k, _Vp&& __v) {
+    iterator __p = lower_bound(__k);
+    if (__p != end() && !key_comp()(__k, __p->first)) {
+      __p->second = std::forward<_Vp>(__v);
+      return std::make_pair(__p, false);
+    }
+    return std::make_pair(emplace_hint(__p, std::move(__k), std::forward<_Vp>(__v)), true);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator __h, const key_type& __k, _Vp&& __v) {
+    auto [__r, __inserted] = __tree_.__emplace_hint_unique_key_args(__h.__i_, __k, __k, std::forward<_Vp>(__v));
+
+    if (!__inserted)
+      __r->__get_value().second = std::forward<_Vp>(__v);
+
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator __h, key_type&& __k, _Vp&& __v) {
+    auto [__r, __inserted] =
+        __tree_.__emplace_hint_unique_key_args(__h.__i_, __k, std::move(__k), std::forward<_Vp>(__v));
+
+    if (!__inserted)
+      __r->__get_value().second = std::forward<_Vp>(__v);
+
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p) { return __tree_.erase(__p.__i_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(iterator __p) { return __tree_.erase(__p.__i_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.__erase_unique(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) {
+    return __tree_.erase(__f.__i_, __l.__i_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT { __tree_.clear(); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI insert_return_type insert(node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to map::insert()");
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_insert_unique< node_type, insert_return_type>(std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __hint, node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to map::insert()");
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_insert_unique<node_type>(__hint.__i_, std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(key_type const& __key) {
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__key);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(const_iterator __it) {
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__it.__i_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(map<key_type, mapped_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(map<key_type, mapped_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(multimap<key_type, mapped_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(multimap<key_type, mapped_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(map& __m) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<__base>) { __tree_.swap(__m.__tree_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.find(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.find(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.find(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.__count_unique(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__count_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const key_type& __k) const { return find(__k) != end(); }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return find(__k) != end();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.lower_bound(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.lower_bound(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator lower_bound(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator lower_bound(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.upper_bound(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.upper_bound(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator upper_bound(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator upper_bound(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+private:
+  typedef typename __base::__node __node;
+  typedef typename __base::__node_allocator __node_allocator;
+  typedef typename __base::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename __base::__node_base_pointer __node_base_pointer;
+  typedef typename __base::__parent_pointer __parent_pointer;
+
+  typedef __map_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _Dp;
+  typedef unique_ptr<__node, _Dp> __node_holder;
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_holder __construct_node_with_key(const key_type& __k);
+#endif
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Compare   = less<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__iter_to_alloc_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+map(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare = _Compare(), _Allocator = _Allocator())
+    -> map<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>, __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Compare   = less<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__range_to_alloc_type<_Range>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+map(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Compare = _Compare(), _Allocator = _Allocator())
+    -> map<__range_key_type<_Range>, __range_mapped_type<_Range>, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Compare   = less<remove_const_t<_Key>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+map(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>,
+    _Compare   = _Compare(),
+    _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> map<remove_const_t<_Key>, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, void>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+map(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Allocator)
+    -> map<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>,
+           __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>,
+           less<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+           _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+map(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Allocator)
+    -> map<__range_key_type<_Range>, __range_mapped_type<_Range>, less<__range_key_type<_Range>>, _Allocator>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+map(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>,
+    _Allocator) -> map<remove_const_t<_Key>, _Tp, less<remove_const_t<_Key>>, _Allocator>;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::map(map&& __m, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __tree_(std::move(__m.__tree_), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  if (__a != __m.get_allocator()) {
+    const_iterator __e = cend();
+    while (!__m.empty())
+      __tree_.__insert_unique(__e.__i_, __m.__tree_.remove(__m.begin().__i_)->__value_.__move());
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+_Tp& map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::operator[](const key_type& __k) {
+  return __tree_
+      .__emplace_unique_key_args(__k, std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(__k), std::forward_as_tuple())
+      .first->__get_value()
+      .second;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+_Tp& map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::operator[](key_type&& __k) {
+  // TODO investigate this clang-tidy warning.
+  // NOLINTBEGIN(bugprone-use-after-move)
+  return __tree_
+      .__emplace_unique_key_args(
+          __k, std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(__k)), std::forward_as_tuple())
+      .first->__get_value()
+      .second;
+  // NOLINTEND(bugprone-use-after-move)
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+typename map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__node_holder
+map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::__construct_node_with_key(const key_type& __k) {
+  __node_allocator& __na = __tree_.__node_alloc();
+  __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _Dp(__na));
+  __node_traits::construct(__na, std::addressof(__h->__value_.__get_value().first), __k);
+  __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+  __node_traits::construct(__na, std::addressof(__h->__value_.__get_value().second));
+  __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+  return __h;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+_Tp& map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::operator[](const key_type& __k) {
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __tree_.__find_equal(__parent, __k);
+  __node_pointer __r           = static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child);
+  if (__child == nullptr) {
+    __node_holder __h = __construct_node_with_key(__k);
+    __tree_.__insert_node_at(__parent, __child, static_cast<__node_base_pointer>(__h.get()));
+    __r = __h.release();
+  }
+  return __r->__value_.__get_value().second;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+_Tp& map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::at(const key_type& __k) {
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer& __child = __tree_.__find_equal(__parent, __k);
+  if (__child == nullptr)
+    __throw_out_of_range("map::at:  key not found");
+  return static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child)->__value_.__get_value().second;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+const _Tp& map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::at(const key_type& __k) const {
+  __parent_pointer __parent;
+  __node_base_pointer __child = __tree_.__find_equal(__parent, __k);
+  if (__child == nullptr)
+    __throw_out_of_range("map::at:  key not found");
+  return static_cast<__node_pointer>(__child)->__value_.__get_value().second;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return __x.size() == __y.size() && std::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#else // #if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __synth_three_way_result<pair<const _Key, _Tp>>
+operator<=>(const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end(), std::__synth_three_way);
+}
+
+#endif // #if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return std::__libcpp_erase_if_container(__c, __pred);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare = less<_Key>, class _Allocator = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multimap {
+public:
+  // types:
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Compare> key_compare;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Allocator> allocator_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value, "");
+  static_assert(is_same<typename allocator_type::value_type, value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+
+  class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS value_compare : public __binary_function<value_type, value_type, bool> {
+    friend class multimap;
+
+  protected:
+    key_compare comp;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_compare(key_compare __c) : comp(__c) {}
+
+  public:
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const value_type& __x, const value_type& __y) const {
+      return comp(__x.first, __y.first);
+    }
+  };
+
+private:
+  typedef std::__value_type<key_type, mapped_type> __value_type;
+  typedef __map_value_compare<key_type, __value_type, key_compare> __vc;
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<allocator_traits<allocator_type>, __value_type> __allocator_type;
+  typedef __tree<__value_type, __vc, __allocator_type> __base;
+  typedef typename __base::__node_traits __node_traits;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+
+  __base __tree_;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef __map_iterator<typename __base::iterator> iterator;
+  typedef __map_const_iterator<typename __base::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  typedef __map_node_handle<typename __base::__node, allocator_type> node_type;
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Key2, class _Value2, class _Comp2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS map;
+  template <class _Key2, class _Value2, class _Comp2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multimap;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap() _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value&& is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value&&
+          is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+      : __tree_(__vc(key_compare())) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit multimap(const key_compare& __comp) _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value&& is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit multimap(const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {}
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp)) {
+    insert(__f, __l);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  multimap(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {
+    insert(__f, __l);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  multimap(from_range_t,
+           _Range&& __range,
+           const key_compare& __comp = key_compare(),
+           const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {
+    insert_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : multimap(__f, __l, key_compare(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : multimap(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), key_compare(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap(const multimap& __m)
+      : __tree_(__m.__tree_.value_comp(),
+                __alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__m.__tree_.__alloc())) {
+    insert(__m.begin(), __m.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap& operator=(const multimap& __m) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    __tree_ = __m.__tree_;
+#else
+    if (this != std::addressof(__m)) {
+      __tree_.clear();
+      __tree_.value_comp() = __m.__tree_.value_comp();
+      __tree_.__copy_assign_alloc(__m.__tree_);
+      insert(__m.begin(), __m.end());
+    }
+#endif
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap(multimap&& __m) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__base>::value)
+      : __tree_(std::move(__m.__tree_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap(multimap&& __m, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap& operator=(multimap&& __m) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__base>::value) {
+    __tree_ = std::move(__m.__tree_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp)) {
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__vc(__comp), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : multimap(__il, key_compare(), __a) {}
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    __tree_.__assign_multi(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit multimap(const allocator_type& __a) : __tree_(typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multimap(const multimap& __m, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__m.__tree_.value_comp(), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {
+    insert(__m.begin(), __m.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~multimap() { static_assert(sizeof(__diagnose_non_const_comparator<_Key, _Compare>()), ""); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.end(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return rbegin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT { return rend(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.max_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT { return allocator_type(__tree_.__alloc()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_compare key_comp() const { return __tree_.value_comp().key_comp(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_compare value_comp() const { return value_compare(__tree_.value_comp().key_comp()); }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_.__emplace_multi(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_.__emplace_hint_multi(__p.__i_, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<value_type, _Pp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(_Pp&& __p) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_multi(std::forward<_Pp>(__p));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<value_type, _Pp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __pos, _Pp&& __p) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_multi(__pos.__i_, std::forward<_Pp>(__p));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(value_type&& __v) { return __tree_.__insert_multi(std::move(__v)); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_multi(__p.__i_, std::move(__v));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { insert(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const value_type& __v) { return __tree_.__insert_multi(__v); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_multi(__p.__i_, __v);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l) {
+    for (const_iterator __e = cend(); __f != __l; ++__f)
+      __tree_.__insert_multi(__e.__i_, *__f);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    const_iterator __end = cend();
+    for (auto&& __element : __range) {
+      __tree_.__insert_multi(__end.__i_, std::forward<decltype(__element)>(__element));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p) { return __tree_.erase(__p.__i_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(iterator __p) { return __tree_.erase(__p.__i_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.__erase_multi(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) {
+    return __tree_.erase(__f.__i_, __l.__i_);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to multimap::insert()");
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_insert_multi<node_type>(std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __hint, node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to multimap::insert()");
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_insert_multi<node_type>(__hint.__i_, std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(key_type const& __key) {
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__key);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(const_iterator __it) {
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__it.__i_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(multimap<key_type, mapped_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __tree_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(multimap<key_type, mapped_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __tree_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(map<key_type, mapped_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __tree_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(map<key_type, mapped_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __tree_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT { __tree_.clear(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(multimap& __m) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<__base>) {
+    __tree_.swap(__m.__tree_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.find(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.find(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.find(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.__count_multi(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__count_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const key_type& __k) const { return find(__k) != end(); }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return find(__k) != end();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.lower_bound(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.lower_bound(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator lower_bound(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator lower_bound(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.upper_bound(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.upper_bound(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator upper_bound(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator upper_bound(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+private:
+  typedef typename __base::__node __node;
+  typedef typename __base::__node_allocator __node_allocator;
+  typedef typename __base::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+
+  typedef __map_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _Dp;
+  typedef unique_ptr<__node, _Dp> __node_holder;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Compare   = less<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__iter_to_alloc_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+multimap(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare = _Compare(), _Allocator = _Allocator())
+    -> multimap<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>, __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Compare   = less<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__range_to_alloc_type<_Range>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+multimap(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Compare = _Compare(), _Allocator = _Allocator())
+    -> multimap<__range_key_type<_Range>, __range_mapped_type<_Range>, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Compare   = less<remove_const_t<_Key>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+multimap(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>,
+         _Compare   = _Compare(),
+         _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> multimap<remove_const_t<_Key>, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, void>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+multimap(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Allocator)
+    -> multimap<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>,
+                __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>,
+                less<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+multimap(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Allocator)
+    -> multimap<__range_key_type<_Range>, __range_mapped_type<_Range>, less<__range_key_type<_Range>>, _Allocator>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+multimap(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>,
+         _Allocator) -> multimap<remove_const_t<_Key>, _Tp, less<remove_const_t<_Key>>, _Allocator>;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::multimap(multimap&& __m, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __tree_(std::move(__m.__tree_), typename __base::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  if (__a != __m.get_allocator()) {
+    const_iterator __e = cend();
+    while (!__m.empty())
+      __tree_.__insert_multi(__e.__i_, std::move(__m.__tree_.remove(__m.begin().__i_)->__value_.__move()));
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return __x.size() == __y.size() && std::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#else // #if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __synth_three_way_result<pair<const _Key, _Tp>>
+operator<=>(const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x,
+            const multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end(), __synth_three_way);
+}
+
+#endif // #if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _Allocator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _Allocator>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return std::__libcpp_erase_if_container(__c, __pred);
+}
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace pmr {
+template <class _KeyT, class _ValueT, class _CompareT = std::less<_KeyT>>
+using map _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR =
+    std::map<_KeyT, _ValueT, _CompareT, polymorphic_allocator<std::pair<const _KeyT, _ValueT>>>;
+
+template <class _KeyT, class _ValueT, class _CompareT = std::less<_KeyT>>
+using multimap _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR =
+    std::multimap<_KeyT, _ValueT, _CompareT, polymorphic_allocator<std::pair<const _KeyT, _ValueT>>>;
+} // namespace pmr
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_MAP

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/math.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/math.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4e6304a7539849
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/math.h
@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_MATH_H
+#  define _LIBCPP_MATH_H
+
+/*
+    math.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    HUGE_VAL
+    HUGE_VALF               // C99
+    HUGE_VALL               // C99
+    INFINITY                // C99
+    NAN                     // C99
+    FP_INFINITE             // C99
+    FP_NAN                  // C99
+    FP_NORMAL               // C99
+    FP_SUBNORMAL            // C99
+    FP_ZERO                 // C99
+    FP_FAST_FMA             // C99
+    FP_FAST_FMAF            // C99
+    FP_FAST_FMAL            // C99
+    FP_ILOGB0               // C99
+    FP_ILOGBNAN             // C99
+    MATH_ERRNO              // C99
+    MATH_ERREXCEPT          // C99
+    math_errhandling        // C99
+
+Types:
+
+    float_t                 // C99
+    double_t                // C99
+
+// C90
+
+floating_point abs(floating_point x);
+
+floating_point acos (arithmetic x);
+float          acosf(float x);
+long double    acosl(long double x);
+
+floating_point asin (arithmetic x);
+float          asinf(float x);
+long double    asinl(long double x);
+
+floating_point atan (arithmetic x);
+float          atanf(float x);
+long double    atanl(long double x);
+
+floating_point atan2 (arithmetic y, arithmetic x);
+float          atan2f(float y, float x);
+long double    atan2l(long double y, long double x);
+
+floating_point ceil (arithmetic x);
+float          ceilf(float x);
+long double    ceill(long double x);
+
+floating_point cos (arithmetic x);
+float          cosf(float x);
+long double    cosl(long double x);
+
+floating_point cosh (arithmetic x);
+float          coshf(float x);
+long double    coshl(long double x);
+
+floating_point exp (arithmetic x);
+float          expf(float x);
+long double    expl(long double x);
+
+floating_point fabs (arithmetic x);
+float          fabsf(float x);
+long double    fabsl(long double x);
+
+floating_point floor (arithmetic x);
+float          floorf(float x);
+long double    floorl(long double x);
+
+floating_point fmod (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fmodf(float x, float y);
+long double    fmodl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point frexp (arithmetic value, int* exp);
+float          frexpf(float value, int* exp);
+long double    frexpl(long double value, int* exp);
+
+floating_point ldexp (arithmetic value, int exp);
+float          ldexpf(float value, int exp);
+long double    ldexpl(long double value, int exp);
+
+floating_point log (arithmetic x);
+float          logf(float x);
+long double    logl(long double x);
+
+floating_point log10 (arithmetic x);
+float          log10f(float x);
+long double    log10l(long double x);
+
+floating_point modf (floating_point value, floating_point* iptr);
+float          modff(float value, float* iptr);
+long double    modfl(long double value, long double* iptr);
+
+floating_point pow (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          powf(float x, float y);
+long double    powl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point sin (arithmetic x);
+float          sinf(float x);
+long double    sinl(long double x);
+
+floating_point sinh (arithmetic x);
+float          sinhf(float x);
+long double    sinhl(long double x);
+
+floating_point sqrt (arithmetic x);
+float          sqrtf(float x);
+long double    sqrtl(long double x);
+
+floating_point tan (arithmetic x);
+float          tanf(float x);
+long double    tanl(long double x);
+
+floating_point tanh (arithmetic x);
+float          tanhf(float x);
+long double    tanhl(long double x);
+
+//  C99
+
+bool signbit(arithmetic x);
+
+int fpclassify(arithmetic x);
+
+bool isfinite(arithmetic x);
+bool isinf(arithmetic x);
+bool isnan(arithmetic x);
+bool isnormal(arithmetic x);
+
+bool isgreater(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+bool isgreaterequal(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+bool isless(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+bool islessequal(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+bool islessgreater(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+bool isunordered(arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+
+floating_point acosh (arithmetic x);
+float          acoshf(float x);
+long double    acoshl(long double x);
+
+floating_point asinh (arithmetic x);
+float          asinhf(float x);
+long double    asinhl(long double x);
+
+floating_point atanh (arithmetic x);
+float          atanhf(float x);
+long double    atanhl(long double x);
+
+floating_point cbrt (arithmetic x);
+float          cbrtf(float x);
+long double    cbrtl(long double x);
+
+floating_point copysign (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          copysignf(float x, float y);
+long double    copysignl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point erf (arithmetic x);
+float          erff(float x);
+long double    erfl(long double x);
+
+floating_point erfc (arithmetic x);
+float          erfcf(float x);
+long double    erfcl(long double x);
+
+floating_point exp2 (arithmetic x);
+float          exp2f(float x);
+long double    exp2l(long double x);
+
+floating_point expm1 (arithmetic x);
+float          expm1f(float x);
+long double    expm1l(long double x);
+
+floating_point fdim (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fdimf(float x, float y);
+long double    fdiml(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point fma (arithmetic x, arithmetic y, arithmetic z);
+float          fmaf(float x, float y, float z);
+long double    fmal(long double x, long double y, long double z);
+
+floating_point fmax (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fmaxf(float x, float y);
+long double    fmaxl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point fmin (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          fminf(float x, float y);
+long double    fminl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point hypot (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          hypotf(float x, float y);
+long double    hypotl(long double x, long double y);
+
+int ilogb (arithmetic x);
+int ilogbf(float x);
+int ilogbl(long double x);
+
+floating_point lgamma (arithmetic x);
+float          lgammaf(float x);
+long double    lgammal(long double x);
+
+long long llrint (arithmetic x);
+long long llrintf(float x);
+long long llrintl(long double x);
+
+long long llround (arithmetic x);
+long long llroundf(float x);
+long long llroundl(long double x);
+
+floating_point log1p (arithmetic x);
+float          log1pf(float x);
+long double    log1pl(long double x);
+
+floating_point log2 (arithmetic x);
+float          log2f(float x);
+long double    log2l(long double x);
+
+floating_point logb (arithmetic x);
+float          logbf(float x);
+long double    logbl(long double x);
+
+long lrint (arithmetic x);
+long lrintf(float x);
+long lrintl(long double x);
+
+long lround (arithmetic x);
+long lroundf(float x);
+long lroundl(long double x);
+
+double      nan (const char* str);
+float       nanf(const char* str);
+long double nanl(const char* str);
+
+floating_point nearbyint (arithmetic x);
+float          nearbyintf(float x);
+long double    nearbyintl(long double x);
+
+floating_point nextafter (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          nextafterf(float x, float y);
+long double    nextafterl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point nexttoward (arithmetic x, long double y);
+float          nexttowardf(float x, long double y);
+long double    nexttowardl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point remainder (arithmetic x, arithmetic y);
+float          remainderf(float x, float y);
+long double    remainderl(long double x, long double y);
+
+floating_point remquo (arithmetic x, arithmetic y, int* pquo);
+float          remquof(float x, float y, int* pquo);
+long double    remquol(long double x, long double y, int* pquo);
+
+floating_point rint (arithmetic x);
+float          rintf(float x);
+long double    rintl(long double x);
+
+floating_point round (arithmetic x);
+float          roundf(float x);
+long double    roundl(long double x);
+
+floating_point scalbln (arithmetic x, long ex);
+float          scalblnf(float x, long ex);
+long double    scalblnl(long double x, long ex);
+
+floating_point scalbn (arithmetic x, int ex);
+float          scalbnf(float x, int ex);
+long double    scalbnl(long double x, int ex);
+
+floating_point tgamma (arithmetic x);
+float          tgammaf(float x);
+long double    tgammal(long double x);
+
+floating_point trunc (arithmetic x);
+float          truncf(float x);
+long double    truncl(long double x);
+
+*/
+
+#  include <__config>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_include_next(<math.h>)
+#    include_next <math.h>
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef __cplusplus
+
+// We support including .h headers inside 'extern "C"' contexts, so switch
+// back to C++ linkage before including these C++ headers.
+extern "C++" {
+
+#    ifdef fpclassify
+#      undef fpclassify
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef signbit
+#      undef signbit
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef isfinite
+#      undef isfinite
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef isinf
+#      undef isinf
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef isnan
+#      undef isnan
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef isnormal
+#      undef isnormal
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef isgreater
+#      undef isgreater
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef isgreaterequal
+#      undef isgreaterequal
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef isless
+#      undef isless
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef islessequal
+#      undef islessequal
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef islessgreater
+#      undef islessgreater
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef isunordered
+#      undef isunordered
+#    endif
+
+#    include <__math/abs.h>
+#    include <__math/copysign.h>
+#    include <__math/error_functions.h>
+#    include <__math/exponential_functions.h>
+#    include <__math/fdim.h>
+#    include <__math/fma.h>
+#    include <__math/gamma.h>
+#    include <__math/hyperbolic_functions.h>
+#    include <__math/hypot.h>
+#    include <__math/inverse_hyperbolic_functions.h>
+#    include <__math/inverse_trigonometric_functions.h>
+#    include <__math/logarithms.h>
+#    include <__math/min_max.h>
+#    include <__math/modulo.h>
+#    include <__math/remainder.h>
+#    include <__math/roots.h>
+#    include <__math/rounding_functions.h>
+#    include <__math/traits.h>
+#    include <__math/trigonometric_functions.h>
+#    include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#    include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#    include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#    include <stdlib.h>
+
+// fpclassify relies on implementation-defined constants, so we can't move it to a detail header
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace __math {
+
+// fpclassify
+
+// template on non-double overloads to make them weaker than same overloads from MSVC runtime
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int fpclassify(float __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fpclassify(FP_NAN, FP_INFINITE, FP_NORMAL, FP_SUBNORMAL, FP_ZERO, __x);
+}
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int fpclassify(double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fpclassify(FP_NAN, FP_INFINITE, FP_NORMAL, FP_SUBNORMAL, FP_ZERO, __x);
+}
+
+template <class = int>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int fpclassify(long double __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fpclassify(FP_NAN, FP_INFINITE, FP_NORMAL, FP_SUBNORMAL, FP_ZERO, __x);
+}
+
+template <class _A1, std::__enable_if_t<std::is_integral<_A1>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int fpclassify(_A1 __x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __x == 0 ? FP_ZERO : FP_NORMAL;
+}
+
+} // namespace __math
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+using std::__math::fpclassify;
+using std::__math::signbit;
+
+// The MSVC runtime already provides these functions as templates
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+using std::__math::isfinite;
+using std::__math::isgreater;
+using std::__math::isgreaterequal;
+using std::__math::isinf;
+using std::__math::isless;
+using std::__math::islessequal;
+using std::__math::islessgreater;
+using std::__math::isnan;
+using std::__math::isnormal;
+using std::__math::isunordered;
+#    endif // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+
+// abs
+//
+// handled in stdlib.h
+
+// div
+//
+// handled in stdlib.h
+
+// We have to provide double overloads for <math.h> to work on platforms that don't provide the full set of math
+// functions. To make the overload set work with multiple functions that take the same arguments, we make our overloads
+// templates. Functions are preferred over function templates during overload resolution, which means that our overload
+// will only be selected when the C library doesn't provide one.
+
+using std::__math::acos;
+using std::__math::acosh;
+using std::__math::asin;
+using std::__math::asinh;
+using std::__math::atan;
+using std::__math::atan2;
+using std::__math::atanh;
+using std::__math::cbrt;
+using std::__math::ceil;
+using std::__math::copysign;
+using std::__math::cos;
+using std::__math::cosh;
+using std::__math::erf;
+using std::__math::erfc;
+using std::__math::exp;
+using std::__math::exp2;
+using std::__math::expm1;
+using std::__math::fabs;
+using std::__math::fdim;
+using std::__math::floor;
+using std::__math::fma;
+using std::__math::fmax;
+using std::__math::fmin;
+using std::__math::fmod;
+using std::__math::frexp;
+using std::__math::hypot;
+using std::__math::ilogb;
+using std::__math::ldexp;
+using std::__math::lgamma;
+using std::__math::llrint;
+using std::__math::llround;
+using std::__math::log;
+using std::__math::log10;
+using std::__math::log1p;
+using std::__math::log2;
+using std::__math::logb;
+using std::__math::lrint;
+using std::__math::lround;
+using std::__math::modf;
+using std::__math::nearbyint;
+using std::__math::nextafter;
+using std::__math::nexttoward;
+using std::__math::pow;
+using std::__math::remainder;
+using std::__math::remquo;
+using std::__math::rint;
+using std::__math::round;
+using std::__math::scalbln;
+using std::__math::scalbn;
+using std::__math::signbit;
+using std::__math::sin;
+using std::__math::sinh;
+using std::__math::sqrt;
+using std::__math::tan;
+using std::__math::tanh;
+using std::__math::tgamma;
+using std::__math::trunc;
+
+} // extern "C++"
+
+#  endif // __cplusplus
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_MATH_H
+
+// This include lives outside the header guard in order to support an MSVC
+// extension which allows users to do:
+//
+// #define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
+// #include <math.h>
+//
+// and receive the definitions of mathematical constants, even if <math.h>
+// has previously been included.
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) && defined(_USE_MATH_DEFINES)
+#    include_next <math.h>
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_MATH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/mdspan b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/mdspan
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..29190e4a9953ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/mdspan
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/*
+
+// Overall mdspan synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+  // [mdspan.extents], class template extents
+  template<class IndexType, size_t... Extents>
+    class extents;
+
+  // [mdspan.extents.dextents], alias template dextents
+  template<class IndexType, size_t Rank>
+    using dextents = see below;
+
+  // [mdspan.extents.dims], alias template dims
+  template<size_t Rank, class IndexType = size_t>
+    using dims = see below; // since C++26
+
+  // [mdspan.layout], layout mapping
+  struct layout_left;
+  struct layout_right;
+  struct layout_stride;
+
+  // [mdspan.accessor.default], class template default_accessor
+  template<class ElementType>
+    class default_accessor;
+
+  // [mdspan.mdspan], class template mdspan
+  template<class ElementType, class Extents, class LayoutPolicy = layout_right,
+           class AccessorPolicy = default_accessor<ElementType>>
+    class mdspan; // not implemented yet
+}
+
+// extents synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+  template<class _IndexType, size_t... _Extents>
+  class extents {
+  public:
+    using index_type = _IndexType;
+    using size_type = make_unsigned_t<index_type>;
+    using rank_type = size_t;
+
+    // [mdspan.extents.obs], observers of the multidimensional index space
+    static constexpr rank_type rank() noexcept { return sizeof...(_Extents); }
+    static constexpr rank_type rank_dynamic() noexcept { return dynamic-index(rank()); }
+    static constexpr size_t static_extent(rank_type) noexcept;
+    constexpr index_type extent(rank_type) const noexcept;
+
+    // [mdspan.extents.cons], constructors
+    constexpr extents() noexcept = default;
+
+    template<class _OtherIndexType, size_t... _OtherExtents>
+      constexpr explicit(see below)
+        extents(const extents<_OtherIndexType, _OtherExtents...>&) noexcept;
+    template<class... _OtherIndexTypes>
+      constexpr explicit extents(_OtherIndexTypes...) noexcept;
+    template<class _OtherIndexType, size_t N>
+      constexpr explicit(N != rank_dynamic())
+        extents(span<_OtherIndexType, N>) noexcept;
+    template<class _OtherIndexType, size_t N>
+      constexpr explicit(N != rank_dynamic())
+        extents(const array<_OtherIndexType, N>&) noexcept;
+
+    // [mdspan.extents.cmp], comparison operators
+    template<class _OtherIndexType, size_t... _OtherExtents>
+      friend constexpr bool operator==(const extents&,
+                                       const extents<_OtherIndexType, _OtherExtents...>&) noexcept;
+
+  private:
+    // libcxx note: we do not use an array here, but we need to preserve the as-if behavior
+    // for example the default constructor must zero initialize dynamic extents
+    array<index_type, rank_dynamic()> dynamic-extents{};                // exposition only
+  };
+
+  template<class... Integrals>
+    explicit extents(Integrals...)
+      -> see below;
+}
+
+// layout_left synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+  template<class Extents>
+  class layout_left::mapping {
+  public:
+    using extents_type = Extents;
+    using index_type = typename extents_type::index_type;
+    using size_type = typename extents_type::size_type;
+    using rank_type = typename extents_type::rank_type;
+    using layout_type = layout_left;
+
+    // [mdspan.layout.right.cons], constructors
+    constexpr mapping() noexcept = default;
+    constexpr mapping(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+    constexpr mapping(const extents_type&) noexcept;
+    template<class OtherExtents>
+      constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<OtherExtents, extents_type>)
+        mapping(const mapping<OtherExtents>&) noexcept;
+    template<class OtherExtents>
+      constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<OtherExtents, extents_type>)
+        mapping(const layout_right::mapping<OtherExtents>&) noexcept;
+    template<class OtherExtents>
+      constexpr explicit(extents_type::rank() > 0)
+        mapping(const layout_stride::mapping<OtherExtents>&) noexcept;
+
+    constexpr mapping& operator=(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+
+    // [mdspan.layout.right.obs], observers
+    constexpr const extents_type& extents() const noexcept { return extents_; }
+
+    constexpr index_type required_span_size() const noexcept;
+
+    template<class... Indices>
+      constexpr index_type operator()(Indices...) const noexcept;
+
+    static constexpr bool is_always_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+    static constexpr bool is_always_exhaustive() noexcept { return true; }
+    static constexpr bool is_always_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+    static constexpr bool is_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+    static constexpr bool is_exhaustive() noexcept { return true; }
+    static constexpr bool is_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+    constexpr index_type stride(rank_type) const noexcept;
+
+    template<class OtherExtents>
+      friend constexpr bool operator==(const mapping&, const mapping<OtherExtents>&) noexcept;
+
+  private:
+    extents_type extents_{};    // exposition only
+  };
+}
+
+// layout_right synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+  template<class Extents>
+  class layout_right::mapping {
+  public:
+    using extents_type = Extents;
+    using index_type = typename extents_type::index_type;
+    using size_type = typename extents_type::size_type;
+    using rank_type = typename extents_type::rank_type;
+    using layout_type = layout_right;
+
+    // [mdspan.layout.right.cons], constructors
+    constexpr mapping() noexcept = default;
+    constexpr mapping(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+    constexpr mapping(const extents_type&) noexcept;
+    template<class OtherExtents>
+      constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<OtherExtents, extents_type>)
+        mapping(const mapping<OtherExtents>&) noexcept;
+    template<class OtherExtents>
+      constexpr explicit(!is_convertible_v<OtherExtents, extents_type>)
+        mapping(const layout_left::mapping<OtherExtents>&) noexcept;
+    template<class OtherExtents>
+      constexpr explicit(extents_type::rank() > 0)
+        mapping(const layout_stride::mapping<OtherExtents>&) noexcept;
+
+    constexpr mapping& operator=(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+
+    // [mdspan.layout.right.obs], observers
+    constexpr const extents_type& extents() const noexcept { return extents_; }
+
+    constexpr index_type required_span_size() const noexcept;
+
+    template<class... Indices>
+      constexpr index_type operator()(Indices...) const noexcept;
+
+    static constexpr bool is_always_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+    static constexpr bool is_always_exhaustive() noexcept { return true; }
+    static constexpr bool is_always_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+    static constexpr bool is_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+    static constexpr bool is_exhaustive() noexcept { return true; }
+    static constexpr bool is_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+    constexpr index_type stride(rank_type) const noexcept;
+
+    template<class OtherExtents>
+      friend constexpr bool operator==(const mapping&, const mapping<OtherExtents>&) noexcept;
+
+  private:
+    extents_type extents_{};    // exposition only
+  };
+}
+
+// layout_stride synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+  template<class Extents>
+  class layout_stride::mapping {
+  public:
+    using extents_type = Extents;
+    using index_type = typename extents_type::index_type;
+    using size_type = typename extents_type::size_type;
+    using rank_type = typename extents_type::rank_type;
+    using layout_type = layout_stride;
+
+  private:
+    static constexpr rank_type rank_ = extents_type::rank();    // exposition only
+
+  public:
+    // [mdspan.layout.stride.cons], constructors
+    constexpr mapping() noexcept;
+    constexpr mapping(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+    template<class OtherIndexType>
+      constexpr mapping(const extents_type&, span<OtherIndexType, rank_>) noexcept;
+    template<class OtherIndexType>
+      constexpr mapping(const extents_type&, const array<OtherIndexType, rank_>&) noexcept;
+
+    template<class StridedLayoutMapping>
+      constexpr explicit(see below) mapping(const StridedLayoutMapping&) noexcept;
+
+    constexpr mapping& operator=(const mapping&) noexcept = default;
+
+    // [mdspan.layout.stride.obs], observers
+    constexpr const extents_type& extents() const noexcept { return extents_; }
+    constexpr array<index_type, rank_> strides() const noexcept { return strides_; }
+
+    constexpr index_type required_span_size() const noexcept;
+
+    template<class... Indices>
+      constexpr index_type operator()(Indices...) const noexcept;
+
+    static constexpr bool is_always_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+    static constexpr bool is_always_exhaustive() noexcept { return false; }
+    static constexpr bool is_always_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+    static constexpr bool is_unique() noexcept { return true; }
+    constexpr bool is_exhaustive() const noexcept;
+    static constexpr bool is_strided() noexcept { return true; }
+
+    constexpr index_type stride(rank_type i) const noexcept { return strides_[i]; }
+
+    template<class OtherMapping>
+      friend constexpr bool operator==(const mapping&, const OtherMapping&) noexcept;
+
+  private:
+    extents_type extents_{};                    // exposition only
+    array<index_type, rank_> strides_{};        // exposition only
+  };
+}
+
+// default_accessor synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+  template<class ElementType>
+  struct default_accessor {
+    using offset_policy = default_accessor;
+    using element_type = ElementType;
+    using reference = ElementType&;
+    using data_handle_type = ElementType*;
+
+    constexpr default_accessor() noexcept = default;
+    template<class OtherElementType>
+      constexpr default_accessor(default_accessor<OtherElementType>) noexcept;
+    constexpr reference access(data_handle_type p, size_t i) const noexcept;
+    constexpr data_handle_type offset(data_handle_type p, size_t i) const noexcept;
+  };
+}
+
+// mdspan synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+  template<class ElementType, class Extents, class LayoutPolicy = layout_right,
+           class AccessorPolicy = default_accessor<ElementType>>
+  class mdspan {
+  public:
+    using extents_type = Extents;
+    using layout_type = LayoutPolicy;
+    using accessor_type = AccessorPolicy;
+    using mapping_type = typename layout_type::template mapping<extents_type>;
+    using element_type = ElementType;
+    using value_type = remove_cv_t<element_type>;
+    using index_type = typename extents_type::index_type;
+    using size_type = typename extents_type::size_type;
+    using rank_type = typename extents_type::rank_type;
+    using data_handle_type = typename accessor_type::data_handle_type;
+    using reference = typename accessor_type::reference;
+
+    static constexpr rank_type rank() noexcept { return extents_type::rank(); }
+    static constexpr rank_type rank_dynamic() noexcept { return extents_type::rank_dynamic(); }
+    static constexpr size_t static_extent(rank_type r) noexcept
+      { return extents_type::static_extent(r); }
+    constexpr index_type extent(rank_type r) const noexcept { return extents().extent(r); }
+
+    // [mdspan.mdspan.cons], constructors
+    constexpr mdspan();
+    constexpr mdspan(const mdspan& rhs) = default;
+    constexpr mdspan(mdspan&& rhs) = default;
+
+    template<class... OtherIndexTypes>
+      constexpr explicit mdspan(data_handle_type ptr, OtherIndexTypes... exts);
+    template<class OtherIndexType, size_t N>
+      constexpr explicit(N != rank_dynamic())
+        mdspan(data_handle_type p, span<OtherIndexType, N> exts);
+    template<class OtherIndexType, size_t N>
+      constexpr explicit(N != rank_dynamic())
+        mdspan(data_handle_type p, const array<OtherIndexType, N>& exts);
+    constexpr mdspan(data_handle_type p, const extents_type& ext);
+    constexpr mdspan(data_handle_type p, const mapping_type& m);
+    constexpr mdspan(data_handle_type p, const mapping_type& m, const accessor_type& a);
+
+    template<class OtherElementType, class OtherExtents,
+             class OtherLayoutPolicy, class OtherAccessorPolicy>
+      constexpr explicit(see below)
+        mdspan(const mdspan<OtherElementType, OtherExtents,
+                            OtherLayoutPolicy, OtherAccessorPolicy>& other);
+
+    constexpr mdspan& operator=(const mdspan& rhs) = default;
+    constexpr mdspan& operator=(mdspan&& rhs) = default;
+
+    // [mdspan.mdspan.members], members
+    template<class... OtherIndexTypes>
+      constexpr reference operator[](OtherIndexTypes... indices) const;
+    template<class OtherIndexType>
+      constexpr reference operator[](span<OtherIndexType, rank()> indices) const;
+    template<class OtherIndexType>
+      constexpr reference operator[](const array<OtherIndexType, rank()>& indices) const;
+
+    constexpr size_type size() const noexcept;
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool empty() const noexcept;
+
+    friend constexpr void swap(mdspan& x, mdspan& y) noexcept;
+
+    constexpr const extents_type& extents() const noexcept { return map_.extents(); }
+    constexpr const data_handle_type& data_handle() const noexcept { return ptr_; }
+    constexpr const mapping_type& mapping() const noexcept { return map_; }
+    constexpr const accessor_type& accessor() const noexcept { return acc_; }
+
+    // per LWG-4021 "mdspan::is_always_meow() should be noexcept"
+    static constexpr bool is_always_unique() noexcept
+      { return mapping_type::is_always_unique(); }
+    static constexpr bool is_always_exhaustive() noexcept
+      { return mapping_type::is_always_exhaustive(); }
+    static constexpr bool is_always_strided() noexcept
+      { return mapping_type::is_always_strided(); }
+
+    constexpr bool is_unique() const
+      { return map_.is_unique(); }
+    constexpr bool is_exhaustive() const
+      { return map_.is_exhaustive(); }
+    constexpr bool is_strided() const
+      { return map_.is_strided(); }
+    constexpr index_type stride(rank_type r) const
+      { return map_.stride(r); }
+
+  private:
+    accessor_type acc_;         // exposition only
+    mapping_type map_;          // exposition only
+    data_handle_type ptr_;      // exposition only
+  };
+
+  template<class CArray>
+    requires(is_array_v<CArray> && rank_v<CArray> == 1)
+    mdspan(CArray&)
+      -> mdspan<remove_all_extents_t<CArray>, extents<size_t, extent_v<CArray, 0>>>;
+
+  template<class Pointer>
+    requires(is_pointer_v<remove_reference_t<Pointer>>)
+    mdspan(Pointer&&)
+      -> mdspan<remove_pointer_t<remove_reference_t<Pointer>>, extents<size_t>>;
+
+  template<class ElementType, class... Integrals>
+    requires((is_convertible_v<Integrals, size_t> && ...) && sizeof...(Integrals) > 0)
+    explicit mdspan(ElementType*, Integrals...)
+      -> mdspan<ElementType, dextents<size_t, sizeof...(Integrals)>>;            // until C++26
+  template<class ElementType, class... Integrals>
+    requires((is_convertible_v<Integrals, size_t> && ...) && sizeof...(Integrals) > 0)
+    explicit mdspan(ElementType*, Integrals...)
+      -> mdspan<ElementType, extents<size_t, maybe-static-ext<Integrals>...>>;  // since C++26
+
+  template<class ElementType, class OtherIndexType, size_t N>
+    mdspan(ElementType*, span<OtherIndexType, N>)
+      -> mdspan<ElementType, dextents<size_t, N>>;
+
+  template<class ElementType, class OtherIndexType, size_t N>
+    mdspan(ElementType*, const array<OtherIndexType, N>&)
+      -> mdspan<ElementType, dextents<size_t, N>>;
+
+  template<class ElementType, class IndexType, size_t... ExtentsPack>
+    mdspan(ElementType*, const extents<IndexType, ExtentsPack...>&)
+      -> mdspan<ElementType, extents<IndexType, ExtentsPack...>>;
+
+  template<class ElementType, class MappingType>
+    mdspan(ElementType*, const MappingType&)
+      -> mdspan<ElementType, typename MappingType::extents_type,
+                typename MappingType::layout_type>;
+
+  template<class MappingType, class AccessorType>
+    mdspan(const typename AccessorType::data_handle_type&, const MappingType&,
+           const AccessorType&)
+      -> mdspan<typename AccessorType::element_type, typename MappingType::extents_type,
+                typename MappingType::layout_type, AccessorType>;
+}
+*/
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_MDSPAN
+#define _LIBCPP_MDSPAN
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#  include <__fwd/mdspan.h>
+#  include <__mdspan/default_accessor.h>
+#  include <__mdspan/extents.h>
+#  include <__mdspan/layout_left.h>
+#  include <__mdspan/layout_right.h>
+#  include <__mdspan/layout_stride.h>
+#  include <__mdspan/mdspan.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <array>
+#  include <cinttypes>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <span>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_MDSPAN

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/memory b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/memory
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b940a32c3ebe6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/memory
@@ -0,0 +1,998 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_MEMORY
+#define _LIBCPP_MEMORY
+
+// clang-format off
+
+/*
+    memory synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+struct allocator_arg_t { };
+inline constexpr allocator_arg_t allocator_arg = allocator_arg_t();
+
+template <class T, class Alloc> struct uses_allocator;
+
+template <class Ptr>
+struct pointer_traits
+{
+    typedef Ptr pointer;
+    typedef <details> element_type;
+    typedef <details> 
diff erence_type;
+
+    template <class U> using rebind = <details>;
+
+    static pointer pointer_to(<details>);
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct pointer_traits<T*>
+{
+    typedef T* pointer;
+    typedef T element_type;
+    typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+
+    template <class U> using rebind = U*;
+
+    static pointer pointer_to(<details>) noexcept; // constexpr in C++20
+};
+
+template <class T> constexpr T* to_address(T* p) noexcept; // C++20
+template <class Ptr> constexpr auto to_address(const Ptr& p) noexcept; // C++20
+
+template <class Alloc>
+struct allocator_traits
+{
+    typedef Alloc                        allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::value_type
+                                         value_type;
+
+    typedef Alloc::pointer | value_type* pointer;
+    typedef Alloc::const_pointer
+          | pointer_traits<pointer>::rebind<const value_type>
+                                         const_pointer;
+    typedef Alloc::void_pointer
+          | pointer_traits<pointer>::rebind<void>
+                                         void_pointer;
+    typedef Alloc::const_void_pointer
+          | pointer_traits<pointer>::rebind<const void>
+                                         const_void_pointer;
+    typedef Alloc::
diff erence_type
+          | pointer_traits<pointer>::
diff erence_type
+                                         
diff erence_type;
+    typedef Alloc::size_type
+          | make_unsigned<
diff erence_type>::type
+                                         size_type;
+    typedef Alloc::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment
+          | false_type                   propagate_on_container_copy_assignment;
+    typedef Alloc::propagate_on_container_move_assignment
+          | false_type                   propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+    typedef Alloc::propagate_on_container_swap
+          | false_type                   propagate_on_container_swap;
+    typedef Alloc::is_always_equal
+          | is_empty                     is_always_equal;
+
+    template <class T> using rebind_alloc  = Alloc::rebind<T>::other | Alloc<T, Args...>;
+    template <class T> using rebind_traits = allocator_traits<rebind_alloc<T>>;
+
+    static pointer allocate(allocator_type& a, size_type n);                          // constexpr and [[nodiscard]] in C++20
+    static pointer allocate(allocator_type& a, size_type n, const_void_pointer hint); // constexpr and [[nodiscard]] in C++20
+
+    [[nodiscard]] static constexpr allocation_result<pointer, size_type>
+      allocate_at_least(Alloc& a, size_type n);                                 // Since C++23
+
+    static void deallocate(allocator_type& a, pointer p, size_type n) noexcept; // constexpr in C++20
+
+    template <class T, class... Args>
+    static void construct(allocator_type& a, T* p, Args&&... args); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    template <class T>
+    static void destroy(allocator_type& a, T* p); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    static size_type max_size(const allocator_type& a); // noexcept in C++14, constexpr in C++20
+    static allocator_type select_on_container_copy_construction(const allocator_type& a); // constexpr in C++20
+};
+
+template<class Pointer, class SizeType = size_t>
+struct allocation_result {
+    Pointer ptr;
+    SizeType count;
+}; // Since C++23
+
+template <>
+class allocator<void> // removed in C++20
+{
+public:
+    typedef void*                                 pointer;
+    typedef const void*                           const_pointer;
+    typedef void                                  value_type;
+
+    template <class _Up> struct rebind {typedef allocator<_Up> other;};
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class allocator
+{
+public:
+    typedef size_t    size_type;
+    typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef T*        pointer;                           // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+    typedef const T*  const_pointer;                     // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<T>::type
+                      reference;                         // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+    typedef typename add_lvalue_reference<const T>::type
+                      const_reference;                   // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+
+    typedef T         value_type;
+
+    template <class U> struct rebind {typedef allocator<U> other;}; // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+
+    typedef true_type propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+    typedef true_type is_always_equal;                   // Deprecated in C++23, removed in C++26
+
+    constexpr allocator() noexcept;                      // constexpr in C++20
+    constexpr allocator(const allocator&) noexcept;      // constexpr in C++20
+    template <class U>
+      constexpr allocator(const allocator<U>&) noexcept; // constexpr in C++20
+    ~allocator();                                        // constexpr in C++20
+    pointer address(reference x) const noexcept;             // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+    const_pointer address(const_reference x) const noexcept; // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+    T* allocate(size_t n, const void* hint);          // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+    T* allocate(size_t n);                              // constexpr in C++20
+    void deallocate(T* p, size_t n) noexcept;           // constexpr in C++20
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;              // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+    template<class U, class... Args>
+        void construct(U* p, Args&&... args);         // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+    template <class U>
+        void destroy(U* p);                           // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+};
+
+template <class T, class U>
+bool operator==(const allocator<T>&, const allocator<U>&) noexcept; // constexpr in C++20
+
+template <class T, class U>
+bool operator!=(const allocator<T>&, const allocator<U>&) noexcept; // removed in C++20
+
+template <class OutputIterator, class T>
+class raw_storage_iterator // deprecated in C++17, removed in C++20
+    : public iterator<output_iterator_tag, void, void, void, void> // until C++17
+{
+public:
+    typedef output_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+    typedef void                value_type;
+    typedef void                
diff erence_type; // until C++20
+    typedef ptr
diff _t           
diff erence_type; // since C++20
+    typedef void                pointer;
+    typedef void                reference;
+
+    explicit raw_storage_iterator(OutputIterator x);
+    raw_storage_iterator& operator*();
+    raw_storage_iterator& operator=(const T& element);
+    raw_storage_iterator& operator++();
+    raw_storage_iterator  operator++(int);
+};
+
+template <class T> pair<T*,ptr
diff _t> get_temporary_buffer(ptr
diff _t n) noexcept;
+template <class T> void               return_temporary_buffer(T* p) noexcept;
+
+template <class T> T* addressof(T& r) noexcept;
+template <class T> T* addressof(const T&& r) noexcept = delete;
+
+template <class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator>
+ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, ForwardIterator result);
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+using uninitialized_copy_result = in_out_result<InputIterator, OutputIterator>; // since C++20
+
+template<input_iterator InputIterator, sentinel-for<InputIterator> Sentinel1, nothrow-forward-iterator OutputIterator, nothrow-sentinel-for<OutputIterator> Sentinel2>
+  requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<OutputIterator>, iter_reference_t<InputIterator>>
+uninitialized_copy_result<InputIterator, OutputIterator>
+uninitialized_copy(InputIterator ifirst, Sentinel1 ilast, OutputIterator ofirst, Sentinel2 olast); // since C++20
+
+template<input_range InputRange, nothrow-forward-range OutputRange>
+  requires constructible_from<range_value_t<OutputRange>, range_reference_t<InputRange>>
+uninitialized_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<InputRange>, borrowed_iterator_t<OutputRange>>
+uninitialized_copy(InputRange&& in_range, OutputRange&& out_range); // since C++20
+
+}
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Size, class ForwardIterator>
+ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_copy_n(InputIterator first, Size n, ForwardIterator result);
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+using uninitialized_copy_n_result = in_out_result<InputIterator, OutputIterator>; // since C++20
+
+template<input_iterator InputIterator, nothrow-forward-iterator OutputIterator, nothrow-sentinel-for<OutputIterator> Sentinel>
+  requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<OutputIterator>, iter_reference_t<InputIterator>>
+uninitialized_copy_n_result<InputIterator, OutputIterator>
+uninitialized_copy_n(InputIterator ifirst, iter_
diff erence_t<InputIterator> n, OutputIterator ofirst, Sentinel olast); // since C++20
+
+}
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+void uninitialized_fill(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& x);
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <nothrow-forward-iterator ForwardIterator, nothrow-sentinel-for<ForwardIterator> Sentinel, class T>
+  requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<ForwardIterator>, const T&>
+ForwardIterator uninitialized_fill(ForwardIterator first, Sentinel last, const T& x); // since C++20
+
+template <nothrow-forward-range ForwardRange, class T>
+  requires constructible_from<range_value_t<ForwardRange>, const T&>
+borrowed_iterator_t<ForwardRange> uninitialized_fill(ForwardRange&& range, const T& x); // since C++20
+
+}
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T>
+ForwardIterator
+uninitialized_fill_n(ForwardIterator first, Size n, const T& x);
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <nothrow-forward-iterator ForwardIterator, class T>
+  requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<ForwardIterator>, const T&>
+ForwardIterator uninitialized_fill_n(ForwardIterator first, iter_
diff erence_t<ForwardIterator> n); // since C++20
+
+}
+
+template <class T, class ...Args>
+constexpr T* construct_at(T* location, Args&& ...args); // since C++20
+
+namespace ranges {
+  template<class T, class... Args>
+    constexpr T* construct_at(T* location, Args&&... args); // since C++20
+}
+
+template <class T>
+void destroy_at(T* location); // constexpr in C++20
+
+namespace ranges {
+  template<destructible T>
+    constexpr void destroy_at(T* location) noexcept; // since C++20
+}
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+void destroy(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last); // constexpr in C++20
+
+namespace ranges {
+  template<nothrow-input-iterator InputIterator, nothrow-sentinel-for<InputIterator> Sentinel>
+    requires destructible<iter_value_t<InputIterator>>
+    constexpr InputIterator destroy(InputIterator first, Sentinel last) noexcept; // since C++20
+  template<nothrow-input-range InputRange>
+    requires destructible<range_value_t<InputRange>>
+    constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<InputRange> destroy(InputRange&& range) noexcept; // since C++20
+}
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Size>
+ForwardIterator destroy_n(ForwardIterator first, Size n); // constexpr in C++20
+
+namespace ranges {
+  template<nothrow-input-iterator InputIterator>
+    requires destructible<iter_value_t<InputIterator>>
+    constexpr InputIterator destroy_n(InputIterator first, iter_
diff erence_t<InputIterator> n) noexcept; // since C++20
+}
+
+template <class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator>
+ ForwardIterator uninitialized_move(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, ForwardIterator result);
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+using uninitialized_move_result = in_out_result<InputIterator, OutputIterator>; // since C++20
+
+template <input_iterator InputIterator, sentinel_for<InputIterator> Sentinel1, nothrow-forward-iterator OutputIterator, nothrow-sentinel-for<O> Sentinel2>
+  requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<OutputIterator>, iter_rvalue_reference_t<InputIterator>>
+uninitialized_move_result<InputIterator, OutputIterator>
+uninitialized_move(InputIterator ifirst, Sentinel1 ilast, OutputIterator ofirst, Sentinel2 olast); // since C++20
+
+template<input_range InputRange, nothrow-forward-range OutputRange>
+  requires constructible_from<range_value_t<OutputRange>, range_rvalue_reference_t<InputRange>>
+uninitialized_move_result<borrowed_iterator_t<InputRange>, borrowed_iterator_t<OutputRange>>
+uninitialized_move(InputRange&& in_range, OutputRange&& out_range); // since C++20
+
+}
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Size, class ForwardIterator>
+ pair<InputIterator,ForwardIterator> uninitialized_move_n(InputIterator first, Size n, ForwardIterator result);
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+using uninitialized_move_n_result = in_out_result<InputIterator, OutputIterator>; // since C++20
+
+template<input_iterator InputIterator, nothrow-forward-iterator OutputIterator, nothrow-sentinel-for<OutputIterator> Sentinel>
+  requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<OutputIterator>, iter_rvalue_reference_t<InputIterator>>
+uninitialized_move_n_result<InputIterator, OutputIterator>
+uninitialized_move_n(InputIterator ifirst, iter_
diff erence_t<InputIterator> n, OutputIterator ofirst, Sentinel olast); // since C++20
+
+}
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+ void uninitialized_value_construct(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <nothrow-forward-iterator ForwardIterator, nothrow-sentinel-for<ForwardIterator> Sentinel>
+  requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<ForwardIterator>>
+ ForwardIterator uninitialized_value_construct(ForwardIterator first, Sentinel last); // since C++20
+
+template <nothrow-forward-range ForwardRange>
+  requires default_initializable<range_value_t<ForwardRange>>
+ borrowed_iterator_t<ForwardRange> uninitialized_value_construct(ForwardRange&& r); // since C++20
+
+}
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Size>
+ ForwardIterator uninitialized_value_construct_n(ForwardIterator first, Size n);
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <nothrow-forward-iterator ForwardIterator>
+  requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<ForwardIterator>>
+ ForwardIterator uninitialized_value_construct_n(ForwardIterator first, iter_
diff erence_t<ForwardIterator> n); // since C++20
+
+}
+
+template <class ForwardIterator>
+ void uninitialized_default_construct(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <nothrow-forward-iterator ForwardIterator, nothrow-sentinel-for<ForwardIterator> Sentinel>
+  requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<ForwardIterator>>
+ ForwardIterator uninitialized_default_construct(ForwardIterator first, Sentinel last); // since C++20
+
+template <nothrow-forward-range ForwardRange>
+  requires default_initializable<range_value_t<ForwardRange>>
+ borrowed_iterator_t<ForwardRange> uninitialized_default_construct(ForwardRange&& r); // since C++20
+
+}
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class Size>
+ ForwardIterator uninitialized_default_construct_n(ForwardIterator first, Size n);
+
+namespace ranges {
+
+template <nothrow-forward-iterator ForwardIterator>
+  requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<ForwardIterator>>
+ ForwardIterator uninitialized_default_construct_n(ForwardIterator first, iter_
diff erence_t<ForwardIterator> n); // since C++20
+
+}
+
+template <class Y> struct auto_ptr_ref {};      // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+
+template<class X>
+class auto_ptr                                  // deprecated in C++11, removed in C++17
+{
+public:
+    typedef X element_type;
+
+    explicit auto_ptr(X* p =0) throw();
+    auto_ptr(auto_ptr&) throw();
+    template<class Y> auto_ptr(auto_ptr<Y>&) throw();
+    auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr&) throw();
+    template<class Y> auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr<Y>&) throw();
+    auto_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr_ref<X> r) throw();
+    ~auto_ptr() throw();
+
+    typename add_lvalue_reference<X>::type operator*() const throw();
+    X* operator->() const throw();
+    X* get() const throw();
+    X* release() throw();
+    void reset(X* p =0) throw();
+
+    auto_ptr(auto_ptr_ref<X>) throw();
+    template<class Y> operator auto_ptr_ref<Y>() throw();
+    template<class Y> operator auto_ptr<Y>() throw();
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct default_delete
+{
+    constexpr default_delete() noexcept = default;
+    template <class U> constexpr default_delete(const default_delete<U>&) noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+
+    constexpr void operator()(T*) const noexcept;                                   // constexpr since C++23
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct default_delete<T[]>
+{
+    constexpr default_delete() noexcept = default;
+    template <class U> constexpr default_delete(const default_delete <U[]>&) noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr void operator()(T*) const noexcept;                                      // constexpr since C++23
+    template <class U> void operator()(U*) const = delete;
+};
+
+template <class T, class D = default_delete<T>>
+class unique_ptr
+{
+public:
+    typedef see below pointer;
+    typedef T element_type;
+    typedef D deleter_type;
+
+    // constructors
+    constexpr unique_ptr() noexcept;
+    constexpr explicit unique_ptr(pointer p) noexcept;           // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr unique_ptr(pointer p, see below d1) noexcept;      // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr unique_ptr(pointer p, see below d2) noexcept;      // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;               // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr unique_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept : unique_ptr() { }
+    template <class U, class E>
+        constexpr unique_ptr(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;     // constexpr since C++23
+    template <class U>
+        unique_ptr(auto_ptr<U>&& u) noexcept;                    // removed in C++17
+
+    // destructor
+    constexpr ~unique_ptr();                                     // constexpr since C++23
+
+    // assignment
+    constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;                         // constexpr since C++23
+    template <class U, class E>
+    constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;                   // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept;                              // constexpr since C++23
+
+    // observers
+    constexpr
+    add_lvalue_reference<T>::type operator*() const noexcept(see below);              // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr pointer operator->() const noexcept;                                    // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr pointer get() const noexcept;                                           // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr deleter_type& get_deleter() noexcept;                                   // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr const deleter_type& get_deleter() const noexcept;                       // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept;                                // constexpr since C++23
+
+    // modifiers
+    constexpr pointer release() noexcept;                                             // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr void reset(pointer p = pointer()) noexcept;                             // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr void swap(unique_ptr& u) noexcept;                                      // constexpr since C++23
+};
+
+template <class T, class D>
+class unique_ptr<T[], D>
+{
+public:
+    typedef implementation-defined pointer;
+    typedef T element_type;
+    typedef D deleter_type;
+
+    // constructors
+    constexpr unique_ptr() noexcept;
+    constexpr explicit unique_ptr(pointer p) noexcept;          // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr unique_ptr(pointer p, see below d) noexcept;      // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr unique_ptr(pointer p, see below d) noexcept;      // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;              // constexpr since C++23
+    template <class U, class E>
+    constexpr unique_ptr(unique_ptr <U, E>&& u) noexcept;       // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr unique_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept : unique_ptr() { }
+
+    // destructor
+    constexpr ~unique_ptr();                                    // constexpr since C++23
+
+    // assignment
+    constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;        // constexpr since C++23
+    template <class U, class E>
+    constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr <U, E>&& u) noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept;             // constexpr since C++23
+
+    // observers
+    constexpr T& operator[](size_t i) const;                    // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr pointer get() const noexcept;                     // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr deleter_type& get_deleter() noexcept;             // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr const deleter_type& get_deleter() const noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept;          // constexpr since C++23
+
+    // modifiers
+    constexpr pointer release() noexcept;                       // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr void reset(pointer p = pointer()) noexcept;       // constexpr since C++23
+    constexpr void reset(nullptr_t) noexcept;                   // constexpr since C++23
+  template <class U> void reset(U) = delete;
+    constexpr void swap(unique_ptr& u) noexcept;                // constexpr since C++23
+};
+
+template <class T, class D>
+    constexpr void swap(unique_ptr<T, D>& x, unique_ptr<T, D>& y) noexcept;                 // constexpr since C++23
+
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    constexpr bool operator==(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);    // constexpr since C++23
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    bool operator!=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);              // removed in C++20
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    bool operator<(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    bool operator>(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
+template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+    bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
+template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
+  requires three_way_comparable_with<typename unique_ptr<T1, D1>::pointer,
+                                     typename unique_ptr<T2, D2>::pointer>
+  compare_three_way_result_t<typename unique_ptr<T1, D1>::pointer,
+                             typename unique_ptr<T2, D2>::pointer>
+    operator<=>(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);      // C++20
+
+template <class T, class D>
+    constexpr bool operator==(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;   // constexpr since C++23
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator==(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator!=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class D>
+    bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+
+template <class T, class D>
+    constexpr bool operator<(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);     // constexpr since C++23
+template <class T, class D>
+    constexpr bool operator<(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);     // constexpr since C++23
+template <class T, class D>
+    constexpr bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);    // constexpr since C++23
+template <class T, class D>
+    constexpr bool operator<=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);    // constexpr since C++23
+template <class T, class D>
+    constexpr bool operator>(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);     // constexpr since C++23
+template <class T, class D>
+    constexpr bool operator>(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);     // constexpr since C++23
+template <class T, class D>
+    constexpr bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);    // constexpr since C++23
+template <class T, class D>
+    constexpr bool operator>=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);    // constexpr since C++23
+template<class T, class D>
+  requires three_way_comparable<typename unique_ptr<T, D>::pointer>
+  compare_three_way_result_t<typename unique_ptr<T, D>::pointer>
+    constexpr operator<=>(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);        // C++20, constexpr since C++23
+
+class bad_weak_ptr
+    : public std::exception
+{
+    bad_weak_ptr() noexcept;
+};
+
+template<class T, class... Args>
+constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique(Args&&... args);                            // C++14, constexpr since C++23
+template<class T>
+constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique(size_t n);                                  // C++14, constexpr since C++23
+template<class T, class... Args> unspecified   make_unique(Args&&...) = delete; // C++14, T == U[N]
+
+template<class T>
+  constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique_for_overwrite();                        // T is not array, C++20, constexpr since C++23
+template<class T>
+  constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique_for_overwrite(size_t n);                // T is U[], C++20, constexpr since C++23
+template<class T, class... Args>
+  unspecified make_unique_for_overwrite(Args&&...) = delete;                  // T is U[N], C++20
+
+template<class E, class T, class Y, class D>
+    basic_ostream<E, T>& operator<< (basic_ostream<E, T>& os, unique_ptr<Y, D> const& p);
+
+template<class T>
+class shared_ptr
+{
+public:
+    typedef T element_type; // until C++17
+    typedef remove_extent_t<T> element_type; // since C++17
+    typedef weak_ptr<T> weak_type; // C++17
+
+    // constructors:
+    constexpr shared_ptr() noexcept;
+    template<class Y> explicit shared_ptr(Y* p);
+    template<class Y, class D> shared_ptr(Y* p, D d);
+    template<class Y, class D, class A> shared_ptr(Y* p, D d, A a);
+    template <class D> shared_ptr(nullptr_t p, D d);
+    template <class D, class A> shared_ptr(nullptr_t p, D d, A a);
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r, T *p) noexcept;
+    shared_ptr(const shared_ptr& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
+    shared_ptr(shared_ptr&& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr(shared_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> explicit shared_ptr(const weak_ptr<Y>& r);
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr(auto_ptr<Y>&& r);          // removed in C++17
+    template <class Y, class D> shared_ptr(unique_ptr<Y, D>&& r);
+    shared_ptr(nullptr_t) : shared_ptr() { }
+
+    // destructor:
+    ~shared_ptr();
+
+    // assignment:
+    shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
+    shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr&& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr<Y>&& r);
+    template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(auto_ptr<Y>&& r); // removed in C++17
+    template <class Y, class D> shared_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<Y, D>&& r);
+
+    // modifiers:
+    void swap(shared_ptr& r) noexcept;
+    void reset() noexcept;
+    template<class Y> void reset(Y* p);
+    template<class Y, class D> void reset(Y* p, D d);
+    template<class Y, class D, class A> void reset(Y* p, D d, A a);
+
+    // observers:
+    T* get() const noexcept;
+    T& operator*() const noexcept;
+    T* operator->() const noexcept;
+    long use_count() const noexcept;
+    bool unique() const noexcept;  // deprected in C++17, removed in C++20
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+    template<class U> bool owner_before(shared_ptr<U> const& b) const noexcept;
+    template<class U> bool owner_before(weak_ptr<U> const& b) const noexcept;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+shared_ptr(weak_ptr<T>) -> shared_ptr<T>;
+template<class T, class D>
+shared_ptr(unique_ptr<T, D>) -> shared_ptr<T>;
+
+// shared_ptr comparisons:
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator==(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator!=(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;               // removed in C++20
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator<(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;                // removed in C++20
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator>(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;                // removed in C++20
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator<=(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;               // removed in C++20
+template<class T, class U>
+    bool operator>=(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;               // removed in C++20
+template<class T, class U>
+    strong_ordering operator<=>(shared_ptr<T> const& a, shared_ptr<U> const& b) noexcept;   // C++20
+
+template <class T>
+    bool operator==(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
+template <class T>
+    bool operator==(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;               // removed in C++20
+template <class T>
+    bool operator!=(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;               // removed in C++20
+template <class T>
+    bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;               // removed in C++20
+template <class T>
+    bool operator<(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;                // removed in C++20
+template <class T>
+    bool operator<(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;                // removed in C++20
+template <class T>
+    bool operator<=(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;               // removed in C++20
+template <class T>
+    bool operator<=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;               // removed in C++20
+template <class T>
+    bool operator>(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;                // removed in C++20
+template <class T>
+    bool operator>(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;                // removed in C++20
+template <class T>
+    bool operator>=(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;               // removed in C++20
+template <class T>
+    bool operator>=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;               // removed in C++20
+template<class T>
+    strong_ordering operator<=>(shared_ptr<T> const& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;   // C++20
+
+// shared_ptr specialized algorithms:
+template<class T> void swap(shared_ptr<T>& a, shared_ptr<T>& b) noexcept;
+
+// shared_ptr casts:
+template<class T, class U>
+    shared_ptr<T> static_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U> const& r) noexcept;
+template<class T, class U>
+    shared_ptr<T> dynamic_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U> const& r) noexcept;
+template<class T, class U>
+    shared_ptr<T> const_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U> const& r) noexcept;
+
+// shared_ptr I/O:
+template<class E, class T, class Y>
+    basic_ostream<E, T>& operator<< (basic_ostream<E, T>& os, shared_ptr<Y> const& p);
+
+// shared_ptr get_deleter:
+template<class D, class T> D* get_deleter(shared_ptr<T> const& p) noexcept;
+
+template<class T, class... Args>
+    shared_ptr<T> make_shared(Args&&... args); // T is not an array
+template<class T, class A, class... Args>
+    shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, Args&&... args); // T is not an array
+
+template<class T>
+    shared_ptr<T> make_shared(size_t N); // T is U[] (since C++20)
+template<class T, class A>
+    shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, size_t N); // T is U[] (since C++20)
+
+template<class T>
+    shared_ptr<T> make_shared(); // T is U[N] (since C++20)
+template<class T, class A>
+    shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a); // T is U[N] (since C++20)
+
+template<class T>
+    shared_ptr<T> make_shared(size_t N, const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[] (since C++20)
+template<class T, class A>
+    shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, size_t N, const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[] (since C++20)
+
+template<class T> shared_ptr<T>
+    make_shared(const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[N] (since C++20)
+template<class T, class A>
+    shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[N] (since C++20)
+
+template<class T>
+  shared_ptr<T> make_shared_for_overwrite();                                  // T is not U[], C++20
+template<class T, class A>
+  shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared_for_overwrite(const A& a);                    // T is not U[], C++20
+
+template<class T>
+  shared_ptr<T> make_shared_for_overwrite(size_t N);                          // T is U[], C++20
+template<class T, class A>
+  shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared_for_overwrite(const A& a, size_t N);          // T is U[], C++20
+
+template<class T>
+class weak_ptr
+{
+public:
+    typedef T element_type; // until C++17
+    typedef remove_extent_t<T> element_type; // since C++17
+
+    // constructors
+    constexpr weak_ptr() noexcept;
+    template<class Y> weak_ptr(shared_ptr<Y> const& r) noexcept;
+    weak_ptr(weak_ptr const& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> weak_ptr(weak_ptr<Y> const& r) noexcept;
+    weak_ptr(weak_ptr&& r) noexcept;                      // C++14
+    template<class Y> weak_ptr(weak_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept; // C++14
+
+    // destructor
+    ~weak_ptr();
+
+    // assignment
+    weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr const& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr<Y> const& r) noexcept;
+    template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr<Y> const& r) noexcept;
+    weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr&& r) noexcept;                      // C++14
+    template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept; // C++14
+
+    // modifiers
+    void swap(weak_ptr& r) noexcept;
+    void reset() noexcept;
+
+    // observers
+    long use_count() const noexcept;
+    bool expired() const noexcept;
+    shared_ptr<T> lock() const noexcept;
+    template<class U> bool owner_before(shared_ptr<U> const& b) const noexcept;
+    template<class U> bool owner_before(weak_ptr<U> const& b) const noexcept;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+weak_ptr(shared_ptr<T>) -> weak_ptr<T>;
+
+// weak_ptr specialized algorithms:
+template<class T> void swap(weak_ptr<T>& a, weak_ptr<T>& b) noexcept;
+
+// class owner_less:
+template<class T> struct owner_less;
+
+template<class T>
+struct owner_less<shared_ptr<T> >
+    : binary_function<shared_ptr<T>, shared_ptr<T>, bool>
+{
+    typedef bool result_type;
+    bool operator()(shared_ptr<T> const&, shared_ptr<T> const&) const noexcept;
+    bool operator()(shared_ptr<T> const&, weak_ptr<T> const&) const noexcept;
+    bool operator()(weak_ptr<T> const&, shared_ptr<T> const&) const noexcept;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+struct owner_less<weak_ptr<T> >
+    : binary_function<weak_ptr<T>, weak_ptr<T>, bool>
+{
+    typedef bool result_type;
+    bool operator()(weak_ptr<T> const&, weak_ptr<T> const&) const noexcept;
+    bool operator()(shared_ptr<T> const&, weak_ptr<T> const&) const noexcept;
+    bool operator()(weak_ptr<T> const&, shared_ptr<T> const&) const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <>  // Added in C++14
+struct owner_less<void>
+{
+    template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    bool operator()( shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, shared_ptr<_Up> const& __y) const noexcept;
+    template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    bool operator()( shared_ptr<_Tp> const& __x,   weak_ptr<_Up> const& __y) const noexcept;
+    template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    bool operator()(   weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __x, shared_ptr<_Up> const& __y) const noexcept;
+    template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+    bool operator()(   weak_ptr<_Tp> const& __x,   weak_ptr<_Up> const& __y) const noexcept;
+
+    typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+class enable_shared_from_this
+{
+protected:
+    constexpr enable_shared_from_this() noexcept;
+    enable_shared_from_this(enable_shared_from_this const&) noexcept;
+    enable_shared_from_this& operator=(enable_shared_from_this const&) noexcept;
+    ~enable_shared_from_this();
+public:
+    shared_ptr<T> shared_from_this();
+    shared_ptr<T const> shared_from_this() const;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+    bool atomic_is_lock_free(const shared_ptr<T>* p);
+template<class T>
+    shared_ptr<T> atomic_load(const shared_ptr<T>* p);
+template<class T>
+    shared_ptr<T> atomic_load_explicit(const shared_ptr<T>* p, memory_order mo);
+template<class T>
+    void atomic_store(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r);
+template<class T>
+    void atomic_store_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r, memory_order mo);
+template<class T>
+    shared_ptr<T> atomic_exchange(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r);
+template<class T>
+    shared_ptr<T>
+    atomic_exchange_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r, memory_order mo);
+template<class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_weak(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v, shared_ptr<T> w);
+template<class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_strong( shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v, shared_ptr<T> w);
+template<class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v,
+                                          shared_ptr<T> w, memory_order success,
+                                          memory_order failure);
+template<class T>
+    bool
+    atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v,
+                                            shared_ptr<T> w, memory_order success,
+                                            memory_order failure);
+// Hash support
+template <class T> struct hash;
+template <class T, class D> struct hash<unique_ptr<T, D> >;
+template <class T> struct hash<shared_ptr<T> >;
+
+template <class T, class Alloc>
+  inline constexpr bool uses_allocator_v = uses_allocator<T, Alloc>::value;
+
+// [allocator.uses.construction], uses-allocator construction
+template<class T, class Alloc, class... Args>
+  constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc,             // since C++20
+                                                  Args&&... args) noexcept;
+template<class T, class Alloc, class Tuple1, class Tuple2>
+  constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc,             // since C++20
+                                                  piecewise_construct_t,
+                                                  Tuple1&& x, Tuple2&& y) noexcept;
+template<class T, class Alloc>
+  constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc) noexcept;   // since C++20
+template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V>
+  constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc,             // since C++20
+                                                  U&& u, V&& v) noexcept;
+template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V>
+  constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc,             // since C++23
+                                                  pair<U, V>& pr) noexcept;
+template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V>
+  constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc,             // since C++20
+                                                  const pair<U, V>& pr) noexcept;
+template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V>
+  constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc,             // since C++20
+                                                  pair<U, V>&& pr) noexcept;
+template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V>
+  constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc,             // since C++23
+                                                  const pair<U, V>&& pr) noexcept;
+template<class T, class Alloc, pair-like P>
+  constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc,             // since C++20
+                                                  P&& p) noexcept;
+template<class T, class Alloc, class U>
+  constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc,             // since C++20
+                                                  U&& u) noexcept;
+template<class T, class Alloc, class... Args>
+  constexpr T make_obj_using_allocator(const Alloc& alloc, Args&&... args);       // since C++20
+template<class T, class Alloc, class... Args>
+  constexpr T* uninitialized_construct_using_allocator(T* p,                      // since C++20
+                                                         const Alloc& alloc, Args&&... args);
+
+// [ptr.align]
+void* align(size_t alignment, size_t size, void*& ptr, size_t& space);
+
+template<size_t N, class T>
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr T* assume_aligned(T* ptr); // since C++20
+
+// [out.ptr.t], class template out_ptr_t
+template<class Smart, class Pointer, class... Args>
+  class out_ptr_t;                                          // since c++23
+
+// [out.ptr], function template out_ptr
+template<class Pointer = void, class Smart, class... Args>
+  auto out_ptr(Smart& s, Args&&... args);                   // since c++23
+
+// [inout.ptr.t], class template inout_ptr_t
+template<class Smart, class Pointer, class... Args>
+  class inout_ptr_t;                                        // since c++23
+
+// [inout.ptr], function template inout_ptr
+template<class Pointer = void, class Smart, class... Args>
+  auto inout_ptr(Smart& s, Args&&... args);                 // since c++23
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/align.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_arg_t.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/auto_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory/inout_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory/out_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/raw_storage_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory/temporary_buffer.h>
+#include <__memory/uninitialized_algorithms.h>
+#include <__memory/unique_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory/uses_allocator.h>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#  include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__memory/assume_aligned.h>
+#  include <__memory/concepts.h>
+#  include <__memory/ranges_construct_at.h>
+#  include <__memory/ranges_uninitialized_algorithms.h>
+#  include <__memory/uses_allocator_construction.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#  include <__memory/allocate_at_least.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+// [memory.syn]
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <tuple>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_MEMORY

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/memory_resource b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/memory_resource
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..67411054820a1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/memory_resource
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_MEMORY_RESOURCE
+#define _LIBCPP_MEMORY_RESOURCE
+
+/**
+    memory_resource synopsis
+
+// C++17
+
+namespace std::pmr {
+
+  class memory_resource;
+
+  bool operator==(const memory_resource& a,
+                  const memory_resource& b) noexcept;
+  bool operator!=(const memory_resource& a,
+                  const memory_resource& b) noexcept;           // removed in C++20
+
+  template <class Tp> class polymorphic_allocator;
+
+  template <class T1, class T2>
+  bool operator==(const polymorphic_allocator<T1>& a,
+                  const polymorphic_allocator<T2>& b) noexcept;
+  template <class T1, class T2>
+  bool operator!=(const polymorphic_allocator<T1>& a,
+                  const polymorphic_allocator<T2>& b) noexcept; // removed in C++20
+
+  // Global memory resources
+  memory_resource* set_default_resource(memory_resource* r) noexcept;
+  memory_resource* get_default_resource() noexcept;
+  memory_resource* new_delete_resource() noexcept;
+  memory_resource* null_memory_resource() noexcept;
+
+  // Pool resource classes
+  struct pool_options;
+  class synchronized_pool_resource;
+  class unsynchronized_pool_resource;
+  class monotonic_buffer_resource;
+
+} // namespace std::pmr
+
+ */
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#  include <__memory_resource/memory_resource.h>
+#  include <__memory_resource/monotonic_buffer_resource.h>
+#  include <__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h>
+#  include <__memory_resource/pool_options.h>
+#  include <__memory_resource/synchronized_pool_resource.h>
+#  include <__memory_resource/unsynchronized_pool_resource.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <mutex>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <tuple>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _LIBCPP_MEMORY_RESOURCE */

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/module.modulemap b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/module.modulemap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..13d0dce34d97e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/module.modulemap
@@ -0,0 +1,2136 @@
+// Main C++ standard library interfaces
+module std_algorithm [system] {
+  header "algorithm"
+  export *
+}
+module std_any [system] {
+  header "any"
+  export *
+}
+module std_array [system] {
+  header "array"
+  export *
+}
+module std_atomic [system] {
+  header "atomic"
+  export *
+}
+module std_barrier [system] {
+  header "barrier"
+  export *
+}
+module std_bit [system] {
+  header "bit"
+  export *
+}
+module std_bitset [system] {
+  header "bitset"
+  export *
+}
+module std_charconv [system] {
+  header "charconv"
+  export *
+}
+module std_chrono [system] {
+  header "chrono"
+  export *
+}
+module std_codecvt [system] {
+  header "codecvt"
+  export *
+}
+module std_compare [system] {
+  header "compare"
+  export *
+}
+module std_complex [system] {
+  header "complex"
+  export *
+}
+module std_concepts [system] {
+  header "concepts"
+  export *
+}
+module std_condition_variable [system] {
+  header "condition_variable"
+  export *
+}
+module std_coroutine [system] {
+  header "coroutine"
+  export *
+}
+module std_deque [system] {
+  header "deque"
+  export *
+}
+module std_exception [system] {
+  header "exception"
+  export *
+}
+module std_execution [system] {
+  header "execution"
+  export *
+}
+module std_expected [system] {
+  header "expected"
+  export *
+}
+module std_filesystem [system] {
+  header "filesystem"
+  export *
+}
+module std_format [system] {
+  header "format"
+  export *
+}
+module std_forward_list [system] {
+  header "forward_list"
+  export *
+}
+module std_fstream [system] {
+  header "fstream"
+  export *
+}
+module std_functional [system] {
+  header "functional"
+  export *
+}
+module std_future [system] {
+  header "future"
+  export *
+}
+module std_initializer_list [system] {
+  header "initializer_list"
+  export *
+}
+module std_iomanip [system] {
+  header "iomanip"
+  export *
+}
+module std_ios [system] {
+  header "ios"
+  export *
+}
+module std_iosfwd [system] {
+  header "iosfwd"
+  export *
+}
+module std_iostream [system] {
+  header "iostream"
+  export *
+}
+module std_istream [system] {
+  header "istream"
+  export *
+}
+module std_iterator [system] {
+  header "iterator"
+  export *
+}
+module std_latch [system] {
+  header "latch"
+  export *
+}
+module std_limits [system] {
+  header "limits"
+  export *
+}
+module std_list [system] {
+  header "list"
+  export *
+}
+module std_locale [system] {
+  header "locale"
+  export *
+}
+module std_map [system] {
+  header "map"
+  export *
+}
+module std_mdspan [system] {
+  header "mdspan"
+  export *
+}
+module std_memory [system] {
+  header "memory"
+  export *
+}
+module std_memory_resource [system] {
+  header "memory_resource"
+  export *
+}
+module std_mutex [system] {
+  header "mutex"
+  export *
+}
+module std_new [system] {
+  header "new"
+  export *
+}
+module std_numbers [system] {
+  header "numbers"
+  export *
+}
+module std_numeric [system] {
+  header "numeric"
+  export *
+}
+module std_optional [system] {
+  header "optional"
+  export *
+}
+module std_ostream [system] {
+  header "ostream"
+  export *
+}
+module std_print [system] {
+  header "print"
+  export *
+}
+module std_queue [system] {
+  header "queue"
+  export *
+}
+module std_random [system] {
+  header "random"
+  export *
+}
+module std_ranges [system] {
+  header "ranges"
+  export *
+}
+module std_ratio [system] {
+  header "ratio"
+  export *
+}
+module std_regex [system] {
+  header "regex"
+  export *
+}
+module std_scoped_allocator [system] {
+  header "scoped_allocator"
+  export *
+}
+module std_semaphore [system] {
+  header "semaphore"
+  export *
+}
+module std_set [system] {
+  header "set"
+  export *
+}
+module std_shared_mutex [system] {
+  header "shared_mutex"
+  export std_version
+}
+module std_source_location [system] {
+  header "source_location"
+  export *
+}
+module std_span [system] {
+  header "span"
+  export std_private_ranges_enable_borrowed_range
+  export std_version
+  export std_private_span_span_fwd
+}
+module std_sstream [system] {
+  header "sstream"
+  export *
+}
+module std_stack [system] {
+  header "stack"
+  export *
+}
+module std_stdexcept [system] {
+  header "stdexcept"
+  export *
+}
+module std_stop_token {
+  header "stop_token"
+  export *
+}
+module std_streambuf [system] {
+  header "streambuf"
+  export *
+}
+module std_string [system] {
+  header "string"
+  export *
+}
+module std_string_view [system] {
+  header "string_view"
+  export *
+}
+module std_strstream [system] {
+  header "strstream"
+  export *
+}
+module std_syncstream [system] {
+  header "syncstream"
+  export *
+}
+module std_system_error [system] {
+  header "system_error"
+  export *
+}
+module std_thread [system] {
+  header "thread"
+  export *
+}
+module std_tuple [system] {
+  header "tuple"
+  export *
+}
+module std_type_traits [system] {
+  header "type_traits"
+  export *
+}
+module std_typeindex [system] {
+  header "typeindex"
+  export *
+}
+module std_typeinfo [system] {
+  header "typeinfo"
+  export *
+}
+module std_unordered_map [system] {
+  header "unordered_map"
+  export *
+}
+module std_unordered_set [system] {
+  header "unordered_set"
+  export *
+}
+module std_utility [system] {
+  header "utility"
+  export *
+}
+module std_valarray [system] {
+  header "valarray"
+  export *
+}
+module std_variant [system] {
+  header "variant"
+  export *
+}
+module std_vector [system] {
+  header "vector"
+  export *
+}
+module std_version [system] {
+  header "version"
+  export *
+}
+
+// C standard library interface wrappers
+module std_cassert [system] {
+  // <cassert>'s use of NDEBUG requires textual inclusion.
+  textual header "cassert"
+}
+module std_ccomplex [system] {
+  header "ccomplex"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cctype [system] {
+  header "cctype"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cerrno [system] {
+  header "cerrno"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cfenv [system] {
+  header "cfenv"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cfloat [system] {
+  header "cfloat"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cinttypes [system] {
+  header "cinttypes"
+  export *
+}
+module std_ciso646 [system] {
+  header "ciso646"
+  export *
+}
+module std_climits [system] {
+  header "climits"
+  export *
+}
+module std_clocale [system] {
+  header "clocale"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cmath [system] {
+  header "cmath"
+  export *
+}
+module std_csetjmp [system] {
+  header "csetjmp"
+  export *
+}
+module std_csignal [system] {
+  header "csignal"
+  export *
+}
+// FIXME: <cstdalign> is missing.
+module std_cstdarg [system] {
+  header "cstdarg"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cstdbool [system] {
+  header "cstdbool"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cstddef [system] {
+  header "cstddef"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cstdint [system] {
+  header "cstdint"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cstdio [system] {
+  header "cstdio"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cstdlib [system] {
+  header "cstdlib"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cstring [system] {
+  header "cstring"
+  export *
+}
+module std_ctgmath [system] {
+  header "ctgmath"
+  export *
+}
+module std_ctime [system] {
+  header "ctime"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cuchar [system] {
+  header "cuchar"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cwchar [system] {
+  header "cwchar"
+  export *
+}
+module std_cwctype [system] {
+  header "cwctype"
+  export *
+}
+
+// C standard library interfaces augmented/replaced in C++
+// <assert.h> provided by C library.
+module std_complex_h [system] {
+  header "complex.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_ctype_h [system] {
+  header "ctype.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_errno_h [system] {
+  header "errno.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_fenv_h [system] {
+  header "fenv.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_float_h [system] {
+  header "float.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_inttypes_h [system] {
+  header "inttypes.h"
+  export *
+}
+// <iso646.h> provided by compiler.
+module std_locale_h [system] {
+  header "locale.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_math_h [system] {
+  header "math.h"
+  export *
+}
+// <setjmp.h> provided by C library.
+// <signal.h> provided by C library.
+// FIXME: <stdalign.h> is missing.
+// <stdarg.h> provided by compiler.
+module std_stdatomic_h [system] {
+  header "stdatomic.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_stdbool_h [system] {
+  // <stdbool.h>'s __bool_true_false_are_defined macro requires textual inclusion.
+  textual header "stdbool.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_stddef_h [system] {
+  // <stddef.h>'s __need_* macros require textual inclusion.
+  textual header "stddef.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_stdint_h [system] {
+  header "stdint.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_stdio_h [system] {
+  // <stdio.h>'s __need_* macros require textual inclusion.
+  textual header "stdio.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_stdlib_h [system] {
+  // <stdlib.h>'s __need_* macros require textual inclusion.
+  textual header "stdlib.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_string_h [system] {
+  header "string.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_tgmath_h [system] {
+  header "tgmath.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_uchar_h [system] {
+  header "uchar.h"
+  export *
+}
+// <time.h> provided by C library.
+module std_wchar_h [system] {
+  // <wchar.h>'s __need_* macros require textual inclusion.
+  textual header "wchar.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_wctype_h [system] {
+  header "wctype.h"
+  export *
+}
+
+// Experimental C++ standard library interfaces
+module std_experimental [system] {
+  module iterator {
+    header "experimental/iterator"
+    export *
+  }
+  module memory {
+    header "experimental/memory"
+    export *
+  }
+  module propagate_const {
+    header "experimental/propagate_const"
+    export *
+  }
+  module simd {
+    module aligned_tag          { private header "experimental/__simd/aligned_tag.h" }
+    module declaration          { private header "experimental/__simd/declaration.h" }
+    module reference            { private header "experimental/__simd/reference.h" }
+    module scalar               { private header "experimental/__simd/scalar.h" }
+    module simd                 { private header "experimental/__simd/simd.h" }
+    module simd_mask            { private header "experimental/__simd/simd_mask.h" }
+    module traits               { private header "experimental/__simd/traits.h" }
+    module utility              { private header "experimental/__simd/utility.h" }
+    module vec_ext              { private header "experimental/__simd/vec_ext.h" }
+
+    header "experimental/simd"
+    export *
+  }
+  module type_traits {
+    header "experimental/type_traits"
+    export *
+  }
+  module utility {
+    header "experimental/utility"
+    export *
+  }
+  module __config {
+    textual header "experimental/__config"
+    export *
+  }
+}
+
+// Convenience method to get all of the above modules in a single import statement.
+// Importing only the needed modules is likely to be more performant.
+module std [system] {
+  header "__std_clang_module"
+  export *
+}
+
+// Implementation detail headers that are private to libc++. These modules
+// must not be directly imported.
+module std_private_assert            [system] {
+  header "__assert"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_bit_reference     [system] {
+  header "__bit_reference"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_fwd_bit_reference [system] {
+  header "__fwd/bit_reference.h"
+}
+module std_private_config            [system] {
+  textual header "__config"
+  textual header "__configuration/abi.h"
+  textual header "__configuration/availability.h"
+  textual header "__configuration/compiler.h"
+  textual header "__configuration/language.h"
+  textual header "__configuration/platform.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_hash_table        [system] {
+  header "__hash_table"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_locale            [system] {
+  header "__locale"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_mbstate_t         [system] {
+  header "__mbstate_t.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_node_handle       [system] {
+  header "__node_handle"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_split_buffer      [system] {
+  header "__split_buffer"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_std_mbstate_t     [system] {
+  header "__std_mbstate_t.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_tree              [system] {
+  header "__tree"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_undef_macros      [system] {
+  textual header "__undef_macros"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_verbose_abort     [system] {
+  header "__verbose_abort"
+  export *
+}
+
+module std_private_algorithm_adjacent_find                               [system] { header "__algorithm/adjacent_find.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_all_of                                      [system] { header "__algorithm/all_of.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_any_of                                      [system] { header "__algorithm/any_of.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_binary_search                               [system] { header "__algorithm/binary_search.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_clamp                                       [system] { header "__algorithm/clamp.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_comp                                        [system] { header "__algorithm/comp.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_comp_ref_type                               [system] { header "__algorithm/comp_ref_type.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_copy                                        [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/copy.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_copy_move_common
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_copy_backward                               [system] { header "__algorithm/copy_backward.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_copy_if                                     [system] { header "__algorithm/copy_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_copy_move_common                            [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/copy_move_common.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_trivially_copyable
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_copy_n                                      [system] { header "__algorithm/copy_n.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_count                                       [system] { header "__algorithm/count.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_count_if                                    [system] { header "__algorithm/count_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_equal                                       [system] { header "__algorithm/equal.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_equal_range                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/equal_range.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_fill                                        [system] { header "__algorithm/fill.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_fill_n                                      [system] { header "__algorithm/fill_n.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_find                                        [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/find.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_unwrap_iter
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_find_end                                    [system] { header "__algorithm/find_end.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_find_first_of                               [system] { header "__algorithm/find_first_of.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_find_if                                     [system] { header "__algorithm/find_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_find_if_not                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/find_if_not.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_find_segment_if                             [system] { header "__algorithm/find_segment_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_fold                                        [system] { header "__algorithm/fold.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_for_each                                    [system] { header "__algorithm/for_each.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_for_each_n                                  [system] { header "__algorithm/for_each_n.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_for_each_segment                            [system] { header "__algorithm/for_each_segment.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_generate                                    [system] { header "__algorithm/generate.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_generate_n                                  [system] { header "__algorithm/generate_n.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_half_positive                               [system] { header "__algorithm/half_positive.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_in_found_result                             [system] { header "__algorithm/in_found_result.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_in_fun_result                               [system] { header "__algorithm/in_fun_result.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_in_in_out_result                            [system] { header "__algorithm/in_in_out_result.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_in_in_result                                [system] { header "__algorithm/in_in_result.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_in_out_out_result                           [system] { header "__algorithm/in_out_out_result.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_in_out_result                               [system] { header "__algorithm/in_out_result.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_includes                                    [system] { header "__algorithm/includes.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_inplace_merge                               [system] { header "__algorithm/inplace_merge.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_is_heap                                     [system] { header "__algorithm/is_heap.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_is_heap_until                               [system] { header "__algorithm/is_heap_until.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_is_partitioned                              [system] { header "__algorithm/is_partitioned.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_is_permutation                              [system] { header "__algorithm/is_permutation.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_is_sorted                                   [system] { header "__algorithm/is_sorted.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_is_sorted_until                             [system] { header "__algorithm/is_sorted_until.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_iter_swap                                   [system] { header "__algorithm/iter_swap.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_iterator_operations                         [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/iterator_operations.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_lexicographical_compare                     [system] { header "__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_lexicographical_compare_three_way           [system] { header "__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_lower_bound                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/lower_bound.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_make_heap                                   [system] { header "__algorithm/make_heap.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_make_projected                              [system] { header "__algorithm/make_projected.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_max                                         [system] { header "__algorithm/max.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_max_element                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/max_element.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_merge                                       [system] { header "__algorithm/merge.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_min                                         [system] { header "__algorithm/min.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_min_element                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/min_element.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_min_max_result                              [system] { header "__algorithm/min_max_result.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_minmax                                      [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/minmax.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_minmax_element                              [system] { header "__algorithm/minmax_element.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_mismatch                                    [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/mismatch.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_simd_utils
+  export std_private_iterator_aliasing_iterator
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_move                                        [system] { header "__algorithm/move.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_move_backward                               [system] { header "__algorithm/move_backward.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_next_permutation                            [system] { header "__algorithm/next_permutation.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_none_of                                     [system] { header "__algorithm/none_of.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_nth_element                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/nth_element.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_partial_sort                                [system] { header "__algorithm/partial_sort.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_partial_sort_copy                           [system] { header "__algorithm/partial_sort_copy.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_partition                                   [system] { header "__algorithm/partition.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_partition_copy                              [system] { header "__algorithm/partition_copy.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_partition_point                             [system] { header "__algorithm/partition_point.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_pop_heap                                    [system] { header "__algorithm/pop_heap.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_prev_permutation                            [system] { header "__algorithm/prev_permutation.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_pstl                                        [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/pstl.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_push_heap                                   [system] { header "__algorithm/push_heap.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_adjacent_find                        [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_adjacent_find.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_all_of                               [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_all_of.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_any_of                               [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_any_of.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_binary_search                        [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_binary_search.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_clamp                                [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_clamp.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_contains                             [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_contains.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_contains_subrange                    [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_contains_subrange.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_copy                                 [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_copy.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_copy_backward                        [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_copy_backward.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_copy_if                              [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_copy_if.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_copy_n                               [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_copy_n.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_count                                [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_count.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_count_if                             [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_count_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_ends_with                            [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_ends_with.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_equal                                [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_equal.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_equal_range                          [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_equal_range.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_fill                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_fill.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_fill_n                               [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_fill_n.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_find                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_find.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_find_end                             [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_find_end.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_find_first_of                        [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_find_first_of.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_find_if                              [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_find_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_find_if_not                          [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_find_if_not.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_find_last                            [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_find_last.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_for_each                             [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_for_each.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_fun_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_for_each_n                           [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_for_each_n.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_fun_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_generate                             [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_generate.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_generate_n                           [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_generate_n.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_includes                             [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_includes.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_inplace_merge                        [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_inplace_merge.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_is_heap                              [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_is_heap.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_is_heap_until                        [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_is_heap_until.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_is_partitioned                       [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_is_partitioned.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_is_permutation                       [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_is_permutation.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_is_sorted                            [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_is_sorted_until                      [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted_until.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_iterator_concept                     [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_iterator_concept.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_lexicographical_compare              [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_lexicographical_compare.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_lower_bound                          [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_lower_bound.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_make_heap                            [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_make_heap.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_max                                  [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_max.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_max_element                          [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_max_element.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_merge                                [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_merge.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_min                                  [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_min.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_min_element                          [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_min_element.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_minmax                               [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_minmax.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+  export std_private_algorithm_min_max_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_minmax_element                       [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_minmax_element.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+  export std_private_algorithm_min_max_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_mismatch                             [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_mismatch.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_in_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_move                                 [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_move.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_move_backward                        [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_move_backward.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_next_permutation                     [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_next_permutation.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_found_result
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_none_of                              [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_none_of.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_nth_element                          [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_nth_element.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_partial_sort                         [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_partial_sort_copy                    [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_partial_sort_copy.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_partition                            [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_partition.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_partition_copy                       [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_partition_copy.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_partition_point                      [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_partition_point.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_pop_heap                             [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_pop_heap.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_prev_permutation                     [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_prev_permutation.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_found_result
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_push_heap                            [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_push_heap.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_remove                               [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_remove.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_remove_copy                          [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_remove_copy_if                       [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_remove_copy_if.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_remove_if                            [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_remove_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_replace                              [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_replace.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_replace_copy                         [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_replace_copy_if                      [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_replace_copy_if.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_replace_if                           [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_replace_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_reverse                              [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_reverse.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_reverse_copy                         [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_reverse_copy.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_rotate                               [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_rotate.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_rotate_copy                          [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_rotate_copy.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_sample                               [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_sample.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_search                               [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_search.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_search_n                             [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_search_n.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_set_
diff erence                       [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_set_
diff erence.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_set_intersection                     [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_set_intersection.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_set_symmetric_
diff erence             [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_set_symmetric_
diff erence.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_in_out_result
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_set_union                            [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_set_union.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_in_out_result
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_shuffle                              [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_shuffle.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_sort                                 [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_sort.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_make_projected
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_sort_heap                            [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_sort_heap.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_stable_partition                     [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_stable_partition.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_stable_sort                          [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_stable_sort.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_starts_with                          [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_starts_with.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_swap_ranges                          [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_swap_ranges.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_in_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_transform                            [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_transform.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_in_out_result
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_unique                               [system] { header "__algorithm/ranges_unique.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_unique_copy                          [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_unique_copy.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_ranges_upper_bound                          [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/ranges_upper_bound.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_remove                                      [system] { header "__algorithm/remove.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_remove_copy                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/remove_copy.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_remove_copy_if                              [system] { header "__algorithm/remove_copy_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_remove_if                                   [system] { header "__algorithm/remove_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_replace                                     [system] { header "__algorithm/replace.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_replace_copy                                [system] { header "__algorithm/replace_copy.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_replace_copy_if                             [system] { header "__algorithm/replace_copy_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_replace_if                                  [system] { header "__algorithm/replace_if.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_reverse                                     [system] { header "__algorithm/reverse.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_reverse_copy                                [system] { header "__algorithm/reverse_copy.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_rotate                                      [system] { header "__algorithm/rotate.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_rotate_copy                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/rotate_copy.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_sample                                      [system] { header "__algorithm/sample.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_search                                      [system] { header "__algorithm/search.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_search_n                                    [system] { header "__algorithm/search_n.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_set_
diff erence                              [system] { header "__algorithm/set_
diff erence.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_set_intersection                            [system] { header "__algorithm/set_intersection.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_set_symmetric_
diff erence                    [system] { header "__algorithm/set_symmetric_
diff erence.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_set_union                                   [system] { header "__algorithm/set_union.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_shift_left                                  [system] { header "__algorithm/shift_left.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_shift_right                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/shift_right.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_shuffle                                     [system] { header "__algorithm/shuffle.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_sift_down                                   [system] { header "__algorithm/sift_down.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_sort                                        [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/sort.h"
+  export std_private_debug_utils_strict_weak_ordering_check
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_simd_utils                                  [system] { header "__algorithm/simd_utils.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_sort_heap                                   [system] { header "__algorithm/sort_heap.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_stable_partition                            [system] { header "__algorithm/stable_partition.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_stable_sort                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/stable_sort.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_swap_ranges                                 [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/swap_ranges.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_iterator_operations
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_three_way_comp_ref_type                     [system] { header "__algorithm/three_way_comp_ref_type.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_transform                                   [system] { header "__algorithm/transform.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_uniform_random_bit_generator_adaptor        [system] { header "__algorithm/uniform_random_bit_generator_adaptor.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_unique                                      [system] { header "__algorithm/unique.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_unique_copy                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/unique_copy.h" }
+module std_private_algorithm_unwrap_iter                                 [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h"
+  export std_private_iterator_iterator_traits
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_unwrap_range                                [system] {
+  header "__algorithm/unwrap_range.h"
+  export std_private_utility_pair
+}
+module std_private_algorithm_upper_bound                                 [system] { header "__algorithm/upper_bound.h" }
+
+module std_private_array_array_fwd [system] { header "__fwd/array.h" }
+
+module std_private_atomic_aliases             [system] {
+  header "__atomic/aliases.h"
+  export std_private_atomic_atomic
+}
+module std_private_atomic_atomic              [system] {
+  header "__atomic/atomic.h"
+  export std_private_atomic_atomic_base
+}
+module std_private_atomic_atomic_base         [system] { header "__atomic/atomic_base.h" }
+module std_private_atomic_atomic_flag         [system] {
+  header "__atomic/atomic_flag.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_atomic_atomic_init         [system] { header "__atomic/atomic_init.h" }
+module std_private_atomic_atomic_lock_free    [system] { header "__atomic/atomic_lock_free.h" }
+module std_private_atomic_atomic_ref          [system] { header "__atomic/atomic_ref.h" }
+module std_private_atomic_atomic_sync         [system] {
+  header "__atomic/atomic_sync.h"
+  export std_private_atomic_to_gcc_order
+}
+module std_private_atomic_check_memory_order  [system] { header "__atomic/check_memory_order.h" }
+module std_private_atomic_contention_t        [system] { header "__atomic/contention_t.h" }
+module std_private_atomic_cxx_atomic_impl     [system] { header "__atomic/cxx_atomic_impl.h" }
+module std_private_atomic_fence               [system] { header "__atomic/fence.h" }
+module std_private_atomic_is_always_lock_free [system] { header "__atomic/is_always_lock_free.h" }
+module std_private_atomic_kill_dependency     [system] { header "__atomic/kill_dependency.h" }
+module std_private_atomic_memory_order        [system] { header "__atomic/memory_order.h" }
+module std_private_atomic_to_gcc_order        [system] {
+  header "__atomic/to_gcc_order.h"
+  export std_private_atomic_memory_order
+}
+
+module std_private_bit_bit_cast       [system] { header "__bit/bit_cast.h" }
+module std_private_bit_bit_ceil       [system] { header "__bit/bit_ceil.h" }
+module std_private_bit_bit_floor      [system] { header "__bit/bit_floor.h" }
+module std_private_bit_bit_log2       [system] { header "__bit/bit_log2.h" }
+module std_private_bit_bit_width      [system] { header "__bit/bit_width.h" }
+module std_private_bit_blsr           [system] { header "__bit/blsr.h" }
+module std_private_bit_byteswap       [system] { header "__bit/byteswap.h" }
+module std_private_bit_countl         [system] { header "__bit/countl.h" }
+module std_private_bit_countr         [system] { header "__bit/countr.h" }
+module std_private_bit_endian         [system] { header "__bit/endian.h" }
+module std_private_bit_has_single_bit [system] { header "__bit/has_single_bit.h" }
+module std_private_bit_invert_if      [system] { header "__bit/invert_if.h" }
+module std_private_bit_popcount       [system] { header "__bit/popcount.h" }
+module std_private_bit_rotate         [system] { header "__bit/rotate.h" }
+
+module std_private_charconv_chars_format            [system] { header "__charconv/chars_format.h" }
+module std_private_charconv_from_chars_integral     [system] { header "__charconv/from_chars_integral.h" }
+module std_private_charconv_from_chars_result       [system] { header "__charconv/from_chars_result.h" }
+module std_private_charconv_tables                  [system] { header "__charconv/tables.h" }
+module std_private_charconv_to_chars                [system] { header "__charconv/to_chars.h" }
+module std_private_charconv_to_chars_base_10        [system] { header "__charconv/to_chars_base_10.h" }
+module std_private_charconv_to_chars_floating_point [system] { header "__charconv/to_chars_floating_point.h" }
+module std_private_charconv_to_chars_integral       [system] {
+  header "__charconv/to_chars_integral.h"
+  export std_private_charconv_traits
+}
+module std_private_charconv_to_chars_result         [system] {
+  header "__charconv/to_chars_result.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_charconv_traits                  [system] { header "__charconv/traits.h" }
+
+module std_private_chrono_calendar               [system] { header "__chrono/calendar.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_concepts               [system] { header "__chrono/concepts.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_convert_to_timespec    [system] { header "__chrono/convert_to_timespec.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_convert_to_tm          [system] { header "__chrono/convert_to_tm.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_day                    [system] { header "__chrono/day.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_duration               [system] {
+  header "__chrono/duration.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_convertible
+}
+module std_private_chrono_exception              [system] { header "__chrono/exception.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_file_clock             [system] { header "__chrono/file_clock.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_formatter              [system] {
+  header "__chrono/formatter.h"
+}
+module std_private_chrono_hh_mm_ss               [system] { header "__chrono/hh_mm_ss.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_high_resolution_clock  [system] {
+  header "__chrono/high_resolution_clock.h"
+  export std_private_chrono_steady_clock
+  export std_private_chrono_system_clock
+}
+module std_private_chrono_leap_second            [system] { header "__chrono/leap_second.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_literals               [system] { header "__chrono/literals.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_local_info             [system] {
+  header "__chrono/local_info.h"
+  export std_private_chrono_sys_info
+}
+module std_private_chrono_month                  [system] { header "__chrono/month.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_month_weekday          [system] { header "__chrono/month_weekday.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_monthday               [system] { header "__chrono/monthday.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_ostream                [system] {
+  header "__chrono/ostream.h"
+}
+module std_private_chrono_parser_std_format_spec [system] {
+  header "__chrono/parser_std_format_spec.h"
+}
+module std_private_chrono_statically_widen       [system] { header "__chrono/statically_widen.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_steady_clock           [system] {
+  header "__chrono/steady_clock.h"
+  export std_private_chrono_time_point
+}
+module std_private_chrono_time_zone              [system] {
+  header "__chrono/time_zone.h"
+  export std_private_memory_unique_ptr
+}
+module std_private_chrono_time_zone_link         [system] {
+  header "__chrono/time_zone_link.h"
+}
+module std_private_chrono_sys_info               [system] {
+  header "__chrono/sys_info.h"
+}
+module std_private_chrono_system_clock           [system] {
+  header "__chrono/system_clock.h"
+  export std_private_chrono_time_point
+}
+module std_private_chrono_tzdb                   [system] {
+  header "__chrono/tzdb.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_chrono_tzdb_list              [system] {
+  header "__chrono/tzdb_list.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_chrono_time_point             [system] { header "__chrono/time_point.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_weekday                [system] { header "__chrono/weekday.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_year                   [system] { header "__chrono/year.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_year_month             [system] { header "__chrono/year_month.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_year_month_day         [system] { header "__chrono/year_month_day.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_year_month_weekday     [system] { header "__chrono/year_month_weekday.h" }
+module std_private_chrono_zoned_time             [system] { header "__chrono/zoned_time.h" }
+
+module std_private_compare_common_comparison_category     [system] { header "__compare/common_comparison_category.h" }
+module std_private_compare_compare_partial_order_fallback [system] { header "__compare/compare_partial_order_fallback.h" }
+module std_private_compare_compare_strong_order_fallback  [system] { header "__compare/compare_strong_order_fallback.h" }
+module std_private_compare_compare_three_way              [system] { header "__compare/compare_three_way.h" }
+module std_private_compare_compare_three_way_result       [system] { header "__compare/compare_three_way_result.h" }
+module std_private_compare_compare_weak_order_fallback    [system] { header "__compare/compare_weak_order_fallback.h" }
+module std_private_compare_is_eq                          [system] { header "__compare/is_eq.h" }
+module std_private_compare_ordering                       [system] { header "__compare/ordering.h" }
+module std_private_compare_partial_order                  [system] { header "__compare/partial_order.h" }
+module std_private_compare_strong_order                   [system] { header "__compare/strong_order.h" }
+module std_private_compare_synth_three_way                [system] { header "__compare/synth_three_way.h" }
+module std_private_compare_three_way_comparable           [system] { header "__compare/three_way_comparable.h" }
+module std_private_compare_weak_order                     [system] { header "__compare/weak_order.h" }
+
+module std_private_complex_complex_fwd            [system] { header "__fwd/complex.h" }
+
+module std_private_concepts_arithmetic            [system] { header "__concepts/arithmetic.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_assignable            [system] { header "__concepts/assignable.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_boolean_testable      [system] { header "__concepts/boolean_testable.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_class_or_enum         [system] { header "__concepts/class_or_enum.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_common_reference_with [system] { header "__concepts/common_reference_with.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_common_with           [system] { header "__concepts/common_with.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_constructible         [system] {
+  header "__concepts/constructible.h"
+  export std_private_concepts_destructible
+}
+module std_private_concepts_convertible_to        [system] { header "__concepts/convertible_to.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_copyable              [system] { header "__concepts/copyable.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_derived_from          [system] { header "__concepts/derived_from.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_destructible          [system] {
+  header "__concepts/destructible.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_nothrow_destructible
+}
+module std_private_concepts_
diff erent_from        [system] { header "__concepts/
diff erent_from.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_equality_comparable   [system] {
+  header "__concepts/equality_comparable.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_common_reference
+}
+module std_private_concepts_invocable             [system] { header "__concepts/invocable.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_movable               [system] {
+  header "__concepts/movable.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_object
+}
+module std_private_concepts_predicate             [system] { header "__concepts/predicate.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_regular               [system] { header "__concepts/regular.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_relation              [system] { header "__concepts/relation.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_same_as               [system] {
+  header "__concepts/same_as.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_same
+}
+module std_private_concepts_semiregular           [system] { header "__concepts/semiregular.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_swappable             [system] { header "__concepts/swappable.h" }
+module std_private_concepts_totally_ordered       [system] { header "__concepts/totally_ordered.h" }
+
+module std_private_condition_variable_condition_variable [system] {
+  header "__condition_variable/condition_variable.h"
+  export *
+}
+
+module std_private_coroutine_coroutine_handle      [system] { header "__coroutine/coroutine_handle.h" }
+module std_private_coroutine_coroutine_traits      [system] { header "__coroutine/coroutine_traits.h" }
+module std_private_coroutine_noop_coroutine_handle [system] { header "__coroutine/noop_coroutine_handle.h" }
+module std_private_coroutine_trivial_awaitables    [system] { header "__coroutine/trivial_awaitables.h" }
+
+module std_private_debug_utils_randomize_range            [system] { header "__debug_utils/randomize_range.h" }
+module std_private_debug_utils_sanitizers                 [system] { header "__debug_utils/sanitizers.h" }
+module std_private_debug_utils_strict_weak_ordering_check [system] {
+  header "__debug_utils/strict_weak_ordering_check.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_constant_evaluated
+}
+
+module std_private_deque_fwd [system] { header "__fwd/deque.h" }
+
+module std_private_exception_exception        [system] { header "__exception/exception.h" }
+module std_private_exception_exception_ptr    [system] {
+  header "__exception/exception_ptr.h"
+  export std_private_exception_operations
+}
+module std_private_exception_nested_exception [system] { header "__exception/nested_exception.h" }
+module std_private_exception_operations       [system] { header "__exception/operations.h" }
+module std_private_exception_terminate        [system] { header "__exception/terminate.h" }
+
+module std_private_expected_bad_expected_access [system] { header "__expected/bad_expected_access.h" }
+module std_private_expected_expected            [system] { header "__expected/expected.h" }
+module std_private_expected_unexpect            [system] { header "__expected/unexpect.h" }
+module std_private_expected_unexpected          [system] { header "__expected/unexpected.h" }
+
+module std_private_filesystem_copy_options                 [system] { header "__filesystem/copy_options.h" }
+module std_private_filesystem_directory_entry              [system] {
+  header "__filesystem/directory_entry.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_filesystem_directory_iterator           [system] {
+  header "__filesystem/directory_iterator.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_filesystem_directory_options            [system] { header "__filesystem/directory_options.h" }
+module std_private_filesystem_file_status                  [system] { header "__filesystem/file_status.h" }
+module std_private_filesystem_file_time_type               [system] { header "__filesystem/file_time_type.h" }
+module std_private_filesystem_file_type                    [system] { header "__filesystem/file_type.h" }
+module std_private_filesystem_filesystem_error             [system] {
+  header "__filesystem/filesystem_error.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_filesystem_operations                   [system] { header "__filesystem/operations.h" }
+module std_private_filesystem_path                         [system] {
+  header "__filesystem/path.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_filesystem_path_iterator                [system] { header "__filesystem/path_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_filesystem_perm_options                 [system] { header "__filesystem/perm_options.h" }
+module std_private_filesystem_perms                        [system] { header "__filesystem/perms.h" }
+module std_private_filesystem_recursive_directory_iterator [system] {
+  header "__filesystem/recursive_directory_iterator.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_filesystem_space_info                   [system] { header "__filesystem/space_info.h" }
+module std_private_filesystem_u8path                       [system] { header "__filesystem/u8path.h" }
+
+module std_private_format_buffer                          [system] { header "__format/buffer.h" }
+module std_private_format_concepts                        [system] { header "__format/concepts.h" }
+module std_private_format_container_adaptor               [system] { header "__format/container_adaptor.h" }
+module std_private_format_enable_insertable               [system] { header "__format/enable_insertable.h" }
+module std_private_format_escaped_output_table            [system] { header "__format/escaped_output_table.h" }
+module std_private_format_extended_grapheme_cluster_table [system] { header "__format/extended_grapheme_cluster_table.h" }
+module std_private_format_format_arg                      [system] { header "__format/format_arg.h" }
+module std_private_format_format_arg_store                [system] { header "__format/format_arg_store.h" }
+module std_private_format_format_args                     [system] { header "__format/format_args.h" }
+module std_private_format_format_context                  [system] {
+  header "__format/format_context.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_format_format_error                    [system] { header "__format/format_error.h" }
+module std_private_format_format_functions                [system] {
+  header "__format/format_functions.h"
+  export std_string
+}
+module std_private_format_fwd                             [system] { header "__fwd/format.h" }
+module std_private_format_format_parse_context            [system] { header "__format/format_parse_context.h" }
+module std_private_format_format_string                   [system] { header "__format/format_string.h" }
+module std_private_format_format_to_n_result              [system] {
+  header "__format/format_to_n_result.h"
+  export std_private_iterator_incrementable_traits
+}
+module std_private_format_formatter                       [system] { header "__format/formatter.h" }
+module std_private_format_formatter_bool                  [system] { header "__format/formatter_bool.h" }
+module std_private_format_formatter_char                  [system] { header "__format/formatter_char.h" }
+module std_private_format_formatter_floating_point        [system] { header "__format/formatter_floating_point.h" }
+module std_private_format_formatter_integer               [system] { header "__format/formatter_integer.h" }
+module std_private_format_formatter_integral              [system] { header "__format/formatter_integral.h" }
+module std_private_format_formatter_output                [system] { header "__format/formatter_output.h" }
+module std_private_format_formatter_pointer               [system] { header "__format/formatter_pointer.h" }
+module std_private_format_formatter_string                [system] { header "__format/formatter_string.h" }
+module std_private_format_formatter_tuple                 [system] { header "__format/formatter_tuple.h" }
+module std_private_format_indic_conjunct_break_table      [system] { header "__format/indic_conjunct_break_table.h" }
+module std_private_format_parser_std_format_spec          [system] { header "__format/parser_std_format_spec.h" }
+module std_private_format_range_default_formatter         [system] { header "__format/range_default_formatter.h" }
+module std_private_format_range_formatter                 [system] { header "__format/range_formatter.h" }
+module std_private_format_unicode                         [system] {
+  header "__format/unicode.h"
+  export std_private_format_extended_grapheme_cluster_table
+  export std_private_format_indic_conjunct_break_table
+}
+module std_private_format_width_estimation_table          [system] { header "__format/width_estimation_table.h" }
+module std_private_format_write_escaped                   [system] { header "__format/write_escaped.h" }
+
+module std_private_functional_binary_function            [system] { header "__functional/binary_function.h" }
+module std_private_functional_binary_negate              [system] { header "__functional/binary_negate.h" }
+module std_private_functional_bind                       [system] { header "__functional/bind.h" }
+module std_private_functional_bind_back                  [system] { header "__functional/bind_back.h" }
+module std_private_functional_bind_front                 [system] { header "__functional/bind_front.h" }
+module std_private_functional_binder1st                  [system] { header "__functional/binder1st.h" }
+module std_private_functional_binder2nd                  [system] { header "__functional/binder2nd.h" }
+module std_private_functional_boyer_moore_searcher       [system] {
+  header "__functional/boyer_moore_searcher.h"
+  export std_private_memory_shared_ptr
+}
+module std_private_functional_compose                    [system] {
+  header "__functional/compose.h"
+  export std_private_functional_perfect_forward
+}
+module std_private_functional_default_searcher           [system] { header "__functional/default_searcher.h" }
+module std_private_functional_function                   [system] { header "__functional/function.h" }
+module std_private_functional_hash                       [system] {
+  header "__functional/hash.h"
+  export std_cstdint
+  export std_private_type_traits_underlying_type
+  export std_private_utility_pair
+}
+module std_private_functional_fwd                        [system] { header "__fwd/functional.h" }
+module std_private_functional_identity                   [system] { header "__functional/identity.h" }
+module std_private_functional_invoke                     [system] {
+  header "__functional/invoke.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_functional_is_transparent             [system] { header "__functional/is_transparent.h" }
+module std_private_functional_mem_fn                     [system] { header "__functional/mem_fn.h" }
+module std_private_functional_mem_fun_ref                [system] { header "__functional/mem_fun_ref.h" }
+module std_private_functional_not_fn                     [system] {
+  header "__functional/not_fn.h"
+  export std_private_functional_perfect_forward
+}
+module std_private_functional_operations                 [system] { header "__functional/operations.h" }
+module std_private_functional_perfect_forward            [system] {
+  header "__functional/perfect_forward.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_functional_pointer_to_binary_function [system] { header "__functional/pointer_to_binary_function.h" }
+module std_private_functional_pointer_to_unary_function  [system] { header "__functional/pointer_to_unary_function.h" }
+module std_private_functional_ranges_operations          [system] { header "__functional/ranges_operations.h" }
+module std_private_functional_reference_wrapper          [system] { header "__functional/reference_wrapper.h" }
+module std_private_functional_unary_function             [system] { header "__functional/unary_function.h" }
+module std_private_functional_unary_negate               [system] { header "__functional/unary_negate.h" }
+module std_private_functional_weak_result_type           [system] { header "__functional/weak_result_type.h" }
+
+module std_private_ios_fpos [system] { header "__ios/fpos.h" }
+
+module std_private_iosfwd_fstream_fwd   [system] { header "__fwd/fstream.h" }
+module std_private_iosfwd_ios_fwd       [system] { header "__fwd/ios.h" }
+module std_private_iosfwd_istream_fwd   [system] { header "__fwd/istream.h" }
+module std_private_iosfwd_ostream_fwd   [system] { header "__fwd/ostream.h" }
+module std_private_iosfwd_sstream_fwd   [system] { header "__fwd/sstream.h" }
+module std_private_iosfwd_streambuf_fwd [system] { header "__fwd/streambuf.h" }
+
+module std_private_iterator_access                  [system] { header "__iterator/access.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_advance                 [system] { header "__iterator/advance.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_aliasing_iterator       [system] { header "__iterator/aliasing_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_back_insert_iterator    [system] { header "__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_bounded_iter            [system] { header "__iterator/bounded_iter.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_common_iterator         [system] { header "__iterator/common_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_concepts                [system] {
+  header "__iterator/concepts.h"
+  export std_private_concepts_constructible
+  export std_private_concepts_equality_comparable
+  export std_private_concepts_movable
+  export std_private_type_traits_common_reference
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_reference
+  export std_private_type_traits_remove_cvref
+}
+module std_private_iterator_counted_iterator        [system] { header "__iterator/counted_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_cpp17_iterator_concepts [system] { header "__iterator/cpp17_iterator_concepts.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_data                    [system] { header "__iterator/data.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_default_sentinel        [system] { header "__iterator/default_sentinel.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_distance                [system] {
+  header "__iterator/distance.h"
+  export std_private_ranges_size
+}
+module std_private_iterator_empty                   [system] { header "__iterator/empty.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_erase_if_container      [system] { header "__iterator/erase_if_container.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_front_insert_iterator   [system] { header "__iterator/front_insert_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_incrementable_traits    [system] { header "__iterator/incrementable_traits.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_indirectly_comparable   [system] { header "__iterator/indirectly_comparable.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_insert_iterator         [system] { header "__iterator/insert_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_istream_iterator        [system] { header "__iterator/istream_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_istreambuf_iterator     [system] { header "__iterator/istreambuf_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_iter_move               [system] { header "__iterator/iter_move.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_iter_swap               [system] { header "__iterator/iter_swap.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_iterator                [system] { header "__iterator/iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_iterator_traits         [system] {
+  header "__iterator/iterator_traits.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_primary_template
+}
+module std_private_iterator_iterator_with_data      [system] { header "__iterator/iterator_with_data.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_mergeable               [system] {
+  header "__iterator/mergeable.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_iterator_move_iterator           [system] { header "__iterator/move_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_move_sentinel           [system] { header "__iterator/move_sentinel.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_next                    [system] { header "__iterator/next.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_ostream_iterator        [system] { header "__iterator/ostream_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_ostreambuf_iterator     [system] {
+  header "__iterator/ostreambuf_iterator.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_iterator_permutable              [system] { header "__iterator/permutable.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_prev                    [system] { header "__iterator/prev.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_projected               [system] { header "__iterator/projected.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_ranges_iterator_traits  [system] { header "__iterator/ranges_iterator_traits.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_readable_traits         [system] { header "__iterator/readable_traits.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_reverse_access          [system] { header "__iterator/reverse_access.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_reverse_iterator        [system] { header "__iterator/reverse_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_segmented_iterator      [system] { header "__iterator/segmented_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_size                    [system] { header "__iterator/size.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_sortable                [system] {
+  header "__iterator/sortable.h"
+  export std_private_functional_ranges_operations
+}
+module std_private_iterator_unreachable_sentinel    [system] { header "__iterator/unreachable_sentinel.h" }
+module std_private_iterator_wrap_iter               [system] { header "__iterator/wrap_iter.h" }
+
+module std_private_locale_locale_base_api_android              [system] { textual header "__locale_dir/locale_base_api/android.h" }
+module std_private_locale_locale_base_api_bsd_locale_defaults  [system] { textual header "__locale_dir/locale_base_api/bsd_locale_defaults.h" }
+module std_private_locale_locale_base_api_bsd_locale_fallbacks [system] { textual header "__locale_dir/locale_base_api/bsd_locale_fallbacks.h" }
+module std_private_locale_locale_base_api_fuchsia              [system] { textual header "__locale_dir/locale_base_api/fuchsia.h" }
+module std_private_locale_locale_base_api_ibm                  [system] { textual header "__locale_dir/locale_base_api/ibm.h" }
+module std_private_locale_locale_base_api_locale_guard         [system] { header "__locale_dir/locale_base_api/locale_guard.h" }
+module std_private_locale_locale_base_api_musl                 [system] { textual header "__locale_dir/locale_base_api/musl.h" }
+module std_private_locale_locale_base_api_newlib               [system] { textual header "__locale_dir/locale_base_api/newlib.h" }
+module std_private_locale_locale_base_api_openbsd              [system] { textual header "__locale_dir/locale_base_api/openbsd.h" }
+module std_private_locale_locale_base_api_win32                [system] { textual header "__locale_dir/locale_base_api/win32.h" }
+module std_private_locale_locale_base_api                      [system] {
+  header "__locale_dir/locale_base_api.h"
+  export *
+}
+
+module std_private_math_abs                             [system] { header "__math/abs.h" }
+module std_private_math_copysign                        [system] { header "__math/copysign.h" }
+module std_private_math_error_functions                 [system] { header "__math/error_functions.h" }
+module std_private_math_exponential_functions           [system] { header "__math/exponential_functions.h" }
+module std_private_math_fdim                            [system] { header "__math/fdim.h" }
+module std_private_math_fma                             [system] { header "__math/fma.h" }
+module std_private_math_gamma                           [system] { header "__math/gamma.h" }
+module std_private_math_hyperbolic_functions            [system] { header "__math/hyperbolic_functions.h" }
+module std_private_math_hypot                           [system] { header "__math/hypot.h" }
+module std_private_math_inverse_hyperbolic_functions    [system] { header "__math/inverse_hyperbolic_functions.h" }
+module std_private_math_inverse_trigonometric_functions [system] { header "__math/inverse_trigonometric_functions.h" }
+module std_private_math_logarithms                      [system] { header "__math/logarithms.h" }
+module std_private_math_min_max                         [system] { header "__math/min_max.h" }
+module std_private_math_modulo                          [system] { header "__math/modulo.h" }
+module std_private_math_remainder                       [system] { header "__math/remainder.h" }
+module std_private_math_roots                           [system] { header "__math/roots.h" }
+module std_private_math_rounding_functions              [system] { header "__math/rounding_functions.h" }
+module std_private_math_special_functions               [system] { header "__math/special_functions.h" }
+module std_private_math_traits                          [system] { header "__math/traits.h" }
+module std_private_math_trigonometric_functions         [system] { header "__math/trigonometric_functions.h" }
+
+module std_private_mdspan_default_accessor [system] { header "__mdspan/default_accessor.h" }
+module std_private_mdspan_extents          [system] {
+  header "__mdspan/extents.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_mdspan_layout_left      [system] { header "__mdspan/layout_left.h" }
+module std_private_mdspan_layout_right     [system] { header "__mdspan/layout_right.h" }
+module std_private_mdspan_layout_stride    [system] { header "__mdspan/layout_stride.h" }
+module std_private_mdspan_mdspan           [system] { header "__mdspan/mdspan.h" }
+module std_private_mdspan_mdspan_fwd       [system] { header "__fwd/mdspan.h" }
+
+module std_private_memory_addressof                       [system] { header "__memory/addressof.h" }
+module std_private_memory_align                           [system] { header "__memory/align.h" }
+module std_private_memory_aligned_alloc                   [system] { header "__memory/aligned_alloc.h" }
+module std_private_memory_allocate_at_least               [system] { header "__memory/allocate_at_least.h" }
+module std_private_memory_allocation_guard                [system] { header "__memory/allocation_guard.h" }
+module std_private_memory_allocator                       [system] { header "__memory/allocator.h" }
+module std_private_memory_allocator_arg_t                 [system] { header "__memory/allocator_arg_t.h" }
+module std_private_memory_allocator_destructor            [system] { header "__memory/allocator_destructor.h" }
+module std_private_memory_allocator_traits                [system] { header "__memory/allocator_traits.h" }
+module std_private_memory_assume_aligned                  [system] { header "__memory/assume_aligned.h" }
+module std_private_memory_auto_ptr                        [system] { header "__memory/auto_ptr.h" }
+module std_private_memory_builtin_new_allocator           [system] {
+  header "__memory/builtin_new_allocator.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_memory_compressed_pair                 [system] { header "__memory/compressed_pair.h" }
+module std_private_memory_concepts                        [system] {
+  header "__memory/concepts.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_remove_reference
+}
+module std_private_memory_construct_at                    [system] { header "__memory/construct_at.h" }
+module std_private_memory_destruct_n                      [system] { header "__memory/destruct_n.h" }
+module std_private_memory_fwd                             [system] { header "__fwd/memory.h" }
+module std_private_memory_inout_ptr                       [system] { header "__memory/inout_ptr.h" }
+module std_private_memory_out_ptr                         [system] { header "__memory/out_ptr.h" }
+module std_private_memory_pointer_traits                  [system] { header "__memory/pointer_traits.h" }
+module std_private_memory_ranges_construct_at             [system] { header "__memory/ranges_construct_at.h" }
+module std_private_memory_ranges_uninitialized_algorithms [system] {
+  header "__memory/ranges_uninitialized_algorithms.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_in_out_result
+}
+module std_private_memory_raw_storage_iterator            [system] { header "__memory/raw_storage_iterator.h" }
+module std_private_memory_shared_ptr                      [system] {
+  header "__memory/shared_ptr.h"
+  export std_private_memory_uninitialized_algorithms
+}
+module std_private_memory_swap_allocator                  [system] { header "__memory/swap_allocator.h" }
+module std_private_memory_temp_value                      [system] { header "__memory/temp_value.h" }
+module std_private_memory_temporary_buffer                [system] {
+  header "__memory/temporary_buffer.h"
+  export std_private_utility_pair
+}
+module std_private_memory_uninitialized_algorithms        [system] {
+  header "__memory/uninitialized_algorithms.h"
+  export std_private_algorithm_copy
+}
+module std_private_memory_unique_ptr                      [system] {
+  header "__memory/unique_ptr.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_add_lvalue_reference
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_pointer
+  export std_private_type_traits_type_identity
+}
+module std_private_memory_uses_allocator                  [system] { header "__memory/uses_allocator.h" }
+module std_private_memory_uses_allocator_construction     [system] { header "__memory/uses_allocator_construction.h" }
+module std_private_memory_voidify                         [system] { header "__memory/voidify.h" }
+
+module std_private_memory_resource_memory_resource              [system] { header "__memory_resource/memory_resource.h" }
+module std_private_memory_resource_memory_resource_fwd          [system] { header "__fwd/memory_resource.h" }
+module std_private_memory_resource_monotonic_buffer_resource    [system] { header "__memory_resource/monotonic_buffer_resource.h" }
+module std_private_memory_resource_polymorphic_allocator        [system] { header "__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h" }
+module std_private_memory_resource_pool_options                 [system] { header "__memory_resource/pool_options.h" }
+module std_private_memory_resource_synchronized_pool_resource   [system] {
+  header "__memory_resource/synchronized_pool_resource.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_memory_resource_unsynchronized_pool_resource [system] { header "__memory_resource/unsynchronized_pool_resource.h" }
+
+module std_private_mutex_lock_guard  [system] { header "__mutex/lock_guard.h" }
+module std_private_mutex_mutex       [system] { header "__mutex/mutex.h" }
+module std_private_mutex_once_flag  [system]  { header "__mutex/once_flag.h" }
+module std_private_mutex_tag_types   [system] { header "__mutex/tag_types.h" }
+module std_private_mutex_unique_lock [system] { header "__mutex/unique_lock.h" }
+
+module std_private_numeric_accumulate               [system] { header "__numeric/accumulate.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_adjacent_
diff erence      [system] { header "__numeric/adjacent_
diff erence.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_exclusive_scan           [system] { header "__numeric/exclusive_scan.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_gcd_lcm                  [system] { header "__numeric/gcd_lcm.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_inclusive_scan           [system] { header "__numeric/inclusive_scan.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_inner_product            [system] { header "__numeric/inner_product.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_iota                     [system] { header "__numeric/iota.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_midpoint                 [system] { header "__numeric/midpoint.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_partial_sum              [system] { header "__numeric/partial_sum.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_pstl                     [system] {
+  header "__numeric/pstl.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_numeric_reduce                   [system] { header "__numeric/reduce.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_saturation_arithmetic    [system] { header "__numeric/saturation_arithmetic.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_transform_exclusive_scan [system] { header "__numeric/transform_exclusive_scan.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_transform_inclusive_scan [system] { header "__numeric/transform_inclusive_scan.h" }
+module std_private_numeric_transform_reduce         [system] { header "__numeric/transform_reduce.h" }
+
+module std_private_pstl_backend                    [system] {
+  header "__pstl/backend.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_pstl_backend_fwd                [system] {
+  header "__pstl/backend_fwd.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_pstl_backends_default           [system] {
+  header "__pstl/backends/default.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_pstl_backends_libdispatch       [system] {
+  header "__pstl/backends/libdispatch.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_pstl_backends_serial            [system] {
+  header "__pstl/backends/serial.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_pstl_backends_std_thread        [system] {
+  header "__pstl/backends/std_thread.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_pstl_cpu_algos_any_of           [system] { header "__pstl/cpu_algos/any_of.h" }
+module std_private_pstl_cpu_algos_cpu_traits       [system] { header "__pstl/cpu_algos/cpu_traits.h" }
+module std_private_pstl_cpu_algos_fill             [system] { header "__pstl/cpu_algos/fill.h" }
+module std_private_pstl_cpu_algos_find_if          [system] { header "__pstl/cpu_algos/find_if.h" }
+module std_private_pstl_cpu_algos_for_each         [system] { header "__pstl/cpu_algos/for_each.h" }
+module std_private_pstl_cpu_algos_merge            [system] { header "__pstl/cpu_algos/merge.h" }
+module std_private_pstl_cpu_algos_stable_sort      [system] { header "__pstl/cpu_algos/stable_sort.h" }
+module std_private_pstl_cpu_algos_transform        [system] { header "__pstl/cpu_algos/transform.h" }
+module std_private_pstl_cpu_algos_transform_reduce [system] { header "__pstl/cpu_algos/transform_reduce.h" }
+module std_private_pstl_dispatch                   [system] { header "__pstl/dispatch.h" }
+module std_private_pstl_handle_exception           [system] { header "__pstl/handle_exception.h" }
+
+module std_private_queue_fwd [system] { header "__fwd/queue.h" }
+
+module std_private_ostream_basic_ostream [system] {
+  header "__ostream/basic_ostream.h"
+  export std_streambuf
+}
+module std_private_ostream_print         [system] {
+  header "__ostream/print.h"
+  export std_print
+}
+
+module std_private_random_bernoulli_distribution          [system] { header "__random/bernoulli_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_binomial_distribution           [system] { header "__random/binomial_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_cauchy_distribution             [system] { header "__random/cauchy_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_chi_squared_distribution        [system] { header "__random/chi_squared_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_clamp_to_integral               [system] { header "__random/clamp_to_integral.h" }
+module std_private_random_default_random_engine           [system] { header "__random/default_random_engine.h" }
+module std_private_random_discard_block_engine            [system] { header "__random/discard_block_engine.h" }
+module std_private_random_discrete_distribution           [system] {
+  header "__random/discrete_distribution.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_random_exponential_distribution        [system] { header "__random/exponential_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_extreme_value_distribution      [system] { header "__random/extreme_value_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_fisher_f_distribution           [system] { header "__random/fisher_f_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_gamma_distribution              [system] { header "__random/gamma_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_generate_canonical              [system] { header "__random/generate_canonical.h" }
+module std_private_random_geometric_distribution          [system] { header "__random/geometric_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_independent_bits_engine         [system] { header "__random/independent_bits_engine.h" }
+module std_private_random_is_seed_sequence                [system] { header "__random/is_seed_sequence.h" }
+module std_private_random_is_valid                        [system] { header "__random/is_valid.h" }
+module std_private_random_knuth_b                         [system] { header "__random/knuth_b.h" }
+module std_private_random_linear_congruential_engine      [system] { header "__random/linear_congruential_engine.h" }
+module std_private_random_log2                            [system] { header "__random/log2.h" }
+module std_private_random_lognormal_distribution          [system] { header "__random/lognormal_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_mersenne_twister_engine         [system] { header "__random/mersenne_twister_engine.h" }
+module std_private_random_negative_binomial_distribution  [system] { header "__random/negative_binomial_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_normal_distribution             [system] { header "__random/normal_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_piecewise_constant_distribution [system] {
+  header "__random/piecewise_constant_distribution.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_random_piecewise_linear_distribution   [system] {
+  header "__random/piecewise_linear_distribution.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_random_poisson_distribution            [system] { header "__random/poisson_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_random_device                   [system] {
+  header "__random/random_device.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_random_ranlux                          [system] { header "__random/ranlux.h" }
+module std_private_random_seed_seq                        [system] {
+  header "__random/seed_seq.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_random_shuffle_order_engine            [system] { header "__random/shuffle_order_engine.h" }
+module std_private_random_student_t_distribution          [system] { header "__random/student_t_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_subtract_with_carry_engine      [system] { header "__random/subtract_with_carry_engine.h" }
+module std_private_random_uniform_int_distribution        [system] { header "__random/uniform_int_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_uniform_random_bit_generator    [system] { header "__random/uniform_random_bit_generator.h" }
+module std_private_random_uniform_real_distribution       [system] { header "__random/uniform_real_distribution.h" }
+module std_private_random_weibull_distribution            [system] { header "__random/weibull_distribution.h" }
+
+module std_private_ranges_access                     [system] { header "__ranges/access.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_all                        [system] {
+  header "__ranges/all.h"
+  export std_private_functional_compose
+  export std_private_functional_perfect_forward
+  export std_private_ranges_owning_view
+}
+module std_private_ranges_as_rvalue_view             [system] { header "__ranges/as_rvalue_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_chunk_by_view              [system] { header "__ranges/chunk_by_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_common_view                [system] { header "__ranges/common_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_concepts                   [system] {
+  header "__ranges/concepts.h"
+  export std_private_iterator_concepts
+}
+module std_private_ranges_container_compatible_range [system] { header "__ranges/container_compatible_range.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_counted                    [system] {
+  header "__ranges/counted.h"
+  export std_span
+}
+module std_private_ranges_dangling                   [system] { header "__ranges/dangling.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_data                       [system] { header "__ranges/data.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_drop_view                  [system] { header "__ranges/drop_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_drop_while_view            [system] { header "__ranges/drop_while_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_elements_view              [system] { header "__ranges/elements_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_empty                      [system] { header "__ranges/empty.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_empty_view                 [system] { header "__ranges/empty_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_enable_borrowed_range      [system] { header "__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_enable_view                [system] { header "__ranges/enable_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_filter_view                [system] {
+  header "__ranges/filter_view.h"
+  export std_private_ranges_range_adaptor
+}
+module std_private_ranges_from_range                 [system] { header "__ranges/from_range.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_iota_view                  [system] { header "__ranges/iota_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_istream_view               [system] {
+  header "__ranges/istream_view.h"
+}
+module std_private_ranges_join_view                  [system] {
+  header "__ranges/join_view.h"
+  export std_private_iterator_iterator_with_data
+  export std_private_iterator_segmented_iterator
+}
+module std_private_ranges_lazy_split_view            [system] {
+  header "__ranges/lazy_split_view.h"
+  export std_private_ranges_non_propagating_cache
+}
+module std_private_ranges_movable_box                [system] { header "__ranges/movable_box.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_non_propagating_cache      [system] { header "__ranges/non_propagating_cache.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_owning_view                [system] { header "__ranges/owning_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_range_adaptor              [system] { header "__ranges/range_adaptor.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_rbegin                     [system] { header "__ranges/rbegin.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_ref_view                   [system] { header "__ranges/ref_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_rend                       [system] { header "__ranges/rend.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_repeat_view                [system] { header "__ranges/repeat_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_reverse_view               [system] { header "__ranges/reverse_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_single_view                [system] { header "__ranges/single_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_size                       [system] {
+  header "__ranges/size.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_make_unsigned
+}
+module std_private_ranges_split_view                 [system] { header "__ranges/split_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_subrange                   [system] {
+  header "__ranges/subrange.h"
+  export std_private_ranges_subrange_fwd
+}
+module std_private_ranges_subrange_fwd               [system] {
+  header "__fwd/subrange.h"
+  export std_private_iterator_concepts
+}
+module std_private_ranges_take_view                  [system] { header "__ranges/take_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_take_while_view            [system] { header "__ranges/take_while_view.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_to                         [system] { header "__ranges/to.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_transform_view             [system] {
+  header "__ranges/transform_view.h"
+  export std_private_functional_bind_back
+  export std_private_functional_perfect_forward
+  export std_private_ranges_movable_box
+}
+module std_private_ranges_view_interface             [system] { header "__ranges/view_interface.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_views                      [system] { header "__ranges/views.h" }
+module std_private_ranges_zip_view                   [system] {
+  header "__ranges/zip_view.h"
+  export std_private_utility_pair
+}
+
+module std_private_span_span_fwd [system] { header "__fwd/span.h" }
+
+module std_private_stack_fwd [system] { header "__fwd/stack.h" }
+
+module std_private_stop_token_atomic_unique_lock   [system] { header "__stop_token/atomic_unique_lock.h" }
+module std_private_stop_token_intrusive_list_view  [system] { header "__stop_token/intrusive_list_view.h" }
+module std_private_stop_token_intrusive_shared_ptr [system] { header "__stop_token/intrusive_shared_ptr.h" }
+module std_private_stop_token_stop_callback        [system] { header "__stop_token/stop_callback.h" }
+module std_private_stop_token_stop_source          [system] {
+  header "__stop_token/stop_source.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_stop_token_stop_state           [system] {
+  header "__stop_token/stop_state.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_stop_token_stop_token           [system] {
+  header "__stop_token/stop_token.h"
+  export *
+}
+
+module std_private_string_char_traits           [system] {
+  header "__string/char_traits.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_string_constexpr_c_functions [system] {
+  header "__string/constexpr_c_functions.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_equality_comparable
+}
+module std_private_string_extern_template_lists [system] { header "__string/extern_template_lists.h" }
+module std_private_string_string_fwd            [system] { header "__fwd/string.h" }
+
+module std_private_string_view_string_view_fwd [system] { header "__fwd/string_view.h" }
+
+module std_private_system_error_errc            [system] { header "__system_error/errc.h" }
+module std_private_system_error_error_category  [system] { header "__system_error/error_category.h" }
+module std_private_system_error_error_code      [system] {
+  header "__system_error/error_code.h"
+  export std_private_functional_hash
+  export std_private_functional_unary_function
+}
+module std_private_system_error_error_condition [system] {
+  header "__system_error/error_condition.h"
+  export std_private_functional_hash
+  export std_private_functional_unary_function
+}
+module std_private_system_error_system_error    [system] { header "__system_error/system_error.h" }
+
+module std_private_thread_formatter            [system] { header "__thread/formatter.h" }
+module std_private_thread_id                   [system] { header "__thread/id.h" }
+module std_private_thread_jthread              [system] {
+  header "__thread/jthread.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_thread_poll_with_backoff    [system] { header "__thread/poll_with_backoff.h" }
+module std_private_thread_support              [system] {
+  header "__thread/support.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_thread_support_c11          [system] { textual header "__thread/support/c11.h" }
+module std_private_thread_support_external     [system] { textual header "__thread/support/external.h" }
+module std_private_thread_support_pthread      [system] { textual header "__thread/support/pthread.h" }
+module std_private_thread_support_windows      [system] { textual header "__thread/support/windows.h" }
+module std_private_thread_this_thread          [system] { header "__thread/this_thread.h" }
+module std_private_thread_thread               [system] {
+  header "__thread/thread.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_thread_timed_backoff_policy [system] { header "__thread/timed_backoff_policy.h" }
+
+module std_private_tuple_find_index             [system] { header "__tuple/find_index.h" }
+module std_private_tuple_ignore                 [system] { header "__tuple/ignore.h" }
+module std_private_tuple_make_tuple_types       [system] { header "__tuple/make_tuple_types.h" }
+module std_private_tuple_tuple_like_no_subrange [system] {
+  header "__tuple/tuple_like_no_subrange.h"
+}
+module std_private_tuple_sfinae_helpers         [system] { header "__tuple/sfinae_helpers.h" }
+module std_private_tuple_tuple_element          [system] { header "__tuple/tuple_element.h" }
+module std_private_tuple_tuple_fwd              [system] { header "__fwd/tuple.h" }
+module std_private_tuple_tuple_indices          [system] { header "__tuple/tuple_indices.h" }
+module std_private_tuple_tuple_like             [system] {
+  header "__tuple/tuple_like.h"
+  export *
+}
+module std_private_tuple_tuple_like_ext         [system] { header "__tuple/tuple_like_ext.h" }
+module std_private_tuple_tuple_size             [system] { header "__tuple/tuple_size.h" }
+module std_private_tuple_tuple_types            [system] { header "__tuple/tuple_types.h" }
+
+module std_private_type_traits_add_const                                 [system] { header "__type_traits/add_const.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_add_cv                                    [system] { header "__type_traits/add_cv.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_add_lvalue_reference                      [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_referenceable
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_add_pointer                               [system] { header "__type_traits/add_pointer.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_add_rvalue_reference                      [system] { header "__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_add_volatile                              [system] { header "__type_traits/add_volatile.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_aligned_storage                           [system] { header "__type_traits/aligned_storage.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_aligned_union                             [system] { header "__type_traits/aligned_union.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_alignment_of                              [system] { header "__type_traits/alignment_of.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_can_extract_key                           [system] { header "__type_traits/can_extract_key.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_common_reference                          [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/common_reference.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_remove_cvref
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_common_type                               [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/common_type.h"
+  export std_private_utility_declval
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_conditional                               [system] { header "__type_traits/conditional.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_conjunction                               [system] { header "__type_traits/conjunction.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_copy_cv                                   [system] { header "__type_traits/copy_cv.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_copy_cvref                                [system] { header "__type_traits/copy_cvref.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_datasizeof                                [system] { header "__type_traits/datasizeof.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_decay                                     [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/decay.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_add_pointer
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_dependent_type                            [system] { header "__type_traits/dependent_type.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_desugars_to                               [system] { header "__type_traits/desugars_to.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_disjunction                               [system] { header "__type_traits/disjunction.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_enable_if                                 [system] { header "__type_traits/enable_if.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_extent                                    [system] { header "__type_traits/extent.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_has_unique_object_representation          [system] { header "__type_traits/has_unique_object_representation.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_has_virtual_destructor                    [system] { header "__type_traits/has_virtual_destructor.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_integral_constant                         [system] { header "__type_traits/integral_constant.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_invoke                                    [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/invoke.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_conditional
+  export std_private_type_traits_decay
+  export std_private_type_traits_decay
+  export std_private_type_traits_enable_if
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_base_of
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_core_convertible
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_reference_wrapper
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_same
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_void
+  export std_private_type_traits_nat
+  export std_private_type_traits_remove_cv
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_abstract                               [system] { header "__type_traits/is_abstract.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_aggregate                              [system] { header "__type_traits/is_aggregate.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_allocator                              [system] { header "__type_traits/is_allocator.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_always_bitcastable                     [system] { header "__type_traits/is_always_bitcastable.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_arithmetic                             [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_integral_constant
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_array                                  [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_array.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_integral_constant
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_assignable                             [system] { header "__type_traits/is_assignable.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_base_of                                [system] { header "__type_traits/is_base_of.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_bounded_array                          [system] { header "__type_traits/is_bounded_array.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_callable                               [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_callable.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_integral_constant
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_char_like_type                         [system] { header "__type_traits/is_char_like_type.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_class                                  [system] { header "__type_traits/is_class.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_compound                               [system] { header "__type_traits/is_compound.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_const                                  [system] { header "__type_traits/is_const.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_constant_evaluated                     [system] { header "__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_constructible                          [system] { header "__type_traits/is_constructible.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_convertible                            [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_convertible.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_array
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_copy_assignable                        [system] { header "__type_traits/is_copy_assignable.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_copy_constructible                     [system] { header "__type_traits/is_copy_constructible.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_core_convertible                       [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_core_convertible.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_integral_constant
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_destructible                           [system] { header "__type_traits/is_destructible.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_empty                                  [system] { header "__type_traits/is_empty.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_enum                                   [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_enum.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_integral_constant
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_equality_comparable                    [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_equality_comparable.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_integral_constant
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_execution_policy                       [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_execution_policy.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_remove_cvref
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_final                                  [system] { header "__type_traits/is_final.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_floating_point                         [system] { header "__type_traits/is_floating_point.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_function                               [system] { header "__type_traits/is_function.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_fundamental                            [system] { header "__type_traits/is_fundamental.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_implicitly_default_constructible       [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_implicitly_default_constructible.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_integral_constant
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_integral                               [system] { header "__type_traits/is_integral.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_literal_type                           [system] { header "__type_traits/is_literal_type.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_member_pointer                         [system] { header "__type_traits/is_member_pointer.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_nothrow_assignable                     [system] { header "__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_nothrow_constructible                  [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_integral_constant
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_nothrow_convertible                    [system] { header "__type_traits/is_nothrow_convertible.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_nothrow_destructible                   [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_nothrow_destructible.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_destructible
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_null_pointer                           [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_null_pointer.h"
+  export std_cstddef
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_object                                 [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_object.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_scalar
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_pod                                    [system] { header "__type_traits/is_pod.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_pointer                                [system] { header "__type_traits/is_pointer.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_polymorphic                            [system] { header "__type_traits/is_polymorphic.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_primary_template                       [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_primary_template.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_enable_if
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_reference                              [system] { header "__type_traits/is_reference.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_reference_wrapper                      [system] { header "__type_traits/is_reference_wrapper.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_referenceable                          [system] { header "__type_traits/is_referenceable.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_same                                   [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_same.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_integral_constant
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_scalar                                 [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_scalar.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_null_pointer
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_signed                                 [system] { header "__type_traits/is_signed.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_signed_integer                         [system] { header "__type_traits/is_signed_integer.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_specialization                         [system] { header "__type_traits/is_specialization.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_standard_layout                        [system] { header "__type_traits/is_standard_layout.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_swappable                              [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_swappable.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_move_constructible
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_trivial                                [system] { header "__type_traits/is_trivial.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_trivially_assignable                   [system] { header "__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_trivially_constructible                [system] { header "__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_trivially_copyable                     [system] { header "__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_trivially_destructible                 [system] { header "__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable [system] { header "__type_traits/is_trivially_lexicographically_comparable.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_trivially_relocatable                  [system] { header "__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_unbounded_array                        [system] { header "__type_traits/is_unbounded_array.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_union                                  [system] { header "__type_traits/is_union.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_unsigned                               [system] { header "__type_traits/is_unsigned.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_unsigned_integer                       [system] { header "__type_traits/is_unsigned_integer.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_valid_expansion                        [system] { header "__type_traits/is_valid_expansion.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_is_void                                   [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/is_void.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_integral_constant
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_is_volatile                               [system] { header "__type_traits/is_volatile.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_lazy                                      [system] { header "__type_traits/lazy.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_make_32_64_or_128_bit                     [system] { header "__type_traits/make_32_64_or_128_bit.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_make_const_lvalue_ref                     [system] { header "__type_traits/make_const_lvalue_ref.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_make_signed                               [system] { header "__type_traits/make_signed.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_make_unsigned                             [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/make_unsigned.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_unsigned
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_maybe_const                               [system] { header "__type_traits/maybe_const.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_nat                                       [system] { header "__type_traits/nat.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_negation                                  [system] { header "__type_traits/negation.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_noexcept_move_assign_container            [system] { header "__type_traits/noexcept_move_assign_container.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_promote                                   [system] { header "__type_traits/promote.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_rank                                      [system] { header "__type_traits/rank.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_remove_all_extents                        [system] { header "__type_traits/remove_all_extents.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_remove_const                              [system] { header "__type_traits/remove_const.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_remove_const_ref                          [system] { header "__type_traits/remove_const_ref.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_remove_cv                                 [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/remove_cv.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_remove_const
+  export std_private_type_traits_remove_volatile
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_remove_cvref                              [system] { header "__type_traits/remove_cvref.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_remove_extent                             [system] { header "__type_traits/remove_extent.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_remove_pointer                            [system] { header "__type_traits/remove_pointer.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_remove_reference                          [system] { header "__type_traits/remove_reference.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_remove_volatile                           [system] { header "__type_traits/remove_volatile.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_result_of                                 [system] { header "__type_traits/result_of.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_strip_signature                           [system] { header "__type_traits/strip_signature.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_type_identity                             [system] { header "__type_traits/type_identity.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_type_list                                 [system] { header "__type_traits/type_list.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_underlying_type                           [system] {
+  header "__type_traits/underlying_type.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_enum
+}
+module std_private_type_traits_unwrap_ref                                [system] { header "__type_traits/unwrap_ref.h" }
+module std_private_type_traits_void_t                                    [system] { header "__type_traits/void_t.h" }
+
+module std_private_utility_as_const               [system] { header "__utility/as_const.h" }
+module std_private_utility_as_lvalue              [system] { header "__utility/as_lvalue.h" }
+module std_private_utility_auto_cast              [system] {
+  header "__utility/auto_cast.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_decay
+}
+module std_private_utility_cmp                    [system] {
+  header "__utility/cmp.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_make_unsigned
+}
+module std_private_utility_convert_to_integral    [system] { header "__utility/convert_to_integral.h" }
+module std_private_utility_declval                [system] { header "__utility/declval.h" }
+module std_private_utility_empty                  [system] { header "__utility/empty.h" }
+module std_private_utility_exception_guard        [system] { header "__utility/exception_guard.h" }
+module std_private_utility_exchange               [system] { header "__utility/exchange.h" }
+module std_private_utility_forward                [system] { header "__utility/forward.h" }
+module std_private_utility_forward_like           [system] { header "__utility/forward_like.h" }
+module std_private_utility_in_place               [system] { header "__utility/in_place.h" }
+module std_private_utility_integer_sequence       [system] { header "__utility/integer_sequence.h" }
+module std_private_utility_is_pointer_in_range    [system] { header "__utility/is_pointer_in_range.h" }
+module std_private_utility_is_valid_range         [system] { header "__utility/is_valid_range.h" }
+module std_private_utility_move                   [system] {
+  header "__utility/move.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_copy_constructible
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_nothrow_move_constructible
+  export std_private_type_traits_remove_reference
+}
+module std_private_utility_no_destroy             [system] { header "__utility/no_destroy.h" }
+module std_private_utility_pair                   [system] {
+  header "__utility/pair.h"
+  export std_private_ranges_subrange_fwd
+  export std_private_tuple_pair_like
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_assignable
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_constructible
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_convertible
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_copy_assignable
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_move_assignable
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_nothrow_copy_constructible
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_nothrow_default_constructible
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_nothrow_move_assignable
+  export std_private_utility_pair_fwd
+}
+module std_private_utility_pair_fwd                [system] { header "__fwd/pair.h" }
+module std_private_utility_piecewise_construct     [system] { header "__utility/piecewise_construct.h" }
+module std_private_utility_priority_tag            [system] { header "__utility/priority_tag.h" }
+module std_private_utility_private_constructor_tag [system] { header "__utility/private_constructor_tag.h" }
+module std_private_utility_rel_ops                 [system] { header "__utility/rel_ops.h" }
+module std_private_utility_small_buffer            [system] { header "__utility/small_buffer.h" }
+module std_private_utility_swap                    [system] {
+  header "__utility/swap.h"
+  export std_private_type_traits_is_swappable
+}
+module std_private_utility_to_underlying           [system] { header "__utility/to_underlying.h" }
+module std_private_utility_unreachable             [system] { header "__utility/unreachable.h" }
+
+module std_private_variant_monostate               [system] { header "__variant/monostate.h" }
+
+module std_private_vector_fwd                      [system] { header "__fwd/vector.h" }

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/mutex b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/mutex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..02c52dd72f02b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/mutex
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_MUTEX
+#define _LIBCPP_MUTEX
+
+/*
+    mutex synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class mutex
+{
+public:
+     constexpr mutex() noexcept;
+     ~mutex();
+
+    mutex(const mutex&) = delete;
+    mutex& operator=(const mutex&) = delete;
+
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+    void unlock();
+
+    typedef pthread_mutex_t* native_handle_type;
+    native_handle_type native_handle();
+};
+
+class recursive_mutex
+{
+public:
+     recursive_mutex();
+     ~recursive_mutex();
+
+    recursive_mutex(const recursive_mutex&) = delete;
+    recursive_mutex& operator=(const recursive_mutex&) = delete;
+
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock() noexcept;
+    void unlock();
+
+    typedef pthread_mutex_t* native_handle_type;
+    native_handle_type native_handle();
+};
+
+class timed_mutex
+{
+public:
+     timed_mutex();
+     ~timed_mutex();
+
+    timed_mutex(const timed_mutex&) = delete;
+    timed_mutex& operator=(const timed_mutex&) = delete;
+
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+    void unlock();
+};
+
+class recursive_timed_mutex
+{
+public:
+     recursive_timed_mutex();
+     ~recursive_timed_mutex();
+
+    recursive_timed_mutex(const recursive_timed_mutex&) = delete;
+    recursive_timed_mutex& operator=(const recursive_timed_mutex&) = delete;
+
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock() noexcept;
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+    void unlock();
+};
+
+struct defer_lock_t { explicit defer_lock_t() = default; };
+struct try_to_lock_t { explicit try_to_lock_t() = default; };
+struct adopt_lock_t { explicit adopt_lock_t() = default; };
+
+inline constexpr defer_lock_t  defer_lock{};
+inline constexpr try_to_lock_t try_to_lock{};
+inline constexpr adopt_lock_t  adopt_lock{};
+
+template <class Mutex>
+class lock_guard
+{
+public:
+    typedef Mutex mutex_type;
+
+    explicit lock_guard(mutex_type& m);
+    lock_guard(mutex_type& m, adopt_lock_t);
+    ~lock_guard();
+
+    lock_guard(lock_guard const&) = delete;
+    lock_guard& operator=(lock_guard const&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class... MutexTypes>
+class scoped_lock // C++17
+{
+public:
+    using mutex_type = Mutex;  // Only if sizeof...(MutexTypes) == 1
+
+    explicit scoped_lock(MutexTypes&... m);
+    scoped_lock(adopt_lock_t, MutexTypes&... m);
+    ~scoped_lock();
+    scoped_lock(scoped_lock const&) = delete;
+    scoped_lock& operator=(scoped_lock const&) = delete;
+private:
+    tuple<MutexTypes&...> pm; // exposition only
+};
+
+template <class Mutex>
+class unique_lock
+{
+public:
+    typedef Mutex mutex_type;
+    unique_lock() noexcept;
+    explicit unique_lock(mutex_type& m);
+    unique_lock(mutex_type& m, defer_lock_t) noexcept;
+    unique_lock(mutex_type& m, try_to_lock_t);
+    unique_lock(mutex_type& m, adopt_lock_t);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        unique_lock(mutex_type& m, const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        unique_lock(mutex_type& m, const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    ~unique_lock();
+
+    unique_lock(unique_lock const&) = delete;
+    unique_lock& operator=(unique_lock const&) = delete;
+
+    unique_lock(unique_lock&& u) noexcept;
+    unique_lock& operator=(unique_lock&& u) noexcept;
+
+    void lock();
+    bool try_lock();
+
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+
+    void unlock();
+
+    void swap(unique_lock& u) noexcept;
+    mutex_type* release() noexcept;
+
+    bool owns_lock() const noexcept;
+    explicit operator bool () const noexcept;
+    mutex_type* mutex() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class Mutex>
+  void swap(unique_lock<Mutex>& x, unique_lock<Mutex>& y) noexcept;
+
+template <class L1, class L2, class... L3>
+  int try_lock(L1&, L2&, L3&...);
+template <class L1, class L2, class... L3>
+  void lock(L1&, L2&, L3&...);
+
+struct once_flag
+{
+    constexpr once_flag() noexcept;
+
+    once_flag(const once_flag&) = delete;
+    once_flag& operator=(const once_flag&) = delete;
+};
+
+template<class Callable, class ...Args>
+  void call_once(once_flag& flag, Callable&& func, Args&&... args);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__chrono/steady_clock.h>
+#include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#include <__condition_variable/condition_variable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__mutex/lock_guard.h>
+#include <__mutex/mutex.h>
+#include <__mutex/once_flag.h>
+#include <__mutex/tag_types.h>
+#include <__mutex/unique_lock.h>
+#include <__thread/id.h>
+#include <__thread/support.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <limits>
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#  include <tuple>
+#endif
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI recursive_mutex {
+  __libcpp_recursive_mutex_t __m_;
+
+public:
+  recursive_mutex();
+  ~recursive_mutex();
+
+  recursive_mutex(const recursive_mutex&)            = delete;
+  recursive_mutex& operator=(const recursive_mutex&) = delete;
+
+  void lock();
+  bool try_lock() _NOEXCEPT;
+  void unlock() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  typedef __libcpp_recursive_mutex_t* native_handle_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI native_handle_type native_handle() { return &__m_; }
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI timed_mutex {
+  mutex __m_;
+  condition_variable __cv_;
+  bool __locked_;
+
+public:
+  timed_mutex();
+  ~timed_mutex();
+
+  timed_mutex(const timed_mutex&)            = delete;
+  timed_mutex& operator=(const timed_mutex&) = delete;
+
+public:
+  void lock();
+  bool try_lock() _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d) {
+    return try_lock_until(chrono::steady_clock::now() + __d);
+  }
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS bool
+  try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t);
+  void unlock() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+bool timed_mutex::try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  using namespace chrono;
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__m_);
+  bool __no_timeout = _Clock::now() < __t;
+  while (__no_timeout && __locked_)
+    __no_timeout = __cv_.wait_until(__lk, __t) == cv_status::no_timeout;
+  if (!__locked_) {
+    __locked_ = true;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI recursive_timed_mutex {
+  mutex __m_;
+  condition_variable __cv_;
+  size_t __count_;
+  __thread_id __id_;
+
+public:
+  recursive_timed_mutex();
+  ~recursive_timed_mutex();
+
+  recursive_timed_mutex(const recursive_timed_mutex&)            = delete;
+  recursive_timed_mutex& operator=(const recursive_timed_mutex&) = delete;
+
+  void lock();
+  bool try_lock() _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d) {
+    return try_lock_until(chrono::steady_clock::now() + __d);
+  }
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS bool
+  try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t);
+  void unlock() _NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+bool recursive_timed_mutex::try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  using namespace chrono;
+  __thread_id __id = this_thread::get_id();
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__m_);
+  if (__id == __id_) {
+    if (__count_ == numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
+      return false;
+    ++__count_;
+    return true;
+  }
+  bool __no_timeout = _Clock::now() < __t;
+  while (__no_timeout && __count_ != 0)
+    __no_timeout = __cv_.wait_until(__lk, __t) == cv_status::no_timeout;
+  if (__count_ == 0) {
+    __count_ = 1;
+    __id_    = __id;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _L0, class _L1>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int try_lock(_L0& __l0, _L1& __l1) {
+  unique_lock<_L0> __u0(__l0, try_to_lock_t());
+  if (__u0.owns_lock()) {
+    if (__l1.try_lock()) {
+      __u0.release();
+      return -1;
+    } else
+      return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _L0, class _L1, class _L2, class... _L3>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int try_lock(_L0& __l0, _L1& __l1, _L2& __l2, _L3&... __l3) {
+  int __r = 0;
+  unique_lock<_L0> __u0(__l0, try_to_lock);
+  if (__u0.owns_lock()) {
+    __r = std::try_lock(__l1, __l2, __l3...);
+    if (__r == -1)
+      __u0.release();
+    else
+      ++__r;
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _L0, class _L1>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void lock(_L0& __l0, _L1& __l1) {
+  while (true) {
+    {
+      unique_lock<_L0> __u0(__l0);
+      if (__l1.try_lock()) {
+        __u0.release();
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    __libcpp_thread_yield();
+    {
+      unique_lock<_L1> __u1(__l1);
+      if (__l0.try_lock()) {
+        __u1.release();
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    __libcpp_thread_yield();
+  }
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _L0, class _L1, class _L2, class... _L3>
+void __lock_first(int __i, _L0& __l0, _L1& __l1, _L2& __l2, _L3&... __l3) {
+  while (true) {
+    switch (__i) {
+    case 0: {
+      unique_lock<_L0> __u0(__l0);
+      __i = std::try_lock(__l1, __l2, __l3...);
+      if (__i == -1) {
+        __u0.release();
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+      ++__i;
+      __libcpp_thread_yield();
+      break;
+    case 1: {
+      unique_lock<_L1> __u1(__l1);
+      __i = std::try_lock(__l2, __l3..., __l0);
+      if (__i == -1) {
+        __u1.release();
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+      if (__i == sizeof...(_L3) + 1)
+        __i = 0;
+      else
+        __i += 2;
+      __libcpp_thread_yield();
+      break;
+    default:
+      std::__lock_first(__i - 2, __l2, __l3..., __l0, __l1);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _L0, class _L1, class _L2, class... _L3>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void lock(_L0& __l0, _L1& __l1, _L2& __l2, _L3&... __l3) {
+  std::__lock_first(0, __l0, __l1, __l2, __l3...);
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class... _Mutexes>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS scoped_lock;
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS scoped_lock<> {
+public:
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit scoped_lock() {}
+  ~scoped_lock() = default;
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit scoped_lock(adopt_lock_t) {}
+
+  scoped_lock(scoped_lock const&)            = delete;
+  scoped_lock& operator=(scoped_lock const&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(scoped_lockable) scoped_lock<_Mutex> {
+public:
+  typedef _Mutex mutex_type;
+
+private:
+  mutex_type& __m_;
+
+public:
+  [[nodiscard]]
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit scoped_lock(mutex_type& __m) _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(acquire_capability(__m))
+      : __m_(__m) {
+    __m_.lock();
+  }
+
+  ~scoped_lock() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(release_capability()) { __m_.unlock(); }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit scoped_lock(adopt_lock_t, mutex_type& __m)
+      _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(requires_capability(__m))
+      : __m_(__m) {}
+
+  scoped_lock(scoped_lock const&)            = delete;
+  scoped_lock& operator=(scoped_lock const&) = delete;
+};
+
+template <class... _MArgs>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS scoped_lock {
+  static_assert(sizeof...(_MArgs) > 1, "At least 2 lock types required");
+  typedef tuple<_MArgs&...> _MutexTuple;
+
+public:
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit scoped_lock(_MArgs&... __margs) : __t_(__margs...) {
+    std::lock(__margs...);
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI scoped_lock(adopt_lock_t, _MArgs&... __margs) : __t_(__margs...) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~scoped_lock() {
+    typedef typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_MArgs)>::type _Indices;
+    __unlock_unpack(_Indices{}, __t_);
+  }
+
+  scoped_lock(scoped_lock const&)            = delete;
+  scoped_lock& operator=(scoped_lock const&) = delete;
+
+private:
+  template <size_t... _Indx>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static void __unlock_unpack(__tuple_indices<_Indx...>, _MutexTuple& __mt) {
+    (std::get<_Indx>(__mt).unlock(), ...);
+  }
+
+  _MutexTuple __t_;
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(scoped_lock);
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#endif   // !_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <ctime>
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <system_error>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_MUTEX

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/new b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/new
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..214dbc398530bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/new
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NEW
+#define _LIBCPP_NEW
+
+/*
+    new synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class bad_alloc
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_alloc() noexcept;
+    bad_alloc(const bad_alloc&) noexcept;
+    bad_alloc& operator=(const bad_alloc&) noexcept;
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+class bad_array_new_length : public bad_alloc // C++14
+{
+public:
+    bad_array_new_length() noexcept;
+};
+
+enum class align_val_t : size_t {}; // C++17
+
+struct destroying_delete_t { // C++20
+  explicit destroying_delete_t() = default;
+};
+inline constexpr destroying_delete_t destroying_delete{}; // C++20
+
+struct nothrow_t { explicit nothrow_t() = default; };
+extern const nothrow_t nothrow;
+typedef void (*new_handler)();
+new_handler set_new_handler(new_handler new_p) noexcept;
+new_handler get_new_handler() noexcept;
+
+// 21.6.4, pointer optimization barrier
+template <class T> [[nodiscard]] constexpr T* launder(T* p) noexcept;   // C++17, nodiscard since C++20
+}  // std
+
+void* operator new(std::size_t size);                                   // replaceable, nodiscard in C++20
+void* operator new(std::size_t size, std::align_val_t alignment);       // replaceable, C++17, nodiscard in C++20
+void* operator new(std::size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;   // replaceable, nodiscard in C++20
+void* operator new(std::size_t size, std::align_val_t alignment,
+                   const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;                     // replaceable, C++17, nodiscard in C++20
+void  operator delete(void* ptr) noexcept;                              // replaceable
+void  operator delete(void* ptr, std::size_t size) noexcept;            // replaceable, C++14
+void  operator delete(void* ptr, std::align_val_t alignment) noexcept;  // replaceable, C++17
+void  operator delete(void* ptr, std::size_t size,
+                      std::align_val_t alignment) noexcept;             // replaceable, C++17
+void  operator delete(void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;       // replaceable
+void  operator delete(void* ptr, std:align_val_t alignment,
+                      const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;                  // replaceable, C++17
+
+void* operator new[](std::size_t size);                                 // replaceable, nodiscard in C++20
+void* operator new[](std::size_t size,
+                     std::align_val_t alignment) noexcept;              // replaceable, C++17, nodiscard in C++20
+void* operator new[](std::size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept; // replaceable, nodiscard in C++20
+void* operator new[](std::size_t size, std::align_val_t alignment,
+                     const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;                   // replaceable, C++17, nodiscard in C++20
+void  operator delete[](void* ptr) noexcept;                            // replaceable
+void  operator delete[](void* ptr, std::size_t size) noexcept;          // replaceable, C++14
+void  operator delete[](void* ptr,
+                        std::align_val_t alignment) noexcept;           // replaceable, C++17
+void  operator delete[](void* ptr, std::size_t size,
+                        std::align_val_t alignment) noexcept;           // replaceable, C++17
+void  operator delete[](void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;     // replaceable
+void  operator delete[](void* ptr, std::align_val_t alignment,
+                        const std::nothrow_t&) noexcept;                // replaceable, C++17
+
+void* operator new  (std::size_t size, void* ptr) noexcept;             // nodiscard in C++20
+void* operator new[](std::size_t size, void* ptr) noexcept;             // nodiscard in C++20
+void  operator delete  (void* ptr, void*) noexcept;
+void  operator delete[](void* ptr, void*) noexcept;
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/exception.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <version>
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME)
+#  include <new.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(__cpp_sized_deallocation) || __cpp_sized_deallocation < 201309L
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LANGUAGE_SIZED_DEALLOCATION
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 14 && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LANGUAGE_SIZED_DEALLOCATION)
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_SIZED_DEALLOCATION
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_SIZED_DEALLOCATION) || defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LANGUAGE_SIZED_DEALLOCATION)
+#  define _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_SIZED_DEALLOCATION
+#endif
+
+namespace std // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+{
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME)
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI nothrow_t {
+  explicit nothrow_t() = default;
+};
+extern _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI const nothrow_t nothrow;
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bad_alloc : public exception {
+public:
+  bad_alloc() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_alloc(const bad_alloc&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_alloc& operator=(const bad_alloc&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~bad_alloc() _NOEXCEPT override;
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bad_array_new_length : public bad_alloc {
+public:
+  bad_array_new_length() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_array_new_length(const bad_array_new_length&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_array_new_length& operator=(const bad_array_new_length&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~bad_array_new_length() _NOEXCEPT override;
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+typedef void (*new_handler)();
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI new_handler set_new_handler(new_handler) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI new_handler get_new_handler() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+#elif defined(_HAS_EXCEPTIONS) && _HAS_EXCEPTIONS == 0 // !_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+
+// When _HAS_EXCEPTIONS == 0, these complete definitions are needed,
+// since they would normally be provided in vcruntime_exception.h
+class bad_alloc : public exception {
+public:
+  bad_alloc() noexcept : exception("bad allocation") {}
+
+private:
+  friend class bad_array_new_length;
+
+  bad_alloc(char const* const __message) noexcept : exception(__message) {}
+};
+
+class bad_array_new_length : public bad_alloc {
+public:
+  bad_array_new_length() noexcept : bad_alloc("bad array new length") {}
+};
+#endif // defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME) && defined(_HAS_EXCEPTIONS) && _HAS_EXCEPTIONS == 0
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __throw_bad_alloc(); // not in C++ spec
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_bad_array_new_length() {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw bad_array_new_length();
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("bad_array_new_length was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#endif
+}
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION) && !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME)
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+enum class align_val_t : size_t {};
+#  else
+enum align_val_t { __zero = 0, __max = (size_t)-1 };
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+// Enable the declaration even if the compiler doesn't support the language
+// feature.
+struct destroying_delete_t {
+  explicit destroying_delete_t() = default;
+};
+inline constexpr destroying_delete_t destroying_delete{};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+#  define _THROW_BAD_ALLOC throw(std::bad_alloc)
+#else
+#  define _THROW_BAD_ALLOC
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME)
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void* operator new(std::size_t __sz) _THROW_BAD_ALLOC;
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void* operator new(std::size_t __sz, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT
+    _LIBCPP_NOALIAS;
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete(void* __p) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete(void* __p, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_SIZED_DEALLOCATION
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete(void* __p, std::size_t __sz) _NOEXCEPT;
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void* operator new[](std::size_t __sz) _THROW_BAD_ALLOC;
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void* operator new[](std::size_t __sz, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT
+    _LIBCPP_NOALIAS;
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete[](void* __p) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete[](void* __p, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_SIZED_DEALLOCATION
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete[](void* __p, std::size_t __sz) _NOEXCEPT;
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void* operator new(std::size_t __sz, std::align_val_t) _THROW_BAD_ALLOC;
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void*
+operator new(std::size_t __sz, std::align_val_t, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT _LIBCPP_NOALIAS;
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete(void* __p, std::align_val_t) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete(void* __p, std::align_val_t, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT;
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_SIZED_DEALLOCATION
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete(void* __p, std::size_t __sz, std::align_val_t) _NOEXCEPT;
+#    endif
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void*
+operator new[](std::size_t __sz, std::align_val_t) _THROW_BAD_ALLOC;
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void*
+operator new[](std::size_t __sz, std::align_val_t, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT _LIBCPP_NOALIAS;
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete[](void* __p, std::align_val_t) _NOEXCEPT;
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete[](void* __p, std::align_val_t, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT;
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LIBRARY_SIZED_DEALLOCATION
+_LIBCPP_OVERRIDABLE_FUNC_VIS void operator delete[](void* __p, std::size_t __sz, std::align_val_t) _NOEXCEPT;
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* operator new(std::size_t, void* __p) _NOEXCEPT { return __p; }
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* operator new[](std::size_t, void* __p) _NOEXCEPT { return __p; }
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator delete(void*, void*) _NOEXCEPT {}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator delete[](void*, void*) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_overaligned_for_new(size_t __align) _NOEXCEPT {
+#ifdef __STDCPP_DEFAULT_NEW_ALIGNMENT__
+  return __align > __STDCPP_DEFAULT_NEW_ALIGNMENT__;
+#else
+  return __align > _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(max_align_t);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* __libcpp_operator_new(_Args... __args) {
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_operator_new) && __has_builtin(__builtin_operator_delete)
+  return __builtin_operator_new(__args...);
+#else
+  return ::operator new(__args...);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __libcpp_operator_delete(_Args... __args) {
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_operator_new) && __has_builtin(__builtin_operator_delete)
+  __builtin_operator_delete(__args...);
+#else
+  ::operator delete(__args...);
+#endif
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void* __libcpp_allocate(size_t __size, size_t __align) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION
+  if (__is_overaligned_for_new(__align)) {
+    const align_val_t __align_val = static_cast<align_val_t>(__align);
+    return __libcpp_operator_new(__size, __align_val);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  (void)__align;
+  return __libcpp_operator_new(__size);
+}
+
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __do_deallocate_handle_size(void* __ptr, size_t __size, _Args... __args) {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_SIZED_DEALLOCATION
+  (void)__size;
+  return std::__libcpp_operator_delete(__ptr, __args...);
+#else
+  return std::__libcpp_operator_delete(__ptr, __size, __args...);
+#endif
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __libcpp_deallocate(void* __ptr, size_t __size, size_t __align) {
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION)
+  (void)__align;
+  return __do_deallocate_handle_size(__ptr, __size);
+#else
+  if (__is_overaligned_for_new(__align)) {
+    const align_val_t __align_val = static_cast<align_val_t>(__align);
+    return __do_deallocate_handle_size(__ptr, __size, __align_val);
+  } else {
+    return __do_deallocate_handle_size(__ptr, __size);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __libcpp_deallocate_unsized(void* __ptr, size_t __align) {
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ALIGNED_ALLOCATION)
+  (void)__align;
+  return __libcpp_operator_delete(__ptr);
+#else
+  if (__is_overaligned_for_new(__align)) {
+    const align_val_t __align_val = static_cast<align_val_t>(__align);
+    return __libcpp_operator_delete(__ptr, __align_val);
+  } else {
+    return __libcpp_operator_delete(__ptr);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _Tp* __launder(_Tp* __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+  static_assert(!(is_function<_Tp>::value), "can't launder functions");
+  static_assert(!(is_same<void, __remove_cv_t<_Tp> >::value), "can't launder cv-void");
+  return __builtin_launder(__p);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+[[nodiscard]] inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp* launder(_Tp* __p) noexcept {
+  return std::__launder(__p);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#  if defined(__GCC_DESTRUCTIVE_SIZE) && defined(__GCC_CONSTRUCTIVE_SIZE)
+
+inline constexpr size_t hardware_destructive_interference_size  = __GCC_DESTRUCTIVE_SIZE;
+inline constexpr size_t hardware_constructive_interference_size = __GCC_CONSTRUCTIVE_SIZE;
+
+#  endif // defined(__GCC_DESTRUCTIVE_SIZE) && defined(__GCC_CONSTRUCTIVE_SIZE)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_NEW

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/numbers b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/numbers
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f48ba4baf38ffd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/numbers
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NUMBERS
+#define _LIBCPP_NUMBERS
+
+/*
+    numbers synopsis
+
+namespace std::numbers {
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T e_v          = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T log2e_v      = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T log10e_v     = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T pi_v         = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T inv_pi_v     = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T inv_sqrtpi_v = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T ln2_v        = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T ln10_v       = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T sqrt2_v      = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T sqrt3_v      = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T inv_sqrt3_v  = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T egamma_v     = unspecified;
+  template<class T> inline constexpr T phi_v        = unspecified;
+
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T e_v<T>          = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T log2e_v<T>      = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T log10e_v<T>     = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T pi_v<T>         = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T inv_pi_v<T>     = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T inv_sqrtpi_v<T> = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T ln2_v<T>        = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T ln10_v<T>       = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T sqrt2_v<T>      = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T sqrt3_v<T>      = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T inv_sqrt3_v<T>  = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T egamma_v<T>     = see below;
+  template<floating_point T> inline constexpr T phi_v<T>        = see below;
+
+  inline constexpr double e          = e_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double log2e      = log2e_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double log10e     = log10e_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double pi         = pi_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double inv_pi     = inv_pi_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double inv_sqrtpi = inv_sqrtpi_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double ln2        = ln2_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double ln10       = ln10_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double sqrt2      = sqrt2_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double sqrt3      = sqrt3_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double inv_sqrt3  = inv_sqrt3_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double egamma     = egamma_v<double>;
+  inline constexpr double phi        = phi_v<double>;
+}
+*/
+
+#include <__concepts/arithmetic.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <version>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace numbers {
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool __false = false;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __illformed {
+  static_assert(
+      __false<_Tp>,
+      "A program that instantiates a primary template of a mathematical constant variable template is ill-formed.");
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp e_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp log2e_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp log10e_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp pi_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp inv_pi_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp inv_sqrtpi_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp ln2_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp ln10_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp sqrt2_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp sqrt3_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp inv_sqrt3_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp egamma_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp phi_v = __illformed<_Tp>{};
+
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp e_v<_Tp> = 2.718281828459045235360287471352662;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp log2e_v<_Tp> = 1.442695040888963407359924681001892;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp log10e_v<_Tp> = 0.434294481903251827651128918916605;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp pi_v<_Tp> = 3.141592653589793238462643383279502;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp inv_pi_v<_Tp> = 0.318309886183790671537767526745028;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp inv_sqrtpi_v<_Tp> = 0.564189583547756286948079451560772;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp ln2_v<_Tp> = 0.693147180559945309417232121458176;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp ln10_v<_Tp> = 2.302585092994045684017991454684364;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp sqrt2_v<_Tp> = 1.414213562373095048801688724209698;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp sqrt3_v<_Tp> = 1.732050807568877293527446341505872;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp inv_sqrt3_v<_Tp> = 0.577350269189625764509148780501957;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp egamma_v<_Tp> = 0.577215664901532860606512090082402;
+template <floating_point _Tp>
+inline constexpr _Tp phi_v<_Tp> = 1.618033988749894848204586834365638;
+
+inline constexpr double e          = e_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double log2e      = log2e_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double log10e     = log10e_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double pi         = pi_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double inv_pi     = inv_pi_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double inv_sqrtpi = inv_sqrtpi_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double ln2        = ln2_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double ln10       = ln10_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double sqrt2      = sqrt2_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double sqrt3      = sqrt3_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double inv_sqrt3  = inv_sqrt3_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double egamma     = egamma_v<double>;
+inline constexpr double phi        = phi_v<double>;
+
+} // namespace numbers
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_NUMBERS

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/numeric b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/numeric
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6b92ce3a071237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/numeric
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NUMERIC
+#define _LIBCPP_NUMERIC
+
+/*
+    numeric synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class InputIterator, class T>
+    constexpr T  // constexpr since C++20
+    accumulate(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class T, class BinaryOperation>
+    constexpr T  // constexpr since C++20
+    accumulate(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init, BinaryOperation binary_op);
+
+template<class InputIterator>
+    constexpr typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type  // constexpr since C++20
+    reduce(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);  // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class T>
+    constexpr T  // constexpr since C++20
+    reduce(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init);  // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class T, class BinaryOperation>
+    constexpr T  // constexpr since C++20
+    reduce(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init, BinaryOperation binary_op);  // C++17
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T>
+    constexpr T  // constexpr since C++20
+    inner_product(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2, T init);
+
+template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T, class BinaryOperation1, class BinaryOperation2>
+    constexpr T  // constexpr since C++20
+    inner_product(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2,
+                  T init, BinaryOperation1 binary_op1, BinaryOperation2 binary_op2);
+
+
+template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T>
+    constexpr T  // constexpr since C++20
+    transform_reduce(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                     InputIterator2 first2, T init);  // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T, class BinaryOperation1, class BinaryOperation2>
+    constexpr T  // constexpr since C++20
+    transform_reduce(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
+                     InputIterator2 first2, T init,
+                     BinaryOperation1 binary_op1, BinaryOperation2 binary_op2);  // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class T, class BinaryOperation, class UnaryOperation>
+    constexpr T  // constexpr since C++20
+    transform_reduce(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init,
+                     BinaryOperation binary_op, UnaryOperation unary_op);  // C++17
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    partial_sum(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    partial_sum(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, BinaryOperation binary_op);
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    exclusive_scan(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                   OutputIterator result, T init); // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T, class BinaryOperation>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    exclusive_scan(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                   OutputIterator result, T init, BinaryOperation binary_op); // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    inclusive_scan(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result);  // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    inclusive_scan(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                   OutputIterator result, BinaryOperation binary_op);  // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation, class T>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    inclusive_scan(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                   OutputIterator result, BinaryOperation binary_op, T init);  // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T,
+         class BinaryOperation, class UnaryOperation>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    transform_exclusive_scan(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                             OutputIterator result, T init,
+                             BinaryOperation binary_op, UnaryOperation unary_op);  // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator,
+         class BinaryOperation, class UnaryOperation>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    transform_inclusive_scan(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                             OutputIterator result,
+                             BinaryOperation binary_op, UnaryOperation unary_op);  // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator,
+         class BinaryOperation, class UnaryOperation, class T>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    transform_inclusive_scan(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                             OutputIterator result,
+                             BinaryOperation binary_op, UnaryOperation unary_op,
+                             T init);  // C++17
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    adjacent_
diff erence(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result);
+
+template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
+    constexpr OutputIterator  // constexpr since C++20
+    adjacent_
diff erence(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, BinaryOperation binary_op);
+
+template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
+    constexpr void  // constexpr since C++20
+    iota(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, T value);
+
+template <class M, class N>
+    constexpr common_type_t<M,N> gcd(M m, N n);    // C++17
+
+template <class M, class N>
+    constexpr common_type_t<M,N> lcm(M m, N n);    // C++17
+
+template<class T>
+    constexpr T midpoint(T a, T b) noexcept;  // C++20
+
+template<class T>
+    constexpr T* midpoint(T* a, T* b);        // C++20
+
+// [numeric.sat], saturation arithmetic
+template<class T>
+constexpr T add_sat(T x, T y) noexcept;                     // freestanding, Since C++26
+template<class T>
+constexpr T sub_sat(T x, T y) noexcept;                     // freestanding, Since C++26
+template<class T>
+constexpr T mul_sat(T x, T y) noexcept;                     // freestanding, Since C++26
+template<class T>
+constexpr T div_sat(T x, T y) noexcept;                     // freestanding, Since C++26
+template<class T, class U>
+constexpr T saturate_cast(U x) noexcept;                    // freestanding, Since C++26
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <__numeric/accumulate.h>
+#include <__numeric/adjacent_
diff erence.h>
+#include <__numeric/inner_product.h>
+#include <__numeric/iota.h>
+#include <__numeric/partial_sum.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#  include <__numeric/exclusive_scan.h>
+#  include <__numeric/gcd_lcm.h>
+#  include <__numeric/inclusive_scan.h>
+#  include <__numeric/pstl.h>
+#  include <__numeric/reduce.h>
+#  include <__numeric/transform_exclusive_scan.h>
+#  include <__numeric/transform_inclusive_scan.h>
+#  include <__numeric/transform_reduce.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__numeric/midpoint.h>
+#  include <__numeric/saturation_arithmetic.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <limits>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <climits>
+#  include <cmath>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <execution>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <optional>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_NUMERIC

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/optional b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/optional
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..41d7515a2b6892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/optional
@@ -0,0 +1,1304 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_OPTIONAL
+#define _LIBCPP_OPTIONAL
+
+/*
+    optional synopsis
+
+// C++1z
+
+namespace std {
+  // [optional.optional], class template optional
+  template <class T>
+    class optional;
+
+  template<class T>
+    concept is-derived-from-optional = requires(const T& t) {       // exposition only
+      []<class U>(const optional<U>&){ }(t);
+    };
+
+  // [optional.nullopt], no-value state indicator
+  struct nullopt_t{see below };
+  inline constexpr nullopt_t nullopt(unspecified );
+
+  // [optional.bad.access], class bad_optional_access
+  class bad_optional_access;
+
+  // [optional.relops], relational operators
+  template <class T, class U>
+    constexpr bool operator==(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
+  template <class T, class U>
+    constexpr bool operator!=(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
+  template <class T, class U>
+    constexpr bool operator<(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
+  template <class T, class U>
+    constexpr bool operator>(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
+  template <class T, class U>
+    constexpr bool operator<=(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
+  template <class T, class U>
+    constexpr bool operator>=(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&);
+  template<class T, three_way_comparable_with<T> U>
+    constexpr compare_three_way_result_t<T, U>
+      operator<=>(const optional<T>&, const optional<U>&); // since C++20
+
+  // [optional.nullops], comparison with nullopt
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator==(const optional<T>&, nullopt_t) noexcept;
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator==(nullopt_t, const optional<T>&) noexcept; // until C++17
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator!=(const optional<T>&, nullopt_t) noexcept; // until C++17
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator!=(nullopt_t, const optional<T>&) noexcept; // until C++17
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator<(const optional<T>&, nullopt_t) noexcept;  // until C++17
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator<(nullopt_t, const optional<T>&) noexcept;  // until C++17
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator<=(const optional<T>&, nullopt_t) noexcept; // until C++17
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator<=(nullopt_t, const optional<T>&) noexcept; // until C++17
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator>(const optional<T>&, nullopt_t) noexcept;  // until C++17
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator>(nullopt_t, const optional<T>&) noexcept;  // until C++17
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator>=(const optional<T>&, nullopt_t) noexcept; // until C++17
+  template<class T> constexpr bool operator>=(nullopt_t, const optional<T>&) noexcept; // until C++17
+  template<class T>
+    constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const optional<T>&, nullopt_t) noexcept;     // since C++20
+
+  // [optional.comp.with.t], comparison with T
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator==(const optional<T>&, const U&);
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator==(const T&, const optional<U>&);
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator!=(const optional<T>&, const U&);
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator!=(const T&, const optional<U>&);
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<(const optional<T>&, const U&);
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<(const T&, const optional<U>&);
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<=(const optional<T>&, const U&);
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator<=(const T&, const optional<U>&);
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>(const optional<T>&, const U&);
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>(const T&, const optional<U>&);
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>=(const optional<T>&, const U&);
+  template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator>=(const T&, const optional<U>&);
+  template<class T, class U>
+      requires (!is-derived-from-optional<U>) && three_way_comparable_with<T, U>
+    constexpr compare_three_way_result_t<T, U>
+      operator<=>(const optional<T>&, const U&);                                       // since C++20
+
+  // [optional.specalg], specialized algorithms
+  template<class T>
+    void swap(optional<T>&, optional<T>&) noexcept(see below ); // constexpr in C++20
+
+  template<class T>
+    constexpr optional<see below > make_optional(T&&);
+  template<class T, class... Args>
+    constexpr optional<T> make_optional(Args&&... args);
+  template<class T, class U, class... Args>
+    constexpr optional<T> make_optional(initializer_list<U> il, Args&&... args);
+
+  // [optional.hash], hash support
+  template<class T> struct hash;
+  template<class T> struct hash<optional<T>>;
+
+  template<class T>
+  class optional {
+  public:
+    using value_type = T;
+
+    // [optional.ctor], constructors
+    constexpr optional() noexcept;
+    constexpr optional(nullopt_t) noexcept;
+    constexpr optional(const optional &);
+    constexpr optional(optional &&) noexcept(see below);
+    template<class... Args>
+      constexpr explicit optional(in_place_t, Args &&...);
+    template<class U, class... Args>
+      constexpr explicit optional(in_place_t, initializer_list<U>, Args &&...);
+    template<class U = T>
+      constexpr explicit(see-below) optional(U &&);
+    template<class U>
+      explicit(see-below) optional(const optional<U> &);                          // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class U>
+      explicit(see-below) optional(optional<U> &&);                               // constexpr in C++20
+
+    // [optional.dtor], destructor
+    ~optional(); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    // [optional.assign], assignment
+    optional &operator=(nullopt_t) noexcept;                                      // constexpr in C++20
+    constexpr optional &operator=(const optional &);
+    constexpr optional &operator=(optional &&) noexcept(see below);
+    template<class U = T> optional &operator=(U &&);                              // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class U> optional &operator=(const optional<U> &);                   // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class U> optional &operator=(optional<U> &&);                        // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class... Args> T& emplace(Args &&...);                               // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class U, class... Args> T& emplace(initializer_list<U>, Args &&...); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    // [optional.swap], swap
+    void swap(optional &) noexcept(see below ); // constexpr in C++20
+
+    // [optional.observe], observers
+    constexpr T const *operator->() const noexcept;
+    constexpr T *operator->() noexcept;
+    constexpr T const &operator*() const & noexcept;
+    constexpr T &operator*() & noexcept;
+    constexpr T &&operator*() && noexcept;
+    constexpr const T &&operator*() const && noexcept;
+    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+    constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept;
+    constexpr T const &value() const &;
+    constexpr T &value() &;
+    constexpr T &&value() &&;
+    constexpr const T &&value() const &&;
+    template<class U> constexpr T value_or(U &&) const &;
+    template<class U> constexpr T value_or(U &&) &&;
+
+    // [optional.monadic], monadic operations
+    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) &;         // since C++23
+    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) &&;        // since C++23
+    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) const&;    // since C++23
+    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) const&&;   // since C++23
+    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) &;        // since C++23
+    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) &&;       // since C++23
+    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) const&;   // since C++23
+    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) const&&;  // since C++23
+    template<class F> constexpr optional or_else(F&& f) &&;     // since C++23
+    template<class F> constexpr optional or_else(F&& f) const&; // since C++23
+
+    // [optional.mod], modifiers
+    void reset() noexcept;                                      // constexpr in C++20
+
+  private:
+    T *val;         // exposition only
+  };
+
+  template<class T>
+    optional(T) -> optional<T>;
+
+} // namespace std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way_result.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__concepts/invocable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/exception.h>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__fwd/functional.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__tuple/sfinae_helpers.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/disjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_destructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_scalar.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/negation.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <new>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [optional.syn]
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+namespace std // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+{
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS bad_optional_access : public exception {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_optional_access() _NOEXCEPT                                      = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_optional_access(const bad_optional_access&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_optional_access& operator=(const bad_optional_access&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  // Get the key function ~bad_optional_access() into the dylib
+  ~bad_optional_access() _NOEXCEPT override;
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS void
+__throw_bad_optional_access() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw bad_optional_access();
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("bad_optional_access was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#  endif
+}
+
+struct nullopt_t {
+  struct __secret_tag {
+    explicit __secret_tag() = default;
+  };
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit nullopt_t(__secret_tag, __secret_tag) noexcept {}
+};
+
+inline constexpr nullopt_t nullopt{nullopt_t::__secret_tag{}, nullopt_t::__secret_tag{}};
+
+struct __optional_construct_from_invoke_tag {};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_trivially_destructible<_Tp>::value>
+struct __optional_destruct_base;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __optional_destruct_base<_Tp, false> {
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  static_assert(is_object_v<value_type>, "instantiation of optional with a non-object type is undefined behavior");
+  union {
+    char __null_state_;
+    value_type __val_;
+  };
+  bool __engaged_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~__optional_destruct_base() {
+    if (__engaged_)
+      __val_.~value_type();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __optional_destruct_base() noexcept : __null_state_(), __engaged_(false) {}
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __optional_destruct_base(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __val_(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...), __engaged_(true) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _Fp, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __optional_destruct_base(
+      __optional_construct_from_invoke_tag, _Fp&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __val_(std::invoke(std::forward<_Fp>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)), __engaged_(true) {}
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void reset() noexcept {
+    if (__engaged_) {
+      __val_.~value_type();
+      __engaged_ = false;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __optional_destruct_base<_Tp, true> {
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  static_assert(is_object_v<value_type>, "instantiation of optional with a non-object type is undefined behavior");
+  union {
+    char __null_state_;
+    value_type __val_;
+  };
+  bool __engaged_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __optional_destruct_base() noexcept : __null_state_(), __engaged_(false) {}
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __optional_destruct_base(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __val_(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...), __engaged_(true) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _Fp, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __optional_destruct_base(
+      __optional_construct_from_invoke_tag, _Fp&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __val_(std::invoke(std::forward<_Fp>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)), __engaged_(true) {}
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void reset() noexcept {
+    if (__engaged_) {
+      __engaged_ = false;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_reference<_Tp>::value>
+struct __optional_storage_base : __optional_destruct_base<_Tp> {
+  using __base     = __optional_destruct_base<_Tp>;
+  using value_type = _Tp;
+  using __base::__base;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept { return this->__engaged_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type& __get() & noexcept { return this->__val_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const value_type& __get() const& noexcept { return this->__val_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type&& __get() && noexcept { return std::move(this->__val_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const value_type&& __get() const&& noexcept { return std::move(this->__val_); }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __construct(_Args&&... __args) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(!has_value(), "__construct called for engaged __optional_storage");
+    std::__construct_at(std::addressof(this->__val_), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    this->__engaged_ = true;
+  }
+
+  template <class _That>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __construct_from(_That&& __opt) {
+    if (__opt.has_value())
+      __construct(std::forward<_That>(__opt).__get());
+  }
+
+  template <class _That>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __assign_from(_That&& __opt) {
+    if (this->__engaged_ == __opt.has_value()) {
+      if (this->__engaged_)
+        this->__val_ = std::forward<_That>(__opt).__get();
+    } else {
+      if (this->__engaged_)
+        this->reset();
+      else
+        __construct(std::forward<_That>(__opt).__get());
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+// optional<T&> is currently required to be ill-formed. However, it may
+// be allowed in the future. For this reason, it has already been implemented
+// to ensure we can make the change in an ABI-compatible manner.
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __optional_storage_base<_Tp, true> {
+  using value_type = _Tp;
+  using __raw_type = remove_reference_t<_Tp>;
+  __raw_type* __value_;
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __can_bind_reference() {
+    using _RawUp = __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Up>;
+    using _UpPtr = _RawUp*;
+    using _RawTp = __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tp>;
+    using _TpPtr = _RawTp*;
+    using _CheckLValueArg =
+        integral_constant<bool,
+                          (is_lvalue_reference<_Up>::value && is_convertible<_UpPtr, _TpPtr>::value) ||
+                              is_same<_RawUp, reference_wrapper<_RawTp>>::value ||
+                              is_same<_RawUp, reference_wrapper<__remove_const_t<_RawTp>>>::value >;
+    return (is_lvalue_reference<_Tp>::value && _CheckLValueArg::value) ||
+           (is_rvalue_reference<_Tp>::value && !is_lvalue_reference<_Up>::value &&
+            is_convertible<_UpPtr, _TpPtr>::value);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __optional_storage_base() noexcept : __value_(nullptr) {}
+
+  template <class _UArg>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __optional_storage_base(in_place_t, _UArg&& __uarg)
+      : __value_(std::addressof(__uarg)) {
+    static_assert(__can_bind_reference<_UArg>(),
+                  "Attempted to construct a reference element in tuple from a "
+                  "possible temporary");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void reset() noexcept { __value_ = nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept { return __value_ != nullptr; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type& __get() const& noexcept { return *__value_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type&& __get() const&& noexcept { return std::forward<value_type>(*__value_); }
+
+  template <class _UArg>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __construct(_UArg&& __val) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(!has_value(), "__construct called for engaged __optional_storage");
+    static_assert(__can_bind_reference<_UArg>(),
+                  "Attempted to construct a reference element in tuple from a "
+                  "possible temporary");
+    __value_ = std::addressof(__val);
+  }
+
+  template <class _That>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __construct_from(_That&& __opt) {
+    if (__opt.has_value())
+      __construct(std::forward<_That>(__opt).__get());
+  }
+
+  template <class _That>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __assign_from(_That&& __opt) {
+    if (has_value() == __opt.has_value()) {
+      if (has_value())
+        *__value_ = std::forward<_That>(__opt).__get();
+    } else {
+      if (has_value())
+        reset();
+      else
+        __construct(std::forward<_That>(__opt).__get());
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_trivially_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value>
+struct __optional_copy_base : __optional_storage_base<_Tp> {
+  using __optional_storage_base<_Tp>::__optional_storage_base;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __optional_copy_base<_Tp, false> : __optional_storage_base<_Tp> {
+  using __optional_storage_base<_Tp>::__optional_storage_base;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_copy_base() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __optional_copy_base(const __optional_copy_base& __opt) {
+    this->__construct_from(__opt);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_copy_base(__optional_copy_base&&)                 = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_copy_base& operator=(const __optional_copy_base&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_copy_base& operator=(__optional_copy_base&&)      = default;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, bool = is_trivially_move_constructible<_Tp>::value>
+struct __optional_move_base : __optional_copy_base<_Tp> {
+  using __optional_copy_base<_Tp>::__optional_copy_base;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __optional_move_base<_Tp, false> : __optional_copy_base<_Tp> {
+  using value_type = _Tp;
+  using __optional_copy_base<_Tp>::__optional_copy_base;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_move_base()                            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_move_base(const __optional_move_base&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  __optional_move_base(__optional_move_base&& __opt) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<value_type>) {
+    this->__construct_from(std::move(__opt));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_move_base& operator=(const __optional_move_base&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_move_base& operator=(__optional_move_base&&)      = default;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          bool = is_trivially_destructible<_Tp>::value && is_trivially_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value &&
+                 is_trivially_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value>
+struct __optional_copy_assign_base : __optional_move_base<_Tp> {
+  using __optional_move_base<_Tp>::__optional_move_base;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __optional_copy_assign_base<_Tp, false> : __optional_move_base<_Tp> {
+  using __optional_move_base<_Tp>::__optional_move_base;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_copy_assign_base()                                   = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_copy_assign_base(const __optional_copy_assign_base&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_copy_assign_base(__optional_copy_assign_base&&)      = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __optional_copy_assign_base&
+  operator=(const __optional_copy_assign_base& __opt) {
+    this->__assign_from(__opt);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_copy_assign_base& operator=(__optional_copy_assign_base&&) = default;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          bool = is_trivially_destructible<_Tp>::value && is_trivially_move_constructible<_Tp>::value &&
+                 is_trivially_move_assignable<_Tp>::value>
+struct __optional_move_assign_base : __optional_copy_assign_base<_Tp> {
+  using __optional_copy_assign_base<_Tp>::__optional_copy_assign_base;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __optional_move_assign_base<_Tp, false> : __optional_copy_assign_base<_Tp> {
+  using value_type = _Tp;
+  using __optional_copy_assign_base<_Tp>::__optional_copy_assign_base;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_move_assign_base()                                              = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_move_assign_base(const __optional_move_assign_base& __opt)      = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_move_assign_base(__optional_move_assign_base&&)                 = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __optional_move_assign_base& operator=(const __optional_move_assign_base&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __optional_move_assign_base&
+  operator=(__optional_move_assign_base&& __opt) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<value_type> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<value_type>) {
+    this->__assign_from(std::move(__opt));
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __optional_sfinae_ctor_base_t =
+    __sfinae_ctor_base< is_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value, is_move_constructible<_Tp>::value >;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+using __optional_sfinae_assign_base_t =
+    __sfinae_assign_base< (is_copy_constructible<_Tp>::value && is_copy_assignable<_Tp>::value),
+                          (is_move_constructible<_Tp>::value && is_move_assignable<_Tp>::value) >;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class optional;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __is_derived_from_optional = requires(const _Tp& __t) { []<class _Up>(const optional<_Up>&) {}(__t); };
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_std_optional : false_type {};
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_std_optional<optional<_Tp>> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_DECLSPEC_EMPTY_BASES optional
+    : private __optional_move_assign_base<_Tp>,
+      private __optional_sfinae_ctor_base_t<_Tp>,
+      private __optional_sfinae_assign_base_t<_Tp> {
+  using __base = __optional_move_assign_base<_Tp>;
+
+public:
+  using value_type = _Tp;
+
+  using __trivially_relocatable = conditional_t<__libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_Tp>::value, optional, void>;
+
+private:
+  // Disable the reference extension using this static assert.
+  static_assert(!is_same_v<__remove_cvref_t<value_type>, in_place_t>,
+                "instantiation of optional with in_place_t is ill-formed");
+  static_assert(!is_same_v<__remove_cvref_t<value_type>, nullopt_t>,
+                "instantiation of optional with nullopt_t is ill-formed");
+  static_assert(!is_reference_v<value_type>, "instantiation of optional with a reference type is ill-formed");
+  static_assert(is_destructible_v<value_type>, "instantiation of optional with a non-destructible type is ill-formed");
+  static_assert(!is_array_v<value_type>, "instantiation of optional with an array type is ill-formed");
+
+  // LWG2756: conditionally explicit conversion from _Up
+  struct _CheckOptionalArgsConstructor {
+    template <class _Up>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __enable_implicit() {
+      return is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Up&&> && is_convertible_v<_Up&&, _Tp>;
+    }
+
+    template <class _Up>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __enable_explicit() {
+      return is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Up&&> && !is_convertible_v<_Up&&, _Tp>;
+    }
+  };
+  template <class _Up>
+  using _CheckOptionalArgsCtor =
+      _If< _IsNotSame<__remove_cvref_t<_Up>, in_place_t>::value && _IsNotSame<__remove_cvref_t<_Up>, optional>::value &&
+               (!is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, bool> || !__is_std_optional<__remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value),
+           _CheckOptionalArgsConstructor,
+           __check_tuple_constructor_fail >;
+  template <class _QualUp>
+  struct _CheckOptionalLikeConstructor {
+    template <class _Up, class _Opt = optional<_Up>>
+    using __check_constructible_from_opt =
+        _Or< is_constructible<_Tp, _Opt&>,
+             is_constructible<_Tp, _Opt const&>,
+             is_constructible<_Tp, _Opt&&>,
+             is_constructible<_Tp, _Opt const&&>,
+             is_convertible<_Opt&, _Tp>,
+             is_convertible<_Opt const&, _Tp>,
+             is_convertible<_Opt&&, _Tp>,
+             is_convertible<_Opt const&&, _Tp> >;
+    template <class _Up, class _Opt = optional<_Up>>
+    using __check_assignable_from_opt =
+        _Or< is_assignable<_Tp&, _Opt&>,
+             is_assignable<_Tp&, _Opt const&>,
+             is_assignable<_Tp&, _Opt&&>,
+             is_assignable<_Tp&, _Opt const&&> >;
+    template <class _Up, class _QUp = _QualUp>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __enable_implicit() {
+      return is_convertible<_QUp, _Tp>::value &&
+             (is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, bool> || !__check_constructible_from_opt<_Up>::value);
+    }
+    template <class _Up, class _QUp = _QualUp>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __enable_explicit() {
+      return !is_convertible<_QUp, _Tp>::value &&
+             (is_same_v<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, bool> || !__check_constructible_from_opt<_Up>::value);
+    }
+    template <class _Up, class _QUp = _QualUp>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __enable_assign() {
+      // Construction and assignability of _QUp to _Tp has already been
+      // checked.
+      return !__check_constructible_from_opt<_Up>::value && !__check_assignable_from_opt<_Up>::value;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <class _Up, class _QualUp>
+  using _CheckOptionalLikeCtor =
+      _If< _And< _IsNotSame<_Up, _Tp>, is_constructible<_Tp, _QualUp> >::value,
+           _CheckOptionalLikeConstructor<_QualUp>,
+           __check_tuple_constructor_fail >;
+  template <class _Up, class _QualUp>
+  using _CheckOptionalLikeAssign =
+      _If< _And< _IsNotSame<_Up, _Tp>, is_constructible<_Tp, _QualUp>, is_assignable<_Tp&, _QualUp> >::value,
+           _CheckOptionalLikeConstructor<_QualUp>,
+           __check_tuple_constructor_fail >;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional() noexcept {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional(const optional&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional(optional&&)      = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional(nullopt_t) noexcept {}
+
+  template <
+      class _InPlaceT,
+      class... _Args,
+      class = enable_if_t< _And< _IsSame<_InPlaceT, in_place_t>, is_constructible<value_type, _Args...> >::value > >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit optional(_InPlaceT, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __base(in_place, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            class... _Args,
+            class = enable_if_t< is_constructible_v<value_type, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit optional(in_place_t, initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __base(in_place, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template <class _Up                                                                         = value_type,
+            enable_if_t< _CheckOptionalArgsCtor<_Up>::template __enable_implicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional(_Up&& __v) : __base(in_place, std::forward<_Up>(__v)) {}
+
+  template <class _Up, enable_if_t< _CheckOptionalArgsCtor<_Up>::template __enable_explicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit optional(_Up&& __v) : __base(in_place, std::forward<_Up>(__v)) {}
+
+  // LWG2756: conditionally explicit conversion from const optional<_Up>&
+  template <class _Up,
+            enable_if_t< _CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up const&>::template __enable_implicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 optional(const optional<_Up>& __v) {
+    this->__construct_from(__v);
+  }
+  template <class _Up,
+            enable_if_t< _CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up const&>::template __enable_explicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit optional(const optional<_Up>& __v) {
+    this->__construct_from(__v);
+  }
+
+  // LWG2756: conditionally explicit conversion from optional<_Up>&&
+  template <class _Up, enable_if_t< _CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up&&>::template __enable_implicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 optional(optional<_Up>&& __v) {
+    this->__construct_from(std::move(__v));
+  }
+  template <class _Up, enable_if_t< _CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up&&>::template __enable_explicit<_Up>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit optional(optional<_Up>&& __v) {
+    this->__construct_from(std::move(__v));
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _Tag,
+            class _Fp,
+            class... _Args,
+            __enable_if_t<_IsSame<_Tag, __optional_construct_from_invoke_tag>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit optional(_Tag, _Fp&& __f, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __base(__optional_construct_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Fp>(__f), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 optional& operator=(nullopt_t) noexcept {
+    reset();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional& operator=(const optional&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional& operator=(optional&&)      = default;
+
+  // LWG2756
+  template <
+      class _Up = value_type,
+      class     = enable_if_t< _And< _IsNotSame<__remove_cvref_t<_Up>, optional>,
+                                     _Or< _IsNotSame<__remove_cvref_t<_Up>, value_type>, _Not<is_scalar<value_type>> >,
+                                     is_constructible<value_type, _Up>,
+                                     is_assignable<value_type&, _Up> >::value> >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 optional& operator=(_Up&& __v) {
+    if (this->has_value())
+      this->__get() = std::forward<_Up>(__v);
+    else
+      this->__construct(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // LWG2756
+  template <class _Up,
+            enable_if_t< _CheckOptionalLikeAssign<_Up, _Up const&>::template __enable_assign<_Up>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 optional& operator=(const optional<_Up>& __v) {
+    this->__assign_from(__v);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // LWG2756
+  template <class _Up, enable_if_t< _CheckOptionalLikeCtor<_Up, _Up&&>::template __enable_assign<_Up>(), int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 optional& operator=(optional<_Up>&& __v) {
+    this->__assign_from(std::move(__v));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args, class = enable_if_t< is_constructible_v<value_type, _Args...> > >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    reset();
+    this->__construct(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    return this->__get();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up,
+            class... _Args,
+            class = enable_if_t< is_constructible_v<value_type, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...> > >
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& emplace(initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) {
+    reset();
+    this->__construct(__il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    return this->__get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+  swap(optional& __opt) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<value_type> && is_nothrow_swappable_v<value_type>) {
+    if (this->has_value() == __opt.has_value()) {
+      using std::swap;
+      if (this->has_value())
+        swap(this->__get(), __opt.__get());
+    } else {
+      if (this->has_value()) {
+        __opt.__construct(std::move(this->__get()));
+        reset();
+      } else {
+        this->__construct(std::move(__opt.__get()));
+        __opt.reset();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<value_type const> operator->() const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator-> called on a disengaged value");
+    return std::addressof(this->__get());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<value_type> operator->() noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator-> called on a disengaged value");
+    return std::addressof(this->__get());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const value_type& operator*() const& noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator* called on a disengaged value");
+    return this->__get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type& operator*() & noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator* called on a disengaged value");
+    return this->__get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type&& operator*() && noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator* called on a disengaged value");
+    return std::move(this->__get());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const value_type&& operator*() const&& noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(this->has_value(), "optional operator* called on a disengaged value");
+    return std::move(this->__get());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return has_value(); }
+
+  using __base::__get;
+  using __base::has_value;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS constexpr value_type const& value() const& {
+    if (!this->has_value())
+      __throw_bad_optional_access();
+    return this->__get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS constexpr value_type& value() & {
+    if (!this->has_value())
+      __throw_bad_optional_access();
+    return this->__get();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS constexpr value_type&& value() && {
+    if (!this->has_value())
+      __throw_bad_optional_access();
+    return std::move(this->__get());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS constexpr value_type const&& value() const&& {
+    if (!this->has_value())
+      __throw_bad_optional_access();
+    return std::move(this->__get());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type value_or(_Up&& __v) const& {
+    static_assert(is_copy_constructible_v<value_type>, "optional<T>::value_or: T must be copy constructible");
+    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, value_type>, "optional<T>::value_or: U must be convertible to T");
+    return this->has_value() ? this->__get() : static_cast<value_type>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr value_type value_or(_Up&& __v) && {
+    static_assert(is_move_constructible_v<value_type>, "optional<T>::value_or: T must be move constructible");
+    static_assert(is_convertible_v<_Up, value_type>, "optional<T>::value_or: U must be convertible to T");
+    return this->has_value() ? std::move(this->__get()) : static_cast<value_type>(std::forward<_Up>(__v));
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) & {
+    using _Up = invoke_result_t<_Func, value_type&>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value,
+                  "Result of f(value()) must be a specialization of std::optional");
+    if (*this)
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), value());
+    return remove_cvref_t<_Up>();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) const& {
+    using _Up = invoke_result_t<_Func, const value_type&>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value,
+                  "Result of f(value()) must be a specialization of std::optional");
+    if (*this)
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), value());
+    return remove_cvref_t<_Up>();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) && {
+    using _Up = invoke_result_t<_Func, value_type&&>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value,
+                  "Result of f(std::move(value())) must be a specialization of std::optional");
+    if (*this)
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(value()));
+    return remove_cvref_t<_Up>();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto and_then(_Func&& __f) const&& {
+    using _Up = invoke_result_t<_Func, const value_type&&>;
+    static_assert(__is_std_optional<remove_cvref_t<_Up>>::value,
+                  "Result of f(std::move(value())) must be a specialization of std::optional");
+    if (*this)
+      return std::invoke(std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(value()));
+    return remove_cvref_t<_Up>();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) & {
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, value_type&>>;
+    static_assert(!is_array_v<_Up>, "Result of f(value()) should not be an Array");
+    static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, in_place_t>, "Result of f(value()) should not be std::in_place_t");
+    static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, nullopt_t>, "Result of f(value()) should not be std::nullopt_t");
+    static_assert(is_object_v<_Up>, "Result of f(value()) should be an object type");
+    if (*this)
+      return optional<_Up>(__optional_construct_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), value());
+    return optional<_Up>();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) const& {
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const value_type&>>;
+    static_assert(!is_array_v<_Up>, "Result of f(value()) should not be an Array");
+    static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, in_place_t>, "Result of f(value()) should not be std::in_place_t");
+    static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, nullopt_t>, "Result of f(value()) should not be std::nullopt_t");
+    static_assert(is_object_v<_Up>, "Result of f(value()) should be an object type");
+    if (*this)
+      return optional<_Up>(__optional_construct_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), value());
+    return optional<_Up>();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) && {
+    using _Up = remove_cv_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, value_type&&>>;
+    static_assert(!is_array_v<_Up>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should not be an Array");
+    static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, in_place_t>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should not be std::in_place_t");
+    static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, nullopt_t>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should not be std::nullopt_t");
+    static_assert(is_object_v<_Up>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should be an object type");
+    if (*this)
+      return optional<_Up>(__optional_construct_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(value()));
+    return optional<_Up>();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS constexpr auto transform(_Func&& __f) const&& {
+    using _Up = remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func, const value_type&&>>;
+    static_assert(!is_array_v<_Up>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should not be an Array");
+    static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, in_place_t>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should not be std::in_place_t");
+    static_assert(!is_same_v<_Up, nullopt_t>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should not be std::nullopt_t");
+    static_assert(is_object_v<_Up>, "Result of f(std::move(value())) should be an object type");
+    if (*this)
+      return optional<_Up>(__optional_construct_from_invoke_tag{}, std::forward<_Func>(__f), std::move(value()));
+    return optional<_Up>();
+  }
+
+  template <invocable _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional or_else(_Func&& __f) const&
+    requires is_copy_constructible_v<value_type>
+  {
+    static_assert(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>, optional>,
+                  "Result of f() should be the same type as this optional");
+    if (*this)
+      return *this;
+    return std::forward<_Func>(__f)();
+  }
+
+  template <invocable _Func>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional or_else(_Func&& __f) &&
+    requires is_move_constructible_v<value_type>
+  {
+    static_assert(is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<invoke_result_t<_Func>>, optional>,
+                  "Result of f() should be the same type as this optional");
+    if (*this)
+      return std::move(*this);
+    return std::forward<_Func>(__f)();
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+  using __base::reset;
+};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp>
+optional(_Tp) -> optional<_Tp>;
+#  endif
+
+// Comparisons between optionals
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() == std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator==(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const optional<_Up>& __y) {
+  if (static_cast<bool>(__x) != static_cast<bool>(__y))
+    return false;
+  if (!static_cast<bool>(__x))
+    return true;
+  return *__x == *__y;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() != std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator!=(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const optional<_Up>& __y) {
+  if (static_cast<bool>(__x) != static_cast<bool>(__y))
+    return true;
+  if (!static_cast<bool>(__x))
+    return false;
+  return *__x != *__y;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() < std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator<(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const optional<_Up>& __y) {
+  if (!static_cast<bool>(__y))
+    return false;
+  if (!static_cast<bool>(__x))
+    return true;
+  return *__x < *__y;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() > std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator>(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const optional<_Up>& __y) {
+  if (!static_cast<bool>(__x))
+    return false;
+  if (!static_cast<bool>(__y))
+    return true;
+  return *__x > *__y;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() <= std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator<=(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const optional<_Up>& __y) {
+  if (!static_cast<bool>(__x))
+    return true;
+  if (!static_cast<bool>(__y))
+    return false;
+  return *__x <= *__y;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() >= std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator>=(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const optional<_Up>& __y) {
+  if (!static_cast<bool>(__y))
+    return true;
+  if (!static_cast<bool>(__x))
+    return false;
+  return *__x >= *__y;
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp, three_way_comparable_with<_Tp> _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr compare_three_way_result_t<_Tp, _Up>
+operator<=>(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const optional<_Up>& __y) {
+  if (__x && __y)
+    return *__x <=> *__y;
+  return __x.has_value() <=> __y.has_value();
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// Comparisons with nullopt
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(const optional<_Tp>& __x, nullopt_t) noexcept {
+  return !static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(nullopt_t, const optional<_Tp>& __x) noexcept {
+  return !static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator!=(const optional<_Tp>& __x, nullopt_t) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator!=(nullopt_t, const optional<_Tp>& __x) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<(const optional<_Tp>&, nullopt_t) noexcept {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<(nullopt_t, const optional<_Tp>& __x) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<=(const optional<_Tp>& __x, nullopt_t) noexcept {
+  return !static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<=(nullopt_t, const optional<_Tp>&) noexcept {
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>(const optional<_Tp>& __x, nullopt_t) noexcept {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>(nullopt_t, const optional<_Tp>&) noexcept {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>=(const optional<_Tp>&, nullopt_t) noexcept {
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>=(nullopt_t, const optional<_Tp>& __x) noexcept {
+  return !static_cast<bool>(__x);
+}
+
+#  else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const optional<_Tp>& __x, nullopt_t) noexcept {
+  return __x.has_value() <=> false;
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+// Comparisons with T
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() == std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator==(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const _Up& __v) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? *__x == __v : false;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() == std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator==(const _Tp& __v, const optional<_Up>& __x) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? __v == *__x : false;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() != std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator!=(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const _Up& __v) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? *__x != __v : true;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() != std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator!=(const _Tp& __v, const optional<_Up>& __x) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? __v != *__x : true;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() < std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator<(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const _Up& __v) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? *__x < __v : true;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() < std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator<(const _Tp& __v, const optional<_Up>& __x) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? __v < *__x : false;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() <= std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator<=(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const _Up& __v) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? *__x <= __v : true;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() <= std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator<=(const _Tp& __v, const optional<_Up>& __x) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? __v <= *__x : false;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() > std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator>(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const _Up& __v) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? *__x > __v : false;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() > std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator>(const _Tp& __v, const optional<_Up>& __x) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? __v > *__x : true;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() >= std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator>=(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const _Up& __v) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? *__x >= __v : false;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<
+    is_convertible_v<decltype(std::declval<const _Tp&>() >= std::declval<const _Up&>()), bool>,
+    bool >
+operator>=(const _Tp& __v, const optional<_Up>& __x) {
+  return static_cast<bool>(__x) ? __v >= *__x : true;
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  requires(!__is_derived_from_optional<_Up>) && three_way_comparable_with<_Tp, _Up>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr compare_three_way_result_t<_Tp, _Up>
+operator<=>(const optional<_Tp>& __x, const _Up& __v) {
+  return __x.has_value() ? *__x <=> __v : strong_ordering::less;
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 enable_if_t< is_move_constructible_v<_Tp> && is_swappable_v<_Tp>, void >
+swap(optional<_Tp>& __x, optional<_Tp>& __y) noexcept(noexcept(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional<decay_t<_Tp>> make_optional(_Tp&& __v) {
+  return optional<decay_t<_Tp>>(std::forward<_Tp>(__v));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional<_Tp> make_optional(_Args&&... __args) {
+  return optional<_Tp>(in_place, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up, class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr optional<_Tp> make_optional(initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) {
+  return optional<_Tp>(in_place, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash< __enable_hash_helper<optional<_Tp>, remove_const_t<_Tp>> > {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS)
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef optional<_Tp> argument_type;
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX17 typedef size_t result_type;
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const optional<_Tp>& __opt) const {
+    return static_cast<bool>(__opt) ? hash<remove_const_t<_Tp>>()(*__opt) : 0;
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <climits>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <ctime>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <memory>
+#  include <ratio>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <tuple>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#  include <utility>
+#  include <variant>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_OPTIONAL

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ostream b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ostream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..359d3c0e19c4cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ostream
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_OSTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_OSTREAM
+
+/*
+    ostream synopsis
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_ostream
+    : virtual public basic_ios<charT,traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types (inherited from basic_ios (27.5.4)):
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    // 27.7.2.2 Constructor/destructor:
+    explicit basic_ostream(basic_streambuf<char_type,traits>* sb);
+    basic_ostream(basic_ostream&& rhs);
+    virtual ~basic_ostream();
+
+    // 27.7.2.3 Assign/swap
+    basic_ostream& operator=(const basic_ostream& rhs) = delete; // C++14
+    basic_ostream& operator=(basic_ostream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_ostream& rhs);
+
+    // 27.7.2.4 Prefix/suffix:
+    class sentry;
+
+    // 27.7.2.6 Formatted output:
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(basic_ostream& (*pf)(basic_ostream&));
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(basic_ios<charT, traits>& (*pf)(basic_ios<charT,traits>&));
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(ios_base& (*pf)(ios_base&));
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(bool n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(short n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned short n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(int n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned int n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(long n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned long n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(long long n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(unsigned long long n);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(float f);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(double f);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(long double f);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(const void* p);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(const volatile void* val); // C++23
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(basic_streambuf<char_type,traits>* sb);
+    basic_ostream& operator<<(nullptr_t);
+
+    // 27.7.2.7 Unformatted output:
+    basic_ostream& put(char_type c);
+    basic_ostream& write(const char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    basic_ostream& flush();
+
+    // 27.7.2.5 seeks:
+    pos_type tellp();
+    basic_ostream& seekp(pos_type);
+    basic_ostream& seekp(off_type, ios_base::seekdir);
+protected:
+    basic_ostream(const basic_ostream& rhs) = delete;
+    basic_ostream(basic_ostream&& rhs);
+    // 27.7.3.3 Assign/swap
+    basic_ostream& operator=(basic_ostream& rhs) = delete;
+    basic_ostream& operator=(const basic_ostream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_ostream& rhs);
+};
+
+// 27.7.2.6.4 character inserters
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>&, charT);
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>&, char);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, char);
+
+// signed and unsigned
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, signed char);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, unsigned char);
+
+// NTBS
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>&, const charT*);
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>&, const char*);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, const char*);
+
+// signed and unsigned
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, const signed char*);
+
+template<class traits>
+  basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>&, const unsigned char*);
+
+// swap:
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  void swap(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& x, basic_ostream<charT, traits>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& endl(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& os);
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& ends(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& os);
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+  basic_ostream<charT,traits>& flush(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& os);
+
+// rvalue stream insertion
+template <class Stream, class T>
+  Stream&& operator<<(Stream&& os, const T& x);
+
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, wchar_t) = delete;               // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, char8_t) = delete;               // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, char16_t) = delete;              // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, char32_t) = delete;              // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, char8_t) = delete;         // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, char16_t) = delete;        // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, char32_t) = delete;        // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, const wchar_t*) = delete;        // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, const char8_t*) = delete;        // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, const char16_t*) = delete;       // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, const char32_t*) = delete;       // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, const char8_t*) = delete;  // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, const char16_t*) = delete; // since C++20
+template<class traits>
+basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, const char32_t*) = delete; // since C++20
+
+// [ostream.formatted.print], print functions
+template<class... Args>                                                                                // since C++23
+  void print(ostream& os, format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+template<class... Args>                                                                                // since C++23
+  void println(ostream& os, format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+void println(ostream& os);                                                                             // since C++26
+
+void vprint_unicode(ostream& os, string_view fmt, format_args args);                                   // since C++23
+void vprint_nonunicode(ostream& os, string_view fmt, format_args args);                                // since C++23
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <__ostream/basic_ostream.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#  include <__ostream/print.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdio>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <format>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <print>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_OSTREAM

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/print b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/print
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1a579daff270f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/print
@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_PRINT
+#define _LIBCPP_PRINT
+
+/*
+namespace std {
+  // [print.fun], print functions
+  template<class... Args>
+    void print(format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  void println();                                                          // Since C++26
+  template<class... Args>
+    void print(FILE* stream, format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  void println(FILE* stream);                                              // Since C++26
+
+  template<class... Args>
+    void println(format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+  template<class... Args>
+    void println(FILE* stream, format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
+
+  void vprint_unicode(string_view fmt, format_args args);
+  void vprint_unicode(FILE* stream, string_view fmt, format_args args);
+
+  void vprint_nonunicode(string_view fmt, format_args args);
+  void vprint_nonunicode(FILE* stream, string_view fmt, format_args args);
+}
+*/
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__system_error/system_error.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <format>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_WIN32API
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __is_windows_terminal(FILE* __stream);
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+// A wrapper for WriteConsoleW which is used to write to the Windows
+// console. This function is in the dylib to avoid pulling in windows.h
+// in the library headers. The function itself uses some private parts
+// of the dylib too.
+//
+// The function does not depend on the language standard used. Guarding
+// it with C++23 would fail since the dylib is currently built using C++20.
+//
+// Note the function is only implemented on the Windows platform.
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __write_to_windows_console(FILE* __stream, wstring_view __view);
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+#elif __has_include(<unistd.h>)
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __is_posix_terminal(FILE* __stream);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_WIN32API
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+// This is the code to transcode UTF-8 to UTF-16. This is used on
+// Windows for the native Unicode API. The code is modeled to make it
+// easier to extend to
+//
+//  P2728R0 Unicode in the Library, Part 1: UTF Transcoding
+//
+// This paper is still under heavy development so it makes no sense yet
+// to strictly follow the paper.
+namespace __unicode {
+
+// The names of these concepts are modelled after P2728R0, but the
+// implementation is not. char16_t may contain 32-bits so depending on the
+// number of bits is an issue.
+#    ifdef _LIBCPP_SHORT_WCHAR
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __utf16_code_unit =
+    same_as<_Tp, char16_t>
+#      ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+    || same_as<_Tp, wchar_t>
+#      endif
+    ;
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __utf32_code_unit = same_as<_Tp, char32_t>;
+#    else // _LIBCPP_SHORT_WCHAR
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __utf16_code_unit = same_as<_Tp, char16_t>;
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __utf32_code_unit =
+    same_as<_Tp, char32_t>
+#      ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+    || same_as<_Tp, wchar_t>
+#      endif
+    ;
+#    endif // _LIBCPP_SHORT_WCHAR
+
+// Pass by reference since an output_iterator may not be copyable.
+template <class _OutIt>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __encode(_OutIt&, char32_t) = delete;
+
+template <class _OutIt>
+  requires __utf16_code_unit<iter_value_t<_OutIt>>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __encode(_OutIt& __out_it, char32_t __value) {
+  // [print.fun]/7 : "if `out` contains invalid code units, the behavior is undefined and implementations are encouraged
+  // to diagnose it".
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__is_scalar_value(__value), "an invalid unicode scalar value results in invalid UTF-16");
+
+  if (__value < 0x10000) {
+    *__out_it++ = __value;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  __value -= 0x10000;
+  *__out_it++ = 0xd800 + (__value >> 10);
+  *__out_it++ = 0xdc00 + (__value & 0x3FF);
+}
+
+template <class _OutIt>
+  requires __utf32_code_unit<iter_value_t<_OutIt>>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __encode(_OutIt& __out_it, char32_t __value) {
+  // [print.fun]/7 : "if `out` contains invalid code units, the behavior is undefined and implementations are encouraged
+  // to diagnose it".
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__is_scalar_value(__value), "an invalid unicode scalar value results in invalid UTF-32");
+  *__out_it++ = __value;
+}
+
+template <class _OutIt, input_iterator _InIt>
+  requires output_iterator<_OutIt, const iter_value_t<_OutIt>&> && (!same_as<iter_value_t<_OutIt>, iter_value_t<_InIt>>)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _OutIt __transcode(_InIt __first, _InIt __last, _OutIt __out_it) {
+  // The __code_point_view has a basic_string_view interface.
+  // When transcoding becomes part of the standard we probably want to
+  // look at smarter algorithms.
+  // For example, when processing a code point that is encoded in
+  // 1 to 3 code units in UTF-8, the result will always be encoded
+  // in 1 code unit in UTF-16 (code points that require 4 code
+  // units in UTF-8 will require 2 code units in UTF-16).
+  //
+  // Note if P2728 is accepted types like int may become valid. In that case
+  // the __code_point_view should use a span. Libc++ will remove support for
+  // char_traits<int>.
+
+  // TODO PRINT Validate with clang-tidy
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-dangling-handle)
+  basic_string_view<iter_value_t<_InIt>> __data{__first, __last};
+  __code_point_view<iter_value_t<_InIt>> __view{__data.begin(), __data.end()};
+  while (!__view.__at_end())
+    __unicode::__encode(__out_it, __view.__consume().__code_point);
+  return __out_it;
+}
+
+} // namespace __unicode
+
+#  endif //  _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+
+namespace __print {
+
+// [print.fun]/2
+//   Effects: If the ordinary literal encoding ([lex.charset]) is UTF-8, equivalent to:
+//     vprint_unicode(stream, fmt.str, make_format_args(args...));
+//   Otherwise, equivalent to:
+//     vprint_nonunicode(stream, fmt.str, make_format_args(args...));
+//
+// Based on the compiler and its compilation flags this value is or is
+// not true. As mentioned in P2093R14 this only affects Windows. The
+// test below could also be done for
+// - GCC using __GNUC_EXECUTION_CHARSET_NAME
+//   https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Common-Predefined-Macros.html
+// - Clang using __clang_literal_encoding__
+//   https://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html#builtin-macros
+//   (note at the time of writing Clang is hard-coded to UTF-8.)
+//
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+inline constexpr bool __use_unicode_execution_charset = false;
+#  elif defined(_MSVC_EXECUTION_CHARACTER_SET)
+// This is the same test MSVC STL uses in their implementation of <print>
+// See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/intl/code-page-identifiers
+inline constexpr bool __use_unicode_execution_charset = _MSVC_EXECUTION_CHARACTER_SET == 65001;
+#  else
+inline constexpr bool __use_unicode_execution_charset = true;
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline bool __is_terminal([[maybe_unused]] FILE* __stream) {
+  // The macro _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_IS_TERMINAL is used to change
+  // the behavior in the test. This is not part of the public API.
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_IS_TERMINAL
+  return _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_IS_TERMINAL(__stream);
+#  elif _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_PRINT == 0
+  return false;
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+  return std::__is_windows_terminal(__stream);
+#  elif __has_include(<unistd.h>)
+  return std::__is_posix_terminal(__stream);
+#  else
+#    error "Provide a way to determine whether a FILE* is a terminal"
+#  endif
+}
+
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
+__vprint_nonunicode(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args, bool __write_nl) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__stream, "__stream must be a valid pointer to an output C stream");
+  string __str = std::vformat(__fmt, __args);
+  if (__write_nl)
+    __str.push_back('\n');
+
+  size_t __size = fwrite(__str.data(), 1, __str.size(), __stream);
+  if (__size < __str.size()) {
+    if (std::feof(__stream))
+      std::__throw_system_error(EIO, "EOF while writing the formatted output");
+    std::__throw_system_error(std::ferror(__stream), "failed to write formatted output");
+  }
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+
+// Note these helper functions are mainly used to aid testing.
+// On POSIX systems and Windows the output is no longer considered a
+// terminal when the output is redirected. Typically during testing the
+// output is redirected to be able to capture it. This makes it hard to
+// test this code path.
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
+__vprint_unicode_posix(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args, bool __write_nl, bool __is_terminal) {
+  // TODO PRINT Should flush errors throw too?
+  if (__is_terminal)
+    std::fflush(__stream);
+
+  __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl);
+}
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
+__vprint_unicode_windows(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args, bool __write_nl, bool __is_terminal) {
+  if (!__is_terminal)
+    return __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl);
+
+  // TODO PRINT Should flush errors throw too?
+  std::fflush(__stream);
+
+  string __str = std::vformat(__fmt, __args);
+  // UTF-16 uses the same number or less code units than UTF-8.
+  // However the size of the code unit is 16 bits instead of 8 bits.
+  //
+  // The buffer uses the worst-case estimate and should never resize.
+  // However when the string is large this could lead to OOM. Using a
+  // smaller size might work, but since the buffer uses a grow factor
+  // the final size might be larger when the estimate is wrong.
+  //
+  // TODO PRINT profile and improve the speed of this code.
+  __format::__retarget_buffer<wchar_t> __buffer{__str.size()};
+  __unicode::__transcode(__str.begin(), __str.end(), __buffer.__make_output_iterator());
+  if (__write_nl)
+    __buffer.push_back(L'\n');
+
+  [[maybe_unused]] wstring_view __view = __buffer.__view();
+
+  // The macro _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION is used to change
+  // the behavior in the test. This is not part of the public API.
+#      ifdef _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION
+  _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION(__stream, __view);
+#      elif defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
+  std::__write_to_windows_console(__stream, __view);
+#      else
+  std::__throw_runtime_error("No defintion of _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION and "
+                             "__write_to_windows_console is not available.");
+#      endif
+}
+#    endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
+__vprint_unicode([[maybe_unused]] FILE* __stream,
+                 [[maybe_unused]] string_view __fmt,
+                 [[maybe_unused]] format_args __args,
+                 [[maybe_unused]] bool __write_nl) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__stream, "__stream must be a valid pointer to an output C stream");
+
+  // [print.fun]
+  //   7 - Effects: If stream refers to a terminal capable of displaying
+  //       Unicode, writes out to the terminal using the native Unicode
+  //       API; if out contains invalid code units, the behavior is
+  //       undefined and implementations are encouraged to diagnose it.
+  //       Otherwise writes out to stream unchanged. If the native
+  //       Unicode API is used, the function flushes stream before
+  //       writing out.
+  //   8 - Throws: Any exception thrown by the call to vformat
+  //       ([format.err.report]). system_error if writing to the terminal
+  //       or stream fails. May throw bad_alloc.
+  //   9 - Recommended practice: If invoking the native Unicode API
+  //       requires transcoding, implementations should substitute
+  //       invalid code units with U+FFFD replacement character per the
+  //       Unicode Standard, Chapter 3.9 U+FFFD Substitution in
+  //       Conversion.
+
+  // On non-Windows platforms the Unicode API is the normal file I/O API
+  // so there the call can be forwarded to the non_unicode API. On
+  // Windows there is a 
diff erent API. This API requires transcoding.
+
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_WIN32API
+  __print::__vprint_unicode_posix(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl, __print::__is_terminal(__stream));
+#    elif !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
+  __print::__vprint_unicode_windows(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl, __print::__is_terminal(__stream));
+#    else
+#      error "Windows builds with wchar_t disabled are not supported."
+#    endif
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+
+} // namespace __print
+
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void print(FILE* __stream, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+  if constexpr (__print::__use_unicode_execution_charset)
+    __print::__vprint_unicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
+  else
+    __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
+#  else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+  __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+}
+
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void print(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  std::print(stdout, __fmt, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void println(FILE* __stream, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+  // Note the wording in the Standard is inefficient. The output of
+  // std::format is a std::string which is then copied. This solution
+  // just appends a newline at the end of the output.
+  if constexpr (__print::__use_unicode_execution_charset)
+    __print::__vprint_unicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
+  else
+    __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
+#  else  // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+  __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+}
+
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void println(FILE* __stream) {
+  std::print(__stream, "\n");
+}
+
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void println() {
+  println(stdout);
+}
+
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void println(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
+  std::println(stdout, __fmt, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_unicode(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
+  __print::__vprint_unicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, false);
+}
+
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_unicode(string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
+  std::vprint_unicode(stdout, __fmt, __args);
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
+
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_nonunicode(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
+  __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, false);
+}
+
+template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_nonunicode(string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
+  std::vprint_nonunicode(stdout, __fmt, __args);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_PRINT

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/queue b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/queue
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9508de9f9eff22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/queue
@@ -0,0 +1,956 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_QUEUE
+#define _LIBCPP_QUEUE
+
+/*
+    queue synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Container = deque<T>>
+class queue
+{
+public:
+    typedef Container                                container_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::value_type      value_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::size_type       size_type;
+
+protected:
+    container_type c;
+
+public:
+    queue() = default;
+    ~queue() = default;
+
+    queue(const queue& q) = default;
+    queue(queue&& q) = default;
+
+    queue& operator=(const queue& q) = default;
+    queue& operator=(queue&& q) = default;
+
+    explicit queue(const container_type& c);
+    explicit queue(container_type&& c)
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last); // since C++23
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R> queue(from_range_t, R&& rg); // since C++23
+    template <class Alloc>
+        explicit queue(const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        queue(const container_type& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        queue(container_type&& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        queue(const queue& q, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        queue(queue&& q, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class InputIterator, class Alloc>
+        queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const Alloc&); // since C++23
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R, class Alloc>
+        queue(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Alloc&); // since C++23
+
+    bool      empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+
+    reference       front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference       back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    void push(const value_type& v);
+    void push(value_type&& v);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      void push_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    template <class... Args> reference emplace(Args&&... args); // reference in C++17
+    void pop();
+
+    void swap(queue& q) noexcept(is_nothrow_swappable_v<Container>)
+};
+
+template<class Container>
+  queue(Container) -> queue<typename Container::value_type, Container>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator>
+  queue(InputIterator, InputIterator) -> queue<iter-value-type<InputIterator>>; // since C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R>
+  queue(from_range_t, R&&) -> queue<ranges::range_value_t<R>>; // since C++23
+
+template<class Container, class Allocator>
+  queue(Container, Allocator) -> queue<typename Container::value_type, Container>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+  queue(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator)
+  -> queue<iter-value-type<InputIterator>,
+           deque<iter-value-type<InputIterator>, Allocator>>; // since C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+    queue(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator)
+      -> queue<ranges::range_value_t<R>, deque<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Allocator>>; // since C++23
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator==(const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator< (const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator!=(const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator> (const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator>=(const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator<=(const queue<T, Container>& x,const queue<T, Container>& y);
+
+template<class T, three_way_comparable Container>
+  compare_three_way_result_t<Container>
+    operator<=>(const queue<T, Container>& x, const queue<T, Container>& y);  // since C++20
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  void swap(queue<T, Container>& x, queue<T, Container>& y)
+  noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class T, class Container = vector<T>,
+          class Compare = less<typename Container::value_type>>
+class priority_queue
+{
+public:
+    typedef Container                                container_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::value_type      value_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::size_type       size_type;
+
+protected:
+    container_type c;
+    Compare comp;
+
+public:
+    priority_queue() : priority_queue(Compare()) {} // C++20
+    explicit priority_queue(const Compare& x) : priority_queue(x, Container()) {}
+    priority_queue(const Compare& x, const Container&);
+    explicit priority_queue(const Compare& x = Compare(), Container&& = Container()); // before C++20
+    priority_queue(const Compare& x, Container&&); // C++20
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        priority_queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                       const Compare& comp = Compare());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        priority_queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                       const Compare& comp, const Container& c);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        priority_queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                       const Compare& comp, Container&& c);
+    template <container-compatible-range<T> R>
+        priority_queue(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Compare& x = Compare()); // since C++23
+    template <class Alloc>
+        explicit priority_queue(const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const Compare& comp, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const Compare& comp, const Container& c,
+                       const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const Compare& comp, Container&& c,
+                       const Alloc& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        priority_queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                       const Alloc& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        priority_queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                       const Compare& comp, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        priority_queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                       const Compare& comp, const Container& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        priority_queue(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                       const Compare& comp, Container&& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <container-compatible-range<T> R, class Alloc>
+      priority_queue(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Compare&, const Alloc&); // since C++23
+    template <container-compatible-range<T> R, class Alloc>
+      priority_queue(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Alloc&); // since C++23
+    template <class Alloc>
+        priority_queue(const priority_queue& q, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        priority_queue(priority_queue&& q, const Alloc& a);
+
+    bool            empty() const;
+    size_type       size() const;
+    const_reference top() const;
+
+    void push(const value_type& v);
+    void push(value_type&& v);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      void push_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    template <class... Args> void emplace(Args&&... args);
+    void pop();
+
+    void swap(priority_queue& q)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_swappable_v<Container> &&
+                 is_nothrow_swappable_v<Comp>)
+};
+
+template <class Compare, class Container>
+priority_queue(Compare, Container)
+    -> priority_queue<typename Container::value_type, Container, Compare>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator,
+         class Compare = less<iter-value-type<InputIterator>>,
+         class Container = vector<iter-value-type<InputIterator>>>
+priority_queue(InputIterator, InputIterator, Compare = Compare(), Container = Container())
+    -> priority_queue<iter-value-type<InputIterator>, Container, Compare>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Compare = less<ranges::range_value_t<R>>>
+  priority_queue(from_range_t, R&&, Compare = Compare())
+    -> priority_queue<ranges::range_value_t<R>, vector<ranges::range_value_t<R>>, Compare>; // C++23
+
+template<class Compare, class Container, class Allocator>
+priority_queue(Compare, Container, Allocator)
+    -> priority_queue<typename Container::value_type, Container, Compare>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+priority_queue(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator)
+    -> priority_queue<iter-value-type<InputIterator>,
+                      vector<iter-value-type<InputIterator>, Allocator>,
+                      less<iter-value-type<InputIterator>>>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Compare, class Allocator>
+priority_queue(InputIterator, InputIterator, Compare, Allocator)
+    -> priority_queue<iter-value-type<InputIterator>,
+                      vector<iter-value-type<InputIterator>, Allocator>, Compare>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Compare, class Container, class Allocator>
+priority_queue(InputIterator, InputIterator, Compare, Container, Allocator)
+    -> priority_queue<typename Container::value_type, Container, Compare>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Compare, class Allocator>
+  priority_queue(from_range_t, R&&, Compare, Allocator)
+    -> priority_queue<ranges::range_value_t<R>, vector<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Allocator>,
+                        Compare>; // C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  priority_queue(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator)
+    -> priority_queue<ranges::range_value_t<R>, vector<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Allocator>>; // C++23
+
+template <class T, class Container, class Compare>
+  void swap(priority_queue<T, Container, Compare>& x,
+            priority_queue<T, Container, Compare>& y)
+            noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/make_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/pop_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/push_heap.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__fwd/deque.h>
+#include <__fwd/queue.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/uses_allocator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <deque>
+#include <vector>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [queue.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container /*= deque<_Tp>*/>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS queue {
+public:
+  typedef _Container container_type;
+  typedef typename container_type::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename container_type::reference reference;
+  typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+  typedef typename container_type::size_type size_type;
+  static_assert(is_same<_Tp, value_type>::value, "");
+
+protected:
+  container_type c;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<container_type>::value) : c() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue(const queue& __q) : c(__q.c) {}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) : c(__first, __last) {}
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue(from_range_t, _Range&& __range) : c(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range)) {}
+
+  template <class _InputIterator,
+            class _Alloc,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0,
+            __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int>        = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __second, const _Alloc& __alloc)
+      : c(__first, __second, __alloc) {}
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range,
+            class _Alloc,
+            __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const _Alloc& __alloc)
+      : c(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __alloc) {}
+
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue& operator=(const queue& __q) {
+    c = __q.c;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue(queue&& __q) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<container_type>::value)
+      : c(std::move(__q.c)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue& operator=(queue&& __q) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<container_type>::value) {
+    c = std::move(__q.c);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit queue(const container_type& __c) : c(__c) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit queue(container_type&& __c) : c(std::move(__c)) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit queue(const _Alloc& __a) : c(__a) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue(const queue& __q, const _Alloc& __a) : c(__q.c, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue(const container_type& __c, const _Alloc& __a) : c(__c, __a) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue(container_type&& __c, const _Alloc& __a) : c(std::move(__c), __a) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI queue(queue&& __q, const _Alloc& __a) : c(std::move(__q.c), __a) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const { return c.empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const { return c.size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference front() { return c.front(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference front() const { return c.front(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference back() { return c.back(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference back() const { return c.back(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push(const value_type& __v) { c.push_back(__v); }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push(value_type&& __v) { c.push_back(std::move(__v)); }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (requires(container_type& __c) { __c.append_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range)); }) {
+      c.append_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+    } else {
+      ranges::copy(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::back_inserter(c));
+    }
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  decltype(auto)
+  emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return c.emplace_back(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+#  else
+  void
+  emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    c.emplace_back(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+#  endif
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop() { c.pop_front(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(queue& __q) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<container_type>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(c, __q.c);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Container& __get_container() const { return c; }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _OtherContainer>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const queue<_T1, _OtherContainer>& __x, const queue<_T1, _OtherContainer>& __y);
+
+  template <class _T1, class _OtherContainer>
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator<(const queue<_T1, _OtherContainer>& __x, const queue<_T1, _OtherContainer>& __y);
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Container, class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Container>::value> >
+queue(_Container) -> queue<typename _Container::value_type, _Container>;
+
+template <class _Container,
+          class _Alloc,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Container>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value> >
+queue(_Container, _Alloc) -> queue<typename _Container::value_type, _Container>;
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+queue(_InputIterator, _InputIterator) -> queue<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range>
+queue(from_range_t, _Range&&) -> queue<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Alloc,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value, int>                        = 0>
+queue(_InputIterator,
+      _InputIterator,
+      _Alloc) -> queue<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, deque<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Alloc>>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+queue(from_range_t,
+      _Range&&,
+      _Alloc) -> queue<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, deque<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Alloc>>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return __x.c == __y.c;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return __x.c < __y.c;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp, three_way_comparable _Container>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI compare_three_way_result_t<_Container>
+operator<=>(const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  // clang 16 bug: declaring `friend operator<=>` causes "use of overloaded operator '*' is ambiguous" errors
+  return __x.__get_container() <=> __y.__get_container();
+}
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, __enable_if_t<__is_swappable_v<_Container>, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(queue<_Tp, _Container>& __x, queue<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS uses_allocator<queue<_Tp, _Container>, _Alloc> : public uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc> {
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS priority_queue {
+public:
+  typedef _Container container_type;
+  typedef _Compare value_compare;
+  typedef typename container_type::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename container_type::reference reference;
+  typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+  typedef typename container_type::size_type size_type;
+  static_assert(is_same<_Tp, value_type>::value, "");
+
+protected:
+  container_type c;
+  value_compare comp;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue() _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<container_type>::value&& is_nothrow_default_constructible<value_compare>::value)
+      : c(), comp() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(const priority_queue& __q) : c(__q.c), comp(__q.comp) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue& operator=(const priority_queue& __q) {
+    c    = __q.c;
+    comp = __q.comp;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(priority_queue&& __q) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_move_constructible<container_type>::value && is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_compare>::value)
+      : c(std::move(__q.c)), comp(std::move(__q.comp)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue& operator=(priority_queue&& __q) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_move_assignable<container_type>::value && is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_compare>::value) {
+    c    = std::move(__q.c);
+    comp = std::move(__q.comp);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp) : c(), comp(__comp) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, const container_type& __c);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, container_type&& __c);
+#endif
+  template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp = value_compare());
+
+  template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp, const container_type& __c);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp, container_type&& __c);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const value_compare& __comp = value_compare())
+      : c(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range)), comp(__comp) {
+    std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit priority_queue(const _Alloc& __a);
+
+  template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, const _Alloc& __a);
+
+  template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, const container_type& __c, const _Alloc& __a);
+
+  template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(const priority_queue& __q, const _Alloc& __a);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, container_type&& __c, const _Alloc& __a);
+
+  template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(priority_queue&& __q, const _Alloc& __a);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <
+      class _InputIter,
+      class _Alloc,
+      __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value && uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const _Alloc& __a);
+
+  template <
+      class _InputIter,
+      class _Alloc,
+      __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value && uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp, const _Alloc& __a);
+
+  template <
+      class _InputIter,
+      class _Alloc,
+      __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value && uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(
+      _InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp, const container_type& __c, const _Alloc& __a);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <
+      class _InputIter,
+      class _Alloc,
+      __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value && uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp, container_type&& __c, const _Alloc& __a);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range,
+            class _Alloc,
+            class = enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const value_compare& __comp, const _Alloc& __a)
+      : c(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __a), comp(__comp) {
+    std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+  }
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range,
+            class _Alloc,
+            class = enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI priority_queue(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const _Alloc& __a)
+      : c(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __a), comp() {
+    std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+  }
+
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const { return c.empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const { return c.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference top() const { return c.front(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push(const value_type& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push(value_type&& __v);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (requires(container_type& __c) { __c.append_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range)); }) {
+      c.append_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+    } else {
+      ranges::copy(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::back_inserter(c));
+    }
+
+    std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void emplace(_Args&&... __args);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(priority_queue& __q)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<container_type>&& __is_nothrow_swappable_v<value_compare>);
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Container& __get_container() const { return c; }
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Compare,
+          class _Container,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Container>::value> >
+priority_queue(_Compare, _Container) -> priority_queue<typename _Container::value_type, _Container, _Compare>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Compare   = less<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Container = vector<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Container>::value> >
+priority_queue(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare = _Compare(), _Container = _Container())
+    -> priority_queue<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Container, _Compare>;
+
+template <class _Compare,
+          class _Container,
+          class _Alloc,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Container>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value> >
+priority_queue(_Compare, _Container, _Alloc) -> priority_queue<typename _Container::value_type, _Container, _Compare>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value> >
+priority_queue(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Allocator)
+    -> priority_queue<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>,
+                      vector<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Allocator>,
+                      less<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value> >
+priority_queue(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare, _Allocator)
+    -> priority_queue<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>,
+                      vector<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Allocator>,
+                      _Compare>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _Container,
+          class _Alloc,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Container>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value> >
+priority_queue(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare, _Container, _Alloc)
+    -> priority_queue<typename _Container::value_type, _Container, _Compare>;
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Compare = less<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class          = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value>>
+priority_queue(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Compare = _Compare())
+    -> priority_queue<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, vector<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>, _Compare>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Compare,
+          class _Alloc,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value>>
+priority_queue(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Compare, _Alloc)
+    -> priority_queue<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, vector<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Alloc>, _Compare>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Alloc, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value>>
+priority_queue(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Alloc)
+    -> priority_queue<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, vector<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Alloc>>;
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const _Compare& __comp, const container_type& __c)
+    : c(__c), comp(__comp) {
+  std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, container_type&& __c)
+    : c(std::move(__c)), comp(__comp) {
+  std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(
+    _InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp)
+    : c(__f, __l), comp(__comp) {
+  std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(
+    _InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp, const container_type& __c)
+    : c(__c), comp(__comp) {
+  c.insert(c.end(), __f, __l);
+  std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _InputIter, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(
+    _InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp, container_type&& __c)
+    : c(std::move(__c)), comp(__comp) {
+  c.insert(c.end(), __f, __l);
+  std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const _Alloc& __a) : c(__a) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const value_compare& __comp, const _Alloc& __a)
+    : c(__a), comp(__comp) {}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(
+    const value_compare& __comp, const container_type& __c, const _Alloc& __a)
+    : c(__c, __a), comp(__comp) {
+  std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(const priority_queue& __q, const _Alloc& __a)
+    : c(__q.c, __a), comp(__q.comp) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(
+    const value_compare& __comp, container_type&& __c, const _Alloc& __a)
+    : c(std::move(__c), __a), comp(__comp) {
+  std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(priority_queue&& __q, const _Alloc& __a)
+    : c(std::move(__q.c), __a), comp(std::move(__q.comp)) {}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <
+    class _InputIter,
+    class _Alloc,
+    __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value && uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(_InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const _Alloc& __a)
+    : c(__f, __l, __a), comp() {
+  std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <
+    class _InputIter,
+    class _Alloc,
+    __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value && uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(
+    _InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp, const _Alloc& __a)
+    : c(__f, __l, __a), comp(__comp) {
+  std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <
+    class _InputIter,
+    class _Alloc,
+    __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value && uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(
+    _InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp, const container_type& __c, const _Alloc& __a)
+    : c(__c, __a), comp(__comp) {
+  c.insert(c.end(), __f, __l);
+  std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <
+    class _InputIter,
+    class _Alloc,
+    __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIter>::value && uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value, int> >
+inline priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::priority_queue(
+    _InputIter __f, _InputIter __l, const value_compare& __comp, container_type&& __c, const _Alloc& __a)
+    : c(std::move(__c), __a), comp(__comp) {
+  c.insert(c.end(), __f, __l);
+  std::make_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline void priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::push(const value_type& __v) {
+  c.push_back(__v);
+  std::push_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline void priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::push(value_type&& __v) {
+  c.push_back(std::move(__v));
+  std::push_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+template <class... _Args>
+inline void priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+  c.emplace_back(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  std::push_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline void priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::pop() {
+  std::pop_heap(c.begin(), c.end(), comp);
+  c.pop_back();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare>
+inline void priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>::swap(priority_queue& __q)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<container_type>&& __is_nothrow_swappable_v<value_compare>) {
+  using std::swap;
+  swap(c, __q.c);
+  swap(comp, __q.comp);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Container,
+          class _Compare,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_swappable_v<_Container> && __is_swappable_v<_Compare>, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>& __x, priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Compare, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS uses_allocator<priority_queue<_Tp, _Container, _Compare>, _Alloc>
+    : public uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc> {};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_QUEUE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/random b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/random
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6cc3760c20e16c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/random
@@ -0,0 +1,1742 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_RANDOM
+#define _LIBCPP_RANDOM
+
+/*
+    random synopsis
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+// [rand.req.urng], uniform random bit generator requirements
+template<class G>
+concept uniform_random_bit_generator = see below; // C++20
+
+// Engines
+
+template <class UIntType, UIntType a, UIntType c, UIntType m>
+class linear_congruential_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef UIntType result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr result_type multiplier = a;
+    static constexpr result_type increment = c;
+    static constexpr result_type modulus = m;
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return c == 0u ? 1u: 0u;}
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return m - 1u;}
+    static constexpr result_type default_seed = 1u;
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    explicit linear_congruential_engine(result_type s = default_seed);         // before C++20
+    linear_congruential_engine() : linear_congruential_engine(default_seed) {} // C++20
+    explicit linear_congruential_engine(result_type s);                        // C++20
+    template<class Sseq> explicit linear_congruential_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed(result_type s = default_seed);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    void discard(unsigned long long z);
+};
+
+template <class UIntType, UIntType a, UIntType c, UIntType m>
+bool
+operator==(const linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& x,
+           const linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& y);
+
+template <class UIntType, UIntType a, UIntType c, UIntType m>
+bool
+operator!=(const linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& x,
+           const linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, UIntType a, UIntType c, UIntType m>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, UIntType a, UIntType c, UIntType m>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           linear_congruential_engine<UIntType, a, c, m>& x);
+
+template <class UIntType, size_t w, size_t n, size_t m, size_t r,
+          UIntType a, size_t u, UIntType d, size_t s,
+          UIntType b, size_t t, UIntType c, size_t l, UIntType f>
+class mersenne_twister_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef UIntType result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr size_t word_size = w;
+    static constexpr size_t state_size = n;
+    static constexpr size_t shift_size = m;
+    static constexpr size_t mask_bits = r;
+    static constexpr result_type xor_mask = a;
+    static constexpr size_t tempering_u = u;
+    static constexpr result_type tempering_d = d;
+    static constexpr size_t tempering_s = s;
+    static constexpr result_type tempering_b = b;
+    static constexpr size_t tempering_t = t;
+    static constexpr result_type tempering_c = c;
+    static constexpr size_t tempering_l = l;
+    static constexpr result_type initialization_multiplier = f;
+    static constexpr result_type min () { return 0; }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return 2^w - 1; }
+    static constexpr result_type default_seed = 5489u;
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    explicit mersenne_twister_engine(result_type s = default_seed);      // before C++20
+    mersenne_twister_engine() : mersenne_twister_engine(default_seed) {} // C++20
+    explicit mersenne_twister_engine(result_type s);                     // C++20
+    template<class Sseq> explicit mersenne_twister_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed(result_type value = default_seed);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    void discard(unsigned long long z);
+};
+
+template <class UIntType, size_t w, size_t n, size_t m, size_t r,
+          UIntType a, size_t u, UIntType d, size_t s,
+          UIntType b, size_t t, UIntType c, size_t l, UIntType f>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& x,
+    const mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& y);
+
+template <class UIntType, size_t w, size_t n, size_t m, size_t r,
+          UIntType a, size_t u, UIntType d, size_t s,
+          UIntType b, size_t t, UIntType c, size_t l, UIntType f>
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& x,
+    const mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, size_t w, size_t n, size_t m, size_t r,
+          UIntType a, size_t u, UIntType d, size_t s,
+          UIntType b, size_t t, UIntType c, size_t l, UIntType f>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, size_t w, size_t n, size_t m, size_t r,
+          UIntType a, size_t u, UIntType d, size_t s,
+          UIntType b, size_t t, UIntType c, size_t l, UIntType f>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           mersenne_twister_engine<UIntType, w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, f>& x);
+
+template<class UIntType, size_t w, size_t s, size_t r>
+class subtract_with_carry_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef UIntType result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr size_t word_size = w;
+    static constexpr size_t short_lag = s;
+    static constexpr size_t long_lag = r;
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return 0; }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return m-1; }
+    static constexpr result_type default_seed = 19780503u;
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    explicit subtract_with_carry_engine(result_type value = default_seed);     // before C++20
+    subtract_with_carry_engine() : subtract_with_carry_engine(default_seed) {} // C++20
+    explicit subtract_with_carry_engine(result_type value);                    // C++20
+    template<class Sseq> explicit subtract_with_carry_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed(result_type value = default_seed);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    void discard(unsigned long long z);
+};
+
+template<class UIntType, size_t w, size_t s, size_t r>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& x,
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& y);
+
+template<class UIntType, size_t w, size_t s, size_t r>
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& x,
+    const subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, size_t w, size_t s, size_t r>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class UIntType, size_t w, size_t s, size_t r>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           subtract_with_carry_engine<UIntType, w, s, r>& x);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t p, size_t r>
+class discard_block_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef typename Engine::result_type result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr size_t block_size = p;
+    static constexpr size_t used_block = r;
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return Engine::min(); }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return Engine::max(); }
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    discard_block_engine();
+    explicit discard_block_engine(const Engine& e);
+    explicit discard_block_engine(Engine&& e);
+    explicit discard_block_engine(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> explicit discard_block_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed();
+    void seed(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    void discard(unsigned long long z);
+
+    // property functions
+    const Engine& base() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template<class Engine, size_t p, size_t r>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& x,
+    const discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& y);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t p, size_t r>
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& x,
+    const discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t p, size_t r>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t p, size_t r>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           discard_block_engine<Engine, p, r>& x);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t w, class UIntType>
+class independent_bits_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef UIntType result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return 0; }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return 2^w - 1; }
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    independent_bits_engine();
+    explicit independent_bits_engine(const Engine& e);
+    explicit independent_bits_engine(Engine&& e);
+    explicit independent_bits_engine(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> explicit independent_bits_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed();
+    void seed(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()(); void discard(unsigned long long z);
+
+    // property functions
+    const Engine& base() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template<class Engine, size_t w, class UIntType>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& x,
+    const independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& y);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t w, class UIntType>
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& x,
+    const independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t w, class UIntType>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t w, class UIntType>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           independent_bits_engine<Engine, w, UIntType>& x);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t k>
+class shuffle_order_engine
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef typename Engine::result_type result_type;
+
+    // engine characteristics
+    static constexpr size_t table_size = k;
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return Engine::min; }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return Engine::max; }
+
+    // constructors and seeding functions
+    shuffle_order_engine();
+    explicit shuffle_order_engine(const Engine& e);
+    explicit shuffle_order_engine(Engine&& e);
+    explicit shuffle_order_engine(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> explicit shuffle_order_engine(Sseq& q);
+    void seed();
+    void seed(result_type s);
+    template<class Sseq> void seed(Sseq& q);
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+    void discard(unsigned long long z);
+
+    // property functions
+    const Engine& base() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template<class Engine, size_t k>
+bool
+operator==(
+    const shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& x,
+    const shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& y);
+
+template<class Engine, size_t k>
+bool
+operator!=(
+    const shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& x,
+    const shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& y);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t k>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+           const shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& x);
+
+template <class charT, class traits,
+          class Engine, size_t k>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+           shuffle_order_engine<Engine, k>& x);
+
+typedef linear_congruential_engine<uint_fast32_t, 16807, 0, 2147483647>
+                                                                   minstd_rand0;
+typedef linear_congruential_engine<uint_fast32_t, 48271, 0, 2147483647>
+                                                                    minstd_rand;
+typedef mersenne_twister_engine<uint_fast32_t, 32, 624, 397, 31,
+                                0x9908b0df,
+                                11, 0xffffffff,
+                                7,  0x9d2c5680,
+                                15, 0xefc60000,
+                                18, 1812433253>                         mt19937;
+typedef mersenne_twister_engine<uint_fast64_t, 64, 312, 156, 31,
+                                0xb5026f5aa96619e9,
+                                29, 0x5555555555555555,
+                                17, 0x71d67fffeda60000,
+                                37, 0xfff7eee000000000,
+                                43, 6364136223846793005>             mt19937_64;
+typedef subtract_with_carry_engine<uint_fast32_t, 24, 10, 24>     ranlux24_base;
+typedef subtract_with_carry_engine<uint_fast64_t, 48,  5, 12>     ranlux48_base;
+typedef discard_block_engine<ranlux24_base, 223, 23>                   ranlux24;
+typedef discard_block_engine<ranlux48_base, 389, 11>                   ranlux48;
+typedef shuffle_order_engine<minstd_rand0, 256>                         knuth_b;
+typedef minstd_rand                                       default_random_engine;
+
+// Generators
+
+class random_device
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef unsigned int result_type;
+
+    // generator characteristics
+    static constexpr result_type min() { return numeric_limits<result_type>::min(); }
+    static constexpr result_type max() { return numeric_limits<result_type>::max(); }
+
+    // constructors
+    explicit random_device(const string& token = implementation-defined); // before C++20
+    random_device() : random_device(implementation-defined) {}            // C++20
+    explicit random_device(const string& token);                          // C++20
+
+    // generating functions
+    result_type operator()();
+
+    // property functions
+    double entropy() const noexcept;
+
+    // no copy functions
+    random_device(const random_device& ) = delete;
+    void operator=(const random_device& ) = delete;
+};
+
+// Utilities
+
+class seed_seq
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef uint_least32_t result_type;
+
+    // constructors
+    seed_seq();
+    template<class T>
+        seed_seq(initializer_list<T> il);
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        seed_seq(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end);
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class RandomAccessIterator>
+        void generate(RandomAccessIterator begin, RandomAccessIterator end);
+
+    // property functions
+    size_t size() const;
+    template<class OutputIterator>
+        void param(OutputIterator dest) const;
+
+    // no copy functions
+    seed_seq(const seed_seq&) = delete;
+    void operator=(const seed_seq& ) = delete;
+};
+
+template<class RealType, size_t bits, class URNG>
+    RealType generate_canonical(URNG& g);
+
+// Distributions
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class uniform_int_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef uniform_int_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(IntType a = 0,
+                                    IntType b = numeric_limits<IntType>::max());
+
+        result_type a() const;
+        result_type b() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit uniform_int_distribution(IntType a = 0,
+                                      IntType b = numeric_limits<IntType>::max()); // before C++20
+    uniform_int_distribution() : uniform_int_distribution(0) {}                    // C++20
+    explicit uniform_int_distribution(IntType a,
+                                      IntType b = numeric_limits<IntType>::max()); // C++20
+    explicit uniform_int_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type a() const;
+    result_type b() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const uniform_int_distribution& x,
+                           const uniform_int_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const uniform_int_distribution& x,
+                           const uniform_int_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const uniform_int_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               uniform_int_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class uniform_real_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef uniform_real_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(RealType a = 0,
+                            RealType b = 1);
+
+        result_type a() const;
+        result_type b() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit uniform_real_distribution(RealType a = 0.0, RealType b = 1.0); // before C++20
+    uniform_real_distribution() : uniform_real_distribution(0.0) {}         // C++20
+    explicit uniform_real_distribution(RealType a, RealType b = 1.0);       // C++20
+    explicit uniform_real_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type a() const;
+    result_type b() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const uniform_real_distribution& x,
+                           const uniform_real_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const uniform_real_distribution& x,
+                           const uniform_real_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const uniform_real_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               uniform_real_distribution& x);
+};
+
+class bernoulli_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef bool result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef bernoulli_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(double p = 0.5);
+
+        double p() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit bernoulli_distribution(double p = 0.5);          // before C++20
+    bernoulli_distribution() : bernoulli_distribution(0.5) {} // C++20
+    explicit bernoulli_distribution(double p);                // C++20
+    explicit bernoulli_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    double p() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const bernoulli_distribution& x,
+                           const bernoulli_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const bernoulli_distribution& x,
+                           const bernoulli_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const bernoulli_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               bernoulli_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class binomial_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef binomial_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(IntType t = 1, double p = 0.5);
+
+        IntType t() const;
+        double p() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit binomial_distribution(IntType t = 1, double p = 0.5); // before C++20
+    binomial_distribution() : binomial_distribution(1) {}          // C++20
+    explicit binomial_distribution(IntType t, double p = 0.5);     // C++20
+    explicit binomial_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    IntType t() const;
+    double p() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const binomial_distribution& x,
+                           const binomial_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const binomial_distribution& x,
+                           const binomial_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const binomial_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               binomial_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class geometric_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef geometric_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(double p = 0.5);
+
+        double p() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit geometric_distribution(double p = 0.5);          // before C++20
+    geometric_distribution() : geometric_distribution(0.5) {} // C++20
+    explicit geometric_distribution(double p);                // C++20
+    explicit geometric_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    double p() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const geometric_distribution& x,
+                           const geometric_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const geometric_distribution& x,
+                           const geometric_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const geometric_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               geometric_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class negative_binomial_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef negative_binomial_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type k = 1, double p = 0.5);
+
+        result_type k() const;
+        double p() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit negative_binomial_distribution(IntType k = 1, double p = 0.5); // before C++20
+    negative_binomial_distribution() : negative_binomial_distribution(1) {} // C++20
+    explicit negative_binomial_distribution(IntType k, double p = 0.5);     // C++20
+    explicit negative_binomial_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type k() const;
+    double p() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const negative_binomial_distribution& x,
+                           const negative_binomial_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const negative_binomial_distribution& x,
+                           const negative_binomial_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const negative_binomial_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               negative_binomial_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class poisson_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef poisson_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(double mean = 1.0);
+
+        double mean() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit poisson_distribution(double mean = 1.0);     // before C++20
+    poisson_distribution() : poisson_distribution(1.0) {} // C++20
+    explicit poisson_distribution(double mean);           // C++20
+    explicit poisson_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    double mean() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const poisson_distribution& x,
+                           const poisson_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const poisson_distribution& x,
+                           const poisson_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const poisson_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               poisson_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class exponential_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef exponential_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type lambda = 1.0);
+
+        result_type lambda() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit exponential_distribution(RealType lambda = 1.0);     // before C++20
+    exponential_distribution() : exponential_distribution(1.0) {} // C++20
+    explicit exponential_distribution(RealType lambda);           // C++20
+    explicit exponential_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type lambda() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const exponential_distribution& x,
+                           const exponential_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const exponential_distribution& x,
+                           const exponential_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const exponential_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               exponential_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class gamma_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef gamma_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type alpha = 1, result_type beta = 1);
+
+        result_type alpha() const;
+        result_type beta() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit gamma_distribution(RealType alpha = 0.0, RealType beta = 1.0); // before C++20
+    gamma_distribution() : gamma_distribution(0.0) {}                       // C++20
+    explicit gamma_distribution(RealType alpha, RealType beta = 1.0);       // C++20
+    explicit gamma_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type alpha() const;
+    result_type beta() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const gamma_distribution& x,
+                           const gamma_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const gamma_distribution& x,
+                           const gamma_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const gamma_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               gamma_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class weibull_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef weibull_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type alpha = 1, result_type beta = 1);
+
+        result_type a() const;
+        result_type b() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit weibull_distribution(RealType a = 1.0, RealType b = 1.0); // before C++20
+    weibull_distribution() : weibull_distribution(1.0) {}              // C++20
+    explicit weibull_distribution(RealType a, RealType b = 1.0);       // C++20
+    explicit weibull_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type a() const;
+    result_type b() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const weibull_distribution& x,
+                           const weibull_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const weibull_distribution& x,
+                           const weibull_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const weibull_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               weibull_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class extreme_value_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef extreme_value_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type a = 0, result_type b = 1);
+
+        result_type a() const;
+        result_type b() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit extreme_value_distribution(RealType a = 0.0, RealType b = 1.0); // before C++20
+    extreme_value_distribution() : extreme_value_distribution(0.0) {}        // C++20
+    explicit extreme_value_distribution(RealType a, RealType b = 1.0);       // C++20
+    explicit extreme_value_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type a() const;
+    result_type b() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const extreme_value_distribution& x,
+                           const extreme_value_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const extreme_value_distribution& x,
+                           const extreme_value_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const extreme_value_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               extreme_value_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class normal_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef normal_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type mean = 0, result_type stddev = 1);
+
+        result_type mean() const;
+        result_type stddev() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructors and reset functions
+    explicit normal_distribution(RealType mean = 0.0, RealType stddev = 1.0); // before C++20
+    normal_distribution() : normal_distribution(0.0) {}                       // C++20
+    explicit normal_distribution(RealType mean, RealType stddev = 1.0);       // C++20
+    explicit normal_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type mean() const;
+    result_type stddev() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const normal_distribution& x,
+                           const normal_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const normal_distribution& x,
+                           const normal_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const normal_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               normal_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class lognormal_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef lognormal_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type m = 0, result_type s = 1);
+
+        result_type m() const;
+        result_type s() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit lognormal_distribution(RealType mean = 0.0, RealType stddev = 1.0); // before C++20
+    lognormal_distribution() : lognormal_distribution(0.0) {}                    // C++20
+    explicit lognormal_distribution(RealType mean, RealType stddev = 1.0);       // C++20
+    explicit lognormal_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type m() const;
+    result_type s() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const lognormal_distribution& x,
+                           const lognormal_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const lognormal_distribution& x,
+                           const lognormal_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const lognormal_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               lognormal_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class chi_squared_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef chi_squared_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type n = 1);
+
+        result_type n() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit chi_squared_distribution(RealType n = 1.0);          // before C++20
+    chi_squared_distribution() : chi_squared_distribution(1.0) {} // C++20
+    explicit chi_squared_distribution(RealType n);                // C++20
+    explicit chi_squared_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type n() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const chi_squared_distribution& x,
+                           const chi_squared_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const chi_squared_distribution& x,
+                           const chi_squared_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const chi_squared_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               chi_squared_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class cauchy_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef cauchy_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type a = 0, result_type b = 1);
+
+        result_type a() const;
+        result_type b() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit cauchy_distribution(RealType a = 0.0, RealType b = 1.0); // before C++20
+    cauchy_distribution() : cauchy_distribution(0.0) {}               // C++20
+    explicit cauchy_distribution(RealType a, RealType b = 1.0);       // C++20
+    explicit cauchy_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type a() const;
+    result_type b() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const cauchy_distribution& x,
+                           const cauchy_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const cauchy_distribution& x,
+                           const cauchy_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const cauchy_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               cauchy_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class fisher_f_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef fisher_f_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type m = 1, result_type n = 1);
+
+        result_type m() const;
+        result_type n() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit fisher_f_distribution(RealType m = 1.0, RealType n = 1.0); // before C++20
+    fisher_f_distribution() : fisher_f_distribution(1.0) {}             // C++20
+    explicit fisher_f_distribution(RealType m, RealType n = 1.0);       // C++20
+    explicit fisher_f_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type m() const;
+    result_type n() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const fisher_f_distribution& x,
+                           const fisher_f_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const fisher_f_distribution& x,
+                           const fisher_f_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const fisher_f_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               fisher_f_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class student_t_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef student_t_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        explicit param_type(result_type n = 1);
+
+        result_type n() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    explicit student_t_distribution(RealType n = 1.0);        // before C++20
+    student_t_distribution() : student_t_distribution(1.0) {} // C++20
+    explicit student_t_distribution(RealType n);              // C++20
+    explicit student_t_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    result_type n() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const student_t_distribution& x,
+                           const student_t_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const student_t_distribution& x,
+                           const student_t_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const student_t_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               student_t_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class IntType = int>
+class discrete_distribution
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef IntType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef discrete_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        param_type();
+        template<class InputIterator>
+            param_type(InputIterator firstW, InputIterator lastW);
+        param_type(initializer_list<double> wl);
+        template<class UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(size_t nw, double xmin, double xmax, UnaryOperation fw);
+
+        vector<double> probabilities() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    discrete_distribution();
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        discrete_distribution(InputIterator firstW, InputIterator lastW);
+    discrete_distribution(initializer_list<double> wl);
+    template<class UnaryOperation>
+        discrete_distribution(size_t nw, double xmin, double xmax,
+                              UnaryOperation fw);
+    explicit discrete_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    vector<double> probabilities() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const discrete_distribution& x,
+                           const discrete_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const discrete_distribution& x,
+                           const discrete_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const discrete_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               discrete_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class piecewise_constant_distribution
+{
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef piecewise_constant_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        param_type();
+        template<class InputIteratorB, class InputIteratorW>
+            param_type(InputIteratorB firstB, InputIteratorB lastB,
+                       InputIteratorW firstW);
+        template<class UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(initializer_list<result_type> bl, UnaryOperation fw);
+        template<class UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(size_t nw, result_type xmin, result_type xmax,
+                       UnaryOperation fw);
+
+        vector<result_type> intervals() const;
+        vector<result_type> densities() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    piecewise_constant_distribution();
+    template<class InputIteratorB, class InputIteratorW>
+        piecewise_constant_distribution(InputIteratorB firstB,
+                                        InputIteratorB lastB,
+                                        InputIteratorW firstW);
+    template<class UnaryOperation>
+        piecewise_constant_distribution(initializer_list<result_type> bl,
+                                        UnaryOperation fw);
+    template<class UnaryOperation>
+        piecewise_constant_distribution(size_t nw, result_type xmin,
+                                        result_type xmax, UnaryOperation fw);
+    explicit piecewise_constant_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    vector<result_type> intervals() const;
+    vector<result_type> densities() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const piecewise_constant_distribution& x,
+                           const piecewise_constant_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const piecewise_constant_distribution& x,
+                           const piecewise_constant_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const piecewise_constant_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               piecewise_constant_distribution& x);
+};
+
+template<class RealType = double>
+class piecewise_linear_distribution
+{
+    // types
+    typedef RealType result_type;
+
+    class param_type
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef piecewise_linear_distribution distribution_type;
+
+        param_type();
+        template<class InputIteratorB, class InputIteratorW>
+            param_type(InputIteratorB firstB, InputIteratorB lastB,
+                       InputIteratorW firstW);
+        template<class UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(initializer_list<result_type> bl, UnaryOperation fw);
+        template<class UnaryOperation>
+            param_type(size_t nw, result_type xmin, result_type xmax,
+                       UnaryOperation fw);
+
+        vector<result_type> intervals() const;
+        vector<result_type> densities() const;
+
+        friend bool operator==(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+        friend bool operator!=(const param_type& x, const param_type& y);
+    };
+
+    // constructor and reset functions
+    piecewise_linear_distribution();
+    template<class InputIteratorB, class InputIteratorW>
+        piecewise_linear_distribution(InputIteratorB firstB,
+                                      InputIteratorB lastB,
+                                      InputIteratorW firstW);
+
+    template<class UnaryOperation>
+        piecewise_linear_distribution(initializer_list<result_type> bl,
+                                      UnaryOperation fw);
+
+    template<class UnaryOperation>
+        piecewise_linear_distribution(size_t nw, result_type xmin,
+                                      result_type xmax, UnaryOperation fw);
+
+    explicit piecewise_linear_distribution(const param_type& parm);
+    void reset();
+
+    // generating functions
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g);
+    template<class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& g, const param_type& parm);
+
+    // property functions
+    vector<result_type> intervals() const;
+    vector<result_type> densities() const;
+
+    param_type param() const;
+    void param(const param_type& parm);
+
+    result_type min() const;
+    result_type max() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const piecewise_linear_distribution& x,
+                           const piecewise_linear_distribution& y);
+    friend bool operator!=(const piecewise_linear_distribution& x,
+                           const piecewise_linear_distribution& y);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+               const piecewise_linear_distribution& x);
+
+    template <class charT, class traits>
+    friend
+    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+    operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
+               piecewise_linear_distribution& x);
+};
+
+} // std
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__random/bernoulli_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/binomial_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/cauchy_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/chi_squared_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/default_random_engine.h>
+#include <__random/discard_block_engine.h>
+#include <__random/discrete_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/exponential_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/extreme_value_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/fisher_f_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/gamma_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/generate_canonical.h>
+#include <__random/geometric_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/independent_bits_engine.h>
+#include <__random/is_seed_sequence.h>
+#include <__random/knuth_b.h>
+#include <__random/linear_congruential_engine.h>
+#include <__random/lognormal_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/mersenne_twister_engine.h>
+#include <__random/negative_binomial_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/normal_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/piecewise_constant_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/piecewise_linear_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/poisson_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/random_device.h>
+#include <__random/ranlux.h>
+#include <__random/seed_seq.h>
+#include <__random/shuffle_order_engine.h>
+#include <__random/student_t_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/subtract_with_carry_engine.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_int_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_random_bit_generator.h>
+#include <__random/uniform_real_distribution.h>
+#include <__random/weibull_distribution.h>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [rand.synopsis]
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <climits>
+#  include <cmath>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <numeric>
+#  include <string>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <vector>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_RANDOM

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ranges b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ranges
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fa35874265de67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ranges
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_RANGES
+#define _LIBCPP_RANGES
+
+/*
+
+#include <compare>              // see [compare.syn]
+#include <initializer_list>     // see [initializer.list.syn]
+#include <iterator>             // see [iterator.synopsis]
+
+namespace std::ranges {
+  inline namespace unspecified {
+    // [range.access], range access
+    inline constexpr unspecified begin = unspecified;
+    inline constexpr unspecified end = unspecified;
+    inline constexpr unspecified cbegin = unspecified;
+    inline constexpr unspecified cend = unspecified;
+
+    inline constexpr unspecified size = unspecified;
+    inline constexpr unspecified ssize = unspecified;
+  }
+
+  // [range.range], ranges
+  template<class T>
+    concept range = see below;
+
+  template<class T>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range = false;
+
+  template<class T>
+    using iterator_t = decltype(ranges::begin(declval<T&>()));
+  template<range R>
+    using sentinel_t = decltype(ranges::end(declval<R&>()));
+  template<range R>
+    using range_
diff erence_t = iter_
diff erence_t<iterator_t<R>>;
+  template<sized_range R>
+    using range_size_t = decltype(ranges::size(declval<R&>()));
+  template<range R>
+    using range_value_t = iter_value_t<iterator_t<R>>;
+  template<range R>
+    using range_reference_t = iter_reference_t<iterator_t<R>>;
+  template<range R>
+    using range_rvalue_reference_t = iter_rvalue_reference_t<iterator_t<R>>;
+  template <range R>
+    using range_common_reference_t = iter_common_reference_t<iterator_t<R>>;
+
+  // [range.sized], sized ranges
+  template<class>
+    inline constexpr bool disable_sized_range = false;
+
+  template<class T>
+    concept sized_range = ...;
+
+  // [range.view], views
+  template<class T>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_view = ...;
+
+  struct view_base { };
+
+  template<class T>
+    concept view = ...;
+
+  // [range.refinements], other range refinements
+  template<class R, class T>
+    concept output_range = see below;
+
+  template<class T>
+    concept input_range = see below;
+
+  template<class T>
+    concept forward_range = see below;
+
+  template<class T>
+  concept bidirectional_range = see below;
+
+  template<class T>
+  concept random_access_range = see below;
+
+  template<class T>
+  concept contiguous_range = see below;
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    concept common_range = see below;
+
+  template<class T>
+  concept viewable_range = see below;
+
+  // [range.adaptor.object], range adaptor objects
+  template<class D>
+    requires is_class_v<D> && same_as<D, remove_cv_t<D>>
+  class range_adaptor_closure { };  // Since c++23
+
+  // [view.interface], class template view_interface
+  template<class D>
+    requires is_class_v<D> && same_as<D, remove_cv_t<D>>
+  class view_interface;
+
+  // [range.subrange], sub-ranges
+  enum class subrange_kind : bool { unsized, sized };
+
+  template<input_or_output_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S = I, subrange_kind K = see below>
+    requires (K == subrange_kind::sized || !sized_sentinel_for<S, I>)
+  class subrange;
+
+  template<class I, class S, subrange_kind K>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<subrange<I, S, K>> = true;
+
+  // [range.dangling], dangling iterator handling
+  struct dangling;
+
+  template<range R>
+    using borrowed_iterator_t = see below;
+
+  template<range R>
+    using borrowed_subrange_t = see below;
+
+  // [range.elements], elements view
+  template<input_range V, size_t N>
+    requires see below
+  class elements_view;
+
+  template<class T, size_t N>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<elements_view<T, N>> =
+      enable_borrowed_range<T>;
+
+  template<class R>
+    using keys_view = elements_view<R, 0>;
+  template<class R>
+    using values_view = elements_view<R, 1>;
+
+  namespace views {
+    template<size_t N>
+      inline constexpr unspecified elements = unspecified;
+    inline constexpr auto keys = elements<0>;
+    inline constexpr auto values = elements<1>;
+  }
+
+  // [range.utility.conv], range conversions
+  template<class C, input_range R, class... Args> requires (!view<C>)
+    constexpr C to(R&& r, Args&&... args);     // Since C++23
+  template<template<class...> class C, input_range R, class... Args>
+    constexpr auto to(R&& r, Args&&... args);  // Since C++23
+  template<class C, class... Args> requires (!view<C>)
+    constexpr auto to(Args&&... args);         // Since C++23
+  template<template<class...> class C, class... Args>
+    constexpr auto to(Args&&... args);         // Since C++23
+
+  // [range.empty], empty view
+  template<class T>
+    requires is_object_v<T>
+  class empty_view;
+
+  template<class T>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<empty_view<T>> = true;
+
+  namespace views {
+    template<class T>
+      inline constexpr empty_view<T> empty{};
+  }
+
+  // [range.all], all view
+  namespace views {
+    inline constexpr unspecified all = unspecified;
+
+    template<viewable_range R>
+      using all_t = decltype(all(declval<R>()));
+  }
+
+  template<range R>
+    requires is_object_v<R>
+  class ref_view;
+
+  template<class T>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<ref_view<T>> = true;
+
+  template<range R>
+    requires see below
+  class owning_view;
+
+  template<class T>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<owning_view<T>> = enable_borrowed_range<T>;
+
+  // [range.filter], filter view
+  template<input_range V, indirect_unary_predicate<iterator_t<V>> Pred>
+    requires view<V> && is_object_v<Pred>
+  class filter_view;
+
+  namespace views {
+    inline constexpr unspecified filter = unspecified;
+  }
+
+  // [range.drop], drop view
+  template<view V>
+    class drop_view;
+
+  template<class T>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<drop_view<T>> = enable_borrowed_range<T>;
+
+  // [range.drop.while], drop while view
+  template<view V, class Pred>
+    requires input_range<V> && is_object_v<Pred> &&
+             indirect_unary_predicate<const Pred, iterator_t<V>>
+    class drop_while_view;
+
+  template<class T, class Pred>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<drop_while_view<T, Pred>> =
+      enable_borrowed_range<T>;
+
+  namespace views { inline constexpr unspecified drop_while = unspecified; }
+
+  // [range.transform], transform view
+  template<input_range V, copy_constructible F>
+    requires view<V> && is_object_v<F> &&
+             regular_invocable<F&, range_reference_t<V>> &&
+             can-reference<invoke_result_t<F&, range_reference_t<V>>>
+  class transform_view;
+
+  // [range.counted], counted view
+  namespace views { inline constexpr unspecified counted = unspecified; }
+
+  // [range.common], common view
+  template<view V>
+    requires (!common_range<V> && copyable<iterator_t<V>>)
+  class common_view;
+
+ // [range.reverse], reverse view
+  template<view V>
+    requires bidirectional_range<V>
+  class reverse_view;
+
+  template<class T>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<reverse_view<T>> = enable_borrowed_range<T>;
+
+  template<class T>
+  inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<common_view<T>> = enable_borrowed_range<T>;
+
+   // [range.take], take view
+  template<view> class take_view;
+
+  template<class T>
+  inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<take_view<T>> = enable_borrowed_range<T>;
+
+    // [range.take.while], take while view
+  template<view V, class Pred>
+    requires input_range<V> && is_object_v<Pred> &&
+             indirect_unary_predicate<const Pred, iterator_t<V>>
+    class take_while_view;
+
+  namespace views { inline constexpr unspecified take_while = unspecified; }
+
+  template<copy_constructible T>
+    requires is_object_v<T>
+  class single_view;
+
+  template<weakly_incrementable W, semiregular Bound = unreachable_sentinel_t>
+    requires weakly-equality-comparable-with<W, Bound> && copyable<W>
+  class iota_view;
+
+  template<class W, class Bound>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<iota_view<W, Bound>> = true;
+
+  // [range.repeat], repeat view
+  template<class T>
+    concept integer-like-with-usable-
diff erence-type =  // exposition only
+      is-signed-integer-like<T> || (is-integer-like<T> && weakly_incrementable<T>);
+
+  template<move_constructible T, semiregular Bound = unreachable_sentinel_t>
+    requires (is_object_v<T> && same_as<T, remove_cv_t<T>> &&
+              (integer-like-with-usable-
diff erence-type<Bound> ||
+               same_as<Bound, unreachable_sentinel_t>))
+  class repeat_view;
+
+  namespace views { inline constexpr unspecified repeat = unspecified; }
+
+  // [range.join], join view
+  template<input_range V>
+    requires view<V> && input_range<range_reference_t<V>>
+  class join_view;
+
+  // [range.lazy.split], lazy split view
+  template<class R>
+    concept tiny-range = see below;   // exposition only
+
+  template<input_range V, forward_range Pattern>
+    requires view<V> && view<Pattern> &&
+             indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<V>, iterator_t<Pattern>, ranges::equal_to> &&
+             (forward_range<V> || tiny-range<Pattern>)
+  class lazy_split_view;
+
+  // [range.split], split view
+  template<forward_range V, forward_range Pattern>
+    requires view<V> && view<Pattern> &&
+             indirectly_comparable<iterator_t<V>, iterator_t<Pattern>, ranges::equal_to>
+  class split_view;
+
+  namespace views {
+    inline constexpr unspecified lazy_split = unspecified;
+    inline constexpr unspecified split = unspecified;
+  }
+
+  // [range.istream], istream view
+  template<movable Val, class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
+    requires see below
+  class basic_istream_view;
+
+  template<class Val>
+    using istream_view = basic_istream_view<Val, char>;
+
+  template<class Val>
+    using wistream_view = basic_istream_view<Val, wchar_t>;
+
+  namespace views { template<class T> inline constexpr unspecified istream = unspecified; }
+
+  // [range.zip], zip view
+  template<input_range... Views>
+    requires (view<Views> && ...) && (sizeof...(Views) > 0)
+  class zip_view;        // C++23
+
+  template<class... Views>
+    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range<zip_view<Views...>> =       // C++23
+      (enable_borrowed_range<Views> && ...);
+
+  namespace views { inline constexpr unspecified zip = unspecified; }       // C++23
+
+  // [range.as.rvalue]
+  template <view V>
+    requires input_range<V>
+  class as_rvalue_view;                                                     // C++23
+
+  namespace views { inline constexpr unspecified as_rvalue ) unspecified; } // C++23
+
+  [range.chunk.by]
+  template<forward_range V, indirect_binary_predicate<iterator_t<V>, iterator_t<V>> Pred>
+    requires view<V> && is_object_v<Pred>
+  class chunk_by_view;                                                      // C++23
+
+  namespace views { inline constexpr unspecified chunk_by = unspecified; }  // C++23
+}
+
+namespace std {
+  namespace views = ranges::views;
+
+  template<class T> struct tuple_size;
+  template<size_t I, class T> struct tuple_element;
+
+  template<class I, class S, ranges::subrange_kind K>
+  struct tuple_size<ranges::subrange<I, S, K>>
+    : integral_constant<size_t, 2> {};
+
+  template<class I, class S, ranges::subrange_kind K>
+  struct tuple_element<0, ranges::subrange<I, S, K>> {
+    using type = I;
+  };
+
+  template<class I, class S, ranges::subrange_kind K>
+  struct tuple_element<1, ranges::subrange<I, S, K>> {
+    using type = S;
+  };
+
+  template<class I, class S, ranges::subrange_kind K>
+  struct tuple_element<0, const ranges::subrange<I, S, K>> {
+    using type = I;
+  };
+
+  template<class I, class S, ranges::subrange_kind K>
+  struct tuple_element<1, const ranges::subrange<I, S, K>> {
+    using type = S;
+  };
+
+  struct from_range_t { explicit from_range_t() = default; };  // Since C++23
+  inline constexpr from_range_t from_range{};                  // Since C++23
+}
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__ranges/access.h>
+#  include <__ranges/all.h>
+#  include <__ranges/common_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#  include <__ranges/counted.h>
+#  include <__ranges/dangling.h>
+#  include <__ranges/data.h>
+#  include <__ranges/drop_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/drop_while_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/elements_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/empty.h>
+#  include <__ranges/empty_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#  include <__ranges/enable_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/filter_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/iota_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/join_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/lazy_split_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/rbegin.h>
+#  include <__ranges/ref_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/rend.h>
+#  include <__ranges/reverse_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/single_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/size.h>
+#  include <__ranges/split_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#  include <__ranges/take_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/take_while_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/transform_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/view_interface.h>
+#  include <__ranges/views.h>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#    include <__ranges/istream_view.h>
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#  include <__ranges/as_rvalue_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/chunk_by_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#  include <__ranges/repeat_view.h>
+#  include <__ranges/to.h>
+#  include <__ranges/zip_view.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [ranges.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <iterator>
+
+// [tuple.helper]
+#include <__tuple/tuple_element.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <optional>
+#  include <span>
+#  include <tuple>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_RANGES

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ratio b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ratio
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b989c272aaee6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/ratio
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_RATIO
+#define _LIBCPP_RATIO
+
+/*
+    ratio synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <intmax_t N, intmax_t D = 1>
+class ratio
+{
+public:
+    static constexpr intmax_t num;
+    static constexpr intmax_t den;
+    typedef ratio<num, den> type;
+};
+
+// ratio arithmetic
+template <class R1, class R2> using ratio_add = ...;
+template <class R1, class R2> using ratio_subtract = ...;
+template <class R1, class R2> using ratio_multiply = ...;
+template <class R1, class R2> using ratio_divide = ...;
+
+// ratio comparison
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_equal;
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_not_equal;
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_less;
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_less_equal;
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_greater;
+template <class R1, class R2> struct ratio_greater_equal;
+
+// convenience SI typedefs
+using quecto = ratio <1, 1'000'000'000'000'000'000'000'000'000'000>; // Since C++26; not supported
+using ronto = ratio <1, 1'000'000'000'000'000'000'000'000'000>;      // Since C++26; not supported
+typedef ratio<1, 1000000000000000000000000> yocto;  // not supported
+typedef ratio<1,    1000000000000000000000> zepto;  // not supported
+typedef ratio<1,       1000000000000000000> atto;
+typedef ratio<1,          1000000000000000> femto;
+typedef ratio<1,             1000000000000> pico;
+typedef ratio<1,                1000000000> nano;
+typedef ratio<1,                   1000000> micro;
+typedef ratio<1,                      1000> milli;
+typedef ratio<1,                       100> centi;
+typedef ratio<1,                        10> deci;
+typedef ratio<                       10, 1> deca;
+typedef ratio<                      100, 1> hecto;
+typedef ratio<                     1000, 1> kilo;
+typedef ratio<                  1000000, 1> mega;
+typedef ratio<               1000000000, 1> giga;
+typedef ratio<            1000000000000, 1> tera;
+typedef ratio<         1000000000000000, 1> peta;
+typedef ratio<      1000000000000000000, 1> exa;
+typedef ratio<   1000000000000000000000, 1> zetta;  // not supported
+typedef ratio<1000000000000000000000000, 1> yotta;  // not supported
+using ronna = ratio <1'000'000'000'000'000'000'000'000'000, 1>;      // Since C++26; not supported
+using quetta = ratio <1'000'000'000'000'000'000'000'000'000'000, 1>; // Since C++26; not supported
+
+  // 20.11.5, ratio comparison
+  template <class R1, class R2> inline constexpr bool ratio_equal_v
+    = ratio_equal<R1, R2>::value;                                       // C++17
+  template <class R1, class R2> inline constexpr bool ratio_not_equal_v
+    = ratio_not_equal<R1, R2>::value;                                   // C++17
+  template <class R1, class R2> inline constexpr bool ratio_less_v
+    = ratio_less<R1, R2>::value;                                        // C++17
+  template <class R1, class R2> inline constexpr bool ratio_less_equal_v
+    = ratio_less_equal<R1, R2>::value;                                  // C++17
+  template <class R1, class R2> inline constexpr bool ratio_greater_v
+    = ratio_greater<R1, R2>::value;                                     // C++17
+  template <class R1, class R2> inline constexpr bool ratio_greater_equal_v
+    = ratio_greater_equal<R1, R2>::value;                               // C++17
+}
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// __static_gcd
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+struct __static_gcd {
+  static const intmax_t value = __static_gcd<_Yp, _Xp % _Yp>::value;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp>
+struct __static_gcd<_Xp, 0> {
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __static_gcd<0, 0> {
+  static const intmax_t value = 1;
+};
+
+// __static_lcm
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+struct __static_lcm {
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp / __static_gcd<_Xp, _Yp>::value * _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp>
+struct __static_abs {
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp < 0 ? -_Xp : _Xp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp>
+struct __static_sign {
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp == 0 ? 0 : (_Xp < 0 ? -1 : 1);
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp, intmax_t = __static_sign<_Yp>::value>
+class __ll_add;
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_add<_Xp, _Yp, 1> {
+  static const intmax_t min = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1)) + 1;
+  static const intmax_t max = -min;
+
+  static_assert(_Xp <= max - _Yp, "overflow in __ll_add");
+
+public:
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp + _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_add<_Xp, _Yp, 0> {
+public:
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_add<_Xp, _Yp, -1> {
+  static const intmax_t min = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1)) + 1;
+  static const intmax_t max = -min;
+
+  static_assert(min - _Yp <= _Xp, "overflow in __ll_add");
+
+public:
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp + _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp, intmax_t = __static_sign<_Yp>::value>
+class __ll_sub;
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_sub<_Xp, _Yp, 1> {
+  static const intmax_t min = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1)) + 1;
+  static const intmax_t max = -min;
+
+  static_assert(min + _Yp <= _Xp, "overflow in __ll_sub");
+
+public:
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp - _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_sub<_Xp, _Yp, 0> {
+public:
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_sub<_Xp, _Yp, -1> {
+  static const intmax_t min = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1)) + 1;
+  static const intmax_t max = -min;
+
+  static_assert(_Xp <= max + _Yp, "overflow in __ll_sub");
+
+public:
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp - _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_mul {
+  static const intmax_t nan   = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1));
+  static const intmax_t min   = nan + 1;
+  static const intmax_t max   = -min;
+  static const intmax_t __a_x = __static_abs<_Xp>::value;
+  static const intmax_t __a_y = __static_abs<_Yp>::value;
+
+  static_assert(_Xp != nan && _Yp != nan && __a_x <= max / __a_y, "overflow in __ll_mul");
+
+public:
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp * _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_mul<0, _Yp> {
+public:
+  static const intmax_t value = 0;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Xp>
+class __ll_mul<_Xp, 0> {
+public:
+  static const intmax_t value = 0;
+};
+
+template <>
+class __ll_mul<0, 0> {
+public:
+  static const intmax_t value = 0;
+};
+
+// Not actually used but left here in case needed in future maintenance
+template <intmax_t _Xp, intmax_t _Yp>
+class __ll_div {
+  static const intmax_t nan = (1LL << (sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT - 1));
+  static const intmax_t min = nan + 1;
+  static const intmax_t max = -min;
+
+  static_assert(_Xp != nan && _Yp != nan && _Yp != 0, "overflow in __ll_div");
+
+public:
+  static const intmax_t value = _Xp / _Yp;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Num, intmax_t _Den = 1>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ratio {
+  static_assert(__static_abs<_Num>::value >= 0, "ratio numerator is out of range");
+  static_assert(_Den != 0, "ratio divide by 0");
+  static_assert(__static_abs<_Den>::value > 0, "ratio denominator is out of range");
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const intmax_t __na  = __static_abs<_Num>::value;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const intmax_t __da  = __static_abs<_Den>::value;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const intmax_t __s   = __static_sign<_Num>::value * __static_sign<_Den>::value;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const intmax_t __gcd = __static_gcd<__na, __da>::value;
+
+public:
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const intmax_t num = __s * __na / __gcd;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const intmax_t den = __da / __gcd;
+
+  typedef ratio<num, den> type;
+};
+
+template <intmax_t _Num, intmax_t _Den>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const intmax_t ratio<_Num, _Den>::num;
+
+template <intmax_t _Num, intmax_t _Den>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const intmax_t ratio<_Num, _Den>::den;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_ratio : false_type {};
+template <intmax_t _Num, intmax_t _Den>
+struct __is_ratio<ratio<_Num, _Den> > : true_type {};
+
+typedef ratio<1LL, 1000000000000000000LL> atto;
+typedef ratio<1LL, 1000000000000000LL> femto;
+typedef ratio<1LL, 1000000000000LL> pico;
+typedef ratio<1LL, 1000000000LL> nano;
+typedef ratio<1LL, 1000000LL> micro;
+typedef ratio<1LL, 1000LL> milli;
+typedef ratio<1LL, 100LL> centi;
+typedef ratio<1LL, 10LL> deci;
+typedef ratio< 10LL, 1LL> deca;
+typedef ratio< 100LL, 1LL> hecto;
+typedef ratio< 1000LL, 1LL> kilo;
+typedef ratio< 1000000LL, 1LL> mega;
+typedef ratio< 1000000000LL, 1LL> giga;
+typedef ratio< 1000000000000LL, 1LL> tera;
+typedef ratio< 1000000000000000LL, 1LL> peta;
+typedef ratio<1000000000000000000LL, 1LL> exa;
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_multiply {
+private:
+  static const intmax_t __gcd_n1_d2 = __static_gcd<_R1::num, _R2::den>::value;
+  static const intmax_t __gcd_d1_n2 = __static_gcd<_R1::den, _R2::num>::value;
+
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R1>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R1 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R2>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R2 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+
+public:
+  typedef typename ratio< __ll_mul<_R1::num / __gcd_n1_d2, _R2::num / __gcd_d1_n2>::value,
+                          __ll_mul<_R2::den / __gcd_n1_d2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_n2>::value >::type type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+using ratio_multiply = typename __ratio_multiply<_R1, _R2>::type;
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ratio_multiply : public __ratio_multiply<_R1, _R2>::type {};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_divide {
+private:
+  static const intmax_t __gcd_n1_n2 = __static_gcd<_R1::num, _R2::num>::value;
+  static const intmax_t __gcd_d1_d2 = __static_gcd<_R1::den, _R2::den>::value;
+
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R1>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R1 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R2>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R2 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+
+public:
+  typedef typename ratio< __ll_mul<_R1::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R2::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value,
+                          __ll_mul<_R2::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value >::type type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+using ratio_divide = typename __ratio_divide<_R1, _R2>::type;
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ratio_divide : public __ratio_divide<_R1, _R2>::type {};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_add {
+private:
+  static const intmax_t __gcd_n1_n2 = __static_gcd<_R1::num, _R2::num>::value;
+  static const intmax_t __gcd_d1_d2 = __static_gcd<_R1::den, _R2::den>::value;
+
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R1>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R1 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R2>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R2 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+
+public:
+  typedef typename ratio_multiply<
+      ratio<__gcd_n1_n2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_d2>,
+      ratio< __ll_add< __ll_mul<_R1::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R2::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value,
+                       __ll_mul<_R2::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value >::value,
+             _R2::den > >::type type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+using ratio_add = typename __ratio_add<_R1, _R2>::type;
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ratio_add : public __ratio_add<_R1, _R2>::type {};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_subtract {
+private:
+  static const intmax_t __gcd_n1_n2 = __static_gcd<_R1::num, _R2::num>::value;
+  static const intmax_t __gcd_d1_d2 = __static_gcd<_R1::den, _R2::den>::value;
+
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R1>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R1 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R2>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R2 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+
+public:
+  typedef typename ratio_multiply<
+      ratio<__gcd_n1_n2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_d2>,
+      ratio< __ll_sub< __ll_mul<_R1::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R2::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value,
+                       __ll_mul<_R2::num / __gcd_n1_n2, _R1::den / __gcd_d1_d2>::value >::value,
+             _R2::den > >::type type;
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+using ratio_subtract = typename __ratio_subtract<_R1, _R2>::type;
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ratio_subtract : public __ratio_subtract<_R1, _R2>::type {};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+// ratio_equal
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ratio_equal : _BoolConstant<(_R1::num == _R2::num && _R1::den == _R2::den)> {
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R1>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R1 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R2>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R2 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ratio_not_equal : _BoolConstant<!ratio_equal<_R1, _R2>::value> {
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R1>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R1 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R2>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R2 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+};
+
+// ratio_less
+
+template <class _R1,
+          class _R2,
+          bool _Odd    = false,
+          intmax_t _Q1 = _R1::num / _R1::den,
+          intmax_t _M1 = _R1::num % _R1::den,
+          intmax_t _Q2 = _R2::num / _R2::den,
+          intmax_t _M2 = _R2::num % _R2::den>
+struct __ratio_less1 {
+  static const bool value = _Odd ? _Q2 < _Q1 : _Q1 < _Q2;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2, bool _Odd, intmax_t _Qp>
+struct __ratio_less1<_R1, _R2, _Odd, _Qp, 0, _Qp, 0> {
+  static const bool value = false;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2, bool _Odd, intmax_t _Qp, intmax_t _M2>
+struct __ratio_less1<_R1, _R2, _Odd, _Qp, 0, _Qp, _M2> {
+  static const bool value = !_Odd;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2, bool _Odd, intmax_t _Qp, intmax_t _M1>
+struct __ratio_less1<_R1, _R2, _Odd, _Qp, _M1, _Qp, 0> {
+  static const bool value = _Odd;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2, bool _Odd, intmax_t _Qp, intmax_t _M1, intmax_t _M2>
+struct __ratio_less1<_R1, _R2, _Odd, _Qp, _M1, _Qp, _M2> {
+  static const bool value = __ratio_less1<ratio<_R1::den, _M1>, ratio<_R2::den, _M2>, !_Odd>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _R1,
+          class _R2,
+          intmax_t _S1 = __static_sign<_R1::num>::value,
+          intmax_t _S2 = __static_sign<_R2::num>::value>
+struct __ratio_less {
+  static const bool value = _S1 < _S2;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_less<_R1, _R2, 1LL, 1LL> {
+  static const bool value = __ratio_less1<_R1, _R2>::value;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_less<_R1, _R2, -1LL, -1LL> {
+  static const bool value = __ratio_less1<ratio<-_R2::num, _R2::den>, ratio<-_R1::num, _R1::den> >::value;
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ratio_less : _BoolConstant<__ratio_less<_R1, _R2>::value> {
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R1>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R1 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R2>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R2 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ratio_less_equal : _BoolConstant<!ratio_less<_R2, _R1>::value> {
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R1>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R1 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R2>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R2 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ratio_greater : _BoolConstant<ratio_less<_R2, _R1>::value> {
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R1>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R1 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R2>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R2 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS ratio_greater_equal : _BoolConstant<!ratio_less<_R1, _R2>::value> {
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R1>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R1 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+  static_assert(__is_ratio<_R2>::value, "[ratio.general]/2 requires R2 to be a specialisation of the ratio template");
+};
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+struct __ratio_gcd {
+  typedef ratio<__static_gcd<_R1::num, _R2::num>::value, __static_lcm<_R1::den, _R2::den>::value> type;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+inline constexpr bool ratio_equal_v = ratio_equal<_R1, _R2>::value;
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+inline constexpr bool ratio_not_equal_v = ratio_not_equal<_R1, _R2>::value;
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+inline constexpr bool ratio_less_v = ratio_less<_R1, _R2>::value;
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+inline constexpr bool ratio_less_equal_v = ratio_less_equal<_R1, _R2>::value;
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+inline constexpr bool ratio_greater_v = ratio_greater<_R1, _R2>::value;
+
+template <class _R1, class _R2>
+inline constexpr bool ratio_greater_equal_v = ratio_greater_equal<_R1, _R2>::value;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_RATIO

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/regex b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/regex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b8141351213212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/regex
@@ -0,0 +1,5836 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_REGEX
+#define _LIBCPP_REGEX
+
+/*
+    regex synopsis
+
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+namespace regex_constants
+{
+
+enum syntax_option_type
+{
+    icase      = unspecified,
+    nosubs     = unspecified,
+    optimize   = unspecified,
+    collate    = unspecified,
+    ECMAScript = unspecified,
+    basic      = unspecified,
+    extended   = unspecified,
+    awk        = unspecified,
+    grep       = unspecified,
+    egrep      = unspecified,
+    multiline  = unspecified
+};
+
+constexpr syntax_option_type operator~(syntax_option_type f);
+constexpr syntax_option_type operator&(syntax_option_type lhs, syntax_option_type rhs);
+constexpr syntax_option_type operator|(syntax_option_type lhs, syntax_option_type rhs);
+
+enum match_flag_type
+{
+    match_default     = 0,
+    match_not_bol     = unspecified,
+    match_not_eol     = unspecified,
+    match_not_bow     = unspecified,
+    match_not_eow     = unspecified,
+    match_any         = unspecified,
+    match_not_null    = unspecified,
+    match_continuous  = unspecified,
+    match_prev_avail  = unspecified,
+    format_default    = 0,
+    format_sed        = unspecified,
+    format_no_copy    = unspecified,
+    format_first_only = unspecified
+};
+
+constexpr match_flag_type operator~(match_flag_type f);
+constexpr match_flag_type operator&(match_flag_type lhs, match_flag_type rhs);
+constexpr match_flag_type operator|(match_flag_type lhs, match_flag_type rhs);
+
+enum error_type
+{
+    error_collate    = unspecified,
+    error_ctype      = unspecified,
+    error_escape     = unspecified,
+    error_backref    = unspecified,
+    error_brack      = unspecified,
+    error_paren      = unspecified,
+    error_brace      = unspecified,
+    error_badbrace   = unspecified,
+    error_range      = unspecified,
+    error_space      = unspecified,
+    error_badrepeat  = unspecified,
+    error_complexity = unspecified,
+    error_stack      = unspecified
+};
+
+}  // regex_constants
+
+class regex_error
+    : public runtime_error
+{
+public:
+    explicit regex_error(regex_constants::error_type ecode);
+    regex_constants::error_type code() const;
+};
+
+template <class charT>
+struct regex_traits
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                   char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+    typedef locale                  locale_type;
+    typedef /bitmask_type/          char_class_type;
+
+    regex_traits();
+
+    static size_t length(const char_type* p);
+    charT translate(charT c) const;
+    charT translate_nocase(charT c) const;
+    template <class ForwardIterator>
+        string_type
+        transform(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last) const;
+    template <class ForwardIterator>
+        string_type
+        transform_primary( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last) const;
+    template <class ForwardIterator>
+        string_type
+        lookup_collatename(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last) const;
+    template <class ForwardIterator>
+        char_class_type
+        lookup_classname(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
+                         bool icase = false) const;
+    bool isctype(charT c, char_class_type f) const;
+    int value(charT ch, int radix) const;
+    locale_type imbue(locale_type l);
+    locale_type getloc()const;
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits = regex_traits<charT>>
+class basic_regex
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT                               value_type;
+    typedef traits                              traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits::string_type        string_type;
+    typedef regex_constants::syntax_option_type flag_type;
+    typedef typename traits::locale_type        locale_type;
+
+    // constants:
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type icase = regex_constants::icase;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type nosubs = regex_constants::nosubs;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type optimize = regex_constants::optimize;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type collate = regex_constants::collate;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type ECMAScript = regex_constants::ECMAScript;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic = regex_constants::basic;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type extended = regex_constants::extended;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type awk = regex_constants::awk;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type grep = regex_constants::grep;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type egrep = regex_constants::egrep;
+    static constexpr regex_constants::syntax_option_type multiline = regex_constants::multiline;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    basic_regex();
+    explicit basic_regex(const charT* p, flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    basic_regex(const charT* p, size_t len, flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    basic_regex(const basic_regex&);
+    basic_regex(basic_regex&&) noexcept;
+    template <class ST, class SA>
+        explicit basic_regex(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& p,
+                             flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    template <class ForwardIterator>
+        basic_regex(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
+                    flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    basic_regex(initializer_list<charT>, flag_type = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+
+    ~basic_regex();
+
+    basic_regex& operator=(const basic_regex&);
+    basic_regex& operator=(basic_regex&&) noexcept;
+    basic_regex& operator=(const charT* ptr);
+    basic_regex& operator=(initializer_list<charT> il);
+    template <class ST, class SA>
+        basic_regex& operator=(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& p);
+
+    // assign:
+    basic_regex& assign(const basic_regex& that);
+    basic_regex& assign(basic_regex&& that) noexcept;
+    basic_regex& assign(const charT* ptr,           flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    basic_regex& assign(const charT* p, size_t len, flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    template <class string_traits, class A>
+        basic_regex& assign(const basic_string<charT, string_traits, A>& s,
+                                                    flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        basic_regex& assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                                                    flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+    basic_regex& assign(initializer_list<charT>,    flag_type f = regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+
+    // const operations:
+    unsigned mark_count() const;
+    flag_type flags() const;
+
+    // locale:
+    locale_type imbue(locale_type loc);
+    locale_type getloc() const;
+
+    // swap:
+    void swap(basic_regex&);
+};
+
+template<class ForwardIterator>
+basic_regex(ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator,
+            regex_constants::syntax_option_type = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+    -> basic_regex<typename iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type>; // C++17
+
+typedef basic_regex<char>    regex;
+typedef basic_regex<wchar_t> wregex;
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+    void swap(basic_regex<charT, traits>& e1, basic_regex<charT, traits>& e2);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator>
+class sub_match
+    : public pair<BidirectionalIterator, BidirectionalIterator>
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef BidirectionalIterator                                      iterator;
+    typedef basic_string<value_type>                                string_type;
+
+    bool matched;
+
+    constexpr sub_match();
+
+    
diff erence_type length() const;
+    operator string_type() const;
+    string_type str() const;
+
+    int compare(const sub_match& s) const;
+    int compare(const string_type& s) const;
+    int compare(const value_type* s) const;
+
+    void swap(sub_match& s) noexcept(see below);
+};
+
+typedef sub_match<const char*>             csub_match;
+typedef sub_match<const wchar_t*>          wcsub_match;
+typedef sub_match<string::const_iterator>  ssub_match;
+typedef sub_match<wstring::const_iterator> wssub_match;
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator==(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    auto
+    operator<=>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs); // Since C++20
+
+ template <class BiIter>                                                     // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator!=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs, const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator==(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator!=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool operator>=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+                    const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>
+    bool
+    operator==(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Since C++20
+    auto
+    operator<=>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator!=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+              const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+                   const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type, ST, SA>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator==(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator!=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator==(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Since C++20
+    auto
+    operator<=>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+                typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter, class ST, class SA>                                  // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator!=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+              typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+              typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const* rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator==(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator!=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+              const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<=(typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& lhs,
+               const sub_match<BiIter>& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>
+    bool
+    operator==(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Since C++20
+    auto
+    operator<=>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+                typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator!=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+              typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+              typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator>=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class BiIter>                                                      // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator<=(const sub_match<BiIter>& lhs,
+               typename iterator_traits<BiIter>::value_type const& rhs);
+
+template <class charT, class ST, class BiIter>
+    basic_ostream<charT, ST>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, ST>& os, const sub_match<BiIter>& m);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator,
+          class Allocator = allocator<sub_match<BidirectionalIterator>>>
+class match_results
+{
+public:
+    typedef sub_match<BidirectionalIterator>                  value_type;
+    typedef const value_type&                                 const_reference;
+    typedef value_type&                                       reference;
+    typedef /implementation-defined/                          const_iterator;
+    typedef const_iterator                                    iterator;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<Allocator>::size_type   size_type;
+    typedef Allocator                                         allocator_type;
+    typedef typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::value_type char_type;
+    typedef basic_string<char_type>                           string_type;
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    explicit match_results(const Allocator& a = Allocator()); // before C++20
+    match_results() : match_results(Allocator()) {}           // C++20
+    explicit match_results(const Allocator& a);               // C++20
+    match_results(const match_results& m);
+    match_results(match_results&& m) noexcept;
+    match_results& operator=(const match_results& m);
+    match_results& operator=(match_results&& m);
+    ~match_results();
+
+    bool ready() const;
+
+    // size:
+    size_type size() const;
+    size_type max_size() const;
+    bool empty() const;
+
+    // element access:
+    
diff erence_type length(size_type sub = 0) const;
+    
diff erence_type position(size_type sub = 0) const;
+    string_type str(size_type sub = 0) const;
+    const_reference operator[](size_type n) const;
+
+    const_reference prefix() const;
+    const_reference suffix() const;
+
+    const_iterator begin() const;
+    const_iterator end() const;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const;
+    const_iterator cend() const;
+
+    // format:
+    template <class OutputIter>
+        OutputIter
+        format(OutputIter out, const char_type* fmt_first,
+               const char_type* fmt_last,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::format_default) const;
+    template <class OutputIter, class ST, class SA>
+        OutputIter
+        format(OutputIter out, const basic_string<char_type, ST, SA>& fmt,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::format_default) const;
+    template <class ST, class SA>
+        basic_string<char_type, ST, SA>
+        format(const basic_string<char_type, ST, SA>& fmt,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::format_default) const;
+    string_type
+        format(const char_type* fmt,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::format_default) const;
+
+    // allocator:
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const;
+
+    // swap:
+    void swap(match_results& that);
+};
+
+typedef match_results<const char*>             cmatch;
+typedef match_results<const wchar_t*>          wcmatch;
+typedef match_results<string::const_iterator>  smatch;
+typedef match_results<wstring::const_iterator> wsmatch;
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Allocator>
+    bool
+    operator==(const match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m1,
+               const match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m2);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Allocator>                    // Removed in C++20
+    bool
+    operator!=(const match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m1,
+               const match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m2);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Allocator>
+    void
+    swap(match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m1,
+         match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m2);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Allocator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m,
+                const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class charT, class Allocator, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(const charT* str, match_results<const charT*, Allocator>& m,
+                const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class ST, class SA, class Allocator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                match_results<typename basic_string<charT, ST, SA>::const_iterator, Allocator>& m,
+                const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class ST, class SA, class Allocator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>&& s,
+                match_results<typename basic_string<charT, ST, SA>::const_iterator, Allocator>& m,
+                const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default) = delete; // C++14
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(const charT* str, const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class ST, class SA, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_match(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Allocator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                 match_results<BidirectionalIterator, Allocator>& m,
+                 const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                 const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class charT, class Allocator, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(const charT* str, match_results<const charT*, Allocator>& m,
+                 const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(const charT* str, const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class ST, class SA, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                 const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class ST, class SA, class Allocator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                 match_results<typename basic_string<charT, ST, SA>::const_iterator, Allocator>& m,
+                 const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class ST, class SA, class Allocator, class charT, class traits>
+    bool
+    regex_search(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>&& s,
+                 match_results<typename basic_string<charT, ST, SA>::const_iterator, Allocator>& m,
+                 const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default) = delete; // C++14
+
+template <class OutputIterator, class BidirectionalIterator,
+          class traits, class charT, class ST, class SA>
+    OutputIterator
+    regex_replace(OutputIterator out,
+                  BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                  const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class OutputIterator, class BidirectionalIterator,
+          class traits, class charT>
+    OutputIterator
+    regex_replace(OutputIterator out,
+                  BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e, const charT* fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class traits, class charT, class ST, class SA, class FST, class FSA>
+    basic_string<charT, ST, SA>
+    regex_replace(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                  const basic_string<charT, FST, FSA>& fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class traits, class charT, class ST, class SA>
+    basic_string<charT, ST, SA>
+    regex_replace(const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& s,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e, const charT* fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class traits, class charT, class ST, class SA>
+    basic_string<charT>
+    regex_replace(const charT* s,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                  const basic_string<charT, ST, SA>& fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class traits, class charT>
+    basic_string<charT>
+    regex_replace(const charT* s,
+                  const basic_regex<charT, traits>& e,
+                  const charT* fmt,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type flags = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator,
+          class charT = typename iterator_traits< BidirectionalIterator>::value_type,
+          class traits = regex_traits<charT>>
+class regex_iterator
+{
+public:
+    typedef basic_regex<charT, traits>           regex_type;
+    typedef match_results<BidirectionalIterator> value_type;
+    typedef ptr
diff _t                            
diff erence_type;
+    typedef const value_type*                    pointer;
+    typedef const value_type&                    reference;
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag                 iterator_category;
+    typedef input_iterator_tag                   iterator_concept; // since C++20
+
+    regex_iterator();
+    regex_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                   const regex_type& re,
+                   regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default);
+    regex_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                   const regex_type&& re,
+                   regex_constants::match_flag_type m
+                                     = regex_constants::match_default) = delete; // C++14
+    regex_iterator(const regex_iterator&);
+    regex_iterator& operator=(const regex_iterator&);
+
+    bool operator==(const regex_iterator&) const;
+    bool operator==(default_sentinel_t) const { return *this == regex_iterator(); } // since C++20
+    bool operator!=(const regex_iterator&) const;                                   // Removed in C++20
+
+    const value_type& operator*() const;
+    const value_type* operator->() const;
+
+    regex_iterator& operator++();
+    regex_iterator operator++(int);
+};
+
+typedef regex_iterator<const char*>             cregex_iterator;
+typedef regex_iterator<const wchar_t*>          wcregex_iterator;
+typedef regex_iterator<string::const_iterator>  sregex_iterator;
+typedef regex_iterator<wstring::const_iterator> wsregex_iterator;
+
+template <class BidirectionalIterator,
+          class charT = typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::value_type,
+          class traits = regex_traits<charT>>
+class regex_token_iterator
+{
+public:
+    typedef basic_regex<charT, traits>       regex_type;
+    typedef sub_match<BidirectionalIterator> value_type;
+    typedef ptr
diff _t                        
diff erence_type;
+    typedef const value_type*                pointer;
+    typedef const value_type&                reference;
+    typedef forward_iterator_tag             iterator_category;
+    typedef input_iterator_tag               iterator_concept; // since C++20
+
+    regex_token_iterator();
+    regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                         const regex_type& re, int submatch = 0,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default);
+    regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                         const regex_type&& re, int submatch = 0,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default) = delete; // C++14
+    regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                         const regex_type& re, const vector<int>& submatches,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default);
+    regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                         const regex_type&& re, const vector<int>& submatches,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default) = delete; // C++14
+    regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                         const regex_type& re, initializer_list<int> submatches,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default);
+    regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                         const regex_type&& re, initializer_list<int> submatches,
+                         regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default) = delete; // C++14
+    template <size_t N>
+        regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                             const regex_type& re, const int (&submatches)[N],
+                             regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default);
+    template <size_t N>
+        regex_token_iterator(BidirectionalIterator a, BidirectionalIterator b,
+                             const regex_type&& re, const int (&submatches)[N],
+                             regex_constants::match_flag_type m = regex_constants::match_default) = delete; // C++14
+    regex_token_iterator(const regex_token_iterator&);
+    regex_token_iterator& operator=(const regex_token_iterator&);
+
+    bool operator==(const regex_token_iterator&) const;
+    bool operator==(default_sentinel_t) const { return *this == regex_token_iterator(); } // since C++20
+    bool operator!=(const regex_token_iterator&) const;                                   // Removed in C++20
+
+    const value_type& operator*() const;
+    const value_type* operator->() const;
+
+    regex_token_iterator& operator++();
+    regex_token_iterator operator++(int);
+};
+
+typedef regex_token_iterator<const char*>             cregex_token_iterator;
+typedef regex_token_iterator<const wchar_t*>          wcregex_token_iterator;
+typedef regex_token_iterator<string::const_iterator>  sregex_token_iterator;
+typedef regex_token_iterator<wstring::const_iterator> wsregex_token_iterator;
+
+} // std
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/find.h>
+#include <__algorithm/search.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/default_sentinel.h>
+#include <__iterator/wrap_iter.h>
+#include <__locale>
+#include <__memory/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <deque>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [re.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#define _LIBCPP_REGEX_COMPLEXITY_FACTOR 4096
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace regex_constants {
+
+// syntax_option_type
+
+enum syntax_option_type {
+  icase    = 1 << 0,
+  nosubs   = 1 << 1,
+  optimize = 1 << 2,
+  collate  = 1 << 3,
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_REGEX_CONSTANTS_NONZERO
+  ECMAScript = 1 << 9,
+#else
+  ECMAScript = 0,
+#endif
+  basic    = 1 << 4,
+  extended = 1 << 5,
+  awk      = 1 << 6,
+  grep     = 1 << 7,
+  egrep    = 1 << 8,
+  // 1 << 9 may be used by ECMAScript
+  multiline = 1 << 10
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR syntax_option_type __get_grammar(syntax_option_type __g) {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_REGEX_CONSTANTS_NONZERO
+  return static_cast<syntax_option_type>(__g & 0x3F0);
+#else
+  return static_cast<syntax_option_type>(__g & 0x1F0);
+#endif
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR syntax_option_type operator~(syntax_option_type __x) {
+  return syntax_option_type(~int(__x) & 0x1FF);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR syntax_option_type
+operator&(syntax_option_type __x, syntax_option_type __y) {
+  return syntax_option_type(int(__x) & int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR syntax_option_type
+operator|(syntax_option_type __x, syntax_option_type __y) {
+  return syntax_option_type(int(__x) | int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR syntax_option_type
+operator^(syntax_option_type __x, syntax_option_type __y) {
+  return syntax_option_type(int(__x) ^ int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI syntax_option_type& operator&=(syntax_option_type& __x, syntax_option_type __y) {
+  __x = __x & __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI syntax_option_type& operator|=(syntax_option_type& __x, syntax_option_type __y) {
+  __x = __x | __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI syntax_option_type& operator^=(syntax_option_type& __x, syntax_option_type __y) {
+  __x = __x ^ __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+// match_flag_type
+
+enum match_flag_type {
+  match_default     = 0,
+  match_not_bol     = 1 << 0,
+  match_not_eol     = 1 << 1,
+  match_not_bow     = 1 << 2,
+  match_not_eow     = 1 << 3,
+  match_any         = 1 << 4,
+  match_not_null    = 1 << 5,
+  match_continuous  = 1 << 6,
+  match_prev_avail  = 1 << 7,
+  format_default    = 0,
+  format_sed        = 1 << 8,
+  format_no_copy    = 1 << 9,
+  format_first_only = 1 << 10,
+  __no_update_pos   = 1 << 11,
+  __full_match      = 1 << 12
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR match_flag_type operator~(match_flag_type __x) {
+  return match_flag_type(~int(__x) & 0x0FFF);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR match_flag_type operator&(match_flag_type __x, match_flag_type __y) {
+  return match_flag_type(int(__x) & int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR match_flag_type operator|(match_flag_type __x, match_flag_type __y) {
+  return match_flag_type(int(__x) | int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR match_flag_type operator^(match_flag_type __x, match_flag_type __y) {
+  return match_flag_type(int(__x) ^ int(__y));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI match_flag_type& operator&=(match_flag_type& __x, match_flag_type __y) {
+  __x = __x & __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI match_flag_type& operator|=(match_flag_type& __x, match_flag_type __y) {
+  __x = __x | __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI match_flag_type& operator^=(match_flag_type& __x, match_flag_type __y) {
+  __x = __x ^ __y;
+  return __x;
+}
+
+enum error_type {
+  error_collate = 1,
+  error_ctype,
+  error_escape,
+  error_backref,
+  error_brack,
+  error_paren,
+  error_brace,
+  error_badbrace,
+  error_range,
+  error_space,
+  error_badrepeat,
+  error_complexity,
+  error_stack,
+  __re_err_grammar,
+  __re_err_empty,
+  __re_err_unknown,
+  __re_err_parse
+};
+
+} // namespace regex_constants
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI regex_error : public runtime_error {
+  regex_constants::error_type __code_;
+
+public:
+  explicit regex_error(regex_constants::error_type __ecode);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI regex_error(const regex_error&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~regex_error() _NOEXCEPT override;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI regex_constants::error_type code() const { return __code_; }
+};
+
+template <regex_constants::error_type _Ev>
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_regex_error() {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw regex_error(_Ev);
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("regex_error was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS regex_traits {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+  typedef locale locale_type;
+#if defined(__BIONIC__) || defined(_NEWLIB_VERSION)
+  // Originally bionic's ctype_base used its own ctype masks because the
+  // builtin ctype implementation wasn't in libc++ yet. Bionic's ctype mask
+  // was only 8 bits wide and already saturated, so it used a wider type here
+  // to make room for __regex_word (then a part of this class rather than
+  // ctype_base). Bionic has since moved to the builtin ctype_base
+  // implementation, but this was not updated to match. Since then Android has
+  // needed to maintain a stable libc++ ABI, and this can't be changed without
+  // an ABI break.
+  // We also need this workaround for newlib since _NEWLIB_VERSION is not
+  // defined yet inside __config, so we can't set the
+  // _LIBCPP_PROVIDES_DEFAULT_RUNE_TABLE macro. Additionally, newlib is
+  // often used for space constrained environments, so it makes sense not to
+  // duplicate the ctype table.
+  typedef uint16_t char_class_type;
+#else
+  typedef ctype_base::mask char_class_type;
+#endif
+
+  static const char_class_type __regex_word = ctype_base::__regex_word;
+
+private:
+  locale __loc_;
+  const ctype<char_type>* __ct_;
+  const collate<char_type>* __col_;
+
+public:
+  regex_traits();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static size_t length(const char_type* __p) { return char_traits<char_type>::length(__p); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type translate(char_type __c) const { return __c; }
+  char_type translate_nocase(char_type __c) const;
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  string_type transform(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l) const;
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type transform_primary(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l) const {
+    return __transform_primary(__f, __l, char_type());
+  }
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type lookup_collatename(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l) const {
+    return __lookup_collatename(__f, __l, char_type());
+  }
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_class_type
+  lookup_classname(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, bool __icase = false) const {
+    return __lookup_classname(__f, __l, __icase, char_type());
+  }
+  bool isctype(char_type __c, char_class_type __m) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int value(char_type __ch, int __radix) const { return __regex_traits_value(__ch, __radix); }
+  locale_type imbue(locale_type __l);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI locale_type getloc() const { return __loc_; }
+
+private:
+  void __init();
+
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  string_type __transform_primary(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, char) const;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  string_type __transform_primary(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, wchar_t) const;
+#endif
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  string_type __lookup_collatename(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, char) const;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  string_type __lookup_collatename(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, wchar_t) const;
+#endif
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  char_class_type __lookup_classname(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, bool __icase, char) const;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  char_class_type __lookup_classname(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, bool __icase, wchar_t) const;
+#endif
+
+  static int __regex_traits_value(unsigned char __ch, int __radix);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __regex_traits_value(char __ch, int __radix) const {
+    return __regex_traits_value(static_cast<unsigned char>(__ch), __radix);
+  }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int __regex_traits_value(wchar_t __ch, int __radix) const;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+const typename regex_traits<_CharT>::char_class_type regex_traits<_CharT>::__regex_word;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+regex_traits<_CharT>::regex_traits() {
+  __init();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::char_type regex_traits<_CharT>::translate_nocase(char_type __c) const {
+  return __ct_->tolower(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::string_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::transform(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l) const {
+  string_type __s(__f, __l);
+  return __col_->transform(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void regex_traits<_CharT>::__init() {
+  __ct_  = &std::use_facet<ctype<char_type> >(__loc_);
+  __col_ = &std::use_facet<collate<char_type> >(__loc_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::locale_type regex_traits<_CharT>::imbue(locale_type __l) {
+  locale __r = __loc_;
+  __loc_     = __l;
+  __init();
+  return __r;
+}
+
+// transform_primary is very FreeBSD-specific
+
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::string_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__transform_primary(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, char) const {
+  const string_type __s(__f, __l);
+  string_type __d = __col_->transform(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
+  switch (__d.size()) {
+  case 1:
+    break;
+  case 12:
+    __d[11] = __d[3];
+    break;
+  default:
+    __d.clear();
+    break;
+  }
+  return __d;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::string_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__transform_primary(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, wchar_t) const {
+  const string_type __s(__f, __l);
+  string_type __d = __col_->transform(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
+  switch (__d.size()) {
+  case 1:
+    break;
+  case 3:
+    __d[2] = __d[0];
+    break;
+  default:
+    __d.clear();
+    break;
+  }
+  return __d;
+}
+#endif
+
+// lookup_collatename is very FreeBSD-specific
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string __get_collation_name(const char* __s);
+
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::string_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__lookup_collatename(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, char) const {
+  string_type __s(__f, __l);
+  string_type __r;
+  if (!__s.empty()) {
+    __r = std::__get_collation_name(__s.c_str());
+    if (__r.empty() && __s.size() <= 2) {
+      __r = __col_->transform(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
+      if (__r.size() == 1 || __r.size() == 12)
+        __r = __s;
+      else
+        __r.clear();
+    }
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::string_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__lookup_collatename(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, wchar_t) const {
+  string_type __s(__f, __l);
+  string __n;
+  __n.reserve(__s.size());
+  for (typename string_type::const_iterator __i = __s.begin(), __e = __s.end(); __i != __e; ++__i) {
+    if (static_cast<unsigned>(*__i) >= 127)
+      return string_type();
+    __n.push_back(char(*__i));
+  }
+  string_type __r;
+  if (!__s.empty()) {
+    __n = __get_collation_name(__n.c_str());
+    if (!__n.empty())
+      __r.assign(__n.begin(), __n.end());
+    else if (__s.size() <= 2) {
+      __r = __col_->transform(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
+      if (__r.size() == 1 || __r.size() == 3)
+        __r = __s;
+      else
+        __r.clear();
+    }
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+// lookup_classname
+
+regex_traits<char>::char_class_type _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __get_classname(const char* __s, bool __icase);
+
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::char_class_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__lookup_classname(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, bool __icase, char) const {
+  string_type __s(__f, __l);
+  __ct_->tolower(&__s[0], &__s[0] + __s.size());
+  return std::__get_classname(__s.c_str(), __icase);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class _CharT>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+typename regex_traits<_CharT>::char_class_type
+regex_traits<_CharT>::__lookup_classname(_ForwardIterator __f, _ForwardIterator __l, bool __icase, wchar_t) const {
+  string_type __s(__f, __l);
+  __ct_->tolower(&__s[0], &__s[0] + __s.size());
+  string __n;
+  __n.reserve(__s.size());
+  for (typename string_type::const_iterator __i = __s.begin(), __e = __s.end(); __i != __e; ++__i) {
+    if (static_cast<unsigned>(*__i) >= 127)
+      return char_class_type();
+    __n.push_back(char(*__i));
+  }
+  return __get_classname(__n.c_str(), __icase);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+template <class _CharT>
+bool regex_traits<_CharT>::isctype(char_type __c, char_class_type __m) const {
+  if (__ct_->is(__m, __c))
+    return true;
+  return (__c == '_' && (__m & __regex_word));
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_07(unsigned char __c) {
+  return (__c & 0xF8u) ==
+#if defined(__MVS__) && !defined(__NATIVE_ASCII_F)
+         0xF0;
+#else
+         0x30;
+#endif
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_89(unsigned char __c) {
+  return (__c & 0xFEu) ==
+#if defined(__MVS__) && !defined(__NATIVE_ASCII_F)
+         0xF8;
+#else
+         0x38;
+#endif
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unsigned char __to_lower(unsigned char __c) {
+#if defined(__MVS__) && !defined(__NATIVE_ASCII_F)
+  return __c & 0xBF;
+#else
+  return __c | 0x20;
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+int regex_traits<_CharT>::__regex_traits_value(unsigned char __ch, int __radix) {
+  if (__is_07(__ch)) // '0' <= __ch && __ch <= '7'
+    return __ch - '0';
+  if (__radix != 8) {
+    if (__is_89(__ch)) // '8' <= __ch && __ch <= '9'
+      return __ch - '0';
+    if (__radix == 16) {
+      __ch = __to_lower(__ch); // tolower
+      if ('a' <= __ch && __ch <= 'f')
+        return __ch - ('a' - 10);
+    }
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class _CharT>
+inline int regex_traits<_CharT>::__regex_traits_value(wchar_t __ch, int __radix) const {
+  return __regex_traits_value(static_cast<unsigned char>(__ct_->narrow(__ch, char_type())), __radix);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __node;
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS sub_match;
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator = allocator<sub_match<_BidirectionalIterator> > >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS match_results;
+
+template <class _CharT>
+struct __state {
+  enum {
+    __end_state = -1000,
+    __consume_input,          // -999
+    __begin_marked_expr,      // -998
+    __end_marked_expr,        // -997
+    __pop_state,              // -996
+    __accept_and_consume,     // -995
+    __accept_but_not_consume, // -994
+    __reject,                 // -993
+    __split,
+    __repeat
+  };
+
+  int __do_;
+  const _CharT* __first_;
+  const _CharT* __current_;
+  const _CharT* __last_;
+  vector<sub_match<const _CharT*> > __sub_matches_;
+  vector<pair<size_t, const _CharT*> > __loop_data_;
+  const __node<_CharT>* __node_;
+  regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags_;
+  bool __at_first_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __state()
+      : __do_(0),
+        __first_(nullptr),
+        __current_(nullptr),
+        __last_(nullptr),
+        __node_(nullptr),
+        __flags_(),
+        __at_first_(false) {}
+};
+
+// __node
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __node {
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node() {}
+  __node(const __node&)            = delete;
+  __node& operator=(const __node&) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL
+  virtual ~__node() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL
+  virtual void __exec(__state&) const {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL
+  virtual void __exec_split(bool, __state&) const {}
+};
+
+// __end_state
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __end_state : public __node<_CharT> {
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __end_state() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __end_state<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  __s.__do_ = __state::__end_state;
+}
+
+// __has_one_state
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __has_one_state : public __node<_CharT> {
+  __node<_CharT>* __first_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __has_one_state(__node<_CharT>* __s) : __first_(__s) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node<_CharT>* first() const { return __first_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node<_CharT>*& first() { return __first_; }
+};
+
+// __owns_one_state
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __owns_one_state : public __has_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __has_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __owns_one_state(__node<_CharT>* __s) : base(__s) {}
+
+  ~__owns_one_state() override;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+__owns_one_state<_CharT>::~__owns_one_state() {
+  delete this->first();
+}
+
+// __empty_state
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __empty_state : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __empty_state(__node<_CharT>* __s) : base(__s) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __empty_state<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+  __s.__node_ = this->first();
+}
+
+// __empty_non_own_state
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __empty_non_own_state : public __has_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __has_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __empty_non_own_state(__node<_CharT>* __s) : base(__s) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __empty_non_own_state<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+  __s.__node_ = this->first();
+}
+
+// __repeat_one_loop
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __repeat_one_loop : public __has_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __has_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __repeat_one_loop(__node<_CharT>* __s) : base(__s) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __repeat_one_loop<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  __s.__do_   = __state::__repeat;
+  __s.__node_ = this->first();
+}
+
+// __owns_two_states
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __owns_two_states : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  base* __second_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __owns_two_states(__node<_CharT>* __s1, base* __s2) : base(__s1), __second_(__s2) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual ~__owns_two_states();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI base* second() const { return __second_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI base*& second() { return __second_; }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+__owns_two_states<_CharT>::~__owns_two_states() {
+  delete __second_;
+}
+
+// __loop
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __loop : public __owns_two_states<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_two_states<_CharT> base;
+
+  size_t __min_;
+  size_t __max_;
+  unsigned __loop_id_;
+  unsigned __mexp_begin_;
+  unsigned __mexp_end_;
+  bool __greedy_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __loop(
+      unsigned __loop_id,
+      __node<_CharT>* __s1,
+      __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s2,
+      unsigned __mexp_begin,
+      unsigned __mexp_end,
+      bool __greedy = true,
+      size_t __min  = 0,
+      size_t __max  = numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
+      : base(__s1, __s2),
+        __min_(__min),
+        __max_(__max),
+        __loop_id_(__loop_id),
+        __mexp_begin_(__mexp_begin),
+        __mexp_end_(__mexp_end),
+        __greedy_(__greedy) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state& __s) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec_split(bool __second, __state& __s) const;
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __init_repeat(__state& __s) const {
+    __s.__loop_data_[__loop_id_].second = __s.__current_;
+    for (size_t __i = __mexp_begin_ - 1; __i != __mexp_end_ - 1; ++__i) {
+      __s.__sub_matches_[__i].first   = __s.__last_;
+      __s.__sub_matches_[__i].second  = __s.__last_;
+      __s.__sub_matches_[__i].matched = false;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __loop<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  if (__s.__do_ == __state::__repeat) {
+    bool __do_repeat = ++__s.__loop_data_[__loop_id_].first < __max_;
+    bool __do_alt    = __s.__loop_data_[__loop_id_].first >= __min_;
+    if (__do_repeat && __do_alt && __s.__loop_data_[__loop_id_].second == __s.__current_)
+      __do_repeat = false;
+    if (__do_repeat && __do_alt)
+      __s.__do_ = __state::__split;
+    else if (__do_repeat) {
+      __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+      __s.__node_ = this->first();
+      __init_repeat(__s);
+    } else {
+      __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+      __s.__node_ = this->second();
+    }
+  } else {
+    __s.__loop_data_[__loop_id_].first = 0;
+    bool __do_repeat                   = 0 < __max_;
+    bool __do_alt                      = 0 >= __min_;
+    if (__do_repeat && __do_alt)
+      __s.__do_ = __state::__split;
+    else if (__do_repeat) {
+      __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+      __s.__node_ = this->first();
+      __init_repeat(__s);
+    } else {
+      __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+      __s.__node_ = this->second();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __loop<_CharT>::__exec_split(bool __second, __state& __s) const {
+  __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+  if (__greedy_ != __second) {
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    __init_repeat(__s);
+  } else
+    __s.__node_ = this->second();
+}
+
+// __alternate
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __alternate : public __owns_two_states<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_two_states<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __alternate(__owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s1, __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s2)
+      : base(__s1, __s2) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state& __s) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec_split(bool __second, __state& __s) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __alternate<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  __s.__do_ = __state::__split;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __alternate<_CharT>::__exec_split(bool __second, __state& __s) const {
+  __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+  if (__second)
+    __s.__node_ = this->second();
+  else
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+}
+
+// __begin_marked_subexpression
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __begin_marked_subexpression : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  unsigned __mexp_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __begin_marked_subexpression(unsigned __mexp, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+      : base(__s), __mexp_(__mexp) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __begin_marked_subexpression<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  __s.__do_                             = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+  __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_ - 1].first = __s.__current_;
+  __s.__node_                           = this->first();
+}
+
+// __end_marked_subexpression
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __end_marked_subexpression : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  unsigned __mexp_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __end_marked_subexpression(unsigned __mexp, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+      : base(__s), __mexp_(__mexp) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __end_marked_subexpression<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  __s.__do_                               = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+  __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_ - 1].second  = __s.__current_;
+  __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_ - 1].matched = true;
+  __s.__node_                             = this->first();
+}
+
+// __back_ref
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __back_ref : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  unsigned __mexp_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __back_ref(unsigned __mexp, __node<_CharT>* __s) : base(__s), __mexp_(__mexp) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __back_ref<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  if (__mexp_ > __s.__sub_matches_.size())
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_backref>();
+  sub_match<const _CharT*>& __sm = __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_ - 1];
+  if (__sm.matched) {
+    ptr
diff _t __len = __sm.second - __sm.first;
+    if (__s.__last_ - __s.__current_ >= __len && std::equal(__sm.first, __sm.second, __s.__current_)) {
+      __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+      __s.__current_ += __len;
+      __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    } else {
+      __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+      __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+  } else {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+// __back_ref_icase
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __back_ref_icase : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  _Traits __traits_;
+  unsigned __mexp_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __back_ref_icase(const _Traits& __traits, unsigned __mexp, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+      : base(__s), __traits_(__traits), __mexp_(__mexp) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void __back_ref_icase<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  sub_match<const _CharT*>& __sm = __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_ - 1];
+  if (__sm.matched) {
+    ptr
diff _t __len = __sm.second - __sm.first;
+    if (__s.__last_ - __s.__current_ >= __len) {
+      for (ptr
diff _t __i = 0; __i < __len; ++__i) {
+        if (__traits_.translate_nocase(__sm.first[__i]) != __traits_.translate_nocase(__s.__current_[__i]))
+          goto __not_equal;
+      }
+      __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+      __s.__current_ += __len;
+      __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    } else {
+      __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+      __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+  } else {
+  __not_equal:
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+// __back_ref_collate
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __back_ref_collate : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  _Traits __traits_;
+  unsigned __mexp_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __back_ref_collate(const _Traits& __traits, unsigned __mexp, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+      : base(__s), __traits_(__traits), __mexp_(__mexp) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void __back_ref_collate<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  sub_match<const _CharT*>& __sm = __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_ - 1];
+  if (__sm.matched) {
+    ptr
diff _t __len = __sm.second - __sm.first;
+    if (__s.__last_ - __s.__current_ >= __len) {
+      for (ptr
diff _t __i = 0; __i < __len; ++__i) {
+        if (__traits_.translate(__sm.first[__i]) != __traits_.translate(__s.__current_[__i]))
+          goto __not_equal;
+      }
+      __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+      __s.__current_ += __len;
+      __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    } else {
+      __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+      __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+    }
+  } else {
+  __not_equal:
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+// __word_boundary
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __word_boundary : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  _Traits __traits_;
+  bool __invert_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __word_boundary(const _Traits& __traits, bool __invert, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+      : base(__s), __traits_(__traits), __invert_(__invert) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void __word_boundary<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  bool __is_word_b = false;
+  if (__s.__first_ != __s.__last_) {
+    if (__s.__current_ == __s.__last_) {
+      if (!(__s.__flags_ & regex_constants::match_not_eow)) {
+        _CharT __c  = __s.__current_[-1];
+        __is_word_b = __c == '_' || __traits_.isctype(__c, ctype_base::alnum);
+      }
+    } else if (__s.__current_ == __s.__first_ && !(__s.__flags_ & regex_constants::match_prev_avail)) {
+      if (!(__s.__flags_ & regex_constants::match_not_bow)) {
+        _CharT __c  = *__s.__current_;
+        __is_word_b = __c == '_' || __traits_.isctype(__c, ctype_base::alnum);
+      }
+    } else {
+      _CharT __c1    = __s.__current_[-1];
+      _CharT __c2    = *__s.__current_;
+      bool __is_c1_b = __c1 == '_' || __traits_.isctype(__c1, ctype_base::alnum);
+      bool __is_c2_b = __c2 == '_' || __traits_.isctype(__c2, ctype_base::alnum);
+      __is_word_b    = __is_c1_b != __is_c2_b;
+    }
+  }
+  if (__is_word_b != __invert_) {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+  } else {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+// __l_anchor
+
+template <class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool __is_eol(_CharT __c) {
+  return __c == '\r' || __c == '\n';
+}
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __l_anchor_multiline : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  bool __multiline_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __l_anchor_multiline(bool __multiline, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+      : base(__s), __multiline_(__multiline) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __l_anchor_multiline<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  if (__s.__at_first_ && __s.__current_ == __s.__first_ && !(__s.__flags_ & regex_constants::match_not_bol)) {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+  } else if (__multiline_ && !__s.__at_first_ && std::__is_eol(*std::prev(__s.__current_))) {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+  } else {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+// __r_anchor
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __r_anchor_multiline : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  bool __multiline_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __r_anchor_multiline(bool __multiline, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+      : base(__s), __multiline_(__multiline) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __r_anchor_multiline<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  if (__s.__current_ == __s.__last_ && !(__s.__flags_ & regex_constants::match_not_eol)) {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+  } else if (__multiline_ && std::__is_eol(*__s.__current_)) {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+  } else {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+// __match_any
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __match_any : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __match_any(__node<_CharT>* __s) : base(__s) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __match_any<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_ && *__s.__current_ != 0) {
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+    ++__s.__current_;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+  } else {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+// __match_any_but_newline
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __match_any_but_newline : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __match_any_but_newline(__node<_CharT>* __s) : base(__s) {}
+
+  void __exec(__state&) const override;
+};
+
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __match_any_but_newline<char>::__exec(__state&) const;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __match_any_but_newline<wchar_t>::__exec(__state&) const;
+#endif
+
+// __match_char
+
+template <class _CharT>
+class __match_char : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  _CharT __c_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __match_char(_CharT __c, __node<_CharT>* __s) : base(__s), __c_(__c) {}
+
+  __match_char(const __match_char&)            = delete;
+  __match_char& operator=(const __match_char&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT>
+void __match_char<_CharT>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_ && *__s.__current_ == __c_) {
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+    ++__s.__current_;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+  } else {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+// __match_char_icase
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __match_char_icase : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  _Traits __traits_;
+  _CharT __c_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __match_char_icase(const _Traits& __traits, _CharT __c, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+      : base(__s), __traits_(__traits), __c_(__traits.translate_nocase(__c)) {}
+
+  __match_char_icase(const __match_char_icase&)            = delete;
+  __match_char_icase& operator=(const __match_char_icase&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void __match_char_icase<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_ && __traits_.translate_nocase(*__s.__current_) == __c_) {
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+    ++__s.__current_;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+  } else {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+// __match_char_collate
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __match_char_collate : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  _Traits __traits_;
+  _CharT __c_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __match_char_collate(const _Traits& __traits, _CharT __c, __node<_CharT>* __s)
+      : base(__s), __traits_(__traits), __c_(__traits.translate(__c)) {}
+
+  __match_char_collate(const __match_char_collate&)            = delete;
+  __match_char_collate& operator=(const __match_char_collate&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void __match_char_collate<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_ && __traits_.translate(*__s.__current_) == __c_) {
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+    ++__s.__current_;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+  } else {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+// __bracket_expression
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __bracket_expression : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+  typedef typename _Traits::string_type string_type;
+
+  _Traits __traits_;
+  vector<_CharT> __chars_;
+  vector<_CharT> __neg_chars_;
+  vector<pair<string_type, string_type> > __ranges_;
+  vector<pair<_CharT, _CharT> > __digraphs_;
+  vector<string_type> __equivalences_;
+  typename regex_traits<_CharT>::char_class_type __mask_;
+  typename regex_traits<_CharT>::char_class_type __neg_mask_;
+  bool __negate_;
+  bool __icase_;
+  bool __collate_;
+  bool __might_have_digraph_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __bracket_expression(const _Traits& __traits, __node<_CharT>* __s, bool __negate, bool __icase, bool __collate)
+      : base(__s),
+        __traits_(__traits),
+        __mask_(),
+        __neg_mask_(),
+        __negate_(__negate),
+        __icase_(__icase),
+        __collate_(__collate),
+        __might_have_digraph_(__traits_.getloc().name() != "C") {}
+
+  __bracket_expression(const __bracket_expression&)            = delete;
+  __bracket_expression& operator=(const __bracket_expression&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __negated() const { return __negate_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_char(_CharT __c) {
+    if (__icase_)
+      __chars_.push_back(__traits_.translate_nocase(__c));
+    else if (__collate_)
+      __chars_.push_back(__traits_.translate(__c));
+    else
+      __chars_.push_back(__c);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_neg_char(_CharT __c) {
+    if (__icase_)
+      __neg_chars_.push_back(__traits_.translate_nocase(__c));
+    else if (__collate_)
+      __neg_chars_.push_back(__traits_.translate(__c));
+    else
+      __neg_chars_.push_back(__c);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_range(string_type __b, string_type __e) {
+    if (__collate_) {
+      if (__icase_) {
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b.size(); ++__i)
+          __b[__i] = __traits_.translate_nocase(__b[__i]);
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __e.size(); ++__i)
+          __e[__i] = __traits_.translate_nocase(__e[__i]);
+      } else {
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __b.size(); ++__i)
+          __b[__i] = __traits_.translate(__b[__i]);
+        for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __e.size(); ++__i)
+          __e[__i] = __traits_.translate(__e[__i]);
+      }
+      __ranges_.push_back(
+          std::make_pair(__traits_.transform(__b.begin(), __b.end()), __traits_.transform(__e.begin(), __e.end())));
+    } else {
+      if (__b.size() != 1 || __e.size() != 1)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_range>();
+      if (__icase_) {
+        __b[0] = __traits_.translate_nocase(__b[0]);
+        __e[0] = __traits_.translate_nocase(__e[0]);
+      }
+      __ranges_.push_back(std::make_pair(std::move(__b), std::move(__e)));
+    }
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_digraph(_CharT __c1, _CharT __c2) {
+    if (__icase_)
+      __digraphs_.push_back(std::make_pair(__traits_.translate_nocase(__c1), __traits_.translate_nocase(__c2)));
+    else if (__collate_)
+      __digraphs_.push_back(std::make_pair(__traits_.translate(__c1), __traits_.translate(__c2)));
+    else
+      __digraphs_.push_back(std::make_pair(__c1, __c2));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_equivalence(const string_type& __s) { __equivalences_.push_back(__s); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_class(typename regex_traits<_CharT>::char_class_type __mask) { __mask_ |= __mask; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __add_neg_class(typename regex_traits<_CharT>::char_class_type __mask) {
+    __neg_mask_ |= __mask;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  bool __found        = false;
+  unsigned __consumed = 0;
+  if (__s.__current_ != __s.__last_) {
+    ++__consumed;
+    if (__might_have_digraph_) {
+      const _CharT* __next = std::next(__s.__current_);
+      if (__next != __s.__last_) {
+        pair<_CharT, _CharT> __ch2(*__s.__current_, *__next);
+        if (__icase_) {
+          __ch2.first  = __traits_.translate_nocase(__ch2.first);
+          __ch2.second = __traits_.translate_nocase(__ch2.second);
+        } else if (__collate_) {
+          __ch2.first  = __traits_.translate(__ch2.first);
+          __ch2.second = __traits_.translate(__ch2.second);
+        }
+        if (!__traits_.lookup_collatename(&__ch2.first, &__ch2.first + 2).empty()) {
+          // __ch2 is a digraph in this locale
+          ++__consumed;
+          for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __digraphs_.size(); ++__i) {
+            if (__ch2 == __digraphs_[__i]) {
+              __found = true;
+              goto __exit;
+            }
+          }
+          if (__collate_ && !__ranges_.empty()) {
+            string_type __s2 = __traits_.transform(&__ch2.first, &__ch2.first + 2);
+            for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __ranges_.size(); ++__i) {
+              if (__ranges_[__i].first <= __s2 && __s2 <= __ranges_[__i].second) {
+                __found = true;
+                goto __exit;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          if (!__equivalences_.empty()) {
+            string_type __s2 = __traits_.transform_primary(&__ch2.first, &__ch2.first + 2);
+            for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __equivalences_.size(); ++__i) {
+              if (__s2 == __equivalences_[__i]) {
+                __found = true;
+                goto __exit;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          if (__traits_.isctype(__ch2.first, __mask_) && __traits_.isctype(__ch2.second, __mask_)) {
+            __found = true;
+            goto __exit;
+          }
+          if (!__traits_.isctype(__ch2.first, __neg_mask_) && !__traits_.isctype(__ch2.second, __neg_mask_)) {
+            __found = true;
+            goto __exit;
+          }
+          goto __exit;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // test *__s.__current_ as not a digraph
+    _CharT __ch = *__s.__current_;
+    if (__icase_)
+      __ch = __traits_.translate_nocase(__ch);
+    else if (__collate_)
+      __ch = __traits_.translate(__ch);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __chars_.size(); ++__i) {
+      if (__ch == __chars_[__i]) {
+        __found = true;
+        goto __exit;
+      }
+    }
+    // When there's at least one of __neg_chars_ and __neg_mask_, the set
+    // of "__found" chars is
+    //   union(complement(union(__neg_chars_, __neg_mask_)),
+    //         other cases...)
+    //
+    // It doesn't make sense to check this when there are no __neg_chars_
+    // and no __neg_mask_.
+    if (!(__neg_mask_ == 0 && __neg_chars_.empty())) {
+      const bool __in_neg_mask  = __traits_.isctype(__ch, __neg_mask_);
+      const bool __in_neg_chars = std::find(__neg_chars_.begin(), __neg_chars_.end(), __ch) != __neg_chars_.end();
+      if (!(__in_neg_mask || __in_neg_chars)) {
+        __found = true;
+        goto __exit;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!__ranges_.empty()) {
+      string_type __s2 = __collate_ ? __traits_.transform(&__ch, &__ch + 1) : string_type(1, __ch);
+      for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __ranges_.size(); ++__i) {
+        if (__ranges_[__i].first <= __s2 && __s2 <= __ranges_[__i].second) {
+          __found = true;
+          goto __exit;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (!__equivalences_.empty()) {
+      string_type __s2 = __traits_.transform_primary(&__ch, &__ch + 1);
+      for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __equivalences_.size(); ++__i) {
+        if (__s2 == __equivalences_[__i]) {
+          __found = true;
+          goto __exit;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (__traits_.isctype(__ch, __mask_)) {
+      __found = true;
+      goto __exit;
+    }
+  } else
+    __found = __negate_; // force reject
+__exit:
+  if (__found != __negate_) {
+    __s.__do_ = __state::__accept_and_consume;
+    __s.__current_ += __consumed;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+  } else {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __lookahead;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits = regex_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_regex;
+
+typedef basic_regex<char> regex;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+typedef basic_regex<wchar_t> wregex;
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(regex)
+    _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wregex)) basic_regex {
+public:
+  // types:
+  typedef _CharT value_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename _Traits::string_type string_type;
+  typedef regex_constants::syntax_option_type flag_type;
+  typedef typename _Traits::locale_type locale_type;
+
+private:
+  _Traits __traits_;
+  flag_type __flags_;
+  unsigned __marked_count_;
+  unsigned __loop_count_;
+  int __open_count_;
+  shared_ptr<__empty_state<_CharT> > __start_;
+  __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __end_;
+
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+  typedef std::__node<_CharT> __node;
+
+public:
+  // constants:
+  static const regex_constants::syntax_option_type icase      = regex_constants::icase;
+  static const regex_constants::syntax_option_type nosubs     = regex_constants::nosubs;
+  static const regex_constants::syntax_option_type optimize   = regex_constants::optimize;
+  static const regex_constants::syntax_option_type collate    = regex_constants::collate;
+  static const regex_constants::syntax_option_type ECMAScript = regex_constants::ECMAScript;
+  static const regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic      = regex_constants::basic;
+  static const regex_constants::syntax_option_type extended   = regex_constants::extended;
+  static const regex_constants::syntax_option_type awk        = regex_constants::awk;
+  static const regex_constants::syntax_option_type grep       = regex_constants::grep;
+  static const regex_constants::syntax_option_type egrep      = regex_constants::egrep;
+  static const regex_constants::syntax_option_type multiline  = regex_constants::multiline;
+
+  // construct/copy/destroy:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex()
+      : __flags_(regex_constants::ECMAScript),
+        __marked_count_(0),
+        __loop_count_(0),
+        __open_count_(0),
+        __end_(nullptr) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_regex(const value_type* __p, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+      : __flags_(__f), __marked_count_(0), __loop_count_(0), __open_count_(0), __end_(nullptr) {
+    __init(__p, __p + __traits_.length(__p));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex(const value_type* __p, size_t __len, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+      : __flags_(__f), __marked_count_(0), __loop_count_(0), __open_count_(0), __end_(nullptr) {
+    __init(__p, __p + __len);
+  }
+
+  //     basic_regex(const basic_regex&) = default;
+  //     basic_regex(basic_regex&&) = default;
+  template <class _ST, class _SA>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_regex(const basic_string<value_type, _ST, _SA>& __p,
+                                             flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+      : __flags_(__f), __marked_count_(0), __loop_count_(0), __open_count_(0), __end_(nullptr) {
+    __init(__p.begin(), __p.end());
+  }
+
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  basic_regex(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+      : __flags_(__f), __marked_count_(0), __loop_count_(0), __open_count_(0), __end_(nullptr) {
+    __init(__first, __last);
+  }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex(initializer_list<value_type> __il, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+      : __flags_(__f), __marked_count_(0), __loop_count_(0), __open_count_(0), __end_(nullptr) {
+    __init(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  //    ~basic_regex() = default;
+
+  //     basic_regex& operator=(const basic_regex&) = default;
+  //     basic_regex& operator=(basic_regex&&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex& operator=(const value_type* __p) { return assign(__p); }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { return assign(__il); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _ST, class _SA>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex& operator=(const basic_string<value_type, _ST, _SA>& __p) {
+    return assign(__p);
+  }
+
+  // assign:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex& assign(const basic_regex& __that) { return *this = __that; }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex& assign(basic_regex&& __that) _NOEXCEPT { return *this = std::move(__that); }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex& assign(const value_type* __p, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript) {
+    return assign(__p, __p + __traits_.length(__p), __f);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex&
+  assign(const value_type* __p, size_t __len, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript) {
+    return assign(__p, __p + __len, __f);
+  }
+  template <class _ST, class _SA>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex&
+  assign(const basic_string<value_type, _ST, _SA>& __s, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript) {
+    return assign(__s.begin(), __s.end(), __f);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex&
+  assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript) {
+    basic_string<_CharT> __t(__first, __last);
+    return assign(__t.begin(), __t.end(), __f);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __member_init(flag_type __f) {
+    __flags_        = __f;
+    __marked_count_ = 0;
+    __loop_count_   = 0;
+    __open_count_   = 0;
+    __end_          = nullptr;
+  }
+
+public:
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex&
+  assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript) {
+    return assign(basic_regex(__first, __last, __f));
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_regex&
+  assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il, flag_type __f = regex_constants::ECMAScript) {
+    return assign(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __f);
+  }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  // const operations:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unsigned mark_count() const { return __marked_count_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flag_type flags() const { return __flags_; }
+
+  // locale:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI locale_type imbue(locale_type __loc) {
+    __member_init(ECMAScript);
+    __start_.reset();
+    return __traits_.imbue(__loc);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI locale_type getloc() const { return __traits_.getloc(); }
+
+  // swap:
+  void swap(basic_regex& __r);
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unsigned __loop_count() const { return __loop_count_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __use_multiline() const {
+    return __get_grammar(__flags_) == ECMAScript && (__flags_ & multiline);
+  }
+
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  void __init(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_basic_reg_exp(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_RE_expression(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_simple_RE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_nondupl_RE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_RE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_Back_open_paren(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_Back_close_paren(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_Back_open_brace(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_Back_close_brace(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_BACKREF(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_ORD_CHAR(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_QUOTED_CHAR(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_RE_dupl_symbol(
+      _ForwardIterator __first,
+      _ForwardIterator __last,
+      __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+      unsigned __mexp_begin,
+      unsigned __mexp_end);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_ERE_dupl_symbol(
+      _ForwardIterator __first,
+      _ForwardIterator __last,
+      __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+      unsigned __mexp_begin,
+      unsigned __mexp_end);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_bracket_expression(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator
+  __parse_follow_list(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_expression_term(
+      _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_equivalence_class(
+      _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_character_class(
+      _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator
+  __parse_collating_symbol(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, basic_string<_CharT>& __col_sym);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_DUP_COUNT(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, int& __c);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_extended_reg_exp(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_ERE_branch(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_ERE_expression(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_ERE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_ORD_CHAR_ERE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_QUOTED_CHAR_ERE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_ecma_exp(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_alternative(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_term(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_assertion(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_atom(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_atom_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_decimal_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_character_class_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator
+  __parse_character_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, basic_string<_CharT>* __str = nullptr);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_pattern_character(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_grep(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_egrep(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator __parse_class_escape(
+      _ForwardIterator __first,
+      _ForwardIterator __last,
+      basic_string<_CharT>& __str,
+      __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator>
+  _ForwardIterator
+  __parse_awk_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, basic_string<_CharT>* __str = nullptr);
+
+  bool __test_back_ref(_CharT);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __push_l_anchor();
+  void __push_r_anchor();
+  void __push_match_any();
+  void __push_match_any_but_newline();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __push_greedy_inf_repeat(
+      size_t __min, __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s, unsigned __mexp_begin = 0, unsigned __mexp_end = 0) {
+    __push_loop(__min, numeric_limits<size_t>::max(), __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __push_nongreedy_inf_repeat(
+      size_t __min, __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s, unsigned __mexp_begin = 0, unsigned __mexp_end = 0) {
+    __push_loop(__min, numeric_limits<size_t>::max(), __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, false);
+  }
+  void __push_loop(size_t __min,
+                   size_t __max,
+                   __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+                   size_t __mexp_begin = 0,
+                   size_t __mexp_end   = 0,
+                   bool __greedy       = true);
+  __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __start_matching_list(bool __negate);
+  void __push_char(value_type __c);
+  void __push_back_ref(int __i);
+  void __push_alternation(__owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa, __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sb);
+  void __push_begin_marked_subexpression();
+  void __push_end_marked_subexpression(unsigned);
+  void __push_empty();
+  void __push_word_boundary(bool);
+  void __push_lookahead(const basic_regex&, bool, unsigned);
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+  bool __search(const _CharT* __first,
+                const _CharT* __last,
+                match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+                regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags) const;
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+  bool __match_at_start(const _CharT* __first,
+                        const _CharT* __last,
+                        match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+                        regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags,
+                        bool) const;
+  template <class _Allocator>
+  bool __match_at_start_ecma(
+      const _CharT* __first,
+      const _CharT* __last,
+      match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+      regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags,
+      bool) const;
+  template <class _Allocator>
+  bool __match_at_start_posix_nosubs(
+      const _CharT* __first,
+      const _CharT* __last,
+      match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+      regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags,
+      bool) const;
+  template <class _Allocator>
+  bool __match_at_start_posix_subs(
+      const _CharT* __first,
+      const _CharT* __last,
+      match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+      regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags,
+      bool) const;
+
+  template <class _Bp, class _Ap, class _Cp, class _Tp>
+  friend bool
+  regex_search(_Bp, _Bp, match_results<_Bp, _Ap>&, const basic_regex<_Cp, _Tp>&, regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+  template <class _Ap, class _Cp, class _Tp>
+  friend bool
+  regex_search(const _Cp*,
+               const _Cp*,
+               match_results<const _Cp*, _Ap>&,
+               const basic_regex<_Cp, _Tp>&,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+  template <class _Bp, class _Cp, class _Tp>
+  friend bool regex_search(_Bp, _Bp, const basic_regex<_Cp, _Tp>&, regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+  template <class _Cp, class _Tp>
+  friend bool regex_search(const _Cp*, const _Cp*, const basic_regex<_Cp, _Tp>&, regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+  template <class _Cp, class _Ap, class _Tp>
+  friend bool regex_search(
+      const _Cp*, match_results<const _Cp*, _Ap>&, const basic_regex<_Cp, _Tp>&, regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+  template <class _ST, class _SA, class _Cp, class _Tp>
+  friend bool regex_search(const basic_string<_Cp, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+                           const basic_regex<_Cp, _Tp>& __e,
+                           regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags);
+
+  template <class _ST, class _SA, class _Ap, class _Cp, class _Tp>
+  friend bool regex_search(const basic_string<_Cp, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+                           match_results<typename basic_string<_Cp, _ST, _SA>::const_iterator, _Ap>&,
+                           const basic_regex<_Cp, _Tp>& __e,
+                           regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags);
+
+  template <class _Iter, class _Ap, class _Cp, class _Tp>
+  friend bool
+  regex_search(__wrap_iter<_Iter> __first,
+               __wrap_iter<_Iter> __last,
+               match_results<__wrap_iter<_Iter>, _Ap>& __m,
+               const basic_regex<_Cp, _Tp>& __e,
+               regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags);
+
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class __lookahead;
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+basic_regex(_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator, regex_constants::syntax_option_type = regex_constants::ECMAScript)
+    -> basic_regex<typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::value_type>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::icase;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::nosubs;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::optimize;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::collate;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::ECMAScript;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::basic;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::extended;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::awk;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::grep;
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+const regex_constants::syntax_option_type basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::egrep;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_regex& __r) {
+  using std::swap;
+  swap(__traits_, __r.__traits_);
+  swap(__flags_, __r.__flags_);
+  swap(__marked_count_, __r.__marked_count_);
+  swap(__loop_count_, __r.__loop_count_);
+  swap(__open_count_, __r.__open_count_);
+  swap(__start_, __r.__start_);
+  swap(__end_, __r.__end_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __x, basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __y) {
+  return __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+// __lookahead
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class __lookahead : public __owns_one_state<_CharT> {
+  typedef __owns_one_state<_CharT> base;
+
+  basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits> __exp_;
+  unsigned __mexp_;
+  bool __invert_;
+
+public:
+  typedef std::__state<_CharT> __state;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __lookahead(const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __exp, bool __invert, __node<_CharT>* __s, unsigned __mexp)
+      : base(__s), __exp_(__exp), __mexp_(__mexp), __invert_(__invert) {}
+
+  __lookahead(const __lookahead&)            = delete;
+  __lookahead& operator=(const __lookahead&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL virtual void __exec(__state&) const;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void __lookahead<_CharT, _Traits>::__exec(__state& __s) const {
+  match_results<const _CharT*> __m;
+  __m.__init(1 + __exp_.mark_count(), __s.__current_, __s.__last_);
+  bool __matched = __exp_.__match_at_start_ecma(
+      __s.__current_,
+      __s.__last_,
+      __m,
+      (__s.__flags_ | regex_constants::match_continuous) & ~regex_constants::__full_match,
+      __s.__at_first_ && __s.__current_ == __s.__first_);
+  if (__matched != __invert_) {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__accept_but_not_consume;
+    __s.__node_ = this->first();
+    for (unsigned __i = 1; __i < __m.size(); ++__i) {
+      __s.__sub_matches_[__mexp_ + __i - 1] = __m.__matches_[__i];
+    }
+  } else {
+    __s.__do_   = __state::__reject;
+    __s.__node_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__init(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__get_grammar(__flags_) == 0)
+    __flags_ |= regex_constants::ECMAScript;
+  _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse(__first, __last);
+  if (__temp != __last)
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::__re_err_parse>();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  {
+    unique_ptr<__node> __h(new __end_state<_CharT>);
+    __start_.reset(new __empty_state<_CharT>(__h.get()));
+    __h.release();
+    __end_ = __start_.get();
+  }
+  switch (__get_grammar(__flags_)) {
+  case ECMAScript:
+    __first = __parse_ecma_exp(__first, __last);
+    break;
+  case basic:
+    __first = __parse_basic_reg_exp(__first, __last);
+    break;
+  case extended:
+  case awk:
+    __first = __parse_extended_reg_exp(__first, __last);
+    break;
+  case grep:
+    __first = __parse_grep(__first, __last);
+    break;
+  case egrep:
+    __first = __parse_egrep(__first, __last);
+    break;
+  default:
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::__re_err_grammar>();
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_basic_reg_exp(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    if (*__first == '^') {
+      __push_l_anchor();
+      ++__first;
+    }
+    if (__first != __last) {
+      __first = __parse_RE_expression(__first, __last);
+      if (__first != __last) {
+        _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+        if (__temp == __last && *__first == '$') {
+          __push_r_anchor();
+          ++__first;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (__first != __last)
+      __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::__re_err_empty>();
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_extended_reg_exp(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa = __end_;
+  _ForwardIterator __temp        = __parse_ERE_branch(__first, __last);
+  if (__temp == __first)
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::__re_err_empty>();
+  __first = __temp;
+  while (__first != __last && *__first == '|') {
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sb = __end_;
+    __temp                         = __parse_ERE_branch(++__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first)
+      __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::__re_err_empty>();
+    __push_alternation(__sa, __sb);
+    __first = __temp;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ERE_branch(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_ERE_expression(__first, __last);
+  if (__temp == __first)
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::__re_err_empty>();
+  do {
+    __first = __temp;
+    __temp  = __parse_ERE_expression(__first, __last);
+  } while (__temp != __first);
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ERE_expression(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __e = __end_;
+  unsigned __mexp_begin         = __marked_count_;
+  _ForwardIterator __temp       = __parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_ERE(__first, __last);
+  if (__temp == __first && __temp != __last) {
+    switch (*__temp) {
+    case '^':
+      __push_l_anchor();
+      ++__temp;
+      break;
+    case '$':
+      __push_r_anchor();
+      ++__temp;
+      break;
+    case '(':
+      __push_begin_marked_subexpression();
+      unsigned __temp_count = __marked_count_;
+      ++__open_count_;
+      __temp = __parse_extended_reg_exp(++__temp, __last);
+      if (__temp == __last || *__temp != ')')
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_paren>();
+      __push_end_marked_subexpression(__temp_count);
+      --__open_count_;
+      ++__temp;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (__temp != __first)
+    __temp = __parse_ERE_dupl_symbol(__temp, __last, __e, __mexp_begin + 1, __marked_count_ + 1);
+  __first = __temp;
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_RE_expression(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  while (true) {
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_simple_RE(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first)
+      break;
+    __first = __temp;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_simple_RE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __e = __end_;
+    unsigned __mexp_begin         = __marked_count_;
+    _ForwardIterator __temp       = __parse_nondupl_RE(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp != __first)
+      __first = __parse_RE_dupl_symbol(__temp, __last, __e, __mexp_begin + 1, __marked_count_ + 1);
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_nondupl_RE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  _ForwardIterator __temp = __first;
+  __first                 = __parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_RE(__first, __last);
+  if (__temp == __first) {
+    __temp = __parse_Back_open_paren(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp != __first) {
+      __push_begin_marked_subexpression();
+      unsigned __temp_count = __marked_count_;
+      __first               = __parse_RE_expression(__temp, __last);
+      __temp                = __parse_Back_close_paren(__first, __last);
+      if (__temp == __first)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_paren>();
+      __push_end_marked_subexpression(__temp_count);
+      __first = __temp;
+    } else
+      __first = __parse_BACKREF(__first, __last);
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_RE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_ORD_CHAR(__first, __last);
+  if (__temp == __first) {
+    __temp = __parse_QUOTED_CHAR(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first) {
+      if (__temp != __last && *__temp == '.') {
+        __push_match_any();
+        ++__temp;
+      } else
+        __temp = __parse_bracket_expression(__first, __last);
+    }
+  }
+  __first = __temp;
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_one_char_or_coll_elem_ERE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_ORD_CHAR_ERE(__first, __last);
+  if (__temp == __first) {
+    __temp = __parse_QUOTED_CHAR_ERE(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first) {
+      if (__temp != __last && *__temp == '.') {
+        __push_match_any();
+        ++__temp;
+      } else
+        __temp = __parse_bracket_expression(__first, __last);
+    }
+  }
+  __first = __temp;
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_Back_open_paren(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+    if (__temp != __last) {
+      if (*__first == '\\' && *__temp == '(')
+        __first = ++__temp;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_Back_close_paren(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+    if (__temp != __last) {
+      if (*__first == '\\' && *__temp == ')')
+        __first = ++__temp;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_Back_open_brace(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+    if (__temp != __last) {
+      if (*__first == '\\' && *__temp == '{')
+        __first = ++__temp;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_Back_close_brace(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+    if (__temp != __last) {
+      if (*__first == '\\' && *__temp == '}')
+        __first = ++__temp;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_BACKREF(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+    if (__temp != __last && *__first == '\\' && __test_back_ref(*__temp))
+      __first = ++__temp;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ORD_CHAR(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+    if (__temp == __last && *__first == '$')
+      return __first;
+    // Not called inside a bracket
+    if (*__first == '.' || *__first == '\\' || *__first == '[')
+      return __first;
+    __push_char(*__first);
+    ++__first;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ORD_CHAR_ERE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    switch (*__first) {
+    case '^':
+    case '.':
+    case '[':
+    case '$':
+    case '(':
+    case '|':
+    case '*':
+    case '+':
+    case '?':
+    case '{':
+    case '\\':
+      break;
+    case ')':
+      if (__open_count_ == 0) {
+        __push_char(*__first);
+        ++__first;
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      __push_char(*__first);
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_QUOTED_CHAR(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+    if (__temp != __last) {
+      if (*__first == '\\') {
+        switch (*__temp) {
+        case '^':
+        case '.':
+        case '*':
+        case '[':
+        case '$':
+        case '\\':
+          __push_char(*__temp);
+          __first = ++__temp;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_QUOTED_CHAR_ERE(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+    if (__temp != __last) {
+      if (*__first == '\\') {
+        switch (*__temp) {
+        case '^':
+        case '.':
+        case '*':
+        case '[':
+        case '$':
+        case '\\':
+        case '(':
+        case ')':
+        case '|':
+        case '+':
+        case '?':
+        case '{':
+        case '}':
+          __push_char(*__temp);
+          __first = ++__temp;
+          break;
+        default:
+          if (__get_grammar(__flags_) == awk)
+            __first = __parse_awk_escape(++__first, __last);
+          else if (__test_back_ref(*__temp))
+            __first = ++__temp;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_RE_dupl_symbol(
+    _ForwardIterator __first,
+    _ForwardIterator __last,
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+    unsigned __mexp_begin,
+    unsigned __mexp_end) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    if (*__first == '*') {
+      __push_greedy_inf_repeat(0, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+      ++__first;
+    } else {
+      _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_Back_open_brace(__first, __last);
+      if (__temp != __first) {
+        int __min = 0;
+        __first   = __temp;
+        __temp    = __parse_DUP_COUNT(__first, __last, __min);
+        if (__temp == __first)
+          __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_badbrace>();
+        __first = __temp;
+        if (__first == __last)
+          __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brace>();
+        if (*__first != ',') {
+          __temp = __parse_Back_close_brace(__first, __last);
+          if (__temp == __first)
+            __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brace>();
+          __push_loop(__min, __min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, true);
+          __first = __temp;
+        } else {
+          ++__first; // consume ','
+          int __max = -1;
+          __first   = __parse_DUP_COUNT(__first, __last, __max);
+          __temp    = __parse_Back_close_brace(__first, __last);
+          if (__temp == __first)
+            __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brace>();
+          if (__max == -1)
+            __push_greedy_inf_repeat(__min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+          else {
+            if (__max < __min)
+              __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_badbrace>();
+            __push_loop(__min, __max, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, true);
+          }
+          __first = __temp;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ERE_dupl_symbol(
+    _ForwardIterator __first,
+    _ForwardIterator __last,
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s,
+    unsigned __mexp_begin,
+    unsigned __mexp_end) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    unsigned __grammar = __get_grammar(__flags_);
+    switch (*__first) {
+    case '*':
+      ++__first;
+      if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?') {
+        ++__first;
+        __push_nongreedy_inf_repeat(0, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+      } else
+        __push_greedy_inf_repeat(0, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+      break;
+    case '+':
+      ++__first;
+      if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?') {
+        ++__first;
+        __push_nongreedy_inf_repeat(1, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+      } else
+        __push_greedy_inf_repeat(1, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+      break;
+    case '?':
+      ++__first;
+      if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?') {
+        ++__first;
+        __push_loop(0, 1, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, false);
+      } else
+        __push_loop(0, 1, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+      break;
+    case '{': {
+      int __min;
+      _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_DUP_COUNT(++__first, __last, __min);
+      if (__temp == __first)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_badbrace>();
+      __first = __temp;
+      if (__first == __last)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brace>();
+      switch (*__first) {
+      case '}':
+        ++__first;
+        if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?') {
+          ++__first;
+          __push_loop(__min, __min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, false);
+        } else
+          __push_loop(__min, __min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+        break;
+      case ',':
+        ++__first;
+        if (__first == __last)
+          __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_badbrace>();
+        if (*__first == '}') {
+          ++__first;
+          if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?') {
+            ++__first;
+            __push_nongreedy_inf_repeat(__min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+          } else
+            __push_greedy_inf_repeat(__min, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+        } else {
+          int __max = -1;
+          __temp    = __parse_DUP_COUNT(__first, __last, __max);
+          if (__temp == __first)
+            __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brace>();
+          __first = __temp;
+          if (__first == __last || *__first != '}')
+            __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brace>();
+          ++__first;
+          if (__max < __min)
+            __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_badbrace>();
+          if (__grammar == ECMAScript && __first != __last && *__first == '?') {
+            ++__first;
+            __push_loop(__min, __max, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, false);
+          } else
+            __push_loop(__min, __max, __s, __mexp_begin, __mexp_end);
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_badbrace>();
+      }
+    } break;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_bracket_expression(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last && *__first == '[') {
+    ++__first;
+    if (__first == __last)
+      __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brack>();
+    bool __negate = false;
+    if (*__first == '^') {
+      ++__first;
+      __negate = true;
+    }
+    __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml = __start_matching_list(__negate);
+    // __ml owned by *this
+    if (__first == __last)
+      __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brack>();
+    if (__get_grammar(__flags_) != ECMAScript && *__first == ']') {
+      __ml->__add_char(']');
+      ++__first;
+    }
+    __first = __parse_follow_list(__first, __last, __ml);
+    if (__first == __last)
+      __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brack>();
+    if (*__first == '-') {
+      __ml->__add_char('-');
+      ++__first;
+    }
+    if (__first == __last || *__first != ']')
+      __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brack>();
+    ++__first;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_follow_list(
+    _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    while (true) {
+      _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_expression_term(__first, __last, __ml);
+      if (__temp == __first)
+        break;
+      __first = __temp;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_expression_term(
+    _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml) {
+  if (__first != __last && *__first != ']') {
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+    basic_string<_CharT> __start_range;
+    if (__temp != __last && *__first == '[') {
+      if (*__temp == '=')
+        return __parse_equivalence_class(++__temp, __last, __ml);
+      else if (*__temp == ':')
+        return __parse_character_class(++__temp, __last, __ml);
+      else if (*__temp == '.')
+        __first = __parse_collating_symbol(++__temp, __last, __start_range);
+    }
+    unsigned __grammar = __get_grammar(__flags_);
+    if (__start_range.empty()) {
+      if ((__grammar == ECMAScript || __grammar == awk) && *__first == '\\') {
+        if (__grammar == ECMAScript)
+          __first = __parse_class_escape(++__first, __last, __start_range, __ml);
+        else
+          __first = __parse_awk_escape(++__first, __last, &__start_range);
+      } else {
+        __start_range = *__first;
+        ++__first;
+      }
+    }
+    if (__first != __last && *__first != ']') {
+      __temp = std::next(__first);
+      if (__temp != __last && *__first == '-' && *__temp != ']') {
+        // parse a range
+        basic_string<_CharT> __end_range;
+        __first = __temp;
+        ++__temp;
+        if (__temp != __last && *__first == '[' && *__temp == '.')
+          __first = __parse_collating_symbol(++__temp, __last, __end_range);
+        else {
+          if ((__grammar == ECMAScript || __grammar == awk) && *__first == '\\') {
+            if (__grammar == ECMAScript)
+              __first = __parse_class_escape(++__first, __last, __end_range, __ml);
+            else
+              __first = __parse_awk_escape(++__first, __last, &__end_range);
+          } else {
+            __end_range = *__first;
+            ++__first;
+          }
+        }
+        __ml->__add_range(std::move(__start_range), std::move(__end_range));
+      } else if (!__start_range.empty()) {
+        if (__start_range.size() == 1)
+          __ml->__add_char(__start_range[0]);
+        else
+          __ml->__add_digraph(__start_range[0], __start_range[1]);
+      }
+    } else if (!__start_range.empty()) {
+      if (__start_range.size() == 1)
+        __ml->__add_char(__start_range[0]);
+      else
+        __ml->__add_digraph(__start_range[0], __start_range[1]);
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_class_escape(
+    _ForwardIterator __first,
+    _ForwardIterator __last,
+    basic_string<_CharT>& __str,
+    __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml) {
+  if (__first == __last)
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+  switch (*__first) {
+  case 0:
+    __str = *__first;
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'b':
+    __str = _CharT(8);
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'd':
+    __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::digit);
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'D':
+    __ml->__add_neg_class(ctype_base::digit);
+    return ++__first;
+  case 's':
+    __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::space);
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'S':
+    __ml->__add_neg_class(ctype_base::space);
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'w':
+    __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::alnum);
+    __ml->__add_char('_');
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'W':
+    __ml->__add_neg_class(ctype_base::alnum);
+    __ml->__add_neg_char('_');
+    return ++__first;
+  }
+  __first = __parse_character_escape(__first, __last, &__str);
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_awk_escape(
+    _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, basic_string<_CharT>* __str) {
+  if (__first == __last)
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+  switch (*__first) {
+  case '\\':
+  case '"':
+  case '/':
+    if (__str)
+      *__str = *__first;
+    else
+      __push_char(*__first);
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'a':
+    if (__str)
+      *__str = _CharT(7);
+    else
+      __push_char(_CharT(7));
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'b':
+    if (__str)
+      *__str = _CharT(8);
+    else
+      __push_char(_CharT(8));
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'f':
+    if (__str)
+      *__str = _CharT(0xC);
+    else
+      __push_char(_CharT(0xC));
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'n':
+    if (__str)
+      *__str = _CharT(0xA);
+    else
+      __push_char(_CharT(0xA));
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'r':
+    if (__str)
+      *__str = _CharT(0xD);
+    else
+      __push_char(_CharT(0xD));
+    return ++__first;
+  case 't':
+    if (__str)
+      *__str = _CharT(0x9);
+    else
+      __push_char(_CharT(0x9));
+    return ++__first;
+  case 'v':
+    if (__str)
+      *__str = _CharT(0xB);
+    else
+      __push_char(_CharT(0xB));
+    return ++__first;
+  }
+  if ('0' <= *__first && *__first <= '7') {
+    unsigned __val = *__first - '0';
+    if (++__first != __last && ('0' <= *__first && *__first <= '7')) {
+      __val = 8 * __val + *__first - '0';
+      if (++__first != __last && ('0' <= *__first && *__first <= '7'))
+        __val = 8 * __val + *__first++ - '0';
+    }
+    if (__str)
+      *__str = _CharT(__val);
+    else
+      __push_char(_CharT(__val));
+  } else
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_equivalence_class(
+    _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml) {
+  // Found [=
+  //   This means =] must exist
+  value_type __equal_close[2] = {'=', ']'};
+  _ForwardIterator __temp     = std::search(__first, __last, __equal_close, __equal_close + 2);
+  if (__temp == __last)
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brack>();
+  // [__first, __temp) contains all text in [= ... =]
+  string_type __collate_name = __traits_.lookup_collatename(__first, __temp);
+  if (__collate_name.empty())
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_collate>();
+  string_type __equiv_name = __traits_.transform_primary(__collate_name.begin(), __collate_name.end());
+  if (!__equiv_name.empty())
+    __ml->__add_equivalence(__equiv_name);
+  else {
+    switch (__collate_name.size()) {
+    case 1:
+      __ml->__add_char(__collate_name[0]);
+      break;
+    case 2:
+      __ml->__add_digraph(__collate_name[0], __collate_name[1]);
+      break;
+    default:
+      __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_collate>();
+    }
+  }
+  __first = std::next(__temp, 2);
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_character_class(
+    _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml) {
+  // Found [:
+  //   This means :] must exist
+  value_type __colon_close[2] = {':', ']'};
+  _ForwardIterator __temp     = std::search(__first, __last, __colon_close, __colon_close + 2);
+  if (__temp == __last)
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brack>();
+  // [__first, __temp) contains all text in [: ... :]
+  typedef typename _Traits::char_class_type char_class_type;
+  char_class_type __class_type = __traits_.lookup_classname(__first, __temp, __flags_ & icase);
+  if (__class_type == 0)
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_ctype>();
+  __ml->__add_class(__class_type);
+  __first = std::next(__temp, 2);
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_collating_symbol(
+    _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, basic_string<_CharT>& __col_sym) {
+  // Found [.
+  //   This means .] must exist
+  value_type __dot_close[2] = {'.', ']'};
+  _ForwardIterator __temp   = std::search(__first, __last, __dot_close, __dot_close + 2);
+  if (__temp == __last)
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_brack>();
+  // [__first, __temp) contains all text in [. ... .]
+  __col_sym = __traits_.lookup_collatename(__first, __temp);
+  switch (__col_sym.size()) {
+  case 1:
+  case 2:
+    break;
+  default:
+    __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_collate>();
+  }
+  __first = std::next(__temp, 2);
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_DUP_COUNT(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, int& __c) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    int __val = __traits_.value(*__first, 10);
+    if (__val != -1) {
+      __c = __val;
+      for (++__first; __first != __last && (__val = __traits_.value(*__first, 10)) != -1; ++__first) {
+        if (__c >= numeric_limits<int>::max() / 10)
+          __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_badbrace>();
+        __c *= 10;
+        __c += __val;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_ecma_exp(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa = __end_;
+  _ForwardIterator __temp        = __parse_alternative(__first, __last);
+  if (__temp == __first)
+    __push_empty();
+  __first = __temp;
+  while (__first != __last && *__first == '|') {
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sb = __end_;
+    __temp                         = __parse_alternative(++__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first)
+      __push_empty();
+    __push_alternation(__sa, __sb);
+    __first = __temp;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_alternative(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  while (true) {
+    _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_term(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp == __first)
+      break;
+    __first = __temp;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_term(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  _ForwardIterator __temp = __parse_assertion(__first, __last);
+  if (__temp == __first) {
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __e = __end_;
+    unsigned __mexp_begin         = __marked_count_;
+    __temp                        = __parse_atom(__first, __last);
+    if (__temp != __first)
+      __first = __parse_ERE_dupl_symbol(__temp, __last, __e, __mexp_begin + 1, __marked_count_ + 1);
+  } else
+    __first = __temp;
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_assertion(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    switch (*__first) {
+    case '^':
+      __push_l_anchor();
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case '$':
+      __push_r_anchor();
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case '\\': {
+      _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+      if (__temp != __last) {
+        if (*__temp == 'b') {
+          __push_word_boundary(false);
+          __first = ++__temp;
+        } else if (*__temp == 'B') {
+          __push_word_boundary(true);
+          __first = ++__temp;
+        }
+      }
+    } break;
+    case '(': {
+      _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+      if (__temp != __last && *__temp == '?') {
+        if (++__temp != __last) {
+          switch (*__temp) {
+          case '=': {
+            basic_regex __exp;
+            __exp.__flags_  = __flags_;
+            __temp          = __exp.__parse(++__temp, __last);
+            unsigned __mexp = __exp.__marked_count_;
+            __push_lookahead(std::move(__exp), false, __marked_count_);
+            __marked_count_ += __mexp;
+            if (__temp == __last || *__temp != ')')
+              __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_paren>();
+            __first = ++__temp;
+          } break;
+          case '!': {
+            basic_regex __exp;
+            __exp.__flags_  = __flags_;
+            __temp          = __exp.__parse(++__temp, __last);
+            unsigned __mexp = __exp.__marked_count_;
+            __push_lookahead(std::move(__exp), true, __marked_count_);
+            __marked_count_ += __mexp;
+            if (__temp == __last || *__temp != ')')
+              __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_paren>();
+            __first = ++__temp;
+          } break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } break;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_atom(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    switch (*__first) {
+    case '.':
+      __push_match_any_but_newline();
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case '\\':
+      __first = __parse_atom_escape(__first, __last);
+      break;
+    case '[':
+      __first = __parse_bracket_expression(__first, __last);
+      break;
+    case '(': {
+      ++__first;
+      if (__first == __last)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_paren>();
+      _ForwardIterator __temp = std::next(__first);
+      if (__temp != __last && *__first == '?' && *__temp == ':') {
+        ++__open_count_;
+        __first = __parse_ecma_exp(++__temp, __last);
+        if (__first == __last || *__first != ')')
+          __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_paren>();
+        --__open_count_;
+        ++__first;
+      } else {
+        __push_begin_marked_subexpression();
+        unsigned __temp_count = __marked_count_;
+        ++__open_count_;
+        __first = __parse_ecma_exp(__first, __last);
+        if (__first == __last || *__first != ')')
+          __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_paren>();
+        __push_end_marked_subexpression(__temp_count);
+        --__open_count_;
+        ++__first;
+      }
+    } break;
+    case '*':
+    case '+':
+    case '?':
+    case '{':
+      __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_badrepeat>();
+      break;
+    default:
+      __first = __parse_pattern_character(__first, __last);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_atom_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last && *__first == '\\') {
+    _ForwardIterator __t1 = std::next(__first);
+    if (__t1 == __last)
+      __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+
+    _ForwardIterator __t2 = __parse_decimal_escape(__t1, __last);
+    if (__t2 != __t1)
+      __first = __t2;
+    else {
+      __t2 = __parse_character_class_escape(__t1, __last);
+      if (__t2 != __t1)
+        __first = __t2;
+      else {
+        __t2 = __parse_character_escape(__t1, __last);
+        if (__t2 != __t1)
+          __first = __t2;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_decimal_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    if (*__first == '0') {
+      __push_char(_CharT());
+      ++__first;
+    } else if ('1' <= *__first && *__first <= '9') {
+      unsigned __v = *__first - '0';
+      for (++__first; __first != __last && '0' <= *__first && *__first <= '9'; ++__first) {
+        if (__v >= numeric_limits<unsigned>::max() / 10)
+          __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_backref>();
+        __v = 10 * __v + *__first - '0';
+      }
+      if (__v == 0 || __v > mark_count())
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_backref>();
+      __push_back_ref(__v);
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_character_class_escape(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __ml;
+    switch (*__first) {
+    case 'd':
+      __ml = __start_matching_list(false);
+      __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::digit);
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case 'D':
+      __ml = __start_matching_list(true);
+      __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::digit);
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case 's':
+      __ml = __start_matching_list(false);
+      __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::space);
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case 'S':
+      __ml = __start_matching_list(true);
+      __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::space);
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case 'w':
+      __ml = __start_matching_list(false);
+      __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::alnum);
+      __ml->__add_char('_');
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case 'W':
+      __ml = __start_matching_list(true);
+      __ml->__add_class(ctype_base::alnum);
+      __ml->__add_char('_');
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_character_escape(
+    _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, basic_string<_CharT>* __str) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    _ForwardIterator __t;
+    unsigned __sum = 0;
+    int __hd;
+    switch (*__first) {
+    case 'f':
+      if (__str)
+        *__str = _CharT(0xC);
+      else
+        __push_char(_CharT(0xC));
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case 'n':
+      if (__str)
+        *__str = _CharT(0xA);
+      else
+        __push_char(_CharT(0xA));
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case 'r':
+      if (__str)
+        *__str = _CharT(0xD);
+      else
+        __push_char(_CharT(0xD));
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case 't':
+      if (__str)
+        *__str = _CharT(0x9);
+      else
+        __push_char(_CharT(0x9));
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case 'v':
+      if (__str)
+        *__str = _CharT(0xB);
+      else
+        __push_char(_CharT(0xB));
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case 'c':
+      if ((__t = std::next(__first)) != __last) {
+        if (('A' <= *__t && *__t <= 'Z') || ('a' <= *__t && *__t <= 'z')) {
+          if (__str)
+            *__str = _CharT(*__t % 32);
+          else
+            __push_char(_CharT(*__t % 32));
+          __first = ++__t;
+        } else
+          __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+      } else
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+      break;
+    case 'u':
+      ++__first;
+      if (__first == __last)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+      __hd = __traits_.value(*__first, 16);
+      if (__hd == -1)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+      __sum = 16 * __sum + static_cast<unsigned>(__hd);
+      ++__first;
+      if (__first == __last)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+      __hd = __traits_.value(*__first, 16);
+      if (__hd == -1)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+      __sum = 16 * __sum + static_cast<unsigned>(__hd);
+      // fallthrough
+    case 'x':
+      ++__first;
+      if (__first == __last)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+      __hd = __traits_.value(*__first, 16);
+      if (__hd == -1)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+      __sum = 16 * __sum + static_cast<unsigned>(__hd);
+      ++__first;
+      if (__first == __last)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+      __hd = __traits_.value(*__first, 16);
+      if (__hd == -1)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+      __sum = 16 * __sum + static_cast<unsigned>(__hd);
+      if (__str)
+        *__str = _CharT(__sum);
+      else
+        __push_char(_CharT(__sum));
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    case '0':
+      if (__str)
+        *__str = _CharT(0);
+      else
+        __push_char(_CharT(0));
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    default:
+      if (*__first != '_' && !__traits_.isctype(*__first, ctype_base::alnum)) {
+        if (__str)
+          *__str = *__first;
+        else
+          __push_char(*__first);
+        ++__first;
+      } else
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator
+basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_pattern_character(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    switch (*__first) {
+    case '^':
+    case '$':
+    case '\\':
+    case '.':
+    case '*':
+    case '+':
+    case '?':
+    case '(':
+    case ')':
+    case '[':
+    case ']':
+    case '{':
+    case '}':
+    case '|':
+      break;
+    default:
+      __push_char(*__first);
+      ++__first;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_grep(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa = __end_;
+  _ForwardIterator __t1          = std::find(__first, __last, _CharT('\n'));
+  if (__t1 != __first)
+    __parse_basic_reg_exp(__first, __t1);
+  else
+    __push_empty();
+  __first = __t1;
+  if (__first != __last)
+    ++__first;
+  while (__first != __last) {
+    __t1                           = std::find(__first, __last, _CharT('\n'));
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sb = __end_;
+    if (__t1 != __first)
+      __parse_basic_reg_exp(__first, __t1);
+    else
+      __push_empty();
+    __push_alternation(__sa, __sb);
+    __first = __t1;
+    if (__first != __last)
+      ++__first;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _ForwardIterator>
+_ForwardIterator basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__parse_egrep(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa = __end_;
+  _ForwardIterator __t1          = std::find(__first, __last, _CharT('\n'));
+  if (__t1 != __first)
+    __parse_extended_reg_exp(__first, __t1);
+  else
+    __push_empty();
+  __first = __t1;
+  if (__first != __last)
+    ++__first;
+  while (__first != __last) {
+    __t1                           = std::find(__first, __last, _CharT('\n'));
+    __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sb = __end_;
+    if (__t1 != __first)
+      __parse_extended_reg_exp(__first, __t1);
+    else
+      __push_empty();
+    __push_alternation(__sa, __sb);
+    __first = __t1;
+    if (__first != __last)
+      ++__first;
+  }
+  return __first;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+bool basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__test_back_ref(_CharT __c) {
+  unsigned __val = __traits_.value(__c, 10);
+  if (__val >= 1 && __val <= 9) {
+    if (__val > mark_count())
+      __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_backref>();
+    __push_back_ref(__val);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_loop(
+    size_t __min, size_t __max, __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __s, size_t __mexp_begin, size_t __mexp_end, bool __greedy) {
+  unique_ptr<__empty_state<_CharT> > __e1(new __empty_state<_CharT>(__end_->first()));
+  __end_->first() = nullptr;
+  unique_ptr<__loop<_CharT> > __e2(
+      new __loop<_CharT>(__loop_count_, __s->first(), __e1.get(), __mexp_begin, __mexp_end, __greedy, __min, __max));
+  __s->first() = nullptr;
+  __e1.release();
+  __end_->first() = new __repeat_one_loop<_CharT>(__e2.get());
+  __end_          = __e2->second();
+  __s->first()    = __e2.release();
+  ++__loop_count_;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_char(value_type __c) {
+  if (flags() & icase)
+    __end_->first() = new __match_char_icase<_CharT, _Traits>(__traits_, __c, __end_->first());
+  else if (flags() & collate)
+    __end_->first() = new __match_char_collate<_CharT, _Traits>(__traits_, __c, __end_->first());
+  else
+    __end_->first() = new __match_char<_CharT>(__c, __end_->first());
+  __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_begin_marked_subexpression() {
+  if (!(__flags_ & nosubs)) {
+    __end_->first() = new __begin_marked_subexpression<_CharT>(++__marked_count_, __end_->first());
+    __end_          = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_end_marked_subexpression(unsigned __sub) {
+  if (!(__flags_ & nosubs)) {
+    __end_->first() = new __end_marked_subexpression<_CharT>(__sub, __end_->first());
+    __end_          = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_l_anchor() {
+  __end_->first() = new __l_anchor_multiline<_CharT>(__use_multiline(), __end_->first());
+  __end_          = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_r_anchor() {
+  __end_->first() = new __r_anchor_multiline<_CharT>(__use_multiline(), __end_->first());
+  __end_          = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_match_any() {
+  __end_->first() = new __match_any<_CharT>(__end_->first());
+  __end_          = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_match_any_but_newline() {
+  __end_->first() = new __match_any_but_newline<_CharT>(__end_->first());
+  __end_          = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_empty() {
+  __end_->first() = new __empty_state<_CharT>(__end_->first());
+  __end_          = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_word_boundary(bool __invert) {
+  __end_->first() = new __word_boundary<_CharT, _Traits>(__traits_, __invert, __end_->first());
+  __end_          = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_back_ref(int __i) {
+  if (flags() & icase)
+    __end_->first() = new __back_ref_icase<_CharT, _Traits>(__traits_, __i, __end_->first());
+  else if (flags() & collate)
+    __end_->first() = new __back_ref_collate<_CharT, _Traits>(__traits_, __i, __end_->first());
+  else
+    __end_->first() = new __back_ref<_CharT>(__i, __end_->first());
+  __end_ = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_alternation(__owns_one_state<_CharT>* __sa, __owns_one_state<_CharT>* __ea) {
+  __sa->first() = new __alternate<_CharT>(
+      static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__sa->first()), static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__ea->first()));
+  __ea->first()   = nullptr;
+  __ea->first()   = new __empty_state<_CharT>(__end_->first());
+  __end_->first() = nullptr;
+  __end_->first() = new __empty_non_own_state<_CharT>(__ea->first());
+  __end_          = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__ea->first());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+__bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__start_matching_list(bool __negate) {
+  __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>* __r = new __bracket_expression<_CharT, _Traits>(
+      __traits_, __end_->first(), __negate, __flags_ & icase, __flags_ & collate);
+  __end_->first() = __r;
+  __end_          = __r;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__push_lookahead(const basic_regex& __exp, bool __invert, unsigned __mexp) {
+  __end_->first() = new __lookahead<_CharT, _Traits>(__exp, __invert, __end_->first(), __mexp);
+  __end_          = static_cast<__owns_one_state<_CharT>*>(__end_->first());
+}
+
+// sub_match
+
+typedef sub_match<const char*> csub_match;
+typedef sub_match<string::const_iterator> ssub_match;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+typedef sub_match<const wchar_t*> wcsub_match;
+typedef sub_match<wstring::const_iterator> wssub_match;
+#endif
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(csub_match)
+    _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wcsub_match)) _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(ssub_match)
+        _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wssub_match)) sub_match
+    : public pair<_BidirectionalIterator, _BidirectionalIterator> {
+public:
+  typedef _BidirectionalIterator iterator;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator>::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<iterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef basic_string<value_type> string_type;
+
+  bool matched;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR sub_match() : matched() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI 
diff erence_type length() const {
+    return matched ? std::distance(this->first, this->second) : 0;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() const {
+    return matched ? string_type(this->first, this->second) : string_type();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator string_type() const { return str(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int compare(const sub_match& __s) const { return str().compare(__s.str()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int compare(const string_type& __s) const { return str().compare(__s); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int compare(const value_type* __s) const { return str().compare(__s); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(sub_match& __s) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_BidirectionalIterator>) {
+    this->pair<_BidirectionalIterator, _BidirectionalIterator>::swap(__s);
+    std::swap(matched, __s.matched);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return __x.compare(__y) == 0;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _BiIter>
+using __sub_match_cat = compare_three_way_result_t<basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type>>;
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator<=>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return static_cast<__sub_match_cat<_BiIter>>(__x.compare(__y) <=> 0);
+}
+#else  // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return __x.compare(__y) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return __y.compare(typename sub_match<_BiIter>::string_type(__x.data(), __x.size())) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+          const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return __y.compare(typename sub_match<_BiIter>::string_type(__x.data(), __x.size())) > 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+          const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __x,
+           const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y) {
+  return __x.compare(typename sub_match<_BiIter>::string_type(__y.data(), __y.size())) == 0;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+operator<=>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+            const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y) {
+  return static_cast<__sub_match_cat<_BiIter>>(
+      __x.compare(typename sub_match<_BiIter>::string_type(__y.data(), __y.size())) <=> 0);
+}
+#else  // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+          const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y) {
+  return __x.compare(typename sub_match<_BiIter>::string_type(__y.data(), __y.size())) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+          const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x,
+           const basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type, _ST, _SA>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return __y.compare(__x) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return __y.compare(__x) > 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y) {
+  return __x.compare(__y) == 0;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _BiIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+operator<=>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y) {
+  return static_cast<__sub_match_cat<_BiIter>>(__x.compare(__y) <=> 0);
+}
+#else  // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y) {
+  return __x.compare(__y) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const* __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  typedef basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type> string_type;
+  return __y.compare(string_type(1, __x)) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  typedef basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type> string_type;
+  return __y.compare(string_type(1, __x)) > 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __x, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y) {
+  typedef basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type> string_type;
+  return __x.compare(string_type(1, __y)) == 0;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _BiIter>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto
+operator<=>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y) {
+  using string_type = basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type>;
+  return static_cast<__sub_match_cat<_BiIter>>(__x.compare(string_type(1, __y)) <=> 0);
+}
+#else  // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y) {
+  typedef basic_string<typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type> string_type;
+  return __x.compare(string_type(1, __y)) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __x, typename iterator_traits<_BiIter>::value_type const& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _CharT, class _ST, class _BiIter>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _ST>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _ST>& __os, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __m) {
+  return __os << __m.str();
+}
+
+typedef match_results<const char*> cmatch;
+typedef match_results<string::const_iterator> smatch;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+typedef match_results<const wchar_t*> wcmatch;
+typedef match_results<wstring::const_iterator> wsmatch;
+#endif
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(cmatch) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wcmatch))
+    _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(smatch) _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wsmatch)) match_results {
+public:
+  typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+  typedef sub_match<_BidirectionalIterator> value_type;
+
+private:
+  typedef vector<value_type, allocator_type> __container_type;
+
+  __container_type __matches_;
+  value_type __unmatched_;
+  value_type __prefix_;
+  value_type __suffix_;
+  bool __ready_;
+
+public:
+  _BidirectionalIterator __position_start_;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename __container_type::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  typedef const_iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type char_type;
+  typedef basic_string<char_type> string_type;
+
+  // construct/copy/destroy:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  match_results() : match_results(allocator_type()) {}
+  explicit match_results(const allocator_type& __a);
+#else
+  explicit match_results(const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type());
+#endif
+
+  //    match_results(const match_results&) = default;
+  //    match_results& operator=(const match_results&) = default;
+  //    match_results(match_results&& __m) = default;
+  //    match_results& operator=(match_results&& __m) = default;
+  //    ~match_results() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ready() const { return __ready_; }
+
+  // size:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __matches_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __matches_.max_size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return size() == 0; }
+
+  // element access:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI 
diff erence_type length(size_type __sub = 0) const {
+    // If the match results are not ready, this will return `0`.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(ready(), "match_results::length() called when not ready");
+    return (*this)[__sub].length();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI 
diff erence_type position(size_type __sub = 0) const {
+    // If the match results are not ready, this will return the result of subtracting two default-constructed iterators
+    // (which is typically a well-defined operation).
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(ready(), "match_results::position() called when not ready");
+    return std::distance(__position_start_, (*this)[__sub].first);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str(size_type __sub = 0) const {
+    // If the match results are not ready, this will return an empty string.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(ready(), "match_results::str() called when not ready");
+    return (*this)[__sub].str();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference operator[](size_type __n) const {
+    // If the match results are not ready, this call will be equivalent to calling this function with `__n >= size()`,
+    // returning an empty subrange.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(ready(), "match_results::operator[]() called when not ready");
+    return __n < __matches_.size() ? __matches_[__n] : __unmatched_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference prefix() const {
+    // If the match results are not ready, this will return a default-constructed empty `__suffix_`.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(ready(), "match_results::prefix() called when not ready");
+    return __prefix_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference suffix() const {
+    // If the match results are not ready, this will return a default-constructed empty `__suffix_`.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_PEDANTIC(ready(), "match_results::suffix() called when not ready");
+    return __suffix_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const { return empty() ? __matches_.end() : __matches_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const { return __matches_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const { return empty() ? __matches_.end() : __matches_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const { return __matches_.end(); }
+
+  // format:
+  template <class _OutputIter>
+  _OutputIter format(_OutputIter __output_iter,
+                     const char_type* __fmt_first,
+                     const char_type* __fmt_last,
+                     regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::format_default) const;
+  template <class _OutputIter, class _ST, class _SA>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutputIter
+  format(_OutputIter __output_iter,
+         const basic_string<char_type, _ST, _SA>& __fmt,
+         regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::format_default) const {
+    return format(__output_iter, __fmt.data(), __fmt.data() + __fmt.size(), __flags);
+  }
+  template <class _ST, class _SA>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<char_type, _ST, _SA>
+  format(const basic_string<char_type, _ST, _SA>& __fmt,
+         regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::format_default) const {
+    basic_string<char_type, _ST, _SA> __r;
+    format(std::back_inserter(__r), __fmt.data(), __fmt.data() + __fmt.size(), __flags);
+    return __r;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type
+  format(const char_type* __fmt, regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::format_default) const {
+    string_type __r;
+    format(std::back_inserter(__r), __fmt, __fmt + char_traits<char_type>::length(__fmt), __flags);
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  // allocator:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const { return __matches_.get_allocator(); }
+
+  // swap:
+  void swap(match_results& __m);
+
+  template <class _Bp, class _Ap>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __assign(_BidirectionalIterator __f,
+           _BidirectionalIterator __l,
+           const match_results<_Bp, _Ap>& __m,
+           bool __no_update_pos) {
+    _Bp __mf = __m.prefix().first;
+    __matches_.resize(__m.size());
+    for (size_type __i = 0; __i < __matches_.size(); ++__i) {
+      __matches_[__i].first   = std::next(__f, std::distance(__mf, __m[__i].first));
+      __matches_[__i].second  = std::next(__f, std::distance(__mf, __m[__i].second));
+      __matches_[__i].matched = __m[__i].matched;
+    }
+    __unmatched_.first   = __l;
+    __unmatched_.second  = __l;
+    __unmatched_.matched = false;
+    __prefix_.first      = std::next(__f, std::distance(__mf, __m.prefix().first));
+    __prefix_.second     = std::next(__f, std::distance(__mf, __m.prefix().second));
+    __prefix_.matched    = __m.prefix().matched;
+    __suffix_.first      = std::next(__f, std::distance(__mf, __m.suffix().first));
+    __suffix_.second     = std::next(__f, std::distance(__mf, __m.suffix().second));
+    __suffix_.matched    = __m.suffix().matched;
+    if (!__no_update_pos)
+      __position_start_ = __prefix_.first;
+    __ready_ = __m.ready();
+  }
+
+private:
+  void __init(unsigned __s, _BidirectionalIterator __f, _BidirectionalIterator __l, bool __no_update_pos = false);
+
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class basic_regex;
+
+  template <class _Bp, class _Ap, class _Cp, class _Tp>
+  friend bool
+  regex_match(_Bp, _Bp, match_results<_Bp, _Ap>&, const basic_regex<_Cp, _Tp>&, regex_constants::match_flag_type);
+
+  template <class _Bp, class _Ap>
+  friend bool operator==(const match_results<_Bp, _Ap>&, const match_results<_Bp, _Ap>&);
+
+  template <class, class>
+  friend class __lookahead;
+
+  template <class, class, class>
+  friend class regex_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>::match_results(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __matches_(__a), __unmatched_(), __prefix_(), __suffix_(), __ready_(false), __position_start_() {}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+void match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>::__init(
+    unsigned __s, _BidirectionalIterator __f, _BidirectionalIterator __l, bool __no_update_pos) {
+  __unmatched_.first   = __l;
+  __unmatched_.second  = __l;
+  __unmatched_.matched = false;
+  __matches_.assign(__s, __unmatched_);
+  __prefix_.first   = __f;
+  __prefix_.second  = __f;
+  __prefix_.matched = false;
+  __suffix_         = __unmatched_;
+  if (!__no_update_pos)
+    __position_start_ = __prefix_.first;
+  __ready_ = true;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+template <class _OutputIter>
+_OutputIter match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>::format(
+    _OutputIter __output_iter,
+    const char_type* __fmt_first,
+    const char_type* __fmt_last,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags) const {
+  // Note: this duplicates a check in `vector::operator[]` but provides a better error message.
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(ready(), "match_results::format() called when not ready");
+  if (__flags & regex_constants::format_sed) {
+    for (; __fmt_first != __fmt_last; ++__fmt_first) {
+      if (*__fmt_first == '&')
+        __output_iter = std::copy(__matches_[0].first, __matches_[0].second, __output_iter);
+      else if (*__fmt_first == '\\' && __fmt_first + 1 != __fmt_last) {
+        ++__fmt_first;
+        if ('0' <= *__fmt_first && *__fmt_first <= '9') {
+          size_t __i    = *__fmt_first - '0';
+          __output_iter = std::copy((*this)[__i].first, (*this)[__i].second, __output_iter);
+        } else {
+          *__output_iter = *__fmt_first;
+          ++__output_iter;
+        }
+      } else {
+        *__output_iter = *__fmt_first;
+        ++__output_iter;
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (; __fmt_first != __fmt_last; ++__fmt_first) {
+      if (*__fmt_first == '$' && __fmt_first + 1 != __fmt_last) {
+        switch (__fmt_first[1]) {
+        case '$':
+          *__output_iter = *++__fmt_first;
+          ++__output_iter;
+          break;
+        case '&':
+          ++__fmt_first;
+          __output_iter = std::copy(__matches_[0].first, __matches_[0].second, __output_iter);
+          break;
+        case '`':
+          ++__fmt_first;
+          __output_iter = std::copy(__prefix_.first, __prefix_.second, __output_iter);
+          break;
+        case '\'':
+          ++__fmt_first;
+          __output_iter = std::copy(__suffix_.first, __suffix_.second, __output_iter);
+          break;
+        default:
+          if ('0' <= __fmt_first[1] && __fmt_first[1] <= '9') {
+            ++__fmt_first;
+            size_t __idx = *__fmt_first - '0';
+            if (__fmt_first + 1 != __fmt_last && '0' <= __fmt_first[1] && __fmt_first[1] <= '9') {
+              ++__fmt_first;
+              if (__idx >= numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / 10)
+                __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_escape>();
+              __idx = 10 * __idx + *__fmt_first - '0';
+            }
+            __output_iter = std::copy((*this)[__idx].first, (*this)[__idx].second, __output_iter);
+          } else {
+            *__output_iter = *__fmt_first;
+            ++__output_iter;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+      } else {
+        *__output_iter = *__fmt_first;
+        ++__output_iter;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return __output_iter;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+void match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>::swap(match_results& __m) {
+  using std::swap;
+  swap(__matches_, __m.__matches_);
+  swap(__unmatched_, __m.__unmatched_);
+  swap(__prefix_, __m.__prefix_);
+  swap(__suffix_, __m.__suffix_);
+  swap(__position_start_, __m.__position_start_);
+  swap(__ready_, __m.__ready_);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __x,
+                                      const match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  if (__x.__ready_ != __y.__ready_)
+    return false;
+  if (!__x.__ready_)
+    return true;
+  return __x.__matches_ == __y.__matches_ && __x.__prefix_ == __y.__prefix_ && __x.__suffix_ == __y.__suffix_;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 20
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __x,
+                                             const match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __x, match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+// regex_search
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _Allocator>
+bool basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__match_at_start_ecma(
+    const _CharT* __first,
+    const _CharT* __last,
+    match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags,
+    bool __at_first) const {
+  vector<__state> __states;
+  __node* __st = __start_.get();
+  if (__st) {
+    sub_match<const _CharT*> __unmatched;
+    __unmatched.first   = __last;
+    __unmatched.second  = __last;
+    __unmatched.matched = false;
+
+    __states.push_back(__state());
+    __states.back().__do_      = 0;
+    __states.back().__first_   = __first;
+    __states.back().__current_ = __first;
+    __states.back().__last_    = __last;
+    __states.back().__sub_matches_.resize(mark_count(), __unmatched);
+    __states.back().__loop_data_.resize(__loop_count());
+    __states.back().__node_     = __st;
+    __states.back().__flags_    = __flags;
+    __states.back().__at_first_ = __at_first;
+    int __counter               = 0;
+    int __length                = __last - __first;
+    do {
+      ++__counter;
+      if (__counter % _LIBCPP_REGEX_COMPLEXITY_FACTOR == 0 && __counter / _LIBCPP_REGEX_COMPLEXITY_FACTOR >= __length)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_complexity>();
+      __state& __s = __states.back();
+      if (__s.__node_)
+        __s.__node_->__exec(__s);
+      switch (__s.__do_) {
+      case __state::__end_state:
+        if ((__flags & regex_constants::match_not_null) && __s.__current_ == __first) {
+          __states.pop_back();
+          break;
+        }
+        if ((__flags & regex_constants::__full_match) && __s.__current_ != __last) {
+          __states.pop_back();
+          break;
+        }
+        __m.__matches_[0].first   = __first;
+        __m.__matches_[0].second  = std::next(__first, __s.__current_ - __first);
+        __m.__matches_[0].matched = true;
+        for (unsigned __i = 0; __i < __s.__sub_matches_.size(); ++__i)
+          __m.__matches_[__i + 1] = __s.__sub_matches_[__i];
+        return true;
+      case __state::__accept_and_consume:
+      case __state::__repeat:
+      case __state::__accept_but_not_consume:
+        break;
+      case __state::__split: {
+        __state __snext = __s;
+        __s.__node_->__exec_split(true, __s);
+        __snext.__node_->__exec_split(false, __snext);
+        __states.push_back(std::move(__snext));
+      } break;
+      case __state::__reject:
+        __states.pop_back();
+        break;
+      default:
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::__re_err_unknown>();
+        break;
+      }
+    } while (!__states.empty());
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _Allocator>
+bool basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__match_at_start_posix_nosubs(
+    const _CharT* __first,
+    const _CharT* __last,
+    match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags,
+    bool __at_first) const {
+  deque<__state> __states;
+  ptr
diff _t __highest_j = 0;
+  ptr
diff _t __np        = std::distance(__first, __last);
+  __node* __st          = __start_.get();
+  if (__st) {
+    __states.push_back(__state());
+    __states.back().__do_      = 0;
+    __states.back().__first_   = __first;
+    __states.back().__current_ = __first;
+    __states.back().__last_    = __last;
+    __states.back().__loop_data_.resize(__loop_count());
+    __states.back().__node_     = __st;
+    __states.back().__flags_    = __flags;
+    __states.back().__at_first_ = __at_first;
+    bool __matched              = false;
+    int __counter               = 0;
+    int __length                = __last - __first;
+    do {
+      ++__counter;
+      if (__counter % _LIBCPP_REGEX_COMPLEXITY_FACTOR == 0 && __counter / _LIBCPP_REGEX_COMPLEXITY_FACTOR >= __length)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_complexity>();
+      __state& __s = __states.back();
+      if (__s.__node_)
+        __s.__node_->__exec(__s);
+      switch (__s.__do_) {
+      case __state::__end_state:
+        if ((__flags & regex_constants::match_not_null) && __s.__current_ == __first) {
+          __states.pop_back();
+          break;
+        }
+        if ((__flags & regex_constants::__full_match) && __s.__current_ != __last) {
+          __states.pop_back();
+          break;
+        }
+        if (!__matched || __highest_j < __s.__current_ - __s.__first_)
+          __highest_j = __s.__current_ - __s.__first_;
+        __matched = true;
+        if (__highest_j == __np)
+          __states.clear();
+        else
+          __states.pop_back();
+        break;
+      case __state::__consume_input:
+        break;
+      case __state::__accept_and_consume:
+        __states.push_front(std::move(__s));
+        __states.pop_back();
+        break;
+      case __state::__repeat:
+      case __state::__accept_but_not_consume:
+        break;
+      case __state::__split: {
+        __state __snext = __s;
+        __s.__node_->__exec_split(true, __s);
+        __snext.__node_->__exec_split(false, __snext);
+        __states.push_back(std::move(__snext));
+      } break;
+      case __state::__reject:
+        __states.pop_back();
+        break;
+      default:
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::__re_err_unknown>();
+        break;
+      }
+    } while (!__states.empty());
+    if (__matched) {
+      __m.__matches_[0].first   = __first;
+      __m.__matches_[0].second  = std::next(__first, __highest_j);
+      __m.__matches_[0].matched = true;
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _Allocator>
+bool basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__match_at_start_posix_subs(
+    const _CharT* __first,
+    const _CharT* __last,
+    match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags,
+    bool __at_first) const {
+  vector<__state> __states;
+  __state __best_state;
+  ptr
diff _t __highest_j = 0;
+  ptr
diff _t __np        = std::distance(__first, __last);
+  __node* __st          = __start_.get();
+  if (__st) {
+    sub_match<const _CharT*> __unmatched;
+    __unmatched.first   = __last;
+    __unmatched.second  = __last;
+    __unmatched.matched = false;
+
+    __states.push_back(__state());
+    __states.back().__do_      = 0;
+    __states.back().__first_   = __first;
+    __states.back().__current_ = __first;
+    __states.back().__last_    = __last;
+    __states.back().__sub_matches_.resize(mark_count(), __unmatched);
+    __states.back().__loop_data_.resize(__loop_count());
+    __states.back().__node_     = __st;
+    __states.back().__flags_    = __flags;
+    __states.back().__at_first_ = __at_first;
+    bool __matched              = false;
+    int __counter               = 0;
+    int __length                = __last - __first;
+    do {
+      ++__counter;
+      if (__counter % _LIBCPP_REGEX_COMPLEXITY_FACTOR == 0 && __counter / _LIBCPP_REGEX_COMPLEXITY_FACTOR >= __length)
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::error_complexity>();
+      __state& __s = __states.back();
+      if (__s.__node_)
+        __s.__node_->__exec(__s);
+      switch (__s.__do_) {
+      case __state::__end_state:
+        if ((__flags & regex_constants::match_not_null) && __s.__current_ == __first) {
+          __states.pop_back();
+          break;
+        }
+        if ((__flags & regex_constants::__full_match) && __s.__current_ != __last) {
+          __states.pop_back();
+          break;
+        }
+        if (!__matched || __highest_j < __s.__current_ - __s.__first_) {
+          __highest_j  = __s.__current_ - __s.__first_;
+          __best_state = __s;
+        }
+        __matched = true;
+        if (__highest_j == __np)
+          __states.clear();
+        else
+          __states.pop_back();
+        break;
+      case __state::__accept_and_consume:
+      case __state::__repeat:
+      case __state::__accept_but_not_consume:
+        break;
+      case __state::__split: {
+        __state __snext = __s;
+        __s.__node_->__exec_split(true, __s);
+        __snext.__node_->__exec_split(false, __snext);
+        __states.push_back(std::move(__snext));
+      } break;
+      case __state::__reject:
+        __states.pop_back();
+        break;
+      default:
+        __throw_regex_error<regex_constants::__re_err_unknown>();
+        break;
+      }
+    } while (!__states.empty());
+    if (__matched) {
+      __m.__matches_[0].first   = __first;
+      __m.__matches_[0].second  = std::next(__first, __highest_j);
+      __m.__matches_[0].matched = true;
+      for (unsigned __i = 0; __i < __best_state.__sub_matches_.size(); ++__i)
+        __m.__matches_[__i + 1] = __best_state.__sub_matches_[__i];
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _Allocator>
+bool basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__match_at_start(
+    const _CharT* __first,
+    const _CharT* __last,
+    match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags,
+    bool __at_first) const {
+  if (__get_grammar(__flags_) == ECMAScript)
+    return __match_at_start_ecma(__first, __last, __m, __flags, __at_first);
+  if (mark_count() == 0)
+    return __match_at_start_posix_nosubs(__first, __last, __m, __flags, __at_first);
+  return __match_at_start_posix_subs(__first, __last, __m, __flags, __at_first);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <class _Allocator>
+bool basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>::__search(
+    const _CharT* __first,
+    const _CharT* __last,
+    match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags) const {
+  if (__flags & regex_constants::match_prev_avail)
+    __flags &= ~(regex_constants::match_not_bol | regex_constants::match_not_bow);
+
+  __m.__init(1 + mark_count(), __first, __last, __flags & regex_constants::__no_update_pos);
+  if (__match_at_start(__first, __last, __m, __flags, !(__flags & regex_constants::__no_update_pos))) {
+    __m.__prefix_.second  = __m[0].first;
+    __m.__prefix_.matched = __m.__prefix_.first != __m.__prefix_.second;
+    __m.__suffix_.first   = __m[0].second;
+    __m.__suffix_.matched = __m.__suffix_.first != __m.__suffix_.second;
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (__first != __last && !(__flags & regex_constants::match_continuous)) {
+    __flags |= regex_constants::match_prev_avail;
+    for (++__first; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      __m.__matches_.assign(__m.size(), __m.__unmatched_);
+      if (__match_at_start(__first, __last, __m, __flags, false)) {
+        __m.__prefix_.second  = __m[0].first;
+        __m.__prefix_.matched = __m.__prefix_.first != __m.__prefix_.second;
+        __m.__suffix_.first   = __m[0].second;
+        __m.__suffix_.matched = __m.__suffix_.first != __m.__suffix_.second;
+        return true;
+      }
+      __m.__matches_.assign(__m.size(), __m.__unmatched_);
+    }
+    __m.__matches_.assign(__m.size(), __m.__unmatched_);
+    if (__match_at_start(__first, __last, __m, __flags, false)) {
+      __m.__prefix_.second  = __m[0].first;
+      __m.__prefix_.matched = __m.__prefix_.first != __m.__prefix_.second;
+      __m.__suffix_.first   = __m[0].second;
+      __m.__suffix_.matched = __m.__suffix_.first != __m.__suffix_.second;
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  __m.__matches_.clear();
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_search(_BidirectionalIterator __first,
+             _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+             match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __m,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  int __offset = (__flags & regex_constants::match_prev_avail) ? 1 : 0;
+  basic_string<_CharT> __s(std::prev(__first, __offset), __last);
+  match_results<const _CharT*> __mc;
+  bool __r = __e.__search(__s.data() + __offset, __s.data() + __s.size(), __mc, __flags);
+  __m.__assign(__first, __last, __mc, __flags & regex_constants::__no_update_pos);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Iter, class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_search(__wrap_iter<_Iter> __first,
+             __wrap_iter<_Iter> __last,
+             match_results<__wrap_iter<_Iter>, _Allocator>& __m,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  match_results<const _CharT*> __mc;
+  bool __r = __e.__search(__first.base(), __last.base(), __mc, __flags);
+  __m.__assign(__first, __last, __mc, __flags & regex_constants::__no_update_pos);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_search(const _CharT* __first,
+             const _CharT* __last,
+             match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  return __e.__search(__first, __last, __m, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_search(_BidirectionalIterator __first,
+             _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  basic_string<_CharT> __s(__first, __last);
+  match_results<const _CharT*> __mc;
+  return __e.__search(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size(), __mc, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_search(const _CharT* __first,
+             const _CharT* __last,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  match_results<const _CharT*> __mc;
+  return __e.__search(__first, __last, __mc, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Allocator, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_search(const _CharT* __str,
+             match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  return __e.__search(__str, __str + _Traits::length(__str), __m, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_search(const _CharT* __str,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  match_results<const _CharT*> __m;
+  return std::regex_search(__str, __m, __e, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _ST, class _SA, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_search(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  match_results<const _CharT*> __mc;
+  return __e.__search(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size(), __mc, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _ST, class _SA, class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_search(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+             match_results<typename basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>::const_iterator, _Allocator>& __m,
+             const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+             regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  match_results<const _CharT*> __mc;
+  bool __r = __e.__search(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size(), __mc, __flags);
+  __m.__assign(__s.begin(), __s.end(), __mc, __flags & regex_constants::__no_update_pos);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _ST, class _SA, class _Ap, class _Cp, class _Tp>
+bool regex_search(const basic_string<_Cp, _ST, _SA>&& __s,
+                  match_results<typename basic_string<_Cp, _ST, _SA>::const_iterator, _Ap>&,
+                  const basic_regex<_Cp, _Tp>& __e,
+                  regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) = delete;
+#endif
+
+// regex_match
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_match(_BidirectionalIterator __first,
+            _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+            match_results<_BidirectionalIterator, _Allocator>& __m,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  bool __r = std::regex_search(
+      __first, __last, __m, __e, __flags | regex_constants::match_continuous | regex_constants::__full_match);
+  if (__r) {
+    __r = !__m.suffix().matched;
+    if (!__r)
+      __m.__matches_.clear();
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_match(_BidirectionalIterator __first,
+            _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  match_results<_BidirectionalIterator> __m;
+  return std::regex_match(__first, __last, __m, __e, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Allocator, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_match(const _CharT* __str,
+            match_results<const _CharT*, _Allocator>& __m,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  return std::regex_match(__str, __str + _Traits::length(__str), __m, __e, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _ST, class _SA, class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_match(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+            match_results<typename basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>::const_iterator, _Allocator>& __m,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  return std::regex_match(__s.begin(), __s.end(), __m, __e, __flags);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _ST, class _SA, class _Allocator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_match(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>&& __s,
+            match_results<typename basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>::const_iterator, _Allocator>& __m,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) = delete;
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_match(const _CharT* __str,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  return std::regex_match(__str, __str + _Traits::length(__str), __e, __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _ST, class _SA, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+regex_match(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+            const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+            regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  return std::regex_match(__s.begin(), __s.end(), __e, __flags);
+}
+
+// regex_iterator
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator,
+          class _CharT  = typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type,
+          class _Traits = regex_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS regex_iterator;
+
+typedef regex_iterator<const char*> cregex_iterator;
+typedef regex_iterator<string::const_iterator> sregex_iterator;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+typedef regex_iterator<const wchar_t*> wcregex_iterator;
+typedef regex_iterator<wstring::const_iterator> wsregex_iterator;
+#endif
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(cregex_iterator)
+    _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wcregex_iterator)) _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(sregex_iterator)
+        _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wsregex_iterator)) regex_iterator {
+public:
+  typedef basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits> regex_type;
+  typedef match_results<_BidirectionalIterator> value_type;
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef const value_type* pointer;
+  typedef const value_type& reference;
+  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef input_iterator_tag iterator_concept;
+#endif
+
+private:
+  _BidirectionalIterator __begin_;
+  _BidirectionalIterator __end_;
+  const regex_type* __pregex_;
+  regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags_;
+  value_type __match_;
+
+public:
+  regex_iterator();
+  regex_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a,
+                 _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                 const regex_type& __re,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type __m = regex_constants::match_default);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  regex_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a,
+                 _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                 const regex_type&& __re,
+                 regex_constants::match_flag_type __m = regex_constants::match_default) = delete;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const regex_iterator& __x) const;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(default_sentinel_t) const { return *this == regex_iterator(); }
+#endif
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const regex_iterator& __x) const { return !(*this == __x); }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __match_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return std::addressof(__match_); }
+
+  regex_iterator& operator++();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI regex_iterator operator++(int) {
+    regex_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::regex_iterator()
+    : __begin_(), __end_(), __pregex_(nullptr), __flags_(), __match_() {}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::regex_iterator(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __a,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+    const regex_type& __re,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __m)
+    : __begin_(__a), __end_(__b), __pregex_(std::addressof(__re)), __flags_(__m) {
+  std::regex_search(__begin_, __end_, __match_, *__pregex_, __flags_);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+bool regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::operator==(const regex_iterator& __x) const {
+  if (__match_.empty() && __x.__match_.empty())
+    return true;
+  if (__match_.empty() || __x.__match_.empty())
+    return false;
+  return __begin_ == __x.__begin_ && __end_ == __x.__end_ && __pregex_ == __x.__pregex_ && __flags_ == __x.__flags_ &&
+         __match_[0] == __x.__match_[0];
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>&
+regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::operator++() {
+  __flags_ |= regex_constants::__no_update_pos;
+  _BidirectionalIterator __start        = __match_[0].second;
+  _BidirectionalIterator __prefix_start = __start;
+
+  if (__match_[0].first == __match_[0].second) {
+    if (__start == __end_) {
+      __match_ = value_type();
+      return *this;
+    } else if (std::regex_search(__start,
+                                 __end_,
+                                 __match_,
+                                 *__pregex_,
+                                 __flags_ | regex_constants::match_not_null | regex_constants::match_continuous))
+      return *this;
+    else
+      ++__start;
+  }
+
+  __flags_ |= regex_constants::match_prev_avail;
+  if (!std::regex_search(__start, __end_, __match_, *__pregex_, __flags_)) {
+    __match_ = value_type();
+
+  } else {
+    // The Standard mandates that if `regex_search` returns true ([re.regiter.incr]), "`match.prefix().first` shall be
+    // equal to the previous value of `match[0].second`... It is unspecified how the implementation makes these
+    // adjustments." The adjustment is necessary if we incremented `__start` above (the branch that deals with
+    // zero-length matches).
+    auto& __prefix   = __match_.__prefix_;
+    __prefix.first   = __prefix_start;
+    __prefix.matched = __prefix.first != __prefix.second;
+  }
+
+  return *this;
+}
+
+// regex_token_iterator
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator,
+          class _CharT  = typename iterator_traits<_BidirectionalIterator>::value_type,
+          class _Traits = regex_traits<_CharT> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS regex_token_iterator;
+
+typedef regex_token_iterator<const char*> cregex_token_iterator;
+typedef regex_token_iterator<string::const_iterator> sregex_token_iterator;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+typedef regex_token_iterator<const wchar_t*> wcregex_token_iterator;
+typedef regex_token_iterator<wstring::const_iterator> wsregex_token_iterator;
+#endif
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(cregex_token_iterator)
+    _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wcregex_token_iterator))
+        _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(sregex_token_iterator)
+            _LIBCPP_IF_WIDE_CHARACTERS(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_NAME(wsregex_token_iterator)) regex_token_iterator {
+public:
+  typedef basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits> regex_type;
+  typedef sub_match<_BidirectionalIterator> value_type;
+  typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef const value_type* pointer;
+  typedef const value_type& reference;
+  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  typedef input_iterator_tag iterator_concept;
+#endif
+
+private:
+  typedef regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits> _Position;
+
+  _Position __position_;
+  const value_type* __result_;
+  value_type __suffix_;
+  ptr
diff _t __n_;
+  vector<int> __subs_;
+
+public:
+  regex_token_iterator();
+  regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a,
+                       _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                       const regex_type& __re,
+                       int __submatch                       = 0,
+                       regex_constants::match_flag_type __m = regex_constants::match_default);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a,
+                       _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                       const regex_type&& __re,
+                       int __submatch                       = 0,
+                       regex_constants::match_flag_type __m = regex_constants::match_default) = delete;
+#endif
+
+  regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a,
+                       _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                       const regex_type& __re,
+                       const vector<int>& __submatches,
+                       regex_constants::match_flag_type __m = regex_constants::match_default);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a,
+                       _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                       const regex_type&& __re,
+                       const vector<int>& __submatches,
+                       regex_constants::match_flag_type __m = regex_constants::match_default) = delete;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a,
+                       _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                       const regex_type& __re,
+                       initializer_list<int> __submatches,
+                       regex_constants::match_flag_type __m = regex_constants::match_default);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a,
+                       _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                       const regex_type&& __re,
+                       initializer_list<int> __submatches,
+                       regex_constants::match_flag_type __m = regex_constants::match_default) = delete;
+#  endif
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <size_t _Np>
+  regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a,
+                       _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                       const regex_type& __re,
+                       const int (&__submatches)[_Np],
+                       regex_constants::match_flag_type __m = regex_constants::match_default);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <size_t _Np>
+  regex_token_iterator(_BidirectionalIterator __a,
+                       _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+                       const regex_type&& __re,
+                       const int (&__submatches)[_Np],
+                       regex_constants::match_flag_type __m = regex_constants::match_default) = delete;
+#endif
+
+  regex_token_iterator(const regex_token_iterator&);
+  regex_token_iterator& operator=(const regex_token_iterator&);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const regex_token_iterator& __x) const;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(default_sentinel_t) const {
+    return *this == regex_token_iterator();
+  }
+#endif
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const regex_token_iterator& __x) const { return !(*this == __x); }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const value_type& operator*() const { return *__result_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const value_type* operator->() const { return __result_; }
+
+  regex_token_iterator& operator++();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI regex_token_iterator operator++(int) {
+    regex_token_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+private:
+  void __init(_BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b);
+  void __establish_result() {
+    if (__subs_[__n_] == -1)
+      __result_ = &__position_->prefix();
+    else
+      __result_ = &(*__position_)[__subs_[__n_]];
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::regex_token_iterator()
+    : __result_(nullptr), __suffix_(), __n_(0) {}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::__init(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __a, _BidirectionalIterator __b) {
+  if (__position_ != _Position())
+    __establish_result();
+  else if (__subs_[__n_] == -1) {
+    __suffix_.matched = true;
+    __suffix_.first   = __a;
+    __suffix_.second  = __b;
+    __result_         = &__suffix_;
+  } else
+    __result_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::regex_token_iterator(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __a,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+    const regex_type& __re,
+    int __submatch,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __m)
+    : __position_(__a, __b, __re, __m), __n_(0), __subs_(1, __submatch) {
+  __init(__a, __b);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::regex_token_iterator(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __a,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+    const regex_type& __re,
+    const vector<int>& __submatches,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __m)
+    : __position_(__a, __b, __re, __m), __n_(0), __subs_(__submatches) {
+  __init(__a, __b);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::regex_token_iterator(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __a,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+    const regex_type& __re,
+    initializer_list<int> __submatches,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __m)
+    : __position_(__a, __b, __re, __m), __n_(0), __subs_(__submatches) {
+  __init(__a, __b);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+template <size_t _Np>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::regex_token_iterator(
+    _BidirectionalIterator __a,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __b,
+    const regex_type& __re,
+    const int (&__submatches)[_Np],
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __m)
+    : __position_(__a, __b, __re, __m), __n_(0), __subs_(begin(__submatches), end(__submatches)) {
+  __init(__a, __b);
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::regex_token_iterator(const regex_token_iterator& __x)
+    : __position_(__x.__position_),
+      __result_(__x.__result_),
+      __suffix_(__x.__suffix_),
+      __n_(__x.__n_),
+      __subs_(__x.__subs_) {
+  if (__x.__result_ == &__x.__suffix_)
+    __result_ = &__suffix_;
+  else if (__result_ != nullptr)
+    __establish_result();
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>&
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::operator=(const regex_token_iterator& __x) {
+  if (this != &__x) {
+    __position_ = __x.__position_;
+    if (__x.__result_ == &__x.__suffix_)
+      __result_ = &__suffix_;
+    else
+      __result_ = __x.__result_;
+    __suffix_ = __x.__suffix_;
+    __n_      = __x.__n_;
+    __subs_   = __x.__subs_;
+
+    if (__result_ != nullptr && __result_ != &__suffix_)
+      __establish_result();
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+bool regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::operator==(const regex_token_iterator& __x) const {
+  if (__result_ == nullptr && __x.__result_ == nullptr)
+    return true;
+  if (__result_ == &__suffix_ && __x.__result_ == &__x.__suffix_ && __suffix_ == __x.__suffix_)
+    return true;
+  if (__result_ == nullptr || __x.__result_ == nullptr)
+    return false;
+  if (__result_ == &__suffix_ || __x.__result_ == &__x.__suffix_)
+    return false;
+  return __position_ == __x.__position_ && __n_ == __x.__n_ && __subs_ == __x.__subs_;
+}
+
+template <class _BidirectionalIterator, class _CharT, class _Traits>
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>&
+regex_token_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits>::operator++() {
+  _Position __prev = __position_;
+  if (__result_ == &__suffix_)
+    __result_ = nullptr;
+  else if (static_cast<size_t>(__n_ + 1) < __subs_.size()) {
+    ++__n_;
+    __establish_result();
+  } else {
+    __n_ = 0;
+    ++__position_;
+    if (__position_ != _Position())
+      __establish_result();
+    else {
+      if (std::find(__subs_.begin(), __subs_.end(), -1) != __subs_.end() && __prev->suffix().length() != 0) {
+        __suffix_.matched = true;
+        __suffix_.first   = __prev->suffix().first;
+        __suffix_.second  = __prev->suffix().second;
+        __result_         = &__suffix_;
+      } else
+        __result_ = nullptr;
+    }
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+// regex_replace
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Traits, class _CharT>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutputIterator regex_replace(
+    _OutputIterator __output_iter,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __first,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+    const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+    const _CharT* __fmt,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  typedef regex_iterator<_BidirectionalIterator, _CharT, _Traits> _Iter;
+  _Iter __i(__first, __last, __e, __flags);
+  _Iter __eof;
+  if (__i == __eof) {
+    if (!(__flags & regex_constants::format_no_copy))
+      __output_iter = std::copy(__first, __last, __output_iter);
+  } else {
+    sub_match<_BidirectionalIterator> __lm;
+    for (size_t __len = char_traits<_CharT>::length(__fmt); __i != __eof; ++__i) {
+      if (!(__flags & regex_constants::format_no_copy))
+        __output_iter = std::copy(__i->prefix().first, __i->prefix().second, __output_iter);
+      __output_iter = __i->format(__output_iter, __fmt, __fmt + __len, __flags);
+      __lm          = __i->suffix();
+      if (__flags & regex_constants::format_first_only)
+        break;
+    }
+    if (!(__flags & regex_constants::format_no_copy))
+      __output_iter = std::copy(__lm.first, __lm.second, __output_iter);
+  }
+  return __output_iter;
+}
+
+template <class _OutputIterator, class _BidirectionalIterator, class _Traits, class _CharT, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _OutputIterator regex_replace(
+    _OutputIterator __output_iter,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __first,
+    _BidirectionalIterator __last,
+    const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+    const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __fmt,
+    regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  return std::regex_replace(__output_iter, __first, __last, __e, __fmt.c_str(), __flags);
+}
+
+template <class _Traits, class _CharT, class _ST, class _SA, class _FST, class _FSA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>
+regex_replace(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+              const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+              const basic_string<_CharT, _FST, _FSA>& __fmt,
+              regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA> __r;
+  std::regex_replace(std::back_inserter(__r), __s.begin(), __s.end(), __e, __fmt.c_str(), __flags);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits, class _CharT, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>
+regex_replace(const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __s,
+              const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+              const _CharT* __fmt,
+              regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA> __r;
+  std::regex_replace(std::back_inserter(__r), __s.begin(), __s.end(), __e, __fmt, __flags);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits, class _CharT, class _ST, class _SA>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharT>
+regex_replace(const _CharT* __s,
+              const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+              const basic_string<_CharT, _ST, _SA>& __fmt,
+              regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  basic_string<_CharT> __r;
+  std::regex_replace(std::back_inserter(__r), __s, __s + char_traits<_CharT>::length(__s), __e, __fmt.c_str(), __flags);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Traits, class _CharT>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<_CharT>
+regex_replace(const _CharT* __s,
+              const basic_regex<_CharT, _Traits>& __e,
+              const _CharT* __fmt,
+              regex_constants::match_flag_type __flags = regex_constants::match_default) {
+  basic_string<_CharT> __r;
+  std::regex_replace(std::back_inserter(__r), __s, __s + char_traits<_CharT>::length(__s), __e, __fmt, __flags);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace pmr {
+template <class _BidirT>
+using match_results _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR =
+    std::match_results<_BidirT, polymorphic_allocator<std::sub_match<_BidirT>>>;
+
+using cmatch _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = match_results<const char*>;
+using smatch _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = match_results<std::pmr::string::const_iterator>;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using wcmatch _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = match_results<const wchar_t*>;
+using wsmatch _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = match_results<std::pmr::wstring::const_iterator>;
+#  endif
+} // namespace pmr
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <mutex>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_REGEX

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/scoped_allocator b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/scoped_allocator
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a49ff465b1d55f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/scoped_allocator
@@ -0,0 +1,573 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SCOPED_ALLOCATOR
+#define _LIBCPP_SCOPED_ALLOCATOR
+
+/*
+    scoped_allocator synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class OuterAlloc, class... InnerAllocs>
+class scoped_allocator_adaptor : public OuterAlloc
+{
+    typedef allocator_traits<OuterAlloc> OuterTraits; // exposition only
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor<InnerAllocs...> inner;   // exposition only
+public:
+
+    typedef OuterAlloc outer_allocator_type;
+    typedef see below inner_allocator_type;
+
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::value_type value_type;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::size_type size_type;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::pointer pointer;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::void_pointer void_pointer;
+    typedef typename OuterTraits::const_void_pointer const_void_pointer;
+
+    typedef see below propagate_on_container_copy_assignment;
+    typedef see below propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+    typedef see below propagate_on_container_swap;
+    typedef see below is_always_equal;
+
+    template <class Tp>
+        struct rebind
+        {
+            typedef scoped_allocator_adaptor<
+                OuterTraits::template rebind_alloc<Tp>, InnerAllocs...> other;
+        };
+
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor();
+    template <class OuterA2>
+        scoped_allocator_adaptor(OuterA2&& outerAlloc,
+                                 const InnerAllocs&... innerAllocs) noexcept;
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor(const scoped_allocator_adaptor& other) noexcept;
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor(scoped_allocator_adaptor&& other) noexcept;
+    template <class OuterA2>
+        scoped_allocator_adaptor(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>& other) noexcept;
+    template <class OuterA2>
+        scoped_allocator_adaptor(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>&& other) noexcept;
+
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor& operator=(const scoped_allocator_adaptor&) = default;
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor& operator=(scoped_allocator_adaptor&&) = default;
+    ~scoped_allocator_adaptor();
+
+    inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() noexcept;
+    const inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() noexcept;
+    const outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    pointer allocate(size_type n);                           // [[nodiscard]] in C++20
+    pointer allocate(size_type n, const_void_pointer hint);  // [[nodiscard]] in C++20
+    void deallocate(pointer p, size_type n) noexcept;
+
+    size_type max_size() const;
+    template <class T, class... Args> void construct(T* p, Args&& args);
+    template <class T1, class T2, class... Args1, class... Args2>
+        void construct(pair<T1, T2>* p, piecewise_construct t, tuple<Args1...> x,
+                       tuple<Args2...> y);
+    template <class T1, class T2>
+        void construct(pair<T1, T2>* p);
+    template <class T1, class T2, class U, class V>
+        void construct(pair<T1, T2>* p, U&& x, V&& y);
+    template <class T1, class T2, class U, class V>
+        void construct(pair<T1, T2>* p, const pair<U, V>& x);
+    template <class T1, class T2, class U, class V>
+        void construct(pair<T1, T2>* p, pair<U, V>&& x);
+    template <class T> void destroy(T* p);
+
+    template <class T> void destroy(T* p) noexcept;
+
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor select_on_container_copy_construction() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template<class OuterAlloc, class... InnerAllocs>
+    scoped_allocator_adaptor(OuterAlloc, InnerAllocs...)
+        -> scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterAlloc, InnerAllocs...>;
+
+template <class OuterA1, class OuterA2, class... InnerAllocs>
+    bool
+    operator==(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA1, InnerAllocs...>& a,
+               const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>& b) noexcept;
+
+template <class OuterA1, class OuterA2, class... InnerAllocs>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA1, InnerAllocs...>& a,
+               const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>& b) noexcept; // removed in C++20
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/uses_allocator_construction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <__utility/piecewise_construct.h>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+
+// scoped_allocator_adaptor
+
+template <class... _Allocs>
+class scoped_allocator_adaptor;
+
+template <class... _Allocs>
+struct __get_poc_copy_assignment;
+
+template <class _A0>
+struct __get_poc_copy_assignment<_A0> {
+  static const bool value = allocator_traits<_A0>::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value;
+};
+
+template <class _A0, class... _Allocs>
+struct __get_poc_copy_assignment<_A0, _Allocs...> {
+  static const bool value = allocator_traits<_A0>::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value ||
+                            __get_poc_copy_assignment<_Allocs...>::value;
+};
+
+template <class... _Allocs>
+struct __get_poc_move_assignment;
+
+template <class _A0>
+struct __get_poc_move_assignment<_A0> {
+  static const bool value = allocator_traits<_A0>::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value;
+};
+
+template <class _A0, class... _Allocs>
+struct __get_poc_move_assignment<_A0, _Allocs...> {
+  static const bool value = allocator_traits<_A0>::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+                            __get_poc_move_assignment<_Allocs...>::value;
+};
+
+template <class... _Allocs>
+struct __get_poc_swap;
+
+template <class _A0>
+struct __get_poc_swap<_A0> {
+  static const bool value = allocator_traits<_A0>::propagate_on_container_swap::value;
+};
+
+template <class _A0, class... _Allocs>
+struct __get_poc_swap<_A0, _Allocs...> {
+  static const bool value =
+      allocator_traits<_A0>::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __get_poc_swap<_Allocs...>::value;
+};
+
+template <class... _Allocs>
+struct __get_is_always_equal;
+
+template <class _A0>
+struct __get_is_always_equal<_A0> {
+  static const bool value = allocator_traits<_A0>::is_always_equal::value;
+};
+
+template <class _A0, class... _Allocs>
+struct __get_is_always_equal<_A0, _Allocs...> {
+  static const bool value = allocator_traits<_A0>::is_always_equal::value && __get_is_always_equal<_Allocs...>::value;
+};
+
+template <class... _Allocs>
+class __scoped_allocator_storage;
+
+template <class _OuterAlloc, class... _InnerAllocs>
+class __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterAlloc, _InnerAllocs...> : public _OuterAlloc {
+  typedef _OuterAlloc outer_allocator_type;
+
+protected:
+  typedef scoped_allocator_adaptor<_InnerAllocs...> inner_allocator_type;
+
+private:
+  inner_allocator_type __inner_;
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __scoped_allocator_storage() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  template <class _OuterA2, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __scoped_allocator_storage(_OuterA2&& __outer_alloc, const _InnerAllocs&... __inner_allocs) _NOEXCEPT
+      : outer_allocator_type(std::forward<_OuterA2>(__outer_alloc)),
+        __inner_(__inner_allocs...) {}
+
+  template <class _OuterA2, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, const _OuterA2&>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __scoped_allocator_storage(const __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterA2, _InnerAllocs...>& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+      : outer_allocator_type(__other.outer_allocator()),
+        __inner_(__other.inner_allocator()) {}
+
+  template <class _OuterA2, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __scoped_allocator_storage(__scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterA2, _InnerAllocs...>&& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+      : outer_allocator_type(std::move(__other.outer_allocator())),
+        __inner_(std::move(__other.inner_allocator())) {}
+
+  template <class _OuterA2, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __scoped_allocator_storage(_OuterA2&& __o, const inner_allocator_type& __i) _NOEXCEPT
+      : outer_allocator_type(std::forward<_OuterA2>(__o)),
+        __inner_(__i) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() _NOEXCEPT { return __inner_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT { return __inner_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<outer_allocator_type&>(*this);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<const outer_allocator_type&>(*this);
+  }
+
+  scoped_allocator_adaptor<outer_allocator_type, _InnerAllocs...> _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  select_on_container_copy_construction() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return scoped_allocator_adaptor<outer_allocator_type, _InnerAllocs...>(
+        allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::select_on_container_copy_construction(outer_allocator()),
+        allocator_traits<inner_allocator_type>::select_on_container_copy_construction(inner_allocator()));
+  }
+
+  template <class...>
+  friend class __scoped_allocator_storage;
+};
+
+template <class _OuterAlloc>
+class __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterAlloc> : public _OuterAlloc {
+  typedef _OuterAlloc outer_allocator_type;
+
+protected:
+  typedef scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterAlloc> inner_allocator_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __scoped_allocator_storage() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  template <class _OuterA2, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __scoped_allocator_storage(_OuterA2&& __outer_alloc) _NOEXCEPT
+      : outer_allocator_type(std::forward<_OuterA2>(__outer_alloc)) {}
+
+  template <class _OuterA2, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, const _OuterA2&>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __scoped_allocator_storage(const __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterA2>& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+      : outer_allocator_type(__other.outer_allocator()) {}
+
+  template <class _OuterA2, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __scoped_allocator_storage(__scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterA2>&& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+      : outer_allocator_type(std::move(__other.outer_allocator())) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<inner_allocator_type&>(*this);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<const inner_allocator_type&>(*this);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<outer_allocator_type&>(*this);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<const outer_allocator_type&>(*this);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI scoped_allocator_adaptor<outer_allocator_type>
+  select_on_container_copy_construction() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return scoped_allocator_adaptor<outer_allocator_type>(
+        allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::select_on_container_copy_construction(outer_allocator()));
+  }
+
+  __scoped_allocator_storage(const outer_allocator_type& __o, const inner_allocator_type& __i) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class...>
+  friend class __scoped_allocator_storage;
+};
+
+// __outermost
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+decltype(std::declval<_Alloc>().outer_allocator(), true_type()) __has_outer_allocator_test(_Alloc&& __a);
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+false_type __has_outer_allocator_test(const volatile _Alloc& __a);
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __has_outer_allocator
+    : public common_type< decltype(std::__has_outer_allocator_test(std::declval<_Alloc&>()))>::type {};
+
+template <class _Alloc, bool = __has_outer_allocator<_Alloc>::value>
+struct __outermost {
+  typedef _Alloc type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI type& operator()(type& __a) const _NOEXCEPT { return __a; }
+};
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+struct __outermost<_Alloc, true> {
+  typedef __libcpp_remove_reference_t< decltype(std::declval<_Alloc>().outer_allocator()) > _OuterAlloc;
+  typedef typename __outermost<_OuterAlloc>::type type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI type& operator()(_Alloc& __a) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __outermost<_OuterAlloc>()(__a.outer_allocator());
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _OuterAlloc, class... _InnerAllocs>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterAlloc, _InnerAllocs...>
+    : public __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterAlloc, _InnerAllocs...> {
+  typedef __scoped_allocator_storage<_OuterAlloc, _InnerAllocs...> _Base;
+  typedef allocator_traits<_OuterAlloc> _OuterTraits;
+
+public:
+  typedef _OuterAlloc outer_allocator_type;
+  typedef typename _Base::inner_allocator_type inner_allocator_type;
+  typedef typename _OuterTraits::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename _OuterTraits::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename _OuterTraits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename _OuterTraits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename _OuterTraits::void_pointer void_pointer;
+  typedef typename _OuterTraits::const_void_pointer const_void_pointer;
+
+  typedef integral_constant< bool, __get_poc_copy_assignment<outer_allocator_type, _InnerAllocs...>::value >
+      propagate_on_container_copy_assignment;
+  typedef integral_constant< bool, __get_poc_move_assignment<outer_allocator_type, _InnerAllocs...>::value >
+      propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
+  typedef integral_constant< bool, __get_poc_swap<outer_allocator_type, _InnerAllocs...>::value >
+      propagate_on_container_swap;
+  typedef integral_constant< bool, __get_is_always_equal<outer_allocator_type, _InnerAllocs...>::value >
+      is_always_equal;
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  struct rebind {
+    typedef scoped_allocator_adaptor< typename _OuterTraits::template rebind_alloc<_Tp>, _InnerAllocs... > other;
+  };
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI scoped_allocator_adaptor() _NOEXCEPT {}
+  template <class _OuterA2, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  scoped_allocator_adaptor(_OuterA2&& __outer_alloc, const _InnerAllocs&... __inner_allocs) _NOEXCEPT
+      : _Base(std::forward<_OuterA2>(__outer_alloc), __inner_allocs...) {}
+  // scoped_allocator_adaptor(const scoped_allocator_adaptor& __other) = default;
+  template <class _OuterA2, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, const _OuterA2&>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  scoped_allocator_adaptor(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA2, _InnerAllocs...>& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+      : _Base(__other) {}
+  template <class _OuterA2, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<outer_allocator_type, _OuterA2>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  scoped_allocator_adaptor(scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA2, _InnerAllocs...>&& __other) _NOEXCEPT
+      : _Base(std::move(__other)) {}
+
+  // scoped_allocator_adaptor& operator=(const scoped_allocator_adaptor&) = default;
+  // scoped_allocator_adaptor& operator=(scoped_allocator_adaptor&&) = default;
+  // ~scoped_allocator_adaptor() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() _NOEXCEPT { return _Base::inner_allocator(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _Base::inner_allocator();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() _NOEXCEPT { return _Base::outer_allocator(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _Base::outer_allocator();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer allocate(size_type __n) {
+    return allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::allocate(outer_allocator(), __n);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer allocate(size_type __n, const_void_pointer __hint) {
+    return allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::allocate(outer_allocator(), __n, __hint);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void deallocate(pointer __p, size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::deallocate(outer_allocator(), __p, __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const {
+    return allocator_traits<outer_allocator_type>::max_size(outer_allocator());
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _Type, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(_Type* __ptr, _Args&&... __args) {
+    using _OM = __outermost<outer_allocator_type>;
+    std::apply(
+        [__ptr, this](auto&&... __newargs) {
+          allocator_traits<typename _OM::type>::construct(
+              _OM()(outer_allocator()), __ptr, std::forward<decltype(__newargs)>(__newargs)...);
+        },
+        std::uses_allocator_construction_args<_Type>(inner_allocator(), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  }
+#  else
+  template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(_Tp* __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    __construct(__uses_alloc_ctor<_Tp, inner_allocator_type&, _Args...>(), __p, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2, class... _Args1, class... _Args2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  construct(pair<_T1, _T2>* __p, piecewise_construct_t, tuple<_Args1...> __x, tuple<_Args2...> __y) {
+    typedef __outermost<outer_allocator_type> _OM;
+    allocator_traits<typename _OM::type>::construct(
+        _OM()(outer_allocator()),
+        __p,
+        piecewise_construct,
+        __transform_tuple(typename __uses_alloc_ctor< _T1, inner_allocator_type&, _Args1... >::type(),
+                          std::move(__x),
+                          typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Args1)>::type{}),
+        __transform_tuple(typename __uses_alloc_ctor< _T2, inner_allocator_type&, _Args2... >::type(),
+                          std::move(__y),
+                          typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Args2)>::type{}));
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(pair<_T1, _T2>* __p) {
+    construct(__p, piecewise_construct, tuple<>{}, tuple<>{});
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2, class _Up, class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(pair<_T1, _T2>* __p, _Up&& __x, _Vp&& __y) {
+    construct(__p,
+              piecewise_construct,
+              std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Up>(__x)),
+              std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Vp>(__y)));
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2, class _Up, class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(pair<_T1, _T2>* __p, const pair<_Up, _Vp>& __x) {
+    construct(__p, piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(__x.first), std::forward_as_tuple(__x.second));
+  }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _T2, class _Up, class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void construct(pair<_T1, _T2>* __p, pair<_Up, _Vp>&& __x) {
+    construct(__p,
+              piecewise_construct,
+              std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Up>(__x.first)),
+              std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Vp>(__x.second)));
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void destroy(_Tp* __p) {
+    typedef __outermost<outer_allocator_type> _OM;
+    allocator_traits<typename _OM::type>::destroy(_OM()(outer_allocator()), __p);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI scoped_allocator_adaptor select_on_container_copy_construction() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _Base::select_on_container_copy_construction();
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit scoped_allocator_adaptor(
+      outer_allocator_type&& __o, inner_allocator_type&& __i) _NOEXCEPT : _Base(std::move(__o), std::move(__i)) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __construct(integral_constant<int, 0>, _Tp* __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    typedef __outermost<outer_allocator_type> _OM;
+    allocator_traits<typename _OM::type>::construct(_OM()(outer_allocator()), __p, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __construct(integral_constant<int, 1>, _Tp* __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    typedef __outermost<outer_allocator_type> _OM;
+    allocator_traits<typename _OM::type>::construct(
+        _OM()(outer_allocator()), __p, allocator_arg, inner_allocator(), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __construct(integral_constant<int, 2>, _Tp* __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    typedef __outermost<outer_allocator_type> _OM;
+    allocator_traits<typename _OM::type>::construct(
+        _OM()(outer_allocator()), __p, std::forward<_Args>(__args)..., inner_allocator());
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args, size_t... _Idx>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI tuple<_Args&&...>
+  __transform_tuple(integral_constant<int, 0>, tuple<_Args...>&& __t, __tuple_indices<_Idx...>) {
+    return std::forward_as_tuple(std::get<_Idx>(std::move(__t))...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args, size_t... _Idx>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI tuple<allocator_arg_t, inner_allocator_type&, _Args&&...>
+  __transform_tuple(integral_constant<int, 1>, tuple<_Args...>&& __t, __tuple_indices<_Idx...>) {
+    using _Tup = tuple<allocator_arg_t, inner_allocator_type&, _Args&&...>;
+    return _Tup(allocator_arg, inner_allocator(), std::get<_Idx>(std::move(__t))...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args, size_t... _Idx>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI tuple<_Args&&..., inner_allocator_type&>
+  __transform_tuple(integral_constant<int, 2>, tuple<_Args...>&& __t, __tuple_indices<_Idx...>) {
+    using _Tup = tuple<_Args&&..., inner_allocator_type&>;
+    return _Tup(std::get<_Idx>(std::move(__t))..., inner_allocator());
+  }
+
+  template <class...>
+  friend class __scoped_allocator_storage;
+};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _OuterAlloc, class... _InnerAllocs>
+scoped_allocator_adaptor(_OuterAlloc, _InnerAllocs...) -> scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterAlloc, _InnerAllocs...>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _OuterA1, class _OuterA2>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA1>& __a, const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA2>& __b) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __a.outer_allocator() == __b.outer_allocator();
+}
+
+template <class _OuterA1, class _OuterA2, class _InnerA0, class... _InnerAllocs>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA1, _InnerA0, _InnerAllocs...>& __a,
+           const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA2, _InnerA0, _InnerAllocs...>& __b) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __a.outer_allocator() == __b.outer_allocator() && __a.inner_allocator() == __b.inner_allocator();
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _OuterA1, class _OuterA2, class... _InnerAllocs>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA1, _InnerAllocs...>& __a,
+                                             const scoped_allocator_adaptor<_OuterA2, _InnerAllocs...>& __b) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__a == __b);
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <climits>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <ctime>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <memory>
+#  include <ratio>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <variant>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_SCOPED_ALLOCATOR

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/semaphore b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/semaphore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..95a4375f21c175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/semaphore
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SEMAPHORE
+#define _LIBCPP_SEMAPHORE
+
+/*
+    semaphore synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+
+template<ptr
diff _t least_max_value = implementation-defined>
+class counting_semaphore
+{
+public:
+static constexpr ptr
diff _t max() noexcept;
+
+constexpr explicit counting_semaphore(ptr
diff _t desired);
+~counting_semaphore();
+
+counting_semaphore(const counting_semaphore&) = delete;
+counting_semaphore& operator=(const counting_semaphore&) = delete;
+
+void release(ptr
diff _t update = 1);
+void acquire();
+bool try_acquire() noexcept;
+template<class Rep, class Period>
+    bool try_acquire_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+template<class Clock, class Duration>
+    bool try_acquire_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+
+private:
+ptr
diff _t counter; // exposition only
+};
+
+using binary_semaphore = counting_semaphore<1>;
+
+}
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#  include <__assert>
+#  include <__atomic/atomic_base.h>
+#  include <__atomic/atomic_sync.h>
+#  include <__atomic/memory_order.h>
+#  include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#  include <__thread/poll_with_backoff.h>
+#  include <__thread/support.h>
+#  include <__thread/timed_backoff_policy.h>
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <version>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+/*
+
+__atomic_semaphore_base is the general-case implementation.
+It is a typical Dijkstra semaphore algorithm over atomics, wait and notify
+functions. It avoids contention against users' own use of those facilities.
+
+*/
+
+#    define _LIBCPP_SEMAPHORE_MAX (numeric_limits<ptr
diff _t>::max())
+
+class __atomic_semaphore_base {
+  __atomic_base<ptr
diff _t> __a_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __atomic_semaphore_base(ptr
diff _t __count) : __a_(__count) {}
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void release(ptr
diff _t __update = 1) {
+    auto __old = __a_.fetch_add(__update, memory_order_release);
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __update <= _LIBCPP_SEMAPHORE_MAX - __old, "update is greater than the expected value");
+    if (__old == 0) {
+      __a_.notify_all();
+    }
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void acquire() {
+    std::__atomic_wait_unless(
+        __a_, [this](ptr
diff _t& __old) { return __try_acquire_impl(__old); }, memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  try_acquire_for(chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period> const& __rel_time) {
+    if (__rel_time == chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>::zero())
+      return try_acquire();
+    auto const __poll_fn = [this]() { return try_acquire(); };
+    return std::__libcpp_thread_poll_with_backoff(__poll_fn, __libcpp_timed_backoff_policy(), __rel_time);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_acquire() {
+    auto __old = __a_.load(memory_order_relaxed);
+    return __try_acquire_impl(__old);
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __try_acquire_impl(ptr
diff _t& __old) {
+    while (true) {
+      if (__old == 0)
+        return false;
+      if (__a_.compare_exchange_weak(__old, __old - 1, memory_order_acquire, memory_order_relaxed))
+        return true;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <ptr
diff _t __least_max_value = _LIBCPP_SEMAPHORE_MAX>
+class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC counting_semaphore {
+  __atomic_semaphore_base __semaphore_;
+
+public:
+  static_assert(__least_max_value >= 0, "The least maximum value must be a positive number");
+
+  static constexpr ptr
diff _t max() noexcept { return __least_max_value; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit counting_semaphore(ptr
diff _t __count) : __semaphore_(__count) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __count >= 0,
+        "counting_semaphore::counting_semaphore(ptr
diff _t): counting_semaphore cannot be "
+        "initialized with a negative value");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(
+        __count <= max(),
+        "counting_semaphore::counting_semaphore(ptr
diff _t): counting_semaphore cannot be "
+        "initialized with a value greater than max()");
+  }
+  ~counting_semaphore() = default;
+
+  counting_semaphore(const counting_semaphore&)            = delete;
+  counting_semaphore& operator=(const counting_semaphore&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void release(ptr
diff _t __update = 1) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_WITHIN_DOMAIN(__update >= 0, "counting_semaphore:release called with a negative value");
+    __semaphore_.release(__update);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void acquire() { __semaphore_.acquire(); }
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  try_acquire_for(chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period> const& __rel_time) {
+    return __semaphore_.try_acquire_for(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::nanoseconds>(__rel_time));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_acquire() { return __semaphore_.try_acquire(); }
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_SYNC _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  try_acquire_until(chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration> const& __abs_time) {
+    auto const __current = _Clock::now();
+    if (__current >= __abs_time)
+      return try_acquire();
+    else
+      return try_acquire_for(__abs_time - __current);
+  }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+using binary_semaphore _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_ATOMIC_SYNC = counting_semaphore<1>;
+_LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <atomic>
+#endif
+
+#endif //_LIBCPP_SEMAPHORE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/set b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/set
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..94533583798699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/set
@@ -0,0 +1,1501 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SET
+#define _LIBCPP_SET
+
+/*
+
+    set synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class Key, class Compare = less<Key>,
+          class Allocator = allocator<Key>>
+class set
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef Key                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                 value_type;
+    typedef Compare                                  key_compare;
+    typedef key_compare                              value_compare;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+    typedef unspecified                              node_type;               // C++17
+    typedef INSERT_RETURN_TYPE<iterator, node_type>  insert_return_type;      // C++17
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    set()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit set(const value_compare& comp);
+    set(const value_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        set(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+            const value_compare& comp = value_compare());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        set(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const value_compare& comp,
+            const allocator_type& a);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      set(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Compare& comp = Compare(), const Allocator& = Allocator()); // C++23
+    set(const set& s);
+    set(set&& s)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit set(const allocator_type& a);
+    set(const set& s, const allocator_type& a);
+    set(set&& s, const allocator_type& a);
+    set(initializer_list<value_type> il, const value_compare& comp = value_compare());
+    set(initializer_list<value_type> il, const value_compare& comp,
+        const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        set(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const allocator_type& a)
+            : set(first, last, Compare(), a) {}  // C++14
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      set(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Allocator& a))
+        : set(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), Compare(), a) { } // C++23
+    set(initializer_list<value_type> il, const allocator_type& a)
+        : set(il, Compare(), a) {}  // C++14
+    ~set();
+
+    set& operator=(const set& s);
+    set& operator=(set&& s)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_compare>::value);
+    set& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    // iterators:
+          iterator begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+          iterator end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()   const noexcept;
+
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+          reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()   const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    // capacity:
+    bool      empty()    const noexcept;
+    size_type size()     const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    pair<iterator,bool> insert(const value_type& v);
+    pair<iterator,bool> insert(value_type&& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type&& v);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      void insert_range(R&& rg);                                                      // C++23
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    node_type extract(const_iterator position);                                       // C++17
+    node_type extract(const key_type& x);                                             // C++17
+    insert_return_type insert(node_type&& nh);                                        // C++17
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, node_type&& nh);                             // C++17
+
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator  erase(iterator position);  // C++14
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(set<Key, C2, Allocator>& source);         // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(set<Key, C2, Allocator>&& source);        // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(multiset<Key, C2, Allocator>& source);    // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(multiset<Key, C2, Allocator>&& source);   // C++17
+
+    void swap(set& s)
+        noexcept(
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_compare>::value &&
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value));
+
+    // observers:
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+    key_compare    key_comp()      const;
+    value_compare  value_comp()    const;
+
+    // set operations:
+          iterator find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator find(const K& x);
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator find(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+
+    template<typename K>
+        size_type count(const K& x) const;        // C++14
+    size_type      count(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    bool           contains(const key_type& x) const;  // C++20
+    template<class K> bool contains(const K& x) const; // C++20
+
+          iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator lower_bound(const K& x);              // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator lower_bound(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+
+          iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator upper_bound(const K& x);              // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator upper_bound(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+    pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const K& x);        // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+};
+
+template <class InputIterator,
+      class Compare = less<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+      class Allocator = allocator<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>>
+set(InputIterator, InputIterator,
+    Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> set<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type, Compare, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Compare = less<ranges::range_value_t<R>>,
+         class Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<R>>>
+  set(from_range_t, R&&, Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> set<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Compare, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class Key, class Compare = less<Key>, class Allocator = allocator<Key>>
+set(initializer_list<Key>, Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> set<Key, Compare, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+set(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator)
+  -> set<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type,
+          less<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  set(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator)
+    -> set<ranges::range_value_t<R>, less<ranges::range_value_t<R>>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class Key, class Allocator>
+set(initializer_list<Key>, Allocator) -> set<Key, less<Key>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator==(const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator< (const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);                                // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator!=(const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);                                // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator> (const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);                                // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator>=(const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);                                // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator<=(const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);                                // removed in C++20
+
+template<class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+  synth-three-way-result<Key> operator<=>(const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+                                          const set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y); // since C++20
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+void
+swap(set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x, set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y)
+    noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator, class Predicate>
+typename set<Key, Compare, Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(set<Key, Compare, Allocator>& c, Predicate pred);  // C++20
+
+template <class Key, class Compare = less<Key>,
+          class Allocator = allocator<Key>>
+class multiset
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef Key                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                 value_type;
+    typedef Compare                                  key_compare;
+    typedef key_compare                              value_compare;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+    typedef unspecified                              node_type;               // C++17
+
+    // construct/copy/destroy:
+    multiset()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit multiset(const value_compare& comp);
+    multiset(const value_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        multiset(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                 const value_compare& comp = value_compare());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        multiset(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+                 const value_compare& comp, const allocator_type& a);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      multiset(from_range_t, R&& rg,
+               const Compare& comp = Compare(), const Allocator& = Allocator()); // C++23
+    multiset(const multiset& s);
+    multiset(multiset&& s)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+    explicit multiset(const allocator_type& a);
+    multiset(const multiset& s, const allocator_type& a);
+    multiset(multiset&& s, const allocator_type& a);
+    multiset(initializer_list<value_type> il, const value_compare& comp = value_compare());
+    multiset(initializer_list<value_type> il, const value_compare& comp,
+             const allocator_type& a);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        multiset(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const allocator_type& a)
+            : set(first, last, Compare(), a) {}  // C++14
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      multiset(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Allocator& a))
+        : multiset(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), Compare(), a) { } // C++23
+    multiset(initializer_list<value_type> il, const allocator_type& a)
+        : set(il, Compare(), a) {}  // C++14
+    ~multiset();
+
+    multiset& operator=(const multiset& s);
+    multiset& operator=(multiset&& s)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_compare>::value);
+    multiset& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    // iterators:
+          iterator begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+          iterator end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()   const noexcept;
+
+          reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+          reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()   const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    // capacity:
+    bool      empty()    const noexcept;
+    size_type size()     const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert(value_type&& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& v);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type&& v);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      void insert_range(R&& rg);                                                      // C++23
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    node_type extract(const_iterator position);                                       // C++17
+    node_type extract(const key_type& x);                                             // C++17
+    iterator insert(node_type&& nh);                                                  // C++17
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, node_type&& nh);                             // C++17
+
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator  erase(iterator position);  // C++14
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator  erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(multiset<Key, C2, Allocator>& source);    // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(multiset<Key, C2, Allocator>&& source);   // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(set<Key, C2, Allocator>& source);         // C++17
+    template<class C2>
+      void merge(set<Key, C2, Allocator>&& source);        // C++17
+
+    void swap(multiset& s)
+        noexcept(
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_compare>::value &&
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value));
+
+    // observers:
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+    key_compare    key_comp()      const;
+    value_compare  value_comp()    const;
+
+    // set operations:
+          iterator find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator find(const K& x);
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator find(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+
+    template<typename K>
+        size_type count(const K& x) const;      // C++14
+    size_type      count(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    bool           contains(const key_type& x) const;  // C++20
+    template<class K> bool contains(const K& x) const; // C++20
+
+          iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator lower_bound(const K& x);              // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator lower_bound(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+
+          iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator upper_bound(const K& x);              // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator upper_bound(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+
+    pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const K& x);        // C++14
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const K& x) const;  // C++14
+};
+
+template <class InputIterator,
+      class Compare = less<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+      class Allocator = allocator<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>>
+multiset(InputIterator, InputIterator,
+    Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> multiset<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type, Compare, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Compare = less<ranges::range_value_t<R>>,
+          class Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<R>>>
+  multiset(from_range_t, R&&, Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> multiset<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Compare, Allocator>;
+
+template<class Key, class Compare = less<Key>, class Allocator = allocator<Key>>
+multiset(initializer_list<Key>, Compare = Compare(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+multiset(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator)
+  -> multiset<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type,
+          less<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  multiset(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator)
+    -> multiset<ranges::range_value_t<R>, less<ranges::range_value_t<R>>, Allocator>;
+
+template<class Key, class Allocator>
+multiset(initializer_list<Key>, Allocator) -> multiset<Key, less<Key>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator==(const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator< (const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);                                // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator!=(const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);                                // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator> (const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);                                // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator>=(const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);                                // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+bool
+operator<=(const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+           const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y);                                // removed in C++20
+
+template<class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+  synth-three-way-result<Key> operator<=>(const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x,
+                                          const multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y); // since C++20
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator>
+void
+swap(multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& x, multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& y)
+    noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Key, class Compare, class Allocator, class Predicate>
+typename multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(multiset<Key, Compare, Allocator>& c, Predicate pred);  // C++20
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/is_transparent.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/erase_if_container.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/ranges_iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h>
+#include <__node_handle>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__tree>
+#include <__type_traits/is_allocator.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [associative.set.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+class multiset;
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare = less<_Key>, class _Allocator = allocator<_Key> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS set {
+public:
+  // types:
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef key_type value_type;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Compare> key_compare;
+  typedef key_compare value_compare;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Allocator> allocator_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+
+  static_assert(is_same<typename allocator_type::value_type, value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+
+private:
+  typedef __tree<value_type, value_compare, allocator_type> __base;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value, "");
+
+  __base __tree_;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __base::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __base::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __base::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __base::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename __base::const_iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename __base::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  typedef __set_node_handle<typename __base::__node, allocator_type> node_type;
+  typedef __insert_return_type<iterator, node_type> insert_return_type;
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Key2, class _Compare2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS set;
+  template <class _Key2, class _Compare2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multiset;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set() _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value&& is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value&&
+          is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+      : __tree_(value_compare()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit set(const value_compare& __comp) _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value&& is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+      : __tree_(__comp) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit set(const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a) : __tree_(__comp, __a) {}
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const value_compare& __comp = value_compare())
+      : __tree_(__comp) {
+    insert(__f, __l);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  set(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__comp, __a) {
+    insert(__f, __l);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  set(from_range_t,
+      _Range&& __range,
+      const key_compare& __comp = key_compare(),
+      const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __tree_(__comp, __a) {
+    insert_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : set(__f, __l, key_compare(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : set(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), key_compare(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set(const set& __s) : __tree_(__s.__tree_) { insert(__s.begin(), __s.end()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set& operator=(const set& __s) {
+    __tree_ = __s.__tree_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set(set&& __s) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__base>::value)
+      : __tree_(std::move(__s.__tree_)) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit set(const allocator_type& __a) : __tree_(__a) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set(const set& __s, const allocator_type& __a) : __tree_(__s.__tree_.value_comp(), __a) {
+    insert(__s.begin(), __s.end());
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set(set&& __s, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const value_compare& __comp = value_compare())
+      : __tree_(__comp) {
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__comp, __a) {
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : set(__il, key_compare(), __a) {}
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    __tree_.__assign_unique(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI set& operator=(set&& __s) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__base>::value) {
+    __tree_ = std::move(__s.__tree_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~set() { static_assert(sizeof(__diagnose_non_const_comparator<_Key, _Compare>()), ""); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.end(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return rbegin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT { return rend(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.max_size(); }
+
+  // modifiers:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_.__emplace_unique(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_.__emplace_hint_unique(__p, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& __v) { return __tree_.__insert_unique(__v); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_unique(__p, __v);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l) {
+    for (const_iterator __e = cend(); __f != __l; ++__f)
+      __tree_.__insert_unique(__e, *__f);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    const_iterator __end = cend();
+    for (auto&& __element : __range) {
+      __tree_.__insert_unique(__end, std::forward<decltype(__element)>(__element));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type&& __v) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_unique(std::move(__v));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_unique(__p, std::move(__v));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { insert(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p) { return __tree_.erase(__p); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.__erase_unique(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) { return __tree_.erase(__f, __l); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT { __tree_.clear(); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI insert_return_type insert(node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to set::insert()");
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_insert_unique< node_type, insert_return_type>(std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __hint, node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to set::insert()");
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_insert_unique<node_type>(__hint, std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(key_type const& __key) {
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__key);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(const_iterator __it) {
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__it);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(set<key_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(set<key_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(multiset<key_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(multiset<key_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(set& __s) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<__base>) { __tree_.swap(__s.__tree_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.__alloc(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_compare key_comp() const { return __tree_.value_comp(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_compare value_comp() const { return __tree_.value_comp(); }
+
+  // set operations:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.find(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.find(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.find(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.__count_unique(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__count_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const key_type& __k) const { return find(__k) != end(); }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return find(__k) != end();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.lower_bound(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.lower_bound(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator lower_bound(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator lower_bound(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.upper_bound(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.upper_bound(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator upper_bound(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator upper_bound(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Compare   = less<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>>
+set(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare = _Compare(), _Allocator = _Allocator())
+    -> set<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Compare   = less<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>>
+set(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Compare = _Compare(), _Allocator = _Allocator())
+    -> set<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Compare   = less<_Key>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_Key>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+set(initializer_list<_Key>, _Compare = _Compare(), _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, void>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+set(_InputIterator,
+    _InputIterator,
+    _Allocator) -> set<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, less<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>, _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+set(from_range_t,
+    _Range&&,
+    _Allocator) -> set<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, less<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>, _Allocator>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+set(initializer_list<_Key>, _Allocator) -> set<_Key, less<_Key>, _Allocator>;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>::set(set&& __s, const allocator_type& __a) : __tree_(std::move(__s.__tree_), __a) {
+  if (__a != __s.get_allocator()) {
+    const_iterator __e = cend();
+    while (!__s.empty())
+      insert(__e, std::move(__s.__tree_.remove(__s.begin())->__value_));
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return __x.size() == __y.size() && std::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __synth_three_way_result<_Key>
+operator<=>(const set<_Key, _Allocator>& __x, const set<_Key, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end(), std::__synth_three_way);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+// specialized algorithms:
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(set<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return std::__libcpp_erase_if_container(__c, __pred);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare = less<_Key>, class _Allocator = allocator<_Key> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multiset {
+public:
+  // types:
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef key_type value_type;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Compare> key_compare;
+  typedef key_compare value_compare;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Allocator> allocator_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+
+  static_assert(is_same<typename allocator_type::value_type, value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+
+private:
+  typedef __tree<value_type, value_compare, allocator_type> __base;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value, "");
+
+  __base __tree_;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __base::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __base::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __base::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __base::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename __base::const_iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename __base::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  typedef __set_node_handle<typename __base::__node, allocator_type> node_type;
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Key2, class _Compare2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS set;
+  template <class _Key2, class _Compare2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS multiset;
+
+  // construct/copy/destroy:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset() _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value&& is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_compare>::value&&
+          is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+      : __tree_(value_compare()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit multiset(const value_compare& __comp) _NOEXCEPT_(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value&& is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value)
+      : __tree_(__comp) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit multiset(const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__comp, __a) {}
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const value_compare& __comp = value_compare())
+      : __tree_(__comp) {
+    insert(__f, __l);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : multiset(__f, __l, key_compare(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  multiset(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l, const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__comp, __a) {
+    insert(__f, __l);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  multiset(from_range_t,
+           _Range&& __range,
+           const key_compare& __comp = key_compare(),
+           const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __tree_(__comp, __a) {
+    insert_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : multiset(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), key_compare(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset(const multiset& __s)
+      : __tree_(__s.__tree_.value_comp(),
+                __alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__s.__tree_.__alloc())) {
+    insert(__s.begin(), __s.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset& operator=(const multiset& __s) {
+    __tree_ = __s.__tree_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset(multiset&& __s) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__base>::value)
+      : __tree_(std::move(__s.__tree_)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset(multiset&& __s, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit multiset(const allocator_type& __a) : __tree_(__a) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset(const multiset& __s, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__s.__tree_.value_comp(), __a) {
+    insert(__s.begin(), __s.end());
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const value_compare& __comp = value_compare())
+      : __tree_(__comp) {
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const value_compare& __comp, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __tree_(__comp, __a) {
+    insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : multiset(__il, key_compare(), __a) {}
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    __tree_.__assign_multi(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI multiset& operator=(multiset&& __s) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__base>::value) {
+    __tree_ = std::move(__s.__tree_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~multiset() { static_assert(sizeof(__diagnose_non_const_comparator<_Key, _Compare>()), ""); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.end(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return rbegin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT { return rend(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.max_size(); }
+
+  // modifiers:
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_.__emplace_multi(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __tree_.__emplace_hint_multi(__p, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const value_type& __v) { return __tree_.__insert_multi(__v); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __v) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_multi(__p, __v);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __f, _InputIterator __l) {
+    for (const_iterator __e = cend(); __f != __l; ++__f)
+      __tree_.__insert_multi(__e, *__f);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    const_iterator __end = cend();
+    for (auto&& __element : __range) {
+      __tree_.__insert_multi(__end, std::forward<decltype(__element)>(__element));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(value_type&& __v) { return __tree_.__insert_multi(std::move(__v)); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __v) {
+    return __tree_.__insert_multi(__p, std::move(__v));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { insert(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p) { return __tree_.erase(__p); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.__erase_multi(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __f, const_iterator __l) { return __tree_.erase(__f, __l); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT { __tree_.clear(); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to multiset::insert()");
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_insert_multi<node_type>(std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __hint, node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to multiset::insert()");
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_insert_multi<node_type>(__hint, std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(key_type const& __key) {
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__key);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(const_iterator __it) {
+    return __tree_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__it);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(multiset<key_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(multiset<key_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(set<key_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+  template <class _Compare2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(set<key_type, _Compare2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __tree_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__tree_);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(multiset& __s) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<__base>) {
+    __tree_.swap(__s.__tree_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT { return __tree_.__alloc(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_compare key_comp() const { return __tree_.value_comp(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_compare value_comp() const { return __tree_.value_comp(); }
+
+  // set operations:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.find(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.find(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.find(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.__count_multi(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__count_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const key_type& __k) const { return find(__k) != end(); }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return find(__k) != end();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.lower_bound(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.lower_bound(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator lower_bound(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);
+  }
+
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator lower_bound(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.lower_bound(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) { return __tree_.upper_bound(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __k) const { return __tree_.upper_bound(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator upper_bound(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator upper_bound(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.upper_bound(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<_Compare, _K2>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __tree_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Compare   = less<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>>
+multiset(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare = _Compare(), _Allocator = _Allocator())
+    -> multiset<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Compare   = less<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>>
+multiset(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Compare = _Compare(), _Allocator = _Allocator())
+    -> multiset<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Compare   = less<_Key>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_Key>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value, void>>
+multiset(initializer_list<_Key>,
+         _Compare   = _Compare(),
+         _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, void>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+multiset(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Allocator)
+    -> multiset<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, less<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>, _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+multiset(from_range_t,
+         _Range&&,
+         _Allocator) -> multiset<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, less<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>, _Allocator>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, void>>
+multiset(initializer_list<_Key>, _Allocator) -> multiset<_Key, less<_Key>, _Allocator>;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>::multiset(multiset&& __s, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __tree_(std::move(__s.__tree_), __a) {
+  if (__a != __s.get_allocator()) {
+    const_iterator __e = cend();
+    while (!__s.empty())
+      insert(__e, std::move(__s.__tree_.remove(__s.begin())->__value_));
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return __x.size() == __y.size() && std::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, const multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __synth_three_way_result<_Key>
+operator<=>(const multiset<_Key, _Allocator>& __x, const multiset<_Key, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(
+      __x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end(), __synth_three_way);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __x, multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Key, class _Compare, class _Allocator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(multiset<_Key, _Compare, _Allocator>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return std::__libcpp_erase_if_container(__c, __pred);
+}
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace pmr {
+template <class _KeyT, class _CompareT = std::less<_KeyT>>
+using set _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = std::set<_KeyT, _CompareT, polymorphic_allocator<_KeyT>>;
+
+template <class _KeyT, class _CompareT = std::less<_KeyT>>
+using multiset _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = std::multiset<_KeyT, _CompareT, polymorphic_allocator<_KeyT>>;
+} // namespace pmr
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_SET

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/shared_mutex b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/shared_mutex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f63bd25493878b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/shared_mutex
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SHARED_MUTEX
+#define _LIBCPP_SHARED_MUTEX
+
+/*
+    shared_mutex synopsis
+
+// C++1y
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class shared_mutex      // C++17
+{
+public:
+    shared_mutex();
+    ~shared_mutex();
+
+    shared_mutex(const shared_mutex&) = delete;
+    shared_mutex& operator=(const shared_mutex&) = delete;
+
+    // Exclusive ownership
+    void lock(); // blocking
+    bool try_lock();
+    void unlock();
+
+    // Shared ownership
+    void lock_shared(); // blocking
+    bool try_lock_shared();
+    void unlock_shared();
+
+    typedef implementation-defined native_handle_type; // See 30.2.3
+    native_handle_type native_handle(); // See 30.2.3
+};
+
+class shared_timed_mutex
+{
+public:
+    shared_timed_mutex();
+    ~shared_timed_mutex();
+
+    shared_timed_mutex(const shared_timed_mutex&) = delete;
+    shared_timed_mutex& operator=(const shared_timed_mutex&) = delete;
+
+    // Exclusive ownership
+    void lock(); // blocking
+    bool try_lock();
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+    void unlock();
+
+    // Shared ownership
+    void lock_shared(); // blocking
+    bool try_lock_shared();
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        bool
+        try_lock_shared_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        bool
+        try_lock_shared_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+    void unlock_shared();
+};
+
+template <class Mutex>
+class shared_lock
+{
+public:
+    typedef Mutex mutex_type;
+
+    // Shared locking
+    shared_lock() noexcept;
+    explicit shared_lock(mutex_type& m); // blocking
+    shared_lock(mutex_type& m, defer_lock_t) noexcept;
+    shared_lock(mutex_type& m, try_to_lock_t);
+    shared_lock(mutex_type& m, adopt_lock_t);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        shared_lock(mutex_type& m,
+                    const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        shared_lock(mutex_type& m,
+                    const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    ~shared_lock();
+
+    shared_lock(shared_lock const&) = delete;
+    shared_lock& operator=(shared_lock const&) = delete;
+
+    shared_lock(shared_lock&& u) noexcept;
+    shared_lock& operator=(shared_lock&& u) noexcept;
+
+    void lock(); // blocking
+    bool try_lock();
+    template <class Rep, class Period>
+        bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+    template <class Clock, class Duration>
+        bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+    void unlock();
+
+    // Setters
+    void swap(shared_lock& u) noexcept;
+    mutex_type* release() noexcept;
+
+    // Getters
+    bool owns_lock() const noexcept;
+    explicit operator bool () const noexcept;
+    mutex_type* mutex() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <class Mutex>
+    void swap(shared_lock<Mutex>& x, shared_lock<Mutex>& y) noexcept;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#  include <__chrono/duration.h>
+#  include <__chrono/steady_clock.h>
+#  include <__chrono/time_point.h>
+#  include <__condition_variable/condition_variable.h>
+#  include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#  include <__mutex/mutex.h>
+#  include <__mutex/tag_types.h>
+#  include <__mutex/unique_lock.h>
+#  include <__system_error/system_error.h>
+#  include <__utility/swap.h>
+#  include <cerrno>
+#  include <version>
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#      pragma GCC system_header
+#    endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI __shared_mutex_base {
+  mutex __mut_;
+  condition_variable __gate1_;
+  condition_variable __gate2_;
+  unsigned __state_;
+
+  static const unsigned __write_entered_ = 1U << (sizeof(unsigned) * __CHAR_BIT__ - 1);
+  static const unsigned __n_readers_     = ~__write_entered_;
+
+  __shared_mutex_base();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__shared_mutex_base() = default;
+
+  __shared_mutex_base(const __shared_mutex_base&)            = delete;
+  __shared_mutex_base& operator=(const __shared_mutex_base&) = delete;
+
+  // Exclusive ownership
+  void lock(); // blocking
+  bool try_lock();
+  void unlock();
+
+  // Shared ownership
+  void lock_shared(); // blocking
+  bool try_lock_shared();
+  void unlock_shared();
+
+  //     typedef implementation-defined native_handle_type; // See 30.2.3
+  //     native_handle_type native_handle(); // See 30.2.3
+};
+
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__capability__("shared_mutex")) shared_mutex {
+  __shared_mutex_base __base_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_mutex() : __base_() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~shared_mutex() = default;
+
+  shared_mutex(const shared_mutex&)            = delete;
+  shared_mutex& operator=(const shared_mutex&) = delete;
+
+  // Exclusive ownership
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void lock() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__acquire_capability__()) {
+    return __base_.lock();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_lock() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__try_acquire_capability__(true)) {
+    return __base_.try_lock();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void unlock() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__release_capability__()) {
+    return __base_.unlock();
+  }
+
+  // Shared ownership
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void lock_shared() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__acquire_shared_capability__()) {
+    return __base_.lock_shared();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_lock_shared()
+      _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__try_acquire_shared_capability__(true)) {
+    return __base_.try_lock_shared();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void unlock_shared() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__release_shared_capability__()) {
+    return __base_.unlock_shared();
+  }
+
+  //     typedef __shared_mutex_base::native_handle_type native_handle_type;
+  //     _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI native_handle_type native_handle() { return __base::unlock_shared(); }
+};
+#    endif
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__capability__("shared_timed_mutex")) shared_timed_mutex {
+  __shared_mutex_base __base_;
+
+public:
+  shared_timed_mutex();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~shared_timed_mutex() = default;
+
+  shared_timed_mutex(const shared_timed_mutex&)            = delete;
+  shared_timed_mutex& operator=(const shared_timed_mutex&) = delete;
+
+  // Exclusive ownership
+  void lock() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__acquire_capability__());
+  bool try_lock() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__try_acquire_capability__(true));
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time)
+      _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__try_acquire_capability__(true)) {
+    return try_lock_until(chrono::steady_clock::now() + __rel_time);
+  }
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS bool
+  try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time)
+      _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__try_acquire_capability__(true));
+  void unlock() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__release_capability__());
+
+  // Shared ownership
+  void lock_shared() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__acquire_shared_capability__());
+  bool try_lock_shared() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__try_acquire_shared_capability__(true));
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_lock_shared_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time)
+      _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__try_acquire_shared_capability__(true)) {
+    return try_lock_shared_until(chrono::steady_clock::now() + __rel_time);
+  }
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS bool
+  try_lock_shared_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time)
+      _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__try_acquire_shared_capability__(true));
+  void unlock_shared() _LIBCPP_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATION(__release_shared_capability__());
+};
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+bool shared_timed_mutex::try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) {
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__base_.__mut_);
+  if (__base_.__state_ & __base_.__write_entered_) {
+    while (true) {
+      cv_status __status = __base_.__gate1_.wait_until(__lk, __abs_time);
+      if ((__base_.__state_ & __base_.__write_entered_) == 0)
+        break;
+      if (__status == cv_status::timeout)
+        return false;
+    }
+  }
+  __base_.__state_ |= __base_.__write_entered_;
+  if (__base_.__state_ & __base_.__n_readers_) {
+    while (true) {
+      cv_status __status = __base_.__gate2_.wait_until(__lk, __abs_time);
+      if ((__base_.__state_ & __base_.__n_readers_) == 0)
+        break;
+      if (__status == cv_status::timeout) {
+        __base_.__state_ &= ~__base_.__write_entered_;
+        __base_.__gate1_.notify_all();
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+bool shared_timed_mutex::try_lock_shared_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time) {
+  unique_lock<mutex> __lk(__base_.__mut_);
+  if ((__base_.__state_ & __base_.__write_entered_) ||
+      (__base_.__state_ & __base_.__n_readers_) == __base_.__n_readers_) {
+    while (true) {
+      cv_status __status = __base_.__gate1_.wait_until(__lk, __abs_time);
+      if ((__base_.__state_ & __base_.__write_entered_) == 0 &&
+          (__base_.__state_ & __base_.__n_readers_) < __base_.__n_readers_)
+        break;
+      if (__status == cv_status::timeout)
+        return false;
+    }
+  }
+  unsigned __num_readers = (__base_.__state_ & __base_.__n_readers_) + 1;
+  __base_.__state_ &= ~__base_.__n_readers_;
+  __base_.__state_ |= __num_readers;
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+class shared_lock {
+public:
+  typedef _Mutex mutex_type;
+
+private:
+  mutex_type* __m_;
+  bool __owns_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_lock() _NOEXCEPT : __m_(nullptr), __owns_(false) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit shared_lock(mutex_type& __m) : __m_(std::addressof(__m)), __owns_(true) {
+    __m_->lock_shared();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_lock(mutex_type& __m, defer_lock_t) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __m_(std::addressof(__m)),
+        __owns_(false) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_lock(mutex_type& __m, try_to_lock_t)
+      : __m_(std::addressof(__m)), __owns_(__m.try_lock_shared()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_lock(mutex_type& __m, adopt_lock_t) : __m_(std::addressof(__m)), __owns_(true) {}
+
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_lock(mutex_type& __m, const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time)
+      : __m_(std::addressof(__m)), __owns_(__m.try_lock_shared_until(__abs_time)) {}
+
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_lock(mutex_type& __m, const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time)
+      : __m_(std::addressof(__m)), __owns_(__m.try_lock_shared_for(__rel_time)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~shared_lock() {
+    if (__owns_)
+      __m_->unlock_shared();
+  }
+
+  shared_lock(shared_lock const&)            = delete;
+  shared_lock& operator=(shared_lock const&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_lock(shared_lock&& __u) _NOEXCEPT : __m_(__u.__m_), __owns_(__u.__owns_) {
+    __u.__m_    = nullptr;
+    __u.__owns_ = false;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI shared_lock& operator=(shared_lock&& __u) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__owns_)
+      __m_->unlock_shared();
+    __m_        = nullptr;
+    __owns_     = false;
+    __m_        = __u.__m_;
+    __owns_     = __u.__owns_;
+    __u.__m_    = nullptr;
+    __u.__owns_ = false;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void lock();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_lock();
+  template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __rel_time);
+  template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __abs_time);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void unlock();
+
+  // Setters
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(shared_lock& __u) _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::swap(__m_, __u.__m_);
+    std::swap(__owns_, __u.__owns_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mutex_type* release() _NOEXCEPT {
+    mutex_type* __m = __m_;
+    __m_            = nullptr;
+    __owns_         = false;
+    return __m;
+  }
+
+  // Getters
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool owns_lock() const _NOEXCEPT { return __owns_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit operator bool() const _NOEXCEPT { return __owns_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mutex_type* mutex() const _NOEXCEPT { return __m_; }
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(shared_lock);
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+void shared_lock<_Mutex>::lock() {
+  if (__m_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_system_error(EPERM, "shared_lock::lock: references null mutex");
+  if (__owns_)
+    __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "shared_lock::lock: already locked");
+  __m_->lock_shared();
+  __owns_ = true;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+bool shared_lock<_Mutex>::try_lock() {
+  if (__m_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_system_error(EPERM, "shared_lock::try_lock: references null mutex");
+  if (__owns_)
+    __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "shared_lock::try_lock: already locked");
+  __owns_ = __m_->try_lock_shared();
+  return __owns_;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+template <class _Rep, class _Period>
+bool shared_lock<_Mutex>::try_lock_for(const chrono::duration<_Rep, _Period>& __d) {
+  if (__m_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_system_error(EPERM, "shared_lock::try_lock_for: references null mutex");
+  if (__owns_)
+    __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "shared_lock::try_lock_for: already locked");
+  __owns_ = __m_->try_lock_shared_for(__d);
+  return __owns_;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+template <class _Clock, class _Duration>
+bool shared_lock<_Mutex>::try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<_Clock, _Duration>& __t) {
+  if (__m_ == nullptr)
+    __throw_system_error(EPERM, "shared_lock::try_lock_until: references null mutex");
+  if (__owns_)
+    __throw_system_error(EDEADLK, "shared_lock::try_lock_until: already locked");
+  __owns_ = __m_->try_lock_shared_until(__t);
+  return __owns_;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+void shared_lock<_Mutex>::unlock() {
+  if (!__owns_)
+    __throw_system_error(EPERM, "shared_lock::unlock: not locked");
+  __m_->unlock_shared();
+  __owns_ = false;
+}
+
+template <class _Mutex>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(shared_lock<_Mutex>& __x, shared_lock<_Mutex>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <system_error>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_SHARED_MUTEX

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/source_location b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/source_location
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d16e3c46fce55e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/source_location
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SOURCE_LOCATION
+#define _LIBCPP_SOURCE_LOCATION
+
+/* source_location synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+  struct source_location {
+    static consteval source_location current() noexcept;
+    constexpr source_location() noexcept;
+
+    constexpr uint_least32_t line() const noexcept;
+    constexpr uint_least32_t column() const noexcept;
+    constexpr const char* file_name() const noexcept;
+    constexpr const char* function_name() const noexcept;
+  };
+}
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+class source_location {
+  // The names source_location::__impl, _M_file_name, _M_function_name, _M_line, and _M_column
+  // are hard-coded in the compiler and must not be changed here.
+  struct __impl {
+    const char* _M_file_name;
+    const char* _M_function_name;
+    unsigned _M_line;
+    unsigned _M_column;
+  };
+  const __impl* __ptr_ = nullptr;
+  // GCC returns the type 'const void*' from the builtin, while clang returns
+  // `const __impl*`. Per C++ [expr.const], casts from void* are not permitted
+  // in constant evaluation, so we don't want to use `void*` as the argument
+  // type unless the builtin returned that, anyhow, and the invalid cast is
+  // unavoidable.
+  using __bsl_ty = decltype(__builtin_source_location());
+
+public:
+  // The defaulted __ptr argument is necessary so that the builtin is evaluated
+  // in the context of the caller. An explicit value should never be provided.
+  static consteval source_location current(__bsl_ty __ptr = __builtin_source_location()) noexcept {
+    source_location __sl;
+    __sl.__ptr_ = static_cast<const __impl*>(__ptr);
+    return __sl;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr source_location() noexcept = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr uint_least32_t line() const noexcept {
+    return __ptr_ != nullptr ? __ptr_->_M_line : 0;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr uint_least32_t column() const noexcept {
+    return __ptr_ != nullptr ? __ptr_->_M_column : 0;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const char* file_name() const noexcept {
+    return __ptr_ != nullptr ? __ptr_->_M_file_name : "";
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const char* function_name() const noexcept {
+    return __ptr_ != nullptr ? __ptr_->_M_function_name : "";
+  }
+};
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_SOURCE_LOCATION

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/span b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/span
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..da631cdc3f90e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/span
@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SPAN
+#define _LIBCPP_SPAN
+
+/*
+    span synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+
+// constants
+inline constexpr size_t dynamic_extent = numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+
+template<class T>
+  concept integral-constant-like =                           // exposition only, since C++26
+    is_integral_v<decltype(T::value)> &&
+    !is_same_v<bool, remove_const_t<decltype(T::value)>> &&
+    convertible_to<T, decltype(T::value)> &&
+    equality_comparable_with<T, decltype(T::value)> &&
+    bool_constant<T() == T::value>::value &&
+    bool_constant<static_cast<decltype(T::value)>(T()) == T::value>::value;
+
+template<class T>
+  constexpr size_t maybe-static-ext = dynamic_extent;        // exposition only, since C++26
+template<integral-constant-like T>
+  constexpr size_t maybe-static-ext<T> = {T::value};
+
+// [views.span], class template span
+template <class ElementType, size_t Extent = dynamic_extent>
+    class span;
+
+template<class ElementType, size_t Extent>
+  inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_view<span<ElementType, Extent>> = true;
+
+template<class ElementType, size_t Extent>
+    inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_borrowed_range<span<ElementType, Extent>> = true;
+
+// [span.objectrep], views of object representation
+template <class ElementType, size_t Extent>
+    span<const byte, ((Extent == dynamic_extent) ? dynamic_extent :
+        (sizeof(ElementType) * Extent))> as_bytes(span<ElementType, Extent> s) noexcept;
+
+template <class ElementType, size_t Extent>
+    span<      byte, ((Extent == dynamic_extent) ? dynamic_extent :
+        (sizeof(ElementType) * Extent))> as_writable_bytes(span<ElementType, Extent> s) noexcept;
+
+
+template <class ElementType, size_t Extent = dynamic_extent>
+class span {
+public:
+    // constants and types
+    using element_type = ElementType;
+    using value_type = remove_cv_t<ElementType>;
+    using size_type = size_t;
+    using 
diff erence_type = ptr
diff _t;
+    using pointer = element_type*;
+    using const_pointer = const element_type*;
+    using reference = element_type&;
+    using const_reference = const element_type&;
+    using iterator = implementation-defined;
+    using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+    static constexpr size_type extent = Extent;
+
+    // [span.cons], span constructors, copy, assignment, and destructor
+    constexpr span() noexcept;
+    template <class It>
+    constexpr explicit(Extent != dynamic_extent) span(It first, size_type count);
+    template <class It, class End>
+    constexpr explicit(Extent != dynamic_extent) span(It first, End last);
+    template <size_t N>
+        constexpr span(type_identity_t<element_type> (&arr)[N]) noexcept;
+    template <size_t N>
+        constexpr span(array<value_type, N>& arr) noexcept;
+    template <size_t N>
+        constexpr span(const array<value_type, N>& arr) noexcept;
+    template<class R>
+      constexpr explicit(Extent != dynamic_extent) span(R&& r);
+    constexpr explicit(extent != dynamic_extent) span(std::initializer_list<value_type> il); // Since C++26
+    constexpr span(const span& other) noexcept = default;
+    template <class OtherElementType, size_t OtherExtent>
+        constexpr explicit(Extent != dynamic_extent) span(const span<OtherElementType, OtherExtent>& s) noexcept;
+    constexpr span& operator=(const span& other) noexcept = default;
+
+    // [span.sub], span subviews
+    template <size_t Count>
+        constexpr span<element_type, Count> first() const;
+    template <size_t Count>
+        constexpr span<element_type, Count> last() const;
+    template <size_t Offset, size_t Count = dynamic_extent>
+        constexpr span<element_type, see below> subspan() const;
+
+    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> first(size_type count) const;
+    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> last(size_type count) const;
+    constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> subspan(size_type offset, size_type count = dynamic_extent) const;
+
+    // [span.obs], span observers
+    constexpr size_type size() const noexcept;
+    constexpr size_type size_bytes() const noexcept;
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool empty() const noexcept;
+
+    // [span.elem], span element access
+    constexpr reference operator[](size_type idx) const;
+    constexpr reference at(size_type idx) const; // since C++26
+    constexpr reference front() const;
+    constexpr reference back() const;
+    constexpr pointer data() const noexcept;
+
+    // [span.iterators], span iterator support
+    constexpr iterator begin() const noexcept;
+    constexpr iterator end() const noexcept;
+    constexpr reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+    constexpr reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;
+
+private:
+    pointer data_;    // exposition only
+    size_type size_;  // exposition only
+};
+
+template<class It, class EndOrSize>
+    span(It, EndOrSize) -> span<remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_It>>>;                             // until C++26
+template<class It, class EndOrSize>
+    span(It, EndOrSize) -> span<remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<It>>, maybe-static-ext<EndOrSize>>; // since C++26
+
+template<class T, size_t N>
+    span(T (&)[N]) -> span<T, N>;
+
+template<class T, size_t N>
+    span(array<T, N>&) -> span<T, N>;
+
+template<class T, size_t N>
+    span(const array<T, N>&) -> span<const T, N>;
+
+template<class R>
+    span(R&&) -> span<remove_reference_t<ranges::range_reference_t<R>>>;
+
+} // namespace std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/equality_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/array.h>
+#include <__fwd/span.h>
+#include <__iterator/bounded_iter.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/wrap_iter.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/data.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <cstddef> // for byte
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_std_span : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
+struct __is_std_span<span<_Tp, _Sz>> : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Range, class _ElementType>
+concept __span_compatible_range =
+    !__is_std_span<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>::value &&                //
+    ranges::contiguous_range<_Range> &&                             //
+    ranges::sized_range<_Range> &&                                  //
+    (ranges::borrowed_range<_Range> || is_const_v<_ElementType>) && //
+    !__is_std_array<remove_cvref_t<_Range>>::value &&               //
+    !is_array_v<remove_cvref_t<_Range>> &&                          //
+    is_convertible_v<remove_reference_t<ranges::range_reference_t<_Range>> (*)[], _ElementType (*)[]>;
+
+template <class _From, class _To>
+concept __span_array_convertible = is_convertible_v<_From (*)[], _To (*)[]>;
+
+template <class _It, class _Tp>
+concept __span_compatible_iterator =
+    contiguous_iterator<_It> && __span_array_convertible<remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_It>>, _Tp>;
+
+template <class _Sentinel, class _It>
+concept __span_compatible_sentinel_for = sized_sentinel_for<_Sentinel, _It> && !is_convertible_v<_Sentinel, size_t>;
+
+template <typename _Tp, size_t _Extent>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS span {
+public:
+  //  constants and types
+  using element_type    = _Tp;
+  using value_type      = remove_cv_t<_Tp>;
+  using size_type       = size_t;
+  using 
diff erence_type = ptr
diff _t;
+  using pointer         = _Tp*;
+  using const_pointer   = const _Tp*;
+  using reference       = _Tp&;
+  using const_reference = const _Tp&;
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS
+  using iterator = __bounded_iter<pointer>;
+#  else
+  using iterator = __wrap_iter<pointer>;
+#  endif
+  using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+
+  static constexpr size_type extent = _Extent;
+
+  // [span.cons], span constructors, copy, assignment, and destructor
+  template <size_t _Sz = _Extent>
+    requires(_Sz == 0)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span() noexcept : __data_{nullptr} {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit span(std::initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+    requires is_const_v<element_type>
+      : __data_{__il.begin()} {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(
+        _Extent == __il.size(), "Size mismatch in span's constructor _Extent != __il.size().");
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  constexpr span(const span&) noexcept            = default;
+  constexpr span& operator=(const span&) noexcept = default;
+
+  template <__span_compatible_iterator<element_type> _It>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit span(_It __first, size_type __count) : __data_{std::to_address(__first)} {
+    (void)__count;
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(_Extent == __count, "size mismatch in span's constructor (iterator, len)");
+  }
+
+  template <__span_compatible_iterator<element_type> _It, __span_compatible_sentinel_for<_It> _End>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit span(_It __first, _End __last) : __data_{std::to_address(__first)} {
+    // [span.cons]/10
+    // Throws: When and what last - first throws.
+    [[maybe_unused]] auto __dist = __last - __first;
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__dist >= 0, "invalid range in span's constructor (iterator, sentinel)");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __dist == _Extent, "invalid range in span's constructor (iterator, sentinel): last - first != extent");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(type_identity_t<element_type> (&__arr)[_Extent]) noexcept : __data_{__arr} {}
+
+  template <__span_array_convertible<element_type> _OtherElementType>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(array<_OtherElementType, _Extent>& __arr) noexcept : __data_{__arr.data()} {}
+
+  template <class _OtherElementType>
+    requires __span_array_convertible<const _OtherElementType, element_type>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(const array<_OtherElementType, _Extent>& __arr) noexcept
+      : __data_{__arr.data()} {}
+
+  template <__span_compatible_range<element_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit span(_Range&& __r) : __data_{ranges::data(__r)} {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(ranges::size(__r) == _Extent, "size mismatch in span's constructor (range)");
+  }
+
+  template <__span_array_convertible<element_type> _OtherElementType>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(const span<_OtherElementType, _Extent>& __other) noexcept
+      : __data_{__other.data()} {}
+
+  template <__span_array_convertible<element_type> _OtherElementType>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit span(const span<_OtherElementType, dynamic_extent>& __other) noexcept
+      : __data_{__other.data()} {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(_Extent == __other.size(), "size mismatch in span's constructor (other span)");
+  }
+
+  template <size_t _Count>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span<element_type, _Count> first() const noexcept {
+    static_assert(_Count <= _Extent, "span<T, N>::first<Count>(): Count out of range");
+    return span<element_type, _Count>{data(), _Count};
+  }
+
+  template <size_t _Count>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span<element_type, _Count> last() const noexcept {
+    static_assert(_Count <= _Extent, "span<T, N>::last<Count>(): Count out of range");
+    return span<element_type, _Count>{data() + size() - _Count, _Count};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> first(size_type __count) const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__count <= size(), "span<T, N>::first(count): count out of range");
+    return {data(), __count};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> last(size_type __count) const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__count <= size(), "span<T, N>::last(count): count out of range");
+    return {data() + size() - __count, __count};
+  }
+
+  template <size_t _Offset, size_t _Count = dynamic_extent>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+  subspan() const noexcept -> span<element_type, _Count != dynamic_extent ? _Count : _Extent - _Offset> {
+    static_assert(_Offset <= _Extent, "span<T, N>::subspan<Offset, Count>(): Offset out of range");
+    static_assert(_Count == dynamic_extent || _Count <= _Extent - _Offset,
+                  "span<T, N>::subspan<Offset, Count>(): Offset + Count out of range");
+
+    using _ReturnType = span<element_type, _Count != dynamic_extent ? _Count : _Extent - _Offset>;
+    return _ReturnType{data() + _Offset, _Count == dynamic_extent ? size() - _Offset : _Count};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent>
+  subspan(size_type __offset, size_type __count = dynamic_extent) const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__offset <= size(), "span<T, N>::subspan(offset, count): offset out of range");
+    if (__count == dynamic_extent)
+      return {data() + __offset, size() - __offset};
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __count <= size() - __offset, "span<T, N>::subspan(offset, count): offset + count out of range");
+    return {data() + __offset, __count};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_type size() const noexcept { return _Extent; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_type size_bytes() const noexcept { return _Extent * sizeof(element_type); }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty() const noexcept { return _Extent == 0; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference operator[](size_type __idx) const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__idx < size(), "span<T, N>::operator[](index): index out of range");
+    return __data_[__idx];
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference at(size_type __index) const {
+    if (__index >= size())
+      std::__throw_out_of_range("span");
+    return __data_[__index];
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference front() const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "span<T, N>::front() on empty span");
+    return __data_[0];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference back() const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "span<T, N>::back() on empty span");
+    return __data_[size() - 1];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr pointer data() const noexcept { return __data_; }
+
+  // [span.iter], span iterator support
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator begin() const noexcept {
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(data(), data(), data() + size());
+#  else
+    return iterator(data());
+#  endif
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator end() const noexcept {
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(data() + size(), data(), data() + size());
+#  else
+    return iterator(data() + size());
+#  endif
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI span<const byte, _Extent * sizeof(element_type)> __as_bytes() const noexcept {
+    return span<const byte, _Extent * sizeof(element_type)>{reinterpret_cast<const byte*>(data()), size_bytes()};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI span<byte, _Extent * sizeof(element_type)> __as_writable_bytes() const noexcept {
+    return span<byte, _Extent * sizeof(element_type)>{reinterpret_cast<byte*>(data()), size_bytes()};
+  }
+
+private:
+  pointer __data_;
+};
+
+template <typename _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS span<_Tp, dynamic_extent> {
+public:
+  //  constants and types
+  using element_type    = _Tp;
+  using value_type      = remove_cv_t<_Tp>;
+  using size_type       = size_t;
+  using 
diff erence_type = ptr
diff _t;
+  using pointer         = _Tp*;
+  using const_pointer   = const _Tp*;
+  using reference       = _Tp&;
+  using const_reference = const _Tp&;
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS
+  using iterator = __bounded_iter<pointer>;
+#  else
+  using iterator = __wrap_iter<pointer>;
+#  endif
+  using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+
+  static constexpr size_type extent = dynamic_extent;
+
+  // [span.cons], span constructors, copy, assignment, and destructor
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span() noexcept : __data_{nullptr}, __size_{0} {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(std::initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+    requires is_const_v<element_type>
+      : __data_{__il.begin()}, __size_{__il.size()} {}
+#  endif
+
+  constexpr span(const span&) noexcept            = default;
+  constexpr span& operator=(const span&) noexcept = default;
+
+  template <__span_compatible_iterator<element_type> _It>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(_It __first, size_type __count)
+      : __data_{std::to_address(__first)}, __size_{__count} {}
+
+  template <__span_compatible_iterator<element_type> _It, __span_compatible_sentinel_for<_It> _End>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(_It __first, _End __last)
+      : __data_(std::to_address(__first)), __size_(__last - __first) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__last - __first >= 0, "invalid range in span's constructor (iterator, sentinel)");
+  }
+
+  template <size_t _Sz>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(type_identity_t<element_type> (&__arr)[_Sz]) noexcept
+      : __data_{__arr}, __size_{_Sz} {}
+
+  template <__span_array_convertible<element_type> _OtherElementType, size_t _Sz>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(array<_OtherElementType, _Sz>& __arr) noexcept
+      : __data_{__arr.data()}, __size_{_Sz} {}
+
+  template <class _OtherElementType, size_t _Sz>
+    requires __span_array_convertible<const _OtherElementType, element_type>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(const array<_OtherElementType, _Sz>& __arr) noexcept
+      : __data_{__arr.data()}, __size_{_Sz} {}
+
+  template <__span_compatible_range<element_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(_Range&& __r) : __data_(ranges::data(__r)), __size_{ranges::size(__r)} {}
+
+  template <__span_array_convertible<element_type> _OtherElementType, size_t _OtherExtent>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span(const span<_OtherElementType, _OtherExtent>& __other) noexcept
+      : __data_{__other.data()}, __size_{__other.size()} {}
+
+  template <size_t _Count>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span<element_type, _Count> first() const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(_Count <= size(), "span<T>::first<Count>(): Count out of range");
+    return span<element_type, _Count>{data(), _Count};
+  }
+
+  template <size_t _Count>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span<element_type, _Count> last() const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(_Count <= size(), "span<T>::last<Count>(): Count out of range");
+    return span<element_type, _Count>{data() + size() - _Count, _Count};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> first(size_type __count) const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__count <= size(), "span<T>::first(count): count out of range");
+    return {data(), __count};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> last(size_type __count) const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__count <= size(), "span<T>::last(count): count out of range");
+    return {data() + size() - __count, __count};
+  }
+
+  template <size_t _Offset, size_t _Count = dynamic_extent>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr span<element_type, _Count> subspan() const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(_Offset <= size(), "span<T>::subspan<Offset, Count>(): Offset out of range");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(_Count == dynamic_extent || _Count <= size() - _Offset,
+                                        "span<T>::subspan<Offset, Count>(): Offset + Count out of range");
+    return span<element_type, _Count>{data() + _Offset, _Count == dynamic_extent ? size() - _Offset : _Count};
+  }
+
+  constexpr span<element_type, dynamic_extent> _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  subspan(size_type __offset, size_type __count = dynamic_extent) const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__offset <= size(), "span<T>::subspan(offset, count): offset out of range");
+    if (__count == dynamic_extent)
+      return {data() + __offset, size() - __offset};
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+        __count <= size() - __offset, "span<T>::subspan(offset, count): offset + count out of range");
+    return {data() + __offset, __count};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_type size() const noexcept { return __size_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_type size_bytes() const noexcept { return __size_ * sizeof(element_type); }
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool empty() const noexcept { return __size_ == 0; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference operator[](size_type __idx) const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__idx < size(), "span<T>::operator[](index): index out of range");
+    return __data_[__idx];
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference at(size_type __index) const {
+    if (__index >= size())
+      std::__throw_out_of_range("span");
+    return __data_[__index];
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference front() const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "span<T>::front() on empty span");
+    return __data_[0];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reference back() const noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "span<T>::back() on empty span");
+    return __data_[size() - 1];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr pointer data() const noexcept { return __data_; }
+
+  // [span.iter], span iterator support
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator begin() const noexcept {
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(data(), data(), data() + size());
+#  else
+    return iterator(data());
+#  endif
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator end() const noexcept {
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(data() + size(), data(), data() + size());
+#  else
+    return iterator(data() + size());
+#  endif
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI span<const byte, dynamic_extent> __as_bytes() const noexcept {
+    return {reinterpret_cast<const byte*>(data()), size_bytes()};
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI span<byte, dynamic_extent> __as_writable_bytes() const noexcept {
+    return {reinterpret_cast<byte*>(data()), size_bytes()};
+  }
+
+private:
+  pointer __data_;
+  size_type __size_;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Extent>
+inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_borrowed_range<span<_Tp, _Extent> > = true;
+
+template <class _ElementType, size_t _Extent>
+inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_view<span<_ElementType, _Extent>> = true;
+
+//  as_bytes & as_writable_bytes
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Extent>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto as_bytes(span<_Tp, _Extent> __s) noexcept {
+  return __s.__as_bytes();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Extent>
+  requires(!is_const_v<_Tp>)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto as_writable_bytes(span<_Tp, _Extent> __s) noexcept {
+  return __s.__as_writable_bytes();
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+template <class _Tp>
+concept __integral_constant_like =
+    is_integral_v<decltype(_Tp::value)> && !is_same_v<bool, remove_const_t<decltype(_Tp::value)>> &&
+    convertible_to<_Tp, decltype(_Tp::value)> && equality_comparable_with<_Tp, decltype(_Tp::value)> &&
+    bool_constant<_Tp() == _Tp::value>::value &&
+    bool_constant<static_cast<decltype(_Tp::value)>(_Tp()) == _Tp::value>::value;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr size_t __maybe_static_ext = dynamic_extent;
+
+template <__integral_constant_like _Tp>
+inline constexpr size_t __maybe_static_ext<_Tp> = {_Tp::value};
+
+template <contiguous_iterator _It, class _EndOrSize>
+span(_It, _EndOrSize) -> span<remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_It>>, __maybe_static_ext<_EndOrSize>>;
+#  else
+template <contiguous_iterator _It, class _EndOrSize>
+span(_It, _EndOrSize) -> span<remove_reference_t<iter_reference_t<_It>>>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
+span(_Tp (&)[_Sz]) -> span<_Tp, _Sz>;
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
+span(array<_Tp, _Sz>&) -> span<_Tp, _Sz>;
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Sz>
+span(const array<_Tp, _Sz>&) -> span<const _Tp, _Sz>;
+
+template <ranges::contiguous_range _Range>
+span(_Range&&) -> span<remove_reference_t<ranges::range_reference_t<_Range>>>;
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <array>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_SPAN

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/sstream b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/sstream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9ba43ffeb850f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/sstream
@@ -0,0 +1,1276 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SSTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_SSTREAM
+
+// clang-format off
+
+/*
+    sstream synopsis [sstream.syn]
+
+// Class template basic_stringbuf [stringbuf]
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+class basic_stringbuf
+    : public basic_streambuf<charT, traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef Allocator                      allocator_type;
+
+    // [stringbuf.cons] constructors:
+    explicit basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); // before C++20
+    basic_stringbuf() : basic_stringbuf(ios_base::in | ios_base::out) {}               // C++20
+    explicit basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which);                                // C++20
+    explicit basic_stringbuf(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& s,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    explicit basic_stringbuf(const allocator_type& a)
+        : basic_stringbuf(ios_base::in | ios_base::out, a) {}                          // C++20
+    basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which, const allocator_type& a);                // C++20
+    explicit basic_stringbuf(basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>&& s,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_stringbuf(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s, const allocator_type& a)
+        : basic_stringbuf(s, ios_base::in | ios_base::out, a) {}                       // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_stringbuf(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s,
+                    ios_base::openmode which, const allocator_type& a);                // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    explicit basic_stringbuf(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); // C++20
+    template<class T>
+      explicit basic_stringbuf(const T& t,
+                               ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); // Since C++26
+    template<class T>
+      basic_stringbuf(const T& t, const Allocator& a);                                   // Since C++26
+    template<class T>
+      basic_stringbuf(const T& t, ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);         // Since C++26
+    basic_stringbuf(const basic_stringbuf&) = delete;
+    basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& rhs);
+    basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& rhs, const allocator_type& a);                   // C++20
+
+    // [stringbuf.assign] Assign and swap:
+    basic_stringbuf& operator=(const basic_stringbuf&) = delete;
+    basic_stringbuf& operator=(basic_stringbuf&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_stringbuf& rhs) noexcept(see below);                               // conditionally noexcept since C++20
+
+    // [stringbuf.members] Member functions:
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;                                     // C++20
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const;                  // before C++20
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const &;                // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc> str(const SAlloc& sa) const;          // C++20
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() &&;                     // C++20
+    basic_string_view<char_type, traits_type> view() const noexcept;                   // C++20
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& s);
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s);                   // C++20
+    void str(basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>&& s);                // C++20
+    template<class T>
+      void str(const T& t);                                                            // Since C++26
+
+protected:
+    // [stringbuf.virtuals] Overridden virtual functions:
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+    virtual basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>* setbuf(char_type*, streamsize);
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+};
+
+// [stringbuf.assign] non member swap
+template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+void swap(basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>& x,
+          basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>& y); // conditionally noexcept since C++20
+
+typedef basic_stringbuf<char>    stringbuf;
+typedef basic_stringbuf<wchar_t> wstringbuf;
+
+// Class template basic_istringstream [istringstream]
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+class basic_istringstream
+    : public basic_istream<charT, traits>
+{
+public:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef Allocator                      allocator_type;
+
+    // [istringstream.cons] Constructors:
+    explicit basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);             // before C++20
+    basic_istringstream() : basic_istringstream(ios_base::in) {}                       // C++20
+    explicit basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode which);                            // C++20
+    explicit basic_istringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& s,
+                                 ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);
+    basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode which, const allocator_type& a);            // C++20
+    explicit basic_istringstream(basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>&& s,
+                                 ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);             // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_istringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s, const allocator_type& a)
+        : basic_istringstream(s, ios_base::in, a) {}                                   // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_istringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s,
+                        ios_base::openmode which, const allocator_type& a);            // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    explicit basic_istringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s,
+                                 ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);             // C++20
+    template<class T>
+      explicit basic_istringstream(const T& t, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in); // Since C++26
+    template<class T>
+      basic_istringstream(const T& t, const Allocator& a);                               // Since C++26
+    template<class T>
+      basic_istringstream(const T& t, ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);     // Since C++26
+    basic_istringstream(const basic_istringstream&) = delete;
+    basic_istringstream(basic_istringstream&& rhs);
+
+    // [istringstream.assign] Assign and swap:
+    basic_istringstream& operator=(const basic_istringstream&) = delete;
+    basic_istringstream& operator=(basic_istringstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_istringstream& rhs);
+
+    // [istringstream.members] Member functions:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const;                  // before C++20
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const &;                // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc> str(const SAlloc& sa) const;          // C++20
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() &&;                     // C++20
+    basic_string_view<char_type, traits_type> view() const noexcept;                   // C++20
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& s);
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s);                   // C++20
+    void str(basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>&& s);                // C++20
+    template<class T>
+      void str(const T& t);                                                            // Since C++26
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+void swap(basic_istringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& x,
+          basic_istringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& y);
+
+typedef basic_istringstream<char>    istringstream;
+typedef basic_istringstream<wchar_t> wistringstream;
+
+// Class template basic_ostringstream [ostringstream]
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+class basic_ostringstream
+    : public basic_ostream<charT, traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef Allocator                      allocator_type;
+
+    // [ostringstream.cons] Constructors:
+    explicit basic_ostringstream(ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out);            // before C++20
+    basic_ostringstream() : basic_ostringstream(ios_base::out) {}                      // C++20
+    explicit basic_ostringstream(ios_base::openmode which);                            // C++20
+    explicit basic_ostringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& s,
+                                 ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out);
+    basic_ostringstream(ios_base::openmode which, const allocator_type& a);            // C++20
+    explicit basic_ostringstream(basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>&& s,
+                                 ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out);            // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_ostringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s, const allocator_type& a)
+        : basic_ostringstream(s, ios_base::out, a) {}                                  // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_ostringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s,
+                        ios_base::openmode which, const allocator_type& a);            // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    explicit basic_ostringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s,
+                                 ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out);            // C++20
+    template<class T>
+      explicit basic_ostringstream(const T& t, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out); // Since C++26
+    template<class T>
+      basic_ostringstream(const T& t, const Allocator& a);                                // Since C++26
+    template<class T>
+      basic_ostringstream(const T& t, ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);      // Since C++26
+    basic_ostringstream(const basic_ostringstream&) = delete;
+    basic_ostringstream(basic_ostringstream&& rhs);
+
+    // [ostringstream.assign] Assign and swap:
+    basic_ostringstream& operator=(const basic_ostringstream&) = delete;
+    basic_ostringstream& operator=(basic_ostringstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_ostringstream& rhs);
+
+    // [ostringstream.members] Member functions:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const;                  // before C++20
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const &;                // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc> str(const SAlloc& sa) const;          // C++20
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() &&;                     // C++20
+    basic_string_view<char_type, traits_type> view() const noexcept;                   // C++20
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& s);
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s);                   // C++20
+    void str(basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>&& s);                // C++20
+    template<class T>
+      void str(const T& t);                                                            // Since C++26
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+void swap(basic_ostringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& x,
+          basic_ostringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& y);
+
+typedef basic_ostringstream<char>    ostringstream;
+typedef basic_ostringstream<wchar_t> wostringstream;
+
+// Class template basic_stringstream [stringstream]
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+class basic_stringstream
+    : public basic_iostream<charT, traits>
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT                          char_type;
+    typedef traits                         traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+    typedef Allocator                      allocator_type;
+
+    // [stringstream.cons] constructors
+    explicit basic_stringstream(ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out | ios_base::in); // before C++20
+    basic_stringstream() : basic_stringstream(ios_base::out | ios_base::in) {}            // C++20
+    explicit basic_stringstream(ios_base::openmode which);                                // C++20
+    explicit basic_stringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& s,
+                                ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out | ios_base::in);
+    basic_stringstream(ios_base::openmode which, const allocator_type& a);                // C++20
+    explicit basic_stringstream(basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>&& s,
+                                ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out | ios_base::in); // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_stringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s, const allocator_type& a)
+        : basic_stringstream(s, ios_base::out | ios_base::in, a) {}                       // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_stringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s,
+                       ios_base::openmode which, const allocator_type& a);                // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    explicit basic_stringstream(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s,
+                                ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out | ios_base::in); // C++20
+    template<class T>
+      explicit basic_stringstream(const T& t,
+                                  ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::out | ios_base::in); // Since C++26
+    template<class T>
+      basic_stringstream(const T& t, const Allocator& a);                                   // Since C++26
+    template<class T>
+      basic_stringstream(const T& t, ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);         // Since C++26
+    basic_stringstream(const basic_stringstream&) = delete;
+    basic_stringstream(basic_stringstream&& rhs);
+
+    // [stringstream.assign] Assign and swap:
+    basic_stringstream& operator=(const basic_stringstream&) = delete;
+    basic_stringstream& operator=(basic_stringstream&& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_stringstream& rhs);
+
+    // [stringstream.members] Member functions:
+    basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const;
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const;                     // before C++20
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() const &;                   // C++20
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc> str(const SAlloc& sa) const;             // C++20
+    basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> str() &&;                        // C++20
+    basic_string_view<char_type, traits_type> view() const noexcept;                      // C++20
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>& s);
+    template <class SAlloc>
+    void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, SAlloc>& s);                      // C++20
+    void str(basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>&& s);                   // C++20
+    template<class T>
+      void str(const T& t);                                                               // Since C++26
+};
+
+template <class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+void swap(basic_stringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& x,
+          basic_stringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& y);
+
+typedef basic_stringstream<char>    stringstream;
+typedef basic_stringstream<wchar_t> wstringstream;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/sstream.h>
+#include <__ostream/basic_ostream.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <istream>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// Class template basic_stringbuf [stringbuf]
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_stringbuf : public basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+  typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+
+  typedef basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> string_type;
+
+private:
+  string_type __str_;
+  mutable char_type* __hm_;
+  ios_base::openmode __mode_;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __init_buf_ptrs();
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_init(basic_stringbuf&& __rhs);
+
+public:
+  // [stringbuf.cons] constructors:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringbuf() : __hm_(nullptr), __mode_(ios_base::in | ios_base::out) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode __wch) : __hm_(nullptr), __mode_(__wch) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_stringbuf(const string_type& __s,
+                                                 ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out)
+      : __str_(__s.get_allocator()), __hm_(nullptr), __mode_(__wch) {
+    str(__s);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_stringbuf(const allocator_type& __a)
+      : basic_stringbuf(ios_base::in | ios_base::out, __a) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode __wch, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __str_(__a), __hm_(nullptr), __mode_(__wch) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_stringbuf(string_type&& __s,
+                                                 ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out)
+      : __str_(std::move(__s)), __hm_(nullptr), __mode_(__wch) {
+    __init_buf_ptrs();
+  }
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  basic_stringbuf(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, _SAlloc>& __s, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : basic_stringbuf(__s, ios_base::in | ios_base::out, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringbuf(
+      const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, _SAlloc>& __s, ios_base::openmode __wch, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __str_(__s, __a), __hm_(nullptr), __mode_(__wch) {
+    __init_buf_ptrs();
+  }
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+    requires(!is_same_v<_SAlloc, allocator_type>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_stringbuf(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, _SAlloc>& __s,
+                                                 ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out)
+      : __str_(__s), __hm_(nullptr), __mode_(__wch) {
+    __init_buf_ptrs();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_stringbuf(const _Tp& __t,
+                                                 ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out)
+      : basic_stringbuf(__t, __which, _Allocator()) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringbuf(const _Tp& __t, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_stringbuf(__t, ios_base::in | ios_base::out, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringbuf(const _Tp& __t, ios_base::openmode __which, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : __hm_(nullptr), __mode_(__which) {
+    basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __sv = __t;
+    __str_                                  = string_type(__sv, __a);
+    __init_buf_ptrs();
+  }
+
+#endif //  _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  basic_stringbuf(const basic_stringbuf&) = delete;
+  basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& __rhs) : __mode_(__rhs.__mode_) { __move_init(std::move(__rhs)); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& __rhs, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : basic_stringbuf(__rhs.__mode_, __a) {
+    __move_init(std::move(__rhs));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  // [stringbuf.assign] Assign and swap:
+  basic_stringbuf& operator=(const basic_stringbuf&) = delete;
+  basic_stringbuf& operator=(basic_stringbuf&& __rhs);
+  void swap(basic_stringbuf& __rhs)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+      noexcept(allocator_traits<allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+               allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value)
+#endif
+          ;
+
+  // [stringbuf.members] Member functions:
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept { return __str_.get_allocator(); }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+  string_type str() const;
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() const& { return str(__str_.get_allocator()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() && {
+    const basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __view = view();
+    typename string_type::size_type __pos           = __view.empty() ? 0 : __view.data() - __str_.data();
+    // In C++23, this is just string_type(std::move(__str_), __pos, __view.size(), __str_.get_allocator());
+    // But we need something that works in C++20 also.
+    string_type __result(std::move(__str_), __str_.get_allocator());
+    __result.resize(__pos + __view.size());
+    __result.erase(0, __pos);
+    __init_buf_ptrs();
+    return __result;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+    requires __is_allocator<_SAlloc>::value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<char_type, traits_type, _SAlloc> str(const _SAlloc& __sa) const {
+    return basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _SAlloc>(view(), __sa);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view<char_type, traits_type> view() const noexcept;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  void str(const string_type& __s) {
+    __str_ = __s;
+    __init_buf_ptrs();
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+    requires(!is_same_v<_SAlloc, allocator_type>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, _SAlloc>& __s) {
+    __str_ = __s;
+    __init_buf_ptrs();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(string_type&& __s) {
+    __str_ = std::move(__s);
+    __init_buf_ptrs();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(const _Tp& __t) {
+    basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __sv = __t;
+    __str_                                  = __sv;
+    __init_buf_ptrs();
+  }
+
+#endif //  _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+protected:
+  // [stringbuf.virtuals] Overridden virtual functions:
+  int_type underflow() override;
+  int_type pbackfail(int_type __c = traits_type::eof()) override;
+  int_type overflow(int_type __c = traits_type::eof()) override;
+  pos_type
+  seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way, ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL
+  pos_type seekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override {
+    return seekoff(__sp, ios_base::beg, __wch);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__move_init(basic_stringbuf&& __rhs) {
+  char_type* __p   = const_cast<char_type*>(__rhs.__str_.data());
+  ptr
diff _t __binp = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __ninp = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __einp = -1;
+  if (__rhs.eback() != nullptr) {
+    __binp = __rhs.eback() - __p;
+    __ninp = __rhs.gptr() - __p;
+    __einp = __rhs.egptr() - __p;
+  }
+  ptr
diff _t __bout = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __nout = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __eout = -1;
+  if (__rhs.pbase() != nullptr) {
+    __bout = __rhs.pbase() - __p;
+    __nout = __rhs.pptr() - __p;
+    __eout = __rhs.epptr() - __p;
+  }
+  ptr
diff _t __hm = __rhs.__hm_ == nullptr ? -1 : __rhs.__hm_ - __p;
+  __str_         = std::move(__rhs.__str_);
+  __p            = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+  if (__binp != -1)
+    this->setg(__p + __binp, __p + __ninp, __p + __einp);
+  if (__bout != -1) {
+    this->setp(__p + __bout, __p + __eout);
+    this->__pbump(__nout);
+  }
+  __hm_ = __hm == -1 ? nullptr : __p + __hm;
+  __p   = const_cast<char_type*>(__rhs.__str_.data());
+  __rhs.setg(__p, __p, __p);
+  __rhs.setp(__p, __p);
+  __rhs.__hm_ = __p;
+  this->pubimbue(__rhs.getloc());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator=(basic_stringbuf&& __rhs) {
+  char_type* __p   = const_cast<char_type*>(__rhs.__str_.data());
+  ptr
diff _t __binp = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __ninp = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __einp = -1;
+  if (__rhs.eback() != nullptr) {
+    __binp = __rhs.eback() - __p;
+    __ninp = __rhs.gptr() - __p;
+    __einp = __rhs.egptr() - __p;
+  }
+  ptr
diff _t __bout = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __nout = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __eout = -1;
+  if (__rhs.pbase() != nullptr) {
+    __bout = __rhs.pbase() - __p;
+    __nout = __rhs.pptr() - __p;
+    __eout = __rhs.epptr() - __p;
+  }
+  ptr
diff _t __hm = __rhs.__hm_ == nullptr ? -1 : __rhs.__hm_ - __p;
+  __str_         = std::move(__rhs.__str_);
+  __p            = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+  if (__binp != -1)
+    this->setg(__p + __binp, __p + __ninp, __p + __einp);
+  else
+    this->setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (__bout != -1) {
+    this->setp(__p + __bout, __p + __eout);
+    this->__pbump(__nout);
+  } else
+    this->setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+
+  __hm_   = __hm == -1 ? nullptr : __p + __hm;
+  __mode_ = __rhs.__mode_;
+  __p     = const_cast<char_type*>(__rhs.__str_.data());
+  __rhs.setg(__p, __p, __p);
+  __rhs.setp(__p, __p);
+  __rhs.__hm_ = __p;
+  this->pubimbue(__rhs.getloc());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::swap(basic_stringbuf& __rhs)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    noexcept(allocator_traits<_Allocator>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             allocator_traits<_Allocator>::is_always_equal::value)
+#endif
+{
+  char_type* __p    = const_cast<char_type*>(__rhs.__str_.data());
+  ptr
diff _t __rbinp = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __rninp = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __reinp = -1;
+  if (__rhs.eback() != nullptr) {
+    __rbinp = __rhs.eback() - __p;
+    __rninp = __rhs.gptr() - __p;
+    __reinp = __rhs.egptr() - __p;
+  }
+  ptr
diff _t __rbout = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __rnout = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __reout = -1;
+  if (__rhs.pbase() != nullptr) {
+    __rbout = __rhs.pbase() - __p;
+    __rnout = __rhs.pptr() - __p;
+    __reout = __rhs.epptr() - __p;
+  }
+  ptr
diff _t __rhm   = __rhs.__hm_ == nullptr ? -1 : __rhs.__hm_ - __p;
+  __p               = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+  ptr
diff _t __lbinp = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __lninp = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __leinp = -1;
+  if (this->eback() != nullptr) {
+    __lbinp = this->eback() - __p;
+    __lninp = this->gptr() - __p;
+    __leinp = this->egptr() - __p;
+  }
+  ptr
diff _t __lbout = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __lnout = -1;
+  ptr
diff _t __leout = -1;
+  if (this->pbase() != nullptr) {
+    __lbout = this->pbase() - __p;
+    __lnout = this->pptr() - __p;
+    __leout = this->epptr() - __p;
+  }
+  ptr
diff _t __lhm = __hm_ == nullptr ? -1 : __hm_ - __p;
+  std::swap(__mode_, __rhs.__mode_);
+  __str_.swap(__rhs.__str_);
+  __p = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+  if (__rbinp != -1)
+    this->setg(__p + __rbinp, __p + __rninp, __p + __reinp);
+  else
+    this->setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (__rbout != -1) {
+    this->setp(__p + __rbout, __p + __reout);
+    this->__pbump(__rnout);
+  } else
+    this->setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+  __hm_ = __rhm == -1 ? nullptr : __p + __rhm;
+  __p   = const_cast<char_type*>(__rhs.__str_.data());
+  if (__lbinp != -1)
+    __rhs.setg(__p + __lbinp, __p + __lninp, __p + __leinp);
+  else
+    __rhs.setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (__lbout != -1) {
+    __rhs.setp(__p + __lbout, __p + __leout);
+    __rhs.__pbump(__lnout);
+  } else
+    __rhs.setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+  __rhs.__hm_ = __lhm == -1 ? nullptr : __p + __lhm;
+  locale __tl = __rhs.getloc();
+  __rhs.pubimbue(this->getloc());
+  this->pubimbue(__tl);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x, basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    noexcept(noexcept(__x.swap(__y)))
+#endif
+{
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::str() const {
+  if (__mode_ & ios_base::out) {
+    if (__hm_ < this->pptr())
+      __hm_ = this->pptr();
+    return string_type(this->pbase(), __hm_, __str_.get_allocator());
+  } else if (__mode_ & ios_base::in)
+    return string_type(this->eback(), this->egptr(), __str_.get_allocator());
+  return string_type(__str_.get_allocator());
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init_buf_ptrs() {
+  __hm_                                = nullptr;
+  char_type* __data                    = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+  typename string_type::size_type __sz = __str_.size();
+  if (__mode_ & ios_base::in) {
+    __hm_ = __data + __sz;
+    this->setg(__data, __data, __hm_);
+  }
+  if (__mode_ & ios_base::out) {
+    __hm_ = __data + __sz;
+    __str_.resize(__str_.capacity());
+    this->setp(__data, __data + __str_.size());
+    if (__mode_ & (ios_base::app | ios_base::ate)) {
+      while (__sz > INT_MAX) {
+        this->pbump(INT_MAX);
+        __sz -= INT_MAX;
+      }
+      if (__sz > 0)
+        this->pbump(__sz);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::view() const noexcept {
+  if (__mode_ & ios_base::out) {
+    if (__hm_ < this->pptr())
+      __hm_ = this->pptr();
+    return basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(this->pbase(), __hm_);
+  } else if (__mode_ & ios_base::in)
+    return basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(this->eback(), this->egptr());
+  return basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>();
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::int_type
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::underflow() {
+  if (__hm_ < this->pptr())
+    __hm_ = this->pptr();
+  if (__mode_ & ios_base::in) {
+    if (this->egptr() < __hm_)
+      this->setg(this->eback(), this->gptr(), __hm_);
+    if (this->gptr() < this->egptr())
+      return traits_type::to_int_type(*this->gptr());
+  }
+  return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::int_type
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::pbackfail(int_type __c) {
+  if (__hm_ < this->pptr())
+    __hm_ = this->pptr();
+  if (this->eback() < this->gptr()) {
+    if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof())) {
+      this->setg(this->eback(), this->gptr() - 1, __hm_);
+      return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+    }
+    if ((__mode_ & ios_base::out) || traits_type::eq(traits_type::to_char_type(__c), this->gptr()[-1])) {
+      this->setg(this->eback(), this->gptr() - 1, __hm_);
+      *this->gptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+      return __c;
+    }
+  }
+  return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::int_type
+basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::overflow(int_type __c) {
+  if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof())) {
+    ptr
diff _t __ninp = this->gptr() - this->eback();
+    if (this->pptr() == this->epptr()) {
+      if (!(__mode_ & ios_base::out))
+        return traits_type::eof();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        ptr
diff _t __nout = this->pptr() - this->pbase();
+        ptr
diff _t __hm   = __hm_ - this->pbase();
+        __str_.push_back(char_type());
+        __str_.resize(__str_.capacity());
+        char_type* __p = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+        this->setp(__p, __p + __str_.size());
+        this->__pbump(__nout);
+        __hm_ = this->pbase() + __hm;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      } catch (...) {
+        return traits_type::eof();
+      }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    __hm_ = std::max(this->pptr() + 1, __hm_);
+    if (__mode_ & ios_base::in) {
+      char_type* __p = const_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+      this->setg(__p, __p + __ninp, __hm_);
+    }
+    return this->sputc(traits_type::to_char_type(__c));
+  }
+  return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+typename basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::pos_type basic_stringbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::seekoff(
+    off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way, ios_base::openmode __wch) {
+  if (__hm_ < this->pptr())
+    __hm_ = this->pptr();
+  if ((__wch & (ios_base::in | ios_base::out)) == 0)
+    return pos_type(-1);
+  if ((__wch & (ios_base::in | ios_base::out)) == (ios_base::in | ios_base::out) && __way == ios_base::cur)
+    return pos_type(-1);
+  const ptr
diff _t __hm = __hm_ == nullptr ? 0 : __hm_ - __str_.data();
+  off_type __noff;
+  switch (__way) {
+  case ios_base::beg:
+    __noff = 0;
+    break;
+  case ios_base::cur:
+    if (__wch & ios_base::in)
+      __noff = this->gptr() - this->eback();
+    else
+      __noff = this->pptr() - this->pbase();
+    break;
+  case ios_base::end:
+    __noff = __hm;
+    break;
+  default:
+    return pos_type(-1);
+  }
+  __noff += __off;
+  if (__noff < 0 || __hm < __noff)
+    return pos_type(-1);
+  if (__noff != 0) {
+    if ((__wch & ios_base::in) && this->gptr() == nullptr)
+      return pos_type(-1);
+    if ((__wch & ios_base::out) && this->pptr() == nullptr)
+      return pos_type(-1);
+  }
+  if (__wch & ios_base::in)
+    this->setg(this->eback(), this->eback() + __noff, __hm_);
+  if (__wch & ios_base::out) {
+    this->setp(this->pbase(), this->epptr());
+    this->__pbump(__noff);
+  }
+  return pos_type(__noff);
+}
+
+// Class template basic_istringstream [istringstream]
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_istringstream : public basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+  typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+
+  typedef basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> string_type;
+
+private:
+  basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> __sb_;
+
+public:
+  // [istringstream.cons] Constructors:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istringstream() : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_), __sb_(ios_base::in) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch)
+      : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_), __sb_(__wch | ios_base::in) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_istringstream(const string_type& __s, ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in)
+      : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, __wch | ios_base::in) {}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__wch | ios_base::in, __a) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_istringstream(string_type&& __s, ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in)
+      : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(std::move(__s), __wch | ios_base::in) {}
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istringstream(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _SAlloc>& __s, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_istringstream(__s, ios_base::in, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istringstream(
+      const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _SAlloc>& __s, ios_base::openmode __wch, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__s, __wch | ios_base::in, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_istringstream(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _SAlloc>& __s,
+                                                     ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in)
+      : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__s, __wch | ios_base::in) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_istringstream(const _Tp& __t, ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in)
+      : basic_istringstream(__t, __which, _Allocator()) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istringstream(const _Tp& __t, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_istringstream(__t, ios_base::in, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istringstream(const _Tp& __t, ios_base::openmode __which, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__t, __which | ios_base::in, __a) {}
+
+#endif //  _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  basic_istringstream(const basic_istringstream&) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istringstream(basic_istringstream&& __rhs)
+      : basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::move(__rhs)), __sb_(std::move(__rhs.__sb_)) {
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+  }
+
+  // [istringstream.assign] Assign and swap:
+  basic_istringstream& operator=(const basic_istringstream&) = delete;
+  basic_istringstream& operator=(basic_istringstream&& __rhs) {
+    basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(std::move(__rhs));
+    __sb_ = std::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_istringstream& __rhs) {
+    basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+  }
+
+  // [istringstream.members] Member functions:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const {
+    return const_cast<basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>*>(&__sb_);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() const { return __sb_.str(); }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() const& { return __sb_.str(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() && { return std::move(__sb_).str(); }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+    requires __is_allocator<_SAlloc>::value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<char_type, traits_type, _SAlloc> str(const _SAlloc& __sa) const {
+    return __sb_.str(__sa);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view<char_type, traits_type> view() const noexcept { return __sb_.view(); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(const string_type& __s) { __sb_.str(__s); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, _SAlloc>& __s) {
+    __sb_.str(__s);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(string_type&& __s) { __sb_.str(std::move(__s)); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(const _Tp& __t) {
+    rdbuf()->str(__t);
+  }
+#endif //  _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x, basic_istringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+// Class template basic_ostringstream [ostringstream]
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_ostringstream : public basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+  typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+
+  typedef basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> string_type;
+
+private:
+  basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> __sb_;
+
+public:
+  // [ostringstream.cons] Constructors:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostringstream() : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_), __sb_(ios_base::out) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ostringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch)
+      : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_), __sb_(__wch | ios_base::out) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ostringstream(const string_type& __s, ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::out)
+      : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, __wch | ios_base::out) {}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__wch | ios_base::out, __a) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ostringstream(string_type&& __s, ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::out)
+      : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(std::move(__s), __wch | ios_base::out) {}
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostringstream(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _SAlloc>& __s, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_ostringstream(__s, ios_base::out, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostringstream(
+      const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _SAlloc>& __s, ios_base::openmode __wch, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__s, __wch | ios_base::out, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+    requires(!is_same_v<_SAlloc, allocator_type>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ostringstream(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _SAlloc>& __s,
+                                                     ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::out)
+      : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__s, __wch | ios_base::out) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_ostringstream(const _Tp& __t, ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::out)
+      : basic_ostringstream(__t, __which | ios_base::out, _Allocator()) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostringstream(const _Tp& __t, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_ostringstream(__t, ios_base::out, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostringstream(const _Tp& __t, ios_base::openmode __which, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__t, __which | ios_base::out, __a) {}
+
+#endif //  _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  basic_ostringstream(const basic_ostringstream&) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostringstream(basic_ostringstream&& __rhs)
+      : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::move(__rhs)), __sb_(std::move(__rhs.__sb_)) {
+    basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+  }
+
+  // [ostringstream.assign] Assign and swap:
+  basic_ostringstream& operator=(const basic_ostringstream&) = delete;
+  basic_ostringstream& operator=(basic_ostringstream&& __rhs) {
+    basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(std::move(__rhs));
+    __sb_ = std::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_ostringstream& __rhs) {
+    basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+  }
+
+  // [ostringstream.members] Member functions:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const {
+    return const_cast<basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>*>(&__sb_);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() const { return __sb_.str(); }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() const& { return __sb_.str(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() && { return std::move(__sb_).str(); }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+    requires __is_allocator<_SAlloc>::value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<char_type, traits_type, _SAlloc> str(const _SAlloc& __sa) const {
+    return __sb_.str(__sa);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view<char_type, traits_type> view() const noexcept { return __sb_.view(); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(const string_type& __s) { __sb_.str(__s); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, _SAlloc>& __s) {
+    __sb_.str(__s);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(string_type&& __s) { __sb_.str(std::move(__s)); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(const _Tp& __t) {
+    rdbuf()->str(__t);
+  }
+#endif //  _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x, basic_ostringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+// Class template basic_stringstream [stringstream]
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_stringstream : public basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+  typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+
+  typedef basic_string<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> string_type;
+
+private:
+  basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type> __sb_;
+
+public:
+  // [stringstream.cons] constructors
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringstream()
+      : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_), __sb_(ios_base::in | ios_base::out) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_stringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch)
+      : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_), __sb_(__wch) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_stringstream(const string_type& __s,
+                                                    ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::in | ios_base::out)
+      : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, __wch) {}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringstream(ios_base::openmode __wch, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__wch, __a) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_stringstream(string_type&& __s,
+                                                    ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::out | ios_base::in)
+      : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(std::move(__s), __wch) {}
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringstream(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _SAlloc>& __s, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_stringstream(__s, ios_base::out | ios_base::in, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  basic_stringstream(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _SAlloc>& __s, ios_base::openmode __wch, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__s, __wch, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+    requires(!is_same_v<_SAlloc, allocator_type>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_stringstream(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _SAlloc>& __s,
+                                                    ios_base::openmode __wch = ios_base::out | ios_base::in)
+      : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__s, __wch) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_stringstream(const _Tp& __t,
+                                                    ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::out | ios_base::in)
+      : basic_stringstream(__t, __which, _Allocator()) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringstream(const _Tp& __t, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_stringstream(__t, ios_base::out | ios_base::in, __a) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringstream(const _Tp& __t, ios_base::openmode __which, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__t, __which, __a) {}
+
+#endif //  _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+  basic_stringstream(const basic_stringstream&) = delete;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringstream(basic_stringstream&& __rhs)
+      : basic_iostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::move(__rhs)), __sb_(std::move(__rhs.__sb_)) {
+    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+  }
+
+  // [stringstream.assign] Assign and swap:
+  basic_stringstream& operator=(const basic_stringstream&) = delete;
+  basic_stringstream& operator=(basic_stringstream&& __rhs) {
+    basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>::operator=(std::move(__rhs));
+    __sb_ = std::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_stringstream& __rhs) {
+    basic_iostream<char_type, traits_type>::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+  }
+
+  // [stringstream.members] Member functions:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>* rdbuf() const {
+    return const_cast<basic_stringbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>*>(&__sb_);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17 || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() const { return __sb_.str(); }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() const& { return __sb_.str(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI string_type str() && { return std::move(__sb_).str(); }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+    requires __is_allocator<_SAlloc>::value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string<char_type, traits_type, _SAlloc> str(const _SAlloc& __sa) const {
+    return __sb_.str(__sa);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view<char_type, traits_type> view() const noexcept { return __sb_.view(); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(const string_type& __s) { __sb_.str(__s); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _SAlloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(const basic_string<char_type, traits_type, _SAlloc>& __s) {
+    __sb_.str(__s);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(string_type&& __s) { __sb_.str(std::move(__s)); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  template <class _Tp>
+    requires is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void str(const _Tp& __t) {
+    rdbuf()->str(__t);
+  }
+#endif //  _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x, basic_stringstream<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_ADDITIONAL_IOSTREAM_EXPLICIT_INSTANTIATIONS_1
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_stringbuf<char>;
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_stringstream<char>;
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_ostringstream<char>;
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_istringstream<char>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES)
+#  include <ostream>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_SSTREAM

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stack b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stack
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..90f8933cca3088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stack
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STACK
+#define _LIBCPP_STACK
+
+/*
+    stack synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Container = deque<T>>
+class stack
+{
+public:
+    typedef Container                                container_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::value_type      value_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename container_type::size_type       size_type;
+
+protected:
+    container_type c;
+
+public:
+    stack() = default;
+    ~stack() = default;
+
+    stack(const stack& q) = default;
+    stack(stack&& q) = default;
+
+    stack& operator=(const stack& q) = default;
+    stack& operator=(stack&& q) = default;
+
+    explicit stack(const container_type& c);
+    explicit stack(container_type&& c);
+    template <class InputIterator> stack(InputIterator first, InputIterator last); // since C++23
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R> stack(from_range_t, R&& rg); // since C++23
+    template <class Alloc> explicit stack(const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc> stack(const container_type& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc> stack(container_type&& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc> stack(const stack& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc> stack(stack&& c, const Alloc& a);
+    template<class InputIterator, class Alloc>
+    stack(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const Alloc&); // since C++23
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R, class Alloc>
+      stack(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Alloc&); // since C++23
+
+    bool empty() const;
+    size_type size() const;
+    reference top();
+    const_reference top() const;
+
+    void push(const value_type& x);
+    void push(value_type&& x);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      void push_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    template <class... Args> reference emplace(Args&&... args); // reference in C++17
+    void pop();
+
+    void swap(stack& c) noexcept(is_nothrow_swappable_v<Container>)
+};
+
+template<class Container>
+  stack(Container) -> stack<typename Container::value_type, Container>;  // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator>
+  stack(InputIterator, InputIterator) -> stack<iter-value-type<InputIterator>>; // since C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R>
+  stack(from_range_t, R&&) -> stack<ranges::range_value_t<R>>; // since C++23
+
+template<class Container, class Allocator>
+  stack(Container, Allocator) -> stack<typename Container::value_type, Container>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+  stack(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator)
+    -> stack<iter-value-type<InputIterator>,
+             deque<iter-value-type<InputIterator>, Allocator>>; // since C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  stack(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator)
+    -> stack<ranges::range_value_t<R>, deque<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Allocator>>; // since C++23
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator==(const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator< (const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator!=(const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator> (const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator>=(const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+template <class T, class Container>
+  bool operator<=(const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y);
+template<class T, three_way_comparable Container>
+  compare_three_way_result_t<Container>
+    operator<=>(const stack<T, Container>& x, const stack<T, Container>& y); // since C++20
+
+template <class T, class Container>
+  void swap(stack<T, Container>& x, stack<T, Container>& y)
+  noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_copy.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/stack.h>
+#include <__iterator/back_insert_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/uses_allocator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <deque>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [stack.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y);
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container /*= deque<_Tp>*/>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS stack {
+public:
+  typedef _Container container_type;
+  typedef typename container_type::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename container_type::reference reference;
+  typedef typename container_type::const_reference const_reference;
+  typedef typename container_type::size_type size_type;
+  static_assert(is_same<_Tp, value_type>::value, "");
+
+protected:
+  container_type c;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stack() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<container_type>::value) : c() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stack(const stack& __q) : c(__q.c) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stack& operator=(const stack& __q) {
+    c = __q.c;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stack(stack&& __q) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<container_type>::value)
+      : c(std::move(__q.c)) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stack& operator=(stack&& __q) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<container_type>::value) {
+    c = std::move(__q.c);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit stack(container_type&& __c) : c(std::move(__c)) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit stack(const container_type& __c) : c(__c) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit stack(const _Alloc& __a,
+                                       __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value>* = 0)
+      : c(__a) {}
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  stack(const container_type& __c, const _Alloc& __a, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value>* = 0)
+      : c(__c, __a) {}
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  stack(const stack& __s, const _Alloc& __a, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value>* = 0)
+      : c(__s.c, __a) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  stack(container_type&& __c, const _Alloc& __a, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value>* = 0)
+      : c(std::move(__c), __a) {}
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  stack(stack&& __s, const _Alloc& __a, __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value>* = 0)
+      : c(std::move(__s.c), __a) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stack(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) : c(__first, __last) {}
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stack(from_range_t, _Range&& __range) : c(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range)) {}
+
+  template <class _InputIterator,
+            class _Alloc,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0,
+            __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int>        = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stack(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const _Alloc& __alloc)
+      : c(__first, __last, __alloc) {}
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range,
+            class _Alloc,
+            __enable_if_t<uses_allocator<container_type, _Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI stack(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const _Alloc& __alloc)
+      : c(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __alloc) {}
+
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const { return c.empty(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const { return c.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference top() { return c.back(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference top() const { return c.back(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push(const value_type& __v) { c.push_back(__v); }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push(value_type&& __v) { c.push_back(std::move(__v)); }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (requires(container_type& __c) { __c.append_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range)); }) {
+      c.append_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+    } else {
+      ranges::copy(std::forward<_Range>(__range), std::back_inserter(c));
+    }
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  decltype(auto)
+  emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return c.emplace_back(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+#  else
+  void
+  emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    c.emplace_back(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+#  endif
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop() { c.pop_back(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(stack& __s) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<container_type>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(c, __s.c);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Container& __get_container() const { return c; }
+
+  template <class _T1, class _OtherContainer>
+  friend bool operator==(const stack<_T1, _OtherContainer>& __x, const stack<_T1, _OtherContainer>& __y);
+
+  template <class _T1, class _OtherContainer>
+  friend bool operator<(const stack<_T1, _OtherContainer>& __x, const stack<_T1, _OtherContainer>& __y);
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Container, class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Container>::value> >
+stack(_Container) -> stack<typename _Container::value_type, _Container>;
+
+template <class _Container,
+          class _Alloc,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Container>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc>::value> >
+stack(_Container, _Alloc) -> stack<typename _Container::value_type, _Container>;
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+stack(_InputIterator, _InputIterator) -> stack<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range>
+stack(from_range_t, _Range&&) -> stack<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Alloc,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value, int>                        = 0>
+stack(_InputIterator,
+      _InputIterator,
+      _Alloc) -> stack<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, deque<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Alloc>>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Alloc, __enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value, int> = 0>
+stack(from_range_t,
+      _Range&&,
+      _Alloc) -> stack<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, deque<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Alloc>>;
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return __x.c == __y.c;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return __x.c < __y.c;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp, three_way_comparable _Container>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI compare_three_way_result_t<_Container>
+operator<=>(const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, const stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y) {
+  // clang 16 bug: declaring `friend operator<=>` causes "use of overloaded operator '*' is ambiguous" errors
+  return __x.__get_container() <=> __y.__get_container();
+}
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, __enable_if_t<__is_swappable_v<_Container>, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(stack<_Tp, _Container>& __x, stack<_Tp, _Container>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Container, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS uses_allocator<stack<_Tp, _Container>, _Alloc> : public uses_allocator<_Container, _Alloc> {
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STACK

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdatomic.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdatomic.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..79772eb7fce1f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdatomic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STDATOMIC_H
+#define _LIBCPP_STDATOMIC_H
+
+/*
+    stdatomic.h synopsis
+
+template<class T>
+  using std-atomic = std::atomic<T>;        // exposition only
+
+#define _Atomic(T) std-atomic<T>
+
+#define ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE see below
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE see below
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE see below
+#define ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE see below
+#define ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE see below
+#define ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE see below
+#define ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE see below
+#define ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE see below
+#define ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE see below
+#define ATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE see below
+
+using std::memory_order                // see below
+using std::memory_order_relaxed        // see below
+using std::memory_order_consume        // see below
+using std::memory_order_acquire        // see below
+using std::memory_order_release        // see below
+using std::memory_order_acq_rel        // see below
+using std::memory_order_seq_cst        // see below
+
+using std::atomic_flag                 // see below
+
+using std::atomic_bool                 // see below
+using std::atomic_char                 // see below
+using std::atomic_schar                // see below
+using std::atomic_uchar                // see below
+using std::atomic_short                // see below
+using std::atomic_ushort               // see below
+using std::atomic_int                  // see below
+using std::atomic_uint                 // see below
+using std::atomic_long                 // see below
+using std::atomic_ulong                // see below
+using std::atomic_llong                // see below
+using std::atomic_ullong               // see below
+using std::atomic_char8_t              // see below
+using std::atomic_char16_t             // see below
+using std::atomic_char32_t             // see below
+using std::atomic_wchar_t              // see below
+using std::atomic_int8_t               // see below
+using std::atomic_uint8_t              // see below
+using std::atomic_int16_t              // see below
+using std::atomic_uint16_t             // see below
+using std::atomic_int32_t              // see below
+using std::atomic_uint32_t             // see below
+using std::atomic_int64_t              // see below
+using std::atomic_uint64_t             // see below
+using std::atomic_int_least8_t         // see below
+using std::atomic_uint_least8_t        // see below
+using std::atomic_int_least16_t        // see below
+using std::atomic_uint_least16_t       // see below
+using std::atomic_int_least32_t        // see below
+using std::atomic_uint_least32_t       // see below
+using std::atomic_int_least64_t        // see below
+using std::atomic_uint_least64_t       // see below
+using std::atomic_int_fast8_t          // see below
+using std::atomic_uint_fast8_t         // see below
+using std::atomic_int_fast16_t         // see below
+using std::atomic_uint_fast16_t        // see below
+using std::atomic_int_fast32_t         // see below
+using std::atomic_uint_fast32_t        // see below
+using std::atomic_int_fast64_t         // see below
+using std::atomic_uint_fast64_t        // see below
+using std::atomic_intptr_t             // see below
+using std::atomic_uintptr_t            // see below
+using std::atomic_size_t               // see below
+using std::atomic_ptr
diff _t            // see below
+using std::atomic_intmax_t             // see below
+using std::atomic_uintmax_t            // see below
+
+using std::atomic_is_lock_free                         // see below
+using std::atomic_load                                 // see below
+using std::atomic_load_explicit                        // see below
+using std::atomic_store                                // see below
+using std::atomic_store_explicit                       // see below
+using std::atomic_exchange                             // see below
+using std::atomic_exchange_explicit                    // see below
+using std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong              // see below
+using std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit     // see below
+using std::atomic_compare_exchange_weak                // see below
+using std::atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit       // see below
+using std::atomic_fetch_add                            // see below
+using std::atomic_fetch_add_explicit                   // see below
+using std::atomic_fetch_sub                            // see below
+using std::atomic_fetch_sub_explicit                   // see below
+using std::atomic_fetch_or                             // see below
+using std::atomic_fetch_or_explicit                    // see below
+using std::atomic_fetch_and                            // see below
+using std::atomic_fetch_and_explicit                   // see below
+using std::atomic_flag_test_and_set                    // see below
+using std::atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit           // see below
+using std::atomic_flag_clear                           // see below
+using std::atomic_flag_clear_explicit                  // see below
+
+using std::atomic_thread_fence                         // see below
+using std::atomic_signal_fence                         // see below
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <version>
+
+#  ifdef _Atomic
+#    undef _Atomic
+#  endif
+
+#  define _Atomic(_Tp) ::std::atomic<_Tp>
+
+using std::memory_order _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::memory_order_relaxed _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::memory_order_consume _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::memory_order_acquire _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::memory_order_release _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::memory_order_acq_rel _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::memory_order_seq_cst _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using std::atomic_flag _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using std::atomic_bool _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_char _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_schar _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uchar _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_short _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_ushort _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_int _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_long _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_ulong _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_llong _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_ullong _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_char8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_char16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_char32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_wchar_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using std::atomic_int8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_int16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_int32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_int64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using std::atomic_int_least8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint_least8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_int_least16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint_least16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_int_least32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint_least32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_int_least64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint_least64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using std::atomic_int_fast8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint_fast8_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_int_fast16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint_fast16_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_int_fast32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint_fast32_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_int_fast64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uint_fast64_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using std::atomic_intptr_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uintptr_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_size_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_ptr
diff _t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_intmax_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_uintmax_t _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_compare_exchange_weak _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_exchange _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_exchange_explicit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_fetch_add _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_fetch_add_explicit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_fetch_and _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_fetch_and_explicit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_fetch_or _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_fetch_or_explicit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_fetch_sub _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_fetch_sub_explicit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_flag_clear _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_flag_clear_explicit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_flag_test_and_set _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_is_lock_free _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_load _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_load_explicit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_store _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_store_explicit _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+using std::atomic_signal_fence _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+using std::atomic_thread_fence _LIBCPP_USING_IF_EXISTS;
+
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_COMPILER_CLANG_BASED)
+
+// Before C++23, we include the next <stdatomic.h> on the path to avoid hijacking
+// the header. We do this because Clang has historically shipped a <stdatomic.h>
+// header that would be available in all Standard modes, and we don't want to
+// break that use case.
+#  if __has_include_next(<stdatomic.h>)
+#    include_next <stdatomic.h>
+#  endif
+
+#endif // defined(__cplusplus) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STDATOMIC_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdbool.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdbool.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e74d91f4594592
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdbool.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STDBOOL_H
+#define _LIBCPP_STDBOOL_H
+
+/*
+    stdbool.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    __bool_true_false_are_defined
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include_next(<stdbool.h>)
+#  include_next <stdbool.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#  undef bool
+#  undef true
+#  undef false
+#  undef __bool_true_false_are_defined
+#  define __bool_true_false_are_defined 1
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STDBOOL_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stddef.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stddef.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1583e78e3739ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stddef.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/*
+    stddef.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    offsetof(type,member-designator)
+    NULL
+
+Types:
+
+    ptr
diff _t
+    size_t
+    max_align_t // C++11
+    nullptr_t
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// Note: This include is outside of header guards because we sometimes get included multiple times
+//       with 
diff erent defines and the underlying <stddef.h> will know how to deal with that.
+#include_next <stddef.h>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STDDEF_H
+#  define _LIBCPP_STDDEF_H
+
+#  ifdef __cplusplus
+typedef decltype(nullptr) nullptr_t;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STDDEF_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdexcept b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdexcept
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..853c185187c778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdexcept
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STDEXCEPT
+#define _LIBCPP_STDEXCEPT
+
+/*
+    stdexcept synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class logic_error;
+class domain_error;
+class invalid_argument;
+class length_error;
+class out_of_range;
+class runtime_error;
+class range_error;
+class overflow_error;
+class underflow_error;
+
+for each class xxx_error:
+
+class xxx_error : public exception // at least indirectly
+{
+public:
+    explicit xxx_error(const string& what_arg);
+    explicit xxx_error(const char*   what_arg);
+
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept // returns what_arg
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/exception.h>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __libcpp_refstring {
+  const char* __imp_;
+
+  bool __uses_refcount() const;
+
+public:
+  explicit __libcpp_refstring(const char* __msg);
+  __libcpp_refstring(const __libcpp_refstring& __s) _NOEXCEPT;
+  __libcpp_refstring& operator=(const __libcpp_refstring& __s) _NOEXCEPT;
+  ~__libcpp_refstring();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char* c_str() const _NOEXCEPT { return __imp_; }
+};
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+namespace std // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+{
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI logic_error : public exception {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+
+private:
+  std::__libcpp_refstring __imp_;
+
+public:
+  explicit logic_error(const string&);
+  explicit logic_error(const char*);
+
+  logic_error(const logic_error&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  logic_error& operator=(const logic_error&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  ~logic_error() _NOEXCEPT override;
+
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+#else
+
+public:
+  explicit logic_error(const std::string&); // Symbol uses versioned std::string
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit logic_error(const char* __s) : exception(__s) {}
+#endif
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI runtime_error : public exception {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+
+private:
+  std::__libcpp_refstring __imp_;
+
+public:
+  explicit runtime_error(const string&);
+  explicit runtime_error(const char*);
+
+  runtime_error(const runtime_error&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  runtime_error& operator=(const runtime_error&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  ~runtime_error() _NOEXCEPT override;
+
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+#else
+
+public:
+  explicit runtime_error(const std::string&); // Symbol uses versioned std::string
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit runtime_error(const char* __s) : exception(__s) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI domain_error : public logic_error {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit domain_error(const string& __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit domain_error(const char* __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI domain_error(const domain_error&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI domain_error& operator=(const domain_error&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~domain_error() _NOEXCEPT override;
+#endif
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI invalid_argument : public logic_error {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit invalid_argument(const string& __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit invalid_argument(const char* __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI invalid_argument(const invalid_argument&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI invalid_argument& operator=(const invalid_argument&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~invalid_argument() _NOEXCEPT override;
+#endif
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI length_error : public logic_error {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit length_error(const string& __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit length_error(const char* __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI length_error(const length_error&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI length_error& operator=(const length_error&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~length_error() _NOEXCEPT override;
+#endif
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI out_of_range : public logic_error {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit out_of_range(const string& __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit out_of_range(const char* __s) : logic_error(__s) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI out_of_range(const out_of_range&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI out_of_range& operator=(const out_of_range&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~out_of_range() _NOEXCEPT override;
+#endif
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI range_error : public runtime_error {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit range_error(const string& __s) : runtime_error(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit range_error(const char* __s) : runtime_error(__s) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI range_error(const range_error&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI range_error& operator=(const range_error&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~range_error() _NOEXCEPT override;
+#endif
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI overflow_error : public runtime_error {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit overflow_error(const string& __s) : runtime_error(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit overflow_error(const char* __s) : runtime_error(__s) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI overflow_error(const overflow_error&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI overflow_error& operator=(const overflow_error&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~overflow_error() _NOEXCEPT override;
+#endif
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI underflow_error : public runtime_error {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit underflow_error(const string& __s) : runtime_error(__s) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit underflow_error(const char* __s) : runtime_error(__s) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI underflow_error(const underflow_error&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI underflow_error& operator=(const underflow_error&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~underflow_error() _NOEXCEPT override;
+#endif
+};
+
+} // namespace std
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// in the dylib
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __throw_runtime_error(const char*);
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_logic_error(const char* __msg) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw logic_error(__msg);
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("logic_error was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode with message \"%s\"", __msg);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_domain_error(const char* __msg) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw domain_error(__msg);
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("domain_error was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode with message \"%s\"", __msg);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_invalid_argument(const char* __msg) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw invalid_argument(__msg);
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("invalid_argument was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode with message \"%s\"", __msg);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_length_error(const char* __msg) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw length_error(__msg);
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("length_error was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode with message \"%s\"", __msg);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_out_of_range(const char* __msg) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw out_of_range(__msg);
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("out_of_range was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode with message \"%s\"", __msg);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_range_error(const char* __msg) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw range_error(__msg);
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("range_error was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode with message \"%s\"", __msg);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_overflow_error(const char* __msg) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw overflow_error(__msg);
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("overflow_error was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode with message \"%s\"", __msg);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_underflow_error(const char* __msg) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw underflow_error(__msg);
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("underflow_error was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode with message \"%s\"", __msg);
+#endif
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <exception>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STDEXCEPT

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdint.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdint.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..35e5b8cbdad264
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdint.h
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STDINT_H
+// AIX system headers need stdint.h to be re-enterable while _STD_TYPES_T
+// is defined until an inclusion of it without _STD_TYPES_T occurs, in which
+// case the header guard macro is defined.
+#if !defined(_AIX) || !defined(_STD_TYPES_T)
+#  define _LIBCPP_STDINT_H
+#endif // _STD_TYPES_T
+
+/*
+    stdint.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    INT8_MIN
+    INT16_MIN
+    INT32_MIN
+    INT64_MIN
+
+    INT8_MAX
+    INT16_MAX
+    INT32_MAX
+    INT64_MAX
+
+    UINT8_MAX
+    UINT16_MAX
+    UINT32_MAX
+    UINT64_MAX
+
+    INT_LEAST8_MIN
+    INT_LEAST16_MIN
+    INT_LEAST32_MIN
+    INT_LEAST64_MIN
+
+    INT_LEAST8_MAX
+    INT_LEAST16_MAX
+    INT_LEAST32_MAX
+    INT_LEAST64_MAX
+
+    UINT_LEAST8_MAX
+    UINT_LEAST16_MAX
+    UINT_LEAST32_MAX
+    UINT_LEAST64_MAX
+
+    INT_FAST8_MIN
+    INT_FAST16_MIN
+    INT_FAST32_MIN
+    INT_FAST64_MIN
+
+    INT_FAST8_MAX
+    INT_FAST16_MAX
+    INT_FAST32_MAX
+    INT_FAST64_MAX
+
+    UINT_FAST8_MAX
+    UINT_FAST16_MAX
+    UINT_FAST32_MAX
+    UINT_FAST64_MAX
+
+    INTPTR_MIN
+    INTPTR_MAX
+    UINTPTR_MAX
+
+    INTMAX_MIN
+    INTMAX_MAX
+
+    UINTMAX_MAX
+
+    PTRDIFF_MIN
+    PTRDIFF_MAX
+
+    SIG_ATOMIC_MIN
+    SIG_ATOMIC_MAX
+
+    SIZE_MAX
+
+    WCHAR_MIN
+    WCHAR_MAX
+
+    WINT_MIN
+    WINT_MAX
+
+    INT8_C(value)
+    INT16_C(value)
+    INT32_C(value)
+    INT64_C(value)
+
+    UINT8_C(value)
+    UINT16_C(value)
+    UINT32_C(value)
+    UINT64_C(value)
+
+    INTMAX_C(value)
+    UINTMAX_C(value)
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+/* C99 stdlib (e.g. glibc < 2.18) does not provide macros needed
+   for C++11 unless __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS and __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS
+   are defined
+*/
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(__STDC_LIMIT_MACROS)
+#  define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
+#endif
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(__STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS)
+#  define __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include_next(<stdint.h>)
+#  include_next <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STDINT_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdio.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdio.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3aa559393f1853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#if defined(__need_FILE) || defined(__need___FILE)
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+#  include_next <stdio.h>
+
+#elif !defined(_LIBCPP_STDIO_H)
+#  define _LIBCPP_STDIO_H
+
+/*
+    stdio.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    BUFSIZ
+    EOF
+    FILENAME_MAX
+    FOPEN_MAX
+    L_tmpnam
+    NULL
+    SEEK_CUR
+    SEEK_END
+    SEEK_SET
+    TMP_MAX
+    _IOFBF
+    _IOLBF
+    _IONBF
+    stderr
+    stdin
+    stdout
+
+Types:
+
+FILE
+fpos_t
+size_t
+
+int remove(const char* filename);
+int rename(const char* old, const char* new);
+FILE* tmpfile(void);
+char* tmpnam(char* s);
+int fclose(FILE* stream);
+int fflush(FILE* stream);
+FILE* fopen(const char* restrict filename, const char* restrict mode);
+FILE* freopen(const char* restrict filename, const char * restrict mode,
+              FILE * restrict stream);
+void setbuf(FILE* restrict stream, char* restrict buf);
+int setvbuf(FILE* restrict stream, char* restrict buf, int mode, size_t size);
+int fprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const char* restrict format, ...);
+int fscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const char * restrict format, ...);
+int printf(const char* restrict format, ...);
+int scanf(const char* restrict format, ...);
+int snprintf(char* restrict s, size_t n, const char* restrict format, ...);    // C99
+int sprintf(char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, ...);
+int sscanf(const char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, ...);
+int vfprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const char* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vfscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const char* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int vprintf(const char* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vscanf(const char* restrict format, va_list arg);                          // C99
+int vsnprintf(char* restrict s, size_t n, const char* restrict format,         // C99
+              va_list arg);
+int vsprintf(char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vsscanf(const char* restrict s, const char* restrict format, va_list arg); // C99
+int fgetc(FILE* stream);
+char* fgets(char* restrict s, int n, FILE* restrict stream);
+int fputc(int c, FILE* stream);
+int fputs(const char* restrict s, FILE* restrict stream);
+int getc(FILE* stream);
+int getchar(void);
+char* gets(char* s);  // removed in C++14
+int putc(int c, FILE* stream);
+int putchar(int c);
+int puts(const char* s);
+int ungetc(int c, FILE* stream);
+size_t fread(void* restrict ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb,
+             FILE* restrict stream);
+size_t fwrite(const void* restrict ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb,
+              FILE* restrict stream);
+int fgetpos(FILE* restrict stream, fpos_t* restrict pos);
+int fseek(FILE* stream, long offset, int whence);
+int fsetpos(FILE*stream, const fpos_t* pos);
+long ftell(FILE* stream);
+void rewind(FILE* stream);
+void clearerr(FILE* stream);
+int feof(FILE* stream);
+int ferror(FILE* stream);
+void perror(const char* s);
+*/
+
+#  include <__config>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_include_next(<stdio.h>)
+#    include_next <stdio.h>
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef __cplusplus
+
+#    undef getc
+#    undef putc
+#    undef clearerr
+#    undef feof
+#    undef ferror
+#    undef putchar
+#    undef getchar
+
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STDIO_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdlib.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdlib.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a74344d49150c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stdlib.h
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#if defined(__need_malloc_and_calloc)
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+#  include_next <stdlib.h>
+
+#elif !defined(_LIBCPP_STDLIB_H)
+#  define _LIBCPP_STDLIB_H
+
+/*
+    stdlib.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    EXIT_FAILURE
+    EXIT_SUCCESS
+    MB_CUR_MAX
+    NULL
+    RAND_MAX
+
+Types:
+
+    size_t
+    div_t
+    ldiv_t
+    lldiv_t                                                               // C99
+
+double    atof (const char* nptr);
+int       atoi (const char* nptr);
+long      atol (const char* nptr);
+long long atoll(const char* nptr);                                        // C99
+double             strtod  (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr);
+float              strtof  (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr); // C99
+long double        strtold (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr); // C99
+long               strtol  (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+long long          strtoll (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base); // C99
+unsigned long      strtoul (const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base);
+unsigned long long strtoull(const char* restrict nptr, char** restrict endptr, int base); // C99
+int rand(void);
+void srand(unsigned int seed);
+void* calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
+void free(void* ptr);
+void* malloc(size_t size);
+void* realloc(void* ptr, size_t size);
+void abort(void);
+int atexit(void (*func)(void));
+void exit(int status);
+void _Exit(int status);
+char* getenv(const char* name);
+int system(const char* string);
+void* bsearch(const void* key, const void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+              int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));
+void qsort(void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+           int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));
+int         abs(      int j);
+long        abs(     long j);
+long long   abs(long long j);                                             // C++0X
+long       labs(     long j);
+long long llabs(long long j);                                             // C99
+div_t     div(      int numer,       int denom);
+ldiv_t    div(     long numer,      long denom);
+lldiv_t   div(long long numer, long long denom);                          // C++0X
+ldiv_t   ldiv(     long numer,      long denom);
+lldiv_t lldiv(long long numer, long long denom);                          // C99
+int mblen(const char* s, size_t n);
+int mbtowc(wchar_t* restrict pwc, const char* restrict s, size_t n);
+int wctomb(char* s, wchar_t wchar);
+size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t* restrict pwcs, const char* restrict s, size_t n);
+size_t wcstombs(char* restrict s, const wchar_t* restrict pwcs, size_t n);
+int at_quick_exit(void (*func)(void))                                     // C++11
+void quick_exit(int status);                                              // C++11
+void *aligned_alloc(size_t alignment, size_t size);                       // C11
+
+*/
+
+#  include <__config>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_include_next(<stdlib.h>)
+#    include_next <stdlib.h>
+#  endif
+
+#  ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C++" {
+// abs
+
+#    ifdef abs
+#      undef abs
+#    endif
+#    ifdef labs
+#      undef labs
+#    endif
+#    ifdef llabs
+#      undef llabs
+#    endif
+
+// MSVCRT already has the correct prototype in <stdlib.h> if __cplusplus is defined
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT)
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long abs(long __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_labs(__x); }
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long long abs(long long __x) _NOEXCEPT { return __builtin_llabs(__x); }
+#    endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT)
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float abs(float __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fabsf(__lcpp_x); // Use builtins to prevent needing math.h
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI double abs(double __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fabs(__lcpp_x);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_NODISCARD inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI long double abs(long double __lcpp_x) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __builtin_fabsl(__lcpp_x);
+}
+
+// div
+
+#    ifdef div
+#      undef div
+#    endif
+#    ifdef ldiv
+#      undef ldiv
+#    endif
+#    ifdef lldiv
+#      undef lldiv
+#    endif
+
+// MSVCRT already has the correct prototype in <stdlib.h> if __cplusplus is defined
+#    if !defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT)
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ldiv_t div(long __x, long __y) _NOEXCEPT { return ::ldiv(__x, __y); }
+#      if !(defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__LONG_LONG_SUPPORTED))
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI lldiv_t div(long long __x, long long __y) _NOEXCEPT { return ::lldiv(__x, __y); }
+#      endif
+#    endif // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+} // extern "C++"
+#  endif   // __cplusplus
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STDLIB_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stop_token b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stop_token
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d4e651d9541f4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/stop_token
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STOP_TOKEN
+#define _LIBCPP_STOP_TOKEN
+
+/*
+
+namespace std {
+  // [stoptoken], class stop_token
+  class stop_token;
+
+  // [stopsource], class stop_source
+  class stop_source;
+
+  // no-shared-stop-state indicator
+  struct nostopstate_t {
+    explicit nostopstate_t() = default;
+  };
+  inline constexpr nostopstate_t nostopstate{};
+
+  // [stopcallback], class template stop_callback
+  template<class Callback>
+    class stop_callback;
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#    include <__stop_token/stop_callback.h>
+#    include <__stop_token/stop_source.h>
+#    include <__stop_token/stop_token.h>
+#  endif
+
+#  include <version>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STOP_TOKEN

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/streambuf b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/streambuf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5a3c17ef7c99e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/streambuf
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STREAMBUF
+#define _LIBCPP_STREAMBUF
+
+/*
+    streambuf synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> >
+class basic_streambuf
+{
+public:
+    // types:
+    typedef charT char_type;
+    typedef traits traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+    virtual ~basic_streambuf();
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.1 locales:
+    locale pubimbue(const locale& loc);
+    locale getloc() const;
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.2 buffer and positioning:
+    basic_streambuf* pubsetbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    pos_type pubseekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
+                        ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    pos_type pubseekpos(pos_type sp,
+                        ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    int pubsync();
+
+    // Get and put areas:
+    // 27.6.2.2.3 Get area:
+    streamsize in_avail();
+    int_type snextc();
+    int_type sbumpc();
+    int_type sgetc();
+    streamsize sgetn(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.4 Putback:
+    int_type sputbackc(char_type c);
+    int_type sungetc();
+
+    // 27.6.2.2.5 Put area:
+    int_type sputc(char_type c);
+    streamsize sputn(const char_type* s, streamsize n);
+
+protected:
+    basic_streambuf();
+    basic_streambuf(const basic_streambuf& rhs);
+    basic_streambuf& operator=(const basic_streambuf& rhs);
+    void swap(basic_streambuf& rhs);
+
+    // 27.6.2.3.2 Get area:
+    char_type* eback() const;
+    char_type* gptr() const;
+    char_type* egptr() const;
+    void gbump(int n);
+    void setg(char_type* gbeg, char_type* gnext, char_type* gend);
+
+    // 27.6.2.3.3 Put area:
+    char_type* pbase() const;
+    char_type* pptr() const;
+    char_type* epptr() const;
+    void pbump(int n);
+    void setp(char_type* pbeg, char_type* pend);
+
+    // 27.6.2.4 virtual functions:
+    // 27.6.2.4.1 Locales:
+    virtual void imbue(const locale& loc);
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.2 Buffer management and positioning:
+    virtual basic_streambuf* setbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual int sync();
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.3 Get area:
+    virtual streamsize showmanyc();
+    virtual streamsize xsgetn(char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual int_type uflow();
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.4 Putback:
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+
+    // 27.6.2.4.5 Put area:
+    virtual streamsize xsputn(const char_type* s, streamsize n);
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type c = traits_type::eof());
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/streambuf.h>
+#include <__locale>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__utility/is_valid_range.h>
+#include <climits>
+#include <ios>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_streambuf {
+public:
+  // types:
+  typedef _CharT char_type;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::int_type int_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef typename traits_type::off_type off_type;
+
+  static_assert(is_same<_CharT, typename traits_type::char_type>::value,
+                "traits_type::char_type must be the same type as CharT");
+
+  virtual ~basic_streambuf();
+
+  // 27.6.2.2.1 locales:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 locale pubimbue(const locale& __loc) {
+    imbue(__loc);
+    locale __r = __loc_;
+    __loc_     = __loc;
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 locale getloc() const { return __loc_; }
+
+  // 27.6.2.2.2 buffer and positioning:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 basic_streambuf* pubsetbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+    return setbuf(__s, __n);
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 pos_type
+  pubseekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way, ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) {
+    return seekoff(__off, __way, __which);
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 pos_type
+  pubseekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) {
+    return seekpos(__sp, __which);
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 int pubsync() { return sync(); }
+
+  // Get and put areas:
+  // 27.6.2.2.3 Get area:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 streamsize in_avail() {
+    if (__ninp_ < __einp_)
+      return static_cast<streamsize>(__einp_ - __ninp_);
+    return showmanyc();
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 int_type snextc() {
+    if (sbumpc() == traits_type::eof())
+      return traits_type::eof();
+    return sgetc();
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 int_type sbumpc() {
+    if (__ninp_ == __einp_)
+      return uflow();
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(*__ninp_++);
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 int_type sgetc() {
+    if (__ninp_ == __einp_)
+      return underflow();
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(*__ninp_);
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 streamsize sgetn(char_type* __s, streamsize __n) { return xsgetn(__s, __n); }
+
+  // 27.6.2.2.4 Putback:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 int_type sputbackc(char_type __c) {
+    if (__binp_ == __ninp_ || !traits_type::eq(__c, __ninp_[-1]))
+      return pbackfail(traits_type::to_int_type(__c));
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(*--__ninp_);
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 int_type sungetc() {
+    if (__binp_ == __ninp_)
+      return pbackfail();
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(*--__ninp_);
+  }
+
+  // 27.6.2.2.5 Put area:
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 int_type sputc(char_type __c) {
+    if (__nout_ == __eout_)
+      return overflow(traits_type::to_int_type(__c));
+    *__nout_++ = __c;
+    return traits_type::to_int_type(__c);
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 streamsize sputn(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+    return xsputn(__s, __n);
+  }
+
+protected:
+  basic_streambuf();
+  basic_streambuf(const basic_streambuf& __rhs);
+  basic_streambuf& operator=(const basic_streambuf& __rhs);
+  void swap(basic_streambuf& __rhs);
+
+  // 27.6.2.3.2 Get area:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type* eback() const { return __binp_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type* gptr() const { return __ninp_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type* egptr() const { return __einp_; }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 void gbump(int __n) { __ninp_ += __n; }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 void setg(char_type* __gbeg, char_type* __gnext, char_type* __gend) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(std::__is_valid_range(__gbeg, __gnext), "[gbeg, gnext) must be a valid range");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(std::__is_valid_range(__gbeg, __gend), "[gbeg, gend) must be a valid range");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(std::__is_valid_range(__gnext, __gend), "[gnext, gend) must be a valid range");
+    __binp_ = __gbeg;
+    __ninp_ = __gnext;
+    __einp_ = __gend;
+  }
+
+  // 27.6.2.3.3 Put area:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type* pbase() const { return __bout_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type* pptr() const { return __nout_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char_type* epptr() const { return __eout_; }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 void pbump(int __n) { __nout_ += __n; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __pbump(streamsize __n) { __nout_ += __n; }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 void setp(char_type* __pbeg, char_type* __pend) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(std::__is_valid_range(__pbeg, __pend), "[pbeg, pend) must be a valid range");
+    __bout_ = __nout_ = __pbeg;
+    __eout_           = __pend;
+  }
+
+  // 27.6.2.4 virtual functions:
+  // 27.6.2.4.1 Locales:
+  virtual void imbue(const locale& __loc);
+
+  // 27.6.2.4.2 Buffer management and positioning:
+  virtual basic_streambuf* setbuf(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+  virtual pos_type
+  seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way, ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+  virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+  virtual int sync();
+
+  // 27.6.2.4.3 Get area:
+  virtual streamsize showmanyc();
+  virtual streamsize xsgetn(char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+  virtual int_type underflow();
+  virtual int_type uflow();
+
+  // 27.6.2.4.4 Putback:
+  virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+
+  // 27.6.2.4.5 Put area:
+  virtual streamsize xsputn(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n);
+  virtual int_type overflow(int_type __c = traits_type::eof());
+
+private:
+  locale __loc_;
+  char_type* __binp_;
+  char_type* __ninp_;
+  char_type* __einp_;
+  char_type* __bout_;
+  char_type* __nout_;
+  char_type* __eout_;
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::~basic_streambuf() {}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_streambuf()
+    : __binp_(nullptr), __ninp_(nullptr), __einp_(nullptr), __bout_(nullptr), __nout_(nullptr), __eout_(nullptr) {}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_streambuf(const basic_streambuf& __sb)
+    : __loc_(__sb.__loc_),
+      __binp_(__sb.__binp_),
+      __ninp_(__sb.__ninp_),
+      __einp_(__sb.__einp_),
+      __bout_(__sb.__bout_),
+      __nout_(__sb.__nout_),
+      __eout_(__sb.__eout_) {}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>& basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::operator=(const basic_streambuf& __sb) {
+  __loc_  = __sb.__loc_;
+  __binp_ = __sb.__binp_;
+  __ninp_ = __sb.__ninp_;
+  __einp_ = __sb.__einp_;
+  __bout_ = __sb.__bout_;
+  __nout_ = __sb.__nout_;
+  __eout_ = __sb.__eout_;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::swap(basic_streambuf& __sb) {
+  std::swap(__loc_, __sb.__loc_);
+  std::swap(__binp_, __sb.__binp_);
+  std::swap(__ninp_, __sb.__ninp_);
+  std::swap(__einp_, __sb.__einp_);
+  std::swap(__bout_, __sb.__bout_);
+  std::swap(__nout_, __sb.__nout_);
+  std::swap(__eout_, __sb.__eout_);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+void basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::imbue(const locale&) {}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>* basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::setbuf(char_type*, streamsize) {
+  return this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::seekoff(off_type, ios_base::seekdir, ios_base::openmode) {
+  return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pos_type
+basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::seekpos(pos_type, ios_base::openmode) {
+  return pos_type(off_type(-1));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+int basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::sync() {
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+streamsize basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::showmanyc() {
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+streamsize basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::xsgetn(char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+  const int_type __eof = traits_type::eof();
+  int_type __c;
+  streamsize __i = 0;
+  while (__i < __n) {
+    if (__ninp_ < __einp_) {
+      const streamsize __len = std::min(static_cast<streamsize>(INT_MAX), std::min(__einp_ - __ninp_, __n - __i));
+      traits_type::copy(__s, __ninp_, __len);
+      __s += __len;
+      __i += __len;
+      this->gbump(__len);
+    } else if ((__c = uflow()) != __eof) {
+      *__s = traits_type::to_char_type(__c);
+      ++__s;
+      ++__i;
+    } else
+      break;
+  }
+  return __i;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::underflow() {
+  return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::uflow() {
+  if (underflow() == traits_type::eof())
+    return traits_type::eof();
+  return traits_type::to_int_type(*__ninp_++);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::pbackfail(int_type) {
+  return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+streamsize basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::xsputn(const char_type* __s, streamsize __n) {
+  streamsize __i = 0;
+  int_type __eof = traits_type::eof();
+  while (__i < __n) {
+    if (__nout_ >= __eout_) {
+      if (overflow(traits_type::to_int_type(*__s)) == __eof)
+        break;
+      ++__s;
+      ++__i;
+    } else {
+      streamsize __chunk_size = std::min(__eout_ - __nout_, __n - __i);
+      traits_type::copy(__nout_, __s, __chunk_size);
+      __nout_ += __chunk_size;
+      __s += __chunk_size;
+      __i += __chunk_size;
+    }
+  }
+  return __i;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+typename basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::int_type basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>::overflow(int_type) {
+  return traits_type::eof();
+}
+
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_streambuf<char>;
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+extern template class _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_TYPE_VIS basic_streambuf<wchar_t>;
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstdint>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STREAMBUF

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/string b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/string
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9fa979e3a5178a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/string
@@ -0,0 +1,4352 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STRING
+#define _LIBCPP_STRING
+
+// clang-format off
+
+/*
+    string synopsis
+
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class stateT>
+class fpos
+{
+private:
+    stateT st;
+public:
+    fpos(streamoff = streamoff());
+
+    operator streamoff() const;
+
+    stateT state() const;
+    void state(stateT);
+
+    fpos& operator+=(streamoff);
+    fpos  operator+ (streamoff) const;
+    fpos& operator-=(streamoff);
+    fpos  operator- (streamoff) const;
+};
+
+template <class stateT> streamoff operator-(const fpos<stateT>& x, const fpos<stateT>& y);
+
+template <class stateT> bool operator==(const fpos<stateT>& x, const fpos<stateT>& y);
+template <class stateT> bool operator!=(const fpos<stateT>& x, const fpos<stateT>& y);
+
+template <class charT>
+struct char_traits
+{
+    using char_type           = charT;
+    using int_type            = ...;
+    using off_type            = streamoff;
+    using pos_type            = streampos;
+    using state_type          = mbstate_t;
+    using comparison_category = strong_ordering; // Since C++20 only for the specializations
+                                                 // char, wchar_t, char8_t, char16_t, and char32_t.
+
+    static void assign(char_type& c1, const char_type& c2) noexcept;
+    static constexpr bool eq(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;
+    static constexpr bool lt(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;
+
+    static int              compare(const char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
+    static size_t           length(const char_type* s);
+    static const char_type* find(const char_type* s, size_t n, const char_type& a);
+    static char_type*       move(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
+    static char_type*       copy(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
+    static char_type*       assign(char_type* s, size_t n, char_type a);
+
+    static constexpr int_type  not_eof(int_type c) noexcept;
+    static constexpr char_type to_char_type(int_type c) noexcept;
+    static constexpr int_type  to_int_type(char_type c) noexcept;
+    static constexpr bool      eq_int_type(int_type c1, int_type c2) noexcept;
+    static constexpr int_type  eof() noexcept;
+};
+
+template <> struct char_traits<char>;
+template <> struct char_traits<wchar_t>;
+template <> struct char_traits<char8_t>;  // C++20
+template <> struct char_traits<char16_t>;
+template <> struct char_traits<char32_t>;
+
+template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>, class Allocator = allocator<charT> >
+class basic_string
+{
+public:
+// types:
+    typedef traits traits_type;
+    typedef typename traits_type::char_type value_type;
+    typedef Allocator allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer const_pointer;
+    typedef implementation-defined iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined const_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    static const size_type npos = -1;
+
+    basic_string()
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);                      // constexpr since C++20
+    explicit basic_string(const allocator_type& a);                                             // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string(const basic_string& str);                                                      // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string(basic_string&& str)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);                         // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string(const basic_string& str, size_type pos,
+                 const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());                                   // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string(const basic_string& str, size_type pos, size_type n,
+                 const Allocator& a = Allocator());                                             // constexpr since C++20
+    constexpr basic_string(
+        basic_string&& str, size_type pos, const Allocator& a = Allocator());                   // since C++23
+    constexpr basic_string(
+        basic_string&& str, size_type pos, size_type n, const Allocator& a = Allocator());      // since C++23
+    template<class T>
+        basic_string(const T& t, size_type pos, size_type n, const Allocator& a = Allocator()); // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        explicit basic_string(const T& t, const Allocator& a = Allocator());                    // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string(const value_type* s, const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());              // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string(const value_type* s, size_type n, const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string(nullptr_t) = delete; // C++23
+    basic_string(size_type n, value_type c, const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());        // constexpr since C++20
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        basic_string(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end,
+                     const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());                               // constexpr since C++20
+    template<container-compatible-range<charT> R>
+      constexpr basic_string(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Allocator& a = Allocator());           // since C++23
+    basic_string(initializer_list<value_type>, const Allocator& = Allocator());                 // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string(const basic_string&, const Allocator&);                                        // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string(basic_string&&, const Allocator&);                                             // constexpr since C++20
+
+    ~basic_string();                                                                            // constexpr since C++20
+
+    operator basic_string_view<charT, traits>() const noexcept;                                 // constexpr since C++20
+
+    basic_string& operator=(const basic_string& str);                                           // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        basic_string& operator=(const T& t);                                                    // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& operator=(basic_string&& str)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+             allocator_type::is_always_equal::value );                                          // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& operator=(const value_type* s);                                               // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& operator=(nullptr_t) = delete; // C++23
+    basic_string& operator=(value_type c);                                                      // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);                                      // constexpr since C++20
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;                                                            // constexpr since C++20
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;                                                      // constexpr since C++20
+    iterator       end() noexcept;                                                              // constexpr since C++20
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept;                                                        // constexpr since C++20
+
+    reverse_iterator       rbegin() noexcept;                                                   // constexpr since C++20
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;                                             // constexpr since C++20
+    reverse_iterator       rend() noexcept;                                                     // constexpr since C++20
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;                                               // constexpr since C++20
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin() const noexcept;                                             // constexpr since C++20
+    const_iterator         cend() const noexcept;                                               // constexpr since C++20
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;                                            // constexpr since C++20
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;                                              // constexpr since C++20
+
+    size_type size() const noexcept;                                                            // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type length() const noexcept;                                                          // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;                                                        // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type capacity() const noexcept;                                                        // constexpr since C++20
+
+    void resize(size_type n, value_type c);                                                     // constexpr since C++20
+    void resize(size_type n);                                                                   // constexpr since C++20
+
+    template<class Operation>
+    constexpr void resize_and_overwrite(size_type n, Operation op); // since C++23
+
+    void reserve(size_type res_arg);                                                            // constexpr since C++20
+    void reserve();                                                                             // deprecated in C++20, removed in C++26
+    void shrink_to_fit();                                                                       // constexpr since C++20
+    void clear() noexcept;                                                                      // constexpr since C++20
+    bool empty() const noexcept;                                                                // constexpr since C++20
+
+    const_reference operator[](size_type pos) const;                                            // constexpr since C++20
+    reference       operator[](size_type pos);                                                  // constexpr since C++20
+
+    const_reference at(size_type n) const;                                                      // constexpr since C++20
+    reference       at(size_type n);                                                            // constexpr since C++20
+
+    basic_string& operator+=(const basic_string& str);                                          // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        basic_string& operator+=(const T& t);                                                   // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& operator+=(const value_type* s);                                              // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& operator+=(value_type c);                                                     // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& operator+=(initializer_list<value_type>);                                     // constexpr since C++20
+
+    basic_string& append(const basic_string& str);                                              // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        basic_string& append(const T& t);                                                       // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& append(const basic_string& str, size_type pos, size_type n=npos);             // C++14, constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        basic_string& append(const T& t, size_type pos, size_type n=npos);                      // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& append(const value_type* s, size_type n);                                     // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& append(const value_type* s);                                                  // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& append(size_type n, value_type c);                                            // constexpr since C++20
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        basic_string& append(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);                          // constexpr since C++20
+    template<container-compatible-range<charT> R>
+      constexpr basic_string& append_range(R&& rg);                                             // C++23
+    basic_string& append(initializer_list<value_type>);                                         // constexpr since C++20
+
+    void push_back(value_type c);                                                               // constexpr since C++20
+    void pop_back();                                                                            // constexpr since C++20
+    reference       front();                                                                    // constexpr since C++20
+    const_reference front() const;                                                              // constexpr since C++20
+    reference       back();                                                                     // constexpr since C++20
+    const_reference back() const;                                                               // constexpr since C++20
+
+    basic_string& assign(const basic_string& str);                                              // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        basic_string& assign(const T& t);                                                       // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& assign(basic_string&& str);                                                   // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& assign(const basic_string& str, size_type pos, size_type n=npos);             // C++14, constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        basic_string& assign(const T& t, size_type pos, size_type n=npos);                      // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& assign(const value_type* s, size_type n);                                     // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& assign(const value_type* s);                                                  // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& assign(size_type n, value_type c);                                            // constexpr since C++20
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        basic_string& assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);                          // constexpr since C++20
+    template<container-compatible-range<charT> R>
+      constexpr basic_string& assign_range(R&& rg);                                             // C++23
+    basic_string& assign(initializer_list<value_type>);                                         // constexpr since C++20
+
+    basic_string& insert(size_type pos1, const basic_string& str);                              // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        basic_string& insert(size_type pos1, const T& t);                                       // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& insert(size_type pos1, const basic_string& str,
+                         size_type pos2, size_type n);                                          // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        basic_string& insert(size_type pos1, const T& t, size_type pos2, size_type n);          // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const value_type* s, size_type n=npos);                 // C++14, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const value_type* s);                                   // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& insert(size_type pos, size_type n, value_type c);                             // constexpr since C++20
+    iterator      insert(const_iterator p, value_type c);                                       // constexpr since C++20
+    iterator      insert(const_iterator p, size_type n, value_type c);                          // constexpr since C++20
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator p, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);             // constexpr since C++20
+    template<container-compatible-range<charT> R>
+      constexpr iterator insert_range(const_iterator p, R&& rg);                                // C++23
+    iterator      insert(const_iterator p, initializer_list<value_type>);                       // constexpr since C++20
+
+    basic_string& erase(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos);                                 // constexpr since C++20
+    iterator      erase(const_iterator position);                                               // constexpr since C++20
+    iterator      erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);                             // constexpr since C++20
+
+    basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str);               // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+    basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const T& t);                            // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str,
+                          size_type pos2, size_type n2=npos);                                   // C++14, constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const T& t,
+                              size_type pos2, size_type n);                                     // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, const value_type* s, size_type n2);      // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, const value_type* s);                    // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, size_type n2, value_type c);             // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const basic_string& str);       // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const T& t);                // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const value_type* s, size_type n); // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const value_type* s);           // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, size_type n, value_type c);     // constexpr since C++20
+    template<class InputIterator>
+        basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, InputIterator j1, InputIterator j2); // constexpr since C++20
+    template<container-compatible-range<charT> R>
+      constexpr basic_string& replace_with_range(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, R&& rg); // C++23
+    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, initializer_list<value_type>);  // constexpr since C++20
+
+    size_type copy(value_type* s, size_type n, size_type pos = 0) const;                        // constexpr since C++20
+    basic_string substr(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos) const;                           // constexpr in C++20, removed in C++23
+    basic_string substr(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos) const&;                          // since C++23
+    constexpr basic_string substr(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos) &&;                    // since C++23
+    void swap(basic_string& str)
+        noexcept(allocator_traits<allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                 allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value);                     // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+
+    const value_type* c_str() const noexcept;                                                   // constexpr since C++20
+    const value_type* data() const noexcept;                                                    // constexpr since C++20
+          value_type* data()       noexcept;                                                    // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;                                              // constexpr since C++20
+
+    size_type find(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;                  // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        size_type find(const T& t, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;                           // C++17, noexcept as an extension, constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find(const value_type* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept;             // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find(const value_type* s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;                      // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find(value_type c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;                             // constexpr since C++20
+
+    size_type rfind(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;              // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        size_type rfind(const T& t, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;                       // C++17, noexcept as an extension, constexpr since C++20
+    size_type rfind(const value_type* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept;            // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type rfind(const value_type* s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;                  // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type rfind(value_type c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;                         // constexpr since C++20
+
+    size_type find_first_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;         // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        size_type find_first_of(const T& t, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;                  // C++17, noexcept as an extension, constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_first_of(const value_type* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept;    // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_first_of(const value_type* s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;             // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_first_of(value_type c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;                    // constexpr since C++20
+
+    size_type find_last_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;       // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        size_type find_last_of(const T& t, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept noexcept;       // C++17, noexcept as an extension, constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_last_of(const value_type* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept;     // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_last_of(const value_type* s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;           // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_last_of(value_type c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;                  // constexpr since C++20
+
+    size_type find_first_not_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;     // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        size_type find_first_not_of(const T& t, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;              // C++17, noexcept as an extension, constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_first_not_of(const value_type* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept; // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_first_not_of(const value_type* s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;         // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_first_not_of(value_type c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;                // constexpr since C++20
+
+    size_type find_last_not_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;   // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        size_type find_last_not_of(const T& t, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;            // C++17, noexcept as an extension, constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_last_not_of(const value_type* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept; // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_last_not_of(const value_type* s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;       // constexpr since C++20
+    size_type find_last_not_of(value_type c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;              // constexpr since C++20
+
+    int compare(const basic_string& str) const noexcept;                                        // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        int compare(const T& t) const noexcept;                                                 // C++17, noexcept as an extension, constexpr since C++20
+    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str) const;                   // constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const T& t) const;                            // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str,
+                size_type pos2, size_type n2=npos) const;                                       // C++14, constexpr since C++20
+    template <class T>
+        int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const T& t,
+                    size_type pos2, size_type n2=npos) const;                                   // C++17, constexpr since C++20
+    int compare(const value_type* s) const noexcept;                                            // constexpr since C++20
+    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const value_type* s) const;                       // constexpr since C++20
+    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const value_type* s, size_type n2) const;         // constexpr since C++20
+
+    constexpr bool starts_with(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv) const noexcept;             // C++20
+    constexpr bool starts_with(charT c) const noexcept;                                         // C++20
+    constexpr bool starts_with(const charT* s) const;                                           // C++20
+    constexpr bool ends_with(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv) const noexcept;               // C++20
+    constexpr bool ends_with(charT c) const noexcept;                                           // C++20
+    constexpr bool ends_with(const charT* s) const;                                             // C++20
+
+    constexpr bool contains(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv) const noexcept;                // C++23
+    constexpr bool contains(charT c) const noexcept;                                            // C++23
+    constexpr bool contains(const charT* s) const;                                              // C++23
+};
+
+template<class InputIterator,
+         class Allocator = allocator<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>>
+basic_string(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator = Allocator())
+   -> basic_string<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type,
+                  char_traits<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+                  Allocator>;   // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R,
+         class Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<R>>>
+  basic_string(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> basic_string<ranges::range_value_t<R>, char_traits<ranges::range_value_t<R>>,
+                    Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class charT,
+         class traits,
+         class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
+  explicit basic_string(basic_string_view<charT, traits>, const Allocator& = Allocator())
+    -> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class charT,
+         class traits,
+         class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
+  basic_string(basic_string_view<charT, traits>,
+                typename see below::size_type, typename see below::size_type,
+                const Allocator& = Allocator())
+    -> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+          const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);                                   // constexpr since C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+operator+(const charT* lhs , const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>&rhs);                   // constexpr since C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+operator+(charT lhs, const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& rhs);                          // constexpr since C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs);                 // constexpr since C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, charT rhs);                        // constexpr since C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+  constexpr basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+    operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+              type_identity_t<basic_string_view<charT, traits>> rhs);                           // Since C++26
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+  constexpr basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+    operator+(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& lhs,
+              type_identity_t<basic_string_view<charT, traits>> rhs);                           // Since C++26
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+  constexpr basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+    operator+(type_identity_t<basic_string_view<charT, traits>> lhs,
+              const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);                               // Since C++26
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+  constexpr basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
+    operator+(type_identity_t<basic_string_view<charT, traits>> lhs,
+              basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& rhs);                                    // Since C++26
+
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator==(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;                    // constexpr since C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator==(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;  // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator==(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;    // constexpr since C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT,traits,Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;                    // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator!=(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;  // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;  // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator< (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;                    // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator< (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;  // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator< (const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;  // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator> (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;                    // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator> (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;  // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator> (const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;  // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;                    // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;  // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator<=(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;  // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;                    // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs) noexcept;  // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+bool operator>=(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;  // removed in C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>                                            // since C++20
+constexpr see below operator<=>(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>                                            // since C++20
+constexpr see below operator<=>(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+                                const charT* rhs) noexcept;
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+void swap(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
+          basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs)
+            noexcept(noexcept(lhs.swap(rhs)));                                                  // constexpr since C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str,
+        charT delim);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+basic_istream<charT, traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
+
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator, class U>
+typename basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>::size_type
+erase(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& c, const U& value);    // C++20
+template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator, class Predicate>
+typename basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& c, Predicate pred); // C++20
+
+typedef basic_string<char>    string;
+typedef basic_string<wchar_t> wstring;
+typedef basic_string<char8_t> u8string; // C++20
+typedef basic_string<char16_t> u16string;
+typedef basic_string<char32_t> u32string;
+
+int                stoi  (const string& str, size_t* idx = nullptr, int base = 10);
+long               stol  (const string& str, size_t* idx = nullptr, int base = 10);
+unsigned long      stoul (const string& str, size_t* idx = nullptr, int base = 10);
+long long          stoll (const string& str, size_t* idx = nullptr, int base = 10);
+unsigned long long stoull(const string& str, size_t* idx = nullptr, int base = 10);
+
+float       stof (const string& str, size_t* idx = nullptr);
+double      stod (const string& str, size_t* idx = nullptr);
+long double stold(const string& str, size_t* idx = nullptr);
+
+string to_string(int val);
+string to_string(unsigned val);
+string to_string(long val);
+string to_string(unsigned long val);
+string to_string(long long val);
+string to_string(unsigned long long val);
+string to_string(float val);
+string to_string(double val);
+string to_string(long double val);
+
+int                stoi  (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = nullptr, int base = 10);
+long               stol  (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = nullptr, int base = 10);
+unsigned long      stoul (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = nullptr, int base = 10);
+long long          stoll (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = nullptr, int base = 10);
+unsigned long long stoull(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = nullptr, int base = 10);
+
+float       stof (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = nullptr);
+double      stod (const wstring& str, size_t* idx = nullptr);
+long double stold(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = nullptr);
+
+wstring to_wstring(int val);
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned val);
+wstring to_wstring(long val);
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned long val);
+wstring to_wstring(long long val);
+wstring to_wstring(unsigned long long val);
+wstring to_wstring(float val);
+wstring to_wstring(double val);
+wstring to_wstring(long double val);
+
+template <> struct hash<string>;
+template <> struct hash<u8string>; // C++20
+template <> struct hash<u16string>;
+template <> struct hash<u32string>;
+template <> struct hash<wstring>;
+
+basic_string<char>     operator""s( const char *str,     size_t len );           // C++14, constexpr since C++20
+basic_string<wchar_t>  operator""s( const wchar_t *str,  size_t len );           // C++14, constexpr since C++20
+constexpr basic_string<char8_t>  operator""s( const char8_t *str,  size_t len ); // C++20
+basic_string<char16_t> operator""s( const char16_t *str, size_t len );           // C++14, constexpr since C++20
+basic_string<char32_t> operator""s( const char32_t *str, size_t len );           // C++14, constexpr since C++20
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#include <__algorithm/max.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__algorithm/remove.h>
+#include <__algorithm/remove_if.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__debug_utils/sanitizers.h>
+#include <__format/enable_insertable.h>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__fwd/string.h>
+#include <__ios/fpos.h>
+#include <__iterator/bounded_iter.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/wrap_iter.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocate_at_least.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/compressed_pair.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/swap_allocator.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__string/char_traits.h>
+#include <__string/extern_template_lists.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_allocator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_standard_layout.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivial.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/noexcept_move_assign_container.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/auto_cast.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/is_pointer_in_range.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstdio> // EOF
+#include <cstring>
+#include <limits>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <version>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+#  include <cwchar>
+#endif
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [string.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN) && defined(_LIBCPP_INSTRUMENTED_WITH_ASAN)
+#  define _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS __attribute__((__no_sanitize__("address")))
+// This macro disables AddressSanitizer (ASan) instrumentation for a specific function,
+// allowing memory accesses that would normally trigger ASan errors to proceed without crashing.
+// This is useful for accessing parts of objects memory, which should not be accessed,
+// such as unused bytes in short strings, that should never be accessed
+// by other parts of the program.
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// basic_string
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDDEN _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const _CharT* __x, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(_CharT __x, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __y);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x, const _CharT* __y);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __x, _CharT __y);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+          type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __rhs);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __lhs, type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __rhs);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __lhs,
+          const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __lhs, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __rhs);
+
+#endif
+
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string operator+
+    <char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> >(char const*, string const&);
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __string_is_trivial_iterator : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __string_is_trivial_iterator<_Tp*> : public is_arithmetic<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Iter>
+struct __string_is_trivial_iterator<__wrap_iter<_Iter> > : public __string_is_trivial_iterator<_Iter> {};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Tp>
+struct __can_be_converted_to_string_view
+    : public _BoolConstant< is_convertible<const _Tp&, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> >::value &&
+                            !is_convertible<const _Tp&, const _CharT*>::value > {};
+
+struct __uninitialized_size_tag {};
+struct __init_with_sentinel_tag {};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class basic_string {
+private:
+  using __default_allocator_type = allocator<_CharT>;
+
+public:
+  typedef basic_string __self;
+  typedef basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __self_view;
+  typedef _Traits traits_type;
+  typedef _CharT value_type;
+  typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+
+  // A basic_string contains the following members which may be trivially relocatable:
+  // - pointer: is currently assumed to be trivially relocatable, but is still checked in case that changes
+  // - size_type: is always trivially relocatable, since it has to be an integral type
+  // - value_type: is always trivially relocatable, since it has to be trivial
+  // - unsigned char: is a fundamental type, so it's trivially relocatable
+  // - allocator_type: may or may not be trivially relocatable, so it's checked
+  //
+  // This string implementation doesn't contain any references into itself. It only contains a bit that says whether
+  // it is in small or large string mode, so the entire structure is trivially relocatable if its members are.
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN) && defined(_LIBCPP_INSTRUMENTED_WITH_ASAN)
+  // When compiling with AddressSanitizer (ASan), basic_string cannot be trivially
+  // relocatable. Because the object's memory might be poisoned when its content
+  // is kept inside objects memory (short string optimization), instead of in allocated
+  // external memory. In such cases, the destructor is responsible for unpoisoning
+  // the memory to avoid triggering false positives.
+  // Therefore it's crucial to ensure the destructor is called.
+  using __trivially_relocatable = void;
+#else
+  using __trivially_relocatable = __conditional_t<
+      __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<allocator_type>::value && __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<pointer>::value,
+      basic_string,
+      void>;
+#endif
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN) && defined(_LIBCPP_INSTRUMENTED_WITH_ASAN)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pointer __asan_volatile_wrapper(pointer const& __ptr) const {
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+      return __ptr;
+
+    pointer volatile __copy_ptr = __ptr;
+
+    return const_cast<pointer&>(__copy_ptr);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_pointer
+  __asan_volatile_wrapper(const_pointer const& __ptr) const {
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+      return __ptr;
+
+    const_pointer volatile __copy_ptr = __ptr;
+
+    return const_cast<const_pointer&>(__copy_ptr);
+  }
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASAN_VOLATILE_WRAPPER(PTR) __asan_volatile_wrapper(PTR)
+#else
+#  define _LIBCPP_ASAN_VOLATILE_WRAPPER(PTR) PTR
+#endif
+
+  static_assert(!is_array<value_type>::value, "Character type of basic_string must not be an array");
+  static_assert(is_standard_layout<value_type>::value, "Character type of basic_string must be standard-layout");
+  static_assert(is_trivial<value_type>::value, "Character type of basic_string must be trivial");
+  static_assert(is_same<_CharT, typename traits_type::char_type>::value,
+                "traits_type::char_type must be the same type as CharT");
+  static_assert(is_same<typename allocator_type::value_type, value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value, "");
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_STRING
+  // Users might provide custom allocators, and prior to C++20 we have no existing way to detect whether the allocator's
+  // pointer type is contiguous (though it has to be by the Standard). Using the wrapper type ensures the iterator is
+  // considered contiguous.
+  typedef __bounded_iter<__wrap_iter<pointer>> iterator;
+  typedef __bounded_iter<__wrap_iter<const_pointer>> const_iterator;
+#else
+  typedef __wrap_iter<pointer> iterator;
+  typedef __wrap_iter<const_pointer> const_iterator;
+#endif
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+private:
+  static_assert(CHAR_BIT == 8, "This implementation assumes that one byte contains 8 bits");
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_ALTERNATE_STRING_LAYOUT
+
+  struct __long {
+    pointer __data_;
+    size_type __size_;
+    size_type __cap_ : sizeof(size_type) * CHAR_BIT - 1;
+    size_type __is_long_ : 1;
+  };
+
+  enum { __min_cap = (sizeof(__long) - 1) / sizeof(value_type) > 2 ? (sizeof(__long) - 1) / sizeof(value_type) : 2 };
+
+  struct __short {
+    value_type __data_[__min_cap];
+    unsigned char __padding_[sizeof(value_type) - 1];
+    unsigned char __size_    : 7;
+    unsigned char __is_long_ : 1;
+  };
+
+  // The __endian_factor is required because the field we use to store the size
+  // has one fewer bit than it would if it were not a bitfield.
+  //
+  // If the LSB is used to store the short-flag in the short string representation,
+  // we have to multiply the size by two when it is stored and divide it by two when
+  // it is loaded to make sure that we always store an even number. In the long string
+  // representation, we can ignore this because we can assume that we always allocate
+  // an even amount of value_types.
+  //
+  // If the MSB is used for the short-flag, the max_size() is numeric_limits<size_type>::max() / 2.
+  // This does not impact the short string representation, since we never need the MSB
+  // for representing the size of a short string anyway.
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
+  static const size_type __endian_factor = 2;
+#  else
+  static const size_type __endian_factor = 1;
+#  endif
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_ABI_ALTERNATE_STRING_LAYOUT
+
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_BIG_ENDIAN
+  static const size_type __endian_factor = 1;
+#  else
+  static const size_type __endian_factor = 2;
+#  endif
+
+  // Attribute 'packed' is used to keep the layout compatible with the
+  // previous definition that did not use bit fields. This is because on
+  // some platforms bit fields have a default size rather than the actual
+  // size used, e.g., it is 4 bytes on AIX. See D128285 for details.
+  struct __long {
+    struct _LIBCPP_PACKED {
+      size_type __is_long_ : 1;
+      size_type __cap_ : sizeof(size_type) * CHAR_BIT - 1;
+    };
+    size_type __size_;
+    pointer __data_;
+  };
+
+  enum { __min_cap = (sizeof(__long) - 1) / sizeof(value_type) > 2 ? (sizeof(__long) - 1) / sizeof(value_type) : 2 };
+
+  struct __short {
+    struct _LIBCPP_PACKED {
+      unsigned char __is_long_ : 1;
+      unsigned char __size_    : 7;
+    };
+    char __padding_[sizeof(value_type) - 1];
+    value_type __data_[__min_cap];
+  };
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ABI_ALTERNATE_STRING_LAYOUT
+
+  static_assert(sizeof(__short) == (sizeof(value_type) * (__min_cap + 1)), "__short has an unexpected size.");
+
+  union __rep {
+    __short __s;
+    __long __l;
+  };
+
+  __compressed_pair<__rep, allocator_type> __r_;
+
+  // Construct a string with the given allocator and enough storage to hold `__size` characters, but
+  // don't initialize the characters. The contents of the string, including the null terminator, must be
+  // initialized separately.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit basic_string(
+      __uninitialized_size_tag, size_type __size, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    if (__size > max_size())
+      __throw_length_error();
+    if (__fits_in_sso(__size)) {
+      __r_.first() = __rep();
+      __set_short_size(__size);
+    } else {
+      auto __capacity   = __recommend(__size) + 1;
+      auto __allocation = __alloc_traits::allocate(__alloc(), __capacity);
+      __begin_lifetime(__allocation, __capacity);
+      __set_long_cap(__capacity);
+      __set_long_pointer(__allocation);
+      __set_long_size(__size);
+    }
+    __annotate_new(__size);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iter, class _Sent>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  basic_string(__init_with_sentinel_tag, _Iter __first, _Sent __last, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    __init_with_sentinel(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator __make_iterator(pointer __p) {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_STRING
+    // Bound the iterator according to the size (and not the capacity, unlike vector).
+    //
+    // By the Standard, string iterators are generally not guaranteed to stay valid when the container is modified,
+    // regardless of whether reallocation occurs. This allows us to check for out-of-bounds accesses using logical size,
+    // a stricter check, since correct code can never rely on being able to access newly-added elements via an existing
+    // iterator.
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(
+        std::__wrap_iter<pointer>(__p),
+        std::__wrap_iter<pointer>(__get_pointer()),
+        std::__wrap_iter<pointer>(__get_pointer() + size()));
+#else
+    return iterator(__p);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_STRING
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_iterator __make_const_iterator(const_pointer __p) const {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_STRING
+    // Bound the iterator according to the size (and not the capacity, unlike vector).
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(
+        std::__wrap_iter<const_pointer>(__p),
+        std::__wrap_iter<const_pointer>(__get_pointer()),
+        std::__wrap_iter<const_pointer>(__get_pointer() + size()));
+#else
+    return const_iterator(__p);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_STRING
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_DATA_VIS static const size_type npos = -1;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string()
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+      : __r_(__value_init_tag(), __default_init_tag()) {
+    __annotate_new(0);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit basic_string(const allocator_type& __a)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT
+#endif
+      : __r_(__value_init_tag(), __a) {
+    __annotate_new(0);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS basic_string(const basic_string& __str)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__str.__alloc())) {
+    if (!__str.__is_long()) {
+      __r_.first() = __str.__r_.first();
+      __annotate_new(__get_short_size());
+    } else
+      __init_copy_ctor_external(std::__to_address(__str.__get_long_pointer()), __str.__get_long_size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS
+  basic_string(const basic_string& __str, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    if (!__str.__is_long()) {
+      __r_.first() = __str.__r_.first();
+      __annotate_new(__get_short_size());
+    } else
+      __init_copy_ctor_external(std::__to_address(__str.__get_long_pointer()), __str.__get_long_size());
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string(basic_string&& __str)
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+#  else
+      _NOEXCEPT
+#  endif
+      // Turning off ASan instrumentation for variable initialization with _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS
+      // does not work consistently during initialization of __r_, so we instead unpoison __str's memory manually first.
+      // __str's memory needs to be unpoisoned only in the case where it's a short string.
+      : __r_([](basic_string& __s) -> decltype(__s.__r_)&& {
+          if (!__s.__is_long())
+            __s.__annotate_delete();
+          return std::move(__s.__r_);
+        }(__str)) {
+    __str.__r_.first() = __rep();
+    __str.__annotate_new(0);
+    if (!__is_long())
+      __annotate_new(size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string(basic_string&& __str, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    if (__str.__is_long() && __a != __str.__alloc()) // copy, not move
+      __init(std::__to_address(__str.__get_long_pointer()), __str.__get_long_size());
+    else {
+      if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+        __r_.first() = __rep();
+      if (!__str.__is_long())
+        __str.__annotate_delete();
+      __r_.first()       = __str.__r_.first();
+      __str.__r_.first() = __rep();
+      __str.__annotate_new(0);
+      if (!__is_long() && this != &__str)
+        __annotate_new(size());
+    }
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <__enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string(const _CharT* __s)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __default_init_tag()) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "basic_string(const char*) detected nullptr");
+    __init(__s, traits_type::length(__s));
+  }
+
+  template <__enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string(const _CharT* __s, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "basic_string(const char*, allocator) detected nullptr");
+    __init(__s, traits_type::length(__s));
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  basic_string(nullptr_t) = delete;
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __default_init_tag()) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "basic_string(const char*, n) detected nullptr");
+    __init(__s, __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  basic_string(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "basic_string(const char*, n, allocator) detected nullptr");
+    __init(__s, __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string(size_type __n, _CharT __c)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __default_init_tag()) {
+    __init(__n, __c);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string(
+      basic_string&& __str, size_type __pos, const _Allocator& __alloc = _Allocator())
+      : basic_string(std::move(__str), __pos, npos, __alloc) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string(
+      basic_string&& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n, const _Allocator& __alloc = _Allocator())
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __alloc) {
+    if (__pos > __str.size())
+      __throw_out_of_range();
+
+    auto __len = std::min<size_type>(__n, __str.size() - __pos);
+    if (__alloc_traits::is_always_equal::value || __alloc == __str.__alloc()) {
+      __move_assign(std::move(__str), __pos, __len);
+    } else {
+      // Perform a copy because the allocators are not compatible.
+      __init(__str.data() + __pos, __len);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  template <__enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string(size_type __n, _CharT __c, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    __init(__n, __c);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  basic_string(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n, const _Allocator& __a = _Allocator())
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    size_type __str_sz = __str.size();
+    if (__pos > __str_sz)
+      __throw_out_of_range();
+    __init(__str.data() + __pos, std::min(__n, __str_sz - __pos));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  basic_string(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, const _Allocator& __a = _Allocator())
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    size_type __str_sz = __str.size();
+    if (__pos > __str_sz)
+      __throw_out_of_range();
+    __init(__str.data() + __pos, __str_sz - __pos);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                              !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  basic_string(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    __self_view __sv0 = __t;
+    __self_view __sv  = __sv0.substr(__pos, __n);
+    __init(__sv.data(), __sv.size());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                              !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit basic_string(const _Tp& __t)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __default_init_tag()) {
+    __self_view __sv = __t;
+    __init(__sv.data(), __sv.size());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                              !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit basic_string(const _Tp& __t, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    __self_view __sv = __t;
+    __init(__sv.data(), __sv.size());
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __default_init_tag()) {
+    __init(__first, __last);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  basic_string(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    __init(__first, __last);
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_CharT> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string(
+      from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      __init_with_size(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), ranges::distance(__range));
+    } else {
+      __init_with_sentinel(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string(initializer_list<_CharT> __il)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __default_init_tag()) {
+    __init(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string(initializer_list<_CharT> __il, const _Allocator& __a)
+      : __r_(__default_init_tag(), __a) {
+    __init(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~basic_string() {
+    __annotate_delete();
+    if (__is_long())
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __get_long_pointer(), __get_long_cap());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 operator __self_view() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __self_view(data(), size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS basic_string&
+  operator=(const basic_string& __str);
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                              !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& operator=(const _Tp& __t) {
+    __self_view __sv = __t;
+    return assign(__sv);
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  operator=(basic_string&& __str) noexcept(__noexcept_move_assign_container<_Allocator, __alloc_traits>::value) {
+    __move_assign(__str, integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    return assign(__il.begin(), __il.size());
+  }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& operator=(const value_type* __s) {
+    return assign(__s);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  basic_string& operator=(nullptr_t) = delete;
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& operator=(value_type __c);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __make_iterator(__get_pointer());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __make_const_iterator(__get_pointer());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator end() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __make_iterator(__get_pointer() + size());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __make_const_iterator(__get_pointer() + size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return rbegin();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT { return rend(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __is_long() ? __get_long_size() : __get_short_size();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type length() const _NOEXCEPT { return size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    size_type __m = __alloc_traits::max_size(__alloc());
+    if (__m <= std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max() / 2) {
+      return __m - __alignment;
+    } else {
+      bool __uses_lsb = __endian_factor == 2;
+      return __uses_lsb ? __m - __alignment : (__m / 2) - __alignment;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type capacity() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return (__is_long() ? __get_long_cap() : static_cast<size_type>(__min_cap)) - 1;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void resize(size_type __n, value_type __c);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void resize(size_type __n) { resize(__n, value_type()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void reserve(size_type __requested_capacity);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _Op>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void resize_and_overwrite(size_type __n, _Op __op) {
+    __resize_default_init(__n);
+    __erase_to_end(std::move(__op)(data(), _LIBCPP_AUTO_CAST(__n)));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __resize_default_init(size_type __n);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 26 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_STRING_RESERVE)
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_IN_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reserve() _NOEXCEPT { shrink_to_fit(); }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void clear() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return size() == 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reference operator[](size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__pos <= size(), "string index out of bounds");
+    if (__builtin_constant_p(__pos) && !__fits_in_sso(__pos)) {
+      return *(__get_long_pointer() + __pos);
+    }
+    return *(data() + __pos);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference operator[](size_type __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__pos <= size(), "string index out of bounds");
+    if (__builtin_constant_p(__pos) && !__fits_in_sso(__pos)) {
+      return *(__get_long_pointer() + __pos);
+    }
+    return *(__get_pointer() + __pos);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reference at(size_type __n) const;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference at(size_type __n);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& operator+=(const basic_string& __str) {
+    return append(__str);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                              !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string >::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  operator+=(const _Tp& __t) {
+    __self_view __sv = __t;
+    return append(__sv);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& operator+=(const value_type* __s) {
+    return append(__s);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& operator+=(value_type __c) {
+    push_back(__c);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& operator+=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    return append(__il);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& append(const basic_string& __str) {
+    return append(__str.data(), __str.size());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                              !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  append(const _Tp& __t) {
+    __self_view __sv = __t;
+    return append(__sv.data(), __sv.size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& append(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n = npos);
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                              !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+
+  basic_string&
+  append(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos, size_type __n = npos);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& append(const value_type* __s, size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& append(const value_type* __s);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& append(size_type __n, value_type __c);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __append_default_init(size_type __n);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  append(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+    const basic_string __temp(__first, __last, __alloc());
+    append(__temp.data(), __temp.size());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  append(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_CharT> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string& append_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    insert_range(end(), std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& append(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    return append(__il.begin(), __il.size());
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void push_back(value_type __c);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void pop_back();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference front() _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "string::front(): string is empty");
+    return *__get_pointer();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reference front() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "string::front(): string is empty");
+    return *data();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference back() _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "string::back(): string is empty");
+    return *(__get_pointer() + size() - 1);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reference back() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "string::back(): string is empty");
+    return *(data() + size() - 1);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  assign(const _Tp& __t) {
+    __self_view __sv = __t;
+    return assign(__sv.data(), __sv.size());
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __move_assign(basic_string&& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __len) {
+    // Pilfer the allocation from __str.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__alloc() == __str.__alloc(), "__move_assign called with wrong allocator");
+    size_type __old_sz = __str.size();
+    if (!__str.__is_long())
+      __str.__annotate_delete();
+    __r_.first()       = __str.__r_.first();
+    __str.__r_.first() = __rep();
+    __str.__annotate_new(0);
+
+    _Traits::move(data(), data() + __pos, __len);
+    __set_size(__len);
+    _Traits::assign(data()[__len], value_type());
+
+    if (!__is_long()) {
+      __annotate_new(__len);
+    } else if (__old_sz > __len) {
+      __annotate_shrink(__old_sz);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& assign(const basic_string& __str) {
+    return *this = __str;
+  }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  assign(basic_string&& __str) noexcept(__noexcept_move_assign_container<_Allocator, __alloc_traits>::value) {
+    *this = std::move(__str);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& assign(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n = npos);
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                              !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  assign(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos, size_type __n = npos);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& assign(const value_type* __s, size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& assign(const value_type* __s);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& assign(size_type __n, value_type __c);
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_CharT> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string& assign_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (__string_is_trivial_iterator<ranges::iterator_t<_Range>>::value &&
+                  (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>)) {
+      size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      __assign_trivial(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __n);
+
+    } else {
+      __assign_with_sentinel(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+    }
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    return assign(__il.begin(), __il.size());
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  insert(size_type __pos1, const basic_string& __str) {
+    return insert(__pos1, __str.data(), __str.size());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  insert(size_type __pos1, const _Tp& __t) {
+    __self_view __sv = __t;
+    return insert(__pos1, __sv.data(), __sv.size());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                              !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  insert(size_type __pos1, const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos2, size_type __n = npos);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  insert(size_type __pos1, const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos2, size_type __n = npos);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& insert(size_type __pos, const value_type* __s, size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& insert(size_type __pos, const value_type* __s);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& insert(size_type __pos, size_type __n, value_type __c);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator insert(const_iterator __pos, value_type __c);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_CharT> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator insert_range(const_iterator __position, _Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      return __insert_with_size(__position, ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __n);
+
+    } else {
+      basic_string __temp(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __alloc());
+      return insert(__position, __temp.data(), __temp.data() + __temp.size());
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator
+  insert(const_iterator __pos, size_type __n, value_type __c) {
+    
diff erence_type __p = __pos - begin();
+    insert(static_cast<size_type>(__p), __n, __c);
+    return begin() + __p;
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator
+  insert(const_iterator __pos, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator
+  insert(const_iterator __pos, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator
+  insert(const_iterator __pos, initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    return insert(__pos, __il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& erase(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator erase(const_iterator __pos);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str) {
+    return replace(__pos1, __n1, __str.data(), __str.size());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _Tp& __t) {
+    __self_view __sv = __t;
+    return replace(__pos1, __n1, __sv.data(), __sv.size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos2, size_type __n2 = npos);
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                              !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos2, size_type __n2 = npos);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const value_type* __s, size_type __n2);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const value_type* __s);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, size_type __n2, value_type __c);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const basic_string& __str) {
+    return replace(
+        static_cast<size_type>(__i1 - begin()), static_cast<size_type>(__i2 - __i1), __str.data(), __str.size());
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const _Tp& __t) {
+    __self_view __sv = __t;
+    return replace(__i1 - begin(), __i2 - __i1, __sv);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const value_type* __s, size_type __n) {
+    return replace(static_cast<size_type>(__i1 - begin()), static_cast<size_type>(__i2 - __i1), __s, __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const value_type* __s) {
+    return replace(static_cast<size_type>(__i1 - begin()), static_cast<size_type>(__i2 - __i1), __s);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, size_type __n, value_type __c) {
+    return replace(static_cast<size_type>(__i1 - begin()), static_cast<size_type>(__i2 - __i1), __n, __c);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, _InputIterator __j1, _InputIterator __j2);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_CharT> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string&
+  replace_with_range(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, _Range&& __range) {
+    basic_string __temp(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __alloc());
+    return replace(__i1, __i2, __temp);
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    return replace(__i1, __i2, __il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type copy(value_type* __s, size_type __n, size_type __pos = 0) const;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string
+  substr(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos) const {
+    return basic_string(*this, __pos, __n);
+  }
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string substr(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos) const& {
+    return basic_string(*this, __pos, __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string substr(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos) && {
+    return basic_string(std::move(*this), __pos, __n);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(basic_string& __str)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT;
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<allocator_type>);
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const value_type* c_str() const _NOEXCEPT { return data(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const value_type* data() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 value_type* data() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __alloc();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type find(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type find(value_type __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  rfind(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  rfind(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type rfind(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  rfind(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type rfind(value_type __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_first_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_first_of(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_first_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_first_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_first_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_last_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_last_of(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_last_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_last_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_last_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_first_not_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_first_not_of(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_first_not_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_first_not_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_first_not_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_last_not_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_last_not_of(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_last_not_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_last_not_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  find_last_not_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int compare(const basic_string& __str) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int
+  compare(const _Tp& __t) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_METHOD_TEMPLATE_IMPLICIT_INSTANTIATION_VIS _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int
+  compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _Tp& __t) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int
+  compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str) const;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int
+  compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos2, size_type __n2 = npos) const;
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                              !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int
+  compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos2, size_type __n2 = npos) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int compare(const value_type* __s) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const value_type* __s) const;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int
+  compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const value_type* __s, size_type __n2) const;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool starts_with(__self_view __sv) const noexcept {
+    return __self_view(data(), size()).starts_with(__sv);
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool starts_with(value_type __c) const noexcept {
+    return !empty() && _Traits::eq(front(), __c);
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool starts_with(const value_type* __s) const noexcept {
+    return starts_with(__self_view(__s));
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ends_with(__self_view __sv) const noexcept {
+    return __self_view(data(), size()).ends_with(__sv);
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ends_with(value_type __c) const noexcept {
+    return !empty() && _Traits::eq(back(), __c);
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ends_with(const value_type* __s) const noexcept {
+    return ends_with(__self_view(__s));
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(__self_view __sv) const noexcept {
+    return __self_view(data(), size()).contains(__sv);
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(value_type __c) const noexcept {
+    return __self_view(data(), size()).contains(__c);
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const value_type* __s) const {
+    return __self_view(data(), size()).contains(__s);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __invariants() const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __clear_and_shrink() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+private:
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool friend
+  operator==(const basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, _Alloc>& __lhs,
+             const basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, _Alloc>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __shrink_or_extend(size_type __target_capacity);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS bool
+  __is_long() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated() && __builtin_constant_p(__r_.first().__l.__is_long_)) {
+      return __r_.first().__l.__is_long_;
+    }
+    return __r_.first().__s.__is_long_;
+  }
+
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __begin_lifetime(pointer __begin, size_type __n) {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      for (size_type __i = 0; __i != __n; ++__i)
+        std::construct_at(std::addressof(__begin[__i]));
+    }
+#else
+    (void)__begin;
+    (void)__n;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static bool __fits_in_sso(size_type __sz) { return __sz < __min_cap; }
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __assign_trivial(_Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __n);
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_with_sentinel(_Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last);
+
+  // Copy [__first, __last) into [__dest, __dest + (__last - __first)). Assumes that the ranges don't overlap.
+  template <class _ForwardIter, class _Sent>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 static value_type*
+  __copy_non_overlapping_range(_ForwardIter __first, _Sent __last, value_type* __dest) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    if constexpr (__libcpp_is_contiguous_iterator<_ForwardIter>::value &&
+                  is_same<value_type, __iter_value_type<_ForwardIter>>::value && is_same<_ForwardIter, _Sent>::value) {
+      traits_type::copy(__dest, std::__to_address(__first), __last - __first);
+      return __dest + (__last - __first);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+      traits_type::assign(*__dest++, *__first);
+    return __dest;
+  }
+
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 iterator
+  __insert_from_safe_copy(size_type __n, size_type __ip, _ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+    size_type __sz  = size();
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    value_type* __p;
+    if (__cap - __sz >= __n) {
+      __annotate_increase(__n);
+      __p                = std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+      size_type __n_move = __sz - __ip;
+      if (__n_move != 0)
+        traits_type::move(__p + __ip + __n, __p + __ip, __n_move);
+    } else {
+      __grow_by_without_replace(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __ip, 0, __n);
+      __p = std::__to_address(__get_long_pointer());
+    }
+    __sz += __n;
+    __set_size(__sz);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+    __copy_non_overlapping_range(__first, __last, __p + __ip);
+
+    return begin() + __ip;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator
+  __insert_with_size(const_iterator __pos, _Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __n);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 allocator_type& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT { return __r_.second(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const allocator_type& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT { return __r_.second(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS void
+  __set_short_size(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__s < __min_cap, "__s should never be greater than or equal to the short string capacity");
+    __r_.first().__s.__size_    = __s;
+    __r_.first().__s.__is_long_ = false;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS size_type
+  __get_short_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(!__r_.first().__s.__is_long_, "String has to be short when trying to get the short size");
+    return __r_.first().__s.__size_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __set_long_size(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __r_.first().__l.__size_ = __s;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type __get_long_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __r_.first().__l.__size_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __set_size(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__is_long())
+      __set_long_size(__s);
+    else
+      __set_short_size(__s);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __set_long_cap(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __r_.first().__l.__cap_     = __s / __endian_factor;
+    __r_.first().__l.__is_long_ = true;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type __get_long_cap() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __r_.first().__l.__cap_ * __endian_factor;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __set_long_pointer(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    __r_.first().__l.__data_ = __p;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pointer __get_long_pointer() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _LIBCPP_ASAN_VOLATILE_WRAPPER(__r_.first().__l.__data_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_pointer __get_long_pointer() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _LIBCPP_ASAN_VOLATILE_WRAPPER(__r_.first().__l.__data_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS pointer
+  __get_short_pointer() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _LIBCPP_ASAN_VOLATILE_WRAPPER(pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__r_.first().__s.__data_[0]));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS const_pointer
+  __get_short_pointer() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _LIBCPP_ASAN_VOLATILE_WRAPPER(pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__r_.first().__s.__data_[0]));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 pointer __get_pointer() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __is_long() ? __get_long_pointer() : __get_short_pointer();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_pointer __get_pointer() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __is_long() ? __get_long_pointer() : __get_short_pointer();
+  }
+
+  // The following functions are no-ops outside of AddressSanitizer mode.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+  __annotate_contiguous_container(const void* __old_mid, const void* __new_mid) const {
+    (void)__old_mid;
+    (void)__new_mid;
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN) && defined(_LIBCPP_INSTRUMENTED_WITH_ASAN)
+  #if defined(__APPLE__)
+    // TODO: remove after addressing issue #96099 (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/96099)
+    if(!__is_long())
+      return;
+  #endif
+    std::__annotate_contiguous_container<_Allocator>(data(), data() + capacity() + 1, __old_mid, __new_mid);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __annotate_new(size_type __current_size) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__current_size;
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN) && defined(_LIBCPP_INSTRUMENTED_WITH_ASAN)
+    if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+      __annotate_contiguous_container(data() + capacity() + 1, data() + __current_size + 1);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __annotate_delete() const _NOEXCEPT {
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN) && defined(_LIBCPP_INSTRUMENTED_WITH_ASAN)
+    if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+      __annotate_contiguous_container(data() + size() + 1, data() + capacity() + 1);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __annotate_increase(size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__n;
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN) && defined(_LIBCPP_INSTRUMENTED_WITH_ASAN)
+    if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+      __annotate_contiguous_container(data() + size() + 1, data() + size() + 1 + __n);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __annotate_shrink(size_type __old_size) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__old_size;
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN) && defined(_LIBCPP_INSTRUMENTED_WITH_ASAN)
+    if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+      __annotate_contiguous_container(data() + __old_size + 1, data() + size() + 1);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  template <size_type __a>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type __align_it(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return (__s + (__a - 1)) & ~(__a - 1);
+  }
+  enum { __alignment = 8 };
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type __recommend(size_type __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__s < __min_cap) {
+      return static_cast<size_type>(__min_cap) - 1;
+    }
+    const size_type __boundary = sizeof(value_type) < __alignment ? __alignment / sizeof(value_type) : __endian_factor;
+    size_type __guess          = __align_it<__boundary>(__s + 1) - 1;
+    if (__guess == __min_cap)
+      __guess += __endian_factor;
+    return __guess;
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __init(const value_type* __s, size_type __sz, size_type __reserve);
+  inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __init(const value_type* __s, size_type __sz);
+  inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __init(size_type __n, value_type __c);
+
+  // Slow path for the (inlined) copy constructor for 'long' strings.
+  // Always externally instantiated and not inlined.
+  // Requires that __s is zero terminated.
+  // The main reason for this function to exist is because for unstable, we
+  // want to allow inlining of the copy constructor. However, we don't want
+  // to call the __init() functions as those are marked as inline which may
+  // result in over-aggressive inlining by the compiler, where our aim is
+  // to only inline the fast path code directly in the ctor.
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NOINLINE void __init_copy_ctor_external(const value_type* __s, size_type __sz);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __init(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __init(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+  __init_with_sentinel(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+  __init_with_size(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __sz);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+#if _LIBCPP_ABI_VERSION >= 2 //  We want to use the function in the dylib in ABIv1
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_("use __grow_by_without_replace") void __grow_by(
+      size_type __old_cap,
+      size_type __delta_cap,
+      size_type __old_sz,
+      size_type __n_copy,
+      size_type __n_del,
+      size_type __n_add = 0);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __grow_by_without_replace(
+      size_type __old_cap,
+      size_type __delta_cap,
+      size_type __old_sz,
+      size_type __n_copy,
+      size_type __n_del,
+      size_type __n_add = 0);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __grow_by_and_replace(
+      size_type __old_cap,
+      size_type __delta_cap,
+      size_type __old_sz,
+      size_type __n_copy,
+      size_type __n_del,
+      size_type __n_add,
+      const value_type* __p_new_stuff);
+
+  // __assign_no_alias is invoked for assignment operations where we
+  // have proof that the input does not alias the current instance.
+  // For example, operator=(basic_string) performs a 'self' check.
+  template <bool __is_short>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NOINLINE basic_string& __assign_no_alias(const value_type* __s, size_type __n);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __erase_to_end(size_type __pos) {
+    __null_terminate_at(std::__to_address(__get_pointer()), __pos);
+  }
+
+  // __erase_external_with_move is invoked for erase() invocations where
+  // `n ~= npos`, likely requiring memory moves on the string data.
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NOINLINE void __erase_external_with_move(size_type __pos, size_type __n);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __copy_assign_alloc(const basic_string& __str) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(
+        __str, integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __copy_assign_alloc(const basic_string& __str, true_type) {
+    if (__alloc() == __str.__alloc())
+      __alloc() = __str.__alloc();
+    else {
+      if (!__str.__is_long()) {
+        __clear_and_shrink();
+        __alloc() = __str.__alloc();
+      } else {
+        __annotate_delete();
+        allocator_type __a = __str.__alloc();
+        auto __allocation  = std::__allocate_at_least(__a, __str.__get_long_cap());
+        __begin_lifetime(__allocation.ptr, __allocation.count);
+        if (__is_long())
+          __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __get_long_pointer(), __get_long_cap());
+        __alloc() = std::move(__a);
+        __set_long_pointer(__allocation.ptr);
+        __set_long_cap(__allocation.count);
+        __set_long_size(__str.size());
+        __annotate_new(__get_long_size());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+  __copy_assign_alloc(const basic_string&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+  __move_assign(basic_string& __str, false_type) noexcept(__alloc_traits::is_always_equal::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS void
+  __move_assign(basic_string& __str, true_type)
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+      noexcept;
+#  else
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __move_assign_alloc(basic_string& __str)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+                 is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+    __move_assign_alloc(
+        __str, integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __move_assign_alloc(basic_string& __c, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+    __alloc() = std::move(__c.__alloc());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __move_assign_alloc(basic_string&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NOINLINE basic_string& __assign_external(const value_type* __s);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NOINLINE basic_string& __assign_external(const value_type* __s, size_type __n);
+
+  // Assigns the value in __s, guaranteed to be __n < __min_cap in length.
+  inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string& __assign_short(const value_type* __s, size_type __n) {
+    size_type __old_size = size();
+    if (__n > __old_size)
+      __annotate_increase(__n - __old_size);
+    pointer __p =
+        __is_long() ? (__set_long_size(__n), __get_long_pointer()) : (__set_short_size(__n), __get_short_pointer());
+    traits_type::move(std::__to_address(__p), __s, __n);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__n], value_type());
+    if (__old_size > __n)
+      __annotate_shrink(__old_size);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string&
+  __null_terminate_at(value_type* __p, size_type __newsz) {
+    size_type __old_size = size();
+    if (__newsz > __old_size)
+      __annotate_increase(__newsz - __old_size);
+    __set_size(__newsz);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__newsz], value_type());
+    if (__old_size > __newsz)
+      __annotate_shrink(__old_size);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __addr_in_range(const _Tp& __v) const {
+    return std::__is_pointer_in_range(data(), data() + size() + 1, std::addressof(__v));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_length_error() const {
+    std::__throw_length_error("basic_string");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_out_of_range() const {
+    std::__throw_out_of_range("basic_string");
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string operator+ <>(const basic_string&, const basic_string&);
+  friend _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string operator+ <>(const value_type*, const basic_string&);
+  friend _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string operator+ <>(value_type, const basic_string&);
+  friend _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string operator+ <>(const basic_string&, const value_type*);
+  friend _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string operator+ <>(const basic_string&, value_type);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+  friend constexpr basic_string operator+ <>(const basic_string&, type_identity_t<__self_view>);
+  friend constexpr basic_string operator+ <>(type_identity_t<__self_view>, const basic_string&);
+#endif
+};
+
+// These declarations must appear before any functions are implicitly used
+// so that they have the correct visibility specifier.
+#define _LIBCPP_DECLARE(...) extern template __VA_ARGS__;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_STRING_OPTIMIZED_EXTERNAL_INSTANTIATION
+_LIBCPP_STRING_UNSTABLE_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_LIST(_LIBCPP_DECLARE, char)
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+_LIBCPP_STRING_UNSTABLE_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_LIST(_LIBCPP_DECLARE, wchar_t)
+#  endif
+#else
+_LIBCPP_STRING_V1_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_LIST(_LIBCPP_DECLARE, char)
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+_LIBCPP_STRING_V1_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_LIST(_LIBCPP_DECLARE, wchar_t)
+#  endif
+#endif
+#undef _LIBCPP_DECLARE
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _CharT     = __iter_value_type<_InputIterator>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value> >
+basic_string(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Allocator = _Allocator())
+    -> basic_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _CharT,
+          class _Traits,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value> >
+explicit basic_string(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>,
+                      const _Allocator& = _Allocator()) -> basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _CharT,
+          class _Traits,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_CharT>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>,
+          class _Sz        = typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type >
+basic_string(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>, _Sz, _Sz, const _Allocator& = _Allocator())
+    -> basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value> >
+basic_string(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Allocator = _Allocator())
+    -> basic_string<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, char_traits<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>, _Allocator>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init(const value_type* __s, size_type __sz, size_type __reserve) {
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+    __r_.first() = __rep();
+  if (__reserve > max_size())
+    __throw_length_error();
+  pointer __p;
+  if (__fits_in_sso(__reserve)) {
+    __set_short_size(__sz);
+    __p = __get_short_pointer();
+  } else {
+    auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __recommend(__reserve) + 1);
+    __p               = __allocation.ptr;
+    __begin_lifetime(__p, __allocation.count);
+    __set_long_pointer(__p);
+    __set_long_cap(__allocation.count);
+    __set_long_size(__sz);
+  }
+  traits_type::copy(std::__to_address(__p), __s, __sz);
+  traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+  __annotate_new(__sz);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init(const value_type* __s, size_type __sz) {
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+    __r_.first() = __rep();
+  if (__sz > max_size())
+    __throw_length_error();
+  pointer __p;
+  if (__fits_in_sso(__sz)) {
+    __set_short_size(__sz);
+    __p = __get_short_pointer();
+  } else {
+    auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __recommend(__sz) + 1);
+    __p               = __allocation.ptr;
+    __begin_lifetime(__p, __allocation.count);
+    __set_long_pointer(__p);
+    __set_long_cap(__allocation.count);
+    __set_long_size(__sz);
+  }
+  traits_type::copy(std::__to_address(__p), __s, __sz);
+  traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+  __annotate_new(__sz);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NOINLINE void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init_copy_ctor_external(const value_type* __s, size_type __sz) {
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+    __r_.first() = __rep();
+
+  pointer __p;
+  if (__fits_in_sso(__sz)) {
+    __p = __get_short_pointer();
+    __set_short_size(__sz);
+  } else {
+    if (__sz > max_size())
+      __throw_length_error();
+    auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __recommend(__sz) + 1);
+    __p               = __allocation.ptr;
+    __begin_lifetime(__p, __allocation.count);
+    __set_long_pointer(__p);
+    __set_long_cap(__allocation.count);
+    __set_long_size(__sz);
+  }
+  traits_type::copy(std::__to_address(__p), __s, __sz + 1);
+  __annotate_new(__sz);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init(size_type __n, value_type __c) {
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+    __r_.first() = __rep();
+
+  if (__n > max_size())
+    __throw_length_error();
+  pointer __p;
+  if (__fits_in_sso(__n)) {
+    __set_short_size(__n);
+    __p = __get_short_pointer();
+  } else {
+    auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __recommend(__n) + 1);
+    __p               = __allocation.ptr;
+    __begin_lifetime(__p, __allocation.count);
+    __set_long_pointer(__p);
+    __set_long_cap(__allocation.count);
+    __set_long_size(__n);
+  }
+  traits_type::assign(std::__to_address(__p), __n, __c);
+  traits_type::assign(__p[__n], value_type());
+  __annotate_new(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  __init_with_sentinel(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init_with_sentinel(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+  __r_.first() = __rep();
+  __annotate_new(0);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+      push_back(*__first);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __annotate_delete();
+    if (__is_long())
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __get_long_pointer(), __get_long_cap());
+    throw;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  size_type __sz = static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(__first, __last));
+  __init_with_size(__first, __last, __sz);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__init_with_size(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __sz) {
+  if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated())
+    __r_.first() = __rep();
+
+  if (__sz > max_size())
+    __throw_length_error();
+
+  pointer __p;
+  if (__fits_in_sso(__sz)) {
+    __set_short_size(__sz);
+    __p = __get_short_pointer();
+
+  } else {
+    auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __recommend(__sz) + 1);
+    __p               = __allocation.ptr;
+    __begin_lifetime(__p, __allocation.count);
+    __set_long_pointer(__p);
+    __set_long_cap(__allocation.count);
+    __set_long_size(__sz);
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    auto __end = __copy_non_overlapping_range(__first, __last, std::__to_address(__p));
+    traits_type::assign(*__end, value_type());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    if (__is_long())
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __get_long_pointer(), __get_long_cap());
+    throw;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  __annotate_new(__sz);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__grow_by_and_replace(
+    size_type __old_cap,
+    size_type __delta_cap,
+    size_type __old_sz,
+    size_type __n_copy,
+    size_type __n_del,
+    size_type __n_add,
+    const value_type* __p_new_stuff) {
+  size_type __ms = max_size();
+  if (__delta_cap > __ms - __old_cap - 1)
+    __throw_length_error();
+  pointer __old_p = __get_pointer();
+  size_type __cap =
+      __old_cap < __ms / 2 - __alignment ? __recommend(std::max(__old_cap + __delta_cap, 2 * __old_cap)) : __ms - 1;
+  __annotate_delete();
+  auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __cap + 1);
+  pointer __p       = __allocation.ptr;
+  __begin_lifetime(__p, __allocation.count);
+  if (__n_copy != 0)
+    traits_type::copy(std::__to_address(__p), std::__to_address(__old_p), __n_copy);
+  if (__n_add != 0)
+    traits_type::copy(std::__to_address(__p) + __n_copy, __p_new_stuff, __n_add);
+  size_type __sec_cp_sz = __old_sz - __n_del - __n_copy;
+  if (__sec_cp_sz != 0)
+    traits_type::copy(
+        std::__to_address(__p) + __n_copy + __n_add, std::__to_address(__old_p) + __n_copy + __n_del, __sec_cp_sz);
+  if (__old_cap + 1 != __min_cap)
+    __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __old_p, __old_cap + 1);
+  __set_long_pointer(__p);
+  __set_long_cap(__allocation.count);
+  __old_sz = __n_copy + __n_add + __sec_cp_sz;
+  __set_long_size(__old_sz);
+  traits_type::assign(__p[__old_sz], value_type());
+  __annotate_new(__old_sz);
+}
+
+// __grow_by is deprecated because it does not set the size. It may not update the size when the size is changed, and it
+// may also not set the size at all when the string was short initially. This leads to unpredictable size value. It is
+// not removed or changed to avoid breaking the ABI.
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+#if _LIBCPP_ABI_VERSION >= 2 // We want to use the function in the dylib in ABIv1
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+#endif
+_LIBCPP_DEPRECATED_("use __grow_by_without_replace") basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__grow_by(
+    size_type __old_cap,
+    size_type __delta_cap,
+    size_type __old_sz,
+    size_type __n_copy,
+    size_type __n_del,
+    size_type __n_add) {
+  size_type __ms = max_size();
+  if (__delta_cap > __ms - __old_cap)
+    __throw_length_error();
+  pointer __old_p = __get_pointer();
+  size_type __cap =
+      __old_cap < __ms / 2 - __alignment ? __recommend(std::max(__old_cap + __delta_cap, 2 * __old_cap)) : __ms - 1;
+  __annotate_delete();
+  auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __cap + 1);
+  pointer __p       = __allocation.ptr;
+  __begin_lifetime(__p, __allocation.count);
+  if (__n_copy != 0)
+    traits_type::copy(std::__to_address(__p), std::__to_address(__old_p), __n_copy);
+  size_type __sec_cp_sz = __old_sz - __n_del - __n_copy;
+  if (__sec_cp_sz != 0)
+    traits_type::copy(
+        std::__to_address(__p) + __n_copy + __n_add, std::__to_address(__old_p) + __n_copy + __n_del, __sec_cp_sz);
+  if (__old_cap + 1 != __min_cap)
+    __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __old_p, __old_cap + 1);
+  __set_long_pointer(__p);
+  __set_long_cap(__allocation.count);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+void _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__grow_by_without_replace(
+    size_type __old_cap,
+    size_type __delta_cap,
+    size_type __old_sz,
+    size_type __n_copy,
+    size_type __n_del,
+    size_type __n_add) {
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_PUSH
+  __grow_by(__old_cap, __delta_cap, __old_sz, __n_copy, __n_del, __n_add);
+  _LIBCPP_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED_POP
+  __set_long_size(__old_sz - __n_del + __n_add);
+  __annotate_new(__old_sz - __n_del + __n_add);
+}
+
+// assign
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <bool __is_short>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NOINLINE basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__assign_no_alias(const value_type* __s, size_type __n) {
+  size_type __cap = __is_short ? static_cast<size_type>(__min_cap) : __get_long_cap();
+  if (__n < __cap) {
+    size_type __old_size = __is_short ? __get_short_size() : __get_long_size();
+    if (__n > __old_size)
+      __annotate_increase(__n - __old_size);
+    pointer __p = __is_short ? __get_short_pointer() : __get_long_pointer();
+    __is_short ? __set_short_size(__n) : __set_long_size(__n);
+    traits_type::copy(std::__to_address(__p), __s, __n);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__n], value_type());
+    if (__old_size > __n)
+      __annotate_shrink(__old_size);
+  } else {
+    size_type __sz = __is_short ? __get_short_size() : __get_long_size();
+    __grow_by_and_replace(__cap - 1, __n - __cap + 1, __sz, 0, __sz, __n, __s);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NOINLINE basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__assign_external(const value_type* __s, size_type __n) {
+  size_type __cap = capacity();
+  if (__cap >= __n) {
+    size_type __old_size = size();
+    if (__n > __old_size)
+      __annotate_increase(__n - __old_size);
+    value_type* __p = std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+    traits_type::move(__p, __s, __n);
+    return __null_terminate_at(__p, __n);
+  } else {
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    __grow_by_and_replace(__cap, __n - __cap, __sz, 0, __sz, __n, __s);
+    return *this;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(const value_type* __s, size_type __n) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string::assign received nullptr");
+  return (__builtin_constant_p(__n) && __fits_in_sso(__n)) ? __assign_short(__s, __n) : __assign_external(__s, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(size_type __n, value_type __c) {
+  size_type __cap      = capacity();
+  size_type __old_size = size();
+  if (__cap < __n) {
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    __grow_by_without_replace(__cap, __n - __cap, __sz, 0, __sz);
+    __annotate_increase(__n);
+  } else if (__n > __old_size)
+    __annotate_increase(__n - __old_size);
+  value_type* __p = std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+  traits_type::assign(__p, __n, __c);
+  return __null_terminate_at(__p, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator=(value_type __c) {
+  pointer __p;
+  size_type __old_size = size();
+  if (__old_size == 0)
+    __annotate_increase(1);
+  if (__is_long()) {
+    __p = __get_long_pointer();
+    __set_long_size(1);
+  } else {
+    __p = __get_short_pointer();
+    __set_short_size(1);
+  }
+  traits_type::assign(*__p, __c);
+  traits_type::assign(*++__p, value_type());
+  if (__old_size > 1)
+    __annotate_shrink(__old_size);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::operator=(const basic_string& __str) {
+  if (this != std::addressof(__str)) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(__str);
+    if (!__is_long()) {
+      if (!__str.__is_long()) {
+        size_type __old_size = __get_short_size();
+        if (__get_short_size() < __str.__get_short_size())
+          __annotate_increase(__str.__get_short_size() - __get_short_size());
+        __r_.first() = __str.__r_.first();
+        if (__old_size > __get_short_size())
+          __annotate_shrink(__old_size);
+      } else {
+        return __assign_no_alias<true>(__str.data(), __str.size());
+      }
+    } else {
+      return __assign_no_alias<false>(__str.data(), __str.size());
+    }
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__move_assign(
+    basic_string& __str, false_type) noexcept(__alloc_traits::is_always_equal::value) {
+  if (__alloc() != __str.__alloc())
+    assign(__str);
+  else
+    __move_assign(__str, true_type());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_STRING_INTERNAL_MEMORY_ACCESS void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__move_assign(basic_string& __str, true_type)
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+    noexcept
+#  else
+    noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value)
+#  endif
+{
+  __annotate_delete();
+  if (__is_long()) {
+    __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __get_long_pointer(), __get_long_cap());
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+    if (!is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+      __set_short_size(0);
+      traits_type::assign(__get_short_pointer()[0], value_type());
+      __annotate_new(0);
+    }
+#  endif
+  }
+  size_type __str_old_size = __str.size();
+  bool __str_was_short     = !__str.__is_long();
+
+  __move_assign_alloc(__str);
+  __r_.first() = __str.__r_.first();
+  __str.__set_short_size(0);
+  traits_type::assign(__str.__get_short_pointer()[0], value_type());
+
+  if (__str_was_short && this != &__str)
+    __str.__annotate_shrink(__str_old_size);
+  else
+    // ASan annotations: was long, so object memory is unpoisoned as new.
+    // Or is same as *this, and __annotate_delete() was called.
+    __str.__annotate_new(0);
+
+  // ASan annotations: Guard against `std::string s; s = std::move(s);`
+  // You can find more here: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move
+  // Quote: "Unless otherwise specified, all standard library objects that have been moved
+  // from are placed in a "valid but unspecified state", meaning the object's class
+  // invariants hold (so functions without preconditions, such as the assignment operator,
+  // can be safely used on the object after it was moved from):"
+  // Quote: "v = std::move(v); // the value of v is unspecified"
+  if (!__is_long() && &__str != this)
+    // If it is long string, delete was never called on original __str's buffer.
+    __annotate_new(__get_short_size());
+}
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  __assign_with_sentinel(__first, __last);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__assign_with_sentinel(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+  const basic_string __temp(__init_with_sentinel_tag(), std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __alloc());
+  assign(__temp.data(), __temp.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  if (__string_is_trivial_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value) {
+    size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(__first, __last));
+    __assign_trivial(__first, __last, __n);
+  } else {
+    __assign_with_sentinel(__first, __last);
+  }
+
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__assign_trivial(_Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __n) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(
+      __string_is_trivial_iterator<_Iterator>::value, "The iterator type given to `__assign_trivial` must be trivial");
+
+  size_type __old_size = size();
+  size_type __cap      = capacity();
+  if (__cap < __n) {
+    // Unlike `append` functions, if the input range points into the string itself, there is no case that the input
+    // range could get invalidated by reallocation:
+    // 1. If the input range is a subset of the string itself, its size cannot exceed the capacity of the string,
+    //    thus no reallocation would happen.
+    // 2. In the exotic case where the input range is the byte representation of the string itself, the string
+    //    object itself stays valid even if reallocation happens.
+    size_type __sz = size();
+    __grow_by_without_replace(__cap, __n - __cap, __sz, 0, __sz);
+    __annotate_increase(__n);
+  } else if (__n > __old_size)
+    __annotate_increase(__n - __old_size);
+  pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__p, (void)++__first)
+    traits_type::assign(*__p, *__first);
+  traits_type::assign(*__p, value_type());
+  __set_size(__n);
+  if (__n < __old_size)
+    __annotate_shrink(__old_size);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n) {
+  size_type __sz = __str.size();
+  if (__pos > __sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  return assign(__str.data() + __pos, std::min(__n, __sz - __pos));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp,
+          __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                            !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> >::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos, size_type __n) {
+  __self_view __sv = __t;
+  size_type __sz   = __sv.size();
+  if (__pos > __sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  return assign(__sv.data() + __pos, std::min(__n, __sz - __pos));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NOINLINE basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__assign_external(const value_type* __s) {
+  return __assign_external(__s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::assign(const value_type* __s) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::assign received nullptr");
+  return __builtin_constant_p(*__s)
+           ? (__fits_in_sso(traits_type::length(__s)) ? __assign_short(__s, traits_type::length(__s))
+                                                      : __assign_external(__s, traits_type::length(__s)))
+           : __assign_external(__s);
+}
+// append
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(const value_type* __s, size_type __n) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string::append received nullptr");
+  size_type __cap = capacity();
+  size_type __sz  = size();
+  if (__cap - __sz >= __n) {
+    if (__n) {
+      __annotate_increase(__n);
+      value_type* __p = std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+      traits_type::copy(__p + __sz, __s, __n);
+      __sz += __n;
+      __set_size(__sz);
+      traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+    }
+  } else
+    __grow_by_and_replace(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __sz, 0, __n, __s);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(size_type __n, value_type __c) {
+  if (__n) {
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    size_type __sz  = size();
+    if (__cap - __sz < __n)
+      __grow_by_without_replace(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __sz, 0);
+    __annotate_increase(__n);
+    pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+    traits_type::assign(std::__to_address(__p) + __sz, __n, __c);
+    __sz += __n;
+    __set_size(__sz);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__append_default_init(size_type __n) {
+  if (__n) {
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    size_type __sz  = size();
+    if (__cap - __sz < __n)
+      __grow_by_without_replace(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __sz, 0);
+    __annotate_increase(__n);
+    pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+    __sz += __n;
+    __set_size(__sz);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::push_back(value_type __c) {
+  bool __is_short = !__is_long();
+  size_type __cap;
+  size_type __sz;
+  if (__is_short) {
+    __cap = __min_cap - 1;
+    __sz  = __get_short_size();
+  } else {
+    __cap = __get_long_cap() - 1;
+    __sz  = __get_long_size();
+  }
+  if (__sz == __cap) {
+    __grow_by_without_replace(__cap, 1, __sz, __sz, 0);
+    __annotate_increase(1);
+    __is_short = false; // the string is always long after __grow_by
+  } else
+    __annotate_increase(1);
+  pointer __p = __get_pointer();
+  if (__is_short) {
+    __p = __get_short_pointer() + __sz;
+    __set_short_size(__sz + 1);
+  } else {
+    __p = __get_long_pointer() + __sz;
+    __set_long_size(__sz + 1);
+  }
+  traits_type::assign(*__p, __c);
+  traits_type::assign(*++__p, value_type());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  size_type __sz  = size();
+  size_type __cap = capacity();
+  size_type __n   = static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(__first, __last));
+  if (__n) {
+    if (__string_is_trivial_iterator<_ForwardIterator>::value && !__addr_in_range(*__first)) {
+      if (__cap - __sz < __n)
+        __grow_by_without_replace(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __sz, 0);
+      __annotate_increase(__n);
+      auto __end = __copy_non_overlapping_range(__first, __last, std::__to_address(__get_pointer() + __sz));
+      traits_type::assign(*__end, value_type());
+      __set_size(__sz + __n);
+    } else {
+      const basic_string __temp(__first, __last, __alloc());
+      append(__temp.data(), __temp.size());
+    }
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n) {
+  size_type __sz = __str.size();
+  if (__pos > __sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  return append(__str.data() + __pos, std::min(__n, __sz - __pos));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp,
+          __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                            !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> >::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos, size_type __n) {
+  __self_view __sv = __t;
+  size_type __sz   = __sv.size();
+  if (__pos > __sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  return append(__sv.data() + __pos, std::min(__n, __sz - __pos));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::append(const value_type* __s) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::append received nullptr");
+  return append(__s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+// insert
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(size_type __pos, const value_type* __s, size_type __n) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string::insert received nullptr");
+  size_type __sz = size();
+  if (__pos > __sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  size_type __cap = capacity();
+  if (__cap - __sz >= __n) {
+    if (__n) {
+      __annotate_increase(__n);
+      value_type* __p    = std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+      size_type __n_move = __sz - __pos;
+      if (__n_move != 0) {
+        if (std::__is_pointer_in_range(__p + __pos, __p + __sz, __s))
+          __s += __n;
+        traits_type::move(__p + __pos + __n, __p + __pos, __n_move);
+      }
+      traits_type::move(__p + __pos, __s, __n);
+      __sz += __n;
+      __set_size(__sz);
+      traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+    }
+  } else
+    __grow_by_and_replace(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __pos, 0, __n, __s);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(size_type __pos, size_type __n, value_type __c) {
+  size_type __sz = size();
+  if (__pos > __sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  if (__n) {
+    size_type __cap = capacity();
+    value_type* __p;
+    if (__cap - __sz >= __n) {
+      __annotate_increase(__n);
+      __p                = std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+      size_type __n_move = __sz - __pos;
+      if (__n_move != 0)
+        traits_type::move(__p + __pos + __n, __p + __pos, __n_move);
+    } else {
+      __grow_by_without_replace(__cap, __sz + __n - __cap, __sz, __pos, 0, __n);
+      __p = std::__to_address(__get_long_pointer());
+    }
+    traits_type::assign(__p + __pos, __n, __c);
+    __sz += __n;
+    __set_size(__sz);
+    traits_type::assign(__p[__sz], value_type());
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __pos, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  const basic_string __temp(__first, __last, __alloc());
+  return insert(__pos, __temp.data(), __temp.data() + __temp.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(
+    const_iterator __pos, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(__first, __last));
+  return __insert_with_size(__pos, __first, __last, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__insert_with_size(
+    const_iterator __pos, _Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __n) {
+  size_type __ip = static_cast<size_type>(__pos - begin());
+  if (__n == 0)
+    return begin() + __ip;
+
+  if (__string_is_trivial_iterator<_Iterator>::value && !__addr_in_range(*__first)) {
+    return __insert_from_safe_copy(__n, __ip, __first, __last);
+  } else {
+    const basic_string __temp(__init_with_sentinel_tag(), __first, __last, __alloc());
+    return __insert_from_safe_copy(__n, __ip, __temp.begin(), __temp.end());
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(
+    size_type __pos1, const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos2, size_type __n) {
+  size_type __str_sz = __str.size();
+  if (__pos2 > __str_sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  return insert(__pos1, __str.data() + __pos2, std::min(__n, __str_sz - __pos2));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp,
+          __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                            !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> >::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(size_type __pos1, const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos2, size_type __n) {
+  __self_view __sv   = __t;
+  size_type __str_sz = __sv.size();
+  if (__pos2 > __str_sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  return insert(__pos1, __sv.data() + __pos2, std::min(__n, __str_sz - __pos2));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(size_type __pos, const value_type* __s) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::insert received nullptr");
+  return insert(__pos, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __pos, value_type __c) {
+  size_type __ip  = static_cast<size_type>(__pos - begin());
+  size_type __sz  = size();
+  size_type __cap = capacity();
+  value_type* __p;
+  if (__cap == __sz) {
+    __grow_by_without_replace(__cap, 1, __sz, __ip, 0, 1);
+    __p = std::__to_address(__get_long_pointer());
+  } else {
+    __annotate_increase(1);
+    __p                = std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+    size_type __n_move = __sz - __ip;
+    if (__n_move != 0)
+      traits_type::move(__p + __ip + 1, __p + __ip, __n_move);
+  }
+  traits_type::assign(__p[__ip], __c);
+  traits_type::assign(__p[++__sz], value_type());
+  __set_size(__sz);
+  return begin() + static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__ip);
+}
+
+// replace
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(
+    size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const value_type* __s, size_type __n2)
+    _LIBCPP_DISABLE_UBSAN_UNSIGNED_INTEGER_CHECK {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n2 == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string::replace received nullptr");
+  size_type __sz = size();
+  if (__pos > __sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  __n1            = std::min(__n1, __sz - __pos);
+  size_type __cap = capacity();
+  if (__cap - __sz + __n1 >= __n2) {
+    value_type* __p = std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+    if (__n1 != __n2) {
+      if (__n2 > __n1)
+        __annotate_increase(__n2 - __n1);
+      size_type __n_move = __sz - __pos - __n1;
+      if (__n_move != 0) {
+        if (__n1 > __n2) {
+          traits_type::move(__p + __pos, __s, __n2);
+          traits_type::move(__p + __pos + __n2, __p + __pos + __n1, __n_move);
+          return __null_terminate_at(__p, __sz + (__n2 - __n1));
+        }
+        if (std::__is_pointer_in_range(__p + __pos + 1, __p + __sz, __s)) {
+          if (__p + __pos + __n1 <= __s)
+            __s += __n2 - __n1;
+          else // __p + __pos < __s < __p + __pos + __n1
+          {
+            traits_type::move(__p + __pos, __s, __n1);
+            __pos += __n1;
+            __s += __n2;
+            __n2 -= __n1;
+            __n1 = 0;
+          }
+        }
+        traits_type::move(__p + __pos + __n2, __p + __pos + __n1, __n_move);
+      }
+    }
+    traits_type::move(__p + __pos, __s, __n2);
+    return __null_terminate_at(__p, __sz + (__n2 - __n1));
+  } else
+    __grow_by_and_replace(__cap, __sz - __n1 + __n2 - __cap, __sz, __pos, __n1, __n2, __s);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, size_type __n2, value_type __c) {
+  size_type __sz = size();
+  if (__pos > __sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  __n1            = std::min(__n1, __sz - __pos);
+  size_type __cap = capacity();
+  value_type* __p;
+  if (__cap - __sz + __n1 >= __n2) {
+    __p = std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+    if (__n1 != __n2) {
+      if (__n2 > __n1)
+        __annotate_increase(__n2 - __n1);
+      size_type __n_move = __sz - __pos - __n1;
+      if (__n_move != 0)
+        traits_type::move(__p + __pos + __n2, __p + __pos + __n1, __n_move);
+    }
+  } else {
+    __grow_by_without_replace(__cap, __sz - __n1 + __n2 - __cap, __sz, __pos, __n1, __n2);
+    __p = std::__to_address(__get_long_pointer());
+  }
+  traits_type::assign(__p + __pos, __n2, __c);
+  return __null_terminate_at(__p, __sz - (__n1 - __n2));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(
+    const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, _InputIterator __j1, _InputIterator __j2) {
+  const basic_string __temp(__j1, __j2, __alloc());
+  return replace(__i1, __i2, __temp);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(
+    size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos2, size_type __n2) {
+  size_type __str_sz = __str.size();
+  if (__pos2 > __str_sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  return replace(__pos1, __n1, __str.data() + __pos2, std::min(__n2, __str_sz - __pos2));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp,
+          __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                            !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> >::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(
+    size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos2, size_type __n2) {
+  __self_view __sv   = __t;
+  size_type __str_sz = __sv.size();
+  if (__pos2 > __str_sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  return replace(__pos1, __n1, __sv.data() + __pos2, std::min(__n2, __str_sz - __pos2));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const value_type* __s) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::replace received nullptr");
+  return replace(__pos, __n1, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+// erase
+
+// 'externally instantiated' erase() implementation, called when __n != npos.
+// Does not check __pos against size()
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_NOINLINE void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__erase_external_with_move(size_type __pos, size_type __n) {
+  if (__n) {
+    size_type __sz     = size();
+    value_type* __p    = std::__to_address(__get_pointer());
+    __n                = std::min(__n, __sz - __pos);
+    size_type __n_move = __sz - __pos - __n;
+    if (__n_move != 0)
+      traits_type::move(__p + __pos, __p + __pos + __n, __n_move);
+    __null_terminate_at(__p, __sz - __n);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::erase(size_type __pos, size_type __n) {
+  if (__pos > size())
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  if (__n == npos) {
+    __erase_to_end(__pos);
+  } else {
+    __erase_external_with_move(__pos, __n);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __pos) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+      __pos != end(), "string::erase(iterator) called with a non-dereferenceable iterator");
+  iterator __b  = begin();
+  size_type __r = static_cast<size_type>(__pos - __b);
+  erase(__r, 1);
+  return __b + static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::iterator
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__first <= __last, "string::erase(first, last) called with invalid range");
+  iterator __b  = begin();
+  size_type __r = static_cast<size_type>(__first - __b);
+  erase(__r, static_cast<size_type>(__last - __first));
+  return __b + static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__r);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::pop_back() {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "string::pop_back(): string is already empty");
+  __erase_to_end(size() - 1);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::clear() _NOEXCEPT {
+  size_type __old_size = size();
+  if (__is_long()) {
+    traits_type::assign(*__get_long_pointer(), value_type());
+    __set_long_size(0);
+  } else {
+    traits_type::assign(*__get_short_pointer(), value_type());
+    __set_short_size(0);
+  }
+  __annotate_shrink(__old_size);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __n, value_type __c) {
+  size_type __sz = size();
+  if (__n > __sz)
+    append(__n - __sz, __c);
+  else
+    __erase_to_end(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__resize_default_init(size_type __n) {
+  size_type __sz = size();
+  if (__n > __sz) {
+    __append_default_init(__n - __sz);
+  } else
+    __erase_to_end(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::reserve(size_type __requested_capacity) {
+  if (__requested_capacity > max_size())
+    __throw_length_error();
+
+  // Make sure reserve(n) never shrinks. This is technically only required in C++20
+  // and later (since P0966R1), however we provide consistent behavior in all Standard
+  // modes because this function is instantiated in the shared library.
+  if (__requested_capacity <= capacity())
+    return;
+
+  size_type __target_capacity = std::max(__requested_capacity, size());
+  __target_capacity           = __recommend(__target_capacity);
+  if (__target_capacity == capacity())
+    return;
+
+  __shrink_or_extend(__target_capacity);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT {
+  size_type __target_capacity = __recommend(size());
+  if (__target_capacity == capacity())
+    return;
+
+  __shrink_or_extend(__target_capacity);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__shrink_or_extend(size_type __target_capacity) {
+  __annotate_delete();
+  size_type __cap = capacity();
+  size_type __sz  = size();
+
+  pointer __new_data, __p;
+  bool __was_long, __now_long;
+  if (__fits_in_sso(__target_capacity)) {
+    __was_long = true;
+    __now_long = false;
+    __new_data = __get_short_pointer();
+    __p        = __get_long_pointer();
+  } else {
+    if (__target_capacity > __cap) {
+      // Extend
+      // - called from reserve should propagate the exception thrown.
+      auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __target_capacity + 1);
+      __new_data        = __allocation.ptr;
+      __target_capacity = __allocation.count - 1;
+    } else {
+      // Shrink
+      // - called from shrink_to_fit should not throw.
+      // - called from reserve may throw but is not required to.
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __target_capacity + 1);
+
+        // The Standard mandates shrink_to_fit() does not increase the capacity.
+        // With equal capacity keep the existing buffer. This avoids extra work
+        // due to swapping the elements.
+        if (__allocation.count - 1 > __target_capacity) {
+          __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __allocation.ptr, __allocation.count);
+          __annotate_new(__sz); // Undoes the __annotate_delete()
+          return;
+        }
+        __new_data        = __allocation.ptr;
+        __target_capacity = __allocation.count - 1;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      } catch (...) {
+        return;
+      }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    __begin_lifetime(__new_data, __target_capacity + 1);
+    __now_long = true;
+    __was_long = __is_long();
+    __p        = __get_pointer();
+  }
+  traits_type::copy(std::__to_address(__new_data), std::__to_address(__p), size() + 1);
+  if (__was_long)
+    __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __p, __cap + 1);
+  if (__now_long) {
+    __set_long_cap(__target_capacity + 1);
+    __set_long_size(__sz);
+    __set_long_pointer(__new_data);
+  } else
+    __set_short_size(__sz);
+  __annotate_new(__sz);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::const_reference
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n) const {
+  if (__n >= size())
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  return (*this)[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::reference
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n) {
+  if (__n >= size())
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  return (*this)[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::copy(value_type* __s, size_type __n, size_type __pos) const {
+  size_type __sz = size();
+  if (__pos > __sz)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  size_type __rlen = std::min(__n, __sz - __pos);
+  traits_type::copy(__s, data() + __pos, __rlen);
+  return __rlen;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::swap(basic_string& __str)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+    _NOEXCEPT
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<allocator_type>)
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __alloc_traits::is_always_equal::value ||
+          __alloc() == __str.__alloc(),
+      "swapping non-equal allocators");
+  if (!__is_long())
+    __annotate_delete();
+  if (this != &__str && !__str.__is_long())
+    __str.__annotate_delete();
+  std::swap(__r_.first(), __str.__r_.first());
+  std::__swap_allocator(__alloc(), __str.__alloc());
+  if (!__is_long())
+    __annotate_new(__get_short_size());
+  if (this != &__str && !__str.__is_long())
+    __str.__annotate_new(__str.__get_short_size());
+}
+
+// find
+
+template <class _Traits>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __traits_eq {
+  typedef typename _Traits::char_type char_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const char_type& __x, const char_type& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _Traits::eq(__x, __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string::find(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_find<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::__str_find<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  __self_view __sv = __t;
+  return std::__str_find<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::find(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_find<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find(value_type __c, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::__str_find<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __c, __pos);
+}
+
+// rfind
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rfind(
+    const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string::rfind(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_rfind<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rfind(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::__str_rfind<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rfind(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  __self_view __sv = __t;
+  return std::__str_rfind<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rfind(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::rfind(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_rfind<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::rfind(value_type __c, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::__str_rfind<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __c, __pos);
+}
+
+// find_first_of
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_of(
+    const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string::find_first_of(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_find_first_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::__str_find_first_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_of(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  __self_view __sv = __t;
+  return std::__str_find_first_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::find_first_of(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_find_first_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return find(__c, __pos);
+}
+
+// find_last_of
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_of(
+    const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string::find_last_of(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_find_last_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::__str_find_last_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_of(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  __self_view __sv = __t;
+  return std::__str_find_last_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::find_last_of(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_find_last_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return rfind(__c, __pos);
+}
+
+// find_first_not_of
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_not_of(
+    const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string::find_first_not_of(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_find_first_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_not_of(
+    const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::__str_find_first_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_not_of(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  __self_view __sv = __t;
+  return std::__str_find_first_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_not_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::find_first_not_of(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_find_first_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_first_not_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::__str_find_first_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __c, __pos);
+}
+
+// find_last_not_of
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_not_of(
+    const value_type* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string::find_last_not_of(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_find_last_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_not_of(
+    const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::__str_find_last_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __str.data(), __pos, __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_not_of(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  __self_view __sv = __t;
+  return std::__str_find_last_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_not_of(const value_type* __s, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::find_last_not_of(): received nullptr");
+  return std::__str_find_last_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+      data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::find_last_not_of(value_type __c, size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::__str_find_last_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __c, __pos);
+}
+
+// compare
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(const _Tp& __t) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  __self_view __sv = __t;
+  size_t __lhs_sz  = size();
+  size_t __rhs_sz  = __sv.size();
+  int __result     = traits_type::compare(data(), __sv.data(), std::min(__lhs_sz, __rhs_sz));
+  if (__result != 0)
+    return __result;
+  if (__lhs_sz < __rhs_sz)
+    return -1;
+  if (__lhs_sz > __rhs_sz)
+    return 1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(const basic_string& __str) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return compare(__self_view(__str));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(
+    size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const value_type* __s, size_type __n2) const {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n2 == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string::compare(): received nullptr");
+  size_type __sz = size();
+  if (__pos1 > __sz || __n2 == npos)
+    __throw_out_of_range();
+  size_type __rlen = std::min(__n1, __sz - __pos1);
+  int __r          = traits_type::compare(data() + __pos1, __s, std::min(__rlen, __n2));
+  if (__r == 0) {
+    if (__rlen < __n2)
+      __r = -1;
+    else if (__rlen > __n2)
+      __r = 1;
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp, __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _Tp& __t) const {
+  __self_view __sv = __t;
+  return compare(__pos1, __n1, __sv.data(), __sv.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str) const {
+  return compare(__pos1, __n1, __str.data(), __str.size());
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Tp,
+          __enable_if_t<__can_be_converted_to_string_view<_CharT, _Traits, _Tp>::value &&
+                            !__is_same_uncvref<_Tp, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> >::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(
+    size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos2, size_type __n2) const {
+  __self_view __sv = __t;
+  return __self_view(*this).substr(__pos1, __n1).compare(__sv.substr(__pos2, __n2));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(
+    size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos2, size_type __n2) const {
+  return compare(__pos1, __n1, __self_view(__str), __pos2, __n2);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(const value_type* __s) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::compare(): received nullptr");
+  return compare(0, npos, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 int
+basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const value_type* __s) const {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string::compare(): received nullptr");
+  return compare(__pos1, __n1, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
+}
+
+// __invariants
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__invariants() const {
+  if (size() > capacity())
+    return false;
+  if (capacity() < __min_cap - 1)
+    return false;
+  if (data() == nullptr)
+    return false;
+  if (!_Traits::eq(data()[size()], value_type()))
+    return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// __clear_and_shrink
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::__clear_and_shrink() _NOEXCEPT {
+  clear();
+  if (__is_long()) {
+    __annotate_delete();
+    __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __get_long_pointer(), capacity() + 1);
+    __r_.first() = __rep();
+  }
+}
+
+// operator==
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  return basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(__lhs) == basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(__rhs);
+#else
+  size_t __lhs_sz = __lhs.size();
+  return __lhs_sz == __rhs.size() && _Traits::compare(__lhs.data(), __rhs.data(), __lhs_sz) == 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+           const basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  size_t __sz = __lhs.size();
+  if (__sz != __rhs.size())
+    return false;
+  return char_traits<char>::compare(__lhs.data(), __rhs.data(), __sz) == 0;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const _CharT* __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> _String;
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__lhs != nullptr, "operator==(char*, basic_string): received nullptr");
+  size_t __lhs_len = _Traits::length(__lhs);
+  if (__lhs_len != __rhs.size())
+    return false;
+  return __rhs.compare(0, _String::npos, __lhs, __lhs_len) == 0;
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  return basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(__lhs) == basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(__rhs);
+#else
+  typedef basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> _String;
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__rhs != nullptr, "operator==(basic_string, char*): received nullptr");
+  size_t __rhs_len = _Traits::length(__rhs);
+  if (__rhs_len != __lhs.size())
+    return false;
+  return __lhs.compare(0, _String::npos, __rhs, __rhs_len) == 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator<=>(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+                                                 const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) noexcept {
+  return basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(__lhs) <=> basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(__rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+operator<=>(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, const _CharT* __rhs) {
+  return basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(__lhs) <=> basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(__rhs);
+}
+
+#else  // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+                                             const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const _CharT* __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__lhs == __rhs);
+}
+
+// operator<
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+                                            const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(const _CharT* __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __rhs.compare(__lhs) > 0;
+}
+
+// operator>
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+                                            const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __rhs < __lhs;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __rhs < __lhs;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(const _CharT* __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __rhs < __lhs;
+}
+
+// operator<=
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+                                             const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__rhs < __lhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__rhs < __lhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(const _CharT* __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__rhs < __lhs);
+}
+
+// operator>=
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+                                             const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__lhs < __rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, const _CharT* __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__lhs < __rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(const _CharT* __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return !(__lhs < __rhs);
+}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// operator +
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+          const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) {
+  using _String = basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+  auto __lhs_sz = __lhs.size();
+  auto __rhs_sz = __rhs.size();
+  _String __r(__uninitialized_size_tag(),
+              __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz,
+              _String::__alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__lhs.get_allocator()));
+  auto __ptr = std::__to_address(__r.__get_pointer());
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr, __lhs.data(), __lhs_sz);
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr + __lhs_sz, __rhs.data(), __rhs_sz);
+  _Traits::assign(__ptr + __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz, 1, _CharT());
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDDEN _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const _CharT* __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) {
+  using _String = basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+  auto __lhs_sz = _Traits::length(__lhs);
+  auto __rhs_sz = __rhs.size();
+  _String __r(__uninitialized_size_tag(),
+              __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz,
+              _String::__alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__rhs.get_allocator()));
+  auto __ptr = std::__to_address(__r.__get_pointer());
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr, __lhs, __lhs_sz);
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr + __lhs_sz, __rhs.data(), __rhs_sz);
+  _Traits::assign(__ptr + __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz, 1, _CharT());
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(_CharT __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) {
+  using _String                        = basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+  typename _String::size_type __rhs_sz = __rhs.size();
+  _String __r(__uninitialized_size_tag(),
+              __rhs_sz + 1,
+              _String::__alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__rhs.get_allocator()));
+  auto __ptr = std::__to_address(__r.__get_pointer());
+  _Traits::assign(__ptr, 1, __lhs);
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr + 1, __rhs.data(), __rhs_sz);
+  _Traits::assign(__ptr + 1 + __rhs_sz, 1, _CharT());
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, const _CharT* __rhs) {
+  using _String                        = basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+  typename _String::size_type __lhs_sz = __lhs.size();
+  typename _String::size_type __rhs_sz = _Traits::length(__rhs);
+  _String __r(__uninitialized_size_tag(),
+              __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz,
+              _String::__alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__lhs.get_allocator()));
+  auto __ptr = std::__to_address(__r.__get_pointer());
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr, __lhs.data(), __lhs_sz);
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr + __lhs_sz, __rhs, __rhs_sz);
+  _Traits::assign(__ptr + __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz, 1, _CharT());
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, _CharT __rhs) {
+  using _String                        = basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+  typename _String::size_type __lhs_sz = __lhs.size();
+  _String __r(__uninitialized_size_tag(),
+              __lhs_sz + 1,
+              _String::__alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__lhs.get_allocator()));
+  auto __ptr = std::__to_address(__r.__get_pointer());
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr, __lhs.data(), __lhs_sz);
+  _Traits::assign(__ptr + __lhs_sz, 1, __rhs);
+  _Traits::assign(__ptr + 1 + __lhs_sz, 1, _CharT());
+  return __r;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) {
+  return std::move(__lhs.append(__rhs));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __rhs) {
+  return std::move(__rhs.insert(0, __lhs));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __lhs, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __rhs) {
+  return std::move(__lhs.append(__rhs));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const _CharT* __lhs, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __rhs) {
+  return std::move(__rhs.insert(0, __lhs));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(_CharT __lhs, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __rhs) {
+  __rhs.insert(__rhs.begin(), __lhs);
+  return std::move(__rhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __lhs, const _CharT* __rhs) {
+  return std::move(__lhs.append(__rhs));
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __lhs, _CharT __rhs) {
+  __lhs.push_back(__rhs);
+  return std::move(__lhs);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs,
+          type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __rhs) {
+  using _String                        = basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+  typename _String::size_type __lhs_sz = __lhs.size();
+  typename _String::size_type __rhs_sz = __rhs.size();
+  _String __r(__uninitialized_size_tag(),
+              __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz,
+              _String::__alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__lhs.get_allocator()));
+  auto __ptr = std::__to_address(__r.__get_pointer());
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr, __lhs.data(), __lhs_sz);
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr + __lhs_sz, __rhs.data(), __rhs_sz);
+  _Traits::assign(__ptr + __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz, 1, _CharT());
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __lhs,
+          type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __rhs) {
+  __lhs.append(__rhs);
+  return std::move(__lhs);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __lhs,
+          const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) {
+  using _String                        = basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
+  typename _String::size_type __lhs_sz = __lhs.size();
+  typename _String::size_type __rhs_sz = __rhs.size();
+  _String __r(__uninitialized_size_tag(),
+              __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz,
+              _String::__alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__rhs.get_allocator()));
+  auto __ptr = std::__to_address(__r.__get_pointer());
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr, __lhs.data(), __lhs_sz);
+  _Traits::copy(__ptr + __lhs_sz, __rhs.data(), __rhs_sz);
+  _Traits::assign(__ptr + __lhs_sz + __rhs_sz, 1, _CharT());
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
+operator+(type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __lhs,
+          basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>&& __rhs) {
+  __rhs.insert(0, __lhs);
+  return std::move(__rhs);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+
+// swap
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+swap(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__lhs.swap(__rhs))) {
+  __lhs.swap(__rhs);
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int stoi(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr, int __base = 10);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI long stol(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr, int __base = 10);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI unsigned long stoul(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr, int __base = 10);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI long long stoll(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr, int __base = 10);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI unsigned long long stoull(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr, int __base = 10);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI float stof(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI double stod(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI long double stold(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string to_string(int __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string to_string(unsigned __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string to_string(long __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string to_string(unsigned long __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string to_string(long long __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string to_string(unsigned long long __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string to_string(float __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string to_string(double __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI string to_string(long double __val);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI int stoi(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr, int __base = 10);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI long stol(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr, int __base = 10);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI unsigned long stoul(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr, int __base = 10);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI long long stoll(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr, int __base = 10);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI unsigned long long stoull(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr, int __base = 10);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI float stof(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI double stod(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI long double stold(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = nullptr);
+
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wstring to_wstring(int __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wstring to_wstring(unsigned __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wstring to_wstring(long __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wstring to_wstring(unsigned long __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wstring to_wstring(long long __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wstring to_wstring(unsigned long long __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wstring to_wstring(float __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wstring to_wstring(double __val);
+_LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI wstring to_wstring(long double __val);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_DATA_VIS const typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+    basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::npos;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Allocator>
+struct __string_hash : public __unary_function<basic_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, _Allocator>, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t
+  operator()(const basic_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, _Allocator>& __val) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__do_string_hash(__val.data(), __val.data() + __val.size());
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+struct hash<basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, _Allocator> > : __string_hash<char, _Allocator> {};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+template <class _Allocator>
+struct hash<basic_string<char8_t, char_traits<char8_t>, _Allocator> > : __string_hash<char8_t, _Allocator> {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+struct hash<basic_string<char16_t, char_traits<char16_t>, _Allocator> > : __string_hash<char16_t, _Allocator> {};
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+struct hash<basic_string<char32_t, char_traits<char32_t>, _Allocator> > : __string_hash<char32_t, _Allocator> {};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <class _Allocator>
+struct hash<basic_string<wchar_t, char_traits<wchar_t>, _Allocator> > : __string_hash<wchar_t, _Allocator> {};
+#endif
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str, _CharT __dlm);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __is, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str, _CharT __dlm);
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __is, basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator, class _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str, const _Up& __v) {
+  auto __old_size = __str.size();
+  __str.erase(std::remove(__str.begin(), __str.end(), __v), __str.end());
+  return __old_size - __str.size();
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __str, _Predicate __pred) {
+  auto __old_size = __str.size();
+  __str.erase(std::remove_if(__str.begin(), __str.end(), __pred), __str.end());
+  return __old_size - __str.size();
+}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+// Literal suffixes for basic_string [basic.string.literals]
+inline namespace literals {
+inline namespace string_literals {
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<char>
+operator""s(const char* __str, size_t __len) {
+  return basic_string<char>(__str, __len);
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<wchar_t>
+operator""s(const wchar_t* __str, size_t __len) {
+  return basic_string<wchar_t>(__str, __len);
+}
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string<char8_t> operator""s(const char8_t* __str, size_t __len) {
+  return basic_string<char8_t>(__str, __len);
+}
+#  endif
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<char16_t>
+operator""s(const char16_t* __str, size_t __len) {
+  return basic_string<char16_t>(__str, __len);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 basic_string<char32_t>
+operator""s(const char32_t* __str, size_t __len) {
+  return basic_string<char32_t>(__str, __len);
+}
+} // namespace string_literals
+} // namespace literals
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __format::__enable_insertable<std::basic_string<char>> = true;
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __format::__enable_insertable<std::basic_string<wchar_t>> = true;
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STRING

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/string.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/string.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ae10d5ad2c76f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/string.h
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STRING_H
+#define _LIBCPP_STRING_H
+
+/*
+    string.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    NULL
+
+Types:
+
+    size_t
+
+void* memcpy(void* restrict s1, const void* restrict s2, size_t n);
+void* memmove(void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
+char* strcpy (char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
+char* strncpy(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
+char* strcat (char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
+char* strncat(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
+int memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
+int strcmp (const char* s1, const char* s2);
+int strncmp(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);
+int strcoll(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+size_t strxfrm(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2, size_t n);
+const void* memchr(const void* s, int c, size_t n);
+      void* memchr(      void* s, int c, size_t n);
+const char* strchr(const char* s, int c);
+      char* strchr(      char* s, int c);
+size_t strcspn(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+const char* strpbrk(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+      char* strpbrk(      char* s1, const char* s2);
+const char* strrchr(const char* s, int c);
+      char* strrchr(      char* s, int c);
+size_t strspn(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+const char* strstr(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+      char* strstr(      char* s1, const char* s2);
+char* strtok(char* restrict s1, const char* restrict s2);
+void* memset(void* s, int c, size_t n);
+char* strerror(int errnum);
+size_t strlen(const char* s);
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include_next(<string.h>)
+#  include_next <string.h>
+#endif
+
+// MSVCRT, GNU libc and its derivates may already have the correct prototype in
+// <string.h>. This macro can be defined by users if their C library provides
+// the right signature.
+#if defined(__CORRECT_ISO_CPP_STRING_H_PROTO) || defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(_STRING_H_CPLUSPLUS_98_CONFORMANCE_)
+#  define _LIBCPP_STRING_H_HAS_CONST_OVERLOADS
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(_LIBCPP_STRING_H_HAS_CONST_OVERLOADS) && defined(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD)
+extern "C++" {
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD const char* strchr(const char* __s, int __c) {
+  return __builtin_strchr(__s, __c);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD char* strchr(char* __s, int __c) {
+  return __builtin_strchr(__s, __c);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD const char* strpbrk(const char* __s1, const char* __s2) {
+  return __builtin_strpbrk(__s1, __s2);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD char* strpbrk(char* __s1, const char* __s2) {
+  return __builtin_strpbrk(__s1, __s2);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD const char* strrchr(const char* __s, int __c) {
+  return __builtin_strrchr(__s, __c);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD char* strrchr(char* __s, int __c) {
+  return __builtin_strrchr(__s, __c);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD const void* memchr(const void* __s, int __c, size_t __n) {
+  return __builtin_memchr(__s, __c, __n);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD void* memchr(void* __s, int __c, size_t __n) {
+  return __builtin_memchr(__s, __c, __n);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD const char* strstr(const char* __s1, const char* __s2) {
+  return __builtin_strstr(__s1, __s2);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD char* strstr(char* __s1, const char* __s2) {
+  return __builtin_strstr(__s1, __s2);
+}
+} // extern "C++"
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STRING_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/string_view b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/string_view
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..72dbf0bfa8e540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/string_view
@@ -0,0 +1,948 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STRING_VIEW
+#define _LIBCPP_STRING_VIEW
+
+// clang-format off
+
+/*
+
+    string_view synopsis
+
+#include <compare>
+
+namespace std {
+
+    // 7.2, Class template basic_string_view
+    template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
+        class basic_string_view;
+
+    template<class charT, class traits>
+    inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_view<basic_string_view<charT, traits>> = true;
+
+    template<class charT, class traits>
+    inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_borrowed_range<basic_string_view<charT, traits>> = true;  // C++20
+
+    // 7.9, basic_string_view non-member comparison functions
+    template<class charT, class traits>
+    constexpr bool operator==(basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
+                              basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
+    template<class charT, class traits>                                                            // Removed in C++20
+    constexpr bool operator!=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
+                              basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
+    template<class charT, class traits>                                                            // Removed in C++20
+    constexpr bool operator< (basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
+                                 basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
+    template<class charT, class traits>                                                            // Removed in C++20
+    constexpr bool operator> (basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
+                              basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
+    template<class charT, class traits>                                                            // Removed in C++20
+    constexpr bool operator<=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
+                                 basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
+    template<class charT, class traits>                                                            // Removed in C++20
+    constexpr bool operator>=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
+                              basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
+    template<class charT, class traits>                                                            // Since C++20
+    constexpr see below operator<=>(basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
+                                    basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
+
+    // see below, sufficient additional overloads of comparison functions
+
+    // 7.10, Inserters and extractors
+    template<class charT, class traits>
+      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
+                   basic_string_view<charT, traits> str);
+
+    // basic_string_view typedef names
+    typedef basic_string_view<char> string_view;
+    typedef basic_string_view<char8_t> u8string_view; // C++20
+    typedef basic_string_view<char16_t> u16string_view;
+    typedef basic_string_view<char32_t> u32string_view;
+    typedef basic_string_view<wchar_t> wstring_view;
+
+    template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
+    class basic_string_view {
+      public:
+      // types
+      typedef traits traits_type;
+      typedef charT value_type;
+      typedef charT* pointer;
+      typedef const charT* const_pointer;
+      typedef charT& reference;
+      typedef const charT& const_reference;
+      typedef implementation-defined const_iterator;
+      typedef const_iterator iterator;
+      typedef reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+      typedef const_reverse_iterator reverse_iterator;
+      typedef size_t size_type;
+      typedef ptr
diff _t 
diff erence_type;
+      static constexpr size_type npos = size_type(-1);
+
+      // 7.3, basic_string_view constructors and assignment operators
+      constexpr basic_string_view() noexcept;
+      constexpr basic_string_view(const basic_string_view&) noexcept = default;
+      basic_string_view& operator=(const basic_string_view&) noexcept = default;
+      template<class Allocator>
+      constexpr basic_string_view(const charT* str);
+      basic_string_view(nullptr_t) = delete; // C++23
+      constexpr basic_string_view(const charT* str, size_type len);
+      template <class It, class End>
+      constexpr basic_string_view(It begin, End end); // C++20
+      template <class Range>
+      constexpr basic_string_view(Range&& r); // C++23
+
+      // 7.4, basic_string_view iterator support
+      constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+      constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept;
+      constexpr const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+      constexpr const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
+      const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+      const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;
+      const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+      const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;
+
+      // 7.5, basic_string_view capacity
+      constexpr size_type size() const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type length() const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+      constexpr bool empty() const noexcept;
+
+      // 7.6, basic_string_view element access
+      constexpr const_reference operator[](size_type pos) const;
+      constexpr const_reference at(size_type pos) const;
+      constexpr const_reference front() const;
+      constexpr const_reference back() const;
+      constexpr const_pointer data() const noexcept;
+
+      // 7.7, basic_string_view modifiers
+      constexpr void remove_prefix(size_type n);
+      constexpr void remove_suffix(size_type n);
+      constexpr void swap(basic_string_view& s) noexcept;
+
+      size_type copy(charT* s, size_type n, size_type pos = 0) const;  // constexpr in C++20
+
+      constexpr basic_string_view substr(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos) const;
+      constexpr int compare(basic_string_view s) const noexcept;
+      constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, basic_string_view s) const;
+      constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1,
+                            basic_string_view s, size_type pos2, size_type n2) const;
+      constexpr int compare(const charT* s) const;
+      constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const charT* s) const;
+      constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1,
+                            const charT* s, size_type n2) const;
+      constexpr size_type find(basic_string_view s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type find(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type find(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+      constexpr size_type find(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+      constexpr size_type rfind(basic_string_view s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type rfind(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+      constexpr size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+      constexpr size_type find_first_of(basic_string_view s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type find_first_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type find_first_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+      constexpr size_type find_first_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+      constexpr size_type find_last_of(basic_string_view s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type find_last_of(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type find_last_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+      constexpr size_type find_last_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+      constexpr size_type find_first_not_of(basic_string_view s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type find_first_not_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+      constexpr size_type find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+      constexpr size_type find_last_not_of(basic_string_view s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type find_last_not_of(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
+      constexpr size_type find_last_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+      constexpr size_type find_last_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept; // noexcept as an extension
+
+      constexpr bool starts_with(basic_string_view s) const noexcept; // C++20
+      constexpr bool starts_with(charT c) const noexcept;             // C++20
+      constexpr bool starts_with(const charT* s) const;               // C++20
+      constexpr bool ends_with(basic_string_view s) const noexcept;   // C++20
+      constexpr bool ends_with(charT c) const noexcept;               // C++20
+      constexpr bool ends_with(const charT* s) const;                 // C++20
+
+      constexpr bool contains(basic_string_view s) const noexcept; // C++23
+      constexpr bool contains(charT c) const noexcept;             // C++23
+      constexpr bool contains(const charT* s) const;               // C++23
+
+     private:
+      const_pointer data_;  // exposition only
+      size_type     size_;  // exposition only
+    };
+
+  // basic_string_view deduction guides
+  template<class It, class End>
+    basic_string_view(It, End) -> basic_string_view<iter_value_t<It>>; // C++20
+  template<class Range>
+    basic_string_view(Range&&) -> basic_string_view<ranges::range_value_t<Range>>; // C++23
+
+  // 7.11, Hash support
+  template <class T> struct hash;
+  template <> struct hash<string_view>;
+  template <> struct hash<u8string_view>; // C++20
+  template <> struct hash<u16string_view>;
+  template <> struct hash<u32string_view>;
+  template <> struct hash<wstring_view>;
+
+  constexpr basic_string_view<char>     operator""sv(const char *str,     size_t len) noexcept;
+  constexpr basic_string_view<wchar_t>  operator""sv(const wchar_t *str,  size_t len) noexcept;
+  constexpr basic_string_view<char8_t>  operator""sv(const char8_t *str,  size_t len) noexcept; // C++20
+  constexpr basic_string_view<char16_t> operator""sv(const char16_t *str, size_t len) noexcept;
+  constexpr basic_string_view<char32_t> operator""sv(const char32_t *str, size_t len) noexcept;
+
+}  // namespace std
+
+*/
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__fwd/ostream.h>
+#include <__fwd/string_view.h>
+#include <__iterator/bounded_iter.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/wrap_iter.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/data.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_borrowed_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/enable_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__string/char_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_standard_layout.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivial.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <limits>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [string.view.synop]
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+// TODO: This is a workaround for some vendors to carry a downstream 
diff  to accept `nullptr` in
+//       string_view constructors. This can be refactored when this exact form isn't needed anymore.
+template <class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR inline size_t
+__char_traits_length_checked(const typename _Traits::char_type* __s) _NOEXCEPT {
+  // This needs to be a single statement for C++11 constexpr
+  return _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+             __s != nullptr, "null pointer passed to non-null argument of char_traits<...>::length"),
+         _Traits::length(__s);
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+class basic_string_view {
+public:
+  // types
+  using traits_type     = _Traits;
+  using value_type      = _CharT;
+  using pointer         = _CharT*;
+  using const_pointer   = const _CharT*;
+  using reference       = _CharT&;
+  using const_reference = const _CharT&;
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS)
+  using const_iterator = __bounded_iter<const_pointer>;
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_USE_WRAP_ITER_IN_STD_STRING_VIEW)
+  using const_iterator = __wrap_iter<const_pointer>;
+#else
+  using const_iterator = const_pointer;
+#endif
+  using iterator                                = const_iterator;
+  using const_reverse_iterator                  = std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
+  using reverse_iterator                        = const_reverse_iterator;
+  using size_type                               = size_t;
+  using 
diff erence_type                         = ptr
diff _t;
+  static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const size_type npos = -1; // size_type(-1);
+
+  static_assert(!is_array<value_type>::value, "Character type of basic_string_view must not be an array");
+  static_assert(is_standard_layout<value_type>::value, "Character type of basic_string_view must be standard-layout");
+  static_assert(is_trivial<value_type>::value, "Character type of basic_string_view must be trivial");
+  static_assert(is_same<_CharT, typename traits_type::char_type>::value,
+                "traits_type::char_type must be the same type as CharT");
+
+  // [string.view.cons], construct/copy
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view() _NOEXCEPT : __data_(nullptr), __size_(0) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view(const basic_string_view&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view& operator=(const basic_string_view&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view(const _CharT* __s, size_type __len) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __data_(__s),
+        __size_(__len) {
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+    // Allocations must fit in `ptr
diff _t` for pointer arithmetic to work. If `__len` exceeds it, the input
+    // range could not have been valid. Most likely the caller underflowed some arithmetic and inadvertently
+    // passed in a negative length.
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(
+        __len <= static_cast<size_type>(numeric_limits<
diff erence_type>::max()),
+        "string_view::string_view(_CharT *, size_t): length does not fit in 
diff erence_type");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __len == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string_view::string_view(_CharT *, size_t): received nullptr");
+#endif
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <contiguous_iterator _It, sized_sentinel_for<_It> _End>
+    requires(is_same_v<iter_value_t<_It>, _CharT> && !is_convertible_v<_End, size_type>)
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view(_It __begin, _End __end)
+      : __data_(std::to_address(__begin)), __size_(__end - __begin) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(
+        (__end - __begin) >= 0, "std::string_view::string_view(iterator, sentinel) received invalid range");
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _Range>
+    requires(!is_same_v<remove_cvref_t<_Range>, basic_string_view> && ranges::contiguous_range<_Range> &&
+             ranges::sized_range<_Range> && is_same_v<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _CharT> &&
+             !is_convertible_v<_Range, const _CharT*> &&
+             (!requires(remove_cvref_t<_Range>& __d) { __d.operator std::basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>(); }))
+  constexpr explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view(_Range&& __r)
+      : __data_(ranges::data(__r)), __size_(ranges::size(__r)) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view(const _CharT* __s)
+      : __data_(__s), __size_(std::__char_traits_length_checked<_Traits>(__s)) {}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  basic_string_view(nullptr_t) = delete;
+#endif
+
+  // [string.view.iterators], iterators
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return cbegin(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return cend(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(data(), data(), data() + size());
+#else
+    return const_iterator(__data_);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(data() + size(), data(), data() + size());
+#else
+    return const_iterator(__data_ + __size_);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(cend());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(cbegin());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(cend());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX17 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(cbegin());
+  }
+
+  // [string.view.capacity], capacity
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __size_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type length() const _NOEXCEPT { return __size_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return numeric_limits<size_type>::max() / sizeof(value_type);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return __size_ == 0; }
+
+  // [string.view.access], element access
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference operator[](size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__pos < size(), "string_view[] index out of bounds"), __data_[__pos];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference at(size_type __pos) const {
+    return __pos >= size() ? (__throw_out_of_range("string_view::at"), __data_[0]) : __data_[__pos];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference front() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "string_view::front(): string is empty"), __data_[0];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference back() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "string_view::back(): string is empty"), __data_[__size_ - 1];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_pointer data() const _NOEXCEPT { return __data_; }
+
+  // [string.view.modifiers], modifiers:
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void remove_prefix(size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__n <= size(), "remove_prefix() can't remove more than size()");
+    __data_ += __n;
+    __size_ -= __n;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void remove_suffix(size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__n <= size(), "remove_suffix() can't remove more than size()");
+    __size_ -= __n;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_string_view& __other) _NOEXCEPT {
+    const value_type* __p = __data_;
+    __data_               = __other.__data_;
+    __other.__data_       = __p;
+
+    size_type __sz  = __size_;
+    __size_         = __other.__size_;
+    __other.__size_ = __sz;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type
+  copy(_CharT* __s, size_type __n, size_type __pos = 0) const {
+    if (__pos > size())
+      __throw_out_of_range("string_view::copy");
+    size_type __rlen = std::min(__n, size() - __pos);
+    _Traits::copy(__s, data() + __pos, __rlen);
+    return __rlen;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_string_view substr(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos) const {
+    return __pos > size() ? (__throw_out_of_range("string_view::substr"), basic_string_view())
+                          : basic_string_view(data() + __pos, std::min(__n, size() - __pos));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 int compare(basic_string_view __sv) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    size_type __rlen = std::min(size(), __sv.size());
+    int __retval     = _Traits::compare(data(), __sv.data(), __rlen);
+    if (__retval == 0) // first __rlen chars matched
+      __retval = size() == __sv.size() ? 0 : (size() < __sv.size() ? -1 : 1);
+    return __retval;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int
+  compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, basic_string_view __sv) const {
+    return substr(__pos1, __n1).compare(__sv);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int
+  compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, basic_string_view __sv, size_type __pos2, size_type __n2) const {
+    return substr(__pos1, __n1).compare(__sv.substr(__pos2, __n2));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int compare(const _CharT* __s) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return compare(basic_string_view(__s));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int
+  compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s) const {
+    return substr(__pos1, __n1).compare(basic_string_view(__s));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int
+  compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s, size_type __n2) const {
+    return substr(__pos1, __n1).compare(basic_string_view(__s, __n2));
+  }
+
+  // find
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find(basic_string_view __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s.size() == 0 || __s.data() != nullptr, "string_view::find(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s.data(), __pos, __s.size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type find(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__str_find<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __c, __pos);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string_view::find(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string_view::find(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+        data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+  }
+
+  // rfind
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  rfind(basic_string_view __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s.size() == 0 || __s.data() != nullptr, "string_view::find(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_rfind<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s.data(), __pos, __s.size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  rfind(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__str_rfind<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __c, __pos);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  rfind(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string_view::rfind(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_rfind<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  rfind(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string_view::rfind(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_rfind<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+        data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+  }
+
+  // find_first_of
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_first_of(basic_string_view __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s.size() == 0 || __s.data() != nullptr, "string_view::find_first_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_first_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+        data(), size(), __s.data(), __pos, __s.size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_first_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return find(__c, __pos);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_first_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string_view::find_first_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_first_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_first_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string_view::find_first_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_first_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+        data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+  }
+
+  // find_last_of
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_last_of(basic_string_view __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s.size() == 0 || __s.data() != nullptr, "string_view::find_last_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_last_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+        data(), size(), __s.data(), __pos, __s.size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_last_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return rfind(__c, __pos);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_last_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string_view::find_last_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_last_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_last_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string_view::find_last_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_last_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+        data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+  }
+
+  // find_first_not_of
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_first_not_of(basic_string_view __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __s.size() == 0 || __s.data() != nullptr, "string_view::find_first_not_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_first_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+        data(), size(), __s.data(), __pos, __s.size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_first_not_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__str_find_first_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __c, __pos);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_first_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string_view::find_first_not_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_first_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_first_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string_view::find_first_not_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_first_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+        data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+  }
+
+  // find_last_not_of
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_last_not_of(basic_string_view __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(
+        __s.size() == 0 || __s.data() != nullptr, "string_view::find_last_not_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_last_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+        data(), size(), __s.data(), __pos, __s.size());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_last_not_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__str_find_last_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __c, __pos);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_last_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__n == 0 || __s != nullptr, "string_view::find_last_not_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_last_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(data(), size(), __s, __pos, __n);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type
+  find_last_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__s != nullptr, "string_view::find_last_not_of(): received nullptr");
+    return std::__str_find_last_not_of<value_type, size_type, traits_type, npos>(
+        data(), size(), __s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool starts_with(basic_string_view __s) const noexcept {
+    return size() >= __s.size() && compare(0, __s.size(), __s) == 0;
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool starts_with(value_type __c) const noexcept {
+    return !empty() && _Traits::eq(front(), __c);
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool starts_with(const value_type* __s) const noexcept {
+    return starts_with(basic_string_view(__s));
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ends_with(basic_string_view __s) const noexcept {
+    return size() >= __s.size() && compare(size() - __s.size(), npos, __s) == 0;
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ends_with(value_type __c) const noexcept {
+    return !empty() && _Traits::eq(back(), __c);
+  }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool ends_with(const value_type* __s) const noexcept {
+    return ends_with(basic_string_view(__s));
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(basic_string_view __sv) const noexcept { return find(__sv) != npos; }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(value_type __c) const noexcept { return find(__c) != npos; }
+
+  constexpr _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const value_type* __s) const { return find(__s) != npos; }
+#endif
+
+private:
+  const value_type* __data_;
+  size_type __size_;
+};
+_LIBCPP_CTAD_SUPPORTED_FOR_TYPE(basic_string_view);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_view<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> = true;
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+inline constexpr bool ranges::enable_borrowed_range<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > = true;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// [string.view.deduct]
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <contiguous_iterator _It, sized_sentinel_for<_It> _End>
+basic_string_view(_It, _End) -> basic_string_view<iter_value_t<_It>>;
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::contiguous_range _Range>
+basic_string_view(_Range) -> basic_string_view<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>;
+#endif
+
+// [string.view.comparison]
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs,
+                                                type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __rhs) noexcept {
+  if (__lhs.size() != __rhs.size())
+    return false;
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto operator<=>(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs,
+                                                 type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __rhs) noexcept {
+  if constexpr (requires { typename _Traits::comparison_category; }) {
+    // [string.view]/4
+    static_assert(
+        __comparison_category<typename _Traits::comparison_category>, "return type is not a comparison category type");
+    return static_cast<typename _Traits::comparison_category>(__lhs.compare(__rhs) <=> 0);
+  } else {
+    return static_cast<weak_ordering>(__lhs.compare(__rhs) <=> 0);
+  }
+}
+
+#else
+
+// operator ==
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__lhs.size() != __rhs.size())
+    return false;
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) == 0;
+}
+
+// The dummy default template parameters are used to work around a MSVC issue with mangling, see VSO-409326 for details.
+// This applies to the other sufficient overloads below for the other comparison operators.
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 1>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs,
+           __type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__lhs.size() != __rhs.size())
+    return false;
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) == 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 2>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(__type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __lhs,
+           basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__lhs.size() != __rhs.size())
+    return false;
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) == 0;
+}
+
+// operator !=
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__lhs.size() != __rhs.size())
+    return true;
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) != 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 1>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs,
+           __type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__lhs.size() != __rhs.size())
+    return true;
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) != 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 2>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator!=(__type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __lhs,
+           basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__lhs.size() != __rhs.size())
+    return true;
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) != 0;
+}
+
+// operator <
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 1>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs,
+          __type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 2>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<(__type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __lhs,
+          basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0;
+}
+
+// operator >
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) > 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 1>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs,
+          __type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) > 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 2>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>(__type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __lhs,
+          basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) > 0;
+}
+
+// operator <=
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) <= 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 1>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs,
+           __type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) <= 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 2>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator<=(__type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __lhs,
+           basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) <= 0;
+}
+
+// operator >=
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) >= 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 1>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __lhs,
+           __type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) >= 0;
+}
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, int = 2>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator>=(__type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> > __lhs,
+           basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __lhs.compare(__rhs) >= 0;
+}
+
+#endif //  _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __str);
+
+// [string.view.hash]
+template <class _CharT>
+struct __string_view_hash : public __unary_function<basic_string_view<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT> >, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const basic_string_view<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT> > __val) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__do_string_hash(__val.data(), __val.data() + __val.size());
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct hash<basic_string_view<char, char_traits<char> > > : __string_view_hash<char> {};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+template <>
+struct hash<basic_string_view<char8_t, char_traits<char8_t> > > : __string_view_hash<char8_t> {};
+#endif
+
+template <>
+struct hash<basic_string_view<char16_t, char_traits<char16_t> > > : __string_view_hash<char16_t> {};
+
+template <>
+struct hash<basic_string_view<char32_t, char_traits<char32_t> > > : __string_view_hash<char32_t> {};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+struct hash<basic_string_view<wchar_t, char_traits<wchar_t> > > : __string_view_hash<wchar_t> {};
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+inline namespace literals {
+inline namespace string_view_literals {
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string_view<char> operator""sv(const char* __str, size_t __len) noexcept {
+  return basic_string_view<char>(__str, __len);
+}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string_view<wchar_t>
+operator""sv(const wchar_t* __str, size_t __len) noexcept {
+  return basic_string_view<wchar_t>(__str, __len);
+}
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string_view<char8_t>
+operator""sv(const char8_t* __str, size_t __len) noexcept {
+  return basic_string_view<char8_t>(__str, __len);
+}
+#  endif
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string_view<char16_t>
+operator""sv(const char16_t* __str, size_t __len) noexcept {
+  return basic_string_view<char16_t>(__str, __len);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr basic_string_view<char32_t>
+operator""sv(const char32_t* __str, size_t __len) noexcept {
+  return basic_string_view<char32_t>(__str, __len);
+}
+} // namespace string_view_literals
+} // namespace literals
+#endif
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STRING_VIEW

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/strstream b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/strstream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9ff4024a7c7e21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/strstream
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STRSTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_STRSTREAM
+
+/*
+    strstream synopsis
+
+class strstreambuf                                    // Removed in C++26
+    : public basic_streambuf<char>
+{
+public:
+    explicit strstreambuf(streamsize alsize_arg = 0); // before C++20
+    strstreambuf() : strstreambuf(0) {}               // C++20
+    explicit strstreambuf(streamsize alsize_arg);     // C++20
+
+    strstreambuf(void* (*palloc_arg)(size_t), void (*pfree_arg)(void*));
+    strstreambuf(char* gnext_arg, streamsize n, char* pbeg_arg = nullptr);
+    strstreambuf(const char* gnext_arg, streamsize n);
+
+    strstreambuf(signed char* gnext_arg, streamsize n, signed char* pbeg_arg = nullptr);
+    strstreambuf(const signed char* gnext_arg, streamsize n);
+    strstreambuf(unsigned char* gnext_arg, streamsize n, unsigned char* pbeg_arg = nullptr);
+    strstreambuf(const unsigned char* gnext_arg, streamsize n);
+
+    strstreambuf(strstreambuf&& rhs);
+    strstreambuf& operator=(strstreambuf&& rhs);
+
+    virtual ~strstreambuf();
+
+    void swap(strstreambuf& rhs);
+
+    void freeze(bool freezefl = true);
+    char* str();
+    int pcount() const;
+
+protected:
+    virtual int_type overflow (int_type c = EOF);
+    virtual int_type pbackfail(int_type c = EOF);
+    virtual int_type underflow();
+    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
+                             ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+    virtual streambuf* setbuf(char* s, streamsize n);
+
+private:
+    typedef T1 strstate;                // exposition only
+    static const strstate allocated;    // exposition only
+    static const strstate constant;     // exposition only
+    static const strstate dynamic;      // exposition only
+    static const strstate frozen;       // exposition only
+    strstate strmode;                   // exposition only
+    streamsize alsize;                  // exposition only
+    void* (*palloc)(size_t);            // exposition only
+    void (*pfree)(void*);               // exposition only
+};
+
+class istrstream                                      // Removed in C++26
+    : public basic_istream<char>
+{
+public:
+    explicit istrstream(const char* s);
+    explicit istrstream(char* s);
+    istrstream(const char* s, streamsize n);
+    istrstream(char* s, streamsize n);
+
+    virtual ~istrstream();
+
+    strstreambuf* rdbuf() const;
+    char *str();
+
+private:
+    strstreambuf sb; // exposition only
+};
+
+class ostrstream                                      // Removed in C++26
+    : public basic_ostream<char>
+{
+public:
+    ostrstream();
+    ostrstream(char* s, int n, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
+
+    virtual ~ostrstream();
+
+    strstreambuf* rdbuf() const;
+    void freeze(bool freezefl = true);
+    char* str();
+    int pcount() const;
+
+private:
+    strstreambuf sb; // exposition only
+};
+
+class strstream                                       // Removed in C++26
+    : public basic_iostream<char>
+{
+public:
+    // Types
+    typedef char                        char_type;
+    typedef char_traits<char>::int_type int_type;
+    typedef char_traits<char>::pos_type pos_type;
+    typedef char_traits<char>::off_type off_type;
+
+    // constructors/destructor
+    strstream();
+    strstream(char* s, int n, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
+
+    virtual ~strstream();
+
+    // Members:
+    strstreambuf* rdbuf() const;
+    void freeze(bool freezefl = true);
+    int pcount() const;
+    char* str();
+
+private:
+    strstreambuf sb; // exposition only
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <istream>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 26 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_STRSTREAM) || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#  include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI strstreambuf : public streambuf {
+public:
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstreambuf() : strstreambuf(0) {}
+  explicit strstreambuf(streamsize __alsize);
+#  else
+  explicit strstreambuf(streamsize __alsize = 0);
+#  endif
+  strstreambuf(void* (*__palloc)(size_t), void (*__pfree)(void*));
+  strstreambuf(char* __gnext, streamsize __n, char* __pbeg = nullptr);
+  strstreambuf(const char* __gnext, streamsize __n);
+
+  strstreambuf(signed char* __gnext, streamsize __n, signed char* __pbeg = nullptr);
+  strstreambuf(const signed char* __gnext, streamsize __n);
+  strstreambuf(unsigned char* __gnext, streamsize __n, unsigned char* __pbeg = nullptr);
+  strstreambuf(const unsigned char* __gnext, streamsize __n);
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstreambuf(strstreambuf&& __rhs);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstreambuf& operator=(strstreambuf&& __rhs);
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  ~strstreambuf() override;
+
+  void swap(strstreambuf& __rhs);
+
+  void freeze(bool __freezefl = true);
+  char* str();
+  int pcount() const;
+
+protected:
+  int_type overflow(int_type __c = EOF) override;
+  int_type pbackfail(int_type __c = EOF) override;
+  int_type underflow() override;
+  pos_type
+  seekoff(off_type __off, ios_base::seekdir __way, ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
+  pos_type seekpos(pos_type __sp, ios_base::openmode __which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
+
+private:
+  typedef unsigned __mode_type;
+  static const __mode_type __allocated     = 0x01;
+  static const __mode_type __constant      = 0x02;
+  static const __mode_type __dynamic       = 0x04;
+  static const __mode_type __frozen        = 0x08;
+  static const streamsize __default_alsize = 4096;
+
+  __mode_type __strmode_;
+  streamsize __alsize_;
+  void* (*__palloc_)(size_t);
+  void (*__pfree_)(void*);
+
+  void __init(char* __gnext, streamsize __n, char* __pbeg);
+};
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstreambuf::strstreambuf(strstreambuf&& __rhs)
+    : streambuf(__rhs),
+      __strmode_(__rhs.__strmode_),
+      __alsize_(__rhs.__alsize_),
+      __palloc_(__rhs.__palloc_),
+      __pfree_(__rhs.__pfree_) {
+  __rhs.setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+  __rhs.setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstreambuf& strstreambuf::operator=(strstreambuf&& __rhs) {
+  if (eback() && (__strmode_ & __allocated) != 0 && (__strmode_ & __frozen) == 0) {
+    if (__pfree_)
+      __pfree_(eback());
+    else
+      delete[] eback();
+  }
+  streambuf::operator=(__rhs);
+  __strmode_ = __rhs.__strmode_;
+  __alsize_  = __rhs.__alsize_;
+  __palloc_  = __rhs.__palloc_;
+  __pfree_   = __rhs.__pfree_;
+  __rhs.setg(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+  __rhs.setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI istrstream : public istream {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit istrstream(const char* __s) : istream(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, 0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit istrstream(char* __s) : istream(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, 0) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI istrstream(const char* __s, streamsize __n) : istream(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, __n) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI istrstream(char* __s, streamsize __n) : istream(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, __n) {}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI istrstream(istrstream&& __rhs) // extension
+      : istream(std::move(static_cast<istream&>(__rhs))), __sb_(std::move(__rhs.__sb_)) {
+    istream::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI istrstream& operator=(istrstream&& __rhs) {
+    __sb_ = std::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    istream::operator=(std::move(__rhs));
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  ~istrstream() override;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(istrstream& __rhs) {
+    istream::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstreambuf* rdbuf() const { return const_cast<strstreambuf*>(&__sb_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* str() { return __sb_.str(); }
+
+private:
+  strstreambuf __sb_;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI ostrstream : public ostream {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostrstream() : ostream(&__sb_) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostrstream(char* __s, int __n, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::out)
+      : ostream(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, __n, __s + (__mode & ios::app ? std::strlen(__s) : 0)) {}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostrstream(ostrstream&& __rhs) // extension
+      : ostream(std::move(static_cast<ostream&>(__rhs))), __sb_(std::move(__rhs.__sb_)) {
+    ostream::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ostrstream& operator=(ostrstream&& __rhs) {
+    __sb_ = std::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    ostream::operator=(std::move(__rhs));
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  ~ostrstream() override;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(ostrstream& __rhs) {
+    ostream::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstreambuf* rdbuf() const { return const_cast<strstreambuf*>(&__sb_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void freeze(bool __freezefl = true) { __sb_.freeze(__freezefl); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* str() { return __sb_.str(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int pcount() const { return __sb_.pcount(); }
+
+private:
+  strstreambuf __sb_; // exposition only
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_DEPRECATED _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI strstream : public iostream {
+public:
+  // Types
+  typedef char char_type;
+  typedef char_traits<char>::int_type int_type;
+  typedef char_traits<char>::pos_type pos_type;
+  typedef char_traits<char>::off_type off_type;
+
+  // constructors/destructor
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstream() : iostream(&__sb_) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstream(char* __s, int __n, ios_base::openmode __mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out)
+      : iostream(&__sb_), __sb_(__s, __n, __s + (__mode & ios::app ? std::strlen(__s) : 0)) {}
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstream(strstream&& __rhs) // extension
+      : iostream(std::move(static_cast<iostream&>(__rhs))), __sb_(std::move(__rhs.__sb_)) {
+    iostream::set_rdbuf(&__sb_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstream& operator=(strstream&& __rhs) {
+    __sb_ = std::move(__rhs.__sb_);
+    iostream::operator=(std::move(__rhs));
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  ~strstream() override;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(strstream& __rhs) {
+    iostream::swap(__rhs);
+    __sb_.swap(__rhs.__sb_);
+  }
+
+  // Members:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strstreambuf* rdbuf() const { return const_cast<strstreambuf*>(&__sb_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void freeze(bool __freezefl = true) { __sb_.freeze(__freezefl); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI int pcount() const { return __sb_.pcount(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI char* str() { return __sb_.str(); }
+
+private:
+  strstreambuf __sb_; // exposition only
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER < 26 || defined(_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_STRSTREAM) || defined(_LIBCPP_BUILDING_LIBRARY)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STRSTREAM

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/syncstream b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/syncstream
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e6f35b6f428eda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/syncstream
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SYNCSTREAM
+#define _LIBCPP_SYNCSTREAM
+
+/*
+    syncstream synopsis
+
+#include <ostream>  // see [ostream.syn]
+
+namespace std {
+    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+    class basic_syncbuf;
+
+    // [syncstream.syncbuf.special], specialized algorithms
+    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+      void swap(basic_syncbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>&,
+                basic_syncbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>&);
+
+    using syncbuf = basic_syncbuf<char>;
+    using wsyncbuf = basic_syncbuf<wchar_t>;
+
+    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+    class basic_osyncstream;
+
+    using osyncstream = basic_osyncstream<char>;
+    using wosyncstream = basic_osyncstream<wchar_t>;
+
+    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+    class basic_syncbuf : public basic_streambuf<charT, traits> {
+    public:
+        using char_type      = charT;
+        using int_type       = typename traits::int_type;
+        using pos_type       = typename traits::pos_type;
+        using off_type       = typename traits::off_type;
+        using traits_type    = traits;
+        using allocator_type = Allocator;
+
+        using streambuf_type = basic_streambuf<charT, traits>;
+
+        // [syncstream.syncbuf.cons], construction and destruction
+        explicit basic_syncbuf(streambuf_type* obuf = nullptr)
+          : basic_syncbuf(obuf, Allocator()) {}
+        basic_syncbuf(streambuf_type*, const Allocator&);
+        basic_syncbuf(basic_syncbuf&&);
+        ~basic_syncbuf();
+
+        // [syncstream.syncbuf.assign], assignment and swap
+        basic_syncbuf& operator=(basic_syncbuf&&);
+        void swap(basic_syncbuf&);
+
+        // [syncstream.syncbuf.members], member functions
+        bool emit();
+        streambuf_type* get_wrapped() const noexcept;
+        allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+        void set_emit_on_sync(bool) noexcept;
+
+    protected:
+        // [syncstream.syncbuf.virtuals], overridden virtual functions
+        int sync() override;
+
+    private:
+        streambuf_type* wrapped;    // exposition only
+        bool emit_on_sync{};        // exposition only
+    };
+
+    // [syncstream.syncbuf.special], specialized algorithms
+    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+    void swap(basic_syncbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>&,
+              basic_syncbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>&);
+
+    template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
+    class basic_osyncstream : public basic_ostream<charT, traits> {
+    public:
+        using char_type   = charT;
+        using int_type    = typename traits::int_type;
+        using pos_type    = typename traits::pos_type;
+        using off_type    = typename traits::off_type;
+        using traits_type = traits;
+
+        using allocator_type = Allocator;
+        using streambuf_type = basic_streambuf<charT, traits>;
+        using syncbuf_type   = basic_syncbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>;
+
+        // [syncstream.osyncstream.cons], construction and destruction
+        basic_osyncstream(streambuf_type*, const Allocator&);
+        explicit basic_osyncstream(streambuf_type* obuf)
+          : basic_osyncstream(obuf, Allocator()) {}
+        basic_osyncstream(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const Allocator& allocator)
+          : basic_osyncstream(os.rdbuf(), allocator) {}
+        explicit basic_osyncstream(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os)
+          : basic_osyncstream(os, Allocator()) {}
+        basic_osyncstream(basic_osyncstream&&) noexcept;
+        ~basic_osyncstream();
+
+        // [syncstream.osyncstream.assign], assignment
+        basic_osyncstream& operator=(basic_osyncstream&&);
+
+        // [syncstream.osyncstream.members], member functions
+        void emit();
+        streambuf_type* get_wrapped() const noexcept;
+        syncbuf_type* rdbuf() const noexcept { return const_cast<syncbuf_type*>(addressof(sb)); }
+
+    private:
+        syncbuf_type sb;    // exposition only
+    };
+}
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <ios>
+#include <iosfwd> // required for declaration of default arguments
+#include <streambuf>
+#include <string>
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+#  include <map>
+#  include <mutex>
+#  include <shared_mutex>
+#endif
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [syncstream.syn]
+#include <ostream>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_SYNCSTREAM)
+
+// [syncstream.syncbuf.overview]/1
+//   Class template basic_syncbuf stores character data written to it,
+//   known as the associated output, into internal buffers allocated
+//   using the object's allocator. The associated output is transferred
+//   to the wrapped stream buffer object *wrapped when emit() is called
+//   or when the basic_syncbuf object is destroyed. Such transfers are
+//   atomic with respect to transfers by other basic_syncbuf objects
+//   with the same wrapped stream buffer object.
+//
+// This helper singleton is used to implement the required
+// synchronisation guarantees.
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+class __wrapped_streambuf_mutex {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __wrapped_streambuf_mutex() = default;
+
+public:
+  __wrapped_streambuf_mutex(const __wrapped_streambuf_mutex&)            = delete;
+  __wrapped_streambuf_mutex& operator=(const __wrapped_streambuf_mutex&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __inc_reference([[maybe_unused]] void* __ptr) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__ptr != nullptr, "non-wrapped streambufs are never written to");
+    unique_lock __lock{__mutex_};
+    ++__lut_[reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(__ptr)].__count;
+  }
+
+  // pre: __ptr is in __lut_
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __dec_reference([[maybe_unused]] void* __ptr) noexcept {
+    unique_lock __lock{__mutex_};
+
+    auto __it = __get_it(__ptr);
+    if (__it->second.__count == 1)
+      __lut_.erase(__it);
+    else
+      --__it->second.__count;
+  }
+
+  // TODO
+  // This function causes emit() aquire two mutexes:
+  // - __mutex_ shared
+  // _ __get_it(__ptr)->second.__mutex exclusive
+  //
+  // Instead store a pointer to __get_it(__ptr)->second.__mutex when
+  // calling __inc_reference.
+  //
+  // pre: __ptr is in __lut_
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI lock_guard<mutex> __get_lock([[maybe_unused]] void* __ptr) noexcept {
+    shared_lock __lock{__mutex_};
+    return lock_guard{__get_it(__ptr)->second.__mutex};
+  }
+
+  // This function is used for testing.
+  //
+  // It is allowed to call this function with a non-registered pointer.
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t __get_count([[maybe_unused]] void* __ptr) noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__ptr != nullptr, "non-wrapped streambufs are never written to");
+    shared_lock __lock{__mutex_};
+
+    auto __it = __lut_.find(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(__ptr));
+    return __it != __lut_.end() ? __it->second.__count : 0;
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __wrapped_streambuf_mutex& __instance() noexcept {
+    static __wrapped_streambuf_mutex __result;
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+private:
+  struct __value {
+    mutex __mutex;
+    size_t __count{0};
+  };
+
+  shared_mutex __mutex_;
+  map<uintptr_t, __value> __lut_;
+
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI map<uintptr_t, __value>::iterator __get_it(void* __ptr) noexcept {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__ptr != nullptr, "non-wrapped streambufs are never written to");
+
+    auto __it = __lut_.find(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(__ptr));
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__it != __lut_.end(), "using a wrapped streambuf that has not been registered");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__it->second.__count >= 1, "found an inactive streambuf wrapper");
+    return __it;
+  }
+};
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+
+// basic_syncbuf
+
+// The class uses a basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> as
+// internal buffer. Per [syncstream.syncbuf.cons]/4
+//   Remarks: A copy of allocator is used to allocate memory for
+//   internal buffers holding the associated output.
+//
+// Therefore the allocator used in the constructor is passed to the
+// basic_string. The class does not keep a copy of this allocator.
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_syncbuf : public basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  using char_type      = _CharT;
+  using traits_type    = _Traits;
+  using int_type       = typename traits_type::int_type;
+  using pos_type       = typename traits_type::pos_type;
+  using off_type       = typename traits_type::off_type;
+  using allocator_type = _Allocator;
+
+  using streambuf_type = basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>;
+
+  // [syncstream.syncbuf.cons], construction and destruction
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_syncbuf(streambuf_type* __obuf = nullptr)
+      : basic_syncbuf(__obuf, _Allocator()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_syncbuf(streambuf_type* __obuf, _Allocator const& __alloc)
+      : __wrapped_(__obuf), __str_(__alloc) {
+    __inc_reference();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_syncbuf(basic_syncbuf&& __other)
+      : __wrapped_(__other.get_wrapped()), __str_(std::move(__other.__str_)), __emit_on_sync_(__other.__emit_on_sync_) {
+    __move_common(__other);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~basic_syncbuf() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      emit();
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+    }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    __dec_reference();
+  }
+
+  // [syncstream.syncbuf.assign], assignment and swap
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_syncbuf& operator=(basic_syncbuf&& __other) {
+    // The function is specified to call emit. This call should
+    // propagate the exception thrown.
+    emit();
+    __dec_reference();
+
+    __wrapped_      = __other.get_wrapped();
+    __str_          = std::move(__other.__str_);
+    __emit_on_sync_ = __other.__emit_on_sync_;
+
+    __move_common(__other);
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(basic_syncbuf& __other) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        allocator_traits<_Allocator>::propagate_on_container_swap::value || get_allocator() == __other.get_allocator(),
+        "violates the mandated swap precondition");
+
+    basic_syncbuf __tmp(std::move(__other));
+    __other = std::move(*this);
+    *this   = std::move(__tmp);
+  }
+
+  // [syncstream.syncbuf.members], member functions
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool emit() { return emit(false); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streambuf_type* get_wrapped() const noexcept { return __wrapped_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept { return __str_.get_allocator(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void set_emit_on_sync(bool __b) noexcept { __emit_on_sync_ = __b; }
+
+protected:
+  // [syncstream.syncbuf.virtuals], overridden virtual functions
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL
+  int sync() override {
+    if (__emit_on_sync_ && !emit(true))
+      return -1;
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_VIRTUAL
+  int_type overflow(int_type __c = traits_type::eof()) override {
+    if (traits_type::eq_int_type(__c, traits_type::eof()))
+      return traits_type::not_eof(__c);
+
+    if (this->pptr() == this->epptr()) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      try {
+#  endif
+        size_t __size = __str_.size();
+        __str_.resize(__str_.capacity() + 1);
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(__str_.size() > __size, "the buffer hasn't grown");
+
+        char_type* __p = static_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+        this->setp(__p, __p + __str_.size());
+        this->pbump(__size);
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      } catch (...) {
+        return traits_type::eof();
+      }
+#  endif
+    }
+
+    return this->sputc(traits_type::to_char_type(__c));
+  }
+
+private:
+  streambuf_type* __wrapped_;
+
+  // TODO Use a more generic buffer.
+  // That buffer should be light with almost no additional headers. Then
+  // it can be use here, the __retarget_buffer, and place that use
+  // the now deprecated get_temporary_buffer
+
+  basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator> __str_;
+  bool __emit_on_sync_{false};
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool emit(bool __flush) {
+    if (!__wrapped_)
+      return false;
+
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+    lock_guard<mutex> __lock = __wrapped_streambuf_mutex::__instance().__get_lock(__wrapped_);
+#  endif
+
+    bool __result = true;
+    if (this->pptr() != this->pbase()) {
+      _LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL(this->pbase() && this->pptr() && this->epptr(), "all put area pointers shold be valid");
+
+      // The __str_ does not know how much of its buffer is used. This
+      // information is extracted from the information of the base class.
+      __result &= (__wrapped_->sputn(this->pbase(), this->pptr() - this->pbase()) != -1);
+      // Clears the buffer, but keeps the contents (and) size of the
+      // internal buffer.
+      this->setp(this->pbase(), this->epptr());
+    }
+
+    if (__flush)
+      __result &= (__wrapped_->pubsync() != -1);
+
+    return __result;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_common(basic_syncbuf& __other) {
+    // Adjust the put area pointers to our buffer.
+    char_type* __p = static_cast<char_type*>(__str_.data());
+    this->setp(__p, __p + __str_.size());
+    this->pbump(__other.pptr() - __other.pbase());
+
+    // Clear __other_ so the destructor will act as a NOP.
+    __other.setp(nullptr, nullptr);
+    __other.__wrapped_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __inc_reference() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+    if (__wrapped_)
+      __wrapped_streambuf_mutex::__instance().__inc_reference(__wrapped_);
+#  endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __dec_reference() noexcept {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS
+    if (__wrapped_)
+      __wrapped_streambuf_mutex::__instance().__dec_reference(__wrapped_);
+#  endif
+  }
+};
+
+using std::syncbuf;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using std::wsyncbuf;
+#  endif
+
+// [syncstream.syncbuf.special], specialized algorithms
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(basic_syncbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __lhs, basic_syncbuf<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>& __rhs) {
+  __lhs.swap(__rhs);
+}
+
+// basic_osyncstream
+
+template <class _CharT, class _Traits, class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS basic_osyncstream : public basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits> {
+public:
+  using char_type   = _CharT;
+  using traits_type = _Traits;
+  using int_type    = typename traits_type::int_type;
+  using pos_type    = typename traits_type::pos_type;
+  using off_type    = typename traits_type::off_type;
+
+  using allocator_type = _Allocator;
+  using streambuf_type = basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>;
+  using syncbuf_type   = basic_syncbuf<char_type, traits_type, allocator_type>;
+
+  // [syncstream.osyncstream.cons], construction and destruction
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_osyncstream(streambuf_type* __obuf, allocator_type const& __alloc)
+      : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(__obuf, __alloc) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_osyncstream(streambuf_type* __obuf)
+      : basic_osyncstream(__obuf, allocator_type()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_osyncstream(basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>& __os, allocator_type const& __alloc)
+      : basic_osyncstream(__os.rdbuf(), __alloc) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit basic_osyncstream(basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>& __os)
+      : basic_osyncstream(__os, allocator_type()) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_osyncstream(basic_osyncstream&& __other) noexcept
+      : basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>(std::addressof(__sb_)), __sb_(std::move(__other.__sb_)) {
+    this->set_rdbuf(std::addressof(__sb_));
+  }
+
+  // [syncstream.osyncstream.assign], assignment
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI basic_osyncstream& operator=(basic_osyncstream&& __other) = default;
+
+  // [syncstream.osyncstream.members], member functions
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void emit() {
+    // The basic_ostream::put places the sentry in a try
+    // catch, this does not match the wording of the standard
+    // [ostream.unformatted]
+    // TODO validate other unformatted output functions.
+    typename basic_ostream<char_type, traits_type>::sentry __s(*this);
+    if (__s) {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      try {
+#  endif
+
+        if (__sb_.emit() == false)
+          this->setstate(ios::badbit);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      } catch (...) {
+        this->__set_badbit_and_consider_rethrow();
+      }
+#  endif
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI streambuf_type* get_wrapped() const noexcept { return __sb_.get_wrapped(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI syncbuf_type* rdbuf() const noexcept {
+    return const_cast<syncbuf_type*>(std::addressof(__sb_));
+  }
+
+private:
+  syncbuf_type __sb_;
+};
+
+using std::osyncstream;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+using std::wosyncstream;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_SYNCSTREAM)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_SYNCSTREAM

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/system_error b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/system_error
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..eeab347788a9a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/system_error
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_SYSTEM_ERROR
+#define _LIBCPP_SYSTEM_ERROR
+
+/*
+    system_error synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class error_category
+{
+public:
+    virtual ~error_category() noexcept;
+
+    constexpr error_category();
+    error_category(const error_category&) = delete;
+    error_category& operator=(const error_category&) = delete;
+
+    virtual const char* name() const noexcept = 0;
+    virtual error_condition default_error_condition(int ev) const noexcept;
+    virtual bool equivalent(int code, const error_condition& condition) const noexcept;
+    virtual bool equivalent(const error_code& code, int condition) const noexcept;
+    virtual string message(int ev) const = 0;
+
+    bool operator==(const error_category& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator!=(const error_category& rhs) const noexcept;              // removed in C++20
+    bool operator<(const error_category& rhs) const noexcept;               // removed in C++20
+    strong_ordering operator<=>(const error_category& rhs) const noexcept;  // C++20
+};
+
+const error_category& generic_category() noexcept;
+const error_category& system_category() noexcept;
+
+template <class T> struct is_error_code_enum
+    : public false_type {};
+
+template <class T> struct is_error_condition_enum
+    : public false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_error_condition_enum_v = is_error_condition_enum<_Tp>::value; // C++17
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr bool is_error_code_enum_v = is_error_code_enum<_Tp>::value; // C++17
+
+class error_code
+{
+public:
+    // constructors:
+    error_code() noexcept;
+    error_code(int val, const error_category& cat) noexcept;
+    template <class ErrorCodeEnum>
+        error_code(ErrorCodeEnum e) noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    void assign(int val, const error_category& cat) noexcept;
+    template <class ErrorCodeEnum>
+        error_code& operator=(ErrorCodeEnum e) noexcept;
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    // observers:
+    int value() const noexcept;
+    const error_category& category() const noexcept;
+    error_condition default_error_condition() const noexcept;
+    string message() const;
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+};
+
+// non-member functions:
+template <class charT, class traits>
+    basic_ostream<charT,traits>&
+    operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& os, const error_code& ec);
+
+class error_condition
+{
+public:
+    // constructors:
+    error_condition() noexcept;
+    error_condition(int val, const error_category& cat) noexcept;
+    template <class ErrorConditionEnum>
+        error_condition(ErrorConditionEnum e) noexcept;
+
+    // modifiers:
+    void assign(int val, const error_category& cat) noexcept;
+    template <class ErrorConditionEnum>
+        error_condition& operator=(ErrorConditionEnum e) noexcept;
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    // observers:
+    int value() const noexcept;
+    const error_category& category() const noexcept;
+    string message() const noexcept;
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+};
+
+class system_error
+    : public runtime_error
+{
+public:
+    system_error(error_code ec, const string& what_arg);
+    system_error(error_code ec, const char* what_arg);
+    system_error(error_code ec);
+    system_error(int ev, const error_category& ecat, const string& what_arg);
+    system_error(int ev, const error_category& ecat, const char* what_arg);
+    system_error(int ev, const error_category& ecat);
+
+    const error_code& code() const noexcept;
+    const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <> struct is_error_condition_enum<errc>
+    : true_type { }
+
+error_code make_error_code(errc e) noexcept;
+error_condition make_error_condition(errc e) noexcept;
+
+// Comparison operators:
+bool operator==(const error_code& lhs, const error_code& rhs) noexcept;
+bool operator==(const error_code& lhs, const error_condition& rhs) noexcept;
+bool operator==(const error_condition& lhs, const error_code& rhs) noexcept;                  // removed in C++20
+bool operator==(const error_condition& lhs, const error_condition& rhs) noexcept;
+bool operator!=(const error_code& lhs, const error_code& rhs) noexcept;                       // removed in C++20
+bool operator!=(const error_code& lhs, const error_condition& rhs) noexcept;                  // removed in C++20
+bool operator!=(const error_condition& lhs, const error_code& rhs) noexcept;                  // removed in C++20
+bool operator!=(const error_condition& lhs, const error_condition& rhs) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+bool operator<(const error_condition& lhs, const error_condition& rhs) noexcept;              // removed in C++20
+bool operator<(const error_code& lhs, const error_code& rhs) noexcept;                        // removed in C++20
+strong_ordering operator<=>(const error_code& lhs, const error_code& rhs) noexcept;           // C++20
+strong_ordering operator<=>(const error_condition& lhs, const error_condition& rhs) noexcept; // C++20
+
+template <> struct hash<std::error_code>;
+template <> struct hash<std::error_condition>;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__system_error/errc.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_category.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_code.h>
+#include <__system_error/error_condition.h>
+#include <__system_error/system_error.h>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [system.error.syn]
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstdint>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <limits>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_SYSTEM_ERROR

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/tgmath.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/tgmath.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e6f0a4ab2611fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/tgmath.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_TGMATH_H
+#define _LIBCPP_TGMATH_H
+
+/*
+    tgmath.h synopsis
+
+#include <ctgmath>
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#  include <ctgmath>
+#else
+#  if __has_include_next(<tgmath.h>)
+#    include_next <tgmath.h>
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_TGMATH_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/thread b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/thread
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..25cb7ce6d7231e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/thread
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_THREAD
+#define _LIBCPP_THREAD
+
+/*
+
+    thread synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class thread
+{
+public:
+    class id;
+    typedef pthread_t native_handle_type;
+
+    thread() noexcept;
+    template <class F, class ...Args> explicit thread(F&& f, Args&&... args);
+    ~thread();
+
+    thread(const thread&) = delete;
+    thread(thread&& t) noexcept;
+
+    thread& operator=(const thread&) = delete;
+    thread& operator=(thread&& t) noexcept;
+
+    void swap(thread& t) noexcept;
+
+    bool joinable() const noexcept;
+    void join();
+    void detach();
+    id get_id() const noexcept;
+    native_handle_type native_handle();
+
+    static unsigned hardware_concurrency() noexcept;
+};
+
+void swap(thread& x, thread& y) noexcept;
+
+class thread::id
+{
+public:
+    id() noexcept;
+};
+
+bool operator==(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
+bool operator!=(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+bool operator< (thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+bool operator<=(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+bool operator> (thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+bool operator>=(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;             // removed in C++20
+strong_ordering operator<=>(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept; // C++20
+
+template<class charT, class traits>
+basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
+operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& out, thread::id id);
+
+template<class charT>
+struct formatter<thread::id, charT>;
+
+namespace this_thread
+{
+
+thread::id get_id() noexcept;
+
+void yield() noexcept;
+
+template <class Clock, class Duration>
+void sleep_until(const chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& abs_time);
+
+template <class Rep, class Period>
+void sleep_for(const chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& rel_time);
+
+}  // this_thread
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#  include <__thread/formatter.h>
+#  include <__thread/jthread.h>
+#  include <__thread/support.h>
+#  include <__thread/this_thread.h>
+#  include <__thread/thread.h>
+#  include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [thread.syn]
+#  include <compare>
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES)
+#  include <cstddef>
+#  include <ctime>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <ratio>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+#  include <chrono>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <system_error>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_THREAD

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/tuple b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/tuple
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..081b90c7bbec54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/tuple
@@ -0,0 +1,1419 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_TUPLE
+#define _LIBCPP_TUPLE
+
+// clang-format off
+
+/*
+    tuple synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class... T>
+class tuple {
+public:
+    explicit(see-below) constexpr tuple();
+    explicit(see-below) tuple(const T&...);  // constexpr in C++14
+    template <class... U>
+        explicit(see-below) tuple(U&&...);  // constexpr in C++14
+    tuple(const tuple&) = default;
+    tuple(tuple&&) = default;
+
+    template<class... UTypes>
+        constexpr explicit(see-below) tuple(tuple<UTypes...>&);  // C++23
+    template <class... U>
+        explicit(see-below) tuple(const tuple<U...>&);  // constexpr in C++14
+    template <class... U>
+        explicit(see-below) tuple(tuple<U...>&&);  // constexpr in C++14
+    template<class... UTypes>
+        constexpr explicit(see-below) tuple(const tuple<UTypes...>&&); // C++23
+
+    template<class U1, class U2>
+        constexpr explicit(see-below) tuple(pair<U1, U2>&);  // iff sizeof...(Types) == 2 // C++23
+    template <class U1, class U2>
+        explicit(see-below) tuple(const pair<U1, U2>&); // iff sizeof...(T) == 2 // constexpr in C++14
+    template <class U1, class U2>
+        explicit(see-below) tuple(pair<U1, U2>&&); // iff sizeof...(T) == 2  // constexpr in C++14
+    template<class U1, class U2>
+        constexpr explicit(see-below) tuple(const pair<U1, U2>&&);  // iff sizeof...(Types) == 2 // C++23
+
+    // allocator-extended constructors
+    template <class Alloc>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a);
+    template <class Alloc>
+        explicit(see-below) tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, const T&...);          // constexpr in C++20
+    template <class Alloc, class... U>
+        explicit(see-below) tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, U&&...);               // constexpr in C++20
+    template <class Alloc>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, const tuple&);                             // constexpr in C++20
+    template <class Alloc>
+        tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, tuple&&);                                  // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class Alloc, class... UTypes>
+        constexpr explicit(see-below)
+          tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, tuple<UTypes...>&);                      // C++23
+    template <class Alloc, class... U>
+        explicit(see-below) tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, const tuple<U...>&);   // constexpr in C++20
+    template <class Alloc, class... U>
+        explicit(see-below) tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, tuple<U...>&&);        // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class Alloc, class... UTypes>
+        constexpr explicit(see-below)
+          tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, const tuple<UTypes...>&&);               // C++23
+    template<class Alloc, class U1, class U2>
+        constexpr explicit(see-below)
+          tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, pair<U1, U2>&);                          // C++23
+    template <class Alloc, class U1, class U2>
+        explicit(see-below) tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, const pair<U1, U2>&);  // constexpr in C++20
+    template <class Alloc, class U1, class U2>
+        explicit(see-below) tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, pair<U1, U2>&&);       // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class Alloc, class U1, class U2>
+        constexpr explicit(see-below)
+          tuple(allocator_arg_t, const Alloc& a, const pair<U1, U2>&&);                   // C++23
+
+    tuple& operator=(const tuple&);                                                       // constexpr in C++20
+    constexpr const tuple& operator=(const tuple&) const;                                 // C++23
+    tuple& operator=(tuple&&) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<T> && ...);           // constexpr in C++20
+    constexpr const tuple& operator=(tuple&&) const;                                      // C++23
+    template <class... U>
+        tuple& operator=(const tuple<U...>&);                                             // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class... UTypes>
+        constexpr const tuple& operator=(const tuple<UTypes...>&) const;                  // C++23
+    template <class... U>
+        tuple& operator=(tuple<U...>&&);                                                  // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class... UTypes>
+        constexpr const tuple& operator=(tuple<UTypes...>&&) const;                       // C++23
+    template <class U1, class U2>
+        tuple& operator=(const pair<U1, U2>&); // iff sizeof...(T) == 2                   // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class U1, class U2>
+        constexpr const tuple& operator=(const pair<U1, U2>&) const;   // iff sizeof...(Types) == 2 // C++23
+    template <class U1, class U2>
+        tuple& operator=(pair<U1, U2>&&); // iff sizeof...(T) == 2                        // constexpr in C++20
+    template<class U1, class U2>
+        constexpr const tuple& operator=(pair<U1, U2>&&) const;  // iff sizeof...(Types) == 2 // C++23
+
+    template<class U, size_t N>
+        tuple& operator=(array<U, N> const&) // iff sizeof...(T) == N, EXTENSION
+    template<class U, size_t N>
+        tuple& operator=(array<U, N>&&) // iff sizeof...(T) == N, EXTENSION
+
+    void swap(tuple&) noexcept(AND(swap(declval<T&>(), declval<T&>())...));               // constexpr in C++20
+    constexpr void swap(const tuple&) const noexcept(see-below);                          // C++23
+};
+
+
+template<class... TTypes, class... UTypes, template<class> class TQual, template<class> class UQual> // since C++23
+  requires requires { typename tuple<common_reference_t<TQual<TTypes>, UQual<UTypes>>...>; }
+struct basic_common_reference<tuple<TTypes...>, tuple<UTypes...>, TQual, UQual> {
+  using type = tuple<common_reference_t<TQual<TTypes>, UQual<UTypes>>...>;
+};
+
+template<class... TTypes, class... UTypes>                                // since C++23
+  requires requires { typename tuple<common_type_t<TTypes, UTypes>...>; }
+struct common_type<tuple<TTypes...>, tuple<UTypes...>> {
+  using type = tuple<common_type_t<TTypes, UTypes>...>;
+};
+
+template <class ...T>
+tuple(T...) -> tuple<T...>;                                         // since C++17
+template <class T1, class T2>
+tuple(pair<T1, T2>) -> tuple<T1, T2>;                               // since C++17
+template <class Alloc, class ...T>
+tuple(allocator_arg_t, Alloc, T...) -> tuple<T...>;                 // since C++17
+template <class Alloc, class T1, class T2>
+tuple(allocator_arg_t, Alloc, pair<T1, T2>) -> tuple<T1, T2>;       // since C++17
+template <class Alloc, class ...T>
+tuple(allocator_arg_t, Alloc, tuple<T...>) -> tuple<T...>;          // since C++17
+
+struct ignore-type { // exposition only                             // Since C++26
+  constexpr const ignore-type&
+    operator=(const auto &) const noexcept
+      { return *this; }
+};
+inline constexpr ignore-type ignore;
+
+template <class... T> tuple<V...>  make_tuple(T&&...); // constexpr in C++14
+template <class... T> tuple<ATypes...> forward_as_tuple(T&&...) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+template <class... T> tuple<T&...> tie(T&...) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+template <class... Tuples> tuple<CTypes...> tuple_cat(Tuples&&... tpls); // constexpr in C++14
+
+// [tuple.apply], calling a function with a tuple of arguments:
+template <class F, class Tuple>
+  constexpr decltype(auto) apply(F&& f, Tuple&& t) noexcept(see below);  // C++17 noexcept since C++23
+template <class T, class Tuple>
+  constexpr T make_from_tuple(Tuple&& t); // C++17
+
+// 20.4.1.4, tuple helper classes:
+template <class T> struct tuple_size; // undefined
+template <class... T> struct tuple_size<tuple<T...>>;
+template <class T>
+ inline constexpr size_t tuple_size_v = tuple_size<T>::value; // C++17
+template <size_t I, class T> struct tuple_element; // undefined
+template <size_t I, class... T> struct tuple_element<I, tuple<T...>>;
+template <size_t I, class T>
+  using tuple_element_t = typename tuple_element <I, T>::type; // C++14
+
+// 20.4.1.5, element access:
+template <size_t I, class... T>
+    typename tuple_element<I, tuple<T...>>::type&
+    get(tuple<T...>&) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+template <size_t I, class... T>
+    const typename tuple_element<I, tuple<T...>>::type&
+    get(const tuple<T...>&) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+template <size_t I, class... T>
+    typename tuple_element<I, tuple<T...>>::type&&
+    get(tuple<T...>&&) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+template <size_t I, class... T>
+    const typename tuple_element<I, tuple<T...>>::type&&
+    get(const tuple<T...>&&) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+
+template <class T1, class... T>
+    constexpr T1& get(tuple<T...>&) noexcept;  // C++14
+template <class T1, class... T>
+    constexpr const T1& get(const tuple<T...>&) noexcept;   // C++14
+template <class T1, class... T>
+    constexpr T1&& get(tuple<T...>&&) noexcept;   // C++14
+template <class T1, class... T>
+    constexpr const T1&& get(const tuple<T...>&&) noexcept;   // C++14
+
+// 20.4.1.6, relational operators:
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator==(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&); // constexpr in C++14
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator<(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&);  // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator!=(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&); // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator>(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&);  // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator<=(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&); // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template<class... T, class... U> bool operator>=(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&); // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template<class... T, class... U>
+  constexpr common_comparison_category_t<synth-three-way-result<T, U>...>
+    operator<=>(const tuple<T...>&, const tuple<U...>&);                                  // since C++20
+
+template <class... Types, class Alloc>
+  struct uses_allocator<tuple<Types...>, Alloc>;
+
+template <class... Types>
+  void
+  swap(tuple<Types...>& x, tuple<Types...>& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class... Types>
+  constexpr void swap(const tuple<Types...>& x, const tuple<Types...>& y) noexcept(see-below);   // C++23
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#include <__compare/common_comparison_category.h>
+#include <__compare/synth_three_way.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__fwd/array.h>
+#include <__fwd/pair.h>
+#include <__fwd/tuple.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_arg_t.h>
+#include <__memory/uses_allocator.h>
+#include <__tuple/find_index.h>
+#include <__tuple/ignore.h>
+#include <__tuple/make_tuple_types.h>
+#include <__tuple/sfinae_helpers.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_element.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_indices.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_like_ext.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_types.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/copy_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/disjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_empty.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_final.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_implicitly_default_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/lazy.h>
+#include <__type_traits/maybe_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/nat.h>
+#include <__type_traits/negation.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/unwrap_ref.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/piecewise_construct.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [tuple.syn]
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+// __tuple_leaf
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Hp, bool = is_empty<_Hp>::value && !__libcpp_is_final<_Hp>::value >
+class __tuple_leaf;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Hp, bool _Ep>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+swap(__tuple_leaf<_Ip, _Hp, _Ep>& __x, __tuple_leaf<_Ip, _Hp, _Ep>& __y) noexcept(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Hp>) {
+  swap(__x.get(), __y.get());
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Hp, bool _Ep>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+swap(const __tuple_leaf<_Ip, _Hp, _Ep>& __x,
+     const __tuple_leaf<_Ip, _Hp, _Ep>& __y) noexcept(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<const _Hp>) {
+  swap(__x.get(), __y.get());
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Hp, bool>
+class __tuple_leaf {
+  _Hp __value_;
+
+  template <class _Tp>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __can_bind_reference() {
+#  if __has_keyword(__reference_binds_to_temporary)
+    return !__reference_binds_to_temporary(_Hp, _Tp);
+#  else
+    return true;
+#  endif
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __tuple_leaf& operator=(const __tuple_leaf&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __tuple_leaf() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Hp>::value) : __value_() {
+    static_assert(!is_reference<_Hp>::value, "Attempted to default construct a reference element in a tuple");
+  }
+
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 0>, const _Alloc&) : __value_() {
+    static_assert(!is_reference<_Hp>::value, "Attempted to default construct a reference element in a tuple");
+  }
+
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 1>, const _Alloc& __a)
+      : __value_(allocator_arg_t(), __a) {
+    static_assert(!is_reference<_Hp>::value, "Attempted to default construct a reference element in a tuple");
+  }
+
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 2>, const _Alloc& __a) : __value_(__a) {
+    static_assert(!is_reference<_Hp>::value, "Attempted to default construct a reference element in a tuple");
+  }
+
+  template <
+      class _Tp,
+      __enable_if_t<_And<_IsNotSame<__remove_cvref_t<_Tp>, __tuple_leaf>, is_constructible<_Hp, _Tp> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit __tuple_leaf(_Tp&& __t) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible<_Hp, _Tp>::value)
+      : __value_(std::forward<_Tp>(__t)) {
+    static_assert(__can_bind_reference<_Tp&&>(),
+                  "Attempted construction of reference element binds to a temporary whose lifetime has ended");
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 0>, const _Alloc&, _Tp&& __t)
+      : __value_(std::forward<_Tp>(__t)) {
+    static_assert(__can_bind_reference<_Tp&&>(),
+                  "Attempted construction of reference element binds to a temporary whose lifetime has ended");
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 1>, const _Alloc& __a, _Tp&& __t)
+      : __value_(allocator_arg_t(), __a, std::forward<_Tp>(__t)) {
+    static_assert(!is_reference<_Hp>::value, "Attempted to uses-allocator construct a reference element in a tuple");
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 2>, const _Alloc& __a, _Tp&& __t)
+      : __value_(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), __a) {
+    static_assert(!is_reference<_Hp>::value, "Attempted to uses-allocator construct a reference element in a tuple");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tuple_leaf(const __tuple_leaf& __t) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __tuple_leaf(__tuple_leaf&& __t)      = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 int
+  swap(__tuple_leaf& __t) noexcept(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<__tuple_leaf>) {
+    std::swap(*this, __t);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 int swap(const __tuple_leaf& __t) const
+      noexcept(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<const __tuple_leaf>) {
+    std::swap(*this, __t);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Hp& get() _NOEXCEPT { return __value_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Hp& get() const _NOEXCEPT { return __value_; }
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Hp>
+class __tuple_leaf<_Ip, _Hp, true> : private _Hp {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __tuple_leaf& operator=(const __tuple_leaf&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __tuple_leaf() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Hp>::value) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 0>, const _Alloc&) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 1>, const _Alloc& __a)
+      : _Hp(allocator_arg_t(), __a) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 2>, const _Alloc& __a) : _Hp(__a) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _IsNotSame<__remove_cvref_t<_Tp>, __tuple_leaf>, is_constructible<_Hp, _Tp> >::value,
+                           int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit __tuple_leaf(_Tp&& __t) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible<_Hp, _Tp>::value)
+      : _Hp(std::forward<_Tp>(__t)) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 0>, const _Alloc&, _Tp&& __t)
+      : _Hp(std::forward<_Tp>(__t)) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 1>, const _Alloc& __a, _Tp&& __t)
+      : _Hp(allocator_arg_t(), __a, std::forward<_Tp>(__t)) {}
+
+  template <class _Tp, class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit __tuple_leaf(integral_constant<int, 2>, const _Alloc& __a, _Tp&& __t)
+      : _Hp(std::forward<_Tp>(__t), __a) {}
+
+  __tuple_leaf(__tuple_leaf const&) = default;
+  __tuple_leaf(__tuple_leaf&&)      = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 int
+  swap(__tuple_leaf& __t) noexcept(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<__tuple_leaf>) {
+    std::swap(*this, __t);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 int swap(const __tuple_leaf& __rhs) const
+      noexcept(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<const __tuple_leaf>) {
+    std::swap(*this, __rhs);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 _Hp& get() _NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<_Hp&>(*this); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const _Hp& get() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<const _Hp&>(*this);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void __swallow(_Tp&&...) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __all_default_constructible;
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+struct __all_default_constructible<__tuple_types<_Tp...>> : __all<is_default_constructible<_Tp>::value...> {};
+
+// __tuple_impl
+
+template <class _Indx, class... _Tp>
+struct __tuple_impl;
+
+template <size_t... _Indx, class... _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_DECLSPEC_EMPTY_BASES __tuple_impl<__tuple_indices<_Indx...>, _Tp...>
+    : public __tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>... {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __tuple_impl() noexcept(
+      __all<is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Tp>::value...>::value) {}
+
+  template <size_t... _Uf, class... _Tf, size_t... _Ul, class... _Tl, class... _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit __tuple_impl(
+      __tuple_indices<_Uf...>,
+      __tuple_types<_Tf...>,
+      __tuple_indices<_Ul...>,
+      __tuple_types<_Tl...>,
+      _Up&&... __u) noexcept(__all<is_nothrow_constructible<_Tf, _Up>::value...>::value &&
+                             __all<is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Tl>::value...>::value)
+      : __tuple_leaf<_Uf, _Tf>(std::forward<_Up>(__u))..., __tuple_leaf<_Ul, _Tl>()... {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc, size_t... _Uf, class... _Tf, size_t... _Ul, class... _Tl, class... _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit __tuple_impl(
+      allocator_arg_t,
+      const _Alloc& __a,
+      __tuple_indices<_Uf...>,
+      __tuple_types<_Tf...>,
+      __tuple_indices<_Ul...>,
+      __tuple_types<_Tl...>,
+      _Up&&... __u)
+      : __tuple_leaf<_Uf, _Tf>(__uses_alloc_ctor<_Tf, _Alloc, _Up>(), __a, std::forward<_Up>(__u))...,
+        __tuple_leaf<_Ul, _Tl>(__uses_alloc_ctor<_Tl, _Alloc>(), __a)... {}
+
+  template <class _Tuple, __enable_if_t<__tuple_constructible<_Tuple, tuple<_Tp...> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __tuple_impl(_Tuple&& __t) noexcept(
+      (__all<is_nothrow_constructible<
+           _Tp,
+           typename tuple_element<_Indx, typename __make_tuple_types<_Tuple>::type>::type>::value...>::value))
+      : __tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>(
+            std::forward<typename tuple_element<_Indx, typename __make_tuple_types<_Tuple>::type>::type>(
+                std::get<_Indx>(__t)))... {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc, class _Tuple, __enable_if_t<__tuple_constructible<_Tuple, tuple<_Tp...> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 __tuple_impl(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _Tuple&& __t)
+      : __tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>(
+            __uses_alloc_ctor<_Tp,
+                              _Alloc,
+                              typename tuple_element<_Indx, typename __make_tuple_types<_Tuple>::type>::type>(),
+            __a,
+            std::forward<typename tuple_element<_Indx, typename __make_tuple_types<_Tuple>::type>::type>(
+                std::get<_Indx>(__t)))... {}
+
+  __tuple_impl(const __tuple_impl&) = default;
+  __tuple_impl(__tuple_impl&&)      = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+  swap(__tuple_impl& __t) noexcept(__all<__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp>...>::value) {
+    std::__swallow(__tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>::swap(static_cast<__tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>&>(__t))...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void swap(const __tuple_impl& __t) const
+      noexcept(__all<__is_nothrow_swappable_v<const _Tp>...>::value) {
+    std::__swallow(__tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>::swap(static_cast<const __tuple_leaf<_Indx, _Tp>&>(__t))...);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Dest, class _Source, size_t... _Np>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__memberwise_copy_assign(_Dest& __dest, _Source const& __source, __tuple_indices<_Np...>) {
+  std::__swallow(((std::get<_Np>(__dest) = std::get<_Np>(__source)), void(), 0)...);
+}
+
+template <class _Dest, class _Source, class... _Up, size_t... _Np>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 void
+__memberwise_forward_assign(_Dest& __dest, _Source&& __source, __tuple_types<_Up...>, __tuple_indices<_Np...>) {
+  std::__swallow(((std::get<_Np>(__dest) = std::forward<_Up>(std::get<_Np>(__source))), void(), 0)...);
+}
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple {
+  typedef __tuple_impl<typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type, _Tp...> _BaseT;
+
+  _BaseT __base_;
+
+  template <size_t _Jp, class... _Up>
+  friend _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename tuple_element<_Jp, tuple<_Up...> >::type& get(tuple<_Up...>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <size_t _Jp, class... _Up>
+  friend _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const typename tuple_element<_Jp, tuple<_Up...> >::type&
+  get(const tuple<_Up...>&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <size_t _Jp, class... _Up>
+  friend _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename tuple_element<_Jp, tuple<_Up...> >::type&&
+  get(tuple<_Up...>&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+  template <size_t _Jp, class... _Up>
+  friend _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const typename tuple_element<_Jp, tuple<_Up...> >::type&&
+  get(const tuple<_Up...>&&) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+public:
+  using __trivially_relocatable = __conditional_t<_And<__libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_Tp>...>::value, tuple, void>;
+
+  // [tuple.cnstr]
+
+  // tuple() constructors (including allocator_arg_t variants)
+  template <template <class...> class _IsImpDefault                = __is_implicitly_default_constructible,
+            template <class...> class _IsDefault                   = is_default_constructible,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _IsDefault<_Tp>... >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(_Not<_Lazy<_And, _IsImpDefault<_Tp>...> >::value)
+      tuple() noexcept(_And<is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Tp>...>::value) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc,
+            template <class...> class _IsImpDefault                = __is_implicitly_default_constructible,
+            template <class...> class _IsDefault                   = is_default_constructible,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _IsDefault<_Tp>... >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit(_Not<_Lazy<_And, _IsImpDefault<_Tp>...> >::value)
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, _Alloc const& __a)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(),
+                __a,
+                __tuple_indices<>(),
+                __tuple_types<>(),
+                typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp), 0>::type(),
+                __tuple_types<_Tp...>()) {}
+
+  // tuple(const T&...) constructors (including allocator_arg_t variants)
+  template <template <class...> class _And = _And,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _BoolConstant<sizeof...(_Tp) >= 1>, is_copy_constructible<_Tp>... >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit(_Not<_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<const _Tp&, _Tp>...> >::value)
+      tuple(const _Tp&... __t) noexcept(_And<is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Tp>...>::value)
+      : __base_(typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Tp)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_indices<0>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, 0>::type(),
+                __t...) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc,
+            template <class...> class _And = _And,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _BoolConstant<sizeof...(_Tp) >= 1>, is_copy_constructible<_Tp>... >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit(_Not<_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<const _Tp&, _Tp>...> >::value)
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, const _Tp&... __t)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(),
+                __a,
+                typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Tp)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_indices<0>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, 0>::type(),
+                __t...) {}
+
+  // tuple(U&& ...) constructors (including allocator_arg_t variants)
+  template <class... _Up>
+  struct _IsThisTuple : false_type {};
+  template <class _Up>
+  struct _IsThisTuple<_Up> : is_same<__remove_cvref_t<_Up>, tuple> {};
+
+  template <class... _Up>
+  struct _EnableUTypesCtor
+      : _And< _BoolConstant<sizeof...(_Tp) >= 1>,
+              _Not<_IsThisTuple<_Up...> >, // extension to allow mis-behaved user constructors
+              is_constructible<_Tp, _Up>... > {};
+
+  template <class... _Up,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _BoolConstant<sizeof...(_Up) == sizeof...(_Tp)>, _EnableUTypesCtor<_Up...> >::value,
+                           int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit(_Not<_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<_Up, _Tp>...> >::value)
+      tuple(_Up&&... __u) noexcept(_And<is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, _Up>...>::value)
+      : __base_(typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp), sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Tp), sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                std::forward<_Up>(__u)...) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc,
+            class... _Up,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _BoolConstant<sizeof...(_Up) == sizeof...(_Tp)>, _EnableUTypesCtor<_Up...> >::value,
+                           int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit(_Not<_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<_Up, _Tp>...> >::value)
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, _Up&&... __u)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(),
+                __a,
+                typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp), sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                typename __make_tuple_types<tuple, sizeof...(_Tp), sizeof...(_Up)>::type(),
+                std::forward<_Up>(__u)...) {}
+
+  // Copy and move constructors (including the allocator_arg_t variants)
+  tuple(const tuple&) = default;
+  tuple(tuple&&)      = default;
+
+  template <class _Alloc,
+            template <class...> class _And                                  = _And,
+            __enable_if_t< _And<is_copy_constructible<_Tp>...>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __alloc, const tuple& __t)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(), __alloc, __t) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc,
+            template <class...> class _And                                  = _And,
+            __enable_if_t< _And<is_move_constructible<_Tp>...>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __alloc, tuple&& __t)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(), __alloc, std::move(__t)) {}
+
+  // tuple(const tuple<U...>&) constructors (including allocator_arg_t variants)
+
+  template <class _OtherTuple, class _DecayedOtherTuple = __remove_cvref_t<_OtherTuple>, class = void>
+  struct _EnableCtorFromUTypesTuple : false_type {};
+
+  template <class _OtherTuple, class... _Up>
+  struct _EnableCtorFromUTypesTuple<
+      _OtherTuple,
+      tuple<_Up...>,
+      // the length of the packs needs to checked first otherwise the 2 packs cannot be expanded simultaneously below
+      __enable_if_t<sizeof...(_Up) == sizeof...(_Tp)>>
+      : _And<
+            // the two conditions below are not in spec. The purpose is to disable the UTypes Ctor when copy/move Ctor
+            // can work. Otherwise, is_constructible can trigger hard error in those cases
+            // https://godbolt.org/z/M94cGdKcE
+            _Not<is_same<_OtherTuple, const tuple&> >,
+            _Not<is_same<_OtherTuple, tuple&&> >,
+            is_constructible<_Tp, __copy_cvref_t<_OtherTuple, _Up> >...,
+            _Lazy<_Or,
+                  _BoolConstant<sizeof...(_Tp) != 1>,
+                  // _Tp and _Up are 1-element packs - the pack expansions look
+                  // weird to avoid tripping up the type traits in degenerate cases
+                  _Lazy<_And,
+                        _Not<is_same<_Tp, _Up> >...,
+                        _Not<is_convertible<_OtherTuple, _Tp> >...,
+                        _Not<is_constructible<_Tp, _OtherTuple> >... > > > {};
+
+  template <class... _Up, __enable_if_t< _And< _EnableCtorFromUTypesTuple<const tuple<_Up...>&> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit(_Not<_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<const _Up&, _Tp>...> >::value)
+      tuple(const tuple<_Up...>& __t) noexcept(_And<is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, const _Up&>...>::value)
+      : __base_(__t) {}
+
+  template <class... _Up,
+            class _Alloc,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _EnableCtorFromUTypesTuple<const tuple<_Up...>&> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit(_Not<_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<const _Up&, _Tp>...> >::value)
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, const tuple<_Up...>& __t)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(), __a, __t) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  // tuple(tuple<U...>&) constructors (including allocator_arg_t variants)
+
+  template <class... _Up, enable_if_t< _EnableCtorFromUTypesTuple<tuple<_Up...>&>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<_Up&, _Tp>...>::value) tuple(tuple<_Up...>& __t)
+      : __base_(__t) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc, class... _Up, enable_if_t< _EnableCtorFromUTypesTuple<tuple<_Up...>&>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<_Up&, _Tp>...>::value)
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __alloc, tuple<_Up...>& __t)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(), __alloc, __t) {}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+  // tuple(tuple<U...>&&) constructors (including allocator_arg_t variants)
+  template <class... _Up, __enable_if_t< _And< _EnableCtorFromUTypesTuple<tuple<_Up...>&&> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit(_Not<_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<_Up, _Tp>...> >::value)
+      tuple(tuple<_Up...>&& __t) noexcept(_And<is_nothrow_constructible<_Tp, _Up>...>::value)
+      : __base_(std::move(__t)) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc,
+            class... _Up,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _EnableCtorFromUTypesTuple<tuple<_Up...>&&> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit(_Not<_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<_Up, _Tp>...> >::value)
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, tuple<_Up...>&& __t)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(), __a, std::move(__t)) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  // tuple(const tuple<U...>&&) constructors (including allocator_arg_t variants)
+
+  template <class... _Up, enable_if_t< _EnableCtorFromUTypesTuple<const tuple<_Up...>&&>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<const _Up&&, _Tp>...>::value)
+      tuple(const tuple<_Up...>&& __t)
+      : __base_(std::move(__t)) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc,
+            class... _Up,
+            enable_if_t< _EnableCtorFromUTypesTuple<const tuple<_Up...>&&>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!_Lazy<_And, is_convertible<const _Up&&, _Tp>...>::value)
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __alloc, const tuple<_Up...>&& __t)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(), __alloc, std::move(__t)) {}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+  // tuple(const pair<U1, U2>&) constructors (including allocator_arg_t variants)
+
+  template <template <class...> class _Pred,
+            class _Pair,
+            class _DecayedPair = __remove_cvref_t<_Pair>,
+            class _Tuple       = tuple>
+  struct _CtorPredicateFromPair : false_type {};
+
+  template <template <class...> class _Pred, class _Pair, class _Up1, class _Up2, class _Tp1, class _Tp2>
+  struct _CtorPredicateFromPair<_Pred, _Pair, pair<_Up1, _Up2>, tuple<_Tp1, _Tp2> >
+      : _And< _Pred<_Tp1, __copy_cvref_t<_Pair, _Up1> >, _Pred<_Tp2, __copy_cvref_t<_Pair, _Up2> > > {};
+
+  template <class _Pair>
+  struct _EnableCtorFromPair : _CtorPredicateFromPair<is_constructible, _Pair> {};
+
+  template <class _Pair>
+  struct _NothrowConstructibleFromPair : _CtorPredicateFromPair<is_nothrow_constructible, _Pair> {};
+
+  template <class _Pair, class _DecayedPair = __remove_cvref_t<_Pair>, class _Tuple = tuple>
+  struct _BothImplicitlyConvertible : false_type {};
+
+  template <class _Pair, class _Up1, class _Up2, class _Tp1, class _Tp2>
+  struct _BothImplicitlyConvertible<_Pair, pair<_Up1, _Up2>, tuple<_Tp1, _Tp2> >
+      : _And< is_convertible<__copy_cvref_t<_Pair, _Up1>, _Tp1>, is_convertible<__copy_cvref_t<_Pair, _Up2>, _Tp2> > {};
+
+  template <class _Up1,
+            class _Up2,
+            template <class...> class _And                                                   = _And,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _EnableCtorFromPair<const pair<_Up1, _Up2>&> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit(_Not<_BothImplicitlyConvertible<const pair<_Up1, _Up2>&> >::value)
+      tuple(const pair<_Up1, _Up2>& __p) noexcept(_NothrowConstructibleFromPair<const pair<_Up1, _Up2>&>::value)
+      : __base_(__p) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc,
+            class _Up1,
+            class _Up2,
+            template <class...> class _And                                                   = _And,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _EnableCtorFromPair<const pair<_Up1, _Up2>&> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit(_Not<_BothImplicitlyConvertible<const pair<_Up1, _Up2>&> >::value)
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, const pair<_Up1, _Up2>& __p)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(), __a, __p) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  // tuple(pair<U1, U2>&) constructors (including allocator_arg_t variants)
+
+  template <class _U1, class _U2, enable_if_t< _EnableCtorFromPair<pair<_U1, _U2>&>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!_BothImplicitlyConvertible<pair<_U1, _U2>&>::value)
+      tuple(pair<_U1, _U2>& __p)
+      : __base_(__p) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc,
+            class _U1,
+            class _U2,
+            enable_if_t< _EnableCtorFromPair<std::pair<_U1, _U2>&>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!_BothImplicitlyConvertible<pair<_U1, _U2>&>::value)
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __alloc, pair<_U1, _U2>& __p)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(), __alloc, __p) {}
+#  endif
+
+  // tuple(pair<U1, U2>&&) constructors (including allocator_arg_t variants)
+
+  template <class _Up1,
+            class _Up2,
+            template <class...> class _And                                              = _And,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _EnableCtorFromPair<pair<_Up1, _Up2>&&> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 explicit(_Not<_BothImplicitlyConvertible<pair<_Up1, _Up2>&&> >::value)
+      tuple(pair<_Up1, _Up2>&& __p) noexcept(_NothrowConstructibleFromPair<pair<_Up1, _Up2>&&>::value)
+      : __base_(std::move(__p)) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc,
+            class _Up1,
+            class _Up2,
+            template <class...> class _And                                              = _And,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _EnableCtorFromPair<pair<_Up1, _Up2>&&> >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit(_Not<_BothImplicitlyConvertible<pair<_Up1, _Up2>&&> >::value)
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __a, pair<_Up1, _Up2>&& __p)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(), __a, std::move(__p)) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  // tuple(const pair<U1, U2>&&) constructors (including allocator_arg_t variants)
+
+  template <class _U1, class _U2, enable_if_t< _EnableCtorFromPair<const pair<_U1, _U2>&&>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!_BothImplicitlyConvertible<const pair<_U1, _U2>&&>::value)
+      tuple(const pair<_U1, _U2>&& __p)
+      : __base_(std::move(__p)) {}
+
+  template <class _Alloc,
+            class _U1,
+            class _U2,
+            enable_if_t< _EnableCtorFromPair<const pair<_U1, _U2>&&>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr explicit(!_BothImplicitlyConvertible<const pair<_U1, _U2>&&>::value)
+      tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc& __alloc, const pair<_U1, _U2>&& __p)
+      : __base_(allocator_arg_t(), __alloc, std::move(__p)) {}
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+  // [tuple.assign]
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple&
+  operator=(_If<_And<is_copy_assignable<_Tp>...>::value, tuple, __nat> const& __tuple)
+      noexcept(_And<is_nothrow_copy_assignable<_Tp>...>::value) {
+    std::__memberwise_copy_assign(*this, __tuple, typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const tuple& operator=(tuple const& __tuple) const
+    requires(_And<is_copy_assignable<const _Tp>...>::value)
+  {
+    std::__memberwise_copy_assign(*this, __tuple, typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const tuple& operator=(tuple&& __tuple) const
+    requires(_And<is_assignable<const _Tp&, _Tp>...>::value)
+  {
+    std::__memberwise_forward_assign(
+        *this, std::move(__tuple), __tuple_types<_Tp...>(), typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type());
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple&
+  operator=(_If<_And<is_move_assignable<_Tp>...>::value, tuple, __nat>&& __tuple)
+      noexcept(_And<is_nothrow_move_assignable<_Tp>...>::value) {
+    std::__memberwise_forward_assign(
+        *this, std::move(__tuple), __tuple_types<_Tp...>(), typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <
+      class... _Up,
+      __enable_if_t< _And< _BoolConstant<sizeof...(_Tp) == sizeof...(_Up)>, is_assignable<_Tp&, _Up const&>... >::value,
+                     int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple& operator=(tuple<_Up...> const& __tuple)
+      noexcept(_And<is_nothrow_assignable<_Tp&, _Up const&>...>::value) {
+    std::__memberwise_copy_assign(*this, __tuple, typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Up,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _BoolConstant<sizeof...(_Tp) == sizeof...(_Up)>, is_assignable<_Tp&, _Up>... >::value,
+                           int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple& operator=(tuple<_Up...>&& __tuple)
+      noexcept(_And<is_nothrow_assignable<_Tp&, _Up>...>::value) {
+    std::__memberwise_forward_assign(
+        *this, std::move(__tuple), __tuple_types<_Up...>(), typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class... _UTypes,
+            enable_if_t< _And<_BoolConstant<sizeof...(_Tp) == sizeof...(_UTypes)>,
+                              is_assignable<const _Tp&, const _UTypes&>...>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const tuple& operator=(const tuple<_UTypes...>& __u) const {
+    std::__memberwise_copy_assign(*this, __u, typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _UTypes,
+            enable_if_t< _And<_BoolConstant<sizeof...(_Tp) == sizeof...(_UTypes)>,
+                              is_assignable<const _Tp&, _UTypes>...>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const tuple& operator=(tuple<_UTypes...>&& __u) const {
+    std::__memberwise_forward_assign(
+        *this, __u, __tuple_types<_UTypes...>(), typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type());
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+  template <template <class...> class _Pred,
+            bool _Const,
+            class _Pair,
+            class _DecayedPair = __remove_cvref_t<_Pair>,
+            class _Tuple       = tuple>
+  struct _AssignPredicateFromPair : false_type {};
+
+  template <template <class...> class _Pred, bool _Const, class _Pair, class _Up1, class _Up2, class _Tp1, class _Tp2>
+  struct _AssignPredicateFromPair<_Pred, _Const, _Pair, pair<_Up1, _Up2>, tuple<_Tp1, _Tp2> >
+      : _And<_Pred<__maybe_const<_Const, _Tp1>&, __copy_cvref_t<_Pair, _Up1> >,
+             _Pred<__maybe_const<_Const, _Tp2>&, __copy_cvref_t<_Pair, _Up2> > > {};
+
+  template <bool _Const, class _Pair>
+  struct _EnableAssignFromPair : _AssignPredicateFromPair<is_assignable, _Const, _Pair> {};
+
+  template <bool _Const, class _Pair>
+  struct _NothrowAssignFromPair : _AssignPredicateFromPair<is_nothrow_assignable, _Const, _Pair> {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <class _U1, class _U2, enable_if_t< _EnableAssignFromPair<true, const pair<_U1, _U2>&>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const tuple& operator=(const pair<_U1, _U2>& __pair) const
+      noexcept(_NothrowAssignFromPair<true, const pair<_U1, _U2>&>::value) {
+    std::get<0>(*this) = __pair.first;
+    std::get<1>(*this) = __pair.second;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _U1, class _U2, enable_if_t< _EnableAssignFromPair<true, pair<_U1, _U2>&&>::value>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const tuple& operator=(pair<_U1, _U2>&& __pair) const
+      noexcept(_NothrowAssignFromPair<true, pair<_U1, _U2>&&>::value) {
+    std::get<0>(*this) = std::move(__pair.first);
+    std::get<1>(*this) = std::move(__pair.second);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+  template <class _Up1,
+            class _Up2,
+            __enable_if_t< _EnableAssignFromPair<false, pair<_Up1, _Up2> const&>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple& operator=(pair<_Up1, _Up2> const& __pair)
+      noexcept(_NothrowAssignFromPair<false, pair<_Up1, _Up2> const&>::value) {
+    std::get<0>(*this) = __pair.first;
+    std::get<1>(*this) = __pair.second;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up1, class _Up2, __enable_if_t< _EnableAssignFromPair<false, pair<_Up1, _Up2>&&>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple& operator=(pair<_Up1, _Up2>&& __pair)
+      noexcept(_NothrowAssignFromPair<false, pair<_Up1, _Up2>&&>::value) {
+    std::get<0>(*this) = std::forward<_Up1>(__pair.first);
+    std::get<1>(*this) = std::forward<_Up2>(__pair.second);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // EXTENSION
+  template <
+      class _Up,
+      size_t _Np,
+      __enable_if_t< _And< _BoolConstant<_Np == sizeof...(_Tp)>, is_assignable<_Tp&, _Up const&>... >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple& operator=(array<_Up, _Np> const& __array)
+      noexcept(_And<is_nothrow_assignable<_Tp&, _Up const&>...>::value) {
+    std::__memberwise_copy_assign(*this, __array, typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // EXTENSION
+  template <class _Up,
+            size_t _Np,
+            class = void,
+            __enable_if_t< _And< _BoolConstant<_Np == sizeof...(_Tp)>, is_assignable<_Tp&, _Up>... >::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple& operator=(array<_Up, _Np>&& __array)
+      noexcept(_And<is_nothrow_assignable<_Tp&, _Up>...>::value) {
+    std::__memberwise_forward_assign(
+        *this,
+        std::move(__array),
+        __tuple_types<_If<true, _Up, _Tp>...>(),
+        typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Tp)>::type());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // [tuple.swap]
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(tuple& __t)
+      noexcept(__all<__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp>...>::value) {
+    __base_.swap(__t.__base_);
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void swap(const tuple& __t) const
+      noexcept(__all<is_nothrow_swappable_v<const _Tp&>...>::value) {
+    __base_.swap(__t.__base_);
+  }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+};
+
+template <>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS tuple<> {
+public:
+  constexpr tuple() _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+  template <class _Alloc>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, const tuple&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple(array<_Up, 0>) _NOEXCEPT {}
+  template <class _Alloc, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 tuple(allocator_arg_t, const _Alloc&, array<_Up, 0>) _NOEXCEPT {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(tuple&) _NOEXCEPT {}
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void swap(const tuple&) const noexcept {}
+#  endif
+};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class... _TTypes, class... _UTypes, template <class> class _TQual, template <class> class _UQual>
+  requires requires { typename tuple<common_reference_t<_TQual<_TTypes>, _UQual<_UTypes>>...>; }
+struct basic_common_reference<tuple<_TTypes...>, tuple<_UTypes...>, _TQual, _UQual> {
+  using type = tuple<common_reference_t<_TQual<_TTypes>, _UQual<_UTypes>>...>;
+};
+
+template <class... _TTypes, class... _UTypes>
+  requires requires { typename tuple<common_type_t<_TTypes, _UTypes>...>; }
+struct common_type<tuple<_TTypes...>, tuple<_UTypes...>> {
+  using type = tuple<common_type_t<_TTypes, _UTypes>...>;
+};
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class... _Tp>
+tuple(_Tp...) -> tuple<_Tp...>;
+template <class _Tp1, class _Tp2>
+tuple(pair<_Tp1, _Tp2>) -> tuple<_Tp1, _Tp2>;
+template <class _Alloc, class... _Tp>
+tuple(allocator_arg_t, _Alloc, _Tp...) -> tuple<_Tp...>;
+template <class _Alloc, class _Tp1, class _Tp2>
+tuple(allocator_arg_t, _Alloc, pair<_Tp1, _Tp2>) -> tuple<_Tp1, _Tp2>;
+template <class _Alloc, class... _Tp>
+tuple(allocator_arg_t, _Alloc, tuple<_Tp...>) -> tuple<_Tp...>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class... _Tp, __enable_if_t<__all<__is_swappable_v<_Tp>...>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(tuple<_Tp...>& __t, tuple<_Tp...>& __u)
+    noexcept(__all<__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Tp>...>::value) {
+  __t.swap(__u);
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class... _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr enable_if_t<__all<is_swappable_v<const _Tp>...>::value, void>
+swap(const tuple<_Tp...>& __lhs,
+     const tuple<_Tp...>& __rhs) noexcept(__all<is_nothrow_swappable_v<const _Tp>...>::value) {
+  __lhs.swap(__rhs);
+}
+#  endif
+
+// get
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&
+get(tuple<_Tp...>& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type type;
+  return static_cast<__tuple_leaf<_Ip, type>&>(__t.__base_).get();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&
+get(const tuple<_Tp...>& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type type;
+  return static_cast<const __tuple_leaf<_Ip, type>&>(__t.__base_).get();
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&&
+get(tuple<_Tp...>&& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type type;
+  return static_cast<type&&>(static_cast<__tuple_leaf<_Ip, type>&&>(__t.__base_).get());
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 const typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type&&
+get(const tuple<_Tp...>&& __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG typename tuple_element<_Ip, tuple<_Tp...> >::type type;
+  return static_cast<const type&&>(static_cast<const __tuple_leaf<_Ip, type>&&>(__t.__base_).get());
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+
+template <class _T1, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1& get(tuple<_Args...>& __tup) noexcept {
+  return std::get<__find_exactly_one_t<_T1, _Args...>::value>(__tup);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1 const& get(tuple<_Args...> const& __tup) noexcept {
+  return std::get<__find_exactly_one_t<_T1, _Args...>::value>(__tup);
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1&& get(tuple<_Args...>&& __tup) noexcept {
+  return std::get<__find_exactly_one_t<_T1, _Args...>::value>(std::move(__tup));
+}
+
+template <class _T1, class... _Args>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _T1 const&& get(tuple<_Args...> const&& __tup) noexcept {
+  return std::get<__find_exactly_one_t<_T1, _Args...>::value>(std::move(__tup));
+}
+
+#  endif
+
+// tie
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 tuple<_Tp&...> tie(_Tp&... __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return tuple<_Tp&...>(__t...);
+}
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 tuple<typename __unwrap_ref_decay<_Tp>::type...>
+make_tuple(_Tp&&... __t) {
+  return tuple<typename __unwrap_ref_decay<_Tp>::type...>(std::forward<_Tp>(__t)...);
+}
+
+template <class... _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 tuple<_Tp&&...> forward_as_tuple(_Tp&&... __t) _NOEXCEPT {
+  return tuple<_Tp&&...>(std::forward<_Tp>(__t)...);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip>
+struct __tuple_equal {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Up& __y) {
+    return __tuple_equal<_Ip - 1>()(__x, __y) && std::get<_Ip - 1>(__x) == std::get<_Ip - 1>(__y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __tuple_equal<0> {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool operator()(const _Tp&, const _Up&) {
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class... _Tp, class... _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator==(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y) {
+  static_assert(sizeof...(_Tp) == sizeof...(_Up), "Can't compare tuples of 
diff erent sizes");
+  return __tuple_equal<sizeof...(_Tp)>()(__x, __y);
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// operator<=>
+
+template <class... _Tp, class... _Up, size_t... _Is>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto
+__tuple_compare_three_way(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y, index_sequence<_Is...>) {
+  common_comparison_category_t<__synth_three_way_result<_Tp, _Up>...> __result = strong_ordering::equal;
+  static_cast<void>(
+      ((__result = std::__synth_three_way(std::get<_Is>(__x), std::get<_Is>(__y)), __result != 0) || ...));
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <class... _Tp, class... _Up>
+  requires(sizeof...(_Tp) == sizeof...(_Up))
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr common_comparison_category_t<__synth_three_way_result<_Tp, _Up>...>
+operator<=>(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y) {
+  return std::__tuple_compare_three_way(__x, __y, index_sequence_for<_Tp...>{});
+}
+
+#  else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class... _Tp, class... _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator!=(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip>
+struct __tuple_less {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Up& __y) {
+    const size_t __idx = tuple_size<_Tp>::value - _Ip;
+    if (std::get<__idx>(__x) < std::get<__idx>(__y))
+      return true;
+    if (std::get<__idx>(__y) < std::get<__idx>(__x))
+      return false;
+    return __tuple_less<_Ip - 1>()(__x, __y);
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct __tuple_less<0> {
+  template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool operator()(const _Tp&, const _Up&) {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class... _Tp, class... _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator<(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y) {
+  static_assert(sizeof...(_Tp) == sizeof...(_Up), "Can't compare tuples of 
diff erent sizes");
+  return __tuple_less<sizeof...(_Tp)>()(__x, __y);
+}
+
+template <class... _Tp, class... _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator>(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class... _Tp, class... _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator>=(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class... _Tp, class... _Up>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 bool
+operator<=(const tuple<_Tp...>& __x, const tuple<_Up...>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+// tuple_cat
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Up>
+struct __tuple_cat_type;
+
+template <class... _Ttypes, class... _Utypes>
+struct __tuple_cat_type<tuple<_Ttypes...>, __tuple_types<_Utypes...> > {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG tuple<_Ttypes..., _Utypes...> type;
+};
+
+template <class _ResultTuple, bool _Is_Tuple0TupleLike, class... _Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_1 {};
+
+template <class... _Types, class _Tuple0>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_1<tuple<_Types...>, true, _Tuple0> {
+  using type _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+      typename __tuple_cat_type< tuple<_Types...>,
+                                 typename __make_tuple_types<__remove_cvref_t<_Tuple0> >::type >::type;
+};
+
+template <class... _Types, class _Tuple0, class _Tuple1, class... _Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_1<tuple<_Types...>, true, _Tuple0, _Tuple1, _Tuples...>
+    : public __tuple_cat_return_1<
+          typename __tuple_cat_type< tuple<_Types...>,
+                                     typename __make_tuple_types<__remove_cvref_t<_Tuple0> >::type >::type,
+          __tuple_like_ext<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tuple1> >::value,
+          _Tuple1,
+          _Tuples...> {};
+
+template <class... _Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return;
+
+template <class _Tuple0, class... _Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return<_Tuple0, _Tuples...>
+    : public __tuple_cat_return_1<tuple<>,
+                                  __tuple_like_ext<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tuple0> >::value,
+                                  _Tuple0,
+                                  _Tuples...> {};
+
+template <>
+struct __tuple_cat_return<> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG tuple<> type;
+};
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 tuple<> tuple_cat() { return tuple<>(); }
+
+template <class _Rp, class _Indices, class _Tuple0, class... _Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_ref_imp;
+
+template <class... _Types, size_t... _I0, class _Tuple0>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_ref_imp<tuple<_Types...>, __tuple_indices<_I0...>, _Tuple0> {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tuple0> _T0;
+  typedef tuple<_Types..., __copy_cvref_t<_Tuple0, typename tuple_element<_I0, _T0>::type>&&...> type;
+};
+
+template <class... _Types, size_t... _I0, class _Tuple0, class _Tuple1, class... _Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_ref_imp<tuple<_Types...>, __tuple_indices<_I0...>, _Tuple0, _Tuple1, _Tuples...>
+    : public __tuple_cat_return_ref_imp<
+          tuple<_Types...,
+                __copy_cvref_t<_Tuple0, typename tuple_element<_I0, __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tuple0>>::type>&&...>,
+          typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tuple1> >::value>::type,
+          _Tuple1,
+          _Tuples...> {};
+
+template <class _Tuple0, class... _Tuples>
+struct __tuple_cat_return_ref
+    : public __tuple_cat_return_ref_imp<
+          tuple<>,
+          typename __make_tuple_indices< tuple_size<__libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tuple0> >::value >::type,
+          _Tuple0,
+          _Tuples...> {};
+
+template <class _Types, class _I0, class _J0>
+struct __tuple_cat;
+
+template <class... _Types, size_t... _I0, size_t... _J0>
+struct __tuple_cat<tuple<_Types...>, __tuple_indices<_I0...>, __tuple_indices<_J0...> > {
+  template <class _Tuple0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14
+  typename __tuple_cat_return_ref<tuple<_Types...>&&, _Tuple0&&>::type
+  operator()(tuple<_Types...> __t, _Tuple0&& __t0) {
+    (void)__t; // avoid unused parameter warning on GCC when _I0 is empty
+    return std::forward_as_tuple(
+        std::forward<_Types>(std::get<_I0>(__t))..., std::get<_J0>(std::forward<_Tuple0>(__t0))...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tuple0, class _Tuple1, class... _Tuples>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14
+  typename __tuple_cat_return_ref<tuple<_Types...>&&, _Tuple0&&, _Tuple1&&, _Tuples&&...>::type
+  operator()(tuple<_Types...> __t, _Tuple0&& __t0, _Tuple1&& __t1, _Tuples&&... __tpls) {
+    (void)__t; // avoid unused parameter warning on GCC when _I0 is empty
+    typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tuple0> _T0;
+    typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tuple1> _T1;
+    return __tuple_cat<tuple<_Types..., __copy_cvref_t<_Tuple0, typename tuple_element<_J0, _T0>::type>&&...>,
+                       typename __make_tuple_indices<sizeof...(_Types) + tuple_size<_T0>::value>::type,
+                       typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size<_T1>::value>::type>()(
+        std::forward_as_tuple(
+            std::forward<_Types>(std::get<_I0>(__t))..., std::get<_J0>(std::forward<_Tuple0>(__t0))...),
+        std::forward<_Tuple1>(__t1),
+        std::forward<_Tuples>(__tpls)...);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tuple0, class... _Tuples>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX14 typename __tuple_cat_return<_Tuple0, _Tuples...>::type
+tuple_cat(_Tuple0&& __t0, _Tuples&&... __tpls) {
+  typedef _LIBCPP_NODEBUG __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_Tuple0> _T0;
+  return __tuple_cat<tuple<>, __tuple_indices<>, typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size<_T0>::value>::type>()(
+      tuple<>(), std::forward<_Tuple0>(__t0), std::forward<_Tuples>(__tpls)...);
+}
+
+template <class... _Tp, class _Alloc>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS uses_allocator<tuple<_Tp...>, _Alloc> : true_type {};
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#    define _LIBCPP_NOEXCEPT_RETURN(...)                                                                               \
+      noexcept(noexcept(__VA_ARGS__)) { return __VA_ARGS__; }
+
+// The _LIBCPP_NOEXCEPT_RETURN macro breaks formatting.
+// clang-format off
+template <class _Fn, class _Tuple, size_t... _Id>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto)
+__apply_tuple_impl(_Fn&& __f, _Tuple&& __t, __tuple_indices<_Id...>)
+    _LIBCPP_NOEXCEPT_RETURN(std::__invoke(std::forward<_Fn>(__f), std::get<_Id>(std::forward<_Tuple>(__t))...))
+
+template <class _Fn, class _Tuple>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) apply(_Fn&& __f, _Tuple&& __t)
+    _LIBCPP_NOEXCEPT_RETURN(std::__apply_tuple_impl(
+        std::forward<_Fn>(__f),
+        std::forward<_Tuple>(__t),
+        typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size_v<remove_reference_t<_Tuple>>>::type{}))
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, class _Tuple, size_t... _Idx>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp __make_from_tuple_impl(_Tuple&& __t, __tuple_indices<_Idx...>)
+  noexcept(noexcept(_Tp(std::get<_Idx>(std::forward<_Tuple>(__t))...)))
+  requires is_constructible_v<_Tp, decltype(std::get<_Idx>(std::forward<_Tuple>(__t)))...> {
+  return _Tp(std::get<_Idx>(std::forward<_Tuple>(__t))...);
+}
+#else
+template <class _Tp, class _Tuple, size_t... _Idx>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp __make_from_tuple_impl(_Tuple&& __t, __tuple_indices<_Idx...>,
+    enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, decltype(std::get<_Idx>(std::forward<_Tuple>(__t)))...>> * = nullptr)
+    _LIBCPP_NOEXCEPT_RETURN(_Tp(std::get<_Idx>(std::forward<_Tuple>(__t))...))
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Tuple,
+          class _Seq = typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size_v<remove_reference_t<_Tuple>>>::type, class = void>
+inline constexpr bool __can_make_from_tuple = false;
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Tuple, size_t... _Idx>
+inline constexpr bool __can_make_from_tuple<_Tp, _Tuple, __tuple_indices<_Idx...>,
+    enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, decltype(std::get<_Idx>(std::declval<_Tuple>()))...>>> = true;
+
+// Based on LWG3528(https://wg21.link/LWG3528) and http://eel.is/c++draft/description#structure.requirements-9,
+// the standard allows to impose requirements, we constraint std::make_from_tuple to make std::make_from_tuple
+// SFINAE friendly and also avoid worse diagnostic messages. We still keep the constraints of std::__make_from_tuple_impl
+// so that std::__make_from_tuple_impl will have the same advantages when used alone.
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, class _Tuple>
+  requires __can_make_from_tuple<_Tp, _Tuple> // strengthen
+#else
+template <class _Tp, class _Tuple, class = enable_if_t<__can_make_from_tuple<_Tp, _Tuple>>> // strengthen
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Tp make_from_tuple(_Tuple&& __t)
+    _LIBCPP_NOEXCEPT_RETURN(std::__make_from_tuple_impl<_Tp>(
+        std::forward<_Tuple>(__t), typename __make_tuple_indices<tuple_size_v<remove_reference_t<_Tuple>>>::type{}))
+#    undef _LIBCPP_NOEXCEPT_RETURN
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+#endif // !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <exception>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_TUPLE

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/type_traits b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/type_traits
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7f231cd09df510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/type_traits
@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_TYPE_TRAITS
+#define _LIBCPP_TYPE_TRAITS
+
+/*
+    type_traits synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+    // helper class:
+    template <class T, T v> struct integral_constant;
+    typedef integral_constant<bool, true>  true_type;   // C++11
+    typedef integral_constant<bool, false> false_type;  // C++11
+
+    template <bool B>                                   // C++14
+    using bool_constant = integral_constant<bool, B>;   // C++14
+    typedef bool_constant<true> true_type;              // C++14
+    typedef bool_constant<false> false_type;            // C++14
+
+    // helper traits
+    template <bool, class T = void> struct enable_if;
+    template <bool, class T, class F> struct conditional;
+
+    // Primary classification traits:
+    template <class T> struct is_void;
+    template <class T> struct is_null_pointer;  // C++14
+    template <class T> struct is_integral;
+    template <class T> struct is_floating_point;
+    template <class T> struct is_array;
+    template <class T> struct is_pointer;
+    template <class T> struct is_lvalue_reference;
+    template <class T> struct is_rvalue_reference;
+    template <class T> struct is_member_object_pointer;
+    template <class T> struct is_member_function_pointer;
+    template <class T> struct is_enum;
+    template <class T> struct is_union;
+    template <class T> struct is_class;
+    template <class T> struct is_function;
+
+    // Secondary classification traits:
+    template <class T> struct is_reference;
+    template <class T> struct is_arithmetic;
+    template <class T> struct is_fundamental;
+    template <class T> struct is_member_pointer;
+    template <class T> struct is_scoped_enum; // C++23
+    template <class T> struct is_scalar;
+    template <class T> struct is_object;
+    template <class T> struct is_compound;
+
+    // Const-volatile properties and transformations:
+    template <class T> struct is_const;
+    template <class T> struct is_volatile;
+    template <class T> struct remove_const;
+    template <class T> struct remove_volatile;
+    template <class T> struct remove_cv;
+    template <class T> struct add_const;
+    template <class T> struct add_volatile;
+    template <class T> struct add_cv;
+
+    // Reference transformations:
+    template <class T> struct remove_reference;
+    template <class T> struct add_lvalue_reference;
+    template <class T> struct add_rvalue_reference;
+
+    // Pointer transformations:
+    template <class T> struct remove_pointer;
+    template <class T> struct add_pointer;
+
+    template<class T> struct type_identity;                     // C++20
+    template<class T>
+      using type_identity_t = typename type_identity<T>::type;  // C++20
+
+    // Integral properties:
+    template <class T> struct is_signed;
+    template <class T> struct is_unsigned;
+    template <class T> struct make_signed;
+    template <class T> struct make_unsigned;
+
+    // Array properties and transformations:
+    template <class T> struct rank;
+    template <class T, unsigned I = 0> struct extent;
+    template <class T> struct remove_extent;
+    template <class T> struct remove_all_extents;
+
+    template <class T> struct is_bounded_array;                 // C++20
+    template <class T> struct is_unbounded_array;               // C++20
+
+    // Member introspection:
+    template <class T> struct is_pod;
+    template <class T> struct is_trivial;
+    template <class T> struct is_trivially_copyable;
+    template <class T> struct is_standard_layout;
+    template <class T> struct is_literal_type; // Deprecated in C++17; removed in C++20
+    template <class T> struct is_empty;
+    template <class T> struct is_polymorphic;
+    template <class T> struct is_abstract;
+    template <class T> struct is_final; // C++14
+    template <class T> struct is_aggregate; // C++17
+
+    template <class T, class... Args> struct is_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_default_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_copy_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_move_constructible;
+    template <class T, class U>       struct is_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_copy_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_move_assignable;
+    template <class T, class U>       struct is_swappable_with;       // C++17
+    template <class T>                struct is_swappable;            // C++17
+    template <class T>                struct is_destructible;
+
+    template <class T, class... Args> struct is_trivially_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_default_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_copy_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_move_constructible;
+    template <class T, class U>       struct is_trivially_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_copy_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_move_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_trivially_destructible;
+
+    template <class T, class... Args> struct is_nothrow_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_default_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_copy_constructible;
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_move_constructible;
+    template <class T, class U>       struct is_nothrow_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_copy_assignable;
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_move_assignable;
+    template <class T, class U>       struct is_nothrow_swappable_with; // C++17
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_swappable;      // C++17
+    template <class T>                struct is_nothrow_destructible;
+
+    template <class T> struct has_virtual_destructor;
+
+    template<class T> struct has_unique_object_representations;         // C++17
+
+    // Relationships between types:
+    template <class T, class U> struct is_same;
+    template <class Base, class Derived> struct is_base_of;
+
+    template <class From, class To> struct is_convertible;
+    template <typename From, typename To> struct is_nothrow_convertible;                  // C++20
+    template <typename From, typename To> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_convertible_v; // C++20
+
+    template <class Fn, class... ArgTypes> struct is_invocable;
+    template <class R, class Fn, class... ArgTypes> struct is_invocable_r;
+
+    template <class Fn, class... ArgTypes> struct is_nothrow_invocable;
+    template <class R, class Fn, class... ArgTypes> struct is_nothrow_invocable_r;
+
+    // Alignment properties and transformations:
+    template <class T> struct alignment_of;
+    template <size_t Len, size_t Align = most_stringent_alignment_requirement>
+        struct aligned_storage;                                 // deprecated in C++23
+    template <size_t Len, class... Types> struct aligned_union; // deprecated in C++23
+    template <class T> struct remove_cvref; // C++20
+
+    template <class T> struct decay;
+    template <class... T> struct common_type;
+    template <class T> struct underlying_type;
+    template <class> class result_of; // undefined; deprecated in C++17; removed in C++20
+    template <class Fn, class... ArgTypes> class result_of<Fn(ArgTypes...)>; // deprecated in C++17; removed in C++20
+    template <class Fn, class... ArgTypes> struct invoke_result;  // C++17
+
+    // const-volatile modifications:
+    template <class T>
+      using remove_const_t    = typename remove_const<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using remove_volatile_t = typename remove_volatile<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using remove_cv_t       = typename remove_cv<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using add_const_t       = typename add_const<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using add_volatile_t    = typename add_volatile<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using add_cv_t          = typename add_cv<T>::type;  // C++14
+
+    // reference modifications:
+    template <class T>
+      using remove_reference_t     = typename remove_reference<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using add_lvalue_reference_t = typename add_lvalue_reference<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using add_rvalue_reference_t = typename add_rvalue_reference<T>::type;  // C++14
+
+    // sign modifications:
+    template <class T>
+      using make_signed_t   = typename make_signed<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using make_unsigned_t = typename make_unsigned<T>::type;  // C++14
+
+    // array modifications:
+    template <class T>
+      using remove_extent_t      = typename remove_extent<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using remove_all_extents_t = typename remove_all_extents<T>::type;  // C++14
+
+    template <class T>
+      inline constexpr bool is_bounded_array_v
+        = is_bounded_array<T>::value;                                     // C++20
+      inline constexpr bool is_unbounded_array_v
+        = is_unbounded_array<T>::value;                                   // C++20
+
+    // pointer modifications:
+    template <class T>
+      using remove_pointer_t = typename remove_pointer<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using add_pointer_t    = typename add_pointer<T>::type;  // C++14
+
+    // other transformations:
+    template <size_t Len, size_t Align=default-alignment>
+      using aligned_storage_t = typename aligned_storage<Len,Align>::type;  // C++14
+    template <size_t Len, class... Types>
+      using aligned_union_t   = typename aligned_union<Len,Types...>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using remove_cvref_t    = typename remove_cvref<T>::type;  // C++20
+    template <class T>
+      using decay_t           = typename decay<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <bool b, class T=void>
+      using enable_if_t       = typename enable_if<b,T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <bool b, class T, class F>
+      using conditional_t     = typename conditional<b,T,F>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class... T>
+      using common_type_t     = typename common_type<T...>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using underlying_type_t = typename underlying_type<T>::type;  // C++14
+    template <class T>
+      using result_of_t       = typename result_of<T>::type;  // C++14; deprecated in C++17; removed in C++20
+    template <class Fn, class... ArgTypes>
+      using invoke_result_t   = typename invoke_result<Fn, ArgTypes...>::type;  // C++17
+
+    template <class...>
+      using void_t = void;   // C++17
+
+      // See C++14 20.10.4.1, primary type categories
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_void_v
+        = is_void<T>::value;                                             // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_null_pointer_v
+        = is_null_pointer<T>::value;                                     // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_integral_v
+        = is_integral<T>::value;                                         // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_floating_point_v
+        = is_floating_point<T>::value;                                   // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_array_v
+        = is_array<T>::value;                                            // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_pointer_v
+        = is_pointer<T>::value;                                          // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_lvalue_reference_v
+        = is_lvalue_reference<T>::value;                                 // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_rvalue_reference_v
+        = is_rvalue_reference<T>::value;                                 // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_member_object_pointer_v
+        = is_member_object_pointer<T>::value;                            // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_member_function_pointer_v
+        = is_member_function_pointer<T>::value;                          // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_enum_v
+        = is_enum<T>::value;                                             // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_union_v
+        = is_union<T>::value;                                            // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_class_v
+        = is_class<T>::value;                                            // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_function_v
+        = is_function<T>::value;                                         // C++17
+
+      // See C++14 20.10.4.2, composite type categories
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_reference_v
+        = is_reference<T>::value;                                        // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_arithmetic_v
+        = is_arithmetic<T>::value;                                       // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_fundamental_v
+        = is_fundamental<T>::value;                                      // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_object_v
+        = is_object<T>::value;                                           // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_scalar_v
+        = is_scalar<T>::value;                                           // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_compound_v
+        = is_compound<T>::value;                                         // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_member_pointer_v
+        = is_member_pointer<T>::value;                                   // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_scoped_enum_v
+        = is_scoped_enum<T>::value;                                      // C++23
+
+      // See C++14 20.10.4.3, type properties
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_const_v
+        = is_const<T>::value;                                            // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_volatile_v
+        = is_volatile<T>::value;                                         // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_trivial_v
+        = is_trivial<T>::value;                                          // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_trivially_copyable_v
+        = is_trivially_copyable<T>::value;                               // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_standard_layout_v
+        = is_standard_layout<T>::value;                                  // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_pod_v
+        = is_pod<T>::value;                                              // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_literal_type_v
+        = is_literal_type<T>::value;                                     // C++17; deprecated in C++17; removed in C++20
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_empty_v
+        = is_empty<T>::value;                                            // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_polymorphic_v
+        = is_polymorphic<T>::value;                                      // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_abstract_v
+        = is_abstract<T>::value;                                         // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_final_v
+        = is_final<T>::value;                                            // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_aggregate_v
+        = is_aggregate<T>::value;                                        // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_signed_v
+        = is_signed<T>::value;                                           // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_unsigned_v
+        = is_unsigned<T>::value;                                         // C++17
+      template <class T, class... Args> inline constexpr bool is_constructible_v
+        = is_constructible<T, Args...>::value;                           // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_default_constructible_v
+        = is_default_constructible<T>::value;                            // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_copy_constructible_v
+        = is_copy_constructible<T>::value;                               // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_move_constructible_v
+        = is_move_constructible<T>::value;                               // C++17
+      template <class T, class U> inline constexpr bool is_assignable_v
+        = is_assignable<T, U>::value;                                    // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_copy_assignable_v
+        = is_copy_assignable<T>::value;                                  // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_move_assignable_v
+        = is_move_assignable<T>::value;                                  // C++17
+      template <class T, class U> inline constexpr bool is_swappable_with_v
+        = is_swappable_with<T, U>::value;                                // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_swappable_v
+        = is_swappable<T>::value;                                        // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_destructible_v
+        = is_destructible<T>::value;                                     // C++17
+      template <class T, class... Args> inline constexpr bool is_trivially_constructible_v
+        = is_trivially_constructible<T, Args...>::value;                 // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_trivially_default_constructible_v
+        = is_trivially_default_constructible<T>::value;                  // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_trivially_copy_constructible_v
+        = is_trivially_copy_constructible<T>::value;                     // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_trivially_move_constructible_v
+        = is_trivially_move_constructible<T>::value;                     // C++17
+      template <class T, class U> inline constexpr bool is_trivially_assignable_v
+        = is_trivially_assignable<T, U>::value;                          // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_trivially_copy_assignable_v
+        = is_trivially_copy_assignable<T>::value;                        // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_trivially_move_assignable_v
+        = is_trivially_move_assignable<T>::value;                        // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_trivially_destructible_v
+        = is_trivially_destructible<T>::value;                           // C++17
+      template <class T, class... Args> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_constructible_v
+        = is_nothrow_constructible<T, Args...>::value;                   // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_default_constructible_v
+        = is_nothrow_default_constructible<T>::value;                    // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v
+        = is_nothrow_copy_constructible<T>::value;                       // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_move_constructible_v
+        = is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>::value;                       // C++17
+      template <class T, class U> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_assignable_v
+        = is_nothrow_assignable<T, U>::value;                            // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v
+        = is_nothrow_copy_assignable<T>::value;                          // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_move_assignable_v
+        = is_nothrow_move_assignable<T>::value;                          // C++17
+      template <class T, class U> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_swappable_with_v
+        = is_nothrow_swappable_with<T, U>::value;                       // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_swappable_v
+        = is_nothrow_swappable<T>::value;                               // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_destructible_v
+        = is_nothrow_destructible<T>::value;                             // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr bool has_virtual_destructor_v
+        = has_virtual_destructor<T>::value;                              // C++17
+      template<class T> inline constexpr bool has_unique_object_representations_v // C++17
+        = has_unique_object_representations<T>::value;
+
+      // See C++14 20.10.5, type property queries
+      template <class T> inline constexpr size_t alignment_of_v
+        = alignment_of<T>::value;                                        // C++17
+      template <class T> inline constexpr size_t rank_v
+        = rank<T>::value;                                                // C++17
+      template <class T, unsigned I = 0> inline constexpr size_t extent_v
+        = extent<T, I>::value;                                           // C++17
+
+      // See C++14 20.10.6, type relations
+      template <class T, class U> inline constexpr bool is_same_v
+        = is_same<T, U>::value;                                          // C++17
+      template <class Base, class Derived> inline constexpr bool is_base_of_v
+        = is_base_of<Base, Derived>::value;                              // C++17
+      template <class From, class To> inline constexpr bool is_convertible_v
+        = is_convertible<From, To>::value;                               // C++17
+      template <class Fn, class... ArgTypes> inline constexpr bool is_invocable_v
+        = is_invocable<Fn, ArgTypes...>::value;                          // C++17
+      template <class R, class Fn, class... ArgTypes> inline constexpr bool is_invocable_r_v
+        = is_invocable_r<R, Fn, ArgTypes...>::value;                     // C++17
+      template <class Fn, class... ArgTypes> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_invocable_v
+        = is_nothrow_invocable<Fn, ArgTypes...>::value;                  // C++17
+      template <class R, class Fn, class... ArgTypes> inline constexpr bool is_nothrow_invocable_r_v
+        = is_nothrow_invocable_r<R, Fn, ArgTypes...>::value;             // C++17
+
+      // [meta.logical], logical operator traits:
+      template<class... B> struct conjunction;                           // C++17
+      template<class... B>
+        inline constexpr bool conjunction_v = conjunction<B...>::value;  // C++17
+      template<class... B> struct disjunction;                           // C++17
+      template<class... B>
+        inline constexpr bool disjunction_v = disjunction<B...>::value;  // C++17
+      template<class B> struct negation;                                 // C++17
+      template<class B>
+        inline constexpr bool negation_v = negation<B>::value;           // C++17
+
+}
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__fwd/functional.h> // This is https://llvm.org/PR56938
+#include <__type_traits/add_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_lvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_rvalue_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_volatile.h>
+#include <__type_traits/aligned_storage.h>
+#include <__type_traits/aligned_union.h>
+#include <__type_traits/alignment_of.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conditional.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/enable_if.h>
+#include <__type_traits/extent.h>
+#include <__type_traits/has_virtual_destructor.h>
+#include <__type_traits/integral_constant.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_abstract.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_arithmetic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_base_of.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_class.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_compound.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_convertible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_destructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_empty.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_enum.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_floating_point.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_function.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_fundamental.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_integral.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_literal_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_member_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_destructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_object.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pod.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_polymorphic.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_scalar.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_standard_layout.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivial.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_copyable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_union.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_volatile.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_signed.h>
+#include <__type_traits/make_unsigned.h>
+#include <__type_traits/rank.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_all_extents.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_extent.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_volatile.h>
+#include <__type_traits/result_of.h>
+#include <__type_traits/underlying_type.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+#  include <__type_traits/is_final.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/is_null_pointer.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#  include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/disjunction.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/has_unique_object_representation.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/invoke.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/is_aggregate.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/is_swappable.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/negation.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__type_traits/common_reference.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/is_bounded_array.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_convertible.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/is_unbounded_array.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#  include <__type_traits/unwrap_ref.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_TYPE_TRAITS

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/typeindex b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/typeindex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..6398aa40d616a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/typeindex
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_TYPEINDEX
+#define _LIBCPP_TYPEINDEX
+
+/*
+
+    typeindex synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+class type_index
+{
+public:
+    type_index(const type_info& rhs) noexcept;
+
+    bool operator==(const type_index& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator!=(const type_index& rhs) const noexcept; // removed in C++20
+    bool operator< (const type_index& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator<=(const type_index& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator> (const type_index& rhs) const noexcept;
+    bool operator>=(const type_index& rhs) const noexcept;
+    strong_ordering operator<=>(const type_index& rhs) const noexcept; // C++20
+
+    size_t hash_code() const noexcept;
+    const char* name() const noexcept;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct hash<type_index>
+    : public unary_function<type_index, size_t>
+{
+    size_t operator()(type_index index) const noexcept;
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS type_index {
+  const type_info* __t_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI type_index(const type_info& __y) _NOEXCEPT : __t_(&__y) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT { return *__t_ == *__y.__t_; }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT { return *__t_ != *__y.__t_; }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT { return __t_->before(*__y.__t_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT { return !__y.__t_->before(*__t_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT { return __y.__t_->before(*__t_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const type_index& __y) const _NOEXCEPT { return !__t_->before(*__y.__t_); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI strong_ordering operator<=>(const type_index& __y) const noexcept {
+    if (*__t_ == *__y.__t_)
+      return strong_ordering::equal;
+    if (__t_->before(*__y.__t_))
+      return strong_ordering::less;
+    return strong_ordering::greater;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT { return __t_->hash_code(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char* name() const _NOEXCEPT { return __t_->name(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash;
+
+template <>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<type_index> : public __unary_function<type_index, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(type_index __index) const _NOEXCEPT { return __index.hash_code(); }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <new>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_TYPEINDEX

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/typeinfo b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/typeinfo
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2727cad02fa99a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/typeinfo
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO
+#define _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO
+
+/*
+
+    typeinfo synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+
+class type_info
+{
+public:
+    virtual ~type_info();
+
+    bool operator==(const type_info& rhs) const noexcept; // constexpr since C++23
+    bool operator!=(const type_info& rhs) const noexcept; // removed in C++20
+
+    bool before(const type_info& rhs) const noexcept;
+    size_t hash_code() const noexcept;
+    const char* name() const noexcept;
+
+    type_info(const type_info& rhs) = delete;
+    type_info& operator=(const type_info& rhs) = delete;
+};
+
+class bad_cast
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_cast() noexcept;
+    bad_cast(const bad_cast&) noexcept;
+    bad_cast& operator=(const bad_cast&) noexcept;
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+class bad_typeid
+    : public exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_typeid() noexcept;
+    bad_typeid(const bad_typeid&) noexcept;
+    bad_typeid& operator=(const bad_typeid&) noexcept;
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/exception.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constant_evaluated.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME)
+#  include <vcruntime_typeinfo.h>
+#else
+
+namespace std // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+{
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT)
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI type_info {
+  type_info& operator=(const type_info&);
+  type_info(const type_info&);
+
+  mutable struct {
+    const char* __undecorated_name;
+    const char __decorated_name[1];
+  } __data;
+
+  int __compare(const type_info& __rhs) const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+public:
+  virtual ~type_info();
+
+  const char* name() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool before(const type_info& __arg) const _NOEXCEPT { return __compare(__arg) < 0; }
+
+  size_t hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool operator==(const type_info& __arg) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    // When evaluated in a constant expression, both type infos simply can't come
+    // from 
diff erent translation units, so it is sufficient to compare their addresses.
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      return this == &__arg;
+    }
+    return __compare(__arg) == 0;
+  }
+
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const type_info& __arg) const _NOEXCEPT { return !operator==(__arg); }
+#    endif
+};
+
+#  else // !defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT)
+
+// ========================================================================== //
+//                           Implementations
+// ========================================================================== //
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
+//                               Unique
+//               (_LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION = 1)
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
+// This implementation of type_info assumes a unique copy of the RTTI for a
+// given type inside a program. This is a valid assumption when abiding to the
+// Itanium ABI (http://itanium-cxx-abi.github.io/cxx-abi/abi.html#vtable-components).
+// Under this assumption, we can always compare the addresses of the type names
+// to implement equality-comparison of type_infos instead of having to perform
+// a deep string comparison.
+// -------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
+//                             NonUnique
+//               (_LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION = 2)
+// -------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
+// This implementation of type_info does not assume there is always a unique
+// copy of the RTTI for a given type inside a program. For various reasons
+// the linker may have failed to merge every copy of a types RTTI
+// (For example: -Bsymbolic or llvm.org/PR37398). Under this assumption, two
+// type_infos are equal if their addresses are equal or if a deep string
+// comparison is equal.
+// -------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
+//                          NonUniqueARMRTTIBit
+//               (_LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION = 3)
+// -------------------------------------------------------------------------- //
+// This implementation is specific to ARM64 on Apple platforms.
+//
+// This implementation of type_info does not assume always a unique copy of
+// the RTTI for a given type inside a program. When constructing the type_info,
+// the compiler packs the pointer to the type name into a uintptr_t and reserves
+// the high bit of that pointer, which is assumed to be free for use under that
+// ABI. If that high bit is set, that specific copy of the RTTI can't be assumed
+// to be unique within the program. If the high bit is unset, then the RTTI can
+// be assumed to be unique within the program.
+//
+// When comparing type_infos, if both RTTIs can be assumed to be unique, it
+// suffices to compare their addresses. If both the RTTIs can't be assumed to
+// be unique, we must perform a deep string comparison of the type names.
+// However, if one of the RTTIs is guaranteed unique and the other one isn't,
+// then both RTTIs are necessarily not to be considered equal.
+//
+// The intent of this design is to remove the need for weak symbols. Specifically,
+// if a type would normally have a default-visibility RTTI emitted as a weak
+// symbol, it is given hidden visibility instead and the non-unique bit is set.
+// Otherwise, types declared with hidden visibility are always considered to have
+// a unique RTTI: the RTTI is emitted with linkonce_odr linkage and is assumed
+// to be deduplicated by the linker within the linked image. Across linked image
+// boundaries, such types are thus considered 
diff erent types.
+
+// This value can be overriden in the __config_site. When it's not overriden,
+// we pick a default implementation based on the platform here.
+#    ifndef _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION
+
+// Windows and AIX binaries can't merge typeinfos, so use the NonUnique implementation.
+#      if defined(_LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_COFF) || defined(_LIBCPP_OBJECT_FORMAT_XCOFF)
+#        define _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION 2
+
+// On arm64 on Apple platforms, use the special NonUniqueARMRTTIBit implementation.
+#      elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__LP64__) && !defined(__x86_64__)
+#        define _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION 3
+
+// On all other platforms, assume the Itanium C++ ABI and use the Unique implementation.
+#      else
+#        define _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION 1
+#      endif
+#    endif
+
+struct __type_info_implementations {
+  struct __string_impl_base {
+    typedef const char* __type_name_t;
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR static const char*
+    __type_name_to_string(__type_name_t __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __v;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR static __type_name_t
+    __string_to_type_name(const char* __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __v;
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct __unique_impl : __string_impl_base {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE static size_t __hash(__type_name_t __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return reinterpret_cast<size_t>(__v);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE static bool __eq(__type_name_t __lhs, __type_name_t __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __lhs == __rhs;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE static bool __lt(__type_name_t __lhs, __type_name_t __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __lhs < __rhs;
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct __non_unique_impl : __string_impl_base {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE static size_t __hash(__type_name_t __ptr) _NOEXCEPT {
+      size_t __hash = 5381;
+      while (unsigned char __c = static_cast<unsigned char>(*__ptr++))
+        __hash = (__hash * 33) ^ __c;
+      return __hash;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE static bool __eq(__type_name_t __lhs, __type_name_t __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __lhs == __rhs || __builtin_strcmp(__lhs, __rhs) == 0;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE static bool __lt(__type_name_t __lhs, __type_name_t __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return __builtin_strcmp(__lhs, __rhs) < 0;
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct __non_unique_arm_rtti_bit_impl {
+    typedef uintptr_t __type_name_t;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE static const char* __type_name_to_string(__type_name_t __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(__v & ~__non_unique_rtti_bit::value);
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE static __type_name_t __string_to_type_name(const char* __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return reinterpret_cast<__type_name_t>(__v);
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE static size_t __hash(__type_name_t __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+      if (__is_type_name_unique(__v))
+        return __v;
+      return __non_unique_impl::__hash(__type_name_to_string(__v));
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE static bool __eq(__type_name_t __lhs, __type_name_t __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+      if (__lhs == __rhs)
+        return true;
+      if (__is_type_name_unique(__lhs) || __is_type_name_unique(__rhs))
+        // Either both are unique and have a 
diff erent address, or one of them
+        // is unique and the other one isn't. In both cases they are unequal.
+        return false;
+      return __builtin_strcmp(__type_name_to_string(__lhs), __type_name_to_string(__rhs)) == 0;
+    }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_ALWAYS_INLINE static bool __lt(__type_name_t __lhs, __type_name_t __rhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+      if (__is_type_name_unique(__lhs) || __is_type_name_unique(__rhs))
+        return __lhs < __rhs;
+      return __builtin_strcmp(__type_name_to_string(__lhs), __type_name_to_string(__rhs)) < 0;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    // The unique bit is the top bit. It is expected that __type_name_t is 64 bits when
+    // this implementation is actually used.
+    typedef integral_constant<__type_name_t, (1ULL << ((__CHAR_BIT__ * sizeof(__type_name_t)) - 1))>
+        __non_unique_rtti_bit;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static bool __is_type_name_unique(__type_name_t __lhs) _NOEXCEPT {
+      return !(__lhs & __non_unique_rtti_bit::value);
+    }
+  };
+
+  typedef
+#    if _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION == 1
+      __unique_impl
+#    elif _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION == 2
+      __non_unique_impl
+#    elif _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION == 3
+      __non_unique_arm_rtti_bit_impl
+#    else
+#      error invalid configuration for _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO_COMPARISON_IMPLEMENTATION
+#    endif
+          __impl;
+};
+
+#    if __has_cpp_attribute(_Clang::__ptrauth_vtable_pointer__)
+#      if __has_feature(ptrauth_type_info_vtable_pointer_discrimination)
+#        define _LIBCPP_TYPE_INFO_VTABLE_POINTER_AUTH                                                                  \
+          [[_Clang::__ptrauth_vtable_pointer__(process_independent, address_discrimination, type_discrimination)]]
+#      else
+#        define _LIBCPP_TYPE_INFO_VTABLE_POINTER_AUTH                                                                  \
+          [[_Clang::__ptrauth_vtable_pointer__(                                                                        \
+              process_independent, no_address_discrimination, no_extra_discrimination)]]
+#      endif
+#    else
+#      define _LIBCPP_TYPE_INFO_VTABLE_POINTER_AUTH
+#    endif
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_TYPE_INFO_VTABLE_POINTER_AUTH type_info {
+  type_info& operator=(const type_info&);
+  type_info(const type_info&);
+
+protected:
+  typedef __type_info_implementations::__impl __impl;
+
+  __impl::__type_name_t __type_name;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit type_info(const char* __n) : __type_name(__impl::__string_to_type_name(__n)) {}
+
+public:
+  virtual ~type_info();
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const char* name() const _NOEXCEPT { return __impl::__type_name_to_string(__type_name); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool before(const type_info& __arg) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __impl::__lt(__type_name, __arg.__type_name);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT { return __impl::__hash(__type_name); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX23 bool operator==(const type_info& __arg) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    // When evaluated in a constant expression, both type infos simply can't come
+    // from 
diff erent translation units, so it is sufficient to compare their addresses.
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      return this == &__arg;
+    }
+    return __impl::__eq(__type_name, __arg.__type_name);
+  }
+
+#    if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const type_info& __arg) const _NOEXCEPT { return !operator==(__arg); }
+#    endif
+};
+#  endif // defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_MICROSOFT)
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bad_cast : public exception {
+public:
+  bad_cast() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_cast(const bad_cast&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_cast& operator=(const bad_cast&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~bad_cast() _NOEXCEPT override;
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bad_typeid : public exception {
+public:
+  bad_typeid() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_typeid(const bad_typeid&) _NOEXCEPT            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bad_typeid& operator=(const bad_typeid&) _NOEXCEPT = default;
+  ~bad_typeid() _NOEXCEPT override;
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#endif // defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME)
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME) && _HAS_EXCEPTIONS == 0
+
+namespace std {
+
+class bad_cast : public exception {
+public:
+  bad_cast() _NOEXCEPT : exception("bad cast") {}
+
+private:
+  bad_cast(const char* const __message) _NOEXCEPT : exception(__message) {}
+};
+
+class bad_typeid : public exception {
+public:
+  bad_typeid() _NOEXCEPT : exception("bad typeid") {}
+
+private:
+  bad_typeid(const char* const __message) _NOEXCEPT : exception(__message) {}
+};
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#endif // defined(_LIBCPP_ABI_VCRUNTIME) && _HAS_EXCEPTIONS == 0
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_bad_cast() {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw bad_cast();
+#else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("bad_cast was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#endif
+}
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_TYPEINFO

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/uchar.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/uchar.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..07b78611406d5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/uchar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_UCHAR_H
+#define _LIBCPP_UCHAR_H
+
+/*
+    uchar.h synopsis // since C++11
+
+Macros:
+
+    __STDC_UTF_16__
+    __STDC_UTF_32__
+
+Types:
+
+  mbstate_t
+  size_t
+
+size_t mbrtoc8(char8_t* pc8, const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps);     // since C++20
+size_t c8rtomb(char* s, char8_t c8, mbstate_t* ps);                       // since C++20
+size_t mbrtoc16(char16_t* pc16, const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps);
+size_t c16rtomb(char* s, char16_t c16, mbstate_t* ps);
+size_t mbrtoc32(char32_t* pc32, const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps);
+size_t c32rtomb(char* s, char32_t c32, mbstate_t* ps);
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG)
+
+// Some platforms don't implement <uchar.h> and we don't want to give a hard
+// error on those platforms. When the platform doesn't provide <uchar.h>, at
+// least include <stddef.h> so we get the declaration for size_t, and try to
+// get the declaration of mbstate_t too.
+#  if __has_include_next(<uchar.h>)
+#    include_next <uchar.h>
+#  else
+#    include <__mbstate_t.h>
+#    include <stddef.h>
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_UCHAR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/unordered_map b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/unordered_map
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7c31c4fce26b03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/unordered_map
@@ -0,0 +1,2541 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_MAP
+#define _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_MAP
+
+/*
+
+    unordered_map synopsis
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>, class Pred = equal_to<Key>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class unordered_map
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Key                                                        key_type;
+    typedef T                                                          mapped_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ local_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_local_iterator;
+
+    typedef unspecified                             node_type;            // C++17
+    typedef INSERT_RETURN_TYPE<iterator, node_type> insert_return_type;   // C++17
+
+    unordered_map()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit unordered_map(size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        unordered_map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 0, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_map(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n = see below,
+        const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+        const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); // C++23
+
+    explicit unordered_map(const allocator_type&);
+    unordered_map(const unordered_map&);
+    unordered_map(const unordered_map&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_map(unordered_map&&)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    unordered_map(unordered_map&&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type>, size_type n = 0,
+                  const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                  const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    unordered_map(size_type n, const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_map(n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    unordered_map(size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_map(n, hf, key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    template <class InputIterator>
+      unordered_map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n, const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_map(f, l, n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    template <class InputIterator>
+      unordered_map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n, const hasher& hf,
+        const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_map(f, l, n, hf, key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_map(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n, const allocator_type& a)
+        : unordered_map(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) { } // C++23
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_map(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a)
+        : unordered_map(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), n, hf, key_equal(), a) { }       // C++23
+    unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n, const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_map(il, n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n, const hasher& hf,
+      const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_map(il, n, hf, key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    ~unordered_map();
+    unordered_map& operator=(const unordered_map&);
+    unordered_map& operator=(unordered_map&&)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+    unordered_map& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    bool      empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()    const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend()   const noexcept;
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class P>
+        pair<iterator, bool> insert(P&& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type& obj);
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator hint, P&& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      void insert_range(R&& rg);                                                      // C++23
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    node_type extract(const_iterator position);                                       // C++17
+    node_type extract(const key_type& x);                                             // C++17
+    insert_return_type insert(node_type&& nh);                                        // C++17
+    iterator           insert(const_iterator hint, node_type&& nh);                   // C++17
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_type& k, Args&&... args);          // C++17
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_type&& k, Args&&... args);               // C++17
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, const key_type& k, Args&&... args); // C++17
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, key_type&& k, Args&&... args);      // C++17
+    template <class M>
+        pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_type& k, M&& obj);            // C++17
+    template <class M>
+        pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_type&& k, M&& obj);                 // C++17
+    template <class M>
+        iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, const key_type& k, M&& obj);   // C++17
+    template <class M>
+        iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, key_type&& k, M&& obj);        // C++17
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator erase(iterator position);  // C++14
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_map<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>& source);         // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_map<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>&& source);        // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_multimap<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>& source);    // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_multimap<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>&& source);   // C++17
+
+    void swap(unordered_map&)
+        noexcept(
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value) &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<hasher>::value &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_equal>::value);
+
+    hasher hash_function() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator find(const K& x);              // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator find(const K& x) const;  // C++20
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        size_type count(const K& k) const; // C++20
+    bool contains(const key_type& k) const; // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        bool contains(const K& k) const; // C++20
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const K& k); // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const K& k) const; // C++20
+
+    mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& k);
+    mapped_type& operator[](key_type&& k);
+
+    mapped_type&       at(const key_type& k);
+    const mapped_type& at(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const noexcept;
+
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type n) const;
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type n);
+    local_iterator       end(size_type n);
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type n) const;
+
+    float load_factor() const noexcept;
+    float max_load_factor() const noexcept;
+    void max_load_factor(float z);
+    void rehash(size_type n);
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+};
+
+template<class InputIterator,
+    class Hash = hash<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, class Pred = equal_to<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>,
+    class Allocator = allocator<iter_to_alloc_t<InputIterator>>>
+unordered_map(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type = see below,
+    Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> unordered_map<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_value_t<InputIterator>, Hash, Pred,
+    Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Hash = hash<range-key-type<R>>,
+         class Pred = equal_to<range-key-type<R>>,
+         class Allocator = allocator<range-to-alloc-type<R>>>
+  unordered_map(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type = see below,
+                Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> unordered_map<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, Hash, Pred, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>,
+    class Pred = equal_to<Key>, class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, typename see below::size_type = see below,
+    Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+unordered_map(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_map<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_val_t<InputIterator>,
+        hash<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, equal_to<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+unordered_map(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_map<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_val_t<InputIterator>,
+        hash<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, equal_to<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Hash, class Allocator>
+unordered_map(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_map<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_val_t<InputIterator>, Hash,
+          equal_to<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  unordered_map(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, hash<range-key-type<R>>,
+                      equal_to<range-key-type<R>>, Allocator>;   // C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  unordered_map(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, hash<range-key-type<R>>,
+                      equal_to<range-key-type<R>>, Allocator>;   // C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Hash, class Allocator>
+  unordered_map(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, Hash,
+                      equal_to<range-key-type<R>>, Allocator>;   // C++23
+
+template<class Key, class T, typename Allocator>
+unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_map<Key, T, hash<Key>, equal_to<Key>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class Key, class T, typename Allocator>
+unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_map<Key, T, hash<Key>, equal_to<Key>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class Key, class T, class Hash, class Allocator>
+unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, equal_to<Key>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y)
+              noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y); // Removed in C++20
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>, class Pred = equal_to<Key>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+class unordered_multimap
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Key                                                        key_type;
+    typedef T                                                          mapped_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type>                          value_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ local_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_local_iterator;
+
+    typedef unspecified node_type;    // C++17
+
+    unordered_multimap()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit unordered_multimap(size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        unordered_multimap(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 0, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_multimap(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n = see below,
+        const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+        const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); // C++23
+    explicit unordered_multimap(const allocator_type&);
+    unordered_multimap(const unordered_multimap&);
+    unordered_multimap(const unordered_multimap&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_multimap(unordered_multimap&&)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    unordered_multimap(unordered_multimap&&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_multimap(initializer_list<value_type>, size_type n = 0,
+                  const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                  const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    unordered_multimap(size_type n, const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_multimap(n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    unordered_multimap(size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_multimap(n, hf, key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    template <class InputIterator>
+      unordered_multimap(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n, const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_multimap(f, l, n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    template <class InputIterator>
+      unordered_multimap(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n, const hasher& hf,
+        const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_multimap(f, l, n, hf, key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_multimap(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n, const allocator_type& a)
+        : unordered_multimap(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) { } // C++23
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_multimap(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a)
+        : unordered_multimap(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), n, hf, key_equal(), a) { }       // C++23
+    unordered_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n, const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_multimap(il, n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    unordered_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n, const hasher& hf,
+      const allocator_type& a)
+      : unordered_multimap(il, n, hf, key_equal(), a) {}  // C++14
+    ~unordered_multimap();
+    unordered_multimap& operator=(const unordered_multimap&);
+    unordered_multimap& operator=(unordered_multimap&&)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+    unordered_multimap& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    bool      empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()    const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend()   const noexcept;
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const value_type& obj);
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(P&& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type& obj);
+    template <class P>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator hint, P&& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      void insert_range(R&& rg);                               // C++23
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    node_type extract(const_iterator position);                // C++17
+    node_type extract(const key_type& x);                      // C++17
+    iterator insert(node_type&& nh);                           // C++17
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, node_type&& nh);      // C++17
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator erase(iterator position);  // C++14
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_multimap<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>& source);    // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_multimap<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>&& source);   // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_map<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>& source);         // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_map<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>&& source);        // C++17
+
+    void swap(unordered_multimap&)
+        noexcept(
+            (!allocator_type::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+             __is_nothrow_swappable<allocator_type>::value) &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<hasher>::value &&
+            __is_nothrow_swappable<key_equal>::value);
+
+    hasher hash_function() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator find(const K& x);              // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator find(const K& x) const;  // C++20
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        size_type count(const K& k) const; // C++20
+    bool contains(const key_type& k) const; // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        bool contains(const K& k) const; // C++20
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const K& k); // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const K& k) const; // C++20
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const noexcept;
+
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type n) const;
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type n);
+    local_iterator       end(size_type n);
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type n) const;
+
+    float load_factor() const noexcept;
+    float max_load_factor() const noexcept;
+    void max_load_factor(float z);
+    void rehash(size_type n);
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+};
+
+template<class InputIterator,
+    class Hash = hash<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, class Pred = equal_to<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>,
+    class Allocator = allocator<iter_to_alloc_t<InputIterator>>>
+unordered_multimap(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type = see below,
+    Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> unordered_multimap<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_value_t<InputIterator>, Hash, Pred,
+    Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Hash = hash<range-key-type<R>>,
+         class Pred = equal_to<range-key-type<R>>,
+         class Allocator = allocator<range-to-alloc-type<R>>>
+  unordered_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type = see below,
+                Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> unordered_multimap<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, Hash, Pred, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>,
+    class Pred = equal_to<Key>, class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>>
+unordered_multimap(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, typename see below::size_type = see below,
+    Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+unordered_multimap(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_multimap<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_val_t<InputIterator>,
+        hash<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, equal_to<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+unordered_multimap(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_multimap<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_val_t<InputIterator>,
+        hash<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, equal_to<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Hash, class Allocator>
+unordered_multimap(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_multimap<iter_key_t<InputIterator>, iter_val_t<InputIterator>, Hash,
+          equal_to<iter_key_t<InputIterator>>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  unordered_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, hash<range-key-type<R>>,
+                      equal_to<range-key-type<R>>, Allocator>;   // C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  unordered_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, hash<range-key-type<R>>,
+                      equal_to<range-key-type<R>>, Allocator>;   // C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Hash, class Allocator>
+  unordered_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, Hash,
+                      equal_to<range-key-type<R>>, Allocator>;   // C++23
+
+template<class Key, class T, typename Allocator>
+unordered_multimap(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_multimap<Key, T, hash<Key>, equal_to<Key>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class Key, class T, typename Allocator>
+unordered_multimap(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_multimap<Key, T, hash<Key>, equal_to<Key>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class Key, class T, class Hash, class Allocator>
+unordered_multimap(initializer_list<pair<const Key, T>>, typename see below::size_type, Hash,
+    Allocator)
+  -> unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, equal_to<Key>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y)
+              noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class K, class T, class H, class P, class A, class Predicate>
+    typename unordered_map<K, T, H, P, A>::size_type
+    erase_if(unordered_map<K, T, H, P, A>& c, Predicate pred);       // C++20
+
+template <class K, class T, class H, class P, class A, class Predicate>
+    typename unordered_multimap<K, T, H, P, A>::size_type
+    erase_if(unordered_multimap<K, T, H, P, A>& c, Predicate pred);  // C++20
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_multimap<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y); // Removed in C++20
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/is_permutation.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/is_transparent.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__hash_table>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/erase_if_container.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/ranges_iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h>
+#include <__node_handle>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_allocator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [unord.map.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Cp,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Pred,
+          bool = is_empty<_Hash>::value && !__libcpp_is_final<_Hash>::value>
+class __unordered_map_hasher : private _Hash {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __unordered_map_hasher() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Hash>::value) : _Hash() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __unordered_map_hasher(const _Hash& __h) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Hash>::value)
+      : _Hash(__h) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Hash& hash_function() const _NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const _Cp& __x) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Hash&>(*this)(__x.__get_value().first);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const _Key& __x) const { return static_cast<const _Hash&>(*this)(__x); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const _K2& __x) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Hash&>(*this)(__x);
+  }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__unordered_map_hasher& __y) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Hash>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(static_cast<_Hash&>(*this), static_cast<_Hash&>(__y));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Cp, class _Hash, class _Pred>
+class __unordered_map_hasher<_Key, _Cp, _Hash, _Pred, false> {
+  _Hash __hash_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __unordered_map_hasher() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Hash>::value)
+      : __hash_() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __unordered_map_hasher(const _Hash& __h) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Hash>::value)
+      : __hash_(__h) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Hash& hash_function() const _NOEXCEPT { return __hash_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const _Cp& __x) const { return __hash_(__x.__get_value().first); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const _Key& __x) const { return __hash_(__x); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t operator()(const _K2& __x) const {
+    return __hash_(__x);
+  }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__unordered_map_hasher& __y) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Hash>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(__hash_, __y.__hash_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Cp, class _Hash, class _Pred, bool __b>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(__unordered_map_hasher<_Key, _Cp, _Hash, _Pred, __b>& __x,
+     __unordered_map_hasher<_Key, _Cp, _Hash, _Pred, __b>& __y) _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Cp,
+          class _Pred,
+          class _Hash,
+          bool = is_empty<_Pred>::value && !__libcpp_is_final<_Pred>::value>
+class __unordered_map_equal : private _Pred {
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __unordered_map_equal() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Pred>::value) : _Pred() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __unordered_map_equal(const _Pred& __p) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Pred>::value)
+      : _Pred(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Pred& key_eq() const _NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Cp& __x, const _Cp& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x.__get_value().first, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Cp& __x, const _Key& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x.__get_value().first, __y);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _Cp& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Cp& __x, const _K2& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x.__get_value().first, __y);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _K2& __x, const _Cp& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _K2& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x, __y);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _K2& __x, const _Key& __y) const {
+    return static_cast<const _Pred&>(*this)(__x, __y);
+  }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__unordered_map_equal& __y) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Pred>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(static_cast<_Pred&>(*this), static_cast<_Pred&>(__y));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Cp, class _Pred, class _Hash>
+class __unordered_map_equal<_Key, _Cp, _Pred, _Hash, false> {
+  _Pred __pred_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __unordered_map_equal() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Pred>::value)
+      : __pred_() {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __unordered_map_equal(const _Pred& __p) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<_Pred>::value)
+      : __pred_(__p) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Pred& key_eq() const _NOEXCEPT { return __pred_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Cp& __x, const _Cp& __y) const {
+    return __pred_(__x.__get_value().first, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Cp& __x, const _Key& __y) const {
+    return __pred_(__x.__get_value().first, __y);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _Cp& __y) const {
+    return __pred_(__x, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Cp& __x, const _K2& __y) const {
+    return __pred_(__x.__get_value().first, __y);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _K2& __x, const _Cp& __y) const {
+    return __pred_(__x, __y.__get_value().first);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _Key& __x, const _K2& __y) const {
+    return __pred_(__x, __y);
+  }
+  template <typename _K2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const _K2& __x, const _Key& __y) const {
+    return __pred_(__x, __y);
+  }
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(__unordered_map_equal& __y) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Pred>) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(__pred_, __y.__pred_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Cp, class _Pred, class _Hash, bool __b>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(__unordered_map_equal<_Key, _Cp, _Pred, _Hash, __b>& __x, __unordered_map_equal<_Key, _Cp, _Pred, _Hash, __b>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Alloc>
+class __hash_map_node_destructor {
+  typedef _Alloc allocator_type;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+
+private:
+  allocator_type& __na_;
+
+public:
+  bool __first_constructed;
+  bool __second_constructed;
+
+  __hash_map_node_destructor& operator=(const __hash_map_node_destructor&) = delete;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __hash_map_node_destructor(allocator_type& __na) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __na_(__na),
+        __first_constructed(false),
+        __second_constructed(false) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_node_destructor(__hash_node_destructor<allocator_type>&& __x) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __na_(__x.__na_),
+        __first_constructed(__x.__value_constructed),
+        __second_constructed(__x.__value_constructed) {
+    __x.__value_constructed = false;
+  }
+#else  // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_node_destructor(const __hash_node_destructor<allocator_type>& __x)
+      : __na_(__x.__na_), __first_constructed(__x.__value_constructed), __second_constructed(__x.__value_constructed) {
+    const_cast<bool&>(__x.__value_constructed) = false;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    if (__second_constructed)
+      __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, std::addressof(__p->__get_value().__get_value().second));
+    if (__first_constructed)
+      __alloc_traits::destroy(__na_, std::addressof(__p->__get_value().__get_value().first));
+    if (__p)
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__na_, __p, 1);
+  }
+};
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+template <class _Key, class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_STANDALONE_DEBUG __hash_value_type {
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+  typedef pair<key_type&, mapped_type&> __nc_ref_pair_type;
+  typedef pair<key_type&&, mapped_type&&> __nc_rref_pair_type;
+
+private:
+  value_type __cc_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type& __get_value() {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+    return *std::launder(std::addressof(__cc_));
+#  else
+    return __cc_;
+#  endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const value_type& __get_value() const {
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+    return *std::launder(std::addressof(__cc_));
+#  else
+    return __cc_;
+#  endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __nc_ref_pair_type __ref() {
+    value_type& __v = __get_value();
+    return __nc_ref_pair_type(const_cast<key_type&>(__v.first), __v.second);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __nc_rref_pair_type __move() {
+    value_type& __v = __get_value();
+    return __nc_rref_pair_type(std::move(const_cast<key_type&>(__v.first)), std::move(__v.second));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_value_type& operator=(const __hash_value_type& __v) {
+    __ref() = __v.__get_value();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_value_type& operator=(__hash_value_type&& __v) {
+    __ref() = __v.__move();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <class _ValueTp, __enable_if_t<__is_same_uncvref<_ValueTp, value_type>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_value_type& operator=(_ValueTp&& __v) {
+    __ref() = std::forward<_ValueTp>(__v);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  __hash_value_type(const __hash_value_type& __v) = delete;
+  __hash_value_type(__hash_value_type&& __v)      = delete;
+  template <class... _Args>
+  explicit __hash_value_type(_Args&&... __args) = delete;
+
+  ~__hash_value_type() = delete;
+};
+
+#else
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp>
+struct __hash_value_type {
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+
+private:
+  value_type __cc_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type& __get_value() { return __cc_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const value_type& __get_value() const { return __cc_; }
+
+  ~__hash_value_type() = delete;
+};
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _HashIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_iterator {
+  _HashIterator __i_;
+
+  typedef __hash_node_types_from_iterator<_HashIterator> _NodeTypes;
+
+public:
+  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__map_value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__map_value_type_pointer pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_iterator(_HashIterator __i) _NOEXCEPT : __i_(__i) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __i_->__get_value(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__i_->__get_value()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++__i_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __hash_map_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const __hash_map_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const __hash_map_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_map;
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_multimap;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_iterator;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_local_iterator;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_const_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _HashIterator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_map_const_iterator {
+  _HashIterator __i_;
+
+  typedef __hash_node_types_from_iterator<_HashIterator> _NodeTypes;
+
+public:
+  typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__map_value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef const value_type& reference;
+  typedef typename _NodeTypes::__const_map_value_type_pointer pointer;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_const_iterator() _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_const_iterator(_HashIterator __i) _NOEXCEPT : __i_(__i) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  __hash_map_const_iterator(__hash_map_iterator<typename _HashIterator::__non_const_iterator> __i) _NOEXCEPT
+      : __i_(__i.__i_) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator*() const { return __i_->__get_value(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer operator->() const { return pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(__i_->__get_value()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_const_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++__i_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __hash_map_const_iterator operator++(int) {
+    __hash_map_const_iterator __t(*this);
+    ++(*this);
+    return __t;
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator==(const __hash_map_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ == __y.__i_;
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+  operator!=(const __hash_map_const_iterator& __x, const __hash_map_const_iterator& __y) {
+    return __x.__i_ != __y.__i_;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_map;
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_multimap;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_iterator;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __hash_const_local_iterator;
+};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+class unordered_multimap;
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Hash  = hash<_Key>,
+          class _Pred  = equal_to<_Key>,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_map {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Hash> hasher;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Pred> key_equal;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Alloc> allocator_type;
+  typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+  static_assert(is_same<value_type, typename allocator_type::value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+
+private:
+  typedef __hash_value_type<key_type, mapped_type> __value_type;
+  typedef __unordered_map_hasher<key_type, __value_type, hasher, key_equal> __hasher;
+  typedef __unordered_map_equal<key_type, __value_type, key_equal, hasher> __key_equal;
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<allocator_traits<allocator_type>, __value_type> __allocator_type;
+
+  typedef __hash_table<__value_type, __hasher, __key_equal, __allocator_type> __table;
+
+  __table __table_;
+
+  typedef typename __table::_NodeTypes _NodeTypes;
+  typedef typename __table::__node_pointer __node_pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::__node_const_pointer __node_const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::__node_traits __node_traits;
+  typedef typename __table::__node_allocator __node_allocator;
+  typedef typename __table::__node __node;
+  typedef __hash_map_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _Dp;
+  typedef unique_ptr<__node, _Dp> __node_holder;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value, "");
+
+  static_assert(is_same<typename __table::__container_value_type, value_type>::value, "");
+  static_assert(is_same<typename __table::__node_value_type, __value_type>::value, "");
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __table::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::iterator> iterator;
+  typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+  typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::local_iterator> local_iterator;
+  typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_local_iterator> const_local_iterator;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  typedef __map_node_handle<__node, allocator_type> node_type;
+  typedef __insert_return_type<iterator, node_type> insert_return_type;
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Key2, class _Tp2, class _Hash2, class _Pred2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_map;
+  template <class _Key2, class _Tp2, class _Hash2, class _Pred2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_multimap;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__table>::value) {}
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_map(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(), const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_map(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_map(_InputIterator __first,
+                _InputIterator __last,
+                size_type __n,
+                const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+                const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(
+      _InputIterator __first,
+      _InputIterator __last,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf,
+      const key_equal& __eql,
+      const allocator_type& __a);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(
+      from_range_t,
+      _Range&& __range,
+      size_type __n             = /*implementation-defined*/ 0,
+      const hasher& __hf        = hasher(),
+      const key_equal& __eql    = key_equal(),
+      const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __table_(__hf, __eql, typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+    }
+    insert_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit unordered_map(const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(const unordered_map& __u);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(const unordered_map& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(unordered_map&& __u) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(unordered_map&& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+                size_type __n,
+                const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+                const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(
+      initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf,
+      const key_equal& __eql,
+      const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_map(__n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_map(__n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_map(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_map(__first, __last, __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(
+      _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_map(__first, __last, __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_map(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_map(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_map(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_map(__il, __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_map(__il, __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~unordered_map() {
+    static_assert(sizeof(std::__diagnose_unordered_container_requirements<_Key, _Hash, _Pred>(0)), "");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map& operator=(const unordered_map& __u) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    __table_ = __u.__table_;
+#else
+    if (this != std::addressof(__u)) {
+      __table_.clear();
+      __table_.hash_function()   = __u.__table_.hash_function();
+      __table_.key_eq()          = __u.__table_.key_eq();
+      __table_.max_load_factor() = __u.__table_.max_load_factor();
+      __table_.__copy_assign_alloc(__u.__table_);
+      insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+    }
+#endif
+    return *this;
+  }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map& operator=(unordered_map&& __u)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_map& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& __x) { return __table_.__insert_unique(__x); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x) { return insert(__x).first; }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    for (auto&& __element : __range) {
+      __table_.__insert_unique(std::forward<decltype(__element)>(__element));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { insert(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type&& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_unique(std::move(__x));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator, value_type&& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_unique(std::move(__x)).first;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<value_type, _Pp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert(_Pp&& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_unique(std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<value_type, _Pp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator, _Pp&& __x) {
+    return insert(std::forward<_Pp>(__x)).first;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __table_.__emplace_unique(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __table_.__emplace_unique(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...).first;
+  }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_type& __k, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __table_.__emplace_unique_key_args(
+        __k, piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(__k), std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_type&& __k, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __table_.__emplace_unique_key_args(
+        __k,
+        piecewise_construct,
+        std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(__k)),
+        std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator try_emplace(const_iterator, const key_type& __k, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return try_emplace(__k, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...).first;
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator try_emplace(const_iterator, key_type&& __k, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return try_emplace(std::move(__k), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...).first;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_type& __k, _Vp&& __v) {
+    pair<iterator, bool> __res = __table_.__emplace_unique_key_args(__k, __k, std::forward<_Vp>(__v));
+    if (!__res.second) {
+      __res.first->second = std::forward<_Vp>(__v);
+    }
+    return __res;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_type&& __k, _Vp&& __v) {
+    pair<iterator, bool> __res = __table_.__emplace_unique_key_args(__k, std::move(__k), std::forward<_Vp>(__v));
+    if (!__res.second) {
+      __res.first->second = std::forward<_Vp>(__v);
+    }
+    return __res;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator, const key_type& __k, _Vp&& __v) {
+    return insert_or_assign(__k, std::forward<_Vp>(__v)).first;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator, key_type&& __k, _Vp&& __v) {
+    return insert_or_assign(std::move(__k), std::forward<_Vp>(__v)).first;
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p) { return __table_.erase(__p.__i_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(iterator __p) { return __table_.erase(__p.__i_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.__erase_unique(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) {
+    return __table_.erase(__first.__i_, __last.__i_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT { __table_.clear(); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI insert_return_type insert(node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to unordered_map::insert()");
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_insert_unique< node_type, insert_return_type>(std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __hint, node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to unordered_map::insert()");
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_insert_unique<node_type>(__hint.__i_, std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(key_type const& __key) {
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__key);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(const_iterator __it) {
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__it.__i_);
+  }
+
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_map<key_type, mapped_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_map<key_type, mapped_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_multimap<key_type, mapped_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_multimap<key_type, mapped_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__table_);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(unordered_map& __u) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<__table>) {
+    __table_.swap(__u.__table_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hasher hash_function() const { return __table_.hash_function().hash_function(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_equal key_eq() const { return __table_.key_eq().key_eq(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.find(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __table_.find(__k);
+  }
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.find(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.__count_unique(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__count_unique(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const key_type& __k) const { return find(__k) != end(); }
+
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return find(__k) != end();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& __k);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mapped_type& operator[](key_type&& __k);
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mapped_type& at(const key_type& __k);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const mapped_type& at(const key_type& __k) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.bucket_count(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_bucket_count(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_size(size_type __n) const { return __table_.bucket_size(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.bucket(__k); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_iterator begin(size_type __n) { return __table_.begin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_iterator end(size_type __n) { return __table_.end(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator begin(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cbegin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator end(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cend(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cbegin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator cend(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cend(__n); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.load_factor(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float max_load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_load_factor(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void max_load_factor(float __mlf) { __table_.max_load_factor(__mlf); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void rehash(size_type __n) { __table_.__rehash_unique(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reserve(size_type __n) { __table_.__reserve_unique(__n); }
+
+private:
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __node_holder __construct_node_with_key(const key_type& __k);
+#endif
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Hash      = hash<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__iter_to_alloc_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(_InputIterator,
+              _InputIterator,
+              typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+              _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+              _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+              _Allocator                                       = _Allocator())
+    -> unordered_map<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>, __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>, _Hash, _Pred, _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Hash      = hash<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__range_to_alloc_type<_Range>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(from_range_t,
+              _Range&&,
+              typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+              _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+              _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+              _Allocator                                       = _Allocator())
+    -> unordered_map<__range_key_type<_Range>, __range_mapped_type<_Range>, _Hash, _Pred, _Allocator>; // C++23
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Hash      = hash<remove_const_t<_Key>>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<remove_const_t<_Key>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>,
+              typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+              _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+              _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+              _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> unordered_map<remove_const_t<_Key>, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>,
+                     __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>,
+                     hash<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                     equal_to<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                     _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>,
+                     __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>,
+                     hash<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                     equal_to<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                     _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>,
+                     __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>,
+                     _Hash,
+                     equal_to<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                     _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(from_range_t, _Range&&, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<__range_key_type<_Range>,
+                     __range_mapped_type<_Range>,
+                     hash<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+                     equal_to<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+                     _Allocator>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<__range_key_type<_Range>,
+                     __range_mapped_type<_Range>,
+                     hash<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+                     equal_to<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+                     _Allocator>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(from_range_t, _Range&&, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<__range_key_type<_Range>,
+                     __range_mapped_type<_Range>,
+                     _Hash,
+                     equal_to<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+                     _Allocator>;
+
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<remove_const_t<_Key>, _Tp, hash<remove_const_t<_Key>>, equal_to<remove_const_t<_Key>>, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<remove_const_t<_Key>, _Tp, hash<remove_const_t<_Key>>, equal_to<remove_const_t<_Key>>, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_map<remove_const_t<_Key>, _Tp, _Hash, equal_to<remove_const_t<_Key>>, _Allocator>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+    size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(const unordered_map& __u) : __table_(__u.__table_) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(const unordered_map& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_, typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(unordered_map&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value)
+    : __table_(std::move(__u.__table_)) {}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(unordered_map&& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(std::move(__u.__table_), typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  if (__a != __u.get_allocator()) {
+    iterator __i = __u.begin();
+    while (__u.size() != 0) {
+      __table_.__emplace_unique(__u.__table_.remove((__i++).__i_)->__get_value().__move());
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+    initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_map(
+    initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(unordered_map&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value) {
+  __table_ = std::move(__u.__table_);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  __table_.__assign_unique(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline void unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __table_.__insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_Tp& unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator[](const key_type& __k) {
+  return __table_
+      .__emplace_unique_key_args(__k, piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(__k), std::forward_as_tuple())
+      .first->__get_value()
+      .second;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_Tp& unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator[](key_type&& __k) {
+  return __table_
+      .__emplace_unique_key_args(
+          __k, piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(__k)), std::forward_as_tuple())
+      .first->__get_value()
+      .second;
+}
+#else // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+typename unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__node_holder
+unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::__construct_node_with_key(const key_type& __k) {
+  __node_allocator& __na = __table_.__node_alloc();
+  __node_holder __h(__node_traits::allocate(__na, 1), _Dp(__na));
+  __node_traits::construct(__na, std::addressof(__h->__get_value().__get_value().first), __k);
+  __h.get_deleter().__first_constructed = true;
+  __node_traits::construct(__na, std::addressof(__h->__get_value().__get_value().second));
+  __h.get_deleter().__second_constructed = true;
+  return __h;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_Tp& unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator[](const key_type& __k) {
+  iterator __i = find(__k);
+  if (__i != end())
+    return __i->second;
+  __node_holder __h        = __construct_node_with_key(__k);
+  pair<iterator, bool> __r = __table_.__node_insert_unique(__h.get());
+  __h.release();
+  return __r.first->second;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_Tp& unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::at(const key_type& __k) {
+  iterator __i = find(__k);
+  if (__i == end())
+    __throw_out_of_range("unordered_map::at: key not found");
+  return __i->second;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+const _Tp& unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::at(const key_type& __k) const {
+  const_iterator __i = find(__k);
+  if (__i == end())
+    __throw_out_of_range("unordered_map::at: key not found");
+  return __i->second;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::size_type
+erase_if(unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return std::__libcpp_erase_if_container(__c, __pred);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                      const unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+    return false;
+  typedef typename unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(), __ey = __y.end(); __i != __ex; ++__i) {
+    const_iterator __j = __y.find(__i->first);
+    if (__j == __ey || !(*__i == *__j))
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                             const unordered_map<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Hash  = hash<_Key>,
+          class _Pred  = equal_to<_Key>,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp> > >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_multimap {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _Key key_type;
+  typedef _Tp mapped_type;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Hash> hasher;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Pred> key_equal;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Alloc> allocator_type;
+  typedef pair<const key_type, mapped_type> value_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value, "");
+  static_assert(is_same<value_type, typename allocator_type::value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+
+private:
+  typedef __hash_value_type<key_type, mapped_type> __value_type;
+  typedef __unordered_map_hasher<key_type, __value_type, hasher, key_equal> __hasher;
+  typedef __unordered_map_equal<key_type, __value_type, key_equal, hasher> __key_equal;
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<allocator_traits<allocator_type>, __value_type> __allocator_type;
+
+  typedef __hash_table<__value_type, __hasher, __key_equal, __allocator_type> __table;
+
+  __table __table_;
+
+  typedef typename __table::_NodeTypes _NodeTypes;
+  typedef typename __table::__node_traits __node_traits;
+  typedef typename __table::__node_allocator __node_allocator;
+  typedef typename __table::__node __node;
+  typedef __hash_map_node_destructor<__node_allocator> _Dp;
+  typedef unique_ptr<__node, _Dp> __node_holder;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+  static_assert(is_same<typename __node_traits::size_type, typename __alloc_traits::size_type>::value,
+                "Allocator uses 
diff erent size_type for 
diff erent types");
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __table::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::iterator> iterator;
+  typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_iterator> const_iterator;
+  typedef __hash_map_iterator<typename __table::local_iterator> local_iterator;
+  typedef __hash_map_const_iterator<typename __table::const_local_iterator> const_local_iterator;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  typedef __map_node_handle<__node, allocator_type> node_type;
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Key2, class _Tp2, class _Hash2, class _Pred2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_map;
+  template <class _Key2, class _Tp2, class _Hash2, class _Pred2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_multimap;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__table>::value) {}
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_multimap(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(), const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_multimap(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(
+      _InputIterator __first,
+      _InputIterator __last,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(
+      _InputIterator __first,
+      _InputIterator __last,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf,
+      const key_equal& __eql,
+      const allocator_type& __a);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(
+      from_range_t,
+      _Range&& __range,
+      size_type __n             = /*implementation-defined*/ 0,
+      const hasher& __hf        = hasher(),
+      const key_equal& __eql    = key_equal(),
+      const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __table_(__hf, __eql, typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+    }
+    insert_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit unordered_multimap(const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(const unordered_multimap& __u);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(const unordered_multimap& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(unordered_multimap&& __u)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(unordered_multimap&& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(
+      initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(
+      initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf,
+      const key_equal& __eql,
+      const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multimap(__n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multimap(__n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multimap(__first, __last, __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(
+      _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multimap(__first, __last, __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multimap(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_multimap(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multimap(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#  endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multimap(__il, __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multimap(__il, __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~unordered_multimap() {
+    static_assert(sizeof(std::__diagnose_unordered_container_requirements<_Key, _Hash, _Pred>(0)), "");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap& operator=(const unordered_multimap& __u) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+    __table_ = __u.__table_;
+#else
+    if (this != std::addressof(__u)) {
+      __table_.clear();
+      __table_.hash_function()   = __u.__table_.hash_function();
+      __table_.key_eq()          = __u.__table_.key_eq();
+      __table_.max_load_factor() = __u.__table_.max_load_factor();
+      __table_.__copy_assign_alloc(__u.__table_);
+      insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+    }
+#endif
+    return *this;
+  }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap& operator=(unordered_multimap&& __u)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multimap& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const value_type& __x) { return __table_.__insert_multi(__x); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_multi(__p.__i_, __x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    for (auto&& __element : __range) {
+      __table_.__insert_multi(std::forward<decltype(__element)>(__element));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { insert(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(value_type&& __x) { return __table_.__insert_multi(std::move(__x)); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_multi(__p.__i_, std::move(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<value_type, _Pp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(_Pp&& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_multi(std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp, __enable_if_t<is_constructible<value_type, _Pp>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, _Pp&& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_multi(__p.__i_, std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __table_.__emplace_multi(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __table_.__emplace_hint_multi(__p.__i_, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p) { return __table_.erase(__p.__i_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(iterator __p) { return __table_.erase(__p.__i_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.__erase_multi(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) {
+    return __table_.erase(__first.__i_, __last.__i_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT { __table_.clear(); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to unordered_multimap::insert()");
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_insert_multi<node_type>(std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __hint, node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to unordered_multimap::insert()");
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_insert_multi<node_type>(__hint.__i_, std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(key_type const& __key) {
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__key);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(const_iterator __it) {
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__it.__i_);
+  }
+
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_multimap<key_type, mapped_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_multimap<key_type, mapped_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_map<key_type, mapped_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_map<key_type, mapped_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__table_);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(unordered_multimap& __u) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<__table>) {
+    __table_.swap(__u.__table_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hasher hash_function() const { return __table_.hash_function().hash_function(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_equal key_eq() const { return __table_.key_eq().key_eq(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.find(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __table_.find(__k);
+  }
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.find(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.__count_multi(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__count_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const key_type& __k) const { return find(__k) != end(); }
+
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return find(__k) != end();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.bucket_count(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_bucket_count(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_size(size_type __n) const { return __table_.bucket_size(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.bucket(__k); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_iterator begin(size_type __n) { return __table_.begin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_iterator end(size_type __n) { return __table_.end(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator begin(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cbegin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator end(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cend(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cbegin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator cend(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cend(__n); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.load_factor(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float max_load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_load_factor(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void max_load_factor(float __mlf) { __table_.max_load_factor(__mlf); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void rehash(size_type __n) { __table_.__rehash_multi(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reserve(size_type __n) { __table_.__reserve_multi(__n); }
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Hash      = hash<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__iter_to_alloc_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(_InputIterator,
+                   _InputIterator,
+                   typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+                   _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+                   _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+                   _Allocator                                       = _Allocator())
+    -> unordered_multimap<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>,
+                          __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>,
+                          _Hash,
+                          _Pred,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Hash      = hash<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__range_to_alloc_type<_Range>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(from_range_t,
+                   _Range&&,
+                   typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+                   _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+                   _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+                   _Allocator                                       = _Allocator())
+    -> unordered_multimap<__range_key_type<_Range>, __range_mapped_type<_Range>, _Hash, _Pred, _Allocator>;
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Hash      = hash<remove_const_t<_Key>>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<remove_const_t<_Key>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<pair<const _Key, _Tp>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(
+    initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>,
+    typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+    _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+    _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+    _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> unordered_multimap<remove_const_t<_Key>, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>,
+                          __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>,
+                          hash<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                          equal_to<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>,
+                          __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>,
+                          hash<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                          equal_to<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>,
+                          __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>,
+                          _Hash,
+                          equal_to<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(from_range_t, _Range&&, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<__range_key_type<_Range>,
+                          __range_mapped_type<_Range>,
+                          hash<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+                          equal_to<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<__range_key_type<_Range>,
+                          __range_mapped_type<_Range>,
+                          hash<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+                          equal_to<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(from_range_t, _Range&&, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<__range_key_type<_Range>,
+                          __range_mapped_type<_Range>,
+                          _Hash,
+                          equal_to<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<remove_const_t<_Key>,
+                          _Tp,
+                          hash<remove_const_t<_Key>>,
+                          equal_to<remove_const_t<_Key>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<remove_const_t<_Key>,
+                          _Tp,
+                          hash<remove_const_t<_Key>>,
+                          equal_to<remove_const_t<_Key>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multimap(
+    initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multimap<remove_const_t<_Key>, _Tp, _Hash, equal_to<remove_const_t<_Key>>, _Allocator>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+    size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+    size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(const unordered_multimap& __u)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+    const unordered_multimap& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_, typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(unordered_multimap&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value)
+    : __table_(std::move(__u.__table_)) {}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+    unordered_multimap&& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(std::move(__u.__table_), typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  if (__a != __u.get_allocator()) {
+    iterator __i = __u.begin();
+    while (__u.size() != 0) {
+      __table_.__insert_multi(__u.__table_.remove((__i++).__i_)->__get_value().__move());
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+    initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multimap(
+    initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, typename __table::allocator_type(__a)) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(unordered_multimap&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value) {
+  __table_ = std::move(__u.__table_);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  __table_.__assign_multi(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline void unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __table_.__insert_multi(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::size_type
+erase_if(unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return std::__libcpp_erase_if_container(__c, __pred);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                      const unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+    return false;
+  typedef typename unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _EqRng;
+  for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(); __i != __ex;) {
+    _EqRng __xeq = __x.equal_range(__i->first);
+    _EqRng __yeq = __y.equal_range(__i->first);
+    if (std::distance(__xeq.first, __xeq.second) != std::distance(__yeq.first, __yeq.second) ||
+        !std::is_permutation(__xeq.first, __xeq.second, __yeq.first))
+      return false;
+    __i = __xeq.second;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                             const unordered_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace pmr {
+template <class _KeyT, class _ValueT, class _HashT = std::hash<_KeyT>, class _PredT = std::equal_to<_KeyT>>
+using unordered_map _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR =
+    std::unordered_map<_KeyT, _ValueT, _HashT, _PredT, polymorphic_allocator<std::pair<const _KeyT, _ValueT>>>;
+
+template <class _KeyT, class _ValueT, class _HashT = std::hash<_KeyT>, class _PredT = std::equal_to<_KeyT>>
+using unordered_multimap _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR =
+    std::unordered_multimap<_KeyT, _ValueT, _HashT, _PredT, polymorphic_allocator<std::pair<const _KeyT, _ValueT>>>;
+} // namespace pmr
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <bit>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_MAP

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/unordered_set b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/unordered_set
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3297294a893f82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/unordered_set
@@ -0,0 +1,1811 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_SET
+#define _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_SET
+
+// clang-format off
+
+/*
+
+    unordered_set synopsis
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class Value, class Hash = hash<Value>, class Pred = equal_to<Value>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<Value>>
+class unordered_set
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Value                                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ local_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_local_iterator;
+
+    typedef unspecified node_type unspecified;                            // C++17
+    typedef INSERT_RETURN_TYPE<iterator, node_type> insert_return_type;   // C++17
+
+    unordered_set()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit unordered_set(size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        unordered_set(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 0, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_set(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n = see below,
+        const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+        const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); // C++23
+    explicit unordered_set(const allocator_type&);
+    unordered_set(const unordered_set&);
+    unordered_set(const unordered_set&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_set(unordered_set&&)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    unordered_set(unordered_set&&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type>, size_type n = 0,
+                  const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                  const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    unordered_set(size_type n, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    unordered_set(size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    template <class InputIterator>
+      unordered_set(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    template <class InputIterator>
+      unordered_set(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n,
+                    const hasher& hf,  const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_set(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n, const allocator_type& a)
+        : unordered_set(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) { } // C++23
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_set(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a)
+        : unordered_set(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), n, hf, key_equal(), a) { }       // C++23
+    unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n,
+                  const hasher& hf,  const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    ~unordered_set();
+    unordered_set& operator=(const unordered_set&);
+    unordered_set& operator=(unordered_set&&)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+    unordered_set& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    bool      empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()    const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend()   const noexcept;
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& obj);
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type&& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, value_type&& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      void insert_range(R&& rg);                                      // C++23
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    node_type extract(const_iterator position);                       // C++17
+    node_type extract(const key_type& x);                             // C++17
+    insert_return_type insert(node_type&& nh);                        // C++17
+    iterator           insert(const_iterator hint, node_type&& nh);   // C++17
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator erase(iterator position);  // C++14
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_set<Key, H2, P2, Allocator>& source);         // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_set<Key, H2, P2, Allocator>&& source);        // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_multiset<Key, H2, P2, Allocator>& source);    // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_multiset<Key, H2, P2, Allocator>&& source);   // C++17
+
+    void swap(unordered_set&)
+       noexcept(allocator_traits<Allocator>::is_always_equal::value &&
+                 noexcept(swap(declval<hasher&>(), declval<hasher&>())) &&
+                 noexcept(swap(declval<key_equal&>(), declval<key_equal&>()))); // C++17
+
+    hasher hash_function() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator find(const K& x);              // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator find(const K& x) const;  // C++20
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        size_type count(const K& k) const; // C++20
+    bool contains(const key_type& k) const; // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        bool contains(const K& k) const; // C++20
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const K& k); // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const K& k) const; // C++20
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const noexcept;
+
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type n) const;
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type n);
+    local_iterator       end(size_type n);
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type n) const;
+
+    float load_factor() const noexcept;
+    float max_load_factor() const noexcept;
+    void max_load_factor(float z);
+    void rehash(size_type n);
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+};
+
+template<class InputIterator,
+    class Hash = hash<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+    class Pred = equal_to<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+    class Allocator = allocator<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>>
+unordered_set(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type = see below,
+    Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> unordered_set<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type,
+        Hash, Pred, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R,
+         class Hash = hash<ranges::range_value_t<R>>,
+         class Pred = equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<R>>,
+         class Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<R>>>
+  unordered_set(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type = see below, Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> unordered_set<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Hash, Pred, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class T, class Hash = hash<T>,
+          class Pred = equal_to<T>, class Allocator = allocator<T>>
+unordered_set(initializer_list<T>, typename see below::size_type = see below,
+    Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> unordered_set<T, Hash, Pred, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator,  class Allocator>
+unordered_set(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_set<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type,
+        hash<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+        equal_to<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+        Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator, class Hash, class Allocator>
+unordered_set(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type,
+    Hash, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_set<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type, Hash,
+        equal_to<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+        Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  unordered_set(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_set<ranges::range_value_t<R>, hash<ranges::range_value_t<R>>,
+                      equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<R>>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  unordered_set(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_set<ranges::range_value_t<R>, hash<ranges::range_value_t<R>>,
+                      equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<R>>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Hash, class Allocator>
+  unordered_set(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_set<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Hash,
+                      equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<R>>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class T, class Allocator>
+unordered_set(initializer_list<T>, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_set<T, hash<T>, equal_to<T>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class T, class Hash, class Allocator>
+unordered_set(initializer_list<T>, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_set<T, Hash, equal_to<T>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y)
+              noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_set<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y); // removed in C++20
+
+template <class Value, class Hash = hash<Value>, class Pred = equal_to<Value>,
+          class Alloc = allocator<Value>>
+class unordered_multiset
+{
+public:
+    // types
+    typedef Value                                                      key_type;
+    typedef key_type                                                   value_type;
+    typedef Hash                                                       hasher;
+    typedef Pred                                                       key_equal;
+    typedef Alloc                                                      allocator_type;
+    typedef value_type&                                                reference;
+    typedef const value_type&                                          const_reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_traits<allocator_type>::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+    typedef /unspecified/ iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ local_iterator;
+    typedef /unspecified/ const_local_iterator;
+
+    typedef unspecified node_type unspecified;   // C++17
+
+    unordered_multiset()
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit unordered_multiset(size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                           const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                           const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        unordered_multiset(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
+                      size_type n = 0, const hasher& hf = hasher(),
+                      const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_multiset(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n = see below,
+        const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+        const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); // C++23
+    explicit unordered_multiset(const allocator_type&);
+    unordered_multiset(const unordered_multiset&);
+    unordered_multiset(const unordered_multiset&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_multiset(unordered_multiset&&)
+        noexcept(
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    unordered_multiset(unordered_multiset&&, const Allocator&);
+    unordered_multiset(initializer_list<value_type>, size_type n = /see below/,
+                  const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(),
+                  const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
+    unordered_multiset(size_type n, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    unordered_multiset(size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    template <class InputIterator>
+      unordered_multiset(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    template <class InputIterator>
+      unordered_multiset(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n,
+                         const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_multiset(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n, const allocator_type& a)
+        : unordered_multiset(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) { } // C++23
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      unordered_multiset(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a)
+        : unordered_multiset(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), n, hf, key_equal(), a) { }       // C++23
+    unordered_multiset(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n, const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    unordered_multiset(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n,
+                       const hasher& hf,  const allocator_type& a); // C++14
+    ~unordered_multiset();
+    unordered_multiset& operator=(const unordered_multiset&);
+    unordered_multiset& operator=(unordered_multiset&&)
+        noexcept(
+            allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+            is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value);
+    unordered_multiset& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    bool      empty() const noexcept;
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator       begin() noexcept;
+    iterator       end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator begin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator end()    const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_iterator cend()   const noexcept;
+
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace(Args&&... args);
+    template <class... Args>
+        iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const value_type& obj);
+    iterator insert(value_type&& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type& obj);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, value_type&& obj);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+      void insert_range(R&& rg);                            // C++23
+    void insert(initializer_list<value_type>);
+
+    node_type extract(const_iterator position);             // C++17
+    node_type extract(const key_type& x);                   // C++17
+    iterator insert(node_type&& nh);                        // C++17
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, node_type&& nh);   // C++17
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator erase(iterator position);  // C++14
+    size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_multiset<Key, H2, P2, Allocator>& source);    // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_multiset<Key, H2, P2, Allocator>&& source);   // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_set<Key, H2, P2, Allocator>& source);         // C++17
+    template<class H2, class P2>
+      void merge(unordered_set<Key, H2, P2, Allocator>&& source);        // C++17
+
+    void swap(unordered_multiset&)
+       noexcept(allocator_traits<Allocator>::is_always_equal::value &&
+                 noexcept(swap(declval<hasher&>(), declval<hasher&>())) &&
+                 noexcept(swap(declval<key_equal&>(), declval<key_equal&>()))); // C++17
+
+    hasher hash_function() const;
+    key_equal key_eq() const;
+
+    iterator       find(const key_type& k);
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        iterator find(const K& x);              // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        const_iterator find(const K& x) const;  // C++20
+    size_type count(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        size_type count(const K& k) const; // C++20
+    bool contains(const key_type& k) const; // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        bool contains(const K& k) const; // C++20
+    pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<iterator, iterator>             equal_range(const K& k); // C++20
+    template<typename K>
+        pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const K& k) const; // C++20
+
+    size_type bucket_count() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_bucket_count() const noexcept;
+
+    size_type bucket_size(size_type n) const;
+    size_type bucket(const key_type& k) const;
+
+    local_iterator       begin(size_type n);
+    local_iterator       end(size_type n);
+    const_local_iterator begin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator end(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type n) const;
+    const_local_iterator cend(size_type n) const;
+
+    float load_factor() const noexcept;
+    float max_load_factor() const noexcept;
+    void max_load_factor(float z);
+    void rehash(size_type n);
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+};
+
+template<class InputIterator,
+    class Hash = hash<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+    class Pred = equal_to<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+    class Allocator = allocator<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>>
+unordered_multiset(InputIterator, InputIterator, see below::size_type = see below,
+    Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> unordered_multiset<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type,
+        Hash, Pred, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R,
+         class Hash = hash<ranges::range_value_t<R>>,
+         class Pred = equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<R>>,
+         class Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<R>>>
+  unordered_multiset(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type = see below, Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> unordered_multiset<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Hash, Pred, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class T, class Hash = hash<T>,
+          class Pred = equal_to<T>, class Allocator = allocator<T>>
+unordered_multiset(initializer_list<T>, typename see below::size_type = see below,
+    Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator())
+  -> unordered_multiset<T, Hash, Pred, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator,  class Allocator>
+unordered_multiset(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_multiset<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type,
+        hash<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+        equal_to<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
+        Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class InputIterator,  class Hash, class Allocator>
+unordered_multiset(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type,
+    Hash, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_multiset<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type, Hash,
+        equal_to<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  unordered_multiset(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multiset<ranges::range_value_t<R>, hash<ranges::range_value_t<R>>,
+                      equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<R>>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator>
+  unordered_multiset(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multiset<ranges::range_value_t<R>, hash<ranges::range_value_t<R>>,
+                      equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<R>>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Hash, class Allocator>
+  unordered_multiset(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multiset<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Hash,
+                      equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<R>>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template<class T, class Allocator>
+unordered_multiset(initializer_list<T>, typename see below::size_type, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_multiset<T, hash<T>, equal_to<T>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<class T, class Hash, class Allocator>
+unordered_multiset(initializer_list<T>, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator)
+  -> unordered_multiset<T, Hash, equal_to<T>, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    void swap(unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+              unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y)
+              noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class K, class T, class H, class P, class A, class Predicate>
+    typename unordered_set<K, T, H, P, A>::size_type
+    erase_if(unordered_set<K, T, H, P, A>& c, Predicate pred);       // C++20
+
+template <class K, class T, class H, class P, class A, class Predicate>
+    typename unordered_multiset<K, T, H, P, A>::size_type
+    erase_if(unordered_multiset<K, T, H, P, A>& c, Predicate pred);  // C++20
+
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator==(const unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y);
+
+template <class Value, class Hash, class Pred, class Alloc>
+    bool
+    operator!=(const unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& x,
+               const unordered_multiset<Value, Hash, Pred, Alloc>& y); // removed in C++20
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#include <__algorithm/is_permutation.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/is_transparent.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__hash_table>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/erase_if_container.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/ranges_iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h>
+#include <__node_handle>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_allocator.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [unord.set.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+class unordered_multiset;
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash = hash<_Value>, class _Pred = equal_to<_Value>, class _Alloc = allocator<_Value> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_set {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _Value key_type;
+  typedef key_type value_type;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Hash> hasher;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Pred> key_equal;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Alloc> allocator_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value, "");
+  static_assert(is_same<value_type, typename allocator_type::value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+
+private:
+  typedef __hash_table<value_type, hasher, key_equal, allocator_type> __table;
+
+  __table __table_;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __table::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __table::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  typedef typename __table::const_iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename __table::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  typedef typename __table::const_local_iterator local_iterator;
+  typedef typename __table::const_local_iterator const_local_iterator;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  typedef __set_node_handle<typename __table::__node, allocator_type> node_type;
+  typedef __insert_return_type<iterator, node_type> insert_return_type;
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Value2, class _Hash2, class _Pred2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_set;
+  template <class _Value2, class _Hash2, class _Pred2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_multiset;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__table>::value) {}
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_set(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(), const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_set(__n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_set(__n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_set(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_set(_InputIterator __first,
+                _InputIterator __last,
+                size_type __n,
+                const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+                const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(
+      _InputIterator __first,
+      _InputIterator __last,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf,
+      const key_equal& __eql,
+      const allocator_type& __a);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(
+      from_range_t,
+      _Range&& __range,
+      size_type __n             = /*implementation-defined*/ 0,
+      const hasher& __hf        = hasher(),
+      const key_equal& __eql    = key_equal(),
+      const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+    }
+    insert_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_set(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_set(__first, __last, __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(
+      _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_set(__first, __last, __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_set(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_set(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_set(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit unordered_set(const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(const unordered_set& __u);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(const unordered_set& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(unordered_set&& __u) _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(unordered_set&& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+                size_type __n,
+                const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+                const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set(
+      initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf,
+      const key_equal& __eql,
+      const allocator_type& __a);
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_set(__il, __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_set(__il, __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#  endif
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~unordered_set() {
+    static_assert(sizeof(std::__diagnose_unordered_container_requirements<_Value, _Hash, _Pred>(0)), "");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set& operator=(const unordered_set& __u) {
+    __table_ = __u.__table_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set& operator=(unordered_set&& __u)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_set& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __table_.__emplace_unique(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __table_.__emplace_unique(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...).first;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type&& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_unique(std::move(__x));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator, value_type&& __x) { return insert(std::move(__x)).first; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { insert(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& __x) { return __table_.__insert_unique(__x); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator, const value_type& __x) { return insert(__x).first; }
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    for (auto&& __element : __range) {
+      __table_.__insert_unique(std::forward<decltype(__element)>(__element));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p) { return __table_.erase(__p); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.__erase_unique(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) {
+    return __table_.erase(__first, __last);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT { __table_.clear(); }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI insert_return_type insert(node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to unordered_set::insert()");
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_insert_unique< node_type, insert_return_type>(std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __h, node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to unordered_set::insert()");
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_insert_unique<node_type>(__h, std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(key_type const& __key) {
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__key);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(const_iterator __it) {
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__it);
+  }
+
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_set<key_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __table_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_set<key_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __table_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_multiset<key_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __table_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_multiset<key_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    __table_.__node_handle_merge_unique(__source.__table_);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(unordered_set& __u) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<__table>) {
+    __table_.swap(__u.__table_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hasher hash_function() const { return __table_.hash_function(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_equal key_eq() const { return __table_.key_eq(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.find(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __table_.find(__k);
+  }
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.find(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.__count_unique(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__count_unique(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const key_type& __k) const { return find(__k) != end(); }
+
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return find(__k) != end();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_unique(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.bucket_count(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_bucket_count(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_size(size_type __n) const { return __table_.bucket_size(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.bucket(__k); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_iterator begin(size_type __n) { return __table_.begin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_iterator end(size_type __n) { return __table_.end(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator begin(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cbegin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator end(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cend(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cbegin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator cend(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cend(__n); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.load_factor(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float max_load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_load_factor(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void max_load_factor(float __mlf) { __table_.max_load_factor(__mlf); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void rehash(size_type __n) { __table_.__rehash_unique(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reserve(size_type __n) { __table_.__reserve_unique(__n); }
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Hash      = hash<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_set(_InputIterator,
+              _InputIterator,
+              typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+              _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+              _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+              _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> unordered_set<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Hash, _Pred, _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Hash      = hash<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_set(
+    from_range_t,
+    _Range&&,
+    typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+    _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+    _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+    _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> unordered_set<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Hash, _Pred, _Allocator>; // C++23
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Hash      = hash<_Tp>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<_Tp>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_Tp>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_set(initializer_list<_Tp>,
+              typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+              _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+              _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+              _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> unordered_set<_Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_set(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_set<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>,
+                     hash<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                     equal_to<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                     _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_set(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_set<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Hash, equal_to<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>, _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_set(from_range_t, _Range&&, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_set<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>,
+                     hash<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+                     equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+                     _Allocator>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_set(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_set<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>,
+                     hash<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+                     equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+                     _Allocator>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_set(from_range_t, _Range&&, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_set<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Hash, equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>, _Allocator>;
+
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_set(initializer_list<_Tp>, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_set<_Tp, hash<_Tp>, equal_to<_Tp>, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_set(initializer_list<_Tp>, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_set<_Tp, _Hash, equal_to<_Tp>, _Allocator>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+    size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(const allocator_type& __a) : __table_(__a) {}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(const unordered_set& __u) : __table_(__u.__table_) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(const unordered_set& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(unordered_set&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value)
+    : __table_(std::move(__u.__table_)) {}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(unordered_set&& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(std::move(__u.__table_), __a) {
+  if (__a != __u.get_allocator()) {
+    iterator __i = __u.begin();
+    while (__u.size() != 0)
+      __table_.__insert_unique(std::move(__u.__table_.remove(__i++)->__get_value()));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+    initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_set(
+    initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_unique(__n);
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(unordered_set&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value) {
+  __table_ = std::move(__u.__table_);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  __table_.__assign_unique(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline void unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __table_.__insert_unique(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::size_type
+erase_if(unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return std::__libcpp_erase_if_container(__c, __pred);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                      const unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+    return false;
+  typedef typename unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(), __ey = __y.end(); __i != __ex; ++__i) {
+    const_iterator __j = __y.find(*__i);
+    if (__j == __ey || !(*__i == *__j))
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                             const unordered_set<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash = hash<_Value>, class _Pred = equal_to<_Value>, class _Alloc = allocator<_Value> >
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_multiset {
+public:
+  // types
+  typedef _Value key_type;
+  typedef key_type value_type;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Hash> hasher;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Pred> key_equal;
+  typedef __type_identity_t<_Alloc> allocator_type;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+  static_assert(is_same<value_type, typename allocator_type::value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+
+private:
+  typedef __hash_table<value_type, hasher, key_equal, allocator_type> __table;
+
+  __table __table_;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename __table::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::const_pointer const_pointer;
+  typedef typename __table::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __table::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+
+  typedef typename __table::const_iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename __table::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  typedef typename __table::const_local_iterator local_iterator;
+  typedef typename __table::const_local_iterator const_local_iterator;
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  typedef __set_node_handle<typename __table::__node, allocator_type> node_type;
+#endif
+
+  template <class _Value2, class _Hash2, class _Pred2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_set;
+  template <class _Value2, class _Hash2, class _Pred2, class _Alloc2>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS unordered_multiset;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset() _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<__table>::value) {}
+  explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_multiset(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf = hasher(), const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_multiset(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multiset(__n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multiset(__n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#endif
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(
+      _InputIterator __first,
+      _InputIterator __last,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(
+      _InputIterator __first,
+      _InputIterator __last,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf,
+      const key_equal& __eql,
+      const allocator_type& __a);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(
+      from_range_t,
+      _Range&& __range,
+      size_type __n             = /*implementation-defined*/ 0,
+      const hasher& __hf        = hasher(),
+      const key_equal& __eql    = key_equal(),
+      const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+    }
+    insert_range(std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_multiset(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multiset(__first, __last, __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(
+      _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multiset(__first, __last, __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multiset(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_multiset(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multiset(from_range, std::forward<_Range>(__range), __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit unordered_multiset(const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(const unordered_multiset& __u);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(const unordered_multiset& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(unordered_multiset&& __u)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(unordered_multiset&& __u, const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(
+      initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf     = hasher(),
+      const key_equal& __eql = key_equal());
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset(
+      initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+      size_type __n,
+      const hasher& __hf,
+      const key_equal& __eql,
+      const allocator_type& __a);
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multiset(__il, __n, hasher(), key_equal(), __a) {}
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  unordered_multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : unordered_multiset(__il, __n, __hf, key_equal(), __a) {}
+#  endif
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~unordered_multiset() {
+    static_assert(sizeof(std::__diagnose_unordered_container_requirements<_Value, _Hash, _Pred>(0)), "");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset& operator=(const unordered_multiset& __u) {
+    __table_ = __u.__table_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset& operator=(unordered_multiset&& __u)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI unordered_multiset& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return allocator_type(__table_.__node_alloc());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.size() == 0; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.size(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.end(); }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __table_.__emplace_multi(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __p, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __table_.__emplace_hint_multi(__p, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(value_type&& __x) { return __table_.__insert_multi(std::move(__x)); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, value_type&& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_multi(__p, std::move(__x));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { insert(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const value_type& __x) { return __table_.__insert_multi(__x); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __p, const value_type& __x) {
+    return __table_.__insert_multi(__p, __x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    for (auto&& __element : __range) {
+      __table_.__insert_multi(std::forward<decltype(__element)>(__element));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to unordered_multiset::insert()");
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_insert_multi<node_type>(std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __hint, node_type&& __nh) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(__nh.empty() || __nh.get_allocator() == get_allocator(),
+                                        "node_type with incompatible allocator passed to unordered_multiset::insert()");
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_insert_multi<node_type>(__hint, std::move(__nh));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(const_iterator __position) {
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__position);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI node_type extract(key_type const& __key) {
+    return __table_.template __node_handle_extract<node_type>(__key);
+  }
+
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_multiset<key_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_multiset<key_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_set<key_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__table_);
+  }
+  template <class _H2, class _P2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void merge(unordered_set<key_type, _H2, _P2, allocator_type>&& __source) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+        __source.get_allocator() == get_allocator(), "merging container with incompatible allocator");
+    return __table_.__node_handle_merge_multi(__source.__table_);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __p) { return __table_.erase(__p); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.__erase_multi(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) {
+    return __table_.erase(__first, __last);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT { __table_.clear(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(unordered_multiset& __u) _NOEXCEPT_(__is_nothrow_swappable_v<__table>) {
+    __table_.swap(__u.__table_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI hasher hash_function() const { return __table_.hash_function(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_equal key_eq() const { return __table_.key_eq(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __k) { return __table_.find(__k); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.find(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __table_.find(__k);
+  }
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.find(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.__count_multi(__k); }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__count_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const key_type& __k) const { return find(__k) != end(); }
+
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return find(__k) != end();
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+  template <class _K2, enable_if_t<__is_transparent_v<hasher, _K2> && __is_transparent_v<key_equal, _K2>>* = nullptr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const _K2& __k) const {
+    return __table_.__equal_range_multi(__k);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.bucket_count(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_bucket_count() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_bucket_count(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket_size(size_type __n) const { return __table_.bucket_size(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type bucket(const key_type& __k) const { return __table_.bucket(__k); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_iterator begin(size_type __n) { return __table_.begin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI local_iterator end(size_type __n) { return __table_.end(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator begin(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cbegin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator end(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cend(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cbegin(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_local_iterator cend(size_type __n) const { return __table_.cend(__n); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.load_factor(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI float max_load_factor() const _NOEXCEPT { return __table_.max_load_factor(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void max_load_factor(float __mlf) { __table_.max_load_factor(__mlf); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void rehash(size_type __n) { __table_.__rehash_multi(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reserve(size_type __n) { __table_.__reserve_multi(__n); }
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Hash      = hash<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multiset(
+    _InputIterator,
+    _InputIterator,
+    typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+    _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+    _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+    _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> unordered_multiset<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Hash, _Pred, _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Hash      = hash<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multiset(
+    from_range_t,
+    _Range&&,
+    typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+    _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+    _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+    _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> unordered_multiset<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Hash, _Pred, _Allocator>; // C++23
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Hash      = hash<_Tp>,
+          class _Pred      = equal_to<_Tp>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<_Tp>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Pred>::value>,
+          class            = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multiset(initializer_list<_Tp>,
+                   typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type = 0,
+                   _Hash                                            = _Hash(),
+                   _Pred                                            = _Pred(),
+                   _Allocator = _Allocator()) -> unordered_multiset<_Tp, _Hash, _Pred, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multiset(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multiset<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>,
+                          hash<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                          equal_to<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multiset(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multiset<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>,
+                          _Hash,
+                          equal_to<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multiset(from_range_t, _Range&&, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multiset<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>,
+                          hash<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+                          equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multiset(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multiset<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>,
+                          hash<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+                          equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+                          _Allocator>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multiset(from_range_t, _Range&&, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multiset<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Hash, equal_to<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>, _Allocator>;
+
+#  endif
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multiset(initializer_list<_Tp>, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multiset<_Tp, hash<_Tp>, equal_to<_Tp>, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _Tp,
+          class _Hash,
+          class _Allocator,
+          class = enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<!is_integral<_Hash>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+unordered_multiset(initializer_list<_Tp>, typename allocator_traits<_Allocator>::size_type, _Hash, _Allocator)
+    -> unordered_multiset<_Tp, _Hash, equal_to<_Tp>, _Allocator>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+    size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+    size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+    _InputIterator __first,
+    _InputIterator __last,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__a) {}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(const unordered_multiset& __u)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+    const unordered_multiset& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__u.__table_, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__u.bucket_count());
+  insert(__u.begin(), __u.end());
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(unordered_multiset&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<__table>::value)
+    : __table_(std::move(__u.__table_)) {}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+    unordered_multiset&& __u, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(std::move(__u.__table_), __a) {
+  if (__a != __u.get_allocator()) {
+    iterator __i = __u.begin();
+    while (__u.size() != 0)
+      __table_.__insert_multi(std::move(__u.__table_.remove(__i++)->__get_value()));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+    initializer_list<value_type> __il, size_type __n, const hasher& __hf, const key_equal& __eql)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::unordered_multiset(
+    initializer_list<value_type> __il,
+    size_type __n,
+    const hasher& __hf,
+    const key_equal& __eql,
+    const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __table_(__hf, __eql, __a) {
+  __table_.__rehash_multi(__n);
+  insert(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(unordered_multiset&& __u)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<__table>::value) {
+  __table_ = std::move(__u.__table_);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>&
+unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  __table_.__assign_multi(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+template <class _InputIterator>
+inline void unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    __table_.__insert_multi(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x, unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc, class _Predicate>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::size_type
+erase_if(unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  return std::__libcpp_erase_if_container(__c, __pred);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                      const unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  if (__x.size() != __y.size())
+    return false;
+  typedef typename unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  typedef pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> _EqRng;
+  for (const_iterator __i = __x.begin(), __ex = __x.end(); __i != __ex;) {
+    _EqRng __xeq = __x.equal_range(*__i);
+    _EqRng __yeq = __y.equal_range(*__i);
+    if (std::distance(__xeq.first, __xeq.second) != std::distance(__yeq.first, __yeq.second) ||
+        !std::is_permutation(__xeq.first, __xeq.second, __yeq.first))
+      return false;
+    __i = __xeq.second;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Value, class _Hash, class _Pred, class _Alloc>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __x,
+                                             const unordered_multiset<_Value, _Hash, _Pred, _Alloc>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace pmr {
+template <class _KeyT, class _HashT = std::hash<_KeyT>, class _PredT = std::equal_to<_KeyT>>
+using unordered_set _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = std::unordered_set<_KeyT, _HashT, _PredT, polymorphic_allocator<_KeyT>>;
+
+template <class _KeyT, class _HashT = std::hash<_KeyT>, class _PredT = std::equal_to<_KeyT>>
+using unordered_multiset _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR =
+    std::unordered_multiset<_KeyT, _HashT, _PredT, polymorphic_allocator<_KeyT>>;
+} // namespace pmr
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_UNORDERED_SET

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/utility b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/utility
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f97907fbf72e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/utility
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_UTILITY
+#define _LIBCPP_UTILITY
+
+/*
+    utility synopsis
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T>
+    void
+    swap(T& a, T& b);
+
+namespace rel_ops
+{
+    template<class T> bool operator!=(const T&, const T&);
+    template<class T> bool operator> (const T&, const T&);
+    template<class T> bool operator<=(const T&, const T&);
+    template<class T> bool operator>=(const T&, const T&);
+}
+
+template<class T>
+void
+swap(T& a, T& b) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>::value &&
+                          is_nothrow_move_assignable<T>::value);
+
+template <class T, size_t N>
+void
+swap(T (&a)[N], T (&b)[N]) noexcept(noexcept(swap(*a, *b)));
+
+template <class T> T&& forward(typename remove_reference<T>::type& t) noexcept;  // constexpr in C++14
+template <class T> T&& forward(typename remove_reference<T>::type&& t) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr
+auto forward_like(auto&& x) noexcept -> see below;                               // since C++23
+
+template <class T> typename remove_reference<T>::type&& move(T&&) noexcept;      // constexpr in C++14
+
+template <class T>
+    typename conditional
+    <
+        !is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>::value && is_copy_constructible<T>::value,
+        const T&,
+        T&&
+    >::type
+    move_if_noexcept(T& x) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+
+template <class T> constexpr add_const_t<T>& as_const(T& t) noexcept;      // C++17
+template <class T>                      void as_const(const T&&) = delete; // C++17
+
+template <class T> typename add_rvalue_reference<T>::type declval() noexcept;
+
+template<class T, class U> constexpr bool cmp_equal(T t, U u) noexcept;         // C++20
+template<class T, class U> constexpr bool cmp_not_equal(T t, U u) noexcept;     // C++20
+template<class T, class U> constexpr bool cmp_less(T t, U u) noexcept;          // C++20
+template<class T, class U> constexpr bool cmp_greater(T t, U u) noexcept;       // C++20
+template<class T, class U> constexpr bool cmp_less_equal(T t, U u) noexcept;    // C++20
+template<class T, class U> constexpr bool cmp_greater_equal(T t, U u) noexcept; // C++20
+template<class R, class T> constexpr bool in_range(T t) noexcept;               // C++20
+
+template <class T1, class T2>
+struct pair
+{
+    typedef T1 first_type;
+    typedef T2 second_type;
+
+    T1 first;
+    T2 second;
+
+    pair(const pair&) = default;
+    pair(pair&&) = default;
+    explicit(see-below) constexpr pair();
+    explicit(see-below) pair(const T1& x, const T2& y);                          // constexpr in C++14
+    template <class U = T1, class V = T2> explicit(see-below) pair(U&&, V&&);    // constexpr in C++14
+    template <class U, class V> constexpr explicit(see-below) pair(pair<U, V>&); // since C++23
+    template <class U, class V> explicit(see-below) pair(const pair<U, V>& p);   // constexpr in C++14
+    template <class U, class V> explicit(see-below) pair(pair<U, V>&& p);        // constexpr in C++14
+    template <class U, class V>
+    constexpr explicit(see-below) pair(const pair<U, V>&&);                      // since C++23
+    template <pair-like P> constexpr explicit(see-below) pair(P&&);              // since C++23
+    template <class... Args1, class... Args2>
+        pair(piecewise_construct_t, tuple<Args1...> first_args,                  // constexpr in C++20
+                                    tuple<Args2...> second_args);
+
+    constexpr const pair& operator=(const pair& p) const;                        // since C++23
+    template <class U, class V> pair& operator=(const pair<U, V>& p);            // constexpr in C++20
+    template <class U, class V>
+    constexpr const pair& operator=(const pair<U, V>& p) const;                  // since C++23
+    pair& operator=(pair&& p) noexcept(is_nothrow_move_assignable<T1>::value &&
+                                       is_nothrow_move_assignable<T2>::value);   // constexpr in C++20
+    constexpr const pair& operator=(pair&& p) const;                             // since C++23
+    template <class U, class V> pair& operator=(pair<U, V>&& p);                 // constexpr in C++20
+    template <class U, class V>
+    constexpr const pair& operator=(pair<U, V>&& p) const;                       // since C++23
+    template <pair-like P> constexpr pair& operator=(P&&);                       // since C++23
+    template <pair-like P> constexpr const pair& operator=(P&&) const;           // since C++23
+
+    void swap(pair& p) noexcept(is_nothrow_swappable_v<T1> &&
+                                is_nothrow_swappable_v<T2>);                     // constexpr in C++20
+    constexpr void swap(const pair& p) const noexcept(see below);                // since C++23
+};
+
+template<class T1, class T2, class U1, class U2, template<class> class TQual, template<class> class UQual>
+struct basic_common_reference<pair<T1, T2>, pair<U1, U2>, TQual, UQual>;         // since C++23
+
+template<class T1, class T2, class U1, class U2>
+struct common_type<pair<T1, T2>, pair<U1, U2>>;                                  // since C++23
+
+template<class T1, class T2> pair(T1, T2) -> pair<T1, T2>;
+
+template <class T1, class T2, class U1, class U2>
+bool operator==(const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<U1,U2>&);                         // constexpr in C++14
+template <class T1, class T2, class U1, class U2>
+bool operator!=(const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<U1,U2>&);                         // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template <class T1, class T2, class U1, class U2>
+bool operator< (const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<U1,U2>&);                         // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template <class T1, class T2, class U1, class U2>
+bool operator> (const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<U1,U2>&);                         // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template <class T1, class T2, class U1, class U2>
+bool operator>=(const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<U1,U2>&);                         // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template <class T1, class T2, class U1, class U2>
+bool operator<=(const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<U1,U2>&);                         // constexpr in C++14, removed in C++20
+template <class T1, class T2, class U1, class U2>
+  constexpr common_comparison_type_t<synth-three-way-result<T1,U1>,
+                                     synth-three-way-result<T2,U2>>
+    operator<=>(const pair<T1,T2>&, const pair<U1,U2>&);                         // C++20
+
+template <class T1, class T2> pair<V1, V2> make_pair(T1&&, T2&&);                // constexpr in C++14
+template <class T1, class T2>
+void
+swap(pair<T1, T2>& x, pair<T1, T2>& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));            // constexpr in C++20
+
+template<class T1, class T2>                                                     // since C++23
+constexpr void swap(const pair<T1, T2>& x, const pair<T1, T2>& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+struct piecewise_construct_t { explicit piecewise_construct_t() = default; };
+inline constexpr piecewise_construct_t piecewise_construct = piecewise_construct_t();
+
+template <class T> struct tuple_size;
+template <size_t I, class T> struct tuple_element;
+
+template <class T1, class T2> struct tuple_size<pair<T1, T2> >;
+template <class T1, class T2> struct tuple_element<0, pair<T1, T2> >;
+template <class T1, class T2> struct tuple_element<1, pair<T1, T2> >;
+
+template<size_t I, class T1, class T2>
+    typename tuple_element<I, pair<T1, T2> >::type&
+    get(pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+
+template<size_t I, class T1, class T2>
+    const typename tuple_element<I, pair<T1, T2> >::type&
+    get(const pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+
+template<size_t I, class T1, class T2>
+    typename tuple_element<I, pair<T1, T2> >::type&&
+    get(pair<T1, T2>&&) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+
+template<size_t I, class T1, class T2>
+    const typename tuple_element<I, pair<T1, T2> >::type&&
+    get(const pair<T1, T2>&&) noexcept; // constexpr in C++14
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+    constexpr T1& get(pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept; // C++14
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+    constexpr const T1& get(const pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept; // C++14
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+    constexpr T1&& get(pair<T1, T2>&&) noexcept; // C++14
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+    constexpr const T1&& get(const pair<T1, T2>&&) noexcept; // C++14
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+    constexpr T1& get(pair<T2, T1>&) noexcept; // C++14
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+    constexpr const T1& get(const pair<T2, T1>&) noexcept; // C++14
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+    constexpr T1&& get(pair<T2, T1>&&) noexcept; // C++14
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+    constexpr const T1&& get(const pair<T2, T1>&&) noexcept; // C++14
+
+// C++14
+
+template<class T, T... I>
+struct integer_sequence
+{
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    static constexpr size_t size() noexcept;
+};
+
+template<size_t... I>
+  using index_sequence = integer_sequence<size_t, I...>;
+
+template<class T, T N>
+  using make_integer_sequence = integer_sequence<T, 0, 1, ..., N-1>;
+template<size_t N>
+  using make_index_sequence = make_integer_sequence<size_t, N>;
+
+template<class... T>
+  using index_sequence_for = make_index_sequence<sizeof...(T)>;
+
+template<class T, class U=T>
+    constexpr T exchange(T& obj, U&& new_value)                                 // constexpr in C++17, noexcept in C++23
+      noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>::value && is_nothrow_assignable<T&, U>::value);
+
+// 20.2.7, in-place construction // C++17
+struct in_place_t {
+  explicit in_place_t() = default;
+};
+inline constexpr in_place_t in_place{};
+template <class T>
+  struct in_place_type_t {
+    explicit in_place_type_t() = default;
+  };
+template <class T>
+  inline constexpr in_place_type_t<T> in_place_type{};
+template <size_t I>
+  struct in_place_index_t {
+    explicit in_place_index_t() = default;
+  };
+template <size_t I>
+  inline constexpr in_place_index_t<I> in_place_index{};
+
+// [utility.underlying], to_underlying
+template <class T>
+    constexpr underlying_type_t<T> to_underlying( T value ) noexcept; // C++23
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <__utility/piecewise_construct.h>
+#include <__utility/rel_ops.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+#  include <__utility/exchange.h>
+#  include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+#  include <__utility/as_const.h>
+#  include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+#  include <__utility/cmp.h>
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+#  include <__utility/forward_like.h>
+#  include <__utility/to_underlying.h>
+#  include <__utility/unreachable.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [utility.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+// [tuple.creation]
+
+#include <__tuple/ignore.h>
+
+// [tuple.helper]
+#include <__tuple/tuple_element.h>
+#include <__tuple/tuple_size.h>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <limits>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_UTILITY

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/valarray b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/valarray
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..44341eb2ba6c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/valarray
@@ -0,0 +1,3364 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_VALARRAY
+#define _LIBCPP_VALARRAY
+
+/*
+    valarray synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<class T>
+class valarray
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    // construct/destroy:
+    valarray();
+    explicit valarray(size_t n);
+    valarray(const value_type& x, size_t n);
+    valarray(const value_type* px, size_t n);
+    valarray(const valarray& v);
+    valarray(valarray&& v) noexcept;
+    valarray(const slice_array<value_type>& sa);
+    valarray(const gslice_array<value_type>& ga);
+    valarray(const mask_array<value_type>& ma);
+    valarray(const indirect_array<value_type>& ia);
+    valarray(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    ~valarray();
+
+    // assignment:
+    valarray& operator=(const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator=(valarray&& v) noexcept;
+    valarray& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    valarray& operator=(const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator=(const slice_array<value_type>& sa);
+    valarray& operator=(const gslice_array<value_type>& ga);
+    valarray& operator=(const mask_array<value_type>& ma);
+    valarray& operator=(const indirect_array<value_type>& ia);
+
+    // element access:
+    const value_type& operator[](size_t i) const;
+    value_type&       operator[](size_t i);
+
+    // subset operations:
+    valarray                   operator[](slice s) const;
+    slice_array<value_type>    operator[](slice s);
+    valarray                   operator[](const gslice& gs) const;
+    gslice_array<value_type>   operator[](const gslice& gs);
+    valarray                   operator[](const valarray<bool>& vb) const;
+    mask_array<value_type>     operator[](const valarray<bool>& vb);
+    valarray                   operator[](const valarray<size_t>& vs) const;
+    indirect_array<value_type> operator[](const valarray<size_t>& vs);
+
+    // unary operators:
+    valarray       operator+() const;
+    valarray       operator-() const;
+    valarray       operator~() const;
+    valarray<bool> operator!() const;
+
+    // computed assignment:
+    valarray& operator*= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator/= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator%= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator+= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator-= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator^= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator&= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator|= (const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator<<=(const value_type& x);
+    valarray& operator>>=(const value_type& x);
+
+    valarray& operator*= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator/= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator%= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator+= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator-= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator^= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator|= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator&= (const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator<<=(const valarray& v);
+    valarray& operator>>=(const valarray& v);
+
+    // member functions:
+    void swap(valarray& v) noexcept;
+
+    size_t size() const;
+
+    value_type sum() const;
+    value_type min() const;
+    value_type max() const;
+
+    valarray shift (int i) const;
+    valarray cshift(int i) const;
+    valarray apply(value_type f(value_type)) const;
+    valarray apply(value_type f(const value_type&)) const;
+    void resize(size_t n, value_type x = value_type());
+};
+
+template<class T, size_t cnt> valarray(const T(&)[cnt], size_t) -> valarray<T>;
+
+class slice
+{
+public:
+    slice();
+    slice(size_t start, size_t size, size_t stride);
+
+    size_t start()  const;
+    size_t size()   const;
+    size_t stride() const;
+
+    friend bool operator==(const slice& x, const slice& y); // since C++20
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class slice_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    const slice_array& operator=(const slice_array& sa) const;
+    void operator=  (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator*= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator/= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator%= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator+= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator-= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator^= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator&= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator|= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator<<=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator>>=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+
+    void operator=(const value_type& x) const;
+    void operator=(const valarray<T>& val_arr) const;
+
+    slice_array() = delete;
+};
+
+class gslice
+{
+public:
+    gslice();
+    gslice(size_t start, const valarray<size_t>& size,
+                         const valarray<size_t>& stride);
+
+    size_t           start()  const;
+    valarray<size_t> size()   const;
+    valarray<size_t> stride() const;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class gslice_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    void operator=  (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator*= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator/= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator%= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator+= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator-= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator^= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator&= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator|= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator<<=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator>>=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+
+    gslice_array(const gslice_array& ga);
+    ~gslice_array();
+    const gslice_array& operator=(const gslice_array& ga) const;
+    void operator=(const value_type& x) const;
+
+    gslice_array() = delete;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class mask_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    void operator=  (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator*= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator/= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator%= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator+= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator-= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator^= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator&= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator|= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator<<=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator>>=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+
+    mask_array(const mask_array& ma);
+    ~mask_array();
+    const mask_array& operator=(const mask_array& ma) const;
+    void operator=(const value_type& x) const;
+
+    mask_array() = delete;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+class indirect_array
+{
+public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+
+    void operator=  (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator*= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator/= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator%= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator+= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator-= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator^= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator&= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator|= (const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator<<=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+    void operator>>=(const valarray<value_type>& v) const;
+
+    indirect_array(const indirect_array& ia);
+    ~indirect_array();
+    const indirect_array& operator=(const indirect_array& ia) const;
+    void operator=(const value_type& x) const;
+
+    indirect_array() = delete;
+};
+
+template<class T> void swap(valarray<T>& x, valarray<T>& y) noexcept;
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator* (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator* (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator* (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator/ (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator/ (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator/ (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator% (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator% (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator% (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator+ (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator+ (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator+ (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator- (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator- (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator- (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator^ (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator^ (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator^ (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator& (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator& (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator& (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator| (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator| (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator| (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator<<(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator<<(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator<<(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator>>(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator>>(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> operator>>(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator&&(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator&&(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator&&(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator||(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator||(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator||(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator==(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator==(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator==(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator!=(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator!=(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator!=(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator< (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator< (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator< (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator> (const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator> (const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator> (const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator<=(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator<=(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator<=(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator>=(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator>=(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<bool> operator>=(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> abs (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> acos (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> asin (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> atan (const valarray<T>& x);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> atan2(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> atan2(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> atan2(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> cos (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> cosh (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> exp (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> log (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> log10(const valarray<T>& x);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> pow(const valarray<T>& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> pow(const valarray<T>& x, const T& y);
+template<class T> valarray<T> pow(const T& x, const valarray<T>& y);
+
+template<class T> valarray<T> sin (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> sinh (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> sqrt (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> tan (const valarray<T>& x);
+template<class T> valarray<T> tanh (const valarray<T>& x);
+
+template <class T> unspecified1 begin(valarray<T>& v);
+template <class T> unspecified2 begin(const valarray<T>& v);
+template <class T> unspecified1 end(valarray<T>& v);
+template <class T> unspecified2 end(const valarray<T>& v);
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/count.h>
+#include <__algorithm/fill.h>
+#include <__algorithm/max_element.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min.h>
+#include <__algorithm/min_element.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/uninitialized_algorithms.h>
+#include <__type_traits/decay.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_reference.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <new>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [valarray.syn]
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS valarray;
+
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS slice {
+  size_t __start_;
+  size_t __size_;
+  size_t __stride_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI slice() : __start_(0), __size_(0), __stride_(0) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI slice(size_t __start, size_t __size, size_t __stride)
+      : __start_(__start), __size_(__size), __stride_(__stride) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t start() const { return __start_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __size_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t stride() const { return __stride_; }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator==(const slice& __x, const slice& __y) {
+    return __x.start() == __y.start() && __x.size() == __y.size() && __x.stride() == __y.stride();
+  }
+
+#endif
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS slice_array;
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI gslice;
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS gslice_array;
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS mask_array;
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS indirect_array;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* begin(valarray<_Tp>& __v);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Tp* begin(const valarray<_Tp>& __v);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* end(valarray<_Tp>& __v);
+
+template <class _Tp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Tp* end(const valarray<_Tp>& __v);
+
+template <class _Op, class _A0>
+struct _UnaryOp {
+  typedef typename _Op::__result_type __result_type;
+  using value_type = __decay_t<__result_type>;
+
+  _Op __op_;
+  _A0 __a0_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _UnaryOp(const _Op& __op, const _A0& __a0) : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __i) const { return __op_(__a0_[__i]); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __a0_.size(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Op, class _A0, class _A1>
+struct _BinaryOp {
+  typedef typename _Op::__result_type __result_type;
+  using value_type = __decay_t<__result_type>;
+
+  _Op __op_;
+  _A0 __a0_;
+  _A1 __a1_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _BinaryOp(const _Op& __op, const _A0& __a0, const _A1& __a1)
+      : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0), __a1_(__a1) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __i) const { return __op_(__a0_[__i], __a1_[__i]); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __a0_.size(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class __scalar_expr {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef const _Tp& __result_type;
+
+private:
+  const value_type& __t_;
+  size_t __s_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __scalar_expr(const value_type& __t, size_t __s) : __t_(__t), __s_(__s) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t) const { return __t_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __s_; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __unary_plus {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return +__x; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __bit_not {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return ~__x; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __bit_shift_left {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x << __y; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __bit_shift_right {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return __x >> __y; }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Fp>
+struct __apply_expr {
+private:
+  _Fp __f_;
+
+public:
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __apply_expr(_Fp __f) : __f_(__f) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return __f_(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __abs_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::abs(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __acos_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::acos(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __asin_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::asin(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __atan_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::atan(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __atan2_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return std::atan2(__x, __y); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __cos_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::cos(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __cosh_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::cosh(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __exp_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::exp(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __log_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::log(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __log10_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::log10(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __pow_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x, const _Tp& __y) const { return std::pow(__x, __y); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __sin_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::sin(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __sinh_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::sinh(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __sqrt_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::sqrt(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __tan_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::tan(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __tanh_expr {
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp operator()(const _Tp& __x) const { return std::tanh(__x); }
+};
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __slice_expr {
+  typedef __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_ValExpr> _RmExpr;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef value_type __result_type;
+
+private:
+  _ValExpr __expr_;
+  size_t __start_;
+  size_t __size_;
+  size_t __stride_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __slice_expr(const slice& __sl, const _RmExpr& __e)
+      : __expr_(__e), __start_(__sl.start()), __size_(__sl.size()), __stride_(__sl.stride()) {}
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __i) const { return __expr_[__start_ + __i * __stride_]; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __size_; }
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class __val_expr;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS valarray;
+};
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __mask_expr;
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __indirect_expr;
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __shift_expr {
+  typedef __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_ValExpr> _RmExpr;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef value_type __result_type;
+
+private:
+  _ValExpr __expr_;
+  size_t __size_;
+  ptr
diff _t __ul_;
+  ptr
diff _t __sn_;
+  ptr
diff _t __n_;
+  static const ptr
diff _t _Np = static_cast<ptr
diff _t>(sizeof(ptr
diff _t) * __CHAR_BIT__ - 1);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __shift_expr(int __n, const _RmExpr& __e) : __expr_(__e), __size_(__e.size()), __n_(__n) {
+    ptr
diff _t __neg_n = static_cast<ptr
diff _t>(__n_ >> _Np);
+    __sn_             = __neg_n | static_cast<ptr
diff _t>(static_cast<size_t>(-__n_) >> _Np);
+    __ul_             = ((__size_ - __n_) & ~__neg_n) | ((__n_ + 1) & __neg_n);
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __j) const {
+    ptr
diff _t __i = static_cast<ptr
diff _t>(__j);
+    ptr
diff _t __m = (__sn_ * __i - __ul_) >> _Np;
+    return (__expr_[(__i + __n_) & __m] & __m) | (value_type() & ~__m);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __size_; }
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class __val_expr;
+};
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __cshift_expr {
+  typedef __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_ValExpr> _RmExpr;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef value_type __result_type;
+
+private:
+  _ValExpr __expr_;
+  size_t __size_;
+  size_t __m_;
+  size_t __o1_;
+  size_t __o2_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __cshift_expr(int __n, const _RmExpr& __e) : __expr_(__e), __size_(__e.size()) {
+    __n %= static_cast<int>(__size_);
+    if (__n >= 0) {
+      __m_  = __size_ - __n;
+      __o1_ = __n;
+      __o2_ = __n - __size_;
+    } else {
+      __m_  = -__n;
+      __o1_ = __n + __size_;
+      __o2_ = __n;
+    }
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __i) const {
+    if (__i < __m_)
+      return __expr_[__i + __o1_];
+    return __expr_[__i + __o2_];
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __size_; }
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class __val_expr;
+};
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __val_expr;
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+struct __is_val_expr : false_type {};
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+struct __is_val_expr<__val_expr<_ValExpr> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_val_expr<valarray<_Tp> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_val_expr<slice_array<_Tp> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_val_expr<gslice_array<_Tp> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_val_expr<mask_array<_Tp> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __is_val_expr<indirect_array<_Tp> > : true_type {};
+
+// The functions using a __val_expr access the elements by their index.
+// valarray and the libc++ lazy proxies have an operator[]. The
+// Standard proxy array's don't have this operator, instead they have a
+// implementation specific accessor
+//   __get(size_t)
+//
+// The functions use the non-member function
+//   __get(__val_expr, size_t)
+//
+// If the __val_expr is a specialization of __val_expr_use_member_functions it
+// uses the __val_expr's member function
+//   __get(size_t)
+// else it uses the __val_expr's member function
+//   operator[](size_t)
+template <class _ValExpr>
+struct __val_expr_use_member_functions;
+
+template <class>
+struct __val_expr_use_member_functions : false_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __val_expr_use_member_functions<slice_array<_Tp> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __val_expr_use_member_functions<gslice_array<_Tp> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __val_expr_use_member_functions<mask_array<_Tp> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct __val_expr_use_member_functions<indirect_array<_Tp> > : true_type {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS valarray {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef _Tp __result_type;
+
+private:
+  value_type* __begin_;
+  value_type* __end_;
+
+public:
+  // construct/destroy:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray() : __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr) {}
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 explicit valarray(size_t __n);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray(const value_type& __x, size_t __n);
+  valarray(const value_type* __p, size_t __n);
+  valarray(const valarray& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray(valarray&& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+  valarray(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  valarray(const slice_array<value_type>& __sa);
+  valarray(const gslice_array<value_type>& __ga);
+  valarray(const mask_array<value_type>& __ma);
+  valarray(const indirect_array<value_type>& __ia);
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI_AFTER_V1 ~valarray();
+
+  // assignment:
+  valarray& operator=(const valarray& __v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator=(valarray&& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator=(const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator=(const slice_array<value_type>& __sa);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator=(const gslice_array<value_type>& __ga);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator=(const mask_array<value_type>& __ma);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator=(const indirect_array<value_type>& __ia);
+  template <class _ValExpr>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator=(const __val_expr<_ValExpr>& __v);
+
+  // element access:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const value_type& operator[](size_t __i) const { return __begin_[__i]; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type& operator[](size_t __i) { return __begin_[__i]; }
+
+  // subset operations:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__slice_expr<const valarray&> > operator[](slice __s) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI slice_array<value_type> operator[](slice __s);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> > operator[](const gslice& __gs) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI gslice_array<value_type> operator[](const gslice& __gs);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> > operator[](gslice&& __gs) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI gslice_array<value_type> operator[](gslice&& __gs);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray&> > operator[](const valarray<bool>& __vb) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mask_array<value_type> operator[](const valarray<bool>& __vb);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray&> > operator[](valarray<bool>&& __vb) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mask_array<value_type> operator[](valarray<bool>&& __vb);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> > operator[](const valarray<size_t>& __vs) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI indirect_array<value_type> operator[](const valarray<size_t>& __vs);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> > operator[](valarray<size_t>&& __vs) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI indirect_array<value_type> operator[](valarray<size_t>&& __vs);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  // unary operators:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__unary_plus<_Tp>, const valarray&> > operator+() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<negate<_Tp>, const valarray&> > operator-() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__bit_not<_Tp>, const valarray&> > operator~() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<logical_not<_Tp>, const valarray&> > operator!() const;
+
+  // computed assignment:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator*=(const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator/=(const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator%=(const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator+=(const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator-=(const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator^=(const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator&=(const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator|=(const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator<<=(const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator>>=(const value_type& __x);
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator*=(const _Expr& __v);
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator/=(const _Expr& __v);
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator%=(const _Expr& __v);
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator+=(const _Expr& __v);
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator-=(const _Expr& __v);
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator^=(const _Expr& __v);
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator|=(const _Expr& __v);
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator&=(const _Expr& __v);
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator<<=(const _Expr& __v);
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray& operator>>=(const _Expr& __v);
+
+  // member functions:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(valarray& __v) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return static_cast<size_t>(__end_ - __begin_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type sum() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type min() const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type max() const;
+
+  valarray shift(int __i) const;
+  valarray cshift(int __i) const;
+  valarray apply(value_type __f(value_type)) const;
+  valarray apply(value_type __f(const value_type&)) const;
+  void resize(size_t __n, value_type __x = value_type());
+
+private:
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS valarray;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS slice_array;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS gslice_array;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS mask_array;
+  template <class>
+  friend class __mask_expr;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS indirect_array;
+  template <class>
+  friend class __indirect_expr;
+  template <class>
+  friend class __val_expr;
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend _Up* begin(valarray<_Up>& __v);
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend const _Up* begin(const valarray<_Up>& __v);
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend _Up* end(valarray<_Up>& __v);
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  friend const _Up* end(const valarray<_Up>& __v);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __clear(size_t __capacity);
+  valarray& __assign_range(const value_type* __f, const value_type* __l);
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+valarray(const _Tp (&)[_Size], size_t) -> valarray<_Tp>;
+#endif
+
+template <class _Expr,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value && __val_expr_use_member_functions<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Expr::value_type __get(const _Expr& __v, size_t __i) {
+  return __v.__get(__i);
+}
+
+template <class _Expr,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value && !__val_expr_use_member_functions<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _Expr::value_type __get(const _Expr& __v, size_t __i) {
+  return __v[__i];
+}
+
+extern template _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void valarray<size_t>::resize(size_t, size_t);
+
+template <class _Op, class _Tp>
+struct _UnaryOp<_Op, valarray<_Tp> > {
+  typedef typename _Op::__result_type __result_type;
+  using value_type = __decay_t<__result_type>;
+
+  _Op __op_;
+  const valarray<_Tp>& __a0_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _UnaryOp(const _Op& __op, const valarray<_Tp>& __a0) : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __i) const { return __op_(__a0_[__i]); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __a0_.size(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Op, class _Tp, class _A1>
+struct _BinaryOp<_Op, valarray<_Tp>, _A1> {
+  typedef typename _Op::__result_type __result_type;
+  using value_type = __decay_t<__result_type>;
+
+  _Op __op_;
+  const valarray<_Tp>& __a0_;
+  _A1 __a1_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _BinaryOp(const _Op& __op, const valarray<_Tp>& __a0, const _A1& __a1)
+      : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0), __a1_(__a1) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __i) const { return __op_(__a0_[__i], __a1_[__i]); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __a0_.size(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Op, class _A0, class _Tp>
+struct _BinaryOp<_Op, _A0, valarray<_Tp> > {
+  typedef typename _Op::__result_type __result_type;
+  using value_type = __decay_t<__result_type>;
+
+  _Op __op_;
+  _A0 __a0_;
+  const valarray<_Tp>& __a1_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _BinaryOp(const _Op& __op, const _A0& __a0, const valarray<_Tp>& __a1)
+      : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0), __a1_(__a1) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __i) const { return __op_(__a0_[__i], __a1_[__i]); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __a0_.size(); }
+};
+
+template <class _Op, class _Tp>
+struct _BinaryOp<_Op, valarray<_Tp>, valarray<_Tp> > {
+  typedef typename _Op::__result_type __result_type;
+  using value_type = __decay_t<__result_type>;
+
+  _Op __op_;
+  const valarray<_Tp>& __a0_;
+  const valarray<_Tp>& __a1_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _BinaryOp(const _Op& __op, const valarray<_Tp>& __a0, const valarray<_Tp>& __a1)
+      : __op_(__op), __a0_(__a0), __a1_(__a1) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __i) const { return __op_(__a0_[__i], __a1_[__i]); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __a0_.size(); }
+};
+
+// slice_array
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS slice_array {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+private:
+  value_type* __vp_;
+  size_t __size_;
+  size_t __stride_;
+
+public:
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  slice_array(slice_array const&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const slice_array& operator=(const slice_array& __sa) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator=(const value_type& __x) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator=(const valarray<value_type>& __va) const;
+
+  // Behaves like __val_expr::operator[], which returns by value.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type __get(size_t __i) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__i < __size_, "slice_array.__get() index out of bounds");
+    return __vp_[__i * __stride_];
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI slice_array(const slice& __sl, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+      : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_ + __sl.start())), __size_(__sl.size()), __stride_(__sl.stride()) {}
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class valarray;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const slice_array<_Tp>& slice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const slice_array& __sa) const {
+  value_type* __t       = __vp_;
+  const value_type* __s = __sa.__vp_;
+  for (size_t __n = __size_; __n; --__n, __t += __stride_, __s += __sa.__stride_)
+    *__t = *__s;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t = __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const valarray<value_type>& __va) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __va.size(); ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t = __va[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t *= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t /= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t %= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t += __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t -= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t ^= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t &= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t |= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t <<= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __size_; ++__i, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t >>= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline void slice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const value_type& __x) const {
+  value_type* __t = __vp_;
+  for (size_t __n = __size_; __n; --__n, __t += __stride_)
+    *__t = __x;
+}
+
+// gslice
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI gslice {
+  valarray<size_t> __size_;
+  valarray<size_t> __stride_;
+  valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI gslice() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI gslice(size_t __start, const valarray<size_t>& __size, const valarray<size_t>& __stride)
+      : __size_(__size), __stride_(__stride) {
+    __init(__start);
+  }
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI gslice(size_t __start, const valarray<size_t>& __size, valarray<size_t>&& __stride)
+      : __size_(__size), __stride_(std::move(__stride)) {
+    __init(__start);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI gslice(size_t __start, valarray<size_t>&& __size, const valarray<size_t>& __stride)
+      : __size_(std::move(__size)), __stride_(__stride) {
+    __init(__start);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI gslice(size_t __start, valarray<size_t>&& __size, valarray<size_t>&& __stride)
+      : __size_(std::move(__size)), __stride_(std::move(__stride)) {
+    __init(__start);
+  }
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t start() const { return __1d_.size() ? __1d_[0] : 0; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray<size_t> size() const { return __size_; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI valarray<size_t> stride() const { return __stride_; }
+
+private:
+  void __init(size_t __start);
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class gslice_array;
+  template <class>
+  friend class valarray;
+  template <class>
+  friend class __val_expr;
+};
+
+// gslice_array
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS gslice_array {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+private:
+  value_type* __vp_;
+  valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+public:
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const gslice_array& operator=(const gslice_array& __ga) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator=(const value_type& __x) const;
+
+  gslice_array(const gslice_array&) = default;
+
+  // Behaves like __val_expr::operator[], which returns by value.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type __get(size_t __i) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__i < __1d_.size(), "gslice_array.__get() index out of bounds");
+    return __vp_[__1d_[__i]];
+  }
+
+private:
+  gslice_array(const gslice& __gs, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+      : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_)), __1d_(__gs.__1d_) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  gslice_array(gslice&& __gs, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+      : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_)), __1d_(std::move(__gs.__1d_)) {}
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class valarray;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  size_t __j = 0;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] = __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  size_t __j = 0;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] *= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  size_t __j = 0;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] /= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  size_t __j = 0;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] %= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  size_t __j = 0;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] += __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  size_t __j = 0;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] -= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  size_t __j = 0;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] ^= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  size_t __j = 0;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] &= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  size_t __j = 0;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] |= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  size_t __j = 0;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] <<= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  size_t __j = 0;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] >>= __v[__j];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const gslice_array<_Tp>& gslice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const gslice_array& __ga) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  const value_type* __s = __ga.__vp_;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_, __j = __ga.__1d_.__begin_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] = __s[*__j];
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline void gslice_array<_Tp>::operator=(const value_type& __x) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i)
+    __vp_[*__i] = __x;
+}
+
+// mask_array
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS mask_array {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+private:
+  value_type* __vp_;
+  valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+public:
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  mask_array(const mask_array&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const mask_array& operator=(const mask_array& __ma) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator=(const value_type& __x) const;
+
+  // Behaves like __val_expr::operator[], which returns by value.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type __get(size_t __i) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__i < __1d_.size(), "mask_array.__get() index out of bounds");
+    return __vp_[__1d_[__i]];
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI mask_array(const valarray<bool>& __vb, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+      : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_)),
+        __1d_(static_cast<size_t>(count(__vb.__begin_, __vb.__end_, true))) {
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __vb.size(); ++__i)
+      if (__vb[__i])
+        __1d_[__j++] = __i;
+  }
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class valarray;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] = __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] *= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] /= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] %= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] += __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] -= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] ^= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] &= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] |= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] <<= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] >>= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const mask_array<_Tp>& mask_array<_Tp>::operator=(const mask_array& __ma) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] = __ma.__vp_[__1d_[__i]];
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline void mask_array<_Tp>::operator=(const value_type& __x) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] = __x;
+}
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __mask_expr {
+  typedef __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_ValExpr> _RmExpr;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef value_type __result_type;
+
+private:
+  _ValExpr __expr_;
+  valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __mask_expr(const valarray<bool>& __vb, const _RmExpr& __e)
+      : __expr_(__e), __1d_(static_cast<size_t>(count(__vb.__begin_, __vb.__end_, true))) {
+    size_t __j = 0;
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __vb.size(); ++__i)
+      if (__vb[__i])
+        __1d_[__j++] = __i;
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __i) const { return __expr_[__1d_[__i]]; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __1d_.size(); }
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class __val_expr;
+  template <class>
+  friend class valarray;
+};
+
+// indirect_array
+
+template <class _Tp>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS indirect_array {
+public:
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+
+private:
+  value_type* __vp_;
+  valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+public:
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const;
+
+  indirect_array(const indirect_array&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const indirect_array& operator=(const indirect_array& __ia) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator=(const value_type& __x) const;
+
+  // Behaves like __val_expr::operator[], which returns by value.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type __get(size_t __i) const {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__i < __1d_.size(), "indirect_array.__get() index out of bounds");
+    return __vp_[__1d_[__i]];
+  }
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI indirect_array(const valarray<size_t>& __ia, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+      : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_)), __1d_(__ia) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI indirect_array(valarray<size_t>&& __ia, const valarray<value_type>& __v)
+      : __vp_(const_cast<value_type*>(__v.__begin_)), __1d_(std::move(__ia)) {}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class valarray;
+};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] = __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator*=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] *= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator/=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] /= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator%=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] %= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator+=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] += __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator-=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] -= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator^=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] ^= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator&=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] &= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator|=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] |= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] <<= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) const {
+  size_t __n = __1d_.size();
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
+    __vp_[__1d_[__i]] >>= __v[__i];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline const indirect_array<_Tp>& indirect_array<_Tp>::operator=(const indirect_array& __ia) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  const value_type* __s = __ia.__vp_;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_, __j = __ia.__1d_.__begin_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__j)
+    __vp_[*__i] = __s[*__j];
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline void indirect_array<_Tp>::operator=(const value_type& __x) const {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  for (_Ip __i = __1d_.__begin_, __e = __1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i)
+    __vp_[*__i] = __x;
+}
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __indirect_expr {
+  typedef __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_ValExpr> _RmExpr;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef value_type __result_type;
+
+private:
+  _ValExpr __expr_;
+  valarray<size_t> __1d_;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __indirect_expr(const valarray<size_t>& __ia, const _RmExpr& __e) : __expr_(__e), __1d_(__ia) {}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __indirect_expr(valarray<size_t>&& __ia, const _RmExpr& __e)
+      : __expr_(__e), __1d_(std::move(__ia)) {}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __i) const { return __expr_[__1d_[__i]]; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __1d_.size(); }
+
+  template <class>
+  friend class __val_expr;
+  template <class>
+  friend class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS valarray;
+};
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+class __val_expr {
+  typedef __libcpp_remove_reference_t<_ValExpr> _RmExpr;
+
+  _ValExpr __expr_;
+
+public:
+  typedef typename _RmExpr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef typename _RmExpr::__result_type __result_type;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __val_expr(const _RmExpr& __e) : __expr_(__e) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type operator[](size_t __i) const { return __expr_[__i]; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__slice_expr<_ValExpr> > operator[](slice __s) const {
+    typedef __slice_expr<_ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+    return __val_expr< _NewExpr >(_NewExpr(__s, __expr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__indirect_expr<_ValExpr> > operator[](const gslice& __gs) const {
+    typedef __indirect_expr<_ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+    return __val_expr<_NewExpr >(_NewExpr(__gs.__1d_, __expr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__mask_expr<_ValExpr> > operator[](const valarray<bool>& __vb) const {
+    typedef __mask_expr<_ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+    return __val_expr< _NewExpr >(_NewExpr(__vb, __expr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__indirect_expr<_ValExpr> > operator[](const valarray<size_t>& __vs) const {
+    typedef __indirect_expr<_ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+    return __val_expr< _NewExpr >(_NewExpr(__vs, __expr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__unary_plus<value_type>, _ValExpr> > operator+() const {
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__unary_plus<value_type>, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+    return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(__unary_plus<value_type>(), __expr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<negate<value_type>, _ValExpr> > operator-() const {
+    typedef _UnaryOp<negate<value_type>, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+    return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(negate<value_type>(), __expr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__bit_not<value_type>, _ValExpr> > operator~() const {
+    typedef _UnaryOp<__bit_not<value_type>, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+    return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(__bit_not<value_type>(), __expr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<logical_not<value_type>, _ValExpr> > operator!() const {
+    typedef _UnaryOp<logical_not<value_type>, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+    return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(logical_not<value_type>(), __expr_));
+  }
+
+  operator valarray<__result_type>() const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_t size() const { return __expr_.size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type sum() const {
+    size_t __n        = __expr_.size();
+    __result_type __r = __n ? __expr_[0] : __result_type();
+    for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i)
+      __r += __expr_[__i];
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type min() const {
+    size_t __n        = size();
+    __result_type __r = __n ? (*this)[0] : __result_type();
+    for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i) {
+      __result_type __x = __expr_[__i];
+      if (__x < __r)
+        __r = __x;
+    }
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __result_type max() const {
+    size_t __n        = size();
+    __result_type __r = __n ? (*this)[0] : __result_type();
+    for (size_t __i = 1; __i < __n; ++__i) {
+      __result_type __x = __expr_[__i];
+      if (__r < __x)
+        __r = __x;
+    }
+    return __r;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__shift_expr<_ValExpr> > shift(int __i) const {
+    return __val_expr<__shift_expr<_ValExpr> >(__shift_expr<_ValExpr>(__i, __expr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<__cshift_expr<_ValExpr> > cshift(int __i) const {
+    return __val_expr<__cshift_expr<_ValExpr> >(__cshift_expr<_ValExpr>(__i, __expr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__apply_expr<value_type, value_type (*)(value_type)>, _ValExpr> >
+  apply(value_type __f(value_type)) const {
+    typedef __apply_expr<value_type, value_type (*)(value_type)> _Op;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<_Op, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+    return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(_Op(__f), __expr_));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__apply_expr<value_type, value_type (*)(const value_type&)>, _ValExpr> >
+  apply(value_type __f(const value_type&)) const {
+    typedef __apply_expr<value_type, value_type (*)(const value_type&)> _Op;
+    typedef _UnaryOp<_Op, _ValExpr> _NewExpr;
+    return __val_expr<_NewExpr>(_NewExpr(_Op(__f), __expr_));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _ValExpr>
+__val_expr<_ValExpr>::operator valarray<__val_expr::__result_type>() const {
+  valarray<__result_type> __r;
+  size_t __n = __expr_.size();
+  if (__n) {
+    __r.__begin_ = __r.__end_ = allocator<__result_type>().allocate(__n);
+    for (size_t __i = 0; __i != __n; ++__r.__end_, ++__i)
+      ::new ((void*)__r.__end_) __result_type(__expr_[__i]);
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+// valarray
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>::valarray(size_t __n) : __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr) {
+  if (__n) {
+    __begin_ = __end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (size_t __n_left = __n; __n_left; --__n_left, ++__end_)
+        ::new ((void*)__end_) value_type();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __clear(__n);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const value_type& __x, size_t __n) : __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr) {
+  resize(__n, __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const value_type* __p, size_t __n) : __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr) {
+  if (__n) {
+    __begin_ = __end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (size_t __n_left = __n; __n_left; ++__end_, ++__p, --__n_left)
+        ::new ((void*)__end_) value_type(*__p);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __clear(__n);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const valarray& __v) : __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr) {
+  if (__v.size()) {
+    __begin_ = __end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__v.size());
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (value_type* __p = __v.__begin_; __p != __v.__end_; ++__end_, ++__p)
+        ::new ((void*)__end_) value_type(*__p);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __clear(__v.size());
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>::valarray(valarray&& __v) _NOEXCEPT : __begin_(__v.__begin_), __end_(__v.__end_) {
+  __v.__begin_ = __v.__end_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(initializer_list<value_type> __il) : __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr) {
+  const size_t __n = __il.size();
+  if (__n) {
+    __begin_ = __end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      size_t __n_left = __n;
+      for (const value_type* __p = __il.begin(); __n_left; ++__end_, ++__p, --__n_left)
+        ::new ((void*)__end_) value_type(*__p);
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __clear(__n);
+      throw;
+    }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const slice_array<value_type>& __sa) : __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr) {
+  const size_t __n = __sa.__size_;
+  if (__n) {
+    __begin_ = __end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      size_t __n_left = __n;
+      for (const value_type* __p = __sa.__vp_; __n_left; ++__end_, __p += __sa.__stride_, --__n_left)
+        ::new ((void*)__end_) value_type(*__p);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __clear(__n);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const gslice_array<value_type>& __ga) : __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr) {
+  const size_t __n = __ga.__1d_.size();
+  if (__n) {
+    __begin_ = __end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+      const value_type* __s = __ga.__vp_;
+      for (_Ip __i = __ga.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ga.__1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__end_)
+        ::new ((void*)__end_) value_type(__s[*__i]);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __clear(__n);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const mask_array<value_type>& __ma) : __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr) {
+  const size_t __n = __ma.__1d_.size();
+  if (__n) {
+    __begin_ = __end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+      const value_type* __s = __ma.__vp_;
+      for (_Ip __i = __ma.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ma.__1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__end_)
+        ::new ((void*)__end_) value_type(__s[*__i]);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __clear(__n);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>::valarray(const indirect_array<value_type>& __ia) : __begin_(nullptr), __end_(nullptr) {
+  const size_t __n = __ia.__1d_.size();
+  if (__n) {
+    __begin_ = __end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+      const value_type* __s = __ia.__vp_;
+      for (_Ip __i = __ia.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ia.__1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__end_)
+        ::new ((void*)__end_) value_type(__s[*__i]);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __clear(__n);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>::~valarray() {
+  __clear(size());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::__assign_range(const value_type* __f, const value_type* __l) {
+  size_t __n = __l - __f;
+  if (size() != __n) {
+    __clear(size());
+    __begin_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+    __end_   = __begin_ + __n;
+    std::uninitialized_copy(__f, __l, __begin_);
+  } else {
+    std::copy(__f, __l, __begin_);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const valarray& __v) {
+  if (this != std::addressof(__v))
+    return __assign_range(__v.__begin_, __v.__end_);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator=(valarray&& __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __clear(size());
+  __begin_     = __v.__begin_;
+  __end_       = __v.__end_;
+  __v.__begin_ = nullptr;
+  __v.__end_   = nullptr;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  return __assign_range(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const value_type& __x) {
+  std::fill(__begin_, __end_, __x);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const slice_array<value_type>& __sa) {
+  value_type* __t       = __begin_;
+  const value_type* __s = __sa.__vp_;
+  for (size_t __n = __sa.__size_; __n; --__n, __s += __sa.__stride_, ++__t)
+    *__t = *__s;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const gslice_array<value_type>& __ga) {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  value_type* __t       = __begin_;
+  const value_type* __s = __ga.__vp_;
+  for (_Ip __i = __ga.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ga.__1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__t)
+    *__t = __s[*__i];
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const mask_array<value_type>& __ma) {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  value_type* __t       = __begin_;
+  const value_type* __s = __ma.__vp_;
+  for (_Ip __i = __ma.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ma.__1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__t)
+    *__t = __s[*__i];
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const indirect_array<value_type>& __ia) {
+  typedef const size_t* _Ip;
+  value_type* __t       = __begin_;
+  const value_type* __s = __ia.__vp_;
+  for (_Ip __i = __ia.__1d_.__begin_, __e = __ia.__1d_.__end_; __i != __e; ++__i, ++__t)
+    *__t = __s[*__i];
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _ValExpr>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator=(const __val_expr<_ValExpr>& __v) {
+  size_t __n = __v.size();
+  if (size() != __n)
+    resize(__n);
+  value_type* __t = __begin_;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i != __n; ++__t, ++__i)
+    *__t = __result_type(__v[__i]);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline __val_expr<__slice_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> > valarray<_Tp>::operator[](slice __s) const {
+  return __val_expr<__slice_expr<const valarray&> >(__slice_expr<const valarray&>(__s, *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline slice_array<_Tp> valarray<_Tp>::operator[](slice __s) {
+  return slice_array<value_type>(__s, *this);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> > valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const gslice& __gs) const {
+  return __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> >(__indirect_expr<const valarray&>(__gs.__1d_, *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline gslice_array<_Tp> valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const gslice& __gs) {
+  return gslice_array<value_type>(__gs, *this);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> > valarray<_Tp>::operator[](gslice&& __gs) const {
+  return __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> >(__indirect_expr<const valarray&>(std::move(__gs.__1d_), *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline gslice_array<_Tp> valarray<_Tp>::operator[](gslice&& __gs) {
+  return gslice_array<value_type>(std::move(__gs), *this);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline __val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> > valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const valarray<bool>& __vb) const {
+  return __val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray&> >(__mask_expr<const valarray&>(__vb, *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline mask_array<_Tp> valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const valarray<bool>& __vb) {
+  return mask_array<value_type>(__vb, *this);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline __val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> > valarray<_Tp>::operator[](valarray<bool>&& __vb) const {
+  return __val_expr<__mask_expr<const valarray&> >(__mask_expr<const valarray&>(std::move(__vb), *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline mask_array<_Tp> valarray<_Tp>::operator[](valarray<bool>&& __vb) {
+  return mask_array<value_type>(std::move(__vb), *this);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> >
+valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const valarray<size_t>& __vs) const {
+  return __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> >(__indirect_expr<const valarray&>(__vs, *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline indirect_array<_Tp> valarray<_Tp>::operator[](const valarray<size_t>& __vs) {
+  return indirect_array<value_type>(__vs, *this);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray<_Tp>&> > valarray<_Tp>::operator[](valarray<size_t>&& __vs) const {
+  return __val_expr<__indirect_expr<const valarray&> >(__indirect_expr<const valarray&>(std::move(__vs), *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline indirect_array<_Tp> valarray<_Tp>::operator[](valarray<size_t>&& __vs) {
+  return indirect_array<value_type>(std::move(__vs), *this);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__unary_plus<_Tp>, const valarray<_Tp>&> > valarray<_Tp>::operator+() const {
+  using _Op = _UnaryOp<__unary_plus<_Tp>, const valarray<_Tp>&>;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__unary_plus<_Tp>(), *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline __val_expr<_UnaryOp<negate<_Tp>, const valarray<_Tp>&> > valarray<_Tp>::operator-() const {
+  using _Op = _UnaryOp<negate<_Tp>, const valarray<_Tp>&>;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(negate<_Tp>(), *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__bit_not<_Tp>, const valarray<_Tp>&> > valarray<_Tp>::operator~() const {
+  using _Op = _UnaryOp<__bit_not<_Tp>, const valarray<_Tp>&>;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_not<_Tp>(), *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline __val_expr<_UnaryOp<logical_not<_Tp>, const valarray<_Tp>&> > valarray<_Tp>::operator!() const {
+  using _Op = _UnaryOp<logical_not<_Tp>, const valarray<_Tp>&>;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_not<_Tp>(), *this));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator*=(const value_type& __x) {
+  for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+    *__p *= __x;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator/=(const value_type& __x) {
+  for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+    *__p /= __x;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator%=(const value_type& __x) {
+  for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+    *__p %= __x;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator+=(const value_type& __x) {
+  for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+    *__p += __x;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator-=(const value_type& __x) {
+  for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+    *__p -= __x;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator^=(const value_type& __x) {
+  for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+    *__p ^= __x;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator&=(const value_type& __x) {
+  for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+    *__p &= __x;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator|=(const value_type& __x) {
+  for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+    *__p |= __x;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator<<=(const value_type& __x) {
+  for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+    *__p <<= __x;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator>>=(const value_type& __x) {
+  for (value_type* __p = __begin_; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+    *__p >>= __x;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator*=(const _Expr& __v) {
+  size_t __i = 0;
+  for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_; ++__t, ++__i)
+    *__t *= std::__get(__v, __i);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator/=(const _Expr& __v) {
+  size_t __i = 0;
+  for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_; ++__t, ++__i)
+    *__t /= std::__get(__v, __i);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator%=(const _Expr& __v) {
+  size_t __i = 0;
+  for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_; ++__t, ++__i)
+    *__t %= std::__get(__v, __i);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator+=(const _Expr& __v) {
+  size_t __i = 0;
+  for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_; ++__t, ++__i)
+    *__t += std::__get(__v, __i);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator-=(const _Expr& __v) {
+  size_t __i = 0;
+  for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_; ++__t, ++__i)
+    *__t -= std::__get(__v, __i);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator^=(const _Expr& __v) {
+  size_t __i = 0;
+  for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_; ++__t, ++__i)
+    *__t ^= std::__get(__v, __i);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator|=(const _Expr& __v) {
+  size_t __i = 0;
+  for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_; ++__t, ++__i)
+    *__t |= std::__get(__v, __i);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator&=(const _Expr& __v) {
+  size_t __i = 0;
+  for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_; ++__t, ++__i)
+    *__t &= std::__get(__v, __i);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator<<=(const _Expr& __v) {
+  size_t __i = 0;
+  for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_; ++__t, ++__i)
+    *__t <<= std::__get(__v, __i);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> >
+inline valarray<_Tp>& valarray<_Tp>::operator>>=(const _Expr& __v) {
+  size_t __i = 0;
+  for (value_type* __t = __begin_; __t != __end_; ++__t, ++__i)
+    *__t >>= std::__get(__v, __i);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline void valarray<_Tp>::swap(valarray& __v) _NOEXCEPT {
+  std::swap(__begin_, __v.__begin_);
+  std::swap(__end_, __v.__end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _Tp valarray<_Tp>::sum() const {
+  if (__begin_ == __end_)
+    return value_type();
+  const value_type* __p = __begin_;
+  _Tp __r               = *__p;
+  for (++__p; __p != __end_; ++__p)
+    __r += *__p;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _Tp valarray<_Tp>::min() const {
+  if (__begin_ == __end_)
+    return value_type();
+  return *std::min_element(__begin_, __end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _Tp valarray<_Tp>::max() const {
+  if (__begin_ == __end_)
+    return value_type();
+  return *std::max_element(__begin_, __end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp> valarray<_Tp>::shift(int __i) const {
+  valarray<value_type> __r;
+  size_t __n = size();
+  if (__n) {
+    __r.__begin_ = __r.__end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+    const value_type* __sb;
+    value_type* __tb;
+    value_type* __te;
+    if (__i >= 0) {
+      __i  = std::min(__i, static_cast<int>(__n));
+      __sb = __begin_ + __i;
+      __tb = __r.__begin_;
+      __te = __r.__begin_ + (__n - __i);
+    } else {
+      __i  = std::min(-__i, static_cast<int>(__n));
+      __sb = __begin_;
+      __tb = __r.__begin_ + __i;
+      __te = __r.__begin_ + __n;
+    }
+    for (; __r.__end_ != __tb; ++__r.__end_)
+      ::new ((void*)__r.__end_) value_type();
+    for (; __r.__end_ != __te; ++__r.__end_, ++__sb)
+      ::new ((void*)__r.__end_) value_type(*__sb);
+    for (__te = __r.__begin_ + __n; __r.__end_ != __te; ++__r.__end_)
+      ::new ((void*)__r.__end_) value_type();
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp> valarray<_Tp>::cshift(int __i) const {
+  valarray<value_type> __r;
+  size_t __n = size();
+  if (__n) {
+    __r.__begin_ = __r.__end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+    __i %= static_cast<int>(__n);
+    const value_type* __m = __i >= 0 ? __begin_ + __i : __end_ + __i;
+    for (const value_type* __s = __m; __s != __end_; ++__r.__end_, ++__s)
+      ::new ((void*)__r.__end_) value_type(*__s);
+    for (const value_type* __s = __begin_; __s != __m; ++__r.__end_, ++__s)
+      ::new ((void*)__r.__end_) value_type(*__s);
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp> valarray<_Tp>::apply(value_type __f(value_type)) const {
+  valarray<value_type> __r;
+  size_t __n = size();
+  if (__n) {
+    __r.__begin_ = __r.__end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+    for (const value_type* __p = __begin_; __n; ++__r.__end_, ++__p, --__n)
+      ::new ((void*)__r.__end_) value_type(__f(*__p));
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+valarray<_Tp> valarray<_Tp>::apply(value_type __f(const value_type&)) const {
+  valarray<value_type> __r;
+  size_t __n = size();
+  if (__n) {
+    __r.__begin_ = __r.__end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+    for (const value_type* __p = __begin_; __n; ++__r.__end_, ++__p, --__n)
+      ::new ((void*)__r.__end_) value_type(__f(*__p));
+  }
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline void valarray<_Tp>::__clear(size_t __capacity) {
+  if (__begin_ != nullptr) {
+    while (__end_ != __begin_)
+      (--__end_)->~value_type();
+    allocator<value_type>().deallocate(__begin_, __capacity);
+    __begin_ = __end_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+void valarray<_Tp>::resize(size_t __n, value_type __x) {
+  __clear(size());
+  if (__n) {
+    __begin_ = __end_ = allocator<value_type>().allocate(__n);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (size_t __n_left = __n; __n_left; --__n_left, ++__end_)
+        ::new ((void*)__end_) value_type(__x);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      __clear(__n);
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(valarray<_Tp>& __x, valarray<_Tp>& __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<multiplies<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator*(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<multiplies<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(multiplies<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<multiplies<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator*(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<multiplies<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(multiplies<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<multiplies<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator*(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<multiplies<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(multiplies<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<divides<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator/(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<divides<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(divides<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<divides<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator/(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<divides<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(divides<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<divides<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator/(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<divides<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(divides<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<modulus<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator%(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<modulus<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(modulus<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<modulus<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator%(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<modulus<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(modulus<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<modulus<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator%(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<modulus<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(modulus<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<plus<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator+(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<plus<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(plus<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<plus<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator+(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<plus<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(plus<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<plus<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator+(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<plus<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(plus<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<minus<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator-(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<minus<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(minus<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<minus<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator-(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<minus<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(minus<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<minus<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator-(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<minus<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(minus<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_xor<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator^(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<bit_xor<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_xor<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_xor<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator^(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<bit_xor<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_xor<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_xor<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator^(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<bit_xor<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_xor<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_and<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator&(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<bit_and<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_and<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_and<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator&(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<bit_and<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_and<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_and<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator&(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<bit_and<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_and<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_or<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator|(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<bit_or<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_or<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_or<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator|(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<bit_or<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_or<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<bit_or<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator|(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<bit_or<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(bit_or<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator<<(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_left<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr< _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator<<(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_left<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr< _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator<<(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_left<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_left<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator>>(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_right<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<
+    _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator>>(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_right<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr< _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator>>(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__bit_shift_right<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__bit_shift_right<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_and<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator&&(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<logical_and<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_and<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_and<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator&&(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<logical_and<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_and<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_and<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator&&(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<logical_and<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_and<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_or<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator||(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<logical_or<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_or<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_or<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator||(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<logical_or<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_or<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<logical_or<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator||(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<logical_or<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(logical_or<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<equal_to<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator==(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<equal_to<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(equal_to<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<equal_to<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator==(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<equal_to<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(equal_to<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<equal_to<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator==(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<equal_to<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(equal_to<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<not_equal_to<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator!=(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<not_equal_to<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(not_equal_to<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<not_equal_to<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator!=(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<not_equal_to<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(not_equal_to<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<not_equal_to<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator!=(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<not_equal_to<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(not_equal_to<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<less<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator<(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<less<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<less<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator<(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<less<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<less<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator<(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<less<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator>(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<greater<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator>(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<greater<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator>(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<greater<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<less_equal<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator<=(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<less_equal<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less_equal<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<less_equal<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator<=(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<less_equal<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less_equal<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<less_equal<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator<=(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<less_equal<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(less_equal<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater_equal<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+operator>=(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<greater_equal<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater_equal<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater_equal<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+operator>=(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<greater_equal<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater_equal<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<greater_equal<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+operator>=(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<greater_equal<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(greater_equal<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__abs_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+abs(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__abs_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__abs_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__acos_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+acos(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__acos_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__acos_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__asin_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+asin(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__asin_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__asin_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__atan_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+atan(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__atan_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__atan_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+atan2(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__atan2_expr<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+atan2(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__atan2_expr<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+atan2(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__atan2_expr<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__atan2_expr<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__cos_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+cos(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__cos_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__cos_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__cosh_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+cosh(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__cosh_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__cosh_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__exp_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+exp(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__exp_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__exp_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__log_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+log(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__log_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__log_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__log10_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+log10(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__log10_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__log10_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr1,
+          class _Expr2,
+          __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr1>::value && __is_val_expr<_Expr2>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_BinaryOp<__pow_expr<typename _Expr1::value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> >
+pow(const _Expr1& __x, const _Expr2& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr1::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__pow_expr<value_type>, _Expr1, _Expr2> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__pow_expr<value_type>(), __x, __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<__pow_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type> > >
+pow(const _Expr& __x, const typename _Expr::value_type& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__pow_expr<value_type>, _Expr, __scalar_expr<value_type> > _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__pow_expr<value_type>(), __x, __scalar_expr<value_type>(__y, __x.size())));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+__val_expr<_BinaryOp<__pow_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, __scalar_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+pow(const typename _Expr::value_type& __x, const _Expr& __y) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _BinaryOp<__pow_expr<value_type>, __scalar_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__pow_expr<value_type>(), __scalar_expr<value_type>(__x, __y.size()), __y));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__sin_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+sin(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__sin_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__sin_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__sinh_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+sinh(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__sinh_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__sinh_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__sqrt_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+sqrt(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__sqrt_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__sqrt_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__tan_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+tan(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__tan_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__tan_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Expr, __enable_if_t<__is_val_expr<_Expr>::value, int> = 0>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __val_expr<_UnaryOp<__tanh_expr<typename _Expr::value_type>, _Expr> >
+tanh(const _Expr& __x) {
+  typedef typename _Expr::value_type value_type;
+  typedef _UnaryOp<__tanh_expr<value_type>, _Expr> _Op;
+  return __val_expr<_Op>(_Op(__tanh_expr<value_type>(), __x));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* begin(valarray<_Tp>& __v) {
+  return __v.__begin_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Tp* begin(const valarray<_Tp>& __v) {
+  return __v.__begin_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _Tp* end(valarray<_Tp>& __v) {
+  return __v.__end_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const _Tp* end(const valarray<_Tp>& __v) {
+  return __v.__end_;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <cstring>
+#  include <functional>
+#  include <stdexcept>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_VALARRAY

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/variant b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/variant
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5f2d03b7227b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/variant
@@ -0,0 +1,1650 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_VARIANT
+#define _LIBCPP_VARIANT
+
+/*
+   variant synopsis
+
+namespace std {
+
+  // 20.7.2, class template variant
+  template <class... Types>
+  class variant {
+  public:
+
+    // 20.7.2.1, constructors
+    constexpr variant() noexcept(see below);
+    constexpr variant(const variant&);
+    constexpr variant(variant&&) noexcept(see below);
+
+    template <class T> constexpr variant(T&&) noexcept(see below);
+
+    template <class T, class... Args>
+    constexpr explicit variant(in_place_type_t<T>, Args&&...);
+
+    template <class T, class U, class... Args>
+    constexpr explicit variant(
+        in_place_type_t<T>, initializer_list<U>, Args&&...);
+
+    template <size_t I, class... Args>
+    constexpr explicit variant(in_place_index_t<I>, Args&&...);
+
+    template <size_t I, class U, class... Args>
+    constexpr explicit variant(
+        in_place_index_t<I>, initializer_list<U>, Args&&...);
+
+    // 20.7.2.2, destructor
+    constexpr ~variant();                                             // constexpr since c++20
+
+    // 20.7.2.3, assignment
+    constexpr variant& operator=(const variant&);
+    constexpr variant& operator=(variant&&) noexcept(see below);
+
+    template <class T>
+    constexpr variant& operator=(T&&) noexcept(see below);            // constexpr since c++20
+
+    // 20.7.2.4, modifiers
+    template <class T, class... Args>
+    constexpr T& emplace(Args&&...);                                  // constexpr since c++20
+
+    template <class T, class U, class... Args>
+    constexpr T& emplace(initializer_list<U>, Args&&...);             // constexpr since c++20
+
+    template <size_t I, class... Args>
+    constexpr variant_alternative_t<I, variant>& emplace(Args&&...);  // constexpr since c++20
+
+    template <size_t I, class U, class...  Args>
+    constexpr variant_alternative_t<I, variant>&
+        emplace(initializer_list<U>, Args&&...);                      // constexpr since c++20
+
+    // 20.7.2.5, value status
+    constexpr bool valueless_by_exception() const noexcept;
+    constexpr size_t index() const noexcept;
+
+    // 20.7.2.6, swap
+    void swap(variant&) noexcept(see below);
+
+    // [variant.visit], visitation
+    template<class Self, class Visitor>
+      constexpr decltype(auto) visit(this Self&&, Visitor&&); // Since C++26
+    template<class R, class Self, class Visitor>
+      constexpr R visit(this Self&&, Visitor&&);              // Since C++26
+  };
+
+  // 20.7.3, variant helper classes
+  template <class T> struct variant_size; // undefined
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline constexpr size_t variant_size_v = variant_size<T>::value;
+
+  template <class T> struct variant_size<const T>;
+  template <class T> struct variant_size<volatile T>;
+  template <class T> struct variant_size<const volatile T>;
+
+  template <class... Types>
+  struct variant_size<variant<Types...>>;
+
+  template <size_t I, class T> struct variant_alternative; // undefined
+
+  template <size_t I, class T>
+  using variant_alternative_t = typename variant_alternative<I, T>::type;
+
+  template <size_t I, class T> struct variant_alternative<I, const T>;
+  template <size_t I, class T> struct variant_alternative<I, volatile T>;
+  template <size_t I, class T> struct variant_alternative<I, const volatile T>;
+
+  template <size_t I, class... Types>
+  struct variant_alternative<I, variant<Types...>>;
+
+  inline constexpr size_t variant_npos = -1;
+
+  // 20.7.4, value access
+  template <class T, class... Types>
+  constexpr bool holds_alternative(const variant<Types...>&) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t I, class... Types>
+  constexpr variant_alternative_t<I, variant<Types...>>&
+  get(variant<Types...>&);
+
+  template <size_t I, class... Types>
+  constexpr variant_alternative_t<I, variant<Types...>>&&
+  get(variant<Types...>&&);
+
+  template <size_t I, class... Types>
+  constexpr variant_alternative_t<I, variant<Types...>> const&
+  get(const variant<Types...>&);
+
+  template <size_t I, class... Types>
+  constexpr variant_alternative_t<I, variant<Types...>> const&&
+  get(const variant<Types...>&&);
+
+  template <class T, class...  Types>
+  constexpr T& get(variant<Types...>&);
+
+  template <class T, class... Types>
+  constexpr T&& get(variant<Types...>&&);
+
+  template <class T, class... Types>
+  constexpr const T& get(const variant<Types...>&);
+
+  template <class T, class... Types>
+  constexpr const T&& get(const variant<Types...>&&);
+
+  template <size_t I, class... Types>
+  constexpr add_pointer_t<variant_alternative_t<I, variant<Types...>>>
+  get_if(variant<Types...>*) noexcept;
+
+  template <size_t I, class... Types>
+  constexpr add_pointer_t<const variant_alternative_t<I, variant<Types...>>>
+  get_if(const variant<Types...>*) noexcept;
+
+  template <class T, class... Types>
+  constexpr add_pointer_t<T>
+  get_if(variant<Types...>*) noexcept;
+
+  template <class T, class... Types>
+  constexpr add_pointer_t<const T>
+  get_if(const variant<Types...>*) noexcept;
+
+  // 20.7.5, relational operators
+  template <class... Types>
+  constexpr bool operator==(const variant<Types...>&, const variant<Types...>&);
+
+  template <class... Types>
+  constexpr bool operator!=(const variant<Types...>&, const variant<Types...>&);
+
+  template <class... Types>
+  constexpr bool operator<(const variant<Types...>&, const variant<Types...>&);
+
+  template <class... Types>
+  constexpr bool operator>(const variant<Types...>&, const variant<Types...>&);
+
+  template <class... Types>
+  constexpr bool operator<=(const variant<Types...>&, const variant<Types...>&);
+
+  template <class... Types>
+  constexpr bool operator>=(const variant<Types...>&, const variant<Types...>&);
+
+  template <class... Types> requires (three_way_comparable<Types> && ...)
+  constexpr common_comparison_category_t<compare_three_way_result_t<Types>...>
+    operator<=>(const variant<Types...>&, const variant<Types...>&);           // since C++20
+
+  // 20.7.6, visitation
+  template <class Visitor, class... Variants>
+  constexpr see below visit(Visitor&&, Variants&&...);
+
+  template <class R, class Visitor, class... Variants>
+  constexpr R visit(Visitor&&, Variants&&...); // since C++20
+
+  // 20.7.7, class monostate
+  struct monostate;
+
+  // 20.7.8, monostate relational operators
+  constexpr bool operator==(monostate, monostate) noexcept;
+  constexpr bool operator!=(monostate, monostate) noexcept;             // until C++20
+  constexpr bool operator<(monostate, monostate) noexcept;              // until C++20
+  constexpr bool operator>(monostate, monostate) noexcept;              // until C++20
+  constexpr bool operator<=(monostate, monostate) noexcept;             // until C++20
+  constexpr bool operator>=(monostate, monostate) noexcept;             // until C++20
+  constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(monostate, monostate) noexcept; // since C++20
+
+  // 20.7.9, specialized algorithms
+  template <class... Types>
+  void swap(variant<Types...>&, variant<Types...>&) noexcept(see below);
+
+  // 20.7.10, class bad_variant_access
+  class bad_variant_access;
+
+  // 20.7.11, hash support
+  template <class T> struct hash;
+  template <class... Types> struct hash<variant<Types...>>;
+  template <> struct hash<monostate>;
+
+} // namespace std
+
+*/
+
+#include <__compare/common_comparison_category.h>
+#include <__compare/compare_three_way_result.h>
+#include <__compare/three_way_comparable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__exception/exception.h>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/construct_at.h>
+#include <__tuple/find_index.h>
+#include <__tuple/sfinae_helpers.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_cv.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_pointer.h>
+#include <__type_traits/add_volatile.h>
+#include <__type_traits/common_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/dependent_type.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_array.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_destructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_reference.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_destructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_trivially_relocatable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_void.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_const.h>
+#include <__type_traits/remove_cvref.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#include <__type_traits/void_t.h>
+#include <__utility/declval.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/forward_like.h>
+#include <__utility/in_place.h>
+#include <__utility/integer_sequence.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <__variant/monostate.h>
+#include <__verbose_abort>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <limits>
+#include <new>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [variant.syn]
+#include <compare>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+namespace std { // explicitly not using versioning namespace
+
+class _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS bad_variant_access : public exception {
+public:
+  const char* what() const _NOEXCEPT override;
+};
+
+} // namespace std
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+// Light N-dimensional array of function pointers. Used in place of std::array to avoid
+// adding a dependency.
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Size>
+struct __farray {
+  static_assert(_Size > 0, "N-dimensional array should never be empty in std::visit");
+  _Tp __buf_[_Size] = {};
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const _Tp& operator[](size_t __n) const noexcept { return __buf_[__n]; }
+};
+
+_LIBCPP_NORETURN inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS void
+__throw_bad_variant_access() {
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  throw bad_variant_access();
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT("bad_variant_access was thrown in -fno-exceptions mode");
+#  endif
+}
+
+template <class... _Types>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant_size;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+inline constexpr size_t variant_size_v = variant_size<_Tp>::value;
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant_size<const _Tp> : variant_size<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant_size<volatile _Tp> : variant_size<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant_size<const volatile _Tp> : variant_size<_Tp> {};
+
+template <class... _Types>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant_size<variant<_Types...>> : integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(_Types)> {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant_alternative;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+using variant_alternative_t = typename variant_alternative<_Ip, _Tp>::type;
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant_alternative<_Ip, const _Tp> : add_const<variant_alternative_t<_Ip, _Tp>> {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant_alternative<_Ip, volatile _Tp> : add_volatile<variant_alternative_t<_Ip, _Tp>> {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant_alternative<_Ip, const volatile _Tp> : add_cv<variant_alternative_t<_Ip, _Tp>> {};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Types>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant_alternative<_Ip, variant<_Types...>> {
+  static_assert(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types), "Index out of bounds in std::variant_alternative<>");
+  using type = __type_pack_element<_Ip, _Types...>;
+};
+
+inline constexpr size_t variant_npos = static_cast<size_t>(-1);
+
+template <size_t _NumAlternatives>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto __choose_index_type() {
+#  ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_VARIANT_INDEX_TYPE_OPTIMIZATION
+  if constexpr (_NumAlternatives < numeric_limits<unsigned char>::max())
+    return static_cast<unsigned char>(0);
+  else if constexpr (_NumAlternatives < numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max())
+    return static_cast<unsigned short>(0);
+  else
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_ABI_VARIANT_INDEX_TYPE_OPTIMIZATION
+    return static_cast<unsigned int>(0);
+}
+
+template <size_t _NumAlts>
+using __variant_index_t = decltype(std::__choose_index_type<_NumAlts>());
+
+template <class _IndexType>
+constexpr _IndexType __variant_npos = static_cast<_IndexType>(-1);
+
+template <class... _Types>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS variant;
+
+template <class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr variant<_Types...>& __as_variant(variant<_Types...>& __vs) noexcept {
+  return __vs;
+}
+
+template <class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const variant<_Types...>& __as_variant(const variant<_Types...>& __vs) noexcept {
+  return __vs;
+}
+
+template <class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr variant<_Types...>&& __as_variant(variant<_Types...>&& __vs) noexcept {
+  return std::move(__vs);
+}
+
+template <class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr const variant<_Types...>&& __as_variant(const variant<_Types...>&& __vs) noexcept {
+  return std::move(__vs);
+}
+
+namespace __find_detail {
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t __find_index() {
+  constexpr bool __matches[] = {is_same_v<_Tp, _Types>...};
+  size_t __result            = __not_found;
+  for (size_t __i = 0; __i < sizeof...(_Types); ++__i) {
+    if (__matches[__i]) {
+      if (__result != __not_found) {
+        return __ambiguous;
+      }
+      __result = __i;
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Index>
+struct __find_unambiguous_index_sfinae_impl : integral_constant<size_t, _Index> {};
+
+template <>
+struct __find_unambiguous_index_sfinae_impl<__not_found> {};
+
+template <>
+struct __find_unambiguous_index_sfinae_impl<__ambiguous> {};
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+struct __find_unambiguous_index_sfinae : __find_unambiguous_index_sfinae_impl<__find_index<_Tp, _Types...>()> {};
+
+} // namespace __find_detail
+
+namespace __variant_detail {
+
+struct __valueless_t {};
+
+enum class _Trait { _TriviallyAvailable, _Available, _Unavailable };
+
+template <typename _Tp, template <typename> class _IsTriviallyAvailable, template <typename> class _IsAvailable>
+constexpr _Trait __trait =
+    _IsTriviallyAvailable<_Tp>::value ? _Trait::_TriviallyAvailable
+    : _IsAvailable<_Tp>::value
+        ? _Trait::_Available
+        : _Trait::_Unavailable;
+
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Trait __common_trait(initializer_list<_Trait> __traits) {
+  _Trait __result = _Trait::_TriviallyAvailable;
+  for (_Trait __t : __traits) {
+    if (static_cast<int>(__t) > static_cast<int>(__result)) {
+      __result = __t;
+    }
+  }
+  return __result;
+}
+
+template <typename... _Types>
+struct __traits {
+  static constexpr _Trait __copy_constructible_trait =
+      __variant_detail::__common_trait({__trait<_Types, is_trivially_copy_constructible, is_copy_constructible>...});
+
+  static constexpr _Trait __move_constructible_trait =
+      __variant_detail::__common_trait({__trait<_Types, is_trivially_move_constructible, is_move_constructible>...});
+
+  static constexpr _Trait __copy_assignable_trait = __variant_detail::__common_trait(
+      {__copy_constructible_trait, __trait<_Types, is_trivially_copy_assignable, is_copy_assignable>...});
+
+  static constexpr _Trait __move_assignable_trait = __variant_detail::__common_trait(
+      {__move_constructible_trait, __trait<_Types, is_trivially_move_assignable, is_move_assignable>...});
+
+  static constexpr _Trait __destructible_trait =
+      __variant_detail::__common_trait({__trait<_Types, is_trivially_destructible, is_destructible>...});
+};
+
+namespace __access {
+
+struct __union {
+  template <class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto&& __get_alt(_Vp&& __v, in_place_index_t<0>) {
+    return std::forward<_Vp>(__v).__head;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Vp, size_t _Ip>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto&& __get_alt(_Vp&& __v, in_place_index_t<_Ip>) {
+    return __get_alt(std::forward<_Vp>(__v).__tail, in_place_index<_Ip - 1>);
+  }
+};
+
+struct __base {
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto&& __get_alt(_Vp&& __v) {
+    return __union::__get_alt(std::forward<_Vp>(__v).__data, in_place_index<_Ip>);
+  }
+};
+
+struct __variant {
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Vp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto&& __get_alt(_Vp&& __v) {
+    return __base::__get_alt<_Ip>(std::forward<_Vp>(__v).__impl_);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace __access
+
+namespace __visitation {
+
+struct __base {
+  template <class _Visitor, class... _Vs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr decltype(auto)
+  __visit_alt_at(size_t __index, _Visitor&& __visitor, _Vs&&... __vs) {
+    constexpr auto __fdiagonal = __make_fdiagonal<_Visitor&&, decltype(std::forward<_Vs>(__vs).__as_base())...>();
+    return __fdiagonal[__index](std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor), std::forward<_Vs>(__vs).__as_base()...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Visitor, class... _Vs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr decltype(auto) __visit_alt(_Visitor&& __visitor, _Vs&&... __vs) {
+    constexpr auto __fmatrix = __make_fmatrix<_Visitor&&, decltype(std::forward<_Vs>(__vs).__as_base())...>();
+    return __at(__fmatrix, __vs.index()...)(std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor), std::forward<_Vs>(__vs).__as_base()...);
+  }
+
+private:
+  template <class _Tp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr const _Tp& __at(const _Tp& __elem) {
+    return __elem;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Tp, size_t _Np, typename... _Indices>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto&&
+  __at(const __farray<_Tp, _Np>& __elems, size_t __index, _Indices... __indices) {
+    return __at(__elems[__index], __indices...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Fp, class... _Fs>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __std_visit_visitor_return_type_check() {
+    static_assert(
+        __all<is_same_v<_Fp, _Fs>...>::value, "`std::visit` requires the visitor to have a single return type.");
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Fs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __make_farray(_Fs&&... __fs) {
+    __std_visit_visitor_return_type_check<__remove_cvref_t<_Fs>...>();
+    using __result = __farray<common_type_t<__remove_cvref_t<_Fs>...>, sizeof...(_Fs)>;
+    return __result{{std::forward<_Fs>(__fs)...}};
+  }
+
+  template <size_t... _Is>
+  struct __dispatcher {
+    template <class _Fp, class... _Vs>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr decltype(auto) __dispatch(_Fp __f, _Vs... __vs) {
+      return std::__invoke(static_cast<_Fp>(__f), __access::__base::__get_alt<_Is>(static_cast<_Vs>(__vs))...);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <class _Fp, class... _Vs, size_t... _Is>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __make_dispatch(index_sequence<_Is...>) {
+    return __dispatcher<_Is...>::template __dispatch<_Fp, _Vs...>;
+  }
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Fp, class... _Vs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __make_fdiagonal_impl() {
+    return __make_dispatch<_Fp, _Vs...>(index_sequence<((void)__type_identity<_Vs>{}, _Ip)...>{});
+  }
+
+  template <class _Fp, class... _Vs, size_t... _Is>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __make_fdiagonal_impl(index_sequence<_Is...>) {
+    return __base::__make_farray(__make_fdiagonal_impl<_Is, _Fp, _Vs...>()...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Fp, class _Vp, class... _Vs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __make_fdiagonal() {
+    constexpr size_t __np = __remove_cvref_t<_Vp>::__size();
+    static_assert(__all<(__np == __remove_cvref_t<_Vs>::__size())...>::value);
+    return __make_fdiagonal_impl<_Fp, _Vp, _Vs...>(make_index_sequence<__np>{});
+  }
+
+  template <class _Fp, class... _Vs, size_t... _Is>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __make_fmatrix_impl(index_sequence<_Is...> __is) {
+    return __make_dispatch<_Fp, _Vs...>(__is);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Fp, class... _Vs, size_t... _Is, size_t... _Js, class... _Ls>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto
+  __make_fmatrix_impl(index_sequence<_Is...>, index_sequence<_Js...>, _Ls... __ls) {
+    return __base::__make_farray(__make_fmatrix_impl<_Fp, _Vs...>(index_sequence<_Is..., _Js>{}, __ls...)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Fp, class... _Vs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __make_fmatrix() {
+    return __make_fmatrix_impl<_Fp, _Vs...>(
+        index_sequence<>{}, make_index_sequence<__remove_cvref_t<_Vs>::__size()>{}...);
+  }
+};
+
+struct __variant {
+  template <class _Visitor, class... _Vs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr decltype(auto)
+  __visit_alt_at(size_t __index, _Visitor&& __visitor, _Vs&&... __vs) {
+    return __base::__visit_alt_at(__index, std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor), std::forward<_Vs>(__vs).__impl_...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Visitor, class... _Vs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr decltype(auto) __visit_alt(_Visitor&& __visitor, _Vs&&... __vs) {
+    return __base::__visit_alt(
+        std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor), std::__as_variant(std::forward<_Vs>(__vs)).__impl_...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Visitor, class... _Vs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr decltype(auto)
+  __visit_value_at(size_t __index, _Visitor&& __visitor, _Vs&&... __vs) {
+    return __visit_alt_at(__index, __make_value_visitor(std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor)), std::forward<_Vs>(__vs)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Visitor, class... _Vs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr decltype(auto) __visit_value(_Visitor&& __visitor, _Vs&&... __vs) {
+    return __visit_alt(__make_value_visitor(std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor)), std::forward<_Vs>(__vs)...);
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _Rp, class _Visitor, class... _Vs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr _Rp __visit_value(_Visitor&& __visitor, _Vs&&... __vs) {
+    return __visit_alt(__make_value_visitor<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor)), std::forward<_Vs>(__vs)...);
+  }
+#  endif
+
+private:
+  template <class _Visitor, class... _Values>
+  static _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __std_visit_exhaustive_visitor_check() {
+    static_assert(is_invocable_v<_Visitor, _Values...>, "`std::visit` requires the visitor to be exhaustive.");
+  }
+
+  template <class _Visitor>
+  struct __value_visitor {
+    template <class... _Alts>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(_Alts&&... __alts) const {
+      __std_visit_exhaustive_visitor_check< _Visitor, decltype((std::forward<_Alts>(__alts).__value))...>();
+      return std::__invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor), std::forward<_Alts>(__alts).__value...);
+    }
+    _Visitor&& __visitor;
+  };
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _Rp, class _Visitor>
+  struct __value_visitor_return_type {
+    template <class... _Alts>
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Rp operator()(_Alts&&... __alts) const {
+      __std_visit_exhaustive_visitor_check< _Visitor, decltype((std::forward<_Alts>(__alts).__value))...>();
+      if constexpr (is_void_v<_Rp>) {
+        std::__invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor), std::forward<_Alts>(__alts).__value...);
+      } else {
+        return std::__invoke(std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor), std::forward<_Alts>(__alts).__value...);
+      }
+    }
+
+    _Visitor&& __visitor;
+  };
+#  endif
+
+  template <class _Visitor>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __make_value_visitor(_Visitor&& __visitor) {
+    return __value_visitor<_Visitor>{std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor)};
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+  template <class _Rp, class _Visitor>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr auto __make_value_visitor(_Visitor&& __visitor) {
+    return __value_visitor_return_type<_Rp, _Visitor>{std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor)};
+  }
+#  endif
+};
+
+} // namespace __visitation
+
+// Adding semi-colons in macro expansions helps clang-format to do a better job.
+// This macro is used to avoid compilation errors due to "stray" semi-colons.
+#  define _LIBCPP_EAT_SEMICOLON static_assert(true, "")
+
+template <size_t _Index, class _Tp>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __alt {
+  using __value_type              = _Tp;
+  static constexpr size_t __index = _Index;
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr __alt(in_place_t, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __value(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  __value_type __value;
+};
+
+template <_Trait _DestructibleTrait, size_t _Index, class... _Types>
+union _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __union;
+
+template <_Trait _DestructibleTrait, size_t _Index>
+union _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __union<_DestructibleTrait, _Index> {};
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_VARIANT_UNION(destructible_trait, destructor_definition)                                             \
+    template <size_t _Index, class _Tp, class... _Types>                                                               \
+    union _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __union<destructible_trait, _Index, _Tp, _Types...> {                                   \
+    public:                                                                                                            \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr __union(__valueless_t) noexcept : __dummy{} {}                          \
+                                                                                                                       \
+      template <class... _Args>                                                                                        \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr __union(in_place_index_t<0>, _Args&&... __args)                         \
+          : __head(in_place, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}                                                        \
+                                                                                                                       \
+      template <size_t _Ip, class... _Args>                                                                            \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr __union(in_place_index_t<_Ip>, _Args&&... __args)                       \
+          : __tail(in_place_index<_Ip - 1>, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}                                         \
+                                                                                                                       \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __union(const __union&)            = default;                                              \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __union(__union&&)                 = default;                                              \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __union& operator=(const __union&) = default;                                              \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __union& operator=(__union&&)      = default;                                              \
+      destructor_definition;                                                                                           \
+                                                                                                                       \
+    private:                                                                                                           \
+      char __dummy;                                                                                                    \
+      __alt<_Index, _Tp> __head;                                                                                       \
+      __union<destructible_trait, _Index + 1, _Types...> __tail;                                                       \
+                                                                                                                       \
+      friend struct __access::__union;                                                                                 \
+    }
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_UNION(_Trait::_TriviallyAvailable,
+                      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~__union() = default);
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_UNION(
+    _Trait::_Available, _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~__union() {} _LIBCPP_EAT_SEMICOLON);
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_UNION(_Trait::_Unavailable, _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~__union() = delete);
+
+#  undef _LIBCPP_VARIANT_UNION
+
+template <_Trait _DestructibleTrait, class... _Types>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __base {
+public:
+  using __index_t = __variant_index_t<sizeof...(_Types)>;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr __base(__valueless_t __tag) noexcept
+      : __data(__tag), __index(__variant_npos<__index_t>) {}
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr __base(in_place_index_t<_Ip>, _Args&&... __args)
+      : __data(in_place_index<_Ip>, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...), __index(_Ip) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool valueless_by_exception() const noexcept { return index() == variant_npos; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t index() const noexcept {
+    return __index == __variant_npos<__index_t> ? variant_npos : __index;
+  }
+
+protected:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto&& __as_base() & { return *this; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto&& __as_base() && { return std::move(*this); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto&& __as_base() const& { return *this; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto&& __as_base() const&& { return std::move(*this); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr size_t __size() { return sizeof...(_Types); }
+
+  __union<_DestructibleTrait, 0, _Types...> __data;
+  __index_t __index;
+
+  friend struct __access::__base;
+  friend struct __visitation::__base;
+};
+
+template <class _Traits, _Trait = _Traits::__destructible_trait>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __dtor;
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_VARIANT_DESTRUCTOR(destructible_trait, destructor_definition, destroy)                               \
+    template <class... _Types>                                                                                         \
+    class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __dtor<__traits<_Types...>, destructible_trait>                                         \
+        : public __base<destructible_trait, _Types...> {                                                               \
+      using __base_type = __base<destructible_trait, _Types...>;                                                       \
+      using __index_t   = typename __base_type::__index_t;                                                             \
+                                                                                                                       \
+    public:                                                                                                            \
+      using __base_type::__base_type;                                                                                  \
+      using __base_type::operator=;                                                                                    \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __dtor(const __dtor&)            = default;                                                \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __dtor(__dtor&&)                 = default;                                                \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __dtor& operator=(const __dtor&) = default;                                                \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __dtor& operator=(__dtor&&)      = default;                                                \
+      destructor_definition;                                                                                           \
+                                                                                                                       \
+    protected:                                                                                                         \
+      destroy;                                                                                                         \
+    }
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_DESTRUCTOR(
+    _Trait::_TriviallyAvailable,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~__dtor() = default,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __destroy() noexcept {
+      this->__index = __variant_npos<__index_t>;
+    } _LIBCPP_EAT_SEMICOLON);
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_DESTRUCTOR(
+    _Trait::_Available,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~__dtor() { __destroy(); } _LIBCPP_EAT_SEMICOLON,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __destroy() noexcept {
+      if (!this->valueless_by_exception()) {
+        __visitation::__base::__visit_alt(
+            [](auto& __alt) noexcept {
+              using __alt_type = __remove_cvref_t<decltype(__alt)>;
+              __alt.~__alt_type();
+            },
+            *this);
+      }
+      this->__index = __variant_npos<__index_t>;
+    } _LIBCPP_EAT_SEMICOLON);
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_DESTRUCTOR(_Trait::_Unavailable,
+                           _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~__dtor()                 = delete,
+                           _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __destroy() noexcept = delete);
+
+#  undef _LIBCPP_VARIANT_DESTRUCTOR
+
+template <class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __ctor : public __dtor<_Traits> {
+  using __base_type = __dtor<_Traits>;
+
+public:
+  using __base_type::__base_type;
+  using __base_type::operator=;
+
+protected:
+  template <class _Rhs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __generic_construct(__ctor& __lhs, _Rhs&& __rhs) {
+    __lhs.__destroy();
+    if (!__rhs.valueless_by_exception()) {
+      auto __rhs_index = __rhs.index();
+      __visitation::__base::__visit_alt_at(
+          __rhs_index,
+          [&__lhs](auto&& __rhs_alt) {
+            std::__construct_at(std::addressof(__lhs.__data),
+                                in_place_index<__decay_t<decltype(__rhs_alt)>::__index>,
+                                std::forward<decltype(__rhs_alt)>(__rhs_alt).__value);
+          },
+          std::forward<_Rhs>(__rhs));
+      __lhs.__index = __rhs_index;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Traits, _Trait = _Traits::__move_constructible_trait>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __move_constructor;
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_VARIANT_MOVE_CONSTRUCTOR(move_constructible_trait, move_constructor_definition)                      \
+    template <class... _Types>                                                                                         \
+    class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __move_constructor<__traits<_Types...>, move_constructible_trait>                       \
+        : public __ctor<__traits<_Types...>> {                                                                         \
+      using __base_type = __ctor<__traits<_Types...>>;                                                                 \
+                                                                                                                       \
+    public:                                                                                                            \
+      using __base_type::__base_type;                                                                                  \
+      using __base_type::operator=;                                                                                    \
+                                                                                                                       \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __move_constructor(const __move_constructor&)            = default;                        \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__move_constructor()                                    = default;                        \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __move_constructor& operator=(const __move_constructor&) = default;                        \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __move_constructor& operator=(__move_constructor&&)      = default;                        \
+      move_constructor_definition;                                                                                     \
+    }
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_MOVE_CONSTRUCTOR(
+    _Trait::_TriviallyAvailable,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __move_constructor(__move_constructor&& __that) = default);
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_MOVE_CONSTRUCTOR(
+    _Trait::_Available,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __move_constructor(__move_constructor&& __that) noexcept(
+        __all<is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Types>...>::value)
+    : __move_constructor(__valueless_t{}) {
+      this->__generic_construct(*this, std::move(__that));
+    } _LIBCPP_EAT_SEMICOLON);
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_MOVE_CONSTRUCTOR(
+    _Trait::_Unavailable,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __move_constructor(__move_constructor&&) = delete);
+
+#  undef _LIBCPP_VARIANT_MOVE_CONSTRUCTOR
+
+template <class _Traits, _Trait = _Traits::__copy_constructible_trait>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __copy_constructor;
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_VARIANT_COPY_CONSTRUCTOR(copy_constructible_trait, copy_constructor_definition)                      \
+    template <class... _Types>                                                                                         \
+    class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __copy_constructor<__traits<_Types...>, copy_constructible_trait>                       \
+        : public __move_constructor<__traits<_Types...>> {                                                             \
+      using __base_type = __move_constructor<__traits<_Types...>>;                                                     \
+                                                                                                                       \
+    public:                                                                                                            \
+      using __base_type::__base_type;                                                                                  \
+      using __base_type::operator=;                                                                                    \
+                                                                                                                       \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __copy_constructor(__copy_constructor&&)                 = default;                        \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__copy_constructor()                                    = default;                        \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __copy_constructor& operator=(const __copy_constructor&) = default;                        \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __copy_constructor& operator=(__copy_constructor&&)      = default;                        \
+      copy_constructor_definition;                                                                                     \
+    }
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_COPY_CONSTRUCTOR(
+    _Trait::_TriviallyAvailable,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __copy_constructor(const __copy_constructor& __that) = default);
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_COPY_CONSTRUCTOR(
+    _Trait::_Available,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __copy_constructor(const __copy_constructor& __that)
+    : __copy_constructor(__valueless_t{}) { this->__generic_construct(*this, __that); } _LIBCPP_EAT_SEMICOLON);
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_COPY_CONSTRUCTOR(
+    _Trait::_Unavailable,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __copy_constructor(const __copy_constructor&) = delete);
+
+#  undef _LIBCPP_VARIANT_COPY_CONSTRUCTOR
+
+template <class _Traits>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __assignment : public __copy_constructor<_Traits> {
+  using __base_type = __copy_constructor<_Traits>;
+
+public:
+  using __base_type::__base_type;
+  using __base_type::operator=;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 auto& __emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    this->__destroy();
+    std::__construct_at(std::addressof(this->__data), in_place_index<_Ip>, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    this->__index = _Ip;
+    return __access::__base::__get_alt<_Ip>(*this).__value;
+  }
+
+protected:
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Tp, class _Arg>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __assign_alt(__alt<_Ip, _Tp>& __a, _Arg&& __arg) {
+    if (this->index() == _Ip) {
+      __a.__value = std::forward<_Arg>(__arg);
+    } else {
+      struct {
+        _LIBCPP_HIDDEN _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void operator()(true_type) const {
+          __this->__emplace<_Ip>(std::forward<_Arg>(__arg));
+        }
+        _LIBCPP_HIDDEN _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void operator()(false_type) const {
+          __this->__emplace<_Ip>(_Tp(std::forward<_Arg>(__arg)));
+        }
+        __assignment* __this;
+        _Arg&& __arg;
+      } __impl{this, std::forward<_Arg>(__arg)};
+      __impl(bool_constant < is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Arg> || !is_nothrow_move_constructible_v < _Tp >> {});
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _That>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __generic_assign(_That&& __that) {
+    if (this->valueless_by_exception() && __that.valueless_by_exception()) {
+      // do nothing.
+    } else if (__that.valueless_by_exception()) {
+      this->__destroy();
+    } else {
+      __visitation::__base::__visit_alt_at(
+          __that.index(),
+          [this](auto& __this_alt, auto&& __that_alt) {
+            this->__assign_alt(__this_alt, std::forward<decltype(__that_alt)>(__that_alt).__value);
+          },
+          *this,
+          std::forward<_That>(__that));
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Traits, _Trait = _Traits::__move_assignable_trait>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __move_assignment;
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_VARIANT_MOVE_ASSIGNMENT(move_assignable_trait, move_assignment_definition)                           \
+    template <class... _Types>                                                                                         \
+    class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __move_assignment<__traits<_Types...>, move_assignable_trait>                           \
+        : public __assignment<__traits<_Types...>> {                                                                   \
+      using __base_type = __assignment<__traits<_Types...>>;                                                           \
+                                                                                                                       \
+    public:                                                                                                            \
+      using __base_type::__base_type;                                                                                  \
+      using __base_type::operator=;                                                                                    \
+                                                                                                                       \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __move_assignment(const __move_assignment&)            = default;                          \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __move_assignment(__move_assignment&&)                 = default;                          \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__move_assignment()                                   = default;                          \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __move_assignment& operator=(const __move_assignment&) = default;                          \
+      move_assignment_definition;                                                                                      \
+    }
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_MOVE_ASSIGNMENT(_Trait::_TriviallyAvailable,
+                                _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __move_assignment& operator=(
+                                    __move_assignment&& __that) = default);
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_MOVE_ASSIGNMENT(
+    _Trait::_Available,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __move_assignment&
+    operator=(__move_assignment&& __that) noexcept(
+        __all<(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Types> && is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_Types>)...>::value) {
+      this->__generic_assign(std::move(__that));
+      return *this;
+    } _LIBCPP_EAT_SEMICOLON);
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_MOVE_ASSIGNMENT(
+    _Trait::_Unavailable,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __move_assignment& operator=(__move_assignment&&) = delete);
+
+#  undef _LIBCPP_VARIANT_MOVE_ASSIGNMENT
+
+template <class _Traits, _Trait = _Traits::__copy_assignable_trait>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __copy_assignment;
+
+#  define _LIBCPP_VARIANT_COPY_ASSIGNMENT(copy_assignable_trait, copy_assignment_definition)                           \
+    template <class... _Types>                                                                                         \
+    class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __copy_assignment<__traits<_Types...>, copy_assignable_trait>                           \
+        : public __move_assignment<__traits<_Types...>> {                                                              \
+      using __base_type = __move_assignment<__traits<_Types...>>;                                                      \
+                                                                                                                       \
+    public:                                                                                                            \
+      using __base_type::__base_type;                                                                                  \
+      using __base_type::operator=;                                                                                    \
+                                                                                                                       \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __copy_assignment(const __copy_assignment&)       = default;                               \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __copy_assignment(__copy_assignment&&)            = default;                               \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~__copy_assignment()                              = default;                               \
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __copy_assignment& operator=(__copy_assignment&&) = default;                               \
+      copy_assignment_definition;                                                                                      \
+    }
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_COPY_ASSIGNMENT(_Trait::_TriviallyAvailable,
+                                _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __copy_assignment& operator=(
+                                    const __copy_assignment& __that) = default);
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_COPY_ASSIGNMENT(
+    _Trait::_Available,
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __copy_assignment&
+    operator=(const __copy_assignment& __that) {
+      this->__generic_assign(__that);
+      return *this;
+    } _LIBCPP_EAT_SEMICOLON);
+
+_LIBCPP_VARIANT_COPY_ASSIGNMENT(_Trait::_Unavailable,
+                                _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __copy_assignment& operator=(
+                                    const __copy_assignment&) = delete);
+
+#  undef _LIBCPP_VARIANT_COPY_ASSIGNMENT
+
+template <class... _Types>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS __impl : public __copy_assignment<__traits<_Types...>> {
+  using __base_type = __copy_assignment<__traits<_Types...>>;
+
+public:
+  using __base_type::__base_type; // get in_place_index_t constructor & friends
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __impl(__impl const&)            = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __impl(__impl&&)                 = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __impl& operator=(__impl const&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __impl& operator=(__impl&&)      = default;
+
+  template <size_t _Ip, class _Arg>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __assign(_Arg&& __arg) {
+    this->__assign_alt(__access::__base::__get_alt<_Ip>(*this), std::forward<_Arg>(__arg));
+  }
+
+  inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __swap(__impl& __that) {
+    if (this->valueless_by_exception() && __that.valueless_by_exception()) {
+      // do nothing.
+    } else if (this->index() == __that.index()) {
+      __visitation::__base::__visit_alt_at(
+          this->index(),
+          [](auto& __this_alt, auto& __that_alt) {
+            using std::swap;
+            swap(__this_alt.__value, __that_alt.__value);
+          },
+          *this,
+          __that);
+    } else {
+      __impl* __lhs = this;
+      __impl* __rhs = std::addressof(__that);
+      if (__lhs->__move_nothrow() && !__rhs->__move_nothrow()) {
+        std::swap(__lhs, __rhs);
+      }
+      __impl __tmp(std::move(*__rhs));
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      if constexpr (__all<is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Types>...>::value) {
+        this->__generic_construct(*__rhs, std::move(*__lhs));
+      } else {
+        // EXTENSION: When the move construction of `__lhs` into `__rhs` throws
+        // and `__tmp` is nothrow move constructible then we move `__tmp` back
+        // into `__rhs` and provide the strong exception safety guarantee.
+        try {
+          this->__generic_construct(*__rhs, std::move(*__lhs));
+        } catch (...) {
+          if (__tmp.__move_nothrow()) {
+            this->__generic_construct(*__rhs, std::move(__tmp));
+          }
+          throw;
+        }
+      }
+#  else
+      // this isn't consolidated with the `if constexpr` branch above due to
+      // `throw` being ill-formed with exceptions disabled even when discarded.
+      this->__generic_construct(*__rhs, std::move(*__lhs));
+#  endif
+      this->__generic_construct(*__lhs, std::move(__tmp));
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  constexpr inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __move_nothrow() const {
+    constexpr bool __results[] = {is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Types>...};
+    return this->valueless_by_exception() || __results[this->index()];
+  }
+};
+
+struct __no_narrowing_check {
+  template <class _Dest, class _Source>
+  using _Apply = __type_identity<_Dest>;
+};
+
+struct __narrowing_check {
+  template <class _Dest>
+  static auto __test_impl(_Dest (&&)[1]) -> __type_identity<_Dest>;
+  template <class _Dest, class _Source>
+  using _Apply _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = decltype(__test_impl<_Dest>({std::declval<_Source>()}));
+};
+
+template <class _Dest, class _Source>
+using __check_for_narrowing _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+    typename _If< is_arithmetic<_Dest>::value, __narrowing_check, __no_narrowing_check >::template _Apply<_Dest,
+                                                                                                          _Source>;
+
+template <class _Tp, size_t _Idx>
+struct __overload {
+  template <class _Up>
+  auto operator()(_Tp, _Up&&) const -> __check_for_narrowing<_Tp, _Up>;
+};
+
+template <class... _Bases>
+struct __all_overloads : _Bases... {
+  void operator()() const;
+  using _Bases::operator()...;
+};
+
+template <class _IdxSeq>
+struct __make_overloads_imp;
+
+template <size_t... _Idx>
+struct __make_overloads_imp<__tuple_indices<_Idx...> > {
+  template <class... _Types>
+  using _Apply _LIBCPP_NODEBUG = __all_overloads<__overload<_Types, _Idx>...>;
+};
+
+template <class... _Types>
+using _MakeOverloads _LIBCPP_NODEBUG =
+    typename __make_overloads_imp< __make_indices_imp<sizeof...(_Types), 0> >::template _Apply<_Types...>;
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+using __best_match_t = typename invoke_result_t<_MakeOverloads<_Types...>, _Tp, _Tp>::type;
+
+} // namespace __variant_detail
+
+template <class _Visitor, class... _Vs, typename = void_t<decltype(std::__as_variant(std::declval<_Vs>()))...>>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr decltype(auto)
+visit(_Visitor&& __visitor, _Vs&&... __vs);
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Rp,
+          class _Visitor,
+          class... _Vs,
+          typename = void_t<decltype(std::__as_variant(std::declval<_Vs>()))...>>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr _Rp
+visit(_Visitor&& __visitor, _Vs&&... __vs);
+#  endif
+
+template <class... _Types>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS _LIBCPP_DECLSPEC_EMPTY_BASES variant
+    : private __sfinae_ctor_base< __all<is_copy_constructible_v<_Types>...>::value,
+                                  __all<is_move_constructible_v<_Types>...>::value>,
+      private __sfinae_assign_base<
+          __all<(is_copy_constructible_v<_Types> && is_copy_assignable_v<_Types>)...>::value,
+          __all<(is_move_constructible_v<_Types> && is_move_assignable_v<_Types>)...>::value> {
+  static_assert(0 < sizeof...(_Types), "variant must consist of at least one alternative.");
+
+  static_assert(__all<!is_array_v<_Types>...>::value, "variant can not have an array type as an alternative.");
+
+  static_assert(__all<!is_reference_v<_Types>...>::value, "variant can not have a reference type as an alternative.");
+
+  static_assert(__all<!is_void_v<_Types>...>::value, "variant can not have a void type as an alternative.");
+
+  using __first_type = variant_alternative_t<0, variant>;
+
+public:
+  using __trivially_relocatable =
+      conditional_t<_And<__libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<_Types>...>::value, variant, void>;
+
+  template <bool _Dummy                                                                               = true,
+            enable_if_t<__dependent_type<is_default_constructible<__first_type>, _Dummy>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr variant() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<__first_type>)
+      : __impl_(in_place_index<0>) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr variant(const variant&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr variant(variant&&)      = default;
+
+  template < class _Arg,
+             enable_if_t<!is_same_v<__remove_cvref_t<_Arg>, variant>, int>        = 0,
+             enable_if_t<!__is_inplace_type<__remove_cvref_t<_Arg>>::value, int>  = 0,
+             enable_if_t<!__is_inplace_index<__remove_cvref_t<_Arg>>::value, int> = 0,
+             class _Tp  = __variant_detail::__best_match_t<_Arg, _Types...>,
+             size_t _Ip = __find_detail::__find_unambiguous_index_sfinae<_Tp, _Types...>::value,
+             enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Arg>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr variant(_Arg&& __arg) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Arg>)
+      : __impl_(in_place_index<_Ip>, std::forward<_Arg>(__arg)) {}
+
+  template <size_t _Ip,
+            class... _Args,
+            class                                               = enable_if_t<(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types)), int>,
+            class _Tp                                           = variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>,
+            enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr variant(in_place_index_t<_Ip>, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>)
+      : __impl_(in_place_index<_Ip>, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template < size_t _Ip,
+             class _Up,
+             class... _Args,
+             enable_if_t<(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types)), int> = 0,
+             class _Tp                                   = variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>,
+             enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr variant(
+      in_place_index_t<_Ip>,
+      initializer_list<_Up> __il,
+      _Args&&... __args) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>)
+      : __impl_(in_place_index<_Ip>, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template < class _Tp,
+             class... _Args,
+             size_t _Ip = __find_detail::__find_unambiguous_index_sfinae<_Tp, _Types...>::value,
+             enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr variant(in_place_type_t<_Tp>, _Args&&... __args) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>)
+      : __impl_(in_place_index<_Ip>, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  template < class _Tp,
+             class _Up,
+             class... _Args,
+             size_t _Ip = __find_detail::__find_unambiguous_index_sfinae<_Tp, _Types...>::value,
+             enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit constexpr variant(
+      in_place_type_t<_Tp>,
+      initializer_list<_Up> __il,
+      _Args&&... __args) noexcept(is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, initializer_list< _Up>&, _Args...>)
+      : __impl_(in_place_index<_Ip>, __il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~variant() = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr variant& operator=(const variant&) = default;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr variant& operator=(variant&&)      = default;
+
+  template < class _Arg,
+             enable_if_t<!is_same_v<__remove_cvref_t<_Arg>, variant>, int> = 0,
+             class _Tp  = __variant_detail::__best_match_t<_Arg, _Types...>,
+             size_t _Ip = __find_detail::__find_unambiguous_index_sfinae<_Tp, _Types...>::value,
+             enable_if_t<is_assignable_v<_Tp&, _Arg> && is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Arg>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 variant&
+  operator=(_Arg&& __arg) noexcept(is_nothrow_assignable_v<_Tp&, _Arg> && is_nothrow_constructible_v<_Tp, _Arg>) {
+    __impl_.template __assign<_Ip>(std::forward<_Arg>(__arg));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template < size_t _Ip,
+             class... _Args,
+             enable_if_t<(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types)), int>         = 0,
+             class _Tp                                           = variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>,
+             enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __impl_.template __emplace<_Ip>(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template < size_t _Ip,
+             class _Up,
+             class... _Args,
+             enable_if_t<(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types)), int> = 0,
+             class _Tp                                   = variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>,
+             enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& emplace(initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __impl_.template __emplace<_Ip>(__il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template < class _Tp,
+             class... _Args,
+             size_t _Ip = __find_detail::__find_unambiguous_index_sfinae<_Tp, _Types...>::value,
+             enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, _Args...>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    return __impl_.template __emplace<_Ip>(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  template < class _Tp,
+             class _Up,
+             class... _Args,
+             size_t _Ip = __find_detail::__find_unambiguous_index_sfinae<_Tp, _Types...>::value,
+             enable_if_t<is_constructible_v<_Tp, initializer_list<_Up>&, _Args...>, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _Tp& emplace(initializer_list<_Up> __il, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return __impl_.template __emplace<_Ip>(__il, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool valueless_by_exception() const noexcept {
+    return __impl_.valueless_by_exception();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr size_t index() const noexcept { return __impl_.index(); }
+
+  template < bool _Dummy       = true,
+             enable_if_t< __all<(__dependent_type<is_move_constructible<_Types>, _Dummy>::value &&
+                                 __dependent_type<is_swappable<_Types>, _Dummy>::value)...>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(variant& __that) noexcept(
+      __all<(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Types> && is_nothrow_swappable_v<_Types>)...>::value) {
+    __impl_.__swap(__that.__impl_);
+  }
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26 && defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_EXPLICIT_THIS_PARAMETER)
+  // Helper class to implement [variant.visit]/10
+  //   Constraints: The call to visit does not use an explicit template-argument-list
+  //   that begins with a type template-argument.
+  struct __variant_visit_barrier_tag {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit __variant_visit_barrier_tag() = default;
+  };
+
+  template <__variant_visit_barrier_tag = __variant_visit_barrier_tag{}, class _Self, class _Visitor>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr decltype(auto) visit(this _Self&& __self, _Visitor&& __visitor) {
+    using _VariantT = _OverrideRef<_Self&&, _CopyConst<remove_reference_t<_Self>, variant>>;
+    return std::visit(std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor), (_VariantT)__self);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Rp, class _Self, class _Visitor>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _Rp visit(this _Self&& __self, _Visitor&& __visitor) {
+    using _VariantT = _OverrideRef<_Self&&, _CopyConst<remove_reference_t<_Self>, variant>>;
+    return std::visit<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor), (_VariantT)__self);
+  }
+#  endif
+
+private:
+  __variant_detail::__impl<_Types...> __impl_;
+
+  friend struct __variant_detail::__access::__variant;
+  friend struct __variant_detail::__visitation::__variant;
+};
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool __holds_alternative(const variant<_Types...>& __v) noexcept {
+  return __v.index() == _Ip;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool holds_alternative(const variant<_Types...>& __v) noexcept {
+  return std::__holds_alternative<__find_exactly_one_t<_Tp, _Types...>::value>(__v);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Vp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr auto&& __generic_get(_Vp&& __v) {
+  using __variant_detail::__access::__variant;
+  if (!std::__holds_alternative<_Ip>(__v)) {
+    __throw_bad_variant_access();
+  }
+  return __variant::__get_alt<_Ip>(std::forward<_Vp>(__v)).__value;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>&
+get(variant<_Types...>& __v) {
+  static_assert(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types));
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>>);
+  return std::__generic_get<_Ip>(__v);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>&&
+get(variant<_Types...>&& __v) {
+  static_assert(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types));
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>>);
+  return std::__generic_get<_Ip>(std::move(__v));
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr const variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>&
+get(const variant<_Types...>& __v) {
+  static_assert(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types));
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>>);
+  return std::__generic_get<_Ip>(__v);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+_LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr const variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>&&
+get(const variant<_Types...>&& __v) {
+  static_assert(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types));
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>>);
+  return std::__generic_get<_Ip>(std::move(__v));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr _Tp& get(variant<_Types...>& __v) {
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<_Tp>);
+  return std::get<__find_exactly_one_t<_Tp, _Types...>::value>(__v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr _Tp&& get(variant<_Types...>&& __v) {
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<_Tp>);
+  return std::get<__find_exactly_one_t<_Tp, _Types...>::value>(std::move(__v));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr const _Tp&
+get(const variant<_Types...>& __v) {
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<_Tp>);
+  return std::get<__find_exactly_one_t<_Tp, _Types...>::value>(__v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr const _Tp&&
+get(const variant<_Types...>&& __v) {
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<_Tp>);
+  return std::get<__find_exactly_one_t<_Tp, _Types...>::value>(std::move(__v));
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Vp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto* __generic_get_if(_Vp* __v) noexcept {
+  using __variant_detail::__access::__variant;
+  return __v && std::__holds_alternative<_Ip>(*__v) ? std::addressof(__variant::__get_alt<_Ip>(*__v).__value) : nullptr;
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>>
+get_if(variant<_Types...>* __v) noexcept {
+  static_assert(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types));
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>>);
+  return std::__generic_get_if<_Ip>(__v);
+}
+
+template <size_t _Ip, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<const variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>>
+get_if(const variant<_Types...>* __v) noexcept {
+  static_assert(_Ip < sizeof...(_Types));
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<variant_alternative_t<_Ip, variant<_Types...>>>);
+  return std::__generic_get_if<_Ip>(__v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<_Tp> get_if(variant<_Types...>* __v) noexcept {
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<_Tp>);
+  return std::get_if<__find_exactly_one_t<_Tp, _Types...>::value>(__v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr add_pointer_t<const _Tp> get_if(const variant<_Types...>* __v) noexcept {
+  static_assert(!is_void_v<_Tp>);
+  return std::get_if<__find_exactly_one_t<_Tp, _Types...>::value>(__v);
+}
+
+template <class _Operator>
+struct __convert_to_bool {
+  template <class _T1, class _T2>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator()(_T1&& __t1, _T2&& __t2) const {
+    static_assert(is_convertible<decltype(_Operator{}(std::forward<_T1>(__t1), std::forward<_T2>(__t2))), bool>::value,
+                  "the relational operator does not return a type which is implicitly convertible to bool");
+    return _Operator{}(std::forward<_T1>(__t1), std::forward<_T2>(__t2));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator==(const variant<_Types...>& __lhs, const variant<_Types...>& __rhs) {
+  using __variant_detail::__visitation::__variant;
+  if (__lhs.index() != __rhs.index())
+    return false;
+  if (__lhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return true;
+  return __variant::__visit_value_at(__lhs.index(), __convert_to_bool<equal_to<>>{}, __lhs, __rhs);
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class... _Types>
+  requires(three_way_comparable<_Types> && ...)
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr common_comparison_category_t<compare_three_way_result_t<_Types>...>
+operator<=>(const variant<_Types...>& __lhs, const variant<_Types...>& __rhs) {
+  using __variant_detail::__visitation::__variant;
+  using __result_t = common_comparison_category_t<compare_three_way_result_t<_Types>...>;
+  if (__lhs.valueless_by_exception() && __rhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return strong_ordering::equal;
+  if (__lhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return strong_ordering::less;
+  if (__rhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return strong_ordering::greater;
+  if (auto __c = __lhs.index() <=> __rhs.index(); __c != 0)
+    return __c;
+  auto __three_way = []<class _Type>(const _Type& __v, const _Type& __w) -> __result_t { return __v <=> __w; };
+  return __variant::__visit_value_at(__lhs.index(), __three_way, __lhs, __rhs);
+}
+
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+template <class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator!=(const variant<_Types...>& __lhs, const variant<_Types...>& __rhs) {
+  using __variant_detail::__visitation::__variant;
+  if (__lhs.index() != __rhs.index())
+    return true;
+  if (__lhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return false;
+  return __variant::__visit_value_at(__lhs.index(), __convert_to_bool<not_equal_to<>>{}, __lhs, __rhs);
+}
+
+template <class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<(const variant<_Types...>& __lhs, const variant<_Types...>& __rhs) {
+  using __variant_detail::__visitation::__variant;
+  if (__rhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return false;
+  if (__lhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return true;
+  if (__lhs.index() < __rhs.index())
+    return true;
+  if (__lhs.index() > __rhs.index())
+    return false;
+  return __variant::__visit_value_at(__lhs.index(), __convert_to_bool<less<>>{}, __lhs, __rhs);
+}
+
+template <class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>(const variant<_Types...>& __lhs, const variant<_Types...>& __rhs) {
+  using __variant_detail::__visitation::__variant;
+  if (__lhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return false;
+  if (__rhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return true;
+  if (__lhs.index() > __rhs.index())
+    return true;
+  if (__lhs.index() < __rhs.index())
+    return false;
+  return __variant::__visit_value_at(__lhs.index(), __convert_to_bool<greater<>>{}, __lhs, __rhs);
+}
+
+template <class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator<=(const variant<_Types...>& __lhs, const variant<_Types...>& __rhs) {
+  using __variant_detail::__visitation::__variant;
+  if (__lhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return true;
+  if (__rhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return false;
+  if (__lhs.index() < __rhs.index())
+    return true;
+  if (__lhs.index() > __rhs.index())
+    return false;
+  return __variant::__visit_value_at(__lhs.index(), __convert_to_bool<less_equal<>>{}, __lhs, __rhs);
+}
+
+template <class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr bool operator>=(const variant<_Types...>& __lhs, const variant<_Types...>& __rhs) {
+  using __variant_detail::__visitation::__variant;
+  if (__rhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return true;
+  if (__lhs.valueless_by_exception())
+    return false;
+  if (__lhs.index() > __rhs.index())
+    return true;
+  if (__lhs.index() < __rhs.index())
+    return false;
+  return __variant::__visit_value_at(__lhs.index(), __convert_to_bool<greater_equal<>>{}, __lhs, __rhs);
+}
+
+template <class... _Vs>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr void __throw_if_valueless(_Vs&&... __vs) {
+  const bool __valueless = (... || std::__as_variant(__vs).valueless_by_exception());
+  if (__valueless) {
+    __throw_bad_variant_access();
+  }
+}
+
+template < class _Visitor, class... _Vs, typename>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr decltype(auto)
+visit(_Visitor&& __visitor, _Vs&&... __vs) {
+  using __variant_detail::__visitation::__variant;
+  std::__throw_if_valueless(std::forward<_Vs>(__vs)...);
+  return __variant::__visit_value(std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor), std::forward<_Vs>(__vs)...);
+}
+
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template < class _Rp, class _Visitor, class... _Vs, typename>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_THROW_BAD_VARIANT_ACCESS constexpr _Rp
+visit(_Visitor&& __visitor, _Vs&&... __vs) {
+  using __variant_detail::__visitation::__variant;
+  std::__throw_if_valueless(std::forward<_Vs>(__vs)...);
+  return __variant::__visit_value<_Rp>(std::forward<_Visitor>(__visitor), std::forward<_Vs>(__vs)...);
+}
+#  endif
+
+template <class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 auto
+swap(variant<_Types...>& __lhs,
+     variant<_Types...>& __rhs) noexcept(noexcept(__lhs.swap(__rhs))) -> decltype(__lhs.swap(__rhs)) {
+  return __lhs.swap(__rhs);
+}
+
+template <class... _Types>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash< __enable_hash_helper<variant<_Types...>, remove_const_t<_Types>...>> {
+  using argument_type = variant<_Types...>;
+  using result_type   = size_t;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI result_type operator()(const argument_type& __v) const {
+    using __variant_detail::__visitation::__variant;
+    size_t __res =
+        __v.valueless_by_exception()
+            ? 299792458 // Random value chosen by the universe upon creation
+            : __variant::__visit_alt(
+                  [](const auto& __alt) {
+                    using __alt_type   = __remove_cvref_t<decltype(__alt)>;
+                    using __value_type = remove_const_t< typename __alt_type::__value_type>;
+                    return hash<__value_type>{}(__alt.__value);
+                  },
+                  __v);
+    return std::__hash_combine(__res, hash<size_t>{}(__v.index()));
+  }
+};
+
+// __unchecked_get is the same as std::get, except, it is UB to use it with the wrong
+// type whereas std::get will throw or returning nullptr. This makes it faster than
+// std::get.
+template <size_t _Ip, class _Vp>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto&& __unchecked_get(_Vp&& __v) noexcept {
+  using __variant_detail::__access::__variant;
+  return __variant::__get_alt<_Ip>(std::forward<_Vp>(__v)).__value;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto&& __unchecked_get(const variant<_Types...>& __v) noexcept {
+  return std::__unchecked_get<__find_exactly_one_t<_Tp, _Types...>::value>(__v);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class... _Types>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr auto&& __unchecked_get(variant<_Types...>& __v) noexcept {
+  return std::__unchecked_get<__find_exactly_one_t<_Tp, _Types...>::value>(__v);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <exception>
+#  include <tuple>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_VARIANT

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/vector b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/vector
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4d83d4b6edda84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/vector
@@ -0,0 +1,3031 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_VECTOR
+#define _LIBCPP_VECTOR
+
+// clang-format off
+
+/*
+    vector synopsis
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template <class T, class Allocator = allocator<T> >
+class vector
+{
+public:
+    typedef T                                        value_type;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::reference       reference;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::pointer         pointer;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer   const_pointer;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    vector()
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit vector(const allocator_type&);
+    explicit vector(size_type n);
+    explicit vector(size_type n, const allocator_type&); // C++14
+    vector(size_type n, const value_type& value, const allocator_type& = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        vector(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const allocator_type& = allocator_type());
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      constexpr vector(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Allocator& = Allocator()); // C++23
+    vector(const vector& x);
+    vector(vector&& x)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> il, const allocator_type& a);
+    ~vector();
+    vector& operator=(const vector& x);
+    vector& operator=(vector&& x)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+             allocator_type::is_always_equal::value); // C++17
+    vector& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      constexpr void assign_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    void assign(size_type n, const value_type& u);
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator               begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator         begin()   const noexcept;
+    iterator               end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator         end()     const noexcept;
+
+    reverse_iterator       rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin()  const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator       rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()    const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+    size_type capacity() const noexcept;
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+    void shrink_to_fit() noexcept;
+
+    reference       operator[](size_type n);
+    const_reference operator[](size_type n) const;
+    reference       at(size_type n);
+    const_reference at(size_type n) const;
+
+    reference       front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference       back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    value_type*       data() noexcept;
+    const value_type* data() const noexcept;
+
+    void push_back(const value_type& x);
+    void push_back(value_type&& x);
+    template <class... Args>
+        reference emplace_back(Args&&... args); // reference in C++17
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      constexpr void append_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    void pop_back();
+
+    template <class... Args> iterator emplace(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type&& x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, size_type n, const value_type& x);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator position, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      constexpr iterator insert_range(const_iterator position, R&& rg); // C++23
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void resize(size_type sz);
+    void resize(size_type sz, const value_type& c);
+
+    void swap(vector&)
+        noexcept(allocator_traits<allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                 allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value);  // C++17
+
+    bool __invariants() const;
+};
+
+template <class Allocator = allocator<T> >
+class vector<bool, Allocator>
+{
+public:
+    typedef bool                                     value_type;
+    typedef Allocator                                allocator_type;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   iterator;
+    typedef implementation-defined                   const_iterator;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::size_type       size_type;
+    typedef typename allocator_type::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+    typedef iterator                                 pointer;
+    typedef const_iterator                           const_pointer;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>          reverse_iterator;
+    typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>    const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    class reference
+    {
+    public:
+        reference(const reference&) noexcept;
+        operator bool() const noexcept;
+        reference& operator=(bool x) noexcept;
+        reference& operator=(const reference& x) noexcept;
+        iterator operator&() const noexcept;
+        void flip() noexcept;
+    };
+
+    class const_reference
+    {
+    public:
+        const_reference(const reference&) noexcept;
+        operator bool() const noexcept;
+        const_iterator operator&() const noexcept;
+    };
+
+    vector()
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    explicit vector(const allocator_type&);
+    explicit vector(size_type n, const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); // C++14
+    vector(size_type n, const value_type& value, const allocator_type& = allocator_type());
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        vector(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const allocator_type& = allocator_type());
+    template<container-compatible-range<bool> R>
+      constexpr vector(from_range_t, R&& rg, const Allocator& = Allocator());
+    vector(const vector& x);
+    vector(vector&& x)
+        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    vector(initializer_list<value_type> il, const allocator_type& a);
+    ~vector();
+    vector& operator=(const vector& x);
+    vector& operator=(vector&& x)
+        noexcept(
+             allocator_type::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+             allocator_type::is_always_equal::value); // C++17
+    vector& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        void assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      constexpr void assign_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    void assign(size_type n, const value_type& u);
+    void assign(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
+
+    iterator               begin() noexcept;
+    const_iterator         begin()   const noexcept;
+    iterator               end() noexcept;
+    const_iterator         end()     const noexcept;
+
+    reverse_iterator       rbegin() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin()  const noexcept;
+    reverse_iterator       rend() noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator rend()    const noexcept;
+
+    const_iterator         cbegin()  const noexcept;
+    const_iterator         cend()    const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+    const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+    size_type size() const noexcept;
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+    size_type capacity() const noexcept;
+    bool empty() const noexcept;
+    void reserve(size_type n);
+    void shrink_to_fit() noexcept;
+
+    reference       operator[](size_type n);
+    const_reference operator[](size_type n) const;
+    reference       at(size_type n);
+    const_reference at(size_type n) const;
+
+    reference       front();
+    const_reference front() const;
+    reference       back();
+    const_reference back() const;
+
+    void push_back(const value_type& x);
+    template <class... Args> reference emplace_back(Args&&... args);  // C++14; reference in C++17
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      constexpr void append_range(R&& rg); // C++23
+    void pop_back();
+
+    template <class... Args> iterator emplace(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);  // C++14
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& x);
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, size_type n, const value_type& x);
+    template <class InputIterator>
+        iterator insert(const_iterator position, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+    template<container-compatible-range<T> R>
+      constexpr iterator insert_range(const_iterator position, R&& rg); // C++23
+    iterator insert(const_iterator position, initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+
+    void clear() noexcept;
+
+    void resize(size_type sz);
+    void resize(size_type sz, value_type x);
+
+    void swap(vector&)
+        noexcept(allocator_traits<allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
+                 allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value);  // C++17
+    void flip() noexcept;
+
+    bool __invariants() const;
+};
+
+template <class InputIterator, class Allocator = allocator<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>>
+   vector(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator = Allocator())
+   -> vector<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type, Allocator>; // C++17
+
+template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<R>>>
+  vector(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator = Allocator())
+    -> vector<ranges::range_value_t<R>, Allocator>; // C++23
+
+template <class Allocator> struct hash<std::vector<bool, Allocator>>;
+
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator==(const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);   // constexpr since C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator!=(const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);   // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator< (const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);   // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator> (const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);   // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator>=(const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);   // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator> bool operator<=(const vector<T,Allocator>& x, const vector<T,Allocator>& y);   // removed in C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator> constexpr
+  constexpr synth-three-way-result<T> operator<=>(const vector<T, Allocator>& x,
+                                                  const vector<T, Allocator>& y);                                  // since C++20
+
+template <class T, class Allocator>
+void swap(vector<T,Allocator>& x, vector<T,Allocator>& y)
+    noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
+
+template <class T, class Allocator, class U>
+typename vector<T, Allocator>::size_type
+erase(vector<T, Allocator>& c, const U& value);       // since C++20
+template <class T, class Allocator, class Predicate>
+typename vector<T, Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(vector<T, Allocator>& c, Predicate pred);    // since C++20
+
+
+template<class T>
+ inline constexpr bool is-vector-bool-reference = see below;        // exposition only, since C++23
+
+template<class T, class charT> requires is-vector-bool-reference<T> // Since C++23
+ struct formatter<T, charT>;
+
+}  // std
+
+*/
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#include <__algorithm/copy.h>
+#include <__algorithm/equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/fill_n.h>
+#include <__algorithm/iterator_operations.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare.h>
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__algorithm/remove.h>
+#include <__algorithm/remove_if.h>
+#include <__algorithm/rotate.h>
+#include <__algorithm/unwrap_iter.h>
+#include <__assert>
+#include <__bit_reference>
+#include <__concepts/same_as.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__debug_utils/sanitizers.h>
+#include <__format/enable_insertable.h>
+#include <__format/formatter.h>
+#include <__format/formatter_bool.h>
+#include <__functional/hash.h>
+#include <__functional/unary_function.h>
+#include <__fwd/vector.h>
+#include <__iterator/advance.h>
+#include <__iterator/bounded_iter.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__iterator/wrap_iter.h>
+#include <__memory/addressof.h>
+#include <__memory/allocate_at_least.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/pointer_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/swap_allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/temp_value.h>
+#include <__memory/uninitialized_algorithms.h>
+#include <__memory_resource/polymorphic_allocator.h>
+#include <__ranges/access.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/from_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/size.h>
+#include <__split_buffer>
+#include <__type_traits/is_allocator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_assignable.h>
+#include <__type_traits/noexcept_move_assign_container.h>
+#include <__type_traits/type_identity.h>
+#include <__utility/exception_guard.h>
+#include <__utility/forward.h>
+#include <__utility/is_pointer_in_range.h>
+#include <__utility/move.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <__utility/swap.h>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <limits>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <version>
+
+// standard-mandated includes
+
+// [iterator.range]
+#include <__iterator/access.h>
+#include <__iterator/data.h>
+#include <__iterator/empty.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_access.h>
+#include <__iterator/size.h>
+
+// [vector.syn]
+#include <compare>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator /* = allocator<_Tp> */>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS vector {
+private:
+  typedef allocator<_Tp> __default_allocator_type;
+
+public:
+  typedef vector __self;
+  typedef _Tp value_type;
+  typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+  typedef value_type& reference;
+  typedef const value_type& const_reference;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::pointer pointer;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::const_pointer const_pointer;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_VECTOR
+  // Users might provide custom allocators, and prior to C++20 we have no existing way to detect whether the allocator's
+  // pointer type is contiguous (though it has to be by the Standard). Using the wrapper type ensures the iterator is
+  // considered contiguous.
+  typedef __bounded_iter<__wrap_iter<pointer>> iterator;
+  typedef __bounded_iter<__wrap_iter<const_pointer>> const_iterator;
+#else
+  typedef __wrap_iter<pointer> iterator;
+  typedef __wrap_iter<const_pointer> const_iterator;
+#endif
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+  // A vector containers the following members which may be trivially relocatable:
+  // - pointer: may be trivially relocatable, so it's checked
+  // - allocator_type: may be trivially relocatable, so it's checked
+  // vector doesn't contain any self-references, so it's trivially relocatable if its members are.
+  using __trivially_relocatable = __conditional_t<
+      __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<pointer>::value && __libcpp_is_trivially_relocatable<allocator_type>::value,
+      vector,
+      void>;
+
+  static_assert(__check_valid_allocator<allocator_type>::value, "");
+  static_assert(is_same<typename allocator_type::value_type, value_type>::value,
+                "Allocator::value_type must be same type as value_type");
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector()
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value) {}
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit vector(const allocator_type& __a)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT
+#endif
+      : __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit vector(size_type __n) {
+    auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard(__destroy_vector(*this));
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __vallocate(__n);
+      __construct_at_end(__n);
+    }
+    __guard.__complete();
+  }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit vector(size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {
+    auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard(__destroy_vector(*this));
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __vallocate(__n);
+      __construct_at_end(__n);
+    }
+    __guard.__complete();
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector(size_type __n, const value_type& __x) {
+    auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard(__destroy_vector(*this));
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __vallocate(__n);
+      __construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+    }
+    __guard.__complete();
+  }
+
+  template <__enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  vector(size_type __n, const value_type& __x, const allocator_type& __a)
+      : __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __vallocate(__n);
+      __construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value &&
+                              is_constructible<value_type, typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::reference>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value &&
+                              is_constructible<value_type, typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::reference>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+  template <
+      class _ForwardIterator,
+      __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value &&
+                        is_constructible<value_type, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::reference>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+  template <
+      class _ForwardIterator,
+      __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value &&
+                        is_constructible<value_type, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::reference>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr vector(
+      from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const allocator_type& __alloc = allocator_type())
+      : __end_cap_(nullptr, __alloc) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      __init_with_size(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __n);
+
+    } else {
+      __init_with_sentinel(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+private:
+  class __destroy_vector {
+  public:
+    _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __destroy_vector(vector& __vec) : __vec_(__vec) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()() {
+      if (__vec_.__begin_ != nullptr) {
+        __vec_.__clear();
+        __vec_.__annotate_delete();
+        __alloc_traits::deallocate(__vec_.__alloc(), __vec_.__begin_, __vec_.capacity());
+      }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    vector& __vec_;
+  };
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~vector() { __destroy_vector (*this)(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector(const vector& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  vector(const vector& __x, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector& operator=(const vector& __x);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector(vector&& __x)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+      noexcept;
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  vector(vector&& __x, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector& operator=(vector&& __x)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__noexcept_move_assign_container<_Allocator, __alloc_traits>::value);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value &&
+                              is_constructible<value_type, typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::reference>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <
+      class _ForwardIterator,
+      __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value &&
+                        is_constructible<value_type, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::reference>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void assign_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      __assign_with_size(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __n);
+
+    } else {
+      __assign_with_sentinel(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(size_type __n, const_reference __u);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return this->__alloc();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT { return end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return rbegin();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT { return rend(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<size_type>(this->__end_ - this->__begin_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type capacity() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<size_type>(__end_cap() - this->__begin_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return this->__begin_ == this->__end_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void reserve(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference operator[](size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference operator[](size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference at(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference at(size_type __n) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference front() _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "front() called on an empty vector");
+    return *this->__begin_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference front() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "front() called on an empty vector");
+    return *this->__begin_;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference back() _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "back() called on an empty vector");
+    return *(this->__end_ - 1);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference back() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "back() called on an empty vector");
+    return *(this->__end_ - 1);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_type* data() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__to_address(this->__begin_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const value_type* data() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return std::__to_address(this->__begin_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_back(const_reference __x);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void push_back(value_type&& __x);
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  reference
+  emplace_back(_Args&&... __args);
+#else
+  void
+  emplace_back(_Args&&... __args);
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void append_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    insert_range(end(), std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void pop_back();
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __position, const_reference __x);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __position, value_type&& __x);
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace(const_iterator __position, _Args&&... __args);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  insert(const_iterator __position, size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator,
+            __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value &&
+                              is_constructible< value_type, typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::reference>::value,
+                          int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  insert(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<_Tp> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator insert_range(const_iterator __position, _Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      return __insert_with_size(__position, ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __n);
+
+    } else {
+      return __insert_with_sentinel(__position, ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  template <
+      class _ForwardIterator,
+      __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value &&
+                        is_constructible< value_type, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::reference>::value,
+                    int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  insert(const_iterator __position, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  insert(const_iterator __position, initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    return insert(__position, __il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __position);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() _NOEXCEPT {
+    size_type __old_size = size();
+    __clear();
+    __annotate_shrink(__old_size);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __sz);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void resize(size_type __sz, const_reference __x);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(vector&)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT;
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<allocator_type>);
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __invariants() const;
+
+private:
+  pointer __begin_ = nullptr;
+  pointer __end_   = nullptr;
+  __compressed_pair<pointer, allocator_type> __end_cap_ =
+      __compressed_pair<pointer, allocator_type>(nullptr, __default_init_tag());
+
+  //  Allocate space for __n objects
+  //  throws length_error if __n > max_size()
+  //  throws (probably bad_alloc) if memory run out
+  //  Precondition:  __begin_ == __end_ == __end_cap() == 0
+  //  Precondition:  __n > 0
+  //  Postcondition:  capacity() >= __n
+  //  Postcondition:  size() == 0
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __vallocate(size_type __n) {
+    if (__n > max_size())
+      __throw_length_error();
+    auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __n);
+    __begin_          = __allocation.ptr;
+    __end_            = __allocation.ptr;
+    __end_cap()       = __begin_ + __allocation.count;
+    __annotate_new(0);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __vdeallocate() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __recommend(size_type __new_size) const;
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __construct_at_end(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __construct_at_end(size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __init_with_size(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __n) {
+    auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard(__destroy_vector(*this));
+
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __vallocate(__n);
+      __construct_at_end(__first, __last, __n);
+    }
+
+    __guard.__complete();
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __init_with_sentinel(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+    auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard(__destroy_vector(*this));
+
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+      emplace_back(*__first);
+
+    __guard.__complete();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_with_sentinel(_Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last);
+
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __assign_with_size(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, 
diff erence_type __n);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  __insert_with_sentinel(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last);
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  __insert_with_size(const_iterator __position, _Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last, 
diff erence_type __n);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __construct_at_end(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __n);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __append(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __append(size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __make_iter(pointer __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_VECTOR
+    // Bound the iterator according to the capacity, rather than the size.
+    //
+    // Vector guarantees that iterators stay valid as long as no reallocation occurs even if new elements are inserted
+    // into the container; for these cases, we need to make sure that the newly-inserted elements can be accessed
+    // through the bounded iterator without failing checks. The downside is that the bounded iterator won't catch
+    // access that is logically out-of-bounds, i.e., goes beyond the size, but is still within the capacity. With the
+    // current implementation, there is no connection between a bounded iterator and its associated container, so we
+    // don't have a way to update existing valid iterators when the container is resized and thus have to go with
+    // a laxer approach.
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(
+        std::__wrap_iter<pointer>(__p),
+        std::__wrap_iter<pointer>(this->__begin_),
+        std::__wrap_iter<pointer>(this->__end_cap()));
+#else
+    return iterator(__p);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_VECTOR
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator __make_iter(const_pointer __p) const _NOEXCEPT {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_VECTOR
+    // Bound the iterator according to the capacity, rather than the size.
+    return std::__make_bounded_iter(
+        std::__wrap_iter<const_pointer>(__p),
+        std::__wrap_iter<const_pointer>(this->__begin_),
+        std::__wrap_iter<const_pointer>(this->__end_cap()));
+#else
+    return const_iterator(__p);
+#endif // _LIBCPP_ABI_BOUNDED_ITERATORS_IN_VECTOR
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __swap_out_circular_buffer(__split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&>& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer
+  __swap_out_circular_buffer(__split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&>& __v, pointer __p);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __move_range(pointer __from_s, pointer __from_e, pointer __to);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(vector& __c, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign(vector& __c, false_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__alloc_traits::is_always_equal::value);
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last) _NOEXCEPT {
+    size_type __old_size = size();
+    __base_destruct_at_end(__new_last);
+    __annotate_shrink(__old_size);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Up>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline pointer __push_back_slow_path(_Up&& __x);
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline pointer __emplace_back_slow_path(_Args&&... __args);
+
+  // The following functions are no-ops outside of AddressSanitizer mode.
+  // We call annotations for every allocator, unless explicitly disabled.
+  //
+  // To disable annotations for a particular allocator, change value of
+  // __asan_annotate_container_with_allocator to false.
+  // For more details, see the "Using libc++" documentation page or
+  // the documentation for __sanitizer_annotate_contiguous_container.
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __annotate_contiguous_container(const void* __old_mid, const void* __new_mid) const {
+    std::__annotate_contiguous_container<_Allocator>(data(), data() + capacity(), __old_mid, __new_mid);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_new(size_type __current_size) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__current_size;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    __annotate_contiguous_container(data() + capacity(), data() + __current_size);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_delete() const _NOEXCEPT {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    __annotate_contiguous_container(data() + size(), data() + capacity());
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_increase(size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__n;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    __annotate_contiguous_container(data() + size(), data() + size() + __n);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __annotate_shrink(size_type __old_size) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    (void)__old_size;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+    __annotate_contiguous_container(data() + __old_size, data() + size());
+#endif
+  }
+
+  struct _ConstructTransaction {
+    _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit _ConstructTransaction(vector& __v, size_type __n)
+        : __v_(__v), __pos_(__v.__end_), __new_end_(__v.__end_ + __n) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+      __v_.__annotate_increase(__n);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI ~_ConstructTransaction() {
+      __v_.__end_ = __pos_;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_ASAN
+      if (__pos_ != __new_end_) {
+        __v_.__annotate_shrink(__new_end_ - __v_.__begin_);
+      }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    vector& __v_;
+    pointer __pos_;
+    const_pointer const __new_end_;
+
+    _ConstructTransaction(_ConstructTransaction const&)            = delete;
+    _ConstructTransaction& operator=(_ConstructTransaction const&) = delete;
+  };
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __construct_one_at_end(_Args&&... __args) {
+    _ConstructTransaction __tx(*this, 1);
+    __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(), std::__to_address(__tx.__pos_), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    ++__tx.__pos_;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI allocator_type& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return this->__end_cap_.second();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const allocator_type& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return this->__end_cap_.second();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pointer& __end_cap() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return this->__end_cap_.first();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const pointer& __end_cap() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return this->__end_cap_.first();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __clear() _NOEXCEPT {
+    __base_destruct_at_end(this->__begin_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __base_destruct_at_end(pointer __new_last) _NOEXCEPT {
+    pointer __soon_to_be_end = this->__end_;
+    while (__new_last != __soon_to_be_end)
+      __alloc_traits::destroy(__alloc(), std::__to_address(--__soon_to_be_end));
+    this->__end_ = __new_last;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const vector& __c) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(vector& __c)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+                 is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+    __move_assign_alloc(__c, integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_length_error() const { std::__throw_length_error("vector"); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_out_of_range() const { std::__throw_out_of_range("vector"); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const vector& __c, true_type) {
+    if (__alloc() != __c.__alloc()) {
+      __clear();
+      __annotate_delete();
+      __alloc_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), this->__begin_, capacity());
+      this->__begin_ = this->__end_ = __end_cap() = nullptr;
+    }
+    __alloc() = __c.__alloc();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __copy_assign_alloc(const vector&, false_type) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(vector& __c, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+    __alloc() = std::move(__c.__alloc());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __move_assign_alloc(vector&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+};
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+vector(_InputIterator, _InputIterator) -> vector<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Alloc>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          class _Alloc,
+          class = enable_if_t<__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value>,
+          class = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+vector(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Alloc) -> vector<__iter_value_type<_InputIterator>, _Alloc>;
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Alloc = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>,
+          class        = enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Alloc>::value> >
+vector(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Alloc = _Alloc()) -> vector<ranges::range_value_t<_Range>, _Alloc>;
+#endif
+
+// __swap_out_circular_buffer relocates the objects in [__begin_, __end_) into the front of __v and swaps the buffers of
+// *this and __v. It is assumed that __v provides space for exactly (__end_ - __begin_) objects in the front. This
+// function has a strong exception guarantee.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__swap_out_circular_buffer(__split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&>& __v) {
+  __annotate_delete();
+  auto __new_begin = __v.__begin_ - (__end_ - __begin_);
+  std::__uninitialized_allocator_relocate(
+      __alloc(), std::__to_address(__begin_), std::__to_address(__end_), std::__to_address(__new_begin));
+  __v.__begin_ = __new_begin;
+  __end_       = __begin_; // All the objects have been destroyed by relocating them.
+  std::swap(this->__begin_, __v.__begin_);
+  std::swap(this->__end_, __v.__end_);
+  std::swap(this->__end_cap(), __v.__end_cap());
+  __v.__first_ = __v.__begin_;
+  __annotate_new(size());
+}
+
+// __swap_out_circular_buffer relocates the objects in [__begin_, __p) into the front of __v, the objects in
+// [__p, __end_) into the back of __v and swaps the buffers of *this and __v. It is assumed that __v provides space for
+// exactly (__p - __begin_) objects in the front and space for at least (__end_ - __p) objects in the back. This
+// function has a strong exception guarantee if __begin_ == __p || __end_ == __p.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::pointer
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__swap_out_circular_buffer(__split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&>& __v, pointer __p) {
+  __annotate_delete();
+  pointer __ret = __v.__begin_;
+
+  // Relocate [__p, __end_) first to avoid having a hole in [__begin_, __end_)
+  // in case something in [__begin_, __p) throws.
+  std::__uninitialized_allocator_relocate(
+      __alloc(), std::__to_address(__p), std::__to_address(__end_), std::__to_address(__v.__end_));
+  __v.__end_ += (__end_ - __p);
+  __end_           = __p; // The objects in [__p, __end_) have been destroyed by relocating them.
+  auto __new_begin = __v.__begin_ - (__p - __begin_);
+
+  std::__uninitialized_allocator_relocate(
+      __alloc(), std::__to_address(__begin_), std::__to_address(__p), std::__to_address(__new_begin));
+  __v.__begin_ = __new_begin;
+  __end_       = __begin_; // All the objects have been destroyed by relocating them.
+
+  std::swap(this->__begin_, __v.__begin_);
+  std::swap(this->__end_, __v.__end_);
+  std::swap(this->__end_cap(), __v.__end_cap());
+  __v.__first_ = __v.__begin_;
+  __annotate_new(size());
+  return __ret;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__vdeallocate() _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (this->__begin_ != nullptr) {
+    clear();
+    __annotate_delete();
+    __alloc_traits::deallocate(this->__alloc(), this->__begin_, capacity());
+    this->__begin_ = this->__end_ = this->__end_cap() = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::min<size_type>(__alloc_traits::max_size(this->__alloc()), numeric_limits<
diff erence_type>::max());
+}
+
+//  Precondition:  __new_size > capacity()
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__recommend(size_type __new_size) const {
+  const size_type __ms = max_size();
+  if (__new_size > __ms)
+    this->__throw_length_error();
+  const size_type __cap = capacity();
+  if (__cap >= __ms / 2)
+    return __ms;
+  return std::max<size_type>(2 * __cap, __new_size);
+}
+
+//  Default constructs __n objects starting at __end_
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Precondition:  size() + __n <= capacity()
+//  Postcondition:  size() == size() + __n
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(size_type __n) {
+  _ConstructTransaction __tx(*this, __n);
+  const_pointer __new_end = __tx.__new_end_;
+  for (pointer __pos = __tx.__pos_; __pos != __new_end; __tx.__pos_ = ++__pos) {
+    __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(), std::__to_address(__pos));
+  }
+}
+
+//  Copy constructs __n objects starting at __end_ from __x
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Precondition:  size() + __n <= capacity()
+//  Postcondition:  size() == old size() + __n
+//  Postcondition:  [i] == __x for all i in [size() - __n, __n)
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(size_type __n, const_reference __x) {
+  _ConstructTransaction __tx(*this, __n);
+  const_pointer __new_end = __tx.__new_end_;
+  for (pointer __pos = __tx.__pos_; __pos != __new_end; __tx.__pos_ = ++__pos) {
+    __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(), std::__to_address(__pos), __x);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __n) {
+  _ConstructTransaction __tx(*this, __n);
+  __tx.__pos_ = std::__uninitialized_allocator_copy(__alloc(), __first, __last, __tx.__pos_);
+}
+
+//  Default constructs __n objects starting at __end_
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Postcondition:  size() == size() + __n
+//  Exception safety: strong.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(size_type __n) {
+  if (static_cast<size_type>(this->__end_cap() - this->__end_) >= __n)
+    this->__construct_at_end(__n);
+  else {
+    allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+    __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + __n), size(), __a);
+    __v.__construct_at_end(__n);
+    __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+  }
+}
+
+//  Default constructs __n objects starting at __end_
+//  throws if construction throws
+//  Postcondition:  size() == size() + __n
+//  Exception safety: strong.
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__append(size_type __n, const_reference __x) {
+  if (static_cast<size_type>(this->__end_cap() - this->__end_) >= __n)
+    this->__construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+  else {
+    allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+    __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + __n), size(), __a);
+    __v.__construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+    __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value &&
+                            is_constructible<_Tp, typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::reference>::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  __init_with_sentinel(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value &&
+                            is_constructible<_Tp, typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::reference>::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {
+  __init_with_sentinel(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value &&
+                            is_constructible<_Tp, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::reference>::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(__first, __last));
+  __init_with_size(__first, __last, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value &&
+                            is_constructible<_Tp, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::reference>::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {
+  size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(__first, __last));
+  __init_with_size(__first, __last, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(const vector& __x)
+    : __end_cap_(nullptr, __alloc_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__x.__alloc())) {
+  __init_with_size(__x.__begin_, __x.__end_, __x.size());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(const vector& __x, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a)
+    : __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {
+  __init_with_size(__x.__begin_, __x.__end_, __x.size());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(vector&& __x)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+    noexcept
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+#endif
+    : __end_cap_(nullptr, std::move(__x.__alloc())) {
+  this->__begin_    = __x.__begin_;
+  this->__end_      = __x.__end_;
+  this->__end_cap() = __x.__end_cap();
+  __x.__begin_ = __x.__end_ = __x.__end_cap() = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(vector&& __x, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a)
+    : __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {
+  if (__a == __x.__alloc()) {
+    this->__begin_    = __x.__begin_;
+    this->__end_      = __x.__end_;
+    this->__end_cap() = __x.__end_cap();
+    __x.__begin_ = __x.__end_ = __x.__end_cap() = nullptr;
+  } else {
+    typedef move_iterator<iterator> _Ip;
+    auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard(__destroy_vector(*this));
+    assign(_Ip(__x.begin()), _Ip(__x.end()));
+    __guard.__complete();
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+  auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard(__destroy_vector(*this));
+  if (__il.size() > 0) {
+    __vallocate(__il.size());
+    __construct_at_end(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __il.size());
+  }
+  __guard.__complete();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __end_cap_(nullptr, __a) {
+  auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard(__destroy_vector(*this));
+  if (__il.size() > 0) {
+    __vallocate(__il.size());
+    __construct_at_end(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __il.size());
+  }
+  __guard.__complete();
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<_Tp, _Allocator>&
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator=(vector&& __x)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__noexcept_move_assign_container<_Allocator, __alloc_traits>::value) {
+  __move_assign(__x, integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_assign(vector& __c, false_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__alloc_traits::is_always_equal::value) {
+  if (__alloc() != __c.__alloc()) {
+    typedef move_iterator<iterator> _Ip;
+    assign(_Ip(__c.begin()), _Ip(__c.end()));
+  } else
+    __move_assign(__c, true_type());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_assign(vector& __c, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+  __vdeallocate();
+  __move_assign_alloc(__c); // this can throw
+  this->__begin_    = __c.__begin_;
+  this->__end_      = __c.__end_;
+  this->__end_cap() = __c.__end_cap();
+  __c.__begin_ = __c.__end_ = __c.__end_cap() = nullptr;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI vector<_Tp, _Allocator>&
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator=(const vector& __x) {
+  if (this != std::addressof(__x)) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(__x);
+    assign(__x.__begin_, __x.__end_);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value &&
+                            is_constructible<_Tp, typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::reference>::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  __assign_with_sentinel(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__assign_with_sentinel(_Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+  clear();
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    emplace_back(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value &&
+                            is_constructible<_Tp, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::reference>::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  __assign_with_size(__first, __last, std::distance(__first, __last));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__assign_with_size(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, 
diff erence_type __n) {
+  size_type __new_size = static_cast<size_type>(__n);
+  if (__new_size <= capacity()) {
+    if (__new_size > size()) {
+      _ForwardIterator __mid = std::next(__first, size());
+      std::copy(__first, __mid, this->__begin_);
+      __construct_at_end(__mid, __last, __new_size - size());
+    } else {
+      pointer __m = std::__copy<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, this->__begin_).second;
+      this->__destruct_at_end(__m);
+    }
+  } else {
+    __vdeallocate();
+    __vallocate(__recommend(__new_size));
+    __construct_at_end(__first, __last, __new_size);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::assign(size_type __n, const_reference __u) {
+  if (__n <= capacity()) {
+    size_type __s = size();
+    std::fill_n(this->__begin_, std::min(__n, __s), __u);
+    if (__n > __s)
+      __construct_at_end(__n - __s, __u);
+    else
+      this->__destruct_at_end(this->__begin_ + __n);
+  } else {
+    __vdeallocate();
+    __vallocate(__recommend(static_cast<size_type>(__n)));
+    __construct_at_end(__n, __u);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::begin() _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __make_iter(this->__begin_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::begin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __make_iter(this->__begin_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::end() _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __make_iter(this->__end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::end() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  return __make_iter(this->__end_);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator[](size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__n < size(), "vector[] index out of bounds");
+  return this->__begin_[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::operator[](size_type __n) const _NOEXCEPT {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(__n < size(), "vector[] index out of bounds");
+  return this->__begin_[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n) {
+  if (__n >= size())
+    this->__throw_out_of_range();
+  return this->__begin_[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::const_reference
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n) const {
+  if (__n >= size())
+    this->__throw_out_of_range();
+  return this->__begin_[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::reserve(size_type __n) {
+  if (__n > capacity()) {
+    if (__n > max_size())
+      this->__throw_length_error();
+    allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+    __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__n, size(), __a);
+    __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (capacity() > size()) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+      __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(size(), size(), __a);
+      // The Standard mandates shrink_to_fit() does not increase the capacity.
+      // With equal capacity keep the existing buffer. This avoids extra work
+      // due to swapping the elements.
+      if (__v.capacity() < capacity())
+        __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::pointer
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__push_back_slow_path(_Up&& __x) {
+  allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+  __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + 1), size(), __a);
+  // __v.push_back(std::forward<_Up>(__x));
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::__to_address(__v.__end_), std::forward<_Up>(__x));
+  __v.__end_++;
+  __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+  return this->__end_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(const_reference __x) {
+  pointer __end = this->__end_;
+  if (__end < this->__end_cap()) {
+    __construct_one_at_end(__x);
+    ++__end;
+  } else {
+    __end = __push_back_slow_path(__x);
+  }
+  this->__end_ = __end;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::push_back(value_type&& __x) {
+  pointer __end = this->__end_;
+  if (__end < this->__end_cap()) {
+    __construct_one_at_end(std::move(__x));
+    ++__end;
+  } else {
+    __end = __push_back_slow_path(std::move(__x));
+  }
+  this->__end_ = __end;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::pointer
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__emplace_back_slow_path(_Args&&... __args) {
+  allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+  __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + 1), size(), __a);
+  //    __v.emplace_back(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  __alloc_traits::construct(__a, std::__to_address(__v.__end_), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  __v.__end_++;
+  __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v);
+  return this->__end_;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+    typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::reference
+#else
+    void
+#endif
+    vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace_back(_Args&&... __args) {
+  pointer __end = this->__end_;
+  if (__end < this->__end_cap()) {
+    __construct_one_at_end(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    ++__end;
+  } else {
+    __end = __emplace_back_slow_path(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+  }
+  this->__end_ = __end;
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  return *(__end - 1);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::pop_back() {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(!empty(), "vector::pop_back called on an empty vector");
+  this->__destruct_at_end(this->__end_ - 1);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __position) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ELEMENT_ACCESS(
+      __position != end(), "vector::erase(iterator) called with a non-dereferenceable iterator");
+  
diff erence_type __ps = __position - cbegin();
+  pointer __p          = this->__begin_ + __ps;
+  this->__destruct_at_end(std::move(__p + 1, this->__end_, __p));
+  return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__first <= __last, "vector::erase(first, last) called with invalid range");
+  pointer __p = this->__begin_ + (__first - begin());
+  if (__first != __last) {
+    this->__destruct_at_end(std::move(__p + (__last - __first), this->__end_, __p));
+  }
+  return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__move_range(pointer __from_s, pointer __from_e, pointer __to) {
+  pointer __old_last  = this->__end_;
+  
diff erence_type __n = __old_last - __to;
+  {
+    pointer __i = __from_s + __n;
+    _ConstructTransaction __tx(*this, __from_e - __i);
+    for (pointer __pos = __tx.__pos_; __i < __from_e; ++__i, (void)++__pos, __tx.__pos_ = __pos) {
+      __alloc_traits::construct(this->__alloc(), std::__to_address(__pos), std::move(*__i));
+    }
+  }
+  std::move_backward(__from_s, __from_s + __n, __old_last);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, const_reference __x) {
+  pointer __p = this->__begin_ + (__position - begin());
+  if (this->__end_ < this->__end_cap()) {
+    if (__p == this->__end_) {
+      __construct_one_at_end(__x);
+    } else {
+      __move_range(__p, this->__end_, __p + 1);
+      const_pointer __xr = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__x);
+      if (std::__is_pointer_in_range(std::__to_address(__p), std::__to_address(__end_), std::addressof(__x)))
+        ++__xr;
+      *__p = *__xr;
+    }
+  } else {
+    allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+    __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + 1), __p - this->__begin_, __a);
+    __v.push_back(__x);
+    __p = __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v, __p);
+  }
+  return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, value_type&& __x) {
+  pointer __p = this->__begin_ + (__position - begin());
+  if (this->__end_ < this->__end_cap()) {
+    if (__p == this->__end_) {
+      __construct_one_at_end(std::move(__x));
+    } else {
+      __move_range(__p, this->__end_, __p + 1);
+      *__p = std::move(__x);
+    }
+  } else {
+    allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+    __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + 1), __p - this->__begin_, __a);
+    __v.push_back(std::move(__x));
+    __p = __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v, __p);
+  }
+  return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class... _Args>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::emplace(const_iterator __position, _Args&&... __args) {
+  pointer __p = this->__begin_ + (__position - begin());
+  if (this->__end_ < this->__end_cap()) {
+    if (__p == this->__end_) {
+      __construct_one_at_end(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    } else {
+      __temp_value<value_type, _Allocator> __tmp(this->__alloc(), std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+      __move_range(__p, this->__end_, __p + 1);
+      *__p = std::move(__tmp.get());
+    }
+  } else {
+    allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+    __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + 1), __p - this->__begin_, __a);
+    __v.emplace_back(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    __p = __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v, __p);
+  }
+  return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, size_type __n, const_reference __x) {
+  pointer __p = this->__begin_ + (__position - begin());
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    // We can't compare unrelated pointers inside constant expressions
+    if (!__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated() && __n <= static_cast<size_type>(this->__end_cap() - this->__end_)) {
+      size_type __old_n  = __n;
+      pointer __old_last = this->__end_;
+      if (__n > static_cast<size_type>(this->__end_ - __p)) {
+        size_type __cx = __n - (this->__end_ - __p);
+        __construct_at_end(__cx, __x);
+        __n -= __cx;
+      }
+      if (__n > 0) {
+        __move_range(__p, __old_last, __p + __old_n);
+        const_pointer __xr = pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(__x);
+        if (__p <= __xr && __xr < this->__end_)
+          __xr += __old_n;
+        std::fill_n(__p, __n, *__xr);
+      }
+    } else {
+      allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+      __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + __n), __p - this->__begin_, __a);
+      __v.__construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+      __p = __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v, __p);
+    }
+  }
+  return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value &&
+                            is_constructible<_Tp, typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::reference>::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  return __insert_with_sentinel(__position, __first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__insert_with_sentinel(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+  
diff erence_type __off = __position - begin();
+  pointer __p           = this->__begin_ + __off;
+  allocator_type& __a   = this->__alloc();
+  pointer __old_last    = this->__end_;
+  for (; this->__end_ != this->__end_cap() && __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    __construct_one_at_end(*__first);
+  }
+  __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__a);
+  if (__first != __last) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      __v.__construct_at_end_with_sentinel(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+      
diff erence_type __old_size = __old_last - this->__begin_;
+      
diff erence_type __old_p    = __p - this->__begin_;
+      reserve(__recommend(size() + __v.size()));
+      __p        = this->__begin_ + __old_p;
+      __old_last = this->__begin_ + __old_size;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      erase(__make_iter(__old_last), end());
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+  __p = std::rotate(__p, __old_last, this->__end_);
+  insert(__make_iter(__p), std::make_move_iterator(__v.begin()), std::make_move_iterator(__v.end()));
+  return begin() + __off;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator,
+          __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value &&
+                            is_constructible<_Tp, typename iterator_traits<_ForwardIterator>::reference>::value,
+                        int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  return __insert_with_size(__position, __first, __last, std::distance(__first, __last));
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__insert_with_size(
+    const_iterator __position, _Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last, 
diff erence_type __n) {
+  auto __insertion_size = __n;
+  pointer __p           = this->__begin_ + (__position - begin());
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    if (__n <= this->__end_cap() - this->__end_) {
+      size_type __old_n    = __n;
+      pointer __old_last   = this->__end_;
+      _Iterator __m        = std::next(__first, __n);
+      
diff erence_type __dx = this->__end_ - __p;
+      if (__n > __dx) {
+        __m                    = __first;
+        
diff erence_type __
diff  = this->__end_ - __p;
+        std::advance(__m, __
diff );
+        __construct_at_end(__m, __last, __n - __
diff );
+        __n = __dx;
+      }
+      if (__n > 0) {
+        __move_range(__p, __old_last, __p + __old_n);
+        std::copy(__first, __m, __p);
+      }
+    } else {
+      allocator_type& __a = this->__alloc();
+      __split_buffer<value_type, allocator_type&> __v(__recommend(size() + __n), __p - this->__begin_, __a);
+      __v.__construct_at_end_with_size(__first, __insertion_size);
+      __p = __swap_out_circular_buffer(__v, __p);
+    }
+  }
+  return __make_iter(__p);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __sz) {
+  size_type __cs = size();
+  if (__cs < __sz)
+    this->__append(__sz - __cs);
+  else if (__cs > __sz)
+    this->__destruct_at_end(this->__begin_ + __sz);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __sz, const_reference __x) {
+  size_type __cs = size();
+  if (__cs < __sz)
+    this->__append(__sz - __cs, __x);
+  else if (__cs > __sz)
+    this->__destruct_at_end(this->__begin_ + __sz);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::swap(vector& __x)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+    _NOEXCEPT
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<allocator_type>)
+#endif
+{
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_COMPATIBLE_ALLOCATOR(
+      __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || this->__alloc() == __x.__alloc(),
+      "vector::swap: Either propagate_on_container_swap must be true"
+      " or the allocators must compare equal");
+  std::swap(this->__begin_, __x.__begin_);
+  std::swap(this->__end_, __x.__end_);
+  std::swap(this->__end_cap(), __x.__end_cap());
+  std::__swap_allocator(
+      this->__alloc(), __x.__alloc(), integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::__invariants() const {
+  if (this->__begin_ == nullptr) {
+    if (this->__end_ != nullptr || this->__end_cap() != nullptr)
+      return false;
+  } else {
+    if (this->__begin_ > this->__end_)
+      return false;
+    if (this->__begin_ == this->__end_cap())
+      return false;
+    if (this->__end_ > this->__end_cap())
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// vector<bool>
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+class vector<bool, _Allocator>;
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+struct hash<vector<bool, _Allocator> >;
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+struct __has_storage_type<vector<bool, _Allocator> > {
+  static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+class _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS vector<bool, _Allocator> {
+public:
+  typedef vector __self;
+  typedef bool value_type;
+  typedef _Allocator allocator_type;
+  typedef allocator_traits<allocator_type> __alloc_traits;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::size_type size_type;
+  typedef typename __alloc_traits::
diff erence_type 
diff erence_type;
+  typedef size_type __storage_type;
+  typedef __bit_iterator<vector, false> pointer;
+  typedef __bit_iterator<vector, true> const_pointer;
+  typedef pointer iterator;
+  typedef const_pointer const_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+  typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+
+private:
+  typedef __rebind_alloc<__alloc_traits, __storage_type> __storage_allocator;
+  typedef allocator_traits<__storage_allocator> __storage_traits;
+  typedef typename __storage_traits::pointer __storage_pointer;
+  typedef typename __storage_traits::const_pointer __const_storage_pointer;
+
+  __storage_pointer __begin_;
+  size_type __size_;
+  __compressed_pair<size_type, __storage_allocator> __cap_alloc_;
+
+public:
+  typedef __bit_reference<vector> reference;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_ABI_BITSET_VECTOR_BOOL_CONST_SUBSCRIPT_RETURN_BOOL
+  using const_reference = bool;
+#else
+  typedef __bit_const_reference<vector> const_reference;
+#endif
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type& __cap() _NOEXCEPT { return __cap_alloc_.first(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const size_type& __cap() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __cap_alloc_.first();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 __storage_allocator& __alloc() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __cap_alloc_.second();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const __storage_allocator& __alloc() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __cap_alloc_.second();
+  }
+
+  static const unsigned __bits_per_word = static_cast<unsigned>(sizeof(__storage_type) * CHAR_BIT);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static size_type
+  __internal_cap_to_external(size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __n * __bits_per_word;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static size_type
+  __external_cap_to_internal(size_type __n) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return (__n - 1) / __bits_per_word + 1;
+  }
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector()
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit vector(const allocator_type& __a)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+
+private:
+  class __destroy_vector {
+  public:
+    _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __destroy_vector(vector& __vec) : __vec_(__vec) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void operator()() {
+      if (__vec_.__begin_ != nullptr)
+        __storage_traits::deallocate(__vec_.__alloc(), __vec_.__begin_, __vec_.__cap());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    vector& __vec_;
+  };
+
+public:
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 ~vector() { __destroy_vector (*this)(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit vector(size_type __n);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 explicit vector(size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a);
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector(size_type __n, const value_type& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  vector(size_type __n, const value_type& __v, const allocator_type& __a);
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<bool> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr vector(from_range_t, _Range&& __range, const allocator_type& __a = allocator_type())
+      : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a)) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      __init_with_size(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __n);
+
+    } else {
+      __init_with_sentinel(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector(const vector& __v);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector(const vector& __v, const allocator_type& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector& operator=(const vector& __v);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector(vector&& __v)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+      noexcept;
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value);
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  vector(vector&& __v, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector& operator=(vector&& __v)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(__noexcept_move_assign_container<_Allocator, __alloc_traits>::value);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  void _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<bool> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void assign_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      __assign_with_size(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __n);
+
+    } else {
+      __assign_with_sentinel(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void assign(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    assign(__il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 allocator_type get_allocator() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return allocator_type(this->__alloc());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type max_size() const _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type capacity() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __internal_cap_to_external(__cap());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type size() const _NOEXCEPT { return __size_; }
+  _LIBCPP_NODISCARD _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool empty() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __size_ == 0;
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void reserve(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator begin() _NOEXCEPT { return __make_iter(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_iterator begin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __make_iter(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator end() _NOEXCEPT { return __make_iter(__size_); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_iterator end() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __make_iter(__size_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reverse_iterator rbegin() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reverse_iterator rend() _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reverse_iterator rend() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_iterator cbegin() const _NOEXCEPT { return __make_iter(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_iterator cend() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __make_iter(__size_);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return rbegin();
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reverse_iterator crend() const _NOEXCEPT { return rend(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference operator[](size_type __n) { return __make_ref(__n); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reference operator[](size_type __n) const {
+    return __make_ref(__n);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reference at(size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reference at(size_type __n) const;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference front() { return __make_ref(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reference front() const { return __make_ref(0); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference back() { return __make_ref(__size_ - 1); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reference back() const { return __make_ref(__size_ - 1); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void push_back(const value_type& __x);
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <class... _Args>
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference emplace_back(_Args&&... __args)
+#  else
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void emplace_back(_Args&&... __args)
+#  endif
+  {
+    push_back(value_type(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+#  if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+    return this->back();
+#  endif
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<bool> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void append_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    insert_range(end(), std::forward<_Range>(__range));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void pop_back() { --__size_; }
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+  template <class... _Args>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator emplace(const_iterator __position, _Args&&... __args) {
+    return insert(__position, value_type(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...));
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator insert(const_iterator __position, const value_type& __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator
+  insert(const_iterator __position, size_type __n, const value_type& __x);
+  template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  iterator _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  insert(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last);
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> = 0>
+  iterator _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+  insert(const_iterator __position, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last);
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<bool> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr iterator insert_range(const_iterator __position, _Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Range> || ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__range));
+      return __insert_with_size(__position, ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range), __n);
+
+    } else {
+      return __insert_with_sentinel(__position, ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator
+  insert(const_iterator __position, initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    return insert(__position, __il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+#endif
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator erase(const_iterator __position);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last);
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void clear() _NOEXCEPT { __size_ = 0; }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void swap(vector&)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+      _NOEXCEPT;
+#else
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<allocator_type>);
+#endif
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static void swap(reference __x, reference __y) _NOEXCEPT {
+    std::swap(__x, __y);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void resize(size_type __sz, value_type __x = false);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void flip() _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool __invariants() const;
+
+private:
+  _LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_length_error() const { std::__throw_length_error("vector"); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_NORETURN _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __throw_out_of_range() const { std::__throw_out_of_range("vector"); }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+  __init_with_size(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __n) {
+    auto __guard = std::__make_exception_guard(__destroy_vector(*this));
+
+    if (__n > 0) {
+      __vallocate(__n);
+      __construct_at_end(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), __n);
+    }
+
+    __guard.__complete();
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+  __init_with_sentinel(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+        push_back(*__first);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      if (__begin_ != nullptr)
+        __storage_traits::deallocate(__alloc(), __begin_, __cap());
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __assign_with_sentinel(_Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last);
+
+  template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+  __assign_with_size(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, 
diff erence_type __ns);
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  __insert_with_sentinel(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last);
+
+  template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  __insert_with_size(const_iterator __position, _Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last, 
diff erence_type __n);
+
+  //  Allocate space for __n objects
+  //  throws length_error if __n > max_size()
+  //  throws (probably bad_alloc) if memory run out
+  //  Precondition:  __begin_ == __end_ == __cap() == 0
+  //  Precondition:  __n > 0
+  //  Postcondition:  capacity() >= __n
+  //  Postcondition:  size() == 0
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __vallocate(size_type __n) {
+    if (__n > max_size())
+      __throw_length_error();
+    auto __allocation = std::__allocate_at_least(__alloc(), __external_cap_to_internal(__n));
+    __begin_          = __allocation.ptr;
+    __size_           = 0;
+    __cap()           = __allocation.count;
+    if (__libcpp_is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      for (size_type __i = 0; __i != __cap(); ++__i)
+        std::__construct_at(std::__to_address(__begin_) + __i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __vdeallocate() _NOEXCEPT;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 static size_type __align_it(size_type __new_size) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return (__new_size + (__bits_per_word - 1)) & ~((size_type)__bits_per_word - 1);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_type __recommend(size_type __new_size) const;
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __construct_at_end(size_type __n, bool __x);
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+  __construct_at_end(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __n);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __append(size_type __n, const_reference __x);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 reference __make_ref(size_type __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return reference(__begin_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __storage_type(1) << __pos % __bits_per_word);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_reference __make_ref(size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __bit_const_reference<vector>(
+        __begin_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, __storage_type(1) << __pos % __bits_per_word);
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator __make_iter(size_type __pos) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return iterator(__begin_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, static_cast<unsigned>(__pos % __bits_per_word));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 const_iterator __make_iter(size_type __pos) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return const_iterator(__begin_ + __pos / __bits_per_word, static_cast<unsigned>(__pos % __bits_per_word));
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 iterator __const_iterator_cast(const_iterator __p) _NOEXCEPT {
+    return begin() + (__p - cbegin());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __copy_assign_alloc(const vector& __v) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(
+        __v, integral_constant<bool, __storage_traits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value>());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __copy_assign_alloc(const vector& __c, true_type) {
+    if (__alloc() != __c.__alloc())
+      __vdeallocate();
+    __alloc() = __c.__alloc();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __copy_assign_alloc(const vector&, false_type) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __move_assign(vector& __c, false_type);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __move_assign(vector& __c, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value);
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __move_assign_alloc(vector& __c)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(!__storage_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
+                 is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+    __move_assign_alloc(
+        __c, integral_constant<bool, __storage_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __move_assign_alloc(vector& __c, true_type)
+      _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+    __alloc() = std::move(__c.__alloc());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void __move_assign_alloc(vector&, false_type) _NOEXCEPT {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_t __hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT;
+
+  friend class __bit_reference<vector>;
+  friend class __bit_const_reference<vector>;
+  friend class __bit_iterator<vector, false>;
+  friend class __bit_iterator<vector, true>;
+  friend struct __bit_array<vector>;
+  friend struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<vector>;
+};
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::__vdeallocate() _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (this->__begin_ != nullptr) {
+    __storage_traits::deallocate(this->__alloc(), this->__begin_, __cap());
+    this->__begin_ = nullptr;
+    this->__size_ = this->__cap() = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::size_type
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::max_size() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  size_type __amax = __storage_traits::max_size(__alloc());
+  size_type __nmax = numeric_limits<size_type>::max() / 2; // end() >= begin(), always
+  if (__nmax / __bits_per_word <= __amax)
+    return __nmax;
+  return __internal_cap_to_external(__amax);
+}
+
+//  Precondition:  __new_size > capacity()
+template <class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::size_type
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__recommend(size_type __new_size) const {
+  const size_type __ms = max_size();
+  if (__new_size > __ms)
+    this->__throw_length_error();
+  const size_type __cap = capacity();
+  if (__cap >= __ms / 2)
+    return __ms;
+  return std::max(2 * __cap, __align_it(__new_size));
+}
+
+//  Default constructs __n objects starting at __end_
+//  Precondition:  __n > 0
+//  Precondition:  size() + __n <= capacity()
+//  Postcondition:  size() == size() + __n
+template <class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(size_type __n, bool __x) {
+  size_type __old_size = this->__size_;
+  this->__size_ += __n;
+  if (__old_size == 0 || ((__old_size - 1) / __bits_per_word) != ((this->__size_ - 1) / __bits_per_word)) {
+    if (this->__size_ <= __bits_per_word)
+      this->__begin_[0] = __storage_type(0);
+    else
+      this->__begin_[(this->__size_ - 1) / __bits_per_word] = __storage_type(0);
+  }
+  std::fill_n(__make_iter(__old_size), __n, __x);
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__construct_at_end(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, size_type __n) {
+  size_type __old_size = this->__size_;
+  this->__size_ += __n;
+  if (__old_size == 0 || ((__old_size - 1) / __bits_per_word) != ((this->__size_ - 1) / __bits_per_word)) {
+    if (this->__size_ <= __bits_per_word)
+      this->__begin_[0] = __storage_type(0);
+    else
+      this->__begin_[(this->__size_ - 1) / __bits_per_word] = __storage_type(0);
+  }
+  std::__copy<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __make_iter(__old_size));
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector()
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, __default_init_tag()) {}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(const allocator_type& __a)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 14
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_copy_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+#else
+        _NOEXCEPT
+#endif
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a)) {
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(size_type __n)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, __default_init_tag()) {
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __vallocate(__n);
+    __construct_at_end(__n, false);
+  }
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(size_type __n, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a)) {
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __vallocate(__n);
+    __construct_at_end(__n, false);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(size_type __n, const value_type& __x)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, __default_init_tag()) {
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __vallocate(__n);
+    __construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(size_type __n, const value_type& __x, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a)) {
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __vallocate(__n);
+    __construct_at_end(__n, __x);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, __default_init_tag()) {
+  __init_with_sentinel(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a)) {
+  __init_with_sentinel(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, __default_init_tag()) {
+  auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(__first, __last));
+  __init_with_size(__first, __last, __n);
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a)) {
+  auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(__first, __last));
+  __init_with_size(__first, __last, __n);
+}
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, __default_init_tag()) {
+  size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(__il.size());
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __vallocate(__n);
+    __construct_at_end(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __n);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, static_cast<__storage_allocator>(__a)) {
+  size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(__il.size());
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __vallocate(__n);
+    __construct_at_end(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __n);
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_CXX03_LANG
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(const vector& __v)
+    : __begin_(nullptr),
+      __size_(0),
+      __cap_alloc_(0, __storage_traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(__v.__alloc())) {
+  if (__v.size() > 0) {
+    __vallocate(__v.size());
+    __construct_at_end(__v.begin(), __v.end(), __v.size());
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(const vector& __v, const allocator_type& __a)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, __a) {
+  if (__v.size() > 0) {
+    __vallocate(__v.size());
+    __construct_at_end(__v.begin(), __v.end(), __v.size());
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>& vector<bool, _Allocator>::operator=(const vector& __v) {
+  if (this != std::addressof(__v)) {
+    __copy_assign_alloc(__v);
+    if (__v.__size_) {
+      if (__v.__size_ > capacity()) {
+        __vdeallocate();
+        __vallocate(__v.__size_);
+      }
+      std::copy(__v.__begin_, __v.__begin_ + __external_cap_to_internal(__v.__size_), __begin_);
+    }
+    __size_ = __v.__size_;
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(vector&& __v)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+    _NOEXCEPT
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+#endif
+    : __begin_(__v.__begin_),
+      __size_(__v.__size_),
+      __cap_alloc_(std::move(__v.__cap_alloc_)) {
+  __v.__begin_ = nullptr;
+  __v.__size_  = 0;
+  __v.__cap()  = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::vector(vector&& __v, const __type_identity_t<allocator_type>& __a)
+    : __begin_(nullptr), __size_(0), __cap_alloc_(0, __a) {
+  if (__a == allocator_type(__v.__alloc())) {
+    this->__begin_ = __v.__begin_;
+    this->__size_  = __v.__size_;
+    this->__cap()  = __v.__cap();
+    __v.__begin_   = nullptr;
+    __v.__cap() = __v.__size_ = 0;
+  } else if (__v.size() > 0) {
+    __vallocate(__v.size());
+    __construct_at_end(__v.begin(), __v.end(), __v.size());
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 vector<bool, _Allocator>&
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::operator=(vector&& __v)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(__noexcept_move_assign_container<_Allocator, __alloc_traits>::value) {
+  __move_assign(__v, integral_constant<bool, __storage_traits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value>());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::__move_assign(vector& __c, false_type) {
+  if (__alloc() != __c.__alloc())
+    assign(__c.begin(), __c.end());
+  else
+    __move_assign(__c, true_type());
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::__move_assign(vector& __c, true_type)
+    _NOEXCEPT_(is_nothrow_move_assignable<allocator_type>::value) {
+  __vdeallocate();
+  __move_assign_alloc(__c);
+  this->__begin_ = __c.__begin_;
+  this->__size_  = __c.__size_;
+  this->__cap()  = __c.__cap();
+  __c.__begin_   = nullptr;
+  __c.__cap() = __c.__size_ = 0;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::assign(size_type __n, const value_type& __x) {
+  __size_ = 0;
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    size_type __c = capacity();
+    if (__n <= __c)
+      __size_ = __n;
+    else {
+      vector __v(get_allocator());
+      __v.reserve(__recommend(__n));
+      __v.__size_ = __n;
+      swap(__v);
+    }
+    std::fill_n(begin(), __n, __x);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  __assign_with_sentinel(__first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _Iterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__assign_with_sentinel(_Iterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+  clear();
+  for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
+    push_back(*__first);
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::assign(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  __assign_with_size(__first, __last, std::distance(__first, __last));
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__assign_with_size(_ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, 
diff erence_type __ns) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__ns >= 0, "invalid range specified");
+
+  clear();
+
+  const size_t __n = static_cast<size_type>(__ns);
+  if (__n) {
+    if (__n > capacity()) {
+      __vdeallocate();
+      __vallocate(__n);
+    }
+    __construct_at_end(__first, __last, __n);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::reserve(size_type __n) {
+  if (__n > capacity()) {
+    if (__n > max_size())
+      this->__throw_length_error();
+    vector __v(this->get_allocator());
+    __v.__vallocate(__n);
+    __v.__construct_at_end(this->begin(), this->end(), this->size());
+    swap(__v);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::shrink_to_fit() _NOEXCEPT {
+  if (__external_cap_to_internal(size()) > __cap()) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      vector(*this, allocator_type(__alloc())).swap(*this);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::reference vector<bool, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n) {
+  if (__n >= size())
+    this->__throw_out_of_range();
+  return (*this)[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::const_reference vector<bool, _Allocator>::at(size_type __n) const {
+  if (__n >= size())
+    this->__throw_out_of_range();
+  return (*this)[__n];
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::push_back(const value_type& __x) {
+  if (this->__size_ == this->capacity())
+    reserve(__recommend(this->__size_ + 1));
+  ++this->__size_;
+  back() = __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, const value_type& __x) {
+  iterator __r;
+  if (size() < capacity()) {
+    const_iterator __old_end = end();
+    ++__size_;
+    std::copy_backward(__position, __old_end, end());
+    __r = __const_iterator_cast(__position);
+  } else {
+    vector __v(get_allocator());
+    __v.reserve(__recommend(__size_ + 1));
+    __v.__size_ = __size_ + 1;
+    __r         = std::copy(cbegin(), __position, __v.begin());
+    std::copy_backward(__position, cend(), __v.end());
+    swap(__v);
+  }
+  *__r = __x;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, size_type __n, const value_type& __x) {
+  iterator __r;
+  size_type __c = capacity();
+  if (__n <= __c && size() <= __c - __n) {
+    const_iterator __old_end = end();
+    __size_ += __n;
+    std::copy_backward(__position, __old_end, end());
+    __r = __const_iterator_cast(__position);
+  } else {
+    vector __v(get_allocator());
+    __v.reserve(__recommend(__size_ + __n));
+    __v.__size_ = __size_ + __n;
+    __r         = std::copy(cbegin(), __position, __v.begin());
+    std::copy_backward(__position, cend(), __v.end());
+    swap(__v);
+  }
+  std::fill_n(__r, __n, __x);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_exactly_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+  return __insert_with_sentinel(__position, __first, __last);
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__insert_with_sentinel(const_iterator __position, _InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+  
diff erence_type __off = __position - begin();
+  iterator __p          = __const_iterator_cast(__position);
+  iterator __old_end    = end();
+  for (; size() != capacity() && __first != __last; ++__first) {
+    ++this->__size_;
+    back() = *__first;
+  }
+  vector __v(get_allocator());
+  if (__first != __last) {
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+      __v.__assign_with_sentinel(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+      
diff erence_type __old_size = static_cast<
diff erence_type>(__old_end - begin());
+      
diff erence_type __old_p    = __p - begin();
+      reserve(__recommend(size() + __v.size()));
+      __p       = begin() + __old_p;
+      __old_end = begin() + __old_size;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch (...) {
+      erase(__old_end, end());
+      throw;
+    }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+  __p = std::rotate(__p, __old_end, end());
+  insert(__p, __v.begin(), __v.end());
+  return begin() + __off;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, __enable_if_t<__has_forward_iterator_category<_ForwardIterator>::value, int> >
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::insert(const_iterator __position, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
+  return __insert_with_size(__position, __first, __last, std::distance(__first, __last));
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Sentinel>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::__insert_with_size(
+    const_iterator __position, _ForwardIterator __first, _Sentinel __last, 
diff erence_type __n_signed) {
+  _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__n_signed >= 0, "invalid range specified");
+  const size_type __n = static_cast<size_type>(__n_signed);
+  iterator __r;
+  size_type __c = capacity();
+  if (__n <= __c && size() <= __c - __n) {
+    const_iterator __old_end = end();
+    __size_ += __n;
+    std::copy_backward(__position, __old_end, end());
+    __r = __const_iterator_cast(__position);
+  } else {
+    vector __v(get_allocator());
+    __v.reserve(__recommend(__size_ + __n));
+    __v.__size_ = __size_ + __n;
+    __r         = std::copy(cbegin(), __position, __v.begin());
+    std::copy_backward(__position, cend(), __v.end());
+    swap(__v);
+  }
+  std::__copy<_ClassicAlgPolicy>(__first, __last, __r);
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __position) {
+  iterator __r = __const_iterator_cast(__position);
+  std::copy(__position + 1, this->cend(), __r);
+  --__size_;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 typename vector<bool, _Allocator>::iterator
+vector<bool, _Allocator>::erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) {
+  iterator __r        = __const_iterator_cast(__first);
+  
diff erence_type __d = __last - __first;
+  std::copy(__last, this->cend(), __r);
+  __size_ -= __d;
+  return __r;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::swap(vector& __x)
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+    _NOEXCEPT
+#else
+    _NOEXCEPT_(!__alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value || __is_nothrow_swappable_v<allocator_type>)
+#endif
+{
+  std::swap(this->__begin_, __x.__begin_);
+  std::swap(this->__size_, __x.__size_);
+  std::swap(this->__cap(), __x.__cap());
+  std::__swap_allocator(
+      this->__alloc(), __x.__alloc(), integral_constant<bool, __alloc_traits::propagate_on_container_swap::value>());
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::resize(size_type __sz, value_type __x) {
+  size_type __cs = size();
+  if (__cs < __sz) {
+    iterator __r;
+    size_type __c = capacity();
+    size_type __n = __sz - __cs;
+    if (__n <= __c && __cs <= __c - __n) {
+      __r = end();
+      __size_ += __n;
+    } else {
+      vector __v(get_allocator());
+      __v.reserve(__recommend(__size_ + __n));
+      __v.__size_ = __size_ + __n;
+      __r         = std::copy(cbegin(), cend(), __v.begin());
+      swap(__v);
+    }
+    std::fill_n(__r, __n, __x);
+  } else
+    __size_ = __sz;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 void vector<bool, _Allocator>::flip() _NOEXCEPT {
+  // do middle whole words
+  size_type __n         = __size_;
+  __storage_pointer __p = __begin_;
+  for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__p, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+    *__p = ~*__p;
+  // do last partial word
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+    __storage_type __b = *__p & __m;
+    *__p &= ~__m;
+    *__p |= ~__b & __m;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 bool vector<bool, _Allocator>::__invariants() const {
+  if (this->__begin_ == nullptr) {
+    if (this->__size_ != 0 || this->__cap() != 0)
+      return false;
+  } else {
+    if (this->__cap() == 0)
+      return false;
+    if (this->__size_ > this->capacity())
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_t vector<bool, _Allocator>::__hash_code() const _NOEXCEPT {
+  size_t __h = 0;
+  // do middle whole words
+  size_type __n         = __size_;
+  __storage_pointer __p = __begin_;
+  for (; __n >= __bits_per_word; ++__p, __n -= __bits_per_word)
+    __h ^= *__p;
+  // do last partial word
+  if (__n > 0) {
+    const __storage_type __m = ~__storage_type(0) >> (__bits_per_word - __n);
+    __h ^= *__p & __m;
+  }
+  return __h;
+}
+
+template <class _Allocator>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS hash<vector<bool, _Allocator> >
+    : public __unary_function<vector<bool, _Allocator>, size_t> {
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 size_t
+  operator()(const vector<bool, _Allocator>& __vec) const _NOEXCEPT {
+    return __vec.__hash_code();
+  }
+};
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool
+operator==(const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  const typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type __sz = __x.size();
+  return __sz == __y.size() && std::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin());
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator!=(const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x == __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<(const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end());
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>(const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return __y < __x;
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator>=(const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__x < __y);
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator<=(const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return !(__y < __x);
+}
+
+#else // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr __synth_three_way_result<_Tp>
+operator<=>(const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, const vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(
+      __x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end(), std::__synth_three_way);
+}
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 17
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void
+swap(vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __x, vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __y) _NOEXCEPT_(_NOEXCEPT_(__x.swap(__y))) {
+  __x.swap(__y);
+}
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class _Up>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase(vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __c, const _Up& __v) {
+  auto __old_size = __c.size();
+  __c.erase(std::remove(__c.begin(), __c.end(), __v), __c.end());
+  return __old_size - __c.size();
+}
+
+template <class _Tp, class _Allocator, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR_SINCE_CXX20 inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename vector<_Tp, _Allocator>::size_type
+erase_if(vector<_Tp, _Allocator>& __c, _Predicate __pred) {
+  auto __old_size = __c.size();
+  __c.erase(std::remove_if(__c.begin(), __c.end(), __pred), __c.end());
+  return __old_size - __c.size();
+}
+
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __format::__enable_insertable<vector<char>> = true;
+#  ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
+template <>
+inline constexpr bool __format::__enable_insertable<vector<wchar_t>> = true;
+#  endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+template <class _Tp, class _CharT>
+// Since is-vector-bool-reference is only used once it's inlined here.
+  requires same_as<typename _Tp::__container, vector<bool, typename _Tp::__container::allocator_type>>
+struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS formatter<_Tp, _CharT> {
+private:
+  formatter<bool, _CharT> __underlying_;
+
+public:
+  template <class _ParseContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr typename _ParseContext::iterator parse(_ParseContext& __ctx) {
+    return __underlying_.parse(__ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <class _FormatContext>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename _FormatContext::iterator format(const _Tp& __ref, _FormatContext& __ctx) const {
+    return __underlying_.format(__ref, __ctx);
+  }
+};
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+namespace pmr {
+template <class _ValueT>
+using vector _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_PMR = std::vector<_ValueT, polymorphic_allocator<_ValueT>>;
+} // namespace pmr
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_REMOVE_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES) && _LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 20
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <atomic>
+#  include <concepts>
+#  include <cstdlib>
+#  include <iosfwd>
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#    include <locale>
+#  endif
+#  include <tuple>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <typeinfo>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_VECTOR

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/version b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/version
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fe64343eafbc9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/version
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_VERSIONH
+#define _LIBCPP_VERSIONH
+
+/*
+  version synopsis
+
+Macro name                                              Value   Headers
+__cpp_lib_adaptor_iterator_pair_constructor             202106L <queue> <stack>
+__cpp_lib_addressof_constexpr                           201603L <memory>
+__cpp_lib_allocate_at_least                             202302L <memory>
+__cpp_lib_allocator_traits_is_always_equal              201411L <deque> <forward_list> <list>
+                                                                <map> <memory> <scoped_allocator>
+                                                                <set> <string> <unordered_map>
+                                                                <unordered_set> <vector>
+__cpp_lib_any                                           201606L <any>
+__cpp_lib_apply                                         201603L <tuple>
+__cpp_lib_array_constexpr                               201811L <array> <iterator>
+                                                        201603L // C++17
+__cpp_lib_as_const                                      201510L <utility>
+__cpp_lib_associative_heterogeneous_erasure             202110L <map> <set> <unordered_map>
+                                                                <unordered_set>
+__cpp_lib_associative_heterogeneous_insertion           202306L <map> <set> <unordered_map>
+                                                                <unordered_set>
+__cpp_lib_assume_aligned                                201811L <memory>
+__cpp_lib_atomic_flag_test                              201907L <atomic>
+__cpp_lib_atomic_float                                  201711L <atomic>
+__cpp_lib_atomic_is_always_lock_free                    201603L <atomic>
+__cpp_lib_atomic_lock_free_type_aliases                 201907L <atomic>
+__cpp_lib_atomic_min_max                                202403L <atomic>
+__cpp_lib_atomic_ref                                    201806L <atomic>
+__cpp_lib_atomic_shared_ptr                             201711L <atomic>
+__cpp_lib_atomic_value_initialization                   201911L <atomic> <memory>
+__cpp_lib_atomic_wait                                   201907L <atomic>
+__cpp_lib_barrier                                       201907L <barrier>
+__cpp_lib_bind_back                                     202202L <functional>
+__cpp_lib_bind_front                                    202306L <functional>
+                                                        201907L // C++20
+__cpp_lib_bit_cast                                      201806L <bit>
+__cpp_lib_bitops                                        201907L <bit>
+__cpp_lib_bitset                                        202306L <bitset>
+__cpp_lib_bool_constant                                 201505L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_bounded_array_traits                          201902L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_boyer_moore_searcher                          201603L <functional>
+__cpp_lib_byte                                          201603L <cstddef>
+__cpp_lib_byteswap                                      202110L <bit>
+__cpp_lib_char8_t                                       201907L <atomic> <filesystem> <istream>
+                                                                <limits> <locale> <ostream>
+                                                                <string> <string_view>
+__cpp_lib_chrono                                        201611L <chrono>
+__cpp_lib_chrono_udls                                   201304L <chrono>
+__cpp_lib_clamp                                         201603L <algorithm>
+__cpp_lib_complex_udls                                  201309L <complex>
+__cpp_lib_concepts                                      202002L <concepts>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_algorithms                          201806L <algorithm> <utility>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_bitset                              202207L <bitset>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_charconv                            202207L <charconv>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_cmath                               202202L <cmath> <cstdlib>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_complex                             201711L <complex>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_dynamic_alloc                       201907L <memory>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_functional                          201907L <functional>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_iterator                            201811L <iterator>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_memory                              202202L <memory>
+                                                        201811L // C++20
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_new                                 202406L <new>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_numeric                             201911L <numeric>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_string                              201907L <string>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_string_view                         201811L <string_view>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_tuple                               201811L <tuple>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_typeinfo                            202106L <typeinfo>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_utility                             201811L <utility>
+__cpp_lib_constexpr_vector                              201907L <vector>
+__cpp_lib_constrained_equality                          202403L <optional> <tuple> <utility>
+                                                                <variant>
+__cpp_lib_containers_ranges                             202202L <deque> <forward_list> <list>
+                                                                <map> <queue> <set>
+                                                                <stack> <string> <unordered_map>
+                                                                <unordered_set> <vector>
+__cpp_lib_copyable_function                             202306L <functional>
+__cpp_lib_coroutine                                     201902L <coroutine>
+__cpp_lib_debugging                                     202311L <debugging>
+__cpp_lib_default_template_type_for_algorithm_values    202403L <algorithm> <deque> <forward_list>
+                                                                <list> <ranges> <string>
+                                                                <vector>
+__cpp_lib_destroying_delete                             201806L <new>
+__cpp_lib_enable_shared_from_this                       201603L <memory>
+__cpp_lib_endian                                        201907L <bit>
+__cpp_lib_erase_if                                      202002L <deque> <forward_list> <list>
+                                                                <map> <set> <string>
+                                                                <unordered_map> <unordered_set> <vector>
+__cpp_lib_exchange_function                             201304L <utility>
+__cpp_lib_execution                                     201902L <execution>
+                                                        201603L // C++17
+__cpp_lib_expected                                      202211L <expected>
+__cpp_lib_filesystem                                    201703L <filesystem>
+__cpp_lib_format                                        202110L <format>
+__cpp_lib_format_path                                   202403L <filesystem>
+__cpp_lib_format_ranges                                 202207L <format>
+__cpp_lib_format_uchar                                  202311L <format>
+__cpp_lib_formatters                                    202302L <stacktrace> <thread>
+__cpp_lib_forward_like                                  202207L <utility>
+__cpp_lib_freestanding_algorithm                        202311L <algorithm>
+__cpp_lib_freestanding_array                            202311L <array>
+__cpp_lib_freestanding_cstring                          202306L <cstring>
+__cpp_lib_freestanding_expected                         202311L <expected>
+__cpp_lib_freestanding_mdspan                           202311L <mdspan>
+__cpp_lib_freestanding_optional                         202311L <optional>
+__cpp_lib_freestanding_string_view                      202311L <string_view>
+__cpp_lib_freestanding_variant                          202311L <variant>
+__cpp_lib_fstream_native_handle                         202306L <fstream>
+__cpp_lib_function_ref                                  202306L <functional>
+__cpp_lib_gcd_lcm                                       201606L <numeric>
+__cpp_lib_generate_random                               202403L <random>
+__cpp_lib_generic_associative_lookup                    201304L <map> <set>
+__cpp_lib_generic_unordered_lookup                      201811L <unordered_map> <unordered_set>
+__cpp_lib_hardware_interference_size                    201703L <new>
+__cpp_lib_has_unique_object_representations             201606L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_hazard_pointer                                202306L <hazard_pointer>
+__cpp_lib_hypot                                         201603L <cmath>
+__cpp_lib_incomplete_container_elements                 201505L <forward_list> <list> <vector>
+__cpp_lib_inplace_vector                                202406L <inplace_vector>
+__cpp_lib_int_pow2                                      202002L <bit>
+__cpp_lib_integer_comparison_functions                  202002L <utility>
+__cpp_lib_integer_sequence                              201304L <utility>
+__cpp_lib_integral_constant_callable                    201304L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_interpolate                                   201902L <cmath> <numeric>
+__cpp_lib_invoke                                        201411L <functional>
+__cpp_lib_invoke_r                                      202106L <functional>
+__cpp_lib_ios_noreplace                                 202207L <ios>
+__cpp_lib_is_aggregate                                  201703L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated                         201811L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_is_final                                      201402L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_is_invocable                                  201703L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_is_layout_compatible                          201907L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_is_nothrow_convertible                        201806L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_is_null_pointer                               201309L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_is_pointer_interconvertible                   201907L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_is_scoped_enum                                202011L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_is_swappable                                  201603L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_is_virtual_base_of                            202406L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_is_within_lifetime                            202306L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_jthread                                       201911L <stop_token> <thread>
+__cpp_lib_latch                                         201907L <latch>
+__cpp_lib_launder                                       201606L <new>
+__cpp_lib_linalg                                        202311L <linalg>
+__cpp_lib_list_remove_return_type                       201806L <forward_list> <list>
+__cpp_lib_logical_traits                                201510L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_make_from_tuple                               201606L <tuple>
+__cpp_lib_make_reverse_iterator                         201402L <iterator>
+__cpp_lib_make_unique                                   201304L <memory>
+__cpp_lib_map_try_emplace                               201411L <map>
+__cpp_lib_math_constants                                201907L <numbers>
+__cpp_lib_math_special_functions                        201603L <cmath>
+__cpp_lib_mdspan                                        202406L <mdspan>
+                                                        202207L // C++23
+__cpp_lib_memory_resource                               201603L <memory_resource>
+__cpp_lib_move_iterator_concept                         202207L <iterator>
+__cpp_lib_move_only_function                            202110L <functional>
+__cpp_lib_node_extract                                  201606L <map> <set> <unordered_map>
+                                                                <unordered_set>
+__cpp_lib_nonmember_container_access                    201411L <array> <deque> <forward_list>
+                                                                <iterator> <list> <map>
+                                                                <regex> <set> <string>
+                                                                <unordered_map> <unordered_set> <vector>
+__cpp_lib_not_fn                                        201603L <functional>
+__cpp_lib_null_iterators                                201304L <iterator>
+__cpp_lib_optional                                      202110L <optional>
+                                                        201606L // C++17
+__cpp_lib_optional_range_support                        202406L <optional>
+__cpp_lib_out_ptr                                       202311L <memory>
+                                                        202106L // C++23
+__cpp_lib_parallel_algorithm                            201603L <algorithm> <numeric>
+__cpp_lib_philox_engine                                 202406L <random>
+__cpp_lib_polymorphic_allocator                         201902L <memory_resource>
+__cpp_lib_print                                         202207L <ostream> <print>
+__cpp_lib_quoted_string_io                              201304L <iomanip>
+__cpp_lib_ranges                                        202207L <algorithm> <functional> <iterator>
+                                                                <memory> <ranges>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_as_const                               202207L <ranges>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_as_rvalue                              202207L <ranges>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_chunk                                  202202L <ranges>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_chunk_by                               202202L <ranges>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_concat                                 202403L <ranges>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_contains                               202207L <algorithm>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_find_last                              202207L <algorithm>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_iota                                   202202L <numeric>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_join_with                              202202L <ranges>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_repeat                                 202207L <ranges>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_slide                                  202202L <ranges>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_starts_ends_with                       202106L <algorithm>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_to_container                           202202L <ranges>
+__cpp_lib_ranges_zip                                    202110L <ranges> <tuple> <utility>
+__cpp_lib_ratio                                         202306L <ratio>
+__cpp_lib_raw_memory_algorithms                         201606L <memory>
+__cpp_lib_rcu                                           202306L <rcu>
+__cpp_lib_reference_from_temporary                      202202L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_reference_wrapper                             202403L <functional>
+__cpp_lib_remove_cvref                                  201711L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_result_of_sfinae                              201210L <functional> <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_robust_nonmodifying_seq_ops                   201304L <algorithm>
+__cpp_lib_sample                                        201603L <algorithm>
+__cpp_lib_saturation_arithmetic                         202311L <numeric>
+__cpp_lib_scoped_lock                                   201703L <mutex>
+__cpp_lib_semaphore                                     201907L <semaphore>
+__cpp_lib_senders                                       202406L <execution>
+__cpp_lib_shared_mutex                                  201505L <shared_mutex>
+__cpp_lib_shared_ptr_arrays                             201707L <memory>
+                                                        201611L // C++17
+__cpp_lib_shared_ptr_weak_type                          201606L <memory>
+__cpp_lib_shared_timed_mutex                            201402L <shared_mutex>
+__cpp_lib_shift                                         201806L <algorithm>
+__cpp_lib_smart_ptr_for_overwrite                       202002L <memory>
+__cpp_lib_smart_ptr_owner_equality                      202306L <memory>
+__cpp_lib_source_location                               201907L <source_location>
+__cpp_lib_span                                          202002L <span>
+__cpp_lib_span_at                                       202311L <span>
+__cpp_lib_span_initializer_list                         202311L <span>
+__cpp_lib_spanstream                                    202106L <spanstream>
+__cpp_lib_ssize                                         201902L <iterator>
+__cpp_lib_sstream_from_string_view                      202306L <sstream>
+__cpp_lib_stacktrace                                    202011L <stacktrace>
+__cpp_lib_starts_ends_with                              201711L <string> <string_view>
+__cpp_lib_stdatomic_h                                   202011L <stdatomic.h>
+__cpp_lib_string_contains                               202011L <string> <string_view>
+__cpp_lib_string_resize_and_overwrite                   202110L <string>
+__cpp_lib_string_udls                                   201304L <string>
+__cpp_lib_string_view                                   202403L <string> <string_view>
+                                                        201803L // C++20
+                                                        201606L // C++17
+__cpp_lib_submdspan                                     202306L <mdspan>
+__cpp_lib_syncbuf                                       201803L <syncstream>
+__cpp_lib_text_encoding                                 202306L <text_encoding>
+__cpp_lib_three_way_comparison                          201907L <compare>
+__cpp_lib_to_address                                    201711L <memory>
+__cpp_lib_to_array                                      201907L <array>
+__cpp_lib_to_chars                                      202306L <charconv>
+                                                        201611L // C++17
+__cpp_lib_to_string                                     202306L <string>
+__cpp_lib_to_underlying                                 202102L <utility>
+__cpp_lib_transformation_trait_aliases                  201304L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_transparent_operators                         201510L <functional> <memory>
+                                                        201210L // C++14
+__cpp_lib_tuple_element_t                               201402L <tuple>
+__cpp_lib_tuple_like                                    202311L <map> <tuple> <unordered_map>
+                                                                <utility>
+                                                        202207L // C++23
+__cpp_lib_tuples_by_type                                201304L <tuple> <utility>
+__cpp_lib_type_identity                                 201806L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_type_trait_variable_templates                 201510L <type_traits>
+__cpp_lib_uncaught_exceptions                           201411L <exception>
+__cpp_lib_unordered_map_try_emplace                     201411L <unordered_map>
+__cpp_lib_unreachable                                   202202L <utility>
+__cpp_lib_unwrap_ref                                    201811L <functional>
+__cpp_lib_variant                                       202102L <variant>
+__cpp_lib_void_t                                        201411L <type_traits>
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// clang-format off
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 14
+# define __cpp_lib_chrono_udls                          201304L
+# define __cpp_lib_complex_udls                         201309L
+# define __cpp_lib_exchange_function                    201304L
+# define __cpp_lib_generic_associative_lookup           201304L
+# define __cpp_lib_integer_sequence                     201304L
+# define __cpp_lib_integral_constant_callable           201304L
+# define __cpp_lib_is_final                             201402L
+# define __cpp_lib_is_null_pointer                      201309L
+# define __cpp_lib_make_reverse_iterator                201402L
+# define __cpp_lib_make_unique                          201304L
+# define __cpp_lib_null_iterators                       201304L
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#   define __cpp_lib_quoted_string_io                   201304L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_result_of_sfinae                     201210L
+# define __cpp_lib_robust_nonmodifying_seq_ops          201304L
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+#   define __cpp_lib_shared_timed_mutex                 201402L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_string_udls                          201304L
+# define __cpp_lib_transformation_trait_aliases         201304L
+# define __cpp_lib_transparent_operators                201210L
+# define __cpp_lib_tuple_element_t                      201402L
+# define __cpp_lib_tuples_by_type                       201304L
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17
+# define __cpp_lib_addressof_constexpr                  201603L
+# define __cpp_lib_allocator_traits_is_always_equal     201411L
+# define __cpp_lib_any                                  201606L
+# define __cpp_lib_apply                                201603L
+# define __cpp_lib_array_constexpr                      201603L
+# define __cpp_lib_as_const                             201510L
+# define __cpp_lib_atomic_is_always_lock_free           201603L
+# define __cpp_lib_bool_constant                        201505L
+# define __cpp_lib_boyer_moore_searcher                 201603L
+# define __cpp_lib_byte                                 201603L
+# define __cpp_lib_chrono                               201611L
+# define __cpp_lib_clamp                                201603L
+# define __cpp_lib_enable_shared_from_this              201603L
+// # define __cpp_lib_execution                            201603L
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) && _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_FILESYSTEM_LIBRARY
+#   define __cpp_lib_filesystem                         201703L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_gcd_lcm                              201606L
+# if defined(__GCC_DESTRUCTIVE_SIZE) && defined(__GCC_CONSTRUCTIVE_SIZE)
+#   define __cpp_lib_hardware_interference_size         201703L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_has_unique_object_representations    201606L
+# define __cpp_lib_hypot                                201603L
+# define __cpp_lib_incomplete_container_elements        201505L
+# define __cpp_lib_invoke                               201411L
+# define __cpp_lib_is_aggregate                         201703L
+# define __cpp_lib_is_invocable                         201703L
+# define __cpp_lib_is_swappable                         201603L
+# define __cpp_lib_launder                              201606L
+# define __cpp_lib_logical_traits                       201510L
+# define __cpp_lib_make_from_tuple                      201606L
+# define __cpp_lib_map_try_emplace                      201411L
+// # define __cpp_lib_math_special_functions               201603L
+# if _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_PMR
+#   define __cpp_lib_memory_resource                    201603L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_node_extract                         201606L
+# define __cpp_lib_nonmember_container_access           201411L
+# define __cpp_lib_not_fn                               201603L
+# define __cpp_lib_optional                             201606L
+// # define __cpp_lib_parallel_algorithm                   201603L
+# define __cpp_lib_raw_memory_algorithms                201606L
+# define __cpp_lib_sample                               201603L
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+#   define __cpp_lib_scoped_lock                        201703L
+# endif
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS)
+#   define __cpp_lib_shared_mutex                       201505L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_shared_ptr_arrays                    201611L
+# define __cpp_lib_shared_ptr_weak_type                 201606L
+# define __cpp_lib_string_view                          201606L
+// # define __cpp_lib_to_chars                             201611L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_transparent_operators
+# define __cpp_lib_transparent_operators                201510L
+# define __cpp_lib_type_trait_variable_templates        201510L
+# define __cpp_lib_uncaught_exceptions                  201411L
+# define __cpp_lib_unordered_map_try_emplace            201411L
+# define __cpp_lib_variant                              202102L
+# define __cpp_lib_void_t                               201411L
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20
+# undef  __cpp_lib_array_constexpr
+# define __cpp_lib_array_constexpr                      201811L
+# define __cpp_lib_assume_aligned                       201811L
+# define __cpp_lib_atomic_flag_test                     201907L
+// # define __cpp_lib_atomic_float                         201711L
+# define __cpp_lib_atomic_lock_free_type_aliases        201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_atomic_ref                           201806L
+// # define __cpp_lib_atomic_shared_ptr                    201711L
+# define __cpp_lib_atomic_value_initialization          201911L
+# if _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_SYNC
+#   define __cpp_lib_atomic_wait                        201907L
+# endif
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS) && _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_SYNC
+#   define __cpp_lib_barrier                            201907L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_bind_front                           201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_bit_cast                             201806L
+# define __cpp_lib_bitops                               201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_bounded_array_traits                 201902L
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CHAR8_T)
+#   define __cpp_lib_char8_t                            201907L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_concepts                             202002L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_algorithms                 201806L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_complex                    201711L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_dynamic_alloc              201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_functional                 201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_iterator                   201811L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_memory                     201811L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_numeric                    201911L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_string                     201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_string_view                201811L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_tuple                      201811L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_utility                    201811L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_vector                     201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_coroutine                            201902L
+# if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 20 && defined(__cpp_impl_destroying_delete) && __cpp_impl_destroying_delete >= 201806L
+#   define __cpp_lib_destroying_delete                  201806L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_endian                               201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_erase_if                             202002L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_execution
+// # define __cpp_lib_execution                            201902L
+# define __cpp_lib_format                               202110L
+# define __cpp_lib_format_uchar                         202311L
+# define __cpp_lib_generic_unordered_lookup             201811L
+# define __cpp_lib_int_pow2                             202002L
+# define __cpp_lib_integer_comparison_functions         202002L
+# define __cpp_lib_interpolate                          201902L
+# define __cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated                201811L
+// # define __cpp_lib_is_layout_compatible                 201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_is_nothrow_convertible               201806L
+// # define __cpp_lib_is_pointer_interconvertible          201907L
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_STOP_TOKEN) && _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_SYNC
+#   define __cpp_lib_jthread                            201911L
+# endif
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS) && _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_SYNC
+#   define __cpp_lib_latch                              201907L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_list_remove_return_type              201806L
+# define __cpp_lib_math_constants                       201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_move_iterator_concept                202207L
+# if _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_PMR
+#   define __cpp_lib_polymorphic_allocator              201902L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_ranges                               202207L
+# define __cpp_lib_remove_cvref                         201711L
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_THREADS) && _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_SYNC
+#   define __cpp_lib_semaphore                          201907L
+# endif
+# undef  __cpp_lib_shared_ptr_arrays
+# define __cpp_lib_shared_ptr_arrays                    201707L
+# define __cpp_lib_shift                                201806L
+// # define __cpp_lib_smart_ptr_for_overwrite              202002L
+# define __cpp_lib_source_location                      201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_span                                 202002L
+# define __cpp_lib_ssize                                201902L
+# define __cpp_lib_starts_ends_with                     201711L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_string_view
+# define __cpp_lib_string_view                          201803L
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_EXPERIMENTAL_SYNCSTREAM)
+#   define __cpp_lib_syncbuf                            201803L
+# endif
+# define __cpp_lib_three_way_comparison                 201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_to_address                           201711L
+# define __cpp_lib_to_array                             201907L
+# define __cpp_lib_type_identity                        201806L
+# define __cpp_lib_unwrap_ref                           201811L
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+# define __cpp_lib_adaptor_iterator_pair_constructor    202106L
+# define __cpp_lib_allocate_at_least                    202302L
+// # define __cpp_lib_associative_heterogeneous_erasure    202110L
+# define __cpp_lib_bind_back                            202202L
+# define __cpp_lib_byteswap                             202110L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_bitset                     202207L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_charconv                   202207L
+// # define __cpp_lib_constexpr_cmath                      202202L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_constexpr_memory
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_memory                     202202L
+# define __cpp_lib_constexpr_typeinfo                   202106L
+# define __cpp_lib_containers_ranges                    202202L
+# define __cpp_lib_expected                             202211L
+# define __cpp_lib_format_ranges                        202207L
+// # define __cpp_lib_formatters                           202302L
+# define __cpp_lib_forward_like                         202207L
+# define __cpp_lib_invoke_r                             202106L
+# define __cpp_lib_ios_noreplace                        202207L
+# define __cpp_lib_is_scoped_enum                       202011L
+# define __cpp_lib_mdspan                               202207L
+# define __cpp_lib_modules                              202207L
+// # define __cpp_lib_move_only_function                   202110L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_optional
+# define __cpp_lib_optional                             202110L
+# define __cpp_lib_out_ptr                              202106L
+# define __cpp_lib_print                                202207L
+// # define __cpp_lib_ranges_as_const                      202207L
+# define __cpp_lib_ranges_as_rvalue                     202207L
+// # define __cpp_lib_ranges_chunk                         202202L
+# define __cpp_lib_ranges_chunk_by                      202202L
+# define __cpp_lib_ranges_contains                      202207L
+# define __cpp_lib_ranges_find_last                     202207L
+// # define __cpp_lib_ranges_iota                          202202L
+// # define __cpp_lib_ranges_join_with                     202202L
+# define __cpp_lib_ranges_repeat                        202207L
+// # define __cpp_lib_ranges_slide                         202202L
+# define __cpp_lib_ranges_starts_ends_with              202106L
+# define __cpp_lib_ranges_to_container                  202202L
+// # define __cpp_lib_ranges_zip                           202110L
+// # define __cpp_lib_reference_from_temporary             202202L
+// # define __cpp_lib_spanstream                           202106L
+// # define __cpp_lib_stacktrace                           202011L
+# define __cpp_lib_stdatomic_h                          202011L
+# define __cpp_lib_string_contains                      202011L
+# define __cpp_lib_string_resize_and_overwrite          202110L
+# define __cpp_lib_to_underlying                        202102L
+// # define __cpp_lib_tuple_like                           202207L
+# define __cpp_lib_unreachable                          202202L
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 26
+// # define __cpp_lib_associative_heterogeneous_insertion  202306L
+// # define __cpp_lib_atomic_min_max                       202403L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_bind_front
+# define __cpp_lib_bind_front                           202306L
+# define __cpp_lib_bitset                               202306L
+// # define __cpp_lib_constexpr_new                        202406L
+// # define __cpp_lib_constrained_equality                 202403L
+// # define __cpp_lib_copyable_function                    202306L
+// # define __cpp_lib_debugging                            202311L
+// # define __cpp_lib_default_template_type_for_algorithm_values 202403L
+// # define __cpp_lib_format_path                          202403L
+// # define __cpp_lib_freestanding_algorithm               202311L
+// # define __cpp_lib_freestanding_array                   202311L
+// # define __cpp_lib_freestanding_cstring                 202306L
+// # define __cpp_lib_freestanding_expected                202311L
+// # define __cpp_lib_freestanding_mdspan                  202311L
+// # define __cpp_lib_freestanding_optional                202311L
+// # define __cpp_lib_freestanding_string_view             202311L
+// # define __cpp_lib_freestanding_variant                 202311L
+# if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_FILESYSTEM) && !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_LOCALIZATION)
+#   define __cpp_lib_fstream_native_handle              202306L
+# endif
+// # define __cpp_lib_function_ref                         202306L
+// # define __cpp_lib_generate_random                      202403L
+// # define __cpp_lib_hazard_pointer                       202306L
+// # define __cpp_lib_inplace_vector                       202406L
+// # define __cpp_lib_is_virtual_base_of                   202406L
+// # define __cpp_lib_is_within_lifetime                   202306L
+// # define __cpp_lib_linalg                               202311L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_mdspan
+# define __cpp_lib_mdspan                               202406L
+// # define __cpp_lib_optional_range_support               202406L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_out_ptr
+# define __cpp_lib_out_ptr                              202311L
+// # define __cpp_lib_philox_engine                        202406L
+// # define __cpp_lib_ranges_concat                        202403L
+# define __cpp_lib_ratio                                202306L
+// # define __cpp_lib_rcu                                  202306L
+# define __cpp_lib_reference_wrapper                    202403L
+# define __cpp_lib_saturation_arithmetic                202311L
+// # define __cpp_lib_senders                              202406L
+// # define __cpp_lib_smart_ptr_owner_equality             202306L
+# define __cpp_lib_span_at                              202311L
+# define __cpp_lib_span_initializer_list                202311L
+# define __cpp_lib_sstream_from_string_view             202306L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_string_view
+# define __cpp_lib_string_view                          202403L
+// # define __cpp_lib_submdspan                            202306L
+// # define __cpp_lib_text_encoding                        202306L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_to_chars
+// # define __cpp_lib_to_chars                             202306L
+// # define __cpp_lib_to_string                            202306L
+# undef  __cpp_lib_tuple_like
+// # define __cpp_lib_tuple_like                           202311L
+#endif
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_VERSIONH

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/wchar.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/wchar.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d4268c6d2c2442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/wchar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#if defined(__need_wint_t) || defined(__need_mbstate_t)
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+#  include_next <wchar.h>
+
+#elif !defined(_LIBCPP_WCHAR_H)
+#  define _LIBCPP_WCHAR_H
+
+/*
+    wchar.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    NULL
+    WCHAR_MAX
+    WCHAR_MIN
+    WEOF
+
+Types:
+
+    mbstate_t
+    size_t
+    tm
+    wint_t
+
+int fwprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int fwscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int swprintf(wchar_t* restrict s, size_t n, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int swscanf(const wchar_t* restrict s, const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int vfwprintf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vfwscanf(FILE* restrict stream, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int vswprintf(wchar_t* restrict s, size_t n, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vswscanf(const wchar_t* restrict s, const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int vwprintf(const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);
+int vwscanf(const wchar_t* restrict format, va_list arg);  // C99
+int wprintf(const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+int wscanf(const wchar_t* restrict format, ...);
+wint_t fgetwc(FILE* stream);
+wchar_t* fgetws(wchar_t* restrict s, int n, FILE* restrict stream);
+wint_t fputwc(wchar_t c, FILE* stream);
+int fputws(const wchar_t* restrict s, FILE* restrict stream);
+int fwide(FILE* stream, int mode);
+wint_t getwc(FILE* stream);
+wint_t getwchar();
+wint_t putwc(wchar_t c, FILE* stream);
+wint_t putwchar(wchar_t c);
+wint_t ungetwc(wint_t c, FILE* stream);
+double wcstod(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr);
+float wcstof(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr);         // C99
+long double wcstold(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr);  // C99
+long wcstol(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+long long wcstoll(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);  // C99
+unsigned long wcstoul(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);
+unsigned long long wcstoull(const wchar_t* restrict nptr, wchar_t** restrict endptr, int base);  // C99
+wchar_t* wcscpy(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2);
+wchar_t* wcsncpy(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wcscat(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2);
+wchar_t* wcsncat(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+int wcscmp(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+int wcscoll(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+int wcsncmp(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
+size_t wcsxfrm(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+const wchar_t* wcschr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+      wchar_t* wcschr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+size_t wcscspn(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+size_t wcslen(const wchar_t* s);
+const wchar_t* wcspbrk(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+      wchar_t* wcspbrk(      wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+const wchar_t* wcsrchr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+      wchar_t* wcsrchr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c);
+size_t wcsspn(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+const wchar_t* wcsstr(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+      wchar_t* wcsstr(      wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
+wchar_t* wcstok(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, wchar_t** restrict ptr);
+const wchar_t* wmemchr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
+      wchar_t* wmemchr(      wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
+int wmemcmp(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wmemcpy(wchar_t* restrict s1, const wchar_t* restrict s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wmemmove(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
+wchar_t* wmemset(wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
+size_t wcsftime(wchar_t* restrict s, size_t maxsize, const wchar_t* restrict format,
+                const tm* restrict timeptr);
+wint_t btowc(int c);
+int wctob(wint_t c);
+int mbsinit(const mbstate_t* ps);
+size_t mbrlen(const char* restrict s, size_t n, mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t mbrtowc(wchar_t* restrict pwc, const char* restrict s, size_t n, mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t wcrtomb(char* restrict s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t mbsrtowcs(wchar_t* restrict dst, const char** restrict src, size_t len,
+                 mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+size_t wcsrtombs(char* restrict dst, const wchar_t** restrict src, size_t len,
+                 mbstate_t* restrict ps);
+
+*/
+
+#  include <__config>
+#  include <stddef.h>
+
+#  if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
+#    error                                                                                                             \
+        "The <wchar.h> header is not supported since libc++ has been configured with LIBCXX_ENABLE_WIDE_CHARACTERS disabled"
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#    pragma GCC system_header
+#  endif
+
+// We define this here to support older versions of glibc <wchar.h> that do
+// not define this for clang.
+#  ifdef __cplusplus
+#    define __CORRECT_ISO_CPP_WCHAR_H_PROTO
+#  endif
+
+#  if __has_include_next(<wchar.h>)
+#    include_next <wchar.h>
+#  else
+#    include <__mbstate_t.h> // make sure we have mbstate_t regardless of the existence of <wchar.h>
+#  endif
+
+// Determine whether we have const-correct overloads for wcschr and friends.
+#  if defined(_WCHAR_H_CPLUSPLUS_98_CONFORMANCE_)
+#    define _LIBCPP_WCHAR_H_HAS_CONST_OVERLOADS 1
+#  elif defined(__GLIBC_PREREQ)
+#    if __GLIBC_PREREQ(2, 10)
+#      define _LIBCPP_WCHAR_H_HAS_CONST_OVERLOADS 1
+#    endif
+#  elif defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT)
+#    if defined(_CRT_CONST_CORRECT_OVERLOADS)
+#      define _LIBCPP_WCHAR_H_HAS_CONST_OVERLOADS 1
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(_LIBCPP_WCHAR_H_HAS_CONST_OVERLOADS) && defined(_LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD)
+extern "C++" {
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wchar_t* __libcpp_wcschr(const wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c) {
+  return (wchar_t*)wcschr(__s, __c);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD const wchar_t* wcschr(const wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c) {
+  return __libcpp_wcschr(__s, __c);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD wchar_t* wcschr(wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c) {
+  return __libcpp_wcschr(__s, __c);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wchar_t* __libcpp_wcspbrk(const wchar_t* __s1, const wchar_t* __s2) {
+  return (wchar_t*)wcspbrk(__s1, __s2);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD const wchar_t*
+wcspbrk(const wchar_t* __s1, const wchar_t* __s2) {
+  return __libcpp_wcspbrk(__s1, __s2);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD wchar_t* wcspbrk(wchar_t* __s1, const wchar_t* __s2) {
+  return __libcpp_wcspbrk(__s1, __s2);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wchar_t* __libcpp_wcsrchr(const wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c) {
+  return (wchar_t*)wcsrchr(__s, __c);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD const wchar_t* wcsrchr(const wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c) {
+  return __libcpp_wcsrchr(__s, __c);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD wchar_t* wcsrchr(wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c) {
+  return __libcpp_wcsrchr(__s, __c);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wchar_t* __libcpp_wcsstr(const wchar_t* __s1, const wchar_t* __s2) {
+  return (wchar_t*)wcsstr(__s1, __s2);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD const wchar_t*
+wcsstr(const wchar_t* __s1, const wchar_t* __s2) {
+  return __libcpp_wcsstr(__s1, __s2);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD wchar_t* wcsstr(wchar_t* __s1, const wchar_t* __s2) {
+  return __libcpp_wcsstr(__s1, __s2);
+}
+
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI wchar_t* __libcpp_wmemchr(const wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c, size_t __n) {
+  return (wchar_t*)wmemchr(__s, __c, __n);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD const wchar_t*
+wmemchr(const wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c, size_t __n) {
+  return __libcpp_wmemchr(__s, __c, __n);
+}
+inline _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _LIBCPP_PREFERRED_OVERLOAD wchar_t* wmemchr(wchar_t* __s, wchar_t __c, size_t __n) {
+  return __libcpp_wmemchr(__s, __c, __n);
+}
+}
+#  endif
+
+#  if defined(__cplusplus) && (defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT_LIKE) || defined(__MVS__))
+extern "C" {
+size_t mbsnrtowcs(
+    wchar_t* __restrict __dst, const char** __restrict __src, size_t __nmc, size_t __len, mbstate_t* __restrict __ps);
+size_t wcsnrtombs(
+    char* __restrict __dst, const wchar_t** __restrict __src, size_t __nwc, size_t __len, mbstate_t* __restrict __ps);
+} // extern "C"
+#  endif // __cplusplus && (_LIBCPP_MSVCRT || __MVS__)
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_WCHAR_H

diff  --git a/libcxx/include/__cxx03/wctype.h b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/wctype.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c76ec5a3f06085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__cxx03/wctype.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_H
+#define _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_H
+
+/*
+    wctype.h synopsis
+
+Macros:
+
+    WEOF
+
+Types:
+
+    wint_t
+    wctrans_t
+    wctype_t
+
+int iswalnum(wint_t wc);
+int iswalpha(wint_t wc);
+int iswblank(wint_t wc);  // C99
+int iswcntrl(wint_t wc);
+int iswdigit(wint_t wc);
+int iswgraph(wint_t wc);
+int iswlower(wint_t wc);
+int iswprint(wint_t wc);
+int iswpunct(wint_t wc);
+int iswspace(wint_t wc);
+int iswupper(wint_t wc);
+int iswxdigit(wint_t wc);
+int iswctype(wint_t wc, wctype_t desc);
+wctype_t wctype(const char* property);
+wint_t towlower(wint_t wc);
+wint_t towupper(wint_t wc);
+wint_t towctrans(wint_t wc, wctrans_t desc);
+wctrans_t wctrans(const char* property);
+
+*/
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
+#  error                                                                                                               \
+      "The <wctype.h> header is not supported since libc++ has been configured with LIBCXX_ENABLE_WIDE_CHARACTERS disabled"
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// TODO:
+// In the future, we should unconditionally include_next <wctype.h> here and instead
+// have a mode under which the library does not need libc++'s <wctype.h> or <cwctype>
+// at all (i.e. a mode without wchar_t). As it stands, we need to do that to completely
+// bypass the using declarations in <cwctype> when we did not include <wctype.h>.
+// Otherwise, a using declaration like `using ::wint_t` in <cwctype> will refer to
+// nothing (with using_if_exists), and if we include another header that defines one
+// of these declarations (e.g. <wchar.h>), the second `using ::wint_t` with using_if_exists
+// will fail because it does not refer to the same declaration.
+#if __has_include_next(<wctype.h>)
+#  include_next <wctype.h>
+#  define _LIBCPP_INCLUDED_C_LIBRARY_WCTYPE_H
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+#  undef iswalnum
+#  undef iswalpha
+#  undef iswblank
+#  undef iswcntrl
+#  undef iswdigit
+#  undef iswgraph
+#  undef iswlower
+#  undef iswprint
+#  undef iswpunct
+#  undef iswspace
+#  undef iswupper
+#  undef iswxdigit
+#  undef iswctype
+#  undef wctype
+#  undef towlower
+#  undef towupper
+#  undef towctrans
+#  undef wctrans
+
+#endif // __cplusplus
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_H


        


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