[libcxx-commits] [libcxx] [libc++] implement `std::flat_multimap` (PR #113835)

via libcxx-commits libcxx-commits at lists.llvm.org
Sat Nov 16 06:25:08 PST 2024


https://github.com/huixie90 updated https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/113835

>From 9f4e77bc445b42ccb209ca256d25a8343524a3e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hui <hui.xie0621 at gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Oct 2024 19:21:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] [libc++] implement `std::flat_multimap`

---
 libcxx/docs/Status/Cxx23Papers.csv            |    2 +-
 libcxx/include/CMakeLists.txt                 |    2 +
 libcxx/include/__flat_map/flat_multimap.h     | 1182 +++++++++++++++++
 libcxx/include/__flat_map/sorted_equivalent.h |   31 +
 libcxx/include/flat_map                       |   21 +
 libcxx/include/module.modulemap               |    2 +
 libcxx/include/version                        |    1 +
 libcxx/modules/std/flat_map.inc               |    4 +-
 .../flat.map.syn/sorted_equivalent.pass.cpp   |   50 +
 .../flat.multimap.capacity/empty.pass.cpp     |   49 +
 .../flat.multimap.capacity/empty.verify.cpp   |   26 +
 .../flat.multimap.capacity/max_size.pass.cpp  |   78 ++
 .../flat.multimap.capacity/size.pass.cpp      |   70 +
 .../flat.multimap.cons/alloc.pass.cpp         |   72 +
 .../assign_initializer_list.pass.cpp          |   58 +
 .../flat.multimap.cons/compare.pass.cpp       |   93 ++
 .../flat.multimap.cons/containers.pass.cpp    |  187 +++
 .../flat.multimap.cons/copy.pass.cpp          |   70 +
 .../flat.multimap.cons/copy_alloc.pass.cpp    |   67 +
 .../copy_assign.addressof.compile.pass.cpp    |   30 +
 .../flat.multimap.cons/copy_assign.pass.cpp   |   81 ++
 .../flat.multimap.cons/deduct.pass.cpp        |  344 +++++
 .../flat.multimap.cons/deduct.verify.cpp      |   97 ++
 .../flat.multimap.cons/deduct_pmr.pass.cpp    |  107 ++
 .../flat.multimap.cons/default.pass.cpp       |   72 +
 .../default_noexcept.pass.cpp                 |   59 +
 .../flat.multimap.cons/dtor_noexcept.pass.cpp |   53 +
 .../initializer_list.pass.cpp                 |  159 +++
 .../flat.multimap.cons/iter_iter.pass.cpp     |  154 +++
 .../iter_iter_stability.pass.cpp              |   65 +
 .../flat.multimap.cons/move.pass.cpp          |   89 ++
 .../flat.multimap.cons/move_alloc.pass.cpp    |   82 ++
 .../flat.multimap.cons/move_assign.pass.cpp   |   74 ++
 .../move_assign_clears.pass.cpp               |  101 ++
 .../move_assign_noexcept.pass.cpp             |  110 ++
 .../move_exceptions.pass.cpp                  |   71 +
 .../flat.multimap.cons/move_noexcept.pass.cpp |  104 ++
 .../flat.multimap.cons/pmr.pass.cpp           |  361 +++++
 .../flat.multimap.cons/range.pass.cpp         |  227 ++++
 .../sorted_container.pass.cpp                 |  165 +++
 .../sorted_initializer_list.pass.cpp          |  183 +++
 .../sorted_iter_iter.pass.cpp                 |  173 +++
 .../flat.multimap.erasure/erase_if.pass.cpp   |   98 ++
 .../erase_if_exceptions.pass.cpp              |  157 +++
 .../flat.multimap.iterators/iterator.pass.cpp |  105 ++
 .../iterator_comparison.pass.cpp              |  155 +++
 ...rator_concept_conformance.compile.pass.cpp |   84 ++
 ...range_concept_conformance.compile.pass.cpp |   55 +
 .../reverse_iterator.pass.cpp                 |   92 ++
 .../flat.multimap.modifiers/clear.pass.cpp    |   64 +
 .../flat.multimap.modifiers/emplace.pass.cpp  |  158 +++
 .../emplace_hint.pass.cpp                     |  228 ++++
 .../erase_iter.pass.cpp                       |  127 ++
 .../erase_iter_iter.pass.cpp                  |   99 ++
 .../erase_key.pass.cpp                        |   99 ++
 .../erase_key_transparent.pass.cpp            |  161 +++
 .../flat.multimap.modifiers/extract.pass.cpp  |   93 ++
 .../insert_cv.pass.cpp                        |   81 ++
 .../insert_initializer_list.pass.cpp          |   83 ++
 .../insert_iter_cv.pass.cpp                   |   95 ++
 .../insert_iter_iter.pass.cpp                 |  109 ++
 .../insert_iter_rv.pass.cpp                   |  103 ++
 .../insert_range.pass.cpp                     |  101 ++
 .../insert_range_stability.pass.cpp           |   65 +
 .../insert_rv.pass.cpp                        |  116 ++
 .../insert_sorted_initializer_list.pass.cpp   |   66 +
 .../insert_sorted_iter_iter.pass.cpp          |   94 ++
 .../insert_transparent.pass.cpp               |  135 ++
 .../flat.multimap.modifiers/replace.pass.cpp  |   82 ++
 .../swap_exception.pass.cpp                   |   80 ++
 .../swap_free.pass.cpp                        |   99 ++
 .../swap_member.pass.cpp                      |   97 ++
 .../flat.multimap.observers/comp.pass.cpp     |   98 ++
 .../keys_values.pass.cpp                      |   59 +
 .../contains.pass.cpp                         |   72 +
 .../contains_transparent.pass.cpp             |   73 +
 .../flat.multimap.operations/count.pass.cpp   |   71 +
 .../count_transparent.pass.cpp                |   83 ++
 .../equal_range.pass.cpp                      |   81 ++
 .../equal_range_transparent.pass.cpp          |  110 ++
 .../flat.multimap.operations/find.pass.cpp    |   57 +
 .../find_transparent.pass.cpp                 |   99 ++
 .../lower_bound.pass.cpp                      |   73 +
 .../lower_bound_transparent.pass.cpp          |  107 ++
 .../upper_bound.pass.cpp                      |   76 ++
 .../upper_bound_transparent.pass.cpp          |  106 ++
 .../flat.multimap/helpers.h                   |  389 ++++++
 .../flat.multimap/incomplete_type.pass.cpp    |   32 +
 .../flat.multimap/op_compare.pass.cpp         |  133 ++
 .../flat.multimap/types.compile.pass.cpp      |  133 ++
 90 files changed, 10055 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 libcxx/include/__flat_map/flat_multimap.h
 create mode 100644 libcxx/include/__flat_map/sorted_equivalent.h
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.map.syn/sorted_equivalent.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/empty.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/empty.verify.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/max_size.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/size.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/alloc.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/assign_initializer_list.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/compare.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/containers.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_alloc.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_assign.addressof.compile.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_assign.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct.verify.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct_pmr.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/default.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/default_noexcept.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/dtor_noexcept.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/initializer_list.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/iter_iter.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/iter_iter_stability.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_alloc.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign_clears.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign_noexcept.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_exceptions.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_noexcept.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/pmr.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/range.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_container.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_initializer_list.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_iter_iter.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.erasure/erase_if.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.erasure/erase_if_exceptions.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator_comparison.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator_concept_conformance.compile.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/range_concept_conformance.compile.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/reverse_iterator.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/clear.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/emplace.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/emplace_hint.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_iter.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_iter_iter.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_key.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_key_transparent.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/extract.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_cv.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_initializer_list.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_cv.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_iter.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_rv.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_range.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_range_stability.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_rv.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_sorted_initializer_list.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_sorted_iter_iter.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_transparent.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/replace.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_exception.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_free.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_member.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.observers/comp.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.observers/keys_values.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/contains.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/contains_transparent.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/count.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/count_transparent.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/equal_range.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/equal_range_transparent.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/find.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/find_transparent.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/lower_bound.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/lower_bound_transparent.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/upper_bound.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/upper_bound_transparent.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/helpers.h
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/incomplete_type.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/op_compare.pass.cpp
 create mode 100644 libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/types.compile.pass.cpp

diff --git a/libcxx/docs/Status/Cxx23Papers.csv b/libcxx/docs/Status/Cxx23Papers.csv
index 4a4fbe9bec2224..bc9d4f8866a731 100644
--- a/libcxx/docs/Status/Cxx23Papers.csv
+++ b/libcxx/docs/Status/Cxx23Papers.csv
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 "`P2443R1 <https://wg21.link/P2443R1>`__","``views::chunk_by``","2022-02 (Virtual)","|Complete|","18",""
 "","","","","",""
 "`P0009R18 <https://wg21.link/P0009R18>`__","mdspan: A Non-Owning Multidimensional Array Reference","2022-07 (Virtual)","|Complete|","18",""
-"`P0429R9 <https://wg21.link/P0429R9>`__","A Standard ``flat_map``","2022-07 (Virtual)","|In progress|","",""
+"`P0429R9 <https://wg21.link/P0429R9>`__","A Standard ``flat_map``","2022-07 (Virtual)","|Complete|","",""
 "`P1169R4 <https://wg21.link/P1169R4>`__","``static operator()``","2022-07 (Virtual)","|Complete|","16",""
 "`P1222R4 <https://wg21.link/P1222R4>`__","A Standard ``flat_set``","2022-07 (Virtual)","","",""
 "`P1223R5 <https://wg21.link/P1223R5>`__","``ranges::find_last()``, ``ranges::find_last_if()``, and ``ranges::find_last_if_not()``","2022-07 (Virtual)","|Complete|","19",""
diff --git a/libcxx/include/CMakeLists.txt b/libcxx/include/CMakeLists.txt
index 1610d1ee848a5f..7fd5cca569481c 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/libcxx/include/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -359,7 +359,9 @@ set(files
   __filesystem/space_info.h
   __filesystem/u8path.h
   __flat_map/flat_map.h
+  __flat_map/flat_multimap.h
   __flat_map/sorted_unique.h
+  __flat_map/sorted_equivalent.h
   __format/buffer.h
   __format/concepts.h
   __format/container_adaptor.h
diff --git a/libcxx/include/__flat_map/flat_multimap.h b/libcxx/include/__flat_map/flat_multimap.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ac46a8597e3780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__flat_map/flat_multimap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1182 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FLAT_MAP_FLAT_MULTIMAP_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FLAT_MAP_FLAT_MULTIMAP_H
+
+#include <__algorithm/lexicographical_compare_three_way.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_equal.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_equal_range.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_inplace_merge.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_is_sorted.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_lower_bound.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_partition_point.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_stable_sort.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_unique.h>
+#include <__algorithm/ranges_upper_bound.h>
+#include <__compare/synth_three_way.h>
+#include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
+#include <__concepts/swappable.h>
+#include <__config>
+#include <__flat_map/sorted_equivalent.h>
+#include <__functional/invoke.h>
+#include <__functional/is_transparent.h>
+#include <__functional/operations.h>
+#include <__iterator/concepts.h>
+#include <__iterator/distance.h>
+#include <__iterator/iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/ranges_iterator_traits.h>
+#include <__iterator/reverse_iterator.h>
+#include <__memory/allocator_traits.h>
+#include <__memory/uses_allocator.h>
+#include <__memory/uses_allocator_construction.h>
+#include <__ranges/concepts.h>
+#include <__ranges/container_compatible_range.h>
+#include <__ranges/drop_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/ref_view.h>
+#include <__ranges/subrange.h>
+#include <__ranges/zip_view.h>
+#include <__type_traits/conjunction.h>
+#include <__type_traits/container_traits.h>
+#include <__type_traits/invoke.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_allocator.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_nothrow_constructible.h>
+#include <__type_traits/is_same.h>
+#include <__type_traits/maybe_const.h>
+#include <__utility/exception_guard.h>
+#include <__utility/pair.h>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_PUSH_MACROS
+#include <__undef_macros>
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+template <class _Key,
+          class _Tp,
+          class _Compare         = less<_Key>,
+          class _KeyContainer    = vector<_Key>,
+          class _MappedContainer = vector<_Tp>>
+class flat_multimap {
+  template <bool _Const>
+  struct __iterator;
+
+  template <class, class, class, class, class>
+  friend class flat_multimap;
+
+  static_assert(is_same_v<_Key, typename _KeyContainer::value_type>);
+  static_assert(is_same_v<_Tp, typename _MappedContainer::value_type>);
+  static_assert(!is_same_v<_KeyContainer, std::vector<bool>>, "vector<bool> is not a sequence container");
+  static_assert(!is_same_v<_MappedContainer, std::vector<bool>>, "vector<bool> is not a sequence container");
+
+public:
+  // types
+  using key_type               = _Key;
+  using mapped_type            = _Tp;
+  using value_type             = pair<key_type, mapped_type>;
+  using key_compare            = __type_identity_t<_Compare>;
+  using reference              = pair<const key_type&, mapped_type&>;
+  using const_reference        = pair<const key_type&, const mapped_type&>;
+  using size_type              = size_t;
+  using difference_type        = ptrdiff_t;
+  using iterator               = __iterator<false>; // see [container.requirements]
+  using const_iterator         = __iterator<true>;  // see [container.requirements]
+  using reverse_iterator       = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+  using const_reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
+  using key_container_type     = _KeyContainer;
+  using mapped_container_type  = _MappedContainer;
+
+  class value_compare {
+  private:
+    key_compare __comp_;
+    value_compare(key_compare __c) : __comp_(__c) {}
+    friend flat_multimap;
+
+  public:
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const_reference __x, const_reference __y) const {
+      return __comp_(__x.first, __y.first);
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct containers {
+    key_container_type keys;
+    mapped_container_type values;
+  };
+
+private:
+  template <class _Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __allocator_ctor_constraint =
+      _And<uses_allocator<key_container_type, _Allocator>, uses_allocator<mapped_container_type, _Allocator>>::value;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static constexpr bool __is_compare_transparent = __is_transparent_v<_Compare, _Compare>;
+
+  template <bool _Const>
+  struct __iterator {
+  private:
+    using __key_iterator    = ranges::iterator_t<const key_container_type>;
+    using __mapped_iterator = ranges::iterator_t<__maybe_const<_Const, mapped_container_type>>;
+    using __reference       = pair<iter_reference_t<__key_iterator>, iter_reference_t<__mapped_iterator>>;
+
+    struct __arrow_proxy {
+      __reference __ref_;
+      _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __reference* operator->() { return std::addressof(__ref_); }
+    };
+
+    __key_iterator __key_iter_;
+    __mapped_iterator __mapped_iter_;
+
+    friend flat_multimap;
+
+  public:
+    using iterator_concept = random_access_iterator_tag;
+    // `flat_multimap::iterator` only satisfy "Cpp17InputIterator" named requirements, because
+    // its `reference` is not a reference type.
+    // However, to avoid surprising runtime behaviour when it is used with the
+    // Cpp17 algorithms or operations, iterator_category is set to random_access_iterator_tag.
+    using iterator_category = random_access_iterator_tag;
+    using value_type        = flat_multimap::value_type;
+    using difference_type   = flat_multimap::difference_type;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator() = default;
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator(__iterator<!_Const> __i)
+      requires _Const && convertible_to<ranges::iterator_t<key_container_type>, __key_iterator> &&
+                   convertible_to<ranges::iterator_t<mapped_container_type>, __mapped_iterator>
+        : __key_iter_(std::move(__i.__key_iter_)), __mapped_iter_(std::move(__i.__mapped_iter_)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator(__key_iterator __key_iter, __mapped_iterator __mapped_iter)
+        : __key_iter_(std::move(__key_iter)), __mapped_iter_(std::move(__mapped_iter)) {}
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __reference operator*() const { return __reference(*__key_iter_, *__mapped_iter_); }
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __arrow_proxy operator->() const { return __arrow_proxy(**this); }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator& operator++() {
+      ++__key_iter_;
+      ++__mapped_iter_;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator operator++(int) {
+      __iterator __tmp(*this);
+      ++*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator& operator--() {
+      --__key_iter_;
+      --__mapped_iter_;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator operator--(int) {
+      __iterator __tmp(*this);
+      --*this;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator& operator+=(difference_type __x) {
+      __key_iter_ += __x;
+      __mapped_iter_ += __x;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __iterator& operator-=(difference_type __x) {
+      __key_iter_ -= __x;
+      __mapped_iter_ -= __x;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __reference operator[](difference_type __n) const { return *(*this + __n); }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend constexpr bool operator==(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y) {
+      return __x.__key_iter_ == __y.__key_iter_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator<(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y) {
+      return __x.__key_iter_ < __y.__key_iter_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator>(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y) { return __y < __x; }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator<=(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y) { return !(__y < __x); }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend bool operator>=(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y) { return !(__x < __y); }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend auto operator<=>(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y)
+      requires three_way_comparable<__key_iterator>
+    {
+      return __x.__key_iter_ <=> __y.__key_iter_;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend __iterator operator+(const __iterator& __i, difference_type __n) {
+      auto __tmp = __i;
+      __tmp += __n;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend __iterator operator+(difference_type __n, const __iterator& __i) { return __i + __n; }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend __iterator operator-(const __iterator& __i, difference_type __n) {
+      auto __tmp = __i;
+      __tmp -= __n;
+      return __tmp;
+    }
+
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI friend difference_type operator-(const __iterator& __x, const __iterator& __y) {
+      return difference_type(__x.__key_iter_ - __y.__key_iter_);
+    }
+  };
+
+public:
+  // [flat.map.cons], construct/copy/destroy
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap() noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_KeyContainer> && is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_MappedContainer> &&
+      is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<_Compare>)
+      : __containers_(), __compare_() {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(const flat_multimap&) = default;
+
+  // The copy/move constructors are not specified in the spec, which means they should be defaulted.
+  // However, the move constructor can potentially leave a moved-from object in an inconsistent
+  // state if an exception is thrown.
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(flat_multimap&& __other) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_KeyContainer> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_MappedContainer> &&
+      is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Compare>)
+#  if _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+      try
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+      : __containers_(std::move(__other.__containers_)), __compare_(std::move(__other.__compare_)) {
+    __other.clear();
+#  if _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __other.clear();
+    // gcc does not like the `throw` keyword in a conditional noexcept function
+    if constexpr (!(is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_KeyContainer> &&
+                    is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_MappedContainer> && is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<_Compare>)) {
+      throw;
+    }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(const flat_multimap& __other, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_tag{},
+                      __alloc,
+                      __other.__containers_.keys,
+                      __other.__containers_.values,
+                      __other.__compare_) {}
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(flat_multimap&& __other, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+#  if _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+      try
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_tag{},
+                      __alloc,
+                      std::move(__other.__containers_.keys),
+                      std::move(__other.__containers_.values),
+                      std::move(__other.__compare_)) {
+    __other.clear();
+#  if _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+  } catch (...) {
+    __other.clear();
+    throw;
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(
+      key_container_type __key_cont, mapped_container_type __mapped_cont, const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+      : __containers_{.keys = std::move(__key_cont), .values = std::move(__mapped_cont)}, __compare_(__comp) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__containers_.keys.size() == __containers_.values.size(),
+                                     "flat_multimap keys and mapped containers have different size");
+    __sort();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(
+      const key_container_type& __key_cont, const mapped_container_type& __mapped_cont, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_tag{}, __alloc, __key_cont, __mapped_cont) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__containers_.keys.size() == __containers_.values.size(),
+                                     "flat_multimap keys and mapped containers have different size");
+    __sort();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  flat_multimap(const key_container_type& __key_cont,
+                const mapped_container_type& __mapped_cont,
+                const key_compare& __comp,
+                const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_tag{}, __alloc, __key_cont, __mapped_cont, __comp) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__containers_.keys.size() == __containers_.values.size(),
+                                     "flat_multimap keys and mapped containers have different size");
+    __sort();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t,
+                key_container_type __key_cont,
+                mapped_container_type __mapped_cont,
+                const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+      : __containers_{.keys = std::move(__key_cont), .values = std::move(__mapped_cont)}, __compare_(__comp) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__containers_.keys.size() == __containers_.values.size(),
+                                     "flat_multimap keys and mapped containers have different size");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(__is_sorted(__containers_.keys), "Key container is not sorted");
+  }
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t,
+                const key_container_type& __key_cont,
+                const mapped_container_type& __mapped_cont,
+                const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_tag{}, __alloc, __key_cont, __mapped_cont) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__containers_.keys.size() == __containers_.values.size(),
+                                     "flat_multimap keys and mapped containers have different size");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(__is_sorted(__containers_.keys), "Key container is not sorted");
+  }
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t,
+                const key_container_type& __key_cont,
+                const mapped_container_type& __mapped_cont,
+                const key_compare& __comp,
+                const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_tag{}, __alloc, __key_cont, __mapped_cont, __comp) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(__containers_.keys.size() == __containers_.values.size(),
+                                     "flat_multimap keys and mapped containers have different size");
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(__is_sorted(__containers_.keys), "Key container is not sorted");
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit flat_multimap(const key_compare& __comp) : __containers_(), __compare_(__comp) {}
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(const key_compare& __comp, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_empty_tag{}, __alloc, __comp) {}
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI explicit flat_multimap(const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_empty_tag{}, __alloc) {}
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+    requires __has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  flat_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+      : __containers_(), __compare_(__comp) {
+    insert(__first, __last);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Allocator>
+    requires(__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value && __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  flat_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const key_compare& __comp, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_empty_tag{}, __alloc, __comp) {
+    insert(__first, __last);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Allocator>
+    requires(__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value && __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_empty_tag{}, __alloc) {
+    insert(__first, __last);
+  }
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(from_range_t __fr, _Range&& __rg)
+      : flat_multimap(__fr, std::forward<_Range>(__rg), key_compare()) {}
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range, class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(from_range_t, _Range&& __rg, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_empty_tag{}, __alloc) {
+    insert_range(std::forward<_Range>(__rg));
+  }
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(from_range_t, _Range&& __rg, const key_compare& __comp) : flat_multimap(__comp) {
+    insert_range(std::forward<_Range>(__rg));
+  }
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range, class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(from_range_t, _Range&& __rg, const key_compare& __comp, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_empty_tag{}, __alloc, __comp) {
+    insert_range(std::forward<_Range>(__rg));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+    requires __has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(
+      sorted_equivalent_t, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+      : __containers_(), __compare_(__comp) {
+    insert(sorted_equivalent, __first, __last);
+  }
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Allocator>
+    requires(__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value && __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t,
+                _InputIterator __first,
+                _InputIterator __last,
+                const key_compare& __comp,
+                const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_empty_tag{}, __alloc, __comp) {
+    insert(sorted_equivalent, __first, __last);
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Allocator>
+    requires(__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value && __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_empty_tag{}, __alloc) {
+    insert(sorted_equivalent, __first, __last);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+      : flat_multimap(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __comp) {}
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __comp, __alloc) {}
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> __il, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __alloc) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
+      : flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent, __il.begin(), __il.end(), __comp) {}
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(
+      sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type> __il, const key_compare& __comp, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent, __il.begin(), __il.end(), __comp, __alloc) {}
+
+  template <class _Allocator>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type> __il, const _Allocator& __alloc)
+      : flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent, __il.begin(), __il.end(), __alloc) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    clear();
+    insert(__il);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // copy/move assignment are not specified in the spec (defaulted)
+  // but move assignment can potentially leave moved from object in an inconsistent
+  // state if an exception is thrown
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap& operator=(const flat_multimap&) = default;
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap& operator=(flat_multimap&& __other) noexcept(
+      is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_KeyContainer> && is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_MappedContainer> &&
+      is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<_Compare>) {
+    auto __clear_other_guard = std::__make_scope_guard([&]() noexcept { __other.clear() /* noexcept */; });
+    auto __clear_self_guard  = std::__make_exception_guard([&]() noexcept { clear() /* noexcept */; });
+    __containers_            = std::move(__other.__containers_);
+    __compare_               = std::move(__other.__compare_);
+    __clear_self_guard.__complete();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // iterators
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator begin() noexcept {
+    return iterator(__containers_.keys.begin(), __containers_.values.begin());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator begin() const noexcept {
+    return const_iterator(__containers_.keys.begin(), __containers_.values.begin());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator end() noexcept {
+    return iterator(__containers_.keys.end(), __containers_.values.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator end() const noexcept {
+    return const_iterator(__containers_.keys.end(), __containers_.values.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI reverse_iterator rend() noexcept { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept { return begin(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator cend() const noexcept { return end(); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+
+  // [flat.map.capacity], capacity
+  [[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool empty() const noexcept { return __containers_.keys.empty(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type size() const noexcept { return __containers_.keys.size(); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type max_size() const noexcept {
+    return std::min<size_type>(__containers_.keys.max_size(), __containers_.values.max_size());
+  }
+
+  // [flat.map.modifiers], modifiers
+  template <class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v<pair<key_type, mapped_type>, _Args...> && is_move_constructible_v<key_type> &&
+             is_move_constructible_v<mapped_type>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace(_Args&&... __args) {
+    std::pair<key_type, mapped_type> __pair(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+    return __search_and_emplace_with(ranges::upper_bound, std::move(__pair.first), std::move(__pair.second));
+  }
+
+  template <class... _Args>
+    requires is_constructible_v<pair<key_type, mapped_type>, _Args...>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator __hint, _Args&&... __args) {
+    std::pair<key_type, mapped_type> __pair(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
+
+    auto __prev_bigger  = __hint != cbegin() && __compare_(__pair.first, (__hint - 1)->first);
+    auto __next_smaller = __hint != cend() && __compare_(__hint->first, __pair.first);
+
+    if (!__prev_bigger && !__next_smaller) {
+      // hint correct, just emplace
+      return __emplace_exact_pos(
+          __hint.__key_iter_, __hint.__mapped_iter_, std::move(__pair.first), std::move(__pair.second));
+    } else if (__prev_bigger && !__next_smaller) {
+      // the hint position is more to the right then the key should have been.
+      // we want to emplace the element to a position as right as possible
+      // e.g. Insert new element "2" in the following range
+      // 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6
+      //                  ^
+      //                  |
+      //                 hint
+      // We want to insert "2" after the last existing "2"
+      return __search_and_emplace_with(ranges::upper_bound, std::move(__pair.first), std::move(__pair.second));
+    } else {
+      // !__prev_bigger && __next_smaller
+      // todo assert this condition.  it is not possible that __prev_bigger && __next_smaller, otherwise the multimap is
+      // not sorted
+
+      // the hint position is more to the left then the key should have been.
+      // we want to emplace the element to a position as left as possible
+      //  1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6
+      // ^
+      // |
+      // hint
+      // We want to insert "2" before the first existing "2"
+      return __search_and_emplace_with(ranges::lower_bound, std::move(__pair.first), std::move(__pair.second));
+    }
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const value_type& __x) { return emplace(__x); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(value_type&& __x) { return emplace(std::move(__x)); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __hint, const value_type& __x) {
+    return emplace_hint(__hint, __x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __hint, value_type&& __x) {
+    return emplace_hint(__hint, std::move(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+    requires is_constructible_v<pair<key_type, mapped_type>, _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(_Pp&& __x) {
+    return emplace(std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Pp>
+    requires is_constructible_v<pair<key_type, mapped_type>, _Pp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator insert(const_iterator __hint, _Pp&& __x) {
+    return emplace_hint(__hint, std::forward<_Pp>(__x));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+    requires __has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_InputIterator, _InputIterator>) {
+      __reserve(__last - __first);
+    }
+    __append_sort_merge</*WasSorted = */ false>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator>
+    requires __has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value
+  void insert(sorted_equivalent_t, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last) {
+    if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_InputIterator, _InputIterator>) {
+      __reserve(__last - __first);
+    }
+
+    __append_sort_merge</*WasSorted = */ true>(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+  }
+
+  template <_ContainerCompatibleRange<value_type> _Range>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert_range(_Range&& __range) {
+    if constexpr (ranges::sized_range<_Range>) {
+      __reserve(ranges::size(__range));
+    }
+
+    __append_sort_merge</*WasSorted = */ false>(ranges::begin(__range), ranges::end(__range));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il) { insert(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void insert(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type> __il) {
+    insert(sorted_equivalent, __il.begin(), __il.end());
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI containers extract() && {
+    auto __guard = std::__make_scope_guard([&]() noexcept { clear() /* noexcept */; });
+    auto __ret   = std::move(__containers_);
+    return __ret;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void replace(key_container_type&& __key_cont, mapped_container_type&& __mapped_cont) {
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE(
+        __key_cont.size() == __mapped_cont.size(), "flat_multimap keys and mapped containers have different size");
+
+    _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(__is_sorted(__key_cont), "Key container is not sorted");
+    auto __guard         = std::__make_exception_guard([&]() noexcept { clear() /* noexcept */; });
+    __containers_.keys   = std::move(__key_cont);
+    __containers_.values = std::move(__mapped_cont);
+    __guard.__complete();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(iterator __position) {
+    return __erase(__position.__key_iter_, __position.__mapped_iter_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __position) {
+    return __erase(__position.__key_iter_, __position.__mapped_iter_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(const key_type& __x) {
+    auto [__first, __last] = equal_range(__x);
+    auto __res             = __last - __first;
+    erase(__first, __last);
+    return __res;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Kp>
+    requires(__is_compare_transparent && !is_convertible_v<_Kp &&, iterator> &&
+             !is_convertible_v<_Kp &&, const_iterator>)
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type erase(_Kp&& __x) {
+    auto [__first, __last] = equal_range(__x);
+    auto __res             = __last - __first;
+    erase(__first, __last);
+    return __res;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last) {
+    auto __on_failure = std::__make_exception_guard([&]() noexcept { clear() /* noexcept */; });
+    auto __key_it     = __containers_.keys.erase(__first.__key_iter_, __last.__key_iter_);
+    auto __mapped_it  = __containers_.values.erase(__first.__mapped_iter_, __last.__mapped_iter_);
+    __on_failure.__complete();
+    return iterator(std::move(__key_it), std::move(__mapped_it));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(flat_multimap& __y) noexcept {
+    // warning: The spec has unconditional noexcept, which means that
+    // if any of the following functions throw an exception,
+    // std::terminate will be called
+    ranges::swap(__compare_, __y.__compare_);
+    ranges::swap(__containers_.keys, __y.__containers_.keys);
+    ranges::swap(__containers_.values, __y.__containers_.values);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void clear() noexcept {
+    __containers_.keys.clear();
+    __containers_.values.clear();
+  }
+
+  // observers
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI key_compare key_comp() const { return __compare_; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI value_compare value_comp() const { return value_compare(__compare_); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const key_container_type& keys() const noexcept { return __containers_.keys; }
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const mapped_container_type& values() const noexcept { return __containers_.values; }
+
+  // map operations
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const key_type& __x) { return __find_impl(*this, __x); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const key_type& __x) const { return __find_impl(*this, __x); }
+
+  template <class _Kp>
+    requires __is_compare_transparent
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator find(const _Kp& __x) {
+    return __find_impl(*this, __x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Kp>
+    requires __is_compare_transparent
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator find(const _Kp& __x) const {
+    return __find_impl(*this, __x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const key_type& __x) const {
+    auto [__first, __last] = equal_range(__x);
+    return __last - __first;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Kp>
+    requires __is_compare_transparent
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type count(const _Kp& __x) const {
+    auto [__first, __last] = equal_range(__x);
+    return __last - __first;
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const key_type& __x) const { return find(__x) != end(); }
+
+  template <class _Kp>
+    requires __is_compare_transparent
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool contains(const _Kp& __x) const {
+    return find(__x) != end();
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __x) { return __lower_bound<iterator>(*this, __x); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& __x) const {
+    return __lower_bound<const_iterator>(*this, __x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Kp>
+    requires __is_compare_transparent
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator lower_bound(const _Kp& __x) {
+    return __lower_bound<iterator>(*this, __x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Kp>
+    requires __is_compare_transparent
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator lower_bound(const _Kp& __x) const {
+    return __lower_bound<const_iterator>(*this, __x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __x) { return __upper_bound<iterator>(*this, __x); }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& __x) const {
+    return __upper_bound<const_iterator>(*this, __x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Kp>
+    requires __is_compare_transparent
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator upper_bound(const _Kp& __x) {
+    return __upper_bound<iterator>(*this, __x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Kp>
+    requires __is_compare_transparent
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI const_iterator upper_bound(const _Kp& __x) const {
+    return __upper_bound<const_iterator>(*this, __x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __x) {
+    return __equal_range_impl(*this, __x);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& __x) const {
+    return __equal_range_impl(*this, __x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Kp>
+    requires __is_compare_transparent
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const _Kp& __x) {
+    return __equal_range_impl(*this, __x);
+  }
+  template <class _Kp>
+    requires __is_compare_transparent
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const _Kp& __x) const {
+    return __equal_range_impl(*this, __x);
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator==(const flat_multimap& __x, const flat_multimap& __y) {
+    return ranges::equal(__x, __y);
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI auto operator<=>(const flat_multimap& __x, const flat_multimap& __y) {
+    return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(
+        __x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end(), std::__synth_three_way);
+  }
+
+  friend _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void swap(flat_multimap& __x, flat_multimap& __y) noexcept { __x.swap(__y); }
+
+private:
+  struct __ctor_uses_allocator_tag {
+    explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __ctor_uses_allocator_tag() = default;
+  };
+  struct __ctor_uses_allocator_empty_tag {
+    explicit _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __ctor_uses_allocator_empty_tag() = default;
+  };
+
+  template <class _Allocator, class _KeyCont, class _MappedCont, class... _CompArg>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI
+  flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_tag,
+                const _Allocator& __alloc,
+                _KeyCont&& __key_cont,
+                _MappedCont&& __mapped_cont,
+                _CompArg&&... __comp)
+      : __containers_{.keys = std::make_obj_using_allocator<key_container_type>(
+                          __alloc, std::forward<_KeyCont>(__key_cont)),
+                      .values = std::make_obj_using_allocator<mapped_container_type>(
+                          __alloc, std::forward<_MappedCont>(__mapped_cont))},
+        __compare_(std::forward<_CompArg>(__comp)...) {}
+
+  template <class _Allocator, class... _CompArg>
+    requires __allocator_ctor_constraint<_Allocator>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI flat_multimap(__ctor_uses_allocator_empty_tag, const _Allocator& __alloc, _CompArg&&... __comp)
+      : __containers_{.keys   = std::make_obj_using_allocator<key_container_type>(__alloc),
+                      .values = std::make_obj_using_allocator<mapped_container_type>(__alloc)},
+        __compare_(std::forward<_CompArg>(__comp)...) {}
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool __is_sorted(auto&& __key_container) const {
+    return ranges::is_sorted(__key_container, __compare_);
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __sort() {
+    auto __zv = ranges::views::zip(__containers_.keys, __containers_.values);
+    ranges::stable_sort(__zv, __compare_, [](const auto& __p) -> decltype(auto) { return std::get<0>(__p); });
+  }
+
+  template <class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI size_type __append(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+    size_type __num_of_appended = 0;
+    for (; __first != __last; ++__first) {
+      value_type __kv = *__first;
+      __containers_.keys.insert(__containers_.keys.end(), std::move(__kv.first));
+      __containers_.values.insert(__containers_.values.end(), std::move(__kv.second));
+      ++__num_of_appended;
+    }
+    return __num_of_appended;
+  }
+
+  template <bool _WasSorted, class _InputIterator, class _Sentinel>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __append_sort_merge(_InputIterator __first, _Sentinel __last) {
+    auto __on_failure        = std::__make_exception_guard([&]() noexcept { clear() /* noexcept */; });
+    size_t __num_of_appended = __append(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
+    if (__num_of_appended != 0) {
+      auto __zv                  = ranges::views::zip(__containers_.keys, __containers_.values);
+      auto __append_start_offset = __containers_.keys.size() - __num_of_appended;
+      auto __end                 = __zv.end();
+      auto __compare_key         = [this](const auto& __p1, const auto& __p2) {
+        return __compare_(std::get<0>(__p1), std::get<0>(__p2));
+      };
+      if constexpr (!_WasSorted) {
+        ranges::stable_sort(__zv.begin() + __append_start_offset, __end, __compare_key);
+      } else {
+        _LIBCPP_ASSERT_SEMANTIC_REQUIREMENT(
+            __is_sorted(__containers_.keys | ranges::views::drop(__append_start_offset)),
+            "Key container is not sorted");
+      }
+      ranges::inplace_merge(__zv.begin(), __zv.begin() + __append_start_offset, __end, __compare_key);
+    }
+    __on_failure.__complete();
+  }
+
+  template <class _Self, class _Kp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static auto __find_impl(_Self&& __self, const _Kp& __key) {
+    auto __it   = __self.lower_bound(__key);
+    auto __last = __self.end();
+    if (__it == __last || __self.__compare_(__key, __it->first)) {
+      return __last;
+    }
+    return __it;
+  }
+
+  template <class _Self, class _Kp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static auto __equal_range_impl(_Self&& __self, const _Kp& __key) {
+    auto [__key_first, __key_last] = ranges::equal_range(__self.__containers_.keys, __key, __self.__compare_);
+
+    const auto __make_mapped_iter = [&](const auto& __key_iter) {
+      return __self.__containers_.values.begin() +
+             static_cast<ranges::range_difference_t<mapped_container_type>>(
+                 ranges::distance(__self.__containers_.keys.begin(), __key_iter));
+    };
+
+    using __iterator_type = ranges::iterator_t<decltype(__self)>;
+    return std::make_pair(__iterator_type(__key_first, __make_mapped_iter(__key_first)),
+                          __iterator_type(__key_last, __make_mapped_iter(__key_last)));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Res, class _Self, class _Kp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Res __lower_bound(_Self&& __self, _Kp& __x) {
+    return __binary_search<_Res>(__self, ranges::lower_bound, __x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Res, class _Self, class _Kp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Res __upper_bound(_Self&& __self, _Kp& __x) {
+    return __binary_search<_Res>(__self, ranges::upper_bound, __x);
+  }
+
+  template <class _Res, class _Self, class _Fn, class _Kp>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI static _Res __binary_search(_Self&& __self, _Fn __search_fn, _Kp& __x) {
+    auto __key_iter = __search_fn(__self.__containers_.keys, __x, __self.__compare_);
+    auto __mapped_iter =
+        __self.__containers_.values.begin() +
+        static_cast<ranges::range_difference_t<mapped_container_type>>(
+            ranges::distance(__self.__containers_.keys.begin(), __key_iter));
+
+    return _Res(std::move(__key_iter), std::move(__mapped_iter));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Fn, class _KeyArg, class... _MArgs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  __search_and_emplace_with(_Fn&& __search_fn, _KeyArg&& __key, _MArgs&&... __mapped_args) {
+    auto __key_it    = __search_fn(__containers_.keys, __key, __compare_);
+    auto __mapped_it = __containers_.values.begin() + ranges::distance(__containers_.keys.begin(), __key_it);
+
+    return __emplace_exact_pos(
+        std::move(__key_it),
+        std::move(__mapped_it),
+        std::forward<_KeyArg>(__key),
+        std::forward<_MArgs>(__mapped_args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <class _IterK, class _IterM, class _KeyArg, class... _MArgs>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator
+  __emplace_exact_pos(_IterK&& __it_key, _IterM&& __it_mapped, _KeyArg&& __key, _MArgs&&... __mapped_args) {
+    auto __on_key_failed = std::__make_exception_guard([&]() noexcept {
+      if constexpr (__container_traits<_KeyContainer>::__emplacement_has_strong_exception_safety_guarantee) {
+        // Nothing to roll back!
+      } else {
+        // we need to clear both because we don't know the state of our keys anymore
+        clear() /* noexcept */;
+      }
+    });
+    auto __key_it        = __containers_.keys.emplace(__it_key, std::forward<_KeyArg>(__key));
+    __on_key_failed.__complete();
+
+    auto __on_value_failed = std::__make_exception_guard([&]() noexcept {
+      if constexpr (!__container_traits<_MappedContainer>::__emplacement_has_strong_exception_safety_guarantee) {
+        // we need to clear both because we don't know the state of our values anymore
+        clear() /* noexcept */;
+      } else {
+        // In this case, we know the values are just like before we attempted emplacement,
+        // and we also know that the keys have been emplaced successfully. Just roll back the keys.
+#  if _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+        try {
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+          __containers_.keys.erase(__key_it);
+#  if _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+        } catch (...) {
+          // Now things are funky for real. We're failing to rollback the keys.
+          // Just give up and clear the whole thing.
+          //
+          // Also, swallow the exception that happened during the rollback and let the
+          // original value-emplacement exception propagate normally.
+          clear() /* noexcept */;
+        }
+#  endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+      }
+    });
+    auto __mapped_it = __containers_.values.emplace(__it_mapped, std::forward<_MArgs>(__mapped_args)...);
+    __on_value_failed.__complete();
+
+    return iterator(std::move(__key_it), std::move(__mapped_it));
+  }
+
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void __reserve(size_t __size) {
+    if constexpr (requires { __containers_.keys.reserve(__size); }) {
+      __containers_.keys.reserve(__size);
+    }
+
+    if constexpr (requires { __containers_.values.reserve(__size); }) {
+      __containers_.values.reserve(__size);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <class _KIter, class _MIter>
+  _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI iterator __erase(_KIter __key_iter_to_remove, _MIter __mapped_iter_to_remove) {
+    auto __on_failure  = std::__make_exception_guard([&]() noexcept { clear() /* noexcept */; });
+    auto __key_iter    = __containers_.keys.erase(__key_iter_to_remove);
+    auto __mapped_iter = __containers_.values.erase(__mapped_iter_to_remove);
+    __on_failure.__complete();
+    return iterator(std::move(__key_iter), std::move(__mapped_iter));
+  }
+
+  template <class _Key2, class _Tp2, class _Compare2, class _KeyContainer2, class _MappedContainer2, class _Predicate>
+  friend typename flat_multimap<_Key2, _Tp2, _Compare2, _KeyContainer2, _MappedContainer2>::size_type
+  erase_if(flat_multimap<_Key2, _Tp2, _Compare2, _KeyContainer2, _MappedContainer2>&, _Predicate);
+
+  containers __containers_;
+  [[no_unique_address]] key_compare __compare_;
+
+  struct __key_equiv {
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI __key_equiv(key_compare __c) : __comp_(__c) {}
+    _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI bool operator()(const_reference __x, const_reference __y) const {
+      return !__comp_(std::get<0>(__x), std::get<0>(__y)) && !__comp_(std::get<0>(__y), std::get<0>(__x));
+    }
+    key_compare __comp_;
+  };
+};
+
+template <class _KeyContainer, class _MappedContainer, class _Compare = less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>>
+  requires(!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value && !__is_allocator<_KeyContainer>::value &&
+           !__is_allocator<_MappedContainer>::value &&
+           is_invocable_v<const _Compare&,
+                          const typename _KeyContainer::value_type&,
+                          const typename _KeyContainer::value_type&>)
+flat_multimap(_KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Compare = _Compare())
+    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type,
+                     typename _MappedContainer::value_type,
+                     _Compare,
+                     _KeyContainer,
+                     _MappedContainer>;
+
+template <class _KeyContainer, class _MappedContainer, class _Allocator>
+  requires(uses_allocator_v<_KeyContainer, _Allocator> && uses_allocator_v<_MappedContainer, _Allocator> &&
+           !__is_allocator<_KeyContainer>::value && !__is_allocator<_MappedContainer>::value)
+flat_multimap(_KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Allocator)
+    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type,
+                     typename _MappedContainer::value_type,
+                     less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>,
+                     _KeyContainer,
+                     _MappedContainer>;
+
+template <class _KeyContainer, class _MappedContainer, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+  requires(!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value && !__is_allocator<_KeyContainer>::value &&
+           !__is_allocator<_MappedContainer>::value && uses_allocator_v<_KeyContainer, _Allocator> &&
+           uses_allocator_v<_MappedContainer, _Allocator> &&
+           is_invocable_v<const _Compare&,
+                          const typename _KeyContainer::value_type&,
+                          const typename _KeyContainer::value_type&>)
+flat_multimap(_KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Compare, _Allocator)
+    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type,
+                     typename _MappedContainer::value_type,
+                     _Compare,
+                     _KeyContainer,
+                     _MappedContainer>;
+
+template <class _KeyContainer, class _MappedContainer, class _Compare = less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>>
+  requires(!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value && !__is_allocator<_KeyContainer>::value &&
+           !__is_allocator<_MappedContainer>::value &&
+           is_invocable_v<const _Compare&,
+                          const typename _KeyContainer::value_type&,
+                          const typename _KeyContainer::value_type&>)
+flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Compare = _Compare())
+    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type,
+                     typename _MappedContainer::value_type,
+                     _Compare,
+                     _KeyContainer,
+                     _MappedContainer>;
+
+template <class _KeyContainer, class _MappedContainer, class _Allocator>
+  requires(uses_allocator_v<_KeyContainer, _Allocator> && uses_allocator_v<_MappedContainer, _Allocator> &&
+           !__is_allocator<_KeyContainer>::value && !__is_allocator<_MappedContainer>::value)
+flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Allocator)
+    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type,
+                     typename _MappedContainer::value_type,
+                     less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>,
+                     _KeyContainer,
+                     _MappedContainer>;
+
+template <class _KeyContainer, class _MappedContainer, class _Compare, class _Allocator>
+  requires(!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value && !__is_allocator<_KeyContainer>::value &&
+           !__is_allocator<_MappedContainer>::value && uses_allocator_v<_KeyContainer, _Allocator> &&
+           uses_allocator_v<_MappedContainer, _Allocator> &&
+           is_invocable_v<const _Compare&,
+                          const typename _KeyContainer::value_type&,
+                          const typename _KeyContainer::value_type&>)
+flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Compare, _Allocator)
+    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type,
+                     typename _MappedContainer::value_type,
+                     _Compare,
+                     _KeyContainer,
+                     _MappedContainer>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Compare = less<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>>
+  requires(__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value && !__is_allocator<_Compare>::value)
+flat_multimap(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare = _Compare())
+    -> flat_multimap<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>, __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>, _Compare>;
+
+template <class _InputIterator, class _Compare = less<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>>>
+  requires(__has_input_iterator_category<_InputIterator>::value && !__is_allocator<_Compare>::value)
+flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, _InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare = _Compare())
+    -> flat_multimap<__iter_key_type<_InputIterator>, __iter_mapped_type<_InputIterator>, _Compare>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range,
+          class _Compare   = less<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+          class _Allocator = allocator<byte>,
+          class            = __enable_if_t<!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value && __is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+flat_multimap(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Compare = _Compare(), _Allocator = _Allocator())
+    -> flat_multimap<
+        __range_key_type<_Range>,
+        __range_mapped_type<_Range>,
+        _Compare,
+        vector<__range_key_type<_Range>, __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Allocator, __range_key_type<_Range>>>,
+        vector<__range_mapped_type<_Range>, __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Allocator, __range_mapped_type<_Range>>>>;
+
+template <ranges::input_range _Range, class _Allocator, class = __enable_if_t<__is_allocator<_Allocator>::value>>
+flat_multimap(from_range_t, _Range&&, _Allocator)
+    -> flat_multimap<
+        __range_key_type<_Range>,
+        __range_mapped_type<_Range>,
+        less<__range_key_type<_Range>>,
+        vector<__range_key_type<_Range>, __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Allocator, __range_key_type<_Range>>>,
+        vector<__range_mapped_type<_Range>, __allocator_traits_rebind_t<_Allocator, __range_mapped_type<_Range>>>>;
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare = less<_Key>>
+  requires(!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value)
+flat_multimap(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, _Compare = _Compare()) -> flat_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare>;
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare = less<_Key>>
+  requires(!__is_allocator<_Compare>::value)
+flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, _Compare = _Compare())
+    -> flat_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare>;
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _KeyContainer, class _MappedContainer, class _Allocator>
+struct uses_allocator<flat_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>, _Allocator>
+    : bool_constant<uses_allocator_v<_KeyContainer, _Allocator> && uses_allocator_v<_MappedContainer, _Allocator>> {};
+
+template <class _Key, class _Tp, class _Compare, class _KeyContainer, class _MappedContainer, class _Predicate>
+_LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI typename flat_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>::size_type
+erase_if(flat_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>& __flat_multimap, _Predicate __pred) {
+  // todo
+  auto __zv     = ranges::views::zip(__flat_multimap.__containers_.keys, __flat_multimap.__containers_.values);
+  auto __first  = __zv.begin();
+  auto __last   = __zv.end();
+  auto __guard  = std::__make_exception_guard([&] { __flat_multimap.clear(); });
+  auto __it     = std::remove_if(__first, __last, [&](auto&& __zipped) -> bool {
+    using _Ref = typename flat_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>::const_reference;
+    return __pred(_Ref(std::get<0>(__zipped), std::get<1>(__zipped)));
+  });
+  auto __res    = __last - __it;
+  auto __offset = __it - __first;
+
+  const auto __erase_container = [&](auto& __cont) { __cont.erase(__cont.begin() + __offset, __cont.end()); };
+
+  __erase_container(__flat_multimap.__containers_.keys);
+  __erase_container(__flat_multimap.__containers_.values);
+
+  __guard.__complete();
+  return __res;
+}
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_POP_MACROS
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FLAT_MAP_FLAT_MULTIMAP_H
diff --git a/libcxx/include/__flat_map/sorted_equivalent.h b/libcxx/include/__flat_map/sorted_equivalent.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1db935cc6ee75e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/include/__flat_map/sorted_equivalent.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#ifndef _LIBCPP___FLAT_MAP_SORTED_EQUIVALENT_H
+#define _LIBCPP___FLAT_MAP_SORTED_EQUIVALENT_H
+
+#include <__config>
+
+#if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
+#  pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+#if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+struct sorted_equivalent_t {
+  explicit sorted_equivalent_t() = default;
+};
+inline constexpr sorted_equivalent_t sorted_equivalent{};
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP___FLAT_MAP_SORTED_EQUIVALENT_H
diff --git a/libcxx/include/flat_map b/libcxx/include/flat_map
index 15d79dd1ddca34..ac45a8abff6590 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/flat_map
+++ b/libcxx/include/flat_map
@@ -35,12 +35,33 @@ namespace std {
            class Predicate>
     typename flat_map<Key, T, Compare, KeyContainer, MappedContainer>::size_type
       erase_if(flat_map<Key, T, Compare, KeyContainer, MappedContainer>& c, Predicate pred);
+
+  // [flat.multimap], class template flat_multimap
+  template<class Key, class T, class Compare = less<Key>,
+           class KeyContainer = vector<Key>, class MappedContainer = vector<T>>
+    class flat_multimap;
+
+  struct sorted_equivalent_t { explicit sorted_equivalent_t() = default; };
+  inline constexpr sorted_equivalent_t sorted_equivalent{};
+
+  template<class Key, class T, class Compare, class KeyContainer, class MappedContainer,
+           class Allocator>
+    struct uses_allocator<flat_multimap<Key, T, Compare, KeyContainer, MappedContainer>,
+                          Allocator>;
+
+  // [flat.multimap.erasure], erasure for flat_multimap
+  template<class Key, class T, class Compare, class KeyContainer, class MappedContainer,
+           class Predicate>
+    typename flat_multimap<Key, T, Compare, KeyContainer, MappedContainer>::size_type
+      erase_if(flat_multimap<Key, T, Compare, KeyContainer, MappedContainer>& c, Predicate pred);
 */
 
 #include <__assert> // all public C++ headers provide the assertion handler
 #include <__config>
 #include <__flat_map/flat_map.h>
+#include <__flat_map/flat_multimap.h>
 #include <__flat_map/sorted_unique.h>
+#include <__flat_map/sorted_equivalent.h>
 #include <version>
 
 // standard required includes
diff --git a/libcxx/include/module.modulemap b/libcxx/include/module.modulemap
index cd08b2810e437b..7e0588631c3ef6 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/module.modulemap
+++ b/libcxx/include/module.modulemap
@@ -1230,7 +1230,9 @@ module std [system] {
 
   module flat_map {
     module flat_map                       { header "__flat_map/flat_map.h" }
+    module flat_multimap                  { header "__flat_map/flat_multimap.h" }
     module sorted_unique                  { header "__flat_map/sorted_unique.h" }
+    module sorted_equivalent              { header "__flat_map/sorted_equivalent.h" }
 
     header "flat_map"
     export *
diff --git a/libcxx/include/version b/libcxx/include/version
index fc57aeade9daf2..3c8e640934fced 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/version
+++ b/libcxx/include/version
@@ -479,6 +479,7 @@ __cpp_lib_void_t                                        201411L <type_traits>
 # define __cpp_lib_format_ranges                        202207L
 // # define __cpp_lib_formatters                           202302L
 # define __cpp_lib_forward_like                         202207L
+# define __cpp_lib_flat_map                             202207L
 # define __cpp_lib_invoke_r                             202106L
 # define __cpp_lib_ios_noreplace                        202207L
 # if __has_builtin(__builtin_is_implicit_lifetime)
diff --git a/libcxx/modules/std/flat_map.inc b/libcxx/modules/std/flat_map.inc
index 6a86229bceaba9..e9521749dc4a86 100644
--- a/libcxx/modules/std/flat_map.inc
+++ b/libcxx/modules/std/flat_map.inc
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ export namespace std {
   // [flat.map.erasure], erasure for flat_map
   using std::erase_if;
 
-#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
-#if 0
   // [flat.multimap], class template flat_multimap
   using std::flat_multimap;
 
@@ -29,5 +27,5 @@ export namespace std {
   using std::sorted_equivalent_t;
 
   // [flat.multimap.erasure], erasure for flat_multimap
-#endif
+#endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
 } // namespace std
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.map.syn/sorted_equivalent.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.map.syn/sorted_equivalent.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d9ee3fbd287b5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.map.syn/sorted_equivalent.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// struct sorted_equivalent_t { explicit sorted_equivalent_t() = default; };
+// inline constexpr sorted_equivalent_t sorted_equivalent{};
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <concepts>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+template <class T>
+void implicit_test(T) {}
+
+template <class T>
+concept HasImplicitDefaultCtor = requires { implicit_test<T>({}); };
+
+static_assert(std::is_default_constructible_v<std::sorted_equivalent_t>);
+static_assert(std::is_trivially_default_constructible_v<std::sorted_equivalent_t>);
+static_assert(!HasImplicitDefaultCtor<std::sorted_equivalent_t>);
+
+constexpr bool test() {
+  {
+    [[maybe_unused]] std::sorted_equivalent_t s;
+  }
+  {
+    [[maybe_unused]] std::same_as<const std::sorted_equivalent_t&> decltype(auto) s = (std::sorted_equivalent);
+  }
+  {
+    [[maybe_unused]] std::same_as<const std::sorted_equivalent_t> decltype(auto) copy = std::sorted_equivalent;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test();
+  static_assert(test());
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/empty.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/empty.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b65b12b7bfd81b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/empty.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept;
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using M = std::flat_multimap<int, double, std::less<int>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  M m;
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.empty()), bool);
+  ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(m.empty());
+  assert(m.empty());
+  assert(std::as_const(m).empty());
+  m = {{1, 1.0}, {1, 2.0}};
+  assert(!m.empty());
+  m.clear();
+  assert(m.empty());
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/empty.verify.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/empty.verify.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b3cfce97b357da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/empty.verify.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept;
+
+#include <flat_map>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  std::flat_multimap<int, int> c;
+  c.empty(); // expected-warning {{ignoring return value of function declared with 'nodiscard' attribute}}
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/max_size.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/max_size.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0960c43c5a90a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/max_size.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// size_type max_size() const noexcept;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <limits>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    using A1 = limited_allocator<int, 10>;
+    using A2 = limited_allocator<int, 20>;
+    using C  = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A1>, std::vector<int, A2>>;
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(C::difference_type, std::ptrdiff_t);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(C::size_type, std::size_t);
+    const C c;
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(c.max_size());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(c.max_size()), C::size_type);
+    assert(c.max_size() <= 10);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(c.max_size() == 10);
+  }
+  {
+    using A1 = limited_allocator<int, 10>;
+    using A2 = limited_allocator<int, 20>;
+    using C  = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A2>, std::vector<int, A1>>;
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(C::difference_type, std::ptrdiff_t);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(C::size_type, std::size_t);
+    const C c;
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(c.max_size());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(c.max_size()), C::size_type);
+    assert(c.max_size() <= 10);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(c.max_size() == 10);
+  }
+  {
+    using A = limited_allocator<int, (size_t)-1>;
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A>, std::vector<int, A>>;
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(C::difference_type, std::ptrdiff_t);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(C::size_type, std::size_t);
+    const C::size_type max_dist = static_cast<C::size_type>(std::numeric_limits<C::difference_type>::max());
+    const C c;
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(c.max_size());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(c.max_size()), C::size_type);
+    assert(c.max_size() <= max_dist);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(c.max_size() == max_dist);
+  }
+  {
+    typedef std::flat_multimap<char, char> C;
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(C::difference_type, std::ptrdiff_t);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(C::size_type, std::size_t);
+    const C::size_type max_dist = static_cast<C::size_type>(std::numeric_limits<C::difference_type>::max());
+    const C c;
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(c.max_size());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(c.max_size()), C::size_type);
+    assert(c.max_size() <= max_dist);
+    assert(c.max_size() <= alloc_max_size(std::allocator<char>()));
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/size.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/size.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..533f8da631fc80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.capacity/size.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// size_type size() const noexcept;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using M = std::flat_multimap<int, char, std::less<int>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  {
+    const M m = {{1, 'a'}, {1, 'b'}, {4, 'd'}, {5, 'e'}, {5, 'h'}};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.size()), std::size_t);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(m.size());
+    assert(m.size() == 5);
+  }
+  {
+    const M m = {{1, 'a'}};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.size()), std::size_t);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(m.size());
+    assert(m.size() == 1);
+  }
+  {
+    const M m;
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.size()), std::size_t);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(m.size());
+    assert(m.size() == 0);
+  }
+  {
+    M m;
+    std::size_t s = 1000;
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < s; ++i) {
+      m.emplace(i, 'a');
+    }
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < s; ++i) {
+      m.emplace(i, 'b');
+    }
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.size()), std::size_t);
+    ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(m.size());
+    assert(m.size() == 2 * s);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/alloc.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/alloc.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3e155eb2a1075b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/alloc.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// template<class Allocator>
+//   explicit flat_multimap(const Allocator& a);
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // The constructors in this subclause shall not participate in overload
+    // resolution unless uses_allocator_v<key_container_type, Alloc> is true
+    // and uses_allocator_v<mapped_container_type, Alloc> is true.
+
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = other_allocator<int>;
+    using V1 = std::vector<int, A1>;
+    using V2 = std::vector<int, A2>;
+    using M1 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V1>;
+    using M2 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V2>;
+    using M3 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V2, V1>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, const A2&>);
+  }
+  {
+    // explicit
+    using M =
+        std::flat_multimap<int,
+                           long,
+                           std::less<int>,
+                           std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>>,
+                           std::vector<long, test_allocator<long>>>;
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, test_allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_convertible_v<test_allocator<int>, M>);
+  }
+  {
+    using A = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M =
+        std::flat_multimap<int,
+                           long,
+                           std::less<int>,
+                           std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>>,
+                           std::vector<long, test_allocator<long>>>;
+    M m(A(0, 5));
+    assert(m.empty());
+    assert(m.begin() == m.end());
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == 5);
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator().get_id() == 5);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/assign_initializer_list.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/assign_initializer_list.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..32f75daae7e383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/assign_initializer_list.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap& operator=(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <ranges>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  {
+    M m = {{8, 8}, {10, 10}};
+    assert(m.size() == 2);
+    m                              = {{3, 0}, {1, 0}, {2, 0}, {2, 1}, {3, 1}, {4, 0}, {3, 2}, {5, 0}, {6, 0}, {5, 1}};
+    std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 0}, {2, 0}, {2, 1}, {3, 0}, {3, 1}, {3, 2}, {4, 0}, {5, 0}, {5, 1}, {6, 0}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+  {
+    M m = {{10, 1}, {8, 1}};
+    assert(m.size() == 2);
+    m                                    = {{3, 2}};
+    std::pair<double, double> expected[] = {{3, 2}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/compare.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/compare.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1989b8a4ff68ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/compare.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// explicit flat_multimap(const key_compare& comp);
+// template <class Alloc>
+//   flat_multimap(const key_compare& comp, const Alloc& a);
+
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // The constructors in this subclause shall not participate in overload
+    // resolution unless uses_allocator_v<key_container_type, Alloc> is true
+    // and uses_allocator_v<mapped_container_type, Alloc> is true.
+
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = other_allocator<int>;
+    using M1 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int, A1>, std::vector<int, A1>>;
+    using M2 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int, A1>, std::vector<int, A2>>;
+    using M3 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int, A2>, std::vector<int, A1>>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, const C&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, const C&, const A2&>);
+  }
+  {
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    auto m  = std::flat_multimap<int, char*, C>(C(3));
+    assert(m.empty());
+    assert(m.begin() == m.end());
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(3));
+  }
+  {
+    // The one-argument ctor is explicit.
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<std::flat_multimap<int, char*, C>, C>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_convertible_v<C, std::flat_multimap<int, char*, C>>);
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<std::flat_multimap<int, char*>, std::less<int>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_convertible_v<std::less<int>, std::flat_multimap<int, char*>>);
+  }
+  {
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<short>;
+    auto m   = std::flat_multimap<int, short, C, std::vector<int, A1>, std::vector<short, A2>>(C(4), A1(5));
+    assert(m.empty());
+    assert(m.begin() == m.end());
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(4));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // explicit(false)
+    using C                                                                         = test_less<int>;
+    using A1                                                                        = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2                                                                        = test_allocator<short>;
+    std::flat_multimap<int, short, C, std::deque<int, A1>, std::deque<short, A2>> m = {C(4), A1(5)};
+    assert(m.empty());
+    assert(m.begin() == m.end());
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(4));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // If an allocator is given, it must be usable by both containers.
+    using A = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<>, std::vector<int>, std::vector<int, A>>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::less<>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::less<>, std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::less<>, A>);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/containers.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/containers.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..17ee3c3864b1bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/containers.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap(key_container_type key_cont, mapped_container_type mapped_cont,
+//           const key_compare& comp = key_compare());
+// template<class Allocator>
+//   flat_multimap(const key_container_type& key_cont, const mapped_container_type& mapped_cont,
+//            const Allocator& a);
+// template<class Alloc>
+//   flat_multimap(const key_container_type& key_cont, const mapped_container_type& mapped_cont,
+//            const key_compare& comp, const Alloc& a);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "test_iterators.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+
+struct P {
+  int first;
+  int second;
+  template <class T, class U>
+  bool operator==(const std::pair<T, U>& rhs) const {
+    return MoveOnly(first) == rhs.first && MoveOnly(second) == rhs.second;
+  }
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // The constructors in this subclause shall not participate in overload
+    // resolution unless uses_allocator_v<key_container_type, Alloc> is true
+    // and uses_allocator_v<mapped_container_type, Alloc> is true.
+
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = other_allocator<int>;
+    using V1 = std::vector<int, A1>;
+    using V2 = std::vector<int, A2>;
+    using M1 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V1>;
+    using M2 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V2>;
+    using M3 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V2, V1>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, const V1&, const V1&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, const V1&, const V1&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, const V1&, const V2&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, const V2&, const V1&, const A2&>);
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, const V1&, const V1&, const C&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, const V1&, const V1&, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, const V1&, const V2&, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, const V2&, const V1&, const C&, const A2&>);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(key_container_type , mapped_container_type)
+    using M                         = std::flat_multimap<int, char>;
+    std::vector<int> ks             = {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3};
+    std::vector<char> vs            = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
+    auto m                          = M(ks, vs);
+    std::pair<int, char> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {2, 7}, {3, 6}, {3, 8}, {3, 9}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {ks, vs};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+
+    m = M(std::move(ks), std::move(vs));
+    assert(ks.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    assert(vs.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(key_container_type , mapped_container_type)
+    // move-only
+    P expected[] = {{3, 3}, {3, 2}, {2, 1}, {1, 4}};
+    using Ks     = std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>;
+    using Vs     = std::vector<MoveOnly, min_allocator<MoveOnly>>;
+    using M      = std::flat_multimap<int, MoveOnly, std::greater<int>, Ks, Vs>;
+    Ks ks        = {1, 3, 3, 2};
+    Vs vs;
+    vs.push_back(4);
+    vs.push_back(3);
+    vs.push_back(2);
+    vs.push_back(1);
+    auto m = M(std::move(ks), std::move(vs));
+    assert(ks.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    assert(vs.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected, std::equal_to<>()));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(key_container_type , mapped_container_type)
+    // container's allocators are used
+    using A = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A>, std::deque<int, A>>;
+    auto ks = std::vector<int, A>({1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3}, A(5));
+    auto vs = std::deque<int, A>({1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3}, A(6));
+    auto m  = M(std::move(ks), std::move(vs));
+    assert(ks.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    assert(vs.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A(6));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(key_container_type , mapped_container_type, key_compare)
+    using C                         = test_less<int>;
+    using M                         = std::flat_multimap<int, char, C>;
+    std::vector<int> ks             = {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3};
+    std::vector<char> vs            = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
+    auto m                          = M(ks, vs, C(4));
+    std::pair<int, char> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {2, 7}, {3, 6}, {3, 8}, {3, 9}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(4));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {ks, vs, C(4)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+    assert(m2.key_comp() == C(4));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(key_container_type , mapped_container_type, const Allocator&)
+    using A = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A>, std::deque<int, A>>;
+    auto ks = std::vector<int, A>({1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3}, A(5));
+    auto vs = std::deque<int, A>({1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3}, A(6));
+    auto m  = M(ks, vs, A(4)); // replaces the allocators
+    assert(!ks.empty());       // it was an lvalue above
+    assert(!vs.empty());       // it was an lvalue above
+    std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A(4));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A(4));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(key_container_type , mapped_container_type, const Allocator&)
+    // explicit(false)
+    using A = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A>, std::deque<int, A>>;
+    auto ks = std::vector<int, A>({1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3}, A(5));
+    auto vs = std::deque<int, A>({1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3}, A(6));
+    M m     = {ks, vs, A(4)}; // implicit ctor
+    assert(!ks.empty());      // it was an lvalue above
+    assert(!vs.empty());      // it was an lvalue above
+    std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A(4));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A(4));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(key_container_type , mapped_container_type, key_compare, const Allocator&)
+    using C                         = test_less<int>;
+    using A                         = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M                         = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int, A>, std::vector<int, A>>;
+    std::vector<int, A> ks          = {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3};
+    std::vector<int, A> vs          = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
+    auto m                          = M(ks, vs, C(4), A(5));
+    std::pair<int, char> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {2, 7}, {3, 6}, {3, 8}, {3, 9}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(4));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A(5));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {ks, vs, C(4), A(5)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+    assert(m2.key_comp() == C(4));
+    assert(m2.keys().get_allocator() == A(5));
+    assert(m2.values().get_allocator() == A(5));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0e6d12cd3c5699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap(const flat_multimap& m);
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>> ks({1, 1, 3, 3, 5}, test_allocator<int>(6));
+    std::vector<char, test_allocator<char>> vs({2, 2, 1, 1, 1}, test_allocator<char>(7));
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, char, C, decltype(ks), decltype(vs)>;
+    auto mo = M(ks, vs, C(5));
+    auto m  = mo;
+
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(m.keys() == ks);
+    assert(m.values() == vs);
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == test_allocator<int>(6));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == test_allocator<char>(7));
+
+    // mo is unchanged
+    assert(mo.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(mo.keys() == ks);
+    assert(mo.values() == vs);
+    assert(mo.keys().get_allocator() == test_allocator<int>(6));
+    assert(mo.values().get_allocator() == test_allocator<char>(7));
+  }
+  {
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using Ks = std::vector<int, other_allocator<int>>;
+    using Vs = std::vector<char, other_allocator<char>>;
+    auto ks  = Ks({1, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5}, other_allocator<int>(6));
+    auto vs  = Vs({2, 2, 5, 5, 5, 1}, other_allocator<char>(7));
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, char, C, Ks, Vs>;
+    auto mo  = M(Ks(ks, other_allocator<int>(6)), Vs(vs, other_allocator<int>(7)), C(5));
+    auto m   = mo;
+
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(m.keys() == ks);
+    assert(m.values() == vs);
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == other_allocator<int>(-2));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == other_allocator<char>(-2));
+
+    // mo is unchanged
+    assert(mo.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(mo.keys() == ks);
+    assert(mo.values() == vs);
+    assert(mo.keys().get_allocator() == other_allocator<int>(6));
+    assert(mo.values().get_allocator() == other_allocator<char>(7));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_alloc.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_alloc.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3047c004d42e93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_alloc.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap(const flat_multimap&, const allocator_type&);
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // The constructors in this subclause shall not participate in overload
+    // resolution unless uses_allocator_v<key_container_type, Alloc> is true
+    // and uses_allocator_v<mapped_container_type, Alloc> is true.
+
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = other_allocator<int>;
+    using V1 = std::vector<int, A1>;
+    using V2 = std::vector<int, A2>;
+    using M1 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V1>;
+    using M2 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V2>;
+    using M3 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V2, V1>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, const M1&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, const M1&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, const M2&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, const M3&, const A2&>);
+  }
+  {
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>> ks({1, 3, 3, 5, 5}, test_allocator<int>(6));
+    std::vector<char, test_allocator<char>> vs({2, 2, 1, 1, 1}, test_allocator<char>(7));
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, char, C, decltype(ks), decltype(vs)>;
+    auto mo = M(ks, vs, C(5));
+    auto m  = M(mo, test_allocator<int>(3));
+
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(m.keys() == ks);
+    assert(m.values() == vs);
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == test_allocator<int>(3));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == test_allocator<char>(3));
+
+    // mo is unchanged
+    assert(mo.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(mo.keys() == ks);
+    assert(mo.values() == vs);
+    assert(mo.keys().get_allocator() == test_allocator<int>(6));
+    assert(mo.values().get_allocator() == test_allocator<char>(7));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_assign.addressof.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_assign.addressof.compile.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..233a9c68593181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_assign.addressof.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap& operator=(const flat_multimap& s);
+
+// Validate whether the container can be copy-assigned (move-assigned, swapped)
+// with an ADL-hijacking operator&
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "operator_hijacker.h"
+
+void test() {
+  std::flat_multimap<operator_hijacker, operator_hijacker> so;
+  std::flat_multimap<operator_hijacker, operator_hijacker> s;
+  s = so;
+  s = std::move(so);
+  swap(s, so);
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_assign.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_assign.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3dd7ebdd388714
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/copy_assign.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap& operator=(const flat_multimap& m);
+
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // test_allocator is not propagated
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>> ks({1, 1, 3, 3, 5}, test_allocator<int>(6));
+    std::vector<char, test_allocator<char>> vs({1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, test_allocator<char>(7));
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, char, C, decltype(ks), decltype(vs)>;
+    auto mo = M(ks, vs, C(5));
+    auto m  = M({{3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}}, C(3), test_allocator<int>(2));
+    m       = mo;
+
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(m.keys() == ks);
+    assert(m.values() == vs);
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == test_allocator<int>(2));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == test_allocator<char>(2));
+
+    // mo is unchanged
+    assert(mo.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(mo.keys() == ks);
+    assert(mo.values() == vs);
+    assert(mo.keys().get_allocator() == test_allocator<int>(6));
+    assert(mo.values().get_allocator() == test_allocator<char>(7));
+  }
+  {
+    // other_allocator is propagated
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using Ks = std::vector<int, other_allocator<int>>;
+    using Vs = std::vector<char, other_allocator<char>>;
+    auto ks  = Ks({1, 1, 3, 3, 5}, other_allocator<int>(6));
+    auto vs  = Vs({2, 1, 3, 2, 1}, other_allocator<char>(7));
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, char, C, Ks, Vs>;
+    auto mo  = M(Ks(ks, other_allocator<int>(6)), Vs(vs, other_allocator<int>(7)), C(5));
+    auto m   = M({{3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}}, C(3), other_allocator<int>(2));
+    m        = mo;
+
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(m.keys() == ks);
+    assert(m.values() == vs);
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == other_allocator<int>(6));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == other_allocator<char>(7));
+
+    // mo is unchanged
+    assert(mo.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(mo.keys() == ks);
+    assert(mo.values() == vs);
+    assert(mo.keys().get_allocator() == other_allocator<int>(6));
+    assert(mo.values().get_allocator() == other_allocator<char>(7));
+  }
+  {
+    // self-assignment
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int>;
+    M m     = {{1, 1}, {3, 4}};
+    m       = static_cast<const M&>(m);
+    assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {3, 4}}));
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b10ddf03acde78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <climits>
+#include <deque>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <list>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <ranges>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "deduction_guides_sfinae_checks.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+using P  = std::pair<int, long>;
+using PC = std::pair<const int, long>;
+
+void test_copy() {
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap<long, short> source = {{1, 2}, {1, 3}};
+    std::flat_multimap s(source);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), decltype(source));
+    assert(s == source);
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap<long, short, std::greater<long>> source = {{1, 2}, {1, 3}};
+    std::flat_multimap s{source}; // braces instead of parens
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), decltype(source));
+    assert(s == source);
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap<long, short, std::greater<long>> source = {{1, 2}, {1, 3}};
+    std::flat_multimap s(source, std::allocator<int>());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), decltype(source));
+    assert(s == source);
+  }
+}
+
+void test_containers() {
+  std::deque<int, test_allocator<int>> ks({1, 2, 1, 2, 2, INT_MAX, 3}, test_allocator<int>(0, 42));
+  std::deque<short, test_allocator<short>> vs({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4}, test_allocator<int>(0, 43));
+  std::deque<int, test_allocator<int>> sorted_ks({1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, INT_MAX}, test_allocator<int>(0, 42));
+  std::deque<short, test_allocator<short>> sorted_vs({1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 4, 3}, test_allocator<int>(0, 43));
+  const std::pair<int, short> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 3}, {2, 2}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {3, 4}, {INT_MAX, 3}};
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(ks, vs);
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, decltype(ks), decltype(vs)>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == 42);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().get_id() == 43);
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(std::sorted_equivalent, sorted_ks, sorted_vs);
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, decltype(ks), decltype(vs)>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == 42);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().get_id() == 43);
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(ks, vs, test_allocator<long>(0, 44));
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, decltype(ks), decltype(vs)>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == 44);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().get_id() == 44);
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(std::sorted_equivalent, sorted_ks, sorted_vs, test_allocator<long>(0, 44));
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, decltype(ks), decltype(vs)>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == 44);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().get_id() == 44);
+  }
+}
+
+void test_containers_compare() {
+  std::deque<int, test_allocator<int>> ks({1, 2, 1, 2, 2, INT_MAX, 3}, test_allocator<int>(0, 42));
+  std::deque<short, test_allocator<short>> vs({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4}, test_allocator<int>(0, 43));
+  std::deque<int, test_allocator<int>> sorted_ks({INT_MAX, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1}, test_allocator<int>(0, 42));
+  std::deque<short, test_allocator<short>> sorted_vs({3, 4, 2, 4, 5, 1, 3}, test_allocator<int>(0, 43));
+  const std::pair<int, short> expected[] = {{INT_MAX, 3}, {3, 4}, {2, 2}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {1, 1}, {1, 3}};
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(ks, vs, std::greater<int>());
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::greater<int>, decltype(ks), decltype(vs)>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == 42);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().get_id() == 43);
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(std::sorted_equivalent, sorted_ks, sorted_vs, std::greater<int>());
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::greater<int>, decltype(ks), decltype(vs)>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == 42);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().get_id() == 43);
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(ks, vs, std::greater<int>(), test_allocator<long>(0, 44));
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::greater<int>, decltype(ks), decltype(vs)>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == 44);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().get_id() == 44);
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(
+        std::sorted_equivalent, sorted_ks, sorted_vs, std::greater<int>(), test_allocator<long>(0, 44));
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::greater<int>, decltype(ks), decltype(vs)>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == 44);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().get_id() == 44);
+  }
+}
+
+void test_iter_iter() {
+  const P arr[]          = {{1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {1, 1L}, {INT_MAX, 1L}, {3, 1L}};
+  const P sorted_arr[]   = {{1, 1L}, {1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {3, 1L}, {INT_MAX, 1L}};
+  const PC arrc[]        = {{1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {1, 1L}, {INT_MAX, 1L}, {3, 1L}};
+  const PC sorted_arrc[] = {{1, 1L}, {1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {3, 1L}, {INT_MAX, 1L}};
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::begin(arr), std::end(arr));
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::begin(arrc), std::end(arrc));
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::begin(sorted_arr), std::end(sorted_arr));
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::begin(sorted_arrc), std::end(sorted_arrc));
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap<int, short> mo;
+    std::flat_multimap m(mo.begin(), mo.end());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), decltype(mo));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap<int, short> mo;
+    std::flat_multimap m(mo.cbegin(), mo.cend());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), decltype(mo));
+  }
+}
+
+void test_iter_iter_compare() {
+  const P arr[]          = {{1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {1, 1L}, {INT_MAX, 1L}, {3, 1L}};
+  const P sorted_arr[]   = {{INT_MAX, 1L}, {3, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {1, 1L}, {1, 1L}};
+  const PC arrc[]        = {{1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {1, 1L}, {INT_MAX, 1L}, {3, 1L}};
+  const PC sorted_arrc[] = {{INT_MAX, 1L}, {3, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {1, 1L}, {1, 1L}};
+  using C                = std::greater<long long>;
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::begin(arr), std::end(arr), C());
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long, C>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::begin(arrc), std::end(arrc), C());
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long, C>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::begin(sorted_arr), std::end(sorted_arr), C());
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long, C>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::begin(sorted_arrc), std::end(sorted_arrc), C());
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long, C>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap<int, short> mo;
+    std::flat_multimap m(mo.begin(), mo.end(), C());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, short, C>);
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap<int, short> mo;
+    std::flat_multimap m(mo.cbegin(), mo.cend(), C());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, short, C>);
+  }
+}
+
+void test_initializer_list() {
+  const P sorted_arr[] = {{1, 1L}, {1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {3, 1L}, {INT_MAX, 1L}};
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m{std::pair{1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {1, 1L}, {INT_MAX, 1L}, {3, 1L}};
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::sorted_equivalent, {std::pair{1, 1L}, {1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {3, 1L}, {INT_MAX, 1L}});
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+}
+
+void test_initializer_list_compare() {
+  const P sorted_arr[] = {{INT_MAX, 1L}, {3, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {1, 1L}, {1, 1L}};
+  using C              = std::greater<long long>;
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m({std::pair{1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {1, 1L}, {INT_MAX, 1L}, {3, 1L}}, C());
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long, C>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::sorted_equivalent, {std::pair{INT_MAX, 1L}, {3, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {1, 1L}, {1, 1L}}, C());
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m), std::flat_multimap<int, long, C>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, sorted_arr));
+  }
+}
+
+void test_from_range() {
+  std::list<std::pair<int, short>> r     = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {1, 1}, {INT_MAX, 4}, {3, 5}};
+  const std::pair<int, short> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 5}, {INT_MAX, 4}};
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(std::from_range, r);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(std::from_range, r, test_allocator<long>(0, 42));
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(
+        decltype(s),
+        std::flat_multimap<int,
+                           short,
+                           std::less<int>,
+                           std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>>,
+                           std::vector<short, test_allocator<short>>>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == 42);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().get_id() == 42);
+  }
+}
+
+void test_from_range_compare() {
+  std::list<std::pair<int, short>> r     = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {1, 1}, {INT_MAX, 4}, {3, 5}};
+  const std::pair<int, short> expected[] = {{INT_MAX, 4}, {3, 5}, {2, 2}, {1, 1}, {1, 1}};
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(std::from_range, r, std::greater<int>());
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::greater<int>>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s(std::from_range, r, std::greater<int>(), test_allocator<long>(0, 42));
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(
+        decltype(s),
+        std::flat_multimap<int,
+                           short,
+                           std::greater<int>,
+                           std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>>,
+                           std::vector<short, test_allocator<short>>>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == 42);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().get_id() == 42);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  // Each test function also tests the sorted_equivalent-prefixed and allocator-suffixed overloads.
+  test_copy();
+  test_containers();
+  test_containers_compare();
+  test_iter_iter();
+  test_iter_iter_compare();
+  test_initializer_list();
+  test_initializer_list_compare();
+  test_from_range();
+  test_from_range_compare();
+
+  AssociativeContainerDeductionGuidesSfinaeAway<std::flat_multimap, std::flat_multimap<int, short>>();
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap s = {std::make_pair(1, 'a')}; // flat_multimap(initializer_list<pair<int, char>>)
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, char>);
+    assert(s.size() == 1);
+  }
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short>;
+    M m;
+    std::flat_multimap s = {std::make_pair(m, m)}; // flat_multimap(initializer_list<pair<M, M>>)
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<M, M>);
+    assert(s.size() == 1);
+    assert(s.find(m)->second == m);
+  }
+
+  {
+    std::pair<int, int> source[3] = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}};
+    std::flat_multimap s          = {source, source + 3}; // flat_multimap(InputIterator, InputIterator)
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, int>);
+    assert(s.size() == 3);
+  }
+  {
+    std::pair<int, int> source[3] = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}};
+    std::flat_multimap s{source, source + 3}; // flat_multimap(InputIterator, InputIterator)
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, int>);
+    assert(s.size() == 3);
+  }
+  {
+    std::pair<int, int> source[3] = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 3}};
+    std::flat_multimap s{
+        std::sorted_equivalent, source, source + 3}; // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator, InputIterator)
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, int>>);
+    assert(s.size() == 3);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct.verify.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct.verify.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..abe5d4b7a8f72f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct.verify.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// Test CTAD on cases where deduction should fail.
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+struct NotAnAllocator {
+  friend bool operator<(NotAnAllocator, NotAnAllocator) { return false; }
+};
+
+using P  = std::pair<int, long>;
+using PC = std::pair<const int, long>;
+
+void test() {
+  {
+    // cannot deduce Key and T from just (KeyContainer), even if it's a container of pairs
+    std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> v;
+    std::flat_multimap s(v);
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // cannot deduce Key and T from just (KeyContainer, Allocator)
+    std::vector<int> v;
+    std::flat_multimap s(v, std::allocator<std::pair<const int, int>>());
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // cannot deduce Key and T from nothing
+    std::flat_multimap m;
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // cannot deduce Key and T from just (Compare)
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::less<int>{});
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // cannot deduce Key and T from just (Compare, Allocator)
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::less<int>{}, std::allocator<PC>{});
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // cannot deduce Key and T from just (Allocator)
+    std::flat_multimap m(std::allocator<PC>{});
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // cannot convert from some arbitrary unrelated type
+    NotAnAllocator a;
+    std::flat_multimap m(a);
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // cannot deduce that the inner braced things should be std::pair and not something else
+    std::flat_multimap m{{1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {3, 3L}};
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // cannot deduce that the inner braced things should be std::pair and not something else
+    std::flat_multimap m({{1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {3, 3L}}, std::less<int>());
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // cannot deduce that the inner braced things should be std::pair and not something else
+    std::flat_multimap m({{1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {3, 3L}}, std::less<int>(), std::allocator<PC>());
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // cannot deduce that the inner braced things should be std::pair and not something else
+    std::flat_multimap m({{1, 1L}, {2, 2L}, {3, 3L}}, std::allocator<PC>());
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // since we have parens, not braces, this deliberately does not find the initializer_list constructor
+    std::flat_multimap m(P{1, 1L});
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+  {
+    // since we have parens, not braces, this deliberately does not find the initializer_list constructor
+    std::flat_multimap m(PC{1, 1L});
+    // expected-error-re at -1{{{{no viable constructor or deduction guide for deduction of template arguments of '.*flat_multimap'}}}}
+  }
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct_pmr.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct_pmr.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1955a8806631b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/deduct_pmr.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+// UNSUPPORTED: availability-pmr-missing
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <climits>
+#include <deque>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <list>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory_resource>
+#include <ranges>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+using P  = std::pair<int, long>;
+using PC = std::pair<const int, long>;
+
+void test_containers() {
+  std::deque<int, test_allocator<int>> ks({1, 2, 1, 2, 2, INT_MAX, 3}, test_allocator<int>(0, 42));
+  std::deque<short, test_allocator<short>> vs({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4}, test_allocator<int>(0, 43));
+  std::deque<int, test_allocator<int>> sorted_ks({1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, INT_MAX}, test_allocator<int>(0, 42));
+  std::deque<short, test_allocator<short>> sorted_vs({1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 4, 3}, test_allocator<int>(0, 43));
+  const std::pair<int, short> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 3}, {2, 2}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {3, 4}, {INT_MAX, 3}};
+  {
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr2;
+    std::pmr::deque<int> pks(ks.begin(), ks.end(), &mr);
+    std::pmr::deque<short> pvs(vs.begin(), vs.end(), &mr);
+    std::flat_multimap s(std::move(pks), std::move(pvs), &mr2);
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(
+        decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::pmr::deque<int>, std::pmr::deque<short>>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+  }
+  {
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr2;
+    std::pmr::deque<int> pks(sorted_ks.begin(), sorted_ks.end(), &mr);
+    std::pmr::deque<short> pvs(sorted_vs.begin(), sorted_vs.end(), &mr);
+    std::flat_multimap s(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(pks), std::move(pvs), &mr2);
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(
+        decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::pmr::deque<int>, std::pmr::deque<short>>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+  }
+}
+
+void test_containers_compare() {
+  std::deque<int, test_allocator<int>> ks({1, 2, 1, 2, 2, INT_MAX, 3}, test_allocator<int>(0, 42));
+  std::deque<short, test_allocator<short>> vs({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4}, test_allocator<int>(0, 43));
+  std::deque<int, test_allocator<int>> sorted_ks({INT_MAX, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1}, test_allocator<int>(0, 42));
+  std::deque<short, test_allocator<short>> sorted_vs({3, 4, 2, 4, 5, 1, 3}, test_allocator<int>(0, 43));
+  const std::pair<int, short> expected[] = {{INT_MAX, 3}, {3, 4}, {2, 2}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {1, 1}, {1, 3}};
+
+  {
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr2;
+    std::pmr::deque<int> pks(ks.begin(), ks.end(), &mr);
+    std::pmr::deque<short> pvs(vs.begin(), vs.end(), &mr);
+    std::flat_multimap s(std::move(pks), std::move(pvs), std::greater<int>(), &mr2);
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(
+        decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::greater<int>, std::pmr::deque<int>, std::pmr::deque<short>>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+  }
+  {
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr2;
+    std::pmr::deque<int> pks(sorted_ks.begin(), sorted_ks.end(), &mr);
+    std::pmr::deque<short> pvs(sorted_vs.begin(), sorted_vs.end(), &mr);
+    std::flat_multimap s(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(pks), std::move(pvs), std::greater<int>(), &mr2);
+
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(
+        decltype(s), std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::greater<int>, std::pmr::deque<int>, std::pmr::deque<short>>);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(s, expected));
+    assert(s.keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+    assert(s.values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test_containers();
+  test_containers_compare();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/default.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/default.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c910f748d95fed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/default.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap();
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+struct DefaultCtableComp {
+  explicit DefaultCtableComp() { default_constructed_ = true; }
+  bool operator()(int, int) const { return false; }
+  bool default_constructed_ = false;
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap<int, char*> m;
+    assert(m.empty());
+  }
+  {
+    // explicit(false)
+    std::flat_multimap<int, char*> m = {};
+    assert(m.empty());
+  }
+  {
+    std::flat_multimap<int, char*, DefaultCtableComp, std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>> m;
+    assert(m.empty());
+    assert(m.begin() == m.end());
+    assert(m.key_comp().default_constructed_);
+  }
+  {
+    using A1 = explicit_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = explicit_allocator<char*>;
+    {
+      std::flat_multimap<int, char*, DefaultCtableComp, std::vector<int, A1>, std::vector<char*, A2>> m;
+      assert(m.empty());
+      assert(m.key_comp().default_constructed_);
+    }
+    {
+      A1 a1;
+      std::flat_multimap<int, int, DefaultCtableComp, std::vector<int, A1>, std::vector<int, A1>> m(a1);
+      assert(m.empty());
+      assert(m.key_comp().default_constructed_);
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    // If an allocator is given, it must be usable by both containers.
+    using A = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<>, std::vector<int>, std::vector<int, A>>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, A>);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/default_noexcept.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/default_noexcept.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..298945d1b4b607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/default_noexcept.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap()
+//    noexcept(
+//        is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<key_container_type> &&
+//        is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<mapped_container_type> &&
+//        is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<key_compare>);
+
+// This tests a conforming extension
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+struct ThrowingCtorComp {
+  ThrowingCtorComp() noexcept(false) {}
+  bool operator()(const auto&, const auto&) const { return false; }
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<MoveOnly, MoveOnly>;
+    static_assert(std::is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<C>);
+  }
+  {
+    using C =
+        std::flat_multimap<MoveOnly, MoveOnly, std::less<MoveOnly>, std::vector<MoveOnly, test_allocator<MoveOnly>>>;
+    static_assert(std::is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<C>);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_VERSION
+  {
+    using C =
+        std::flat_multimap<MoveOnly, MoveOnly, std::less<MoveOnly>, std::vector<MoveOnly, other_allocator<MoveOnly>>>;
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<C>);
+    C c;
+  }
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<MoveOnly, MoveOnly, ThrowingCtorComp>;
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<C>);
+    C c;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/dtor_noexcept.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/dtor_noexcept.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5d729fecb81f24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/dtor_noexcept.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// ~flat_multimap();
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+struct ThrowingDtorComp {
+  bool operator()(const auto&, const auto&) const;
+  ~ThrowingDtorComp() noexcept(false);
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<MoveOnly, MoveOnly>;
+    static_assert(std::is_nothrow_destructible_v<C>);
+  }
+  {
+    using V = std::vector<MoveOnly, test_allocator<MoveOnly>>;
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<MoveOnly, MoveOnly, std::less<MoveOnly>, V, V>;
+    static_assert(std::is_nothrow_destructible_v<C>);
+  }
+  {
+    using V = std::deque<MoveOnly, other_allocator<MoveOnly>>;
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<MoveOnly, MoveOnly, std::greater<MoveOnly>, V, V>;
+    static_assert(std::is_nothrow_destructible_v<C>);
+  }
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<MoveOnly, MoveOnly, ThrowingDtorComp>;
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_destructible_v<C>);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_VERSION
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/initializer_list.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/initializer_list.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8e89192ec0ea1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/initializer_list.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp = key_compare());
+// template<class Alloc>
+//    flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, const Alloc& a);
+// template<class Alloc>
+//    flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp, const Alloc& a);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+
+struct DefaultCtableComp {
+  explicit DefaultCtableComp() { default_constructed_ = true; }
+  bool operator()(int, int) const { return false; }
+  bool default_constructed_ = false;
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // The constructors in this subclause shall not participate in overload
+    // resolution unless uses_allocator_v<key_container_type, Alloc> is true
+    // and uses_allocator_v<mapped_container_type, Alloc> is true.
+
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = other_allocator<int>;
+    using V1 = std::vector<int, A1>;
+    using V2 = std::vector<int, A2>;
+    using M1 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V1>;
+    using M2 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V2>;
+    using M3 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V2, V1>;
+    using IL = std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, int>>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, IL, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, IL, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, IL, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, IL, const A2&>);
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, IL, const C&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, IL, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, IL, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, IL, const C&, const A2&>);
+  }
+
+  {
+    // initializer_list<value_type> needs to match exactly
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short>;
+    using C = typename M::key_compare;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, short>>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, short>>, C>);
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, short>>, C, std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, short>>, std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, short>>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, short>>, C>);
+    static_assert(
+        !std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, short>>, C, std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, short>>, std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, const short>>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, const short>>, C>);
+    static_assert(
+        !std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, const short>>, C, std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(
+        !std::is_constructible_v<M, std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, const short>>, std::allocator<int>>);
+  }
+
+  std::pair<int, short> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {5, 2}};
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type>);
+    using M                                         = std::flat_multimap<int, short>;
+    std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, short>> il = {{5, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}};
+    M m(il);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type>);
+    // explicit(false)
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short>;
+    M m     = {{5, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type>);
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::greater<int>, std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>>;
+    M m     = {{5, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}};
+    assert(std::equal(m.rbegin(), m.rend(), expected, expected + 6));
+  }
+  {
+    using A = explicit_allocator<int>;
+    {
+      // flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type>);
+      // different comparator
+      using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, DefaultCtableComp, std::vector<int, A>, std::deque<int, A>>;
+      M m     = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}};
+      assert(m.size() == 3);
+
+      std::pair<int, int> expected1[] = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}};
+      assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected1));
+      assert(m.key_comp().default_constructed_);
+    }
+    {
+      // flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type>, const Allocator&);
+      using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::greater<int>, std::deque<int, A>, std::vector<int, A>>;
+      A a;
+      M m({{5, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}}, a);
+      assert(std::equal(m.rbegin(), m.rend(), expected, expected + 6));
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type>, const key_compare&);
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, C>;
+    auto m  = M({{5, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}}, C(10));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(10));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {{{5, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}}, C(10)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+    assert(m2.key_comp() == C(10));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type>, const key_compare&);
+    // Sorting uses the comparator that was passed in
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::function<bool(int, int)>, std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>>;
+    auto m  = M({{5, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}}, std::greater<int>());
+    assert(std::equal(m.rbegin(), m.rend(), expected, expected + 6));
+    assert(m.key_comp()(2, 1) == true);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp, const Alloc& a);
+    using A = explicit_allocator<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::greater<int>, std::deque<int, A>, std::vector<int, A>>;
+    A a;
+    M m({{5, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}}, {}, a);
+    assert(std::equal(m.rbegin(), m.rend(), expected, expected + 6));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/iter_iter.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/iter_iter.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c9c5e6c99d1c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/iter_iter.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// template <class InputIterator>
+//   flat_multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const key_compare& comp = key_compare());
+// template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+//   flat_multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const Allocator& a);
+// template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+//   flat_multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const key_compare& comp, const Allocator& a);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "test_iterators.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // The constructors in this subclause shall not participate in overload
+    // resolution unless uses_allocator_v<key_container_type, Alloc> is true
+    // and uses_allocator_v<mapped_container_type, Alloc> is true.
+
+    using C     = test_less<int>;
+    using A1    = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2    = other_allocator<int>;
+    using V1    = std::vector<int, A1>;
+    using V2    = std::vector<int, A2>;
+    using M1    = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V1>;
+    using M2    = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V2>;
+    using M3    = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V2, V1>;
+    using Iter1 = typename M1::iterator;
+    using Iter2 = typename M2::iterator;
+    using Iter3 = typename M3::iterator;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, Iter1, Iter1, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, Iter1, Iter1, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, Iter2, Iter2, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, Iter3, Iter3, const A2&>);
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, Iter1, Iter1, const C&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, Iter1, Iter1, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, Iter2, Iter2, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, Iter3, Iter3, const C&, const A2&>);
+  }
+
+  using P      = std::pair<int, short>;
+  P ar[]       = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {3, 6}, {2, 7}, {3, 8}, {3, 9}};
+  P expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {2, 7}, {3, 6}, {3, 8}, {3, 9}};
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(InputIterator , InputIterator)
+    // cpp17_input_iterator
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short>;
+    auto m  = M(cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar), cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar + 9));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar), cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar + 9)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(InputIterator , InputIterator)
+    // greater
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::greater<int>, std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::deque<short>>;
+    auto m  = M(cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar), cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar + 9));
+    assert((m.keys() == std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>{3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1}));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT((m.values() == std::deque<short>{6, 8, 9, 4, 5, 7, 1, 2, 3}));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(InputIterator , InputIterator)
+    // Test when the operands are of array type (also contiguous iterator type)
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::greater<int>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>;
+    auto m  = M(ar, ar);
+    assert(m.empty());
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(InputIterator , InputIterator, const key_compare&)
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, C, std::vector<int>, std::deque<short>>;
+    auto m  = M(ar, ar + 9, C(3));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(3));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {ar, ar + 9, C(3)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+    assert(m2.key_comp() == C(3));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(InputIterator , InputIterator, const Allocator&)
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A1>, std::deque<short, A2>>;
+    auto m   = M(ar, ar + 9, A1(5));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(InputIterator , InputIterator, const Allocator&)
+    // explicit(false)
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A1>, std::deque<short, A2>>;
+    M m      = {ar, ar + 9, A1(5)}; // implicit ctor
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(InputIterator , InputIterator, const key_compare&, const Allocator&)
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, short, C, std::vector<int, A1>, std::deque<short, A2>>;
+    auto m   = M(ar, ar + 9, C(3), A1(5));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(3));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(InputIterator , InputIterator, const key_compare&, const Allocator&)
+    // explicit(false)
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::deque<int, A1>, std::vector<short, A2>>;
+    M m      = {ar, ar + 9, {}, A2(5)}; // implicit ctor
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/iter_iter_stability.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/iter_iter_stability.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..317b9edcd24ad2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/iter_iter_stability.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// template<class InputIterator>
+//   flat_multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const key_compare& comp = key_compare())
+//
+// libc++ uses stable_sort to ensure that flat_multimap's behavior matches map's,
+// in terms of which duplicate items are kept.
+// This tests a conforming extension.
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <random>
+#include <map>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+struct Mod256 {
+  bool operator()(int x, int y) const { return (x % 256) < (y % 256); }
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  std::mt19937 randomness;
+  std::pair<uint16_t, uint16_t> pairs[200];
+  for (auto& pair : pairs) {
+    pair = {uint16_t(randomness()), uint16_t(randomness())};
+  }
+
+  {
+    std::multimap<uint16_t, uint16_t, Mod256> m(pairs, pairs + 200);
+    std::flat_multimap<uint16_t, uint16_t, Mod256> fm(pairs, pairs + 200);
+    assert(fm.size() == m.size());
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(fm, m));
+  }
+  {
+    std::multimap<uint16_t, uint16_t, Mod256> m(pairs, pairs + 200, std::allocator<int>());
+    std::flat_multimap<uint16_t, uint16_t, Mod256> fm(pairs, pairs + 200, std::allocator<int>());
+    assert(fm.size() == m.size());
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(fm, m));
+  }
+  {
+    std::multimap<uint16_t, uint16_t, Mod256> m(pairs, pairs + 200, Mod256());
+    std::flat_multimap<uint16_t, uint16_t, Mod256> fm(pairs, pairs + 200, Mod256());
+    assert(fm.size() == m.size());
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(fm, m));
+  }
+  {
+    std::multimap<uint16_t, uint16_t, Mod256> m(pairs, pairs + 200, Mod256(), std::allocator<int>());
+    std::flat_multimap<uint16_t, uint16_t, Mod256> fm(pairs, pairs + 200, Mod256(), std::allocator<int>());
+    assert(fm.size() == m.size());
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(fm, m));
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..893c9247959d66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap(flat_multimap&&);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using A = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int, A>, std::deque<int, A>>;
+    M mo    = M({{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 1}}, C(5), A(7));
+    M m     = std::move(mo);
+    assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 1}}));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A(7));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A(7));
+
+    assert(mo.empty());
+    assert(mo.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(mo.keys().get_allocator().get_id() == test_alloc_base::moved_value);
+    assert(mo.values().get_allocator().get_id() == test_alloc_base::moved_value);
+  }
+  {
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using A = min_allocator<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int, A>, std::deque<int, A>>;
+    M mo    = M({{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 1}}, C(5), A());
+    M m     = std::move(mo);
+    assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 1}}));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A());
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A());
+
+    assert(mo.empty());
+    assert(mo.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A());
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A());
+  }
+  {
+    // A moved-from flat_multimap maintains its class invariant in the presence of moved-from comparators.
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::function<bool(int, int)>>;
+    M mo    = M({{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 1}}, std::less<int>());
+    M m     = std::move(mo);
+    assert(m.size() == 3);
+    assert(std::is_sorted(m.begin(), m.end(), m.value_comp()));
+    assert(m.key_comp()(1, 2) == true);
+
+    assert(std::is_sorted(mo.begin(), mo.end(), mo.value_comp()));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.key_comp()(1, 2) == true);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(mo.empty());
+    mo.insert({{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 1}}); // insert has no preconditions
+    assert(m == mo);
+  }
+  {
+    // moved-from object maintains invariant if one of underlying container does not clear after move
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<>, std::vector<int>, CopyOnlyVector<int>>;
+    M m1    = M({1, 1, 3}, {1, 2, 3});
+    M m2    = std::move(m1);
+    assert(m2.size() == 3);
+    check_invariant(m1);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m1.empty());
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m1.keys().size() == 0);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m1.values().size() == 0);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_alloc.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_alloc.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a0259e805ac5ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_alloc.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap(flat_multimap&&, const allocator_type&);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <ranges>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // The constructors in this subclause shall not participate in overload
+    // resolution unless uses_allocator_v<key_container_type, Alloc> is true
+    // and uses_allocator_v<mapped_container_type, Alloc> is true.
+
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = other_allocator<int>;
+    using V1 = std::vector<int, A1>;
+    using V2 = std::vector<int, A2>;
+    using M1 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V1>;
+    using M2 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V2>;
+    using M3 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V2, V1>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, M1&&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, M1&&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, M2&&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, M3&&, const A2&>);
+  }
+  {
+    std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {2, 2}, {3, 1}};
+    using C                        = test_less<int>;
+    using A                        = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M                        = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int, A>, std::deque<int, A>>;
+    auto mo                        = M(expected, expected + 5, C(5), A(7));
+    auto m                         = M(std::move(mo), A(3));
+
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(m.size() == 5);
+    auto [keys, values] = std::move(m).extract();
+    assert(keys.get_allocator() == A(3));
+    assert(values.get_allocator() == A(3));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(keys, expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(values, expected | std::views::elements<1>));
+
+    // The original flat_multimap is moved-from.
+    assert(std::is_sorted(mo.begin(), mo.end(), mo.value_comp()));
+    assert(mo.empty());
+    assert(mo.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(mo.keys().get_allocator() == A(7));
+    assert(mo.values().get_allocator() == A(7));
+  }
+  {
+    // moved-from object maintains invariant if one of underlying container does not clear after move
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<>, std::vector<int>, CopyOnlyVector<int>>;
+    M m1    = M({1, 1, 3}, {1, 2, 3});
+    M m2(std::move(m1), std::allocator<int>{});
+    assert(m2.size() == 3);
+    check_invariant(m1);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m1.empty());
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m1.keys().size() == 0);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m1.values().size() == 0);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..38200d008c78a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap& operator=(flat_multimap&&);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<char>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, char, C, std::vector<int, A1>, std::vector<char, A2>>;
+    M mo     = M({{1, 1}, {1, 3}, {3, 2}}, C(5), A1(7));
+    M m      = M({}, C(3), A1(7));
+    m        = std::move(mo);
+    assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {1, 3}, {3, 2}}));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    auto [ks, vs] = std::move(m).extract();
+    assert(ks.get_allocator() == A1(7));
+    assert(vs.get_allocator() == A2(7));
+    assert(mo.empty());
+  }
+  {
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = other_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = other_allocator<char>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, char, C, std::deque<int, A1>, std::deque<char, A2>>;
+    M mo     = M({{4, 5}, {4, 4}}, C(5), A1(7));
+    M m      = M({{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {4, 4}}, C(3), A1(7));
+    m        = std::move(mo);
+    assert((m == M{{4, 5}, {4, 4}}));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    auto [ks, vs] = std::move(m).extract();
+    assert(ks.get_allocator() == A1(7));
+    assert(vs.get_allocator() == A2(7));
+    assert(mo.empty());
+  }
+  {
+    using A = min_allocator<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::greater<int>, std::vector<int, A>, std::vector<int, A>>;
+    M mo    = M({{5, 1}, {5, 2}, {3, 3}}, A());
+    M m     = M({{4, 4}, {4, 3}, {4, 2}, {1, 1}}, A());
+    m       = std::move(mo);
+    assert((m == M{{5, 1}, {5, 2}, {3, 3}}));
+    auto [ks, vs] = std::move(m).extract();
+    assert(ks.get_allocator() == A());
+    assert(vs.get_allocator() == A());
+    assert(mo.empty());
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign_clears.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign_clears.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..bc65dca32899cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign_clears.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap& operator=(flat_multimap&&);
+// Preserves the class invariant for the moved-from flat_multimap.
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <compare>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+struct MoveNegates {
+  int value_    = 0;
+  MoveNegates() = default;
+  MoveNegates(int v) : value_(v) {}
+  MoveNegates(MoveNegates&& rhs) : value_(rhs.value_) { rhs.value_ = -rhs.value_; }
+  MoveNegates& operator=(MoveNegates&& rhs) {
+    value_     = rhs.value_;
+    rhs.value_ = -rhs.value_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  ~MoveNegates()                             = default;
+  auto operator<=>(const MoveNegates&) const = default;
+};
+
+struct MoveClears {
+  int value_   = 0;
+  MoveClears() = default;
+  MoveClears(int v) : value_(v) {}
+  MoveClears(MoveClears&& rhs) : value_(rhs.value_) { rhs.value_ = 0; }
+  MoveClears& operator=(MoveClears&& rhs) {
+    value_     = rhs.value_;
+    rhs.value_ = 0;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  ~MoveClears()                             = default;
+  auto operator<=>(const MoveClears&) const = default;
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    const std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 4}, {5, 5}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}};
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<MoveNegates, int, std::less<MoveNegates>, std::vector<MoveNegates>>;
+    M m     = M(expected, expected + 8);
+    M m2    = M(expected, expected + 3);
+
+    m2 = std::move(m);
+
+    assert(std::equal(m2.begin(), m2.end(), expected, expected + 8));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.empty());
+    check_invariant(m);
+    m.insert({1, 1});
+    m.insert({2, 2});
+    assert(m.contains(1));
+    assert(m.find(2) != m.end());
+  }
+  {
+    const std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {5, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}};
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<MoveClears, int, std::less<MoveClears>, std::vector<MoveClears>>;
+    M m     = M(expected, expected + 8);
+    M m2    = M(expected, expected + 3);
+
+    m2 = std::move(m);
+
+    assert(std::equal(m2.begin(), m2.end(), expected, expected + 8));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.empty());
+    check_invariant(m);
+    m.insert({1, 1});
+    m.insert({2, 2});
+    assert(m.contains(1));
+    assert(m.find(2) != m.end());
+  }
+  {
+    // moved-from object maintains invariant if one of underlying container does not clear after move
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<>, std::vector<int>, CopyOnlyVector<int>>;
+    M m1    = M({1, 1, 3}, {1, 2, 3});
+    M m2    = M({1, 1}, {1, 2});
+    m2      = std::move(m1);
+    assert(m2.size() == 3);
+    check_invariant(m1);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m1.empty());
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m1.keys().size() == 0);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m1.values().size() == 0);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign_noexcept.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign_noexcept.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4eb58313f6f726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_assign_noexcept.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap& operator=(flat_multimap&& c)
+//     noexcept(
+//          is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_container_type>::value &&
+//          is_nothrow_move_assignable<mapped_container_type>::value &&
+//          is_nothrow_copy_assignable<key_compare>::value);
+
+// This tests a conforming extension
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory_resource>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+struct MoveSensitiveComp {
+  MoveSensitiveComp() noexcept(false)                         = default;
+  MoveSensitiveComp(const MoveSensitiveComp&) noexcept(false) = default;
+  MoveSensitiveComp(MoveSensitiveComp&& rhs) { rhs.is_moved_from_ = true; }
+  MoveSensitiveComp& operator=(const MoveSensitiveComp&) noexcept = default;
+  MoveSensitiveComp& operator=(MoveSensitiveComp&& rhs) {
+    rhs.is_moved_from_ = true;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  bool operator()(const auto&, const auto&) const { return false; }
+  bool is_moved_from_ = false;
+};
+
+struct MoveThrowsComp {
+  MoveThrowsComp(MoveThrowsComp&&) noexcept(false);
+  MoveThrowsComp(const MoveThrowsComp&) noexcept(true);
+  MoveThrowsComp& operator=(MoveThrowsComp&&) noexcept(false);
+  MoveThrowsComp& operator=(const MoveThrowsComp&) noexcept(true);
+  bool operator()(const auto&, const auto&) const;
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, int>;
+    LIBCPP_STATIC_ASSERT(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<C>);
+  }
+  {
+    using C =
+        std::flat_multimap<MoveOnly,
+                           int,
+                           std::less<MoveOnly>,
+                           std::vector<MoveOnly, test_allocator<MoveOnly>>,
+                           std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>>>;
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<C>);
+  }
+  {
+    using C =
+        std::flat_multimap<int,
+                           MoveOnly,
+                           std::less<int>,
+                           std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>>,
+                           std::vector<MoveOnly, test_allocator<MoveOnly>>>;
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<C>);
+  }
+  {
+    using C =
+        std::flat_multimap<MoveOnly,
+                           int,
+                           std::less<MoveOnly>,
+                           std::vector<MoveOnly, other_allocator<MoveOnly>>,
+                           std::vector<int, other_allocator<int>>>;
+    LIBCPP_STATIC_ASSERT(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<C>);
+  }
+  {
+    using C =
+        std::flat_multimap<int,
+                           MoveOnly,
+                           std::less<int>,
+                           std::vector<int, other_allocator<int>>,
+                           std::vector<MoveOnly, other_allocator<MoveOnly>>>;
+    LIBCPP_STATIC_ASSERT(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<C>);
+  }
+  {
+    // Test with a comparator that throws on move-assignment.
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, int, MoveThrowsComp>;
+    LIBCPP_STATIC_ASSERT(!std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<C>);
+  }
+  {
+    // Test with a container that throws on move-assignment.
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::vector<int>>;
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<C>);
+  }
+  {
+    // Test with a container that throws on move-assignment.
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<C>);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_exceptions.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_exceptions.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c2085e32be5326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_exceptions.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+// UNSUPPORTED: no-exceptions
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap(flat_multimap&& s);
+// If any member function in [flat.multimap.defn] exits via an exception, the invariant is restored.
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+static int countdown = 0;
+
+struct EvilContainer : std::vector<int> {
+  EvilContainer() = default;
+  EvilContainer(EvilContainer&& rhs) {
+    // Throw on move-construction.
+    if (--countdown == 0) {
+      rhs.insert(rhs.end(), 0);
+      rhs.insert(rhs.end(), 0);
+      throw 42;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    using M   = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, EvilContainer, std::vector<int>>;
+    M mo      = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 3}};
+    countdown = 1;
+    try {
+      M m = std::move(mo);
+      assert(false); // not reached
+    } catch (int x) {
+      assert(x == 42);
+    }
+    // The source flat_multimap maintains its class invariant.
+    check_invariant(mo);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(mo.empty());
+  }
+  {
+    using M   = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::vector<int>, EvilContainer>;
+    M mo      = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 3}};
+    countdown = 1;
+    try {
+      M m = std::move(mo);
+      assert(false); // not reached
+    } catch (int x) {
+      assert(x == 42);
+    }
+    // The source flat_multimap maintains its class invariant.
+    check_invariant(mo);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(mo.empty());
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_noexcept.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_noexcept.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e038902e26d52a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/move_noexcept.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap(flat_multimap&&)
+//        noexcept(is_nothrow_move_constructible<key_container_type>::value &&
+//                 is_nothrow_move_constructible<mapped_container_type>::value &&
+//                 is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_compare>::value);
+
+// This tests a conforming extension
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+
+template <class T>
+struct ThrowingMoveAllocator {
+  using value_type                                    = T;
+  explicit ThrowingMoveAllocator()                    = default;
+  ThrowingMoveAllocator(const ThrowingMoveAllocator&) = default;
+  ThrowingMoveAllocator(ThrowingMoveAllocator&&) noexcept(false) {}
+  T* allocate(std::ptrdiff_t n) { return std::allocator<T>().allocate(n); }
+  void deallocate(T* p, std::ptrdiff_t n) { return std::allocator<T>().deallocate(p, n); }
+  friend bool operator==(ThrowingMoveAllocator, ThrowingMoveAllocator) = default;
+};
+
+struct ThrowingMoveComp {
+  ThrowingMoveComp() = default;
+  ThrowingMoveComp(const ThrowingMoveComp&) noexcept(true) {}
+  ThrowingMoveComp(ThrowingMoveComp&&) noexcept(false) {}
+  bool operator()(const auto&, const auto&) const { return false; }
+};
+
+struct MoveSensitiveComp {
+  MoveSensitiveComp() noexcept(false)                  = default;
+  MoveSensitiveComp(const MoveSensitiveComp&) noexcept = default;
+  MoveSensitiveComp(MoveSensitiveComp&& rhs) { rhs.is_moved_from_ = true; }
+  MoveSensitiveComp& operator=(const MoveSensitiveComp&) noexcept(false) = default;
+  MoveSensitiveComp& operator=(MoveSensitiveComp&& rhs) {
+    rhs.is_moved_from_ = true;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  bool operator()(const auto&, const auto&) const { return false; }
+  bool is_moved_from_ = false;
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, int>;
+    LIBCPP_STATIC_ASSERT(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<C>);
+    C c;
+    C d = std::move(c);
+  }
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::deque<int, test_allocator<int>>>;
+    LIBCPP_STATIC_ASSERT(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<C>);
+    C c;
+    C d = std::move(c);
+  }
+#if _LIBCPP_VERSION
+  {
+    // Container fails to be nothrow-move-constructible; this relies on libc++'s support for non-nothrow-copyable allocators
+    using C =
+        std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::deque<int, ThrowingMoveAllocator<int>>, std::vector<int>>;
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<std::deque<int, ThrowingMoveAllocator<int>>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<C>);
+    C c;
+    C d = std::move(c);
+  }
+  {
+    // Container fails to be nothrow-move-constructible; this relies on libc++'s support for non-nothrow-copyable allocators
+    using C =
+        std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::vector<int>, std::deque<int, ThrowingMoveAllocator<int>>>;
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<std::deque<int, ThrowingMoveAllocator<int>>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<C>);
+    C c;
+    C d = std::move(c);
+  }
+#endif // _LIBCPP_VERSION
+  {
+    // Comparator fails to be nothrow-move-constructible
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, int, ThrowingMoveComp>;
+    static_assert(!std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<C>);
+    C c;
+    C d = std::move(c);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/pmr.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/pmr.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8b518f6afbda9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/pmr.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+// UNSUPPORTED: availability-pmr-missing
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// Test various constructors with pmr
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory_resource>
+#include <ranges>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "test_iterators.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(const Allocator& a);
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<short>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::polymorphic_allocator<int> pa = &mr;
+    auto m1                                 = M(pa);
+    assert(m1.empty());
+    assert(m1.keys().get_allocator() == pa);
+    assert(m1.values().get_allocator() == pa);
+    auto m2 = M(&mr);
+    assert(m2.empty());
+    assert(m2.keys().get_allocator() == pa);
+    assert(m2.values().get_allocator() == pa);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(const key_compare& comp, const Alloc& a);
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::function<bool(int, int)>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+    vm.emplace_back(std::greater<int>());
+    assert(vm[0] == M{});
+    assert(vm[0].key_comp()(2, 1) == true);
+    assert(vm[0].value_comp()({2, 0}, {1, 0}) == true);
+    assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(const key_container_type& key_cont, const mapped_container_type& mapped_cont,
+    //          const Allocator& a);
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+    std::pmr::vector<int> ks = {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3};
+    std::pmr::vector<int> vs = {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3};
+    assert(ks.get_allocator().resource() != &mr);
+    assert(vs.get_allocator().resource() != &mr);
+    vm.emplace_back(ks, vs);
+    assert(ks.size() == 9); // ks' value is unchanged, since it was an lvalue above
+    assert(vs.size() == 9); // vs' value is unchanged, since it was an lvalue above
+    assert((vm[0] == M{{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}}));
+    assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(const flat_multimap&, const allocator_type&);
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr1;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr2;
+    M mo = M({1, 2, 1}, {2, 2, 1}, C(5), &mr1);
+    M m  = {mo, &mr2}; // also test the implicitness of this constructor
+
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert((m.keys() == std::pmr::vector<int>{1, 1, 2}));
+    assert((m.values() == std::pmr::vector<int>{2, 1, 2}));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+
+    // mo is unchanged
+    assert(mo.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert((mo.keys() == std::pmr::vector<int>{1, 1, 2}));
+    assert((mo.values() == std::pmr::vector<int>{2, 1, 2}));
+    assert(mo.keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr1);
+    assert(mo.values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr1);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(const flat_multimap&, const allocator_type&);
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::deque<int>>;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vs;
+    M m = {{1, 2}, {1, 2}, {3, 1}};
+    vs.push_back(m);
+    assert(vs[0] == m);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap& operator=(const flat_multimap& m);
+    // pmr allocator is not propagated
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<>, std::pmr::deque<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr1;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr2;
+    M mo = M({{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 3}}, &mr1);
+    M m  = M({{4, 4}, {4, 5}}, &mr2);
+    m    = mo;
+    assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 3}}));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+
+    // mo is unchanged
+    assert((mo == M{{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 3}}));
+    assert(mo.keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr1);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(const flat_multimap& m);
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    auto mo = M({{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 3}}, C(5), &mr);
+    auto m  = mo;
+
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 3}}));
+    auto [ks, vs] = std::move(m).extract();
+    assert(ks.get_allocator().resource() == std::pmr::get_default_resource());
+    assert(vs.get_allocator().resource() == std::pmr::get_default_resource());
+
+    // mo is unchanged
+    assert(mo.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert((mo == M{{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 3}}));
+    auto [kso, vso] = std::move(mo).extract();
+    assert(kso.get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vso.get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+  }
+  {
+    //  flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, const Alloc& a);
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+    std::initializer_list<M::value_type> il = {{3, 3}, {1, 1}, {4, 4}, {1, 1}, {5, 5}};
+    vm.emplace_back(il);
+    assert((vm[0] == M{{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}}));
+    assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+  }
+  {
+    //  flat_multimap(initializer_list<value_type> il, const key_compare& comp, const Alloc& a);
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::deque<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+    std::initializer_list<M::value_type> il = {{3, 3}, {1, 1}, {4, 4}, {1, 1}, {5, 5}};
+    vm.emplace_back(il, C(5));
+    assert((vm[0] == M{{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}}));
+    assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vm[0].key_comp() == C(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const Allocator& a);
+    using P      = std::pair<int, short>;
+    P ar[]       = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {3, 6}, {2, 7}, {3, 8}, {3, 9}};
+    P expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {2, 7}, {3, 6}, {3, 8}, {3, 9}};
+    {
+      //  cpp17 iterator
+      using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<short>>;
+      std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+      std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+      vm.emplace_back(cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar), cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar + 9));
+      assert(std::ranges::equal(vm[0].keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(vm[0], expected));
+      assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+      assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    }
+    {
+      using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<short>>;
+      std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+      std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+      vm.emplace_back(ar, ar);
+      assert(vm[0].empty());
+      assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+      assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(flat_multimap&&, const allocator_type&);
+    std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 1}};
+    using C                        = test_less<int>;
+    using M                        = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::deque<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr1;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr2;
+    M mo = M({{1, 1}, {3, 1}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}}, C(5), &mr1);
+    M m  = {std::move(mo), &mr2}; // also test the implicitness of this constructor
+
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(m.size() == 4);
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+
+    // The original flat_multimap is moved-from.
+    assert(std::is_sorted(mo.begin(), mo.end(), mo.value_comp()));
+    assert(mo.key_comp() == C(5));
+    assert(mo.keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr1);
+    assert(mo.values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr1);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(flat_multimap&&, const allocator_type&);
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<>, std::pmr::deque<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vs;
+    M m = {{1, 1}, {3, 1}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}};
+    vs.push_back(std::move(m));
+    assert((vs[0].keys() == std::pmr::deque<int>{1, 1, 2, 3}));
+    assert((vs[0].values() == std::pmr::vector<int>{1, 1, 2, 1}));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap& operator=(flat_multimap&&);
+    using M = std::
+        flat_multimap<std::pmr::string, int, std::less<>, std::pmr::vector<std::pmr::string>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr1;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr2;
+    M mo = M({{"short", 1},
+              {"very long string that definitely won't fit in the SSO buffer and therefore becomes empty on move", 2}},
+             &mr1);
+    M m  = M({{"don't care", 3}}, &mr2);
+    m    = std::move(mo);
+    assert(m.size() == 2);
+    assert(std::is_sorted(m.begin(), m.end(), m.value_comp()));
+    assert(m.begin()->first.get_allocator().resource() == &mr2);
+
+    assert(std::is_sorted(mo.begin(), mo.end(), mo.value_comp()));
+    mo.insert({"foo", 1});
+    assert(mo.begin()->first.get_allocator().resource() == &mr1);
+  }
+  {
+    //  flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, const Alloc&);
+    using P      = std::pair<int, short>;
+    P ar[]       = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {3, 6}, {2, 7}, {3, 8}, {3, 9}};
+    P expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {2, 7}, {3, 6}, {3, 8}, {3, 9}};
+    {
+      // input_range
+      using M    = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<short>>;
+      using Iter = cpp20_input_iterator<const P*>;
+      using Sent = sentinel_wrapper<Iter>;
+      using R    = std::ranges::subrange<Iter, Sent>;
+      std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+      std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+      vm.emplace_back(std::from_range, R(Iter(ar), Sent(Iter(ar + 9))));
+      assert(std::ranges::equal(vm[0].keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(vm[0], expected));
+      assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+      assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    }
+    {
+      using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<short>>;
+      using R = std::ranges::subrange<const P*>;
+      std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+      std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+      vm.emplace_back(std::from_range, R(ar, ar));
+      assert(vm[0].empty());
+      assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+      assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, const key_container_type& key_cont,
+    //          const mapped_container_type& mapped_cont, const Alloc& a);
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+    std::pmr::vector<int> ks = {1, 1, 4, 10};
+    std::pmr::vector<int> vs = {4, 3, 2, 1};
+    vm.emplace_back(std::sorted_equivalent, ks, vs);
+    assert(!ks.empty()); // it was an lvalue above
+    assert(!vs.empty()); // it was an lvalue above
+    assert((vm[0] == M{{1, 4}, {1, 3}, {4, 2}, {10, 1}}));
+    assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, const key_container_type& key_cont,
+    //          const mapped_container_type& mapped_cont, const Alloc& a);
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+    std::pmr::vector<int> ks({1, 1, 4, 10}, &mr);
+    std::pmr::vector<int> vs({4, 3, 2, 1}, &mr);
+    vm.emplace_back(std::sorted_equivalent, ks, vs);
+    assert((vm[0] == M{{1, 4}, {1, 3}, {4, 2}, {10, 1}}));
+    assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type> il, const Alloc& a);
+    // cpp_17
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+    using P = std::pair<int, int>;
+    P ar[]  = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    vm.emplace_back(
+        std::sorted_equivalent, cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar), cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar + 4), C(3));
+    assert((vm[0] == M{{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 4}, {5, 5}}));
+    assert(vm[0].key_comp() == C(3));
+    assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type> il, const Alloc& a);
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+    std::pair<int, int> ar[1] = {{42, 42}};
+    vm.emplace_back(std::sorted_equivalent, ar, ar, C(4));
+    assert(vm[0] == M{});
+    assert(vm[0].key_comp() == C(4));
+    assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const Alloc& a);
+    // cpp_17
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+    using P = std::pair<int, int>;
+    P ar[]  = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    vm.emplace_back(
+        std::sorted_equivalent, cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar), cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar + 4), C(3));
+    assert((vm[0] == M{{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 4}, {5, 5}}));
+    assert(vm[0].key_comp() == C(3));
+    assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const Alloc& a);
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::pmr::vector<int>, std::pmr::vector<int>>;
+    std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource mr;
+    std::pmr::vector<M> vm(&mr);
+    std::pair<int, int> ar[1] = {{42, 42}};
+    vm.emplace_back(std::sorted_equivalent, ar, ar, C(4));
+    assert(vm[0] == M{});
+    assert(vm[0].key_comp() == C(4));
+    assert(vm[0].keys().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+    assert(vm[0].values().get_allocator().resource() == &mr);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/range.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/range.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..de750e2506341f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/range.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+//     flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&)
+// template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+//     flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, const key_compare&)
+// template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R, class Alloc>
+//      flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, const Alloc&);
+// template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R, class Alloc>
+//      flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, const key_compare&, const Alloc&);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "test_iterators.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+
+// test constraint container-compatible-range
+
+template <class V>
+using RangeOf = std::ranges::subrange<V*>;
+using Map     = std::flat_multimap<int, double>;
+
+static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<std::pair<int, double>>>);
+static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<std::pair<short, double>>>);
+static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<int>>);
+static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<double>>);
+
+static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<std::pair<int, double>>, std::less<int>>);
+static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<std::pair<short, double>>, std::less<int>>);
+static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<int>, std::less<int>>);
+static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<double>, std::less<int>>);
+
+static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<std::pair<int, double>>, std::allocator<int>>);
+static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<std::pair<short, double>>, std::allocator<int>>);
+static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<int>, std::allocator<int>>);
+static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<double>, std::allocator<int>>);
+
+static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<Map,
+                                      std::from_range_t,
+                                      RangeOf<std::pair<int, double>>,
+                                      std::less<int>,
+                                      std::allocator<int>>);
+static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<Map,
+                                      std::from_range_t,
+                                      RangeOf<std::pair<short, double>>,
+                                      std::less<int>,
+                                      std::allocator<int>>);
+static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<int>, std::less<int>, std::allocator<int>>);
+static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<Map, std::from_range_t, RangeOf<double>, std::less<int>, std::allocator<int>>);
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // The constructors in this subclause shall not participate in overload
+    // resolution unless uses_allocator_v<key_container_type, Alloc> is true
+    // and uses_allocator_v<mapped_container_type, Alloc> is true.
+
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = other_allocator<int>;
+    using V1 = std::vector<int, A1>;
+    using V2 = std::vector<int, A2>;
+    using M1 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V1>;
+    using M2 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V2>;
+    using M3 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V2, V1>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::from_range_t, M1, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::from_range_t, M1, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, std::from_range_t, M2, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, std::from_range_t, M3, const A2&>);
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::from_range_t, M1, const C&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::from_range_t, M1, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, std::from_range_t, M2, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, std::from_range_t, M3, const C&, const A2&>);
+  }
+  {
+    // container-compatible-range
+    using C           = test_less<int>;
+    using A1          = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2          = test_allocator<std::string>;
+    using M           = std::flat_multimap<int, std::string, C, std::vector<int, A1>, std::vector<std::string, A2>>;
+    using Pair        = std::pair<int, std::string>;
+    using PairLike    = std::tuple<int, std::string>;
+    using NonPairLike = int;
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<Pair>&>);
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<PairLike>&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<NonPairLike>&>);
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<Pair>&, const C&>);
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<PairLike>&, const C&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<NonPairLike>&, const C&>);
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<Pair>&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<PairLike>&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<NonPairLike>&, const A1&>);
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<Pair>&, const C&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<PairLike>&, const C&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M, std::from_range_t, std::vector<NonPairLike>&, const C&, const A1&>);
+  }
+
+  using P      = std::pair<int, short>;
+  P ar[]       = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {3, 6}, {2, 7}, {3, 8}, {3, 9}};
+  P expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {2, 7}, {3, 6}, {3, 8}, {3, 9}};
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&)
+    // input_range && !common
+    using M    = std::flat_multimap<int, short>;
+    using Iter = cpp20_input_iterator<const P*>;
+    using Sent = sentinel_wrapper<Iter>;
+    using R    = std::ranges::subrange<Iter, Sent>;
+    auto m     = M(std::from_range, R(Iter(ar), Sent(Iter(ar + 9))));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {std::from_range, R(Iter(ar), Sent(Iter(ar + 9)))};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&)
+    // greater
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::greater<int>, std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::deque<short>>;
+    using Iter = cpp20_input_iterator<const P*>;
+    using Sent = sentinel_wrapper<Iter>;
+    using R    = std::ranges::subrange<Iter, Sent>;
+    auto m     = M(std::from_range, R(Iter(ar), Sent(Iter(ar + 9))));
+    assert((m.keys() == std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>{3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1}));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT((m.values() == std::deque<short>{6, 8, 9, 4, 5, 7, 1, 2, 3}));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&)
+    // contiguous range
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short>;
+    using R = std::ranges::subrange<const P*>;
+    auto m  = M(std::from_range, R(ar, ar + 9));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, const key_compare&)
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short, C, std::vector<int>, std::deque<short>>;
+    using R = std::ranges::subrange<const P*>;
+    auto m  = M(std::from_range, R(ar, ar + 9), C(3));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(3));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {std::from_range, R(ar, ar + 9), C(3)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+    assert(m2.key_comp() == C(3));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, const Allocator&)
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A1>, std::deque<short, A2>>;
+    using R  = std::ranges::subrange<const P*>;
+    auto m   = M(std::from_range, R(ar, ar + 9), A1(5));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, const Allocator&)
+    // explicit(false)
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A1>, std::deque<short, A2>>;
+    using R  = std::ranges::subrange<const P*>;
+    M m      = {std::from_range, R(ar, ar + 9), A1(5)}; // implicit ctor
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, const key_compare&, const Allocator&)
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, short, C, std::vector<int, A1>, std::deque<short, A2>>;
+    using R  = std::ranges::subrange<const P*>;
+    auto m   = M(std::from_range, R(ar, ar + 9), C(3), A1(5));
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(3));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(from_range_t, R&&, const key_compare&, const Allocator&)
+    // explicit(false)
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::deque<int, A1>, std::vector<short, A2>>;
+    using R  = std::ranges::subrange<const P*>;
+    M m      = {std::from_range, R(ar, ar + 9), {}, A2(5)}; // implicit ctor
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected | std::views::elements<0>));
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_container.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_container.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..16579f0deed5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_container.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, key_container_type key_cont, mapped_container_type mapped_cont,
+//          const key_compare& comp = key_compare());
+//
+// template<class Alloc>
+//   flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, const key_container_type& key_cont,
+//            const mapped_container_type& mapped_cont, const Alloc& a);
+// template<class Alloc>
+//   flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, const key_container_type& key_cont,
+//            const mapped_container_type& mapped_cont,
+//            const key_compare& comp, const Alloc& a);
+
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "test_iterators.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // The constructors in this subclause shall not participate in overload
+    // resolution unless uses_allocator_v<key_container_type, Alloc> is true
+    // and uses_allocator_v<mapped_container_type, Alloc> is true.
+
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = other_allocator<int>;
+    using V1 = std::vector<int, A1>;
+    using V2 = std::vector<int, A2>;
+    using M1 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V1>;
+    using M2 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V2>;
+    using M3 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V2, V1>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, const V1&, const V1&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, const V1&, const V1&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, std::sorted_equivalent_t, const V1&, const V2&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, std::sorted_equivalent_t, const V2&, const V1&, const A2&>);
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, const V1&, const V1&, const C&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, const V1&, const V1&, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, std::sorted_equivalent_t, const V1&, const V2&, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, std::sorted_equivalent_t, const V2&, const V1&, const C&, const A2&>);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, key_container_type , mapped_container_type)
+    using M              = std::flat_multimap<int, char>;
+    std::vector<int> ks  = {1, 4, 4, 10};
+    std::vector<char> vs = {4, 3, 2, 1};
+    auto ks2             = ks;
+    auto vs2             = vs;
+
+    auto m = M(std::sorted_equivalent, ks, vs);
+    assert((m == M{{1, 4}, {4, 3}, {4, 2}, {10, 1}}));
+    m = M(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(ks), std::move(vs));
+    assert(ks.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    assert(vs.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    assert((m == M{{1, 4}, {4, 3}, {4, 2}, {10, 1}}));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(ks2), std::move(vs2)};
+    assert(m == m2);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, key_container_type , mapped_container_type)
+    // non-default container, comparator and allocator type
+    using Ks = std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>;
+    using Vs = std::deque<char, min_allocator<char>>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, char, std::greater<int>, Ks, Vs>;
+    Ks ks    = {10, 1, 1, 1};
+    Vs vs    = {1, 2, 3, 4};
+    auto m   = M(std::sorted_equivalent, ks, vs);
+    assert((m == M{{1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4}, {10, 1}}));
+    m = M(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(ks), std::move(vs));
+    assert(ks.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    assert(vs.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    assert((m == M{{1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4}, {10, 1}}));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, key_container_type , mapped_container_type)
+    // allocator copied into the containers
+    using A = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A>, std::deque<int, A>>;
+    auto ks = std::vector<int, A>({2, 2, 4, 10}, A(4));
+    auto vs = std::deque<int, A>({4, 3, 2, 1}, A(5));
+    auto m  = M(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(ks), std::move(vs));
+    assert(ks.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    assert(vs.empty()); // it was moved-from
+    assert((m == M{{2, 4}, {2, 3}, {4, 2}, {10, 1}}));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A(4));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, key_container_type , mapped_container_type, key_compare)
+    using C              = test_less<int>;
+    using M              = std::flat_multimap<int, char, C>;
+    std::vector<int> ks  = {1, 2, 10, 10};
+    std::vector<char> vs = {4, 3, 2, 1};
+
+    auto m = M(std::sorted_equivalent, ks, vs, C(4));
+    assert((m == M{{1, 4}, {2, 3}, {10, 2}, {10, 1}}));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(4));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {std::sorted_equivalent, ks, vs, C(4)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+    assert(m2.key_comp() == C(4));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, key_container_type , mapped_container_type, key_compare, const Allocator&)
+    using C                = test_less<int>;
+    using A                = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M                = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int, A>, std::vector<int, A>>;
+    std::vector<int, A> ks = {1, 2, 4, 10};
+    std::vector<int, A> vs = {4, 3, 2, 1};
+    auto m                 = M(std::sorted_equivalent, ks, vs, C(4), A(5));
+    assert((m == M{{1, 4}, {2, 3}, {4, 2}, {10, 1}}));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(4));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A(5));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {ks, vs, C(4), A(5)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+    assert(m2.key_comp() == C(4));
+    assert(m2.keys().get_allocator() == A(5));
+    assert(m2.values().get_allocator() == A(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, key_container_type , mapped_container_type, const Allocator&)
+    using A = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A>, std::deque<int, A>>;
+    auto ks = std::vector<int, A>({1, 2, 4, 4}, A(4));
+    auto vs = std::deque<int, A>({4, 3, 2, 1}, A(5));
+    auto m  = M(std::sorted_equivalent, ks, vs, A(6)); // replaces the allocators
+    assert(!ks.empty());                               // it was an lvalue above
+    assert(!vs.empty());                               // it was an lvalue above
+    assert((m == M{{1, 4}, {2, 3}, {4, 2}, {4, 1}}));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A(6));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A(6));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {std::sorted_equivalent, ks, vs, A(6)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+    assert(m2.keys().get_allocator() == A(6));
+    assert(m2.values().get_allocator() == A(6));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_initializer_list.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_initializer_list.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b34313bb3d4043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_initializer_list.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// template <class InputIterator>
+//   flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t s, initializer_list<value_type> il,
+//            const key_compare& comp = key_compare())
+// template<class Alloc>
+//   flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type> il, const Alloc& a);
+// template<class Alloc>
+//   flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type> il,
+//            const key_compare& comp, const Alloc& a);
+
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "test_iterators.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+
+template <class T, class U>
+std::initializer_list<std::pair<T, U>> il = {{1, 1}, {4, 2}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}};
+
+const auto il1 = il<int, int>;
+const auto il2 = il<int, short>;
+const auto il3 = il<short, int>;
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // The constructors in this subclause shall not participate in overload
+    // resolution unless uses_allocator_v<key_container_type, Alloc> is true
+    // and uses_allocator_v<mapped_container_type, Alloc> is true.
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = other_allocator<int>;
+    using V1 = std::vector<int, A1>;
+    using V2 = std::vector<int, A2>;
+    using M1 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V1>;
+    using M2 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V2>;
+    using M3 = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V2, V1>;
+    using IL = std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, int>>;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, IL, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, IL, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, std::sorted_equivalent_t, IL, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, std::sorted_equivalent_t, IL, const A2&>);
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, IL, const C&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, IL, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, std::sorted_equivalent_t, IL, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, std::sorted_equivalent_t, IL, const C&, const A2&>);
+  }
+  {
+    // initializer_list<value_type> needs to match exactly
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, short>;
+    using C = typename M::key_compare;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M, std::sorted_equivalent_t, std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, short>>>);
+    static_assert(
+        std::is_constructible_v<M, std::sorted_equivalent_t, std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, short>>, C>);
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M,
+                                          std::sorted_equivalent_t,
+                                          std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, short>>,
+                                          C,
+                                          std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M,
+                                          std::sorted_equivalent_t,
+                                          std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, short>>,
+                                          std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(
+        !std::is_constructible_v<M, std::sorted_equivalent_t, std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, short>>>);
+    static_assert(
+        !std::is_constructible_v<M, std::sorted_equivalent_t, std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, short>>, C>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M,
+                                           std::sorted_equivalent_t,
+                                           std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, short>>,
+                                           C,
+                                           std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M,
+                                           std::sorted_equivalent_t,
+                                           std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, short>>,
+                                           std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(
+        !std::
+            is_constructible_v<M, std::sorted_equivalent_t, std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, const short>>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M,
+                                           std::sorted_equivalent_t,
+                                           std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, const short>>,
+                                           C>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M,
+                                           std::sorted_equivalent_t,
+                                           std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, const short>>,
+                                           C,
+                                           std::allocator<int>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M,
+                                           std::sorted_equivalent_t,
+                                           std::initializer_list<std::pair<const int, const short>>,
+                                           std::allocator<int>>);
+  }
+
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type>);
+    using M       = std::flat_multimap<int, int>;
+    auto m        = M(std::sorted_equivalent, il1);
+    auto expected = M{{1, 1}, {4, 2}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    assert(m == expected);
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {std::sorted_equivalent, il1};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type>, const key_compare&);
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::function<bool(int, int)>>;
+    auto m  = M(std::sorted_equivalent, il1, std::less<int>());
+    assert(m == M({{1, 1}, {4, 2}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}}, std::less<>()));
+    assert(m.key_comp()(1, 2) == true);
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {std::sorted_equivalent, il1, std::less<int>()};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type>, const key_compare&);
+    // greater
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::greater<int>, std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int>>;
+    std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, int>> il4{{5, 5}, {4, 4}, {1, 2}, {1, 1}};
+    auto m = M(std::sorted_equivalent, il4, std::greater<int>());
+    assert((m == M{{5, 5}, {4, 4}, {1, 2}, {1, 1}}));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type>,  const Allocator&)
+    using A1      = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2      = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M       = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A1>, std::deque<short, A2>>;
+    auto m        = M(std::sorted_equivalent, il2, A1(5));
+    auto expected = M{{1, 1}, {4, 2}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    assert(m == expected);
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {std::sorted_equivalent, il2, A1(5)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+    assert(m2.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m2.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type>, const key_compare&, const Allocator&);
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, short, C, std::vector<int, A1>, std::deque<short, A2>>;
+    auto m   = M(std::sorted_equivalent, il2, C(3), A1(5));
+    assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {4, 2}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}}));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(3));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type>, const key_compare&, const Allocator&);
+    // explicit(false)
+    using A1 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<short, int, std::less<int>, std::deque<short, A1>, std::vector<int, A2>>;
+    M m      = {std::sorted_equivalent, il3, {}, A1(5)}; // implicit ctor
+    assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {4, 2}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}}));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_iter_iter.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_iter_iter.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..45c4b3dc675a5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.cons/sorted_iter_iter.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// template <class InputIterator>
+//   flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const key_compare& comp = key_compare());
+// template<class InputIterator, class Alloc>
+//   flat_multimap(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const Alloc& a);
+// template<class InputIterator, class Allocator>
+//   flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const key_compare& comp, const Allocator& a);
+
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "test_iterators.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../test_compare.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    // The constructors in this subclause shall not participate in overload
+    // resolution unless uses_allocator_v<key_container_type, Alloc> is true
+    // and uses_allocator_v<mapped_container_type, Alloc> is true.
+    using C     = test_less<int>;
+    using A1    = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2    = other_allocator<int>;
+    using V1    = std::vector<int, A1>;
+    using V2    = std::vector<int, A2>;
+    using M1    = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V1>;
+    using M2    = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V1, V2>;
+    using M3    = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, V2, V1>;
+    using Iter1 = typename M1::iterator;
+    using Iter2 = typename M2::iterator;
+    using Iter3 = typename M3::iterator;
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, Iter1, Iter1, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, Iter1, Iter1, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, std::sorted_equivalent_t, Iter2, Iter2, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, std::sorted_equivalent_t, Iter3, Iter3, const A2&>);
+
+    static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, Iter1, Iter1, const C&, const A1&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M1, std::sorted_equivalent_t, Iter1, Iter1, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M2, std::sorted_equivalent_t, Iter2, Iter2, const C&, const A2&>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_constructible_v<M3, std::sorted_equivalent_t, Iter3, Iter3, const C&, const A2&>);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator, InputIterator);
+    // cpp17_input_iterator
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int>;
+    using P = std::pair<int, int>;
+    P ar[]  = {{1, 1}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {5, 2}};
+    auto m  = M(std::sorted_equivalent, cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar), cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar + 4));
+    auto expected = M{{1, 1}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {5, 2}};
+    assert(m == expected);
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {std::sorted_equivalent, cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar), cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar + 4)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator, InputIterator);
+    // contiguous iterator
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using M =
+        std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>;
+    std::pair<int, int> ar[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 4}, {2, 2}, {5, 5}};
+    auto m                   = M(std::sorted_equivalent, ar, ar + 4);
+    auto expected            = M{{1, 1}, {1, 4}, {2, 2}, {5, 5}};
+    assert(m == expected);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator, InputIterator, const key_compare&);
+    // cpp_17_input_iterator
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::function<bool(int, int)>>;
+    using P = std::pair<int, int>;
+    P ar[]  = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    auto m  = M(std::sorted_equivalent,
+               cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar),
+               cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar + 4),
+               std::less<int>());
+    assert(m == M({{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 4}, {5, 5}}, std::less<>()));
+    assert(m.key_comp()(1, 2) == true);
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {std::sorted_equivalent,
+            cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar),
+            cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar + 4),
+            std::less<int>()};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator, InputIterator, const key_compare&);
+    // greater
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::greater<int>, std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int>>;
+    using P = std::pair<int, int>;
+    P ar[]  = {{5, 5}, {2, 4}, {2, 2}, {1, 1}};
+    auto m  = M(std::sorted_equivalent,
+               cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar),
+               cpp17_input_iterator<const P*>(ar + 4),
+               std::greater<int>());
+    assert((m == M{{5, 5}, {2, 4}, {2, 2}, {1, 1}}));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator, InputIterator, const key_compare&);
+    // contiguous iterator
+    using C = test_less<int>;
+    using M =
+        std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>;
+    std::pair<int, int> ar[1] = {{42, 42}};
+    auto m                    = M(std::sorted_equivalent, ar, ar, C(5));
+    assert(m.empty());
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator , InputIterator, const Allocator&)
+    using A1      = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2      = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M       = std::flat_multimap<int, short, std::less<int>, std::vector<int, A1>, std::deque<short, A2>>;
+    using P       = std::pair<int, int>;
+    P ar[]        = {{2, 1}, {2, 2}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    auto m        = M(std::sorted_equivalent, ar, ar + 4, A1(5));
+    auto expected = M{{2, 1}, {2, 2}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    assert(m == expected);
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+
+    // explicit(false)
+    M m2 = {std::sorted_equivalent, ar, ar + 4, A1(5)};
+    assert(m2 == m);
+    assert(m2.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m2.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator, InputIterator, const key_compare&, const Allocator&);
+    using C  = test_less<int>;
+    using A1 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<int, short, C, std::vector<int, A1>, std::deque<short, A2>>;
+    using P  = std::pair<int, int>;
+    P ar[]   = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 4}, {1, 5}};
+    auto m   = M(std::sorted_equivalent, ar, ar + 4, C(3), A1(5));
+    assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 4}, {1, 5}}));
+    assert(m.key_comp() == C(3));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+  {
+    // flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator, InputIterator, const key_compare&, const Allocator&);
+    // explicit(false)
+    using A1 = test_allocator<short>;
+    using A2 = test_allocator<int>;
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<short, int, std::less<int>, std::deque<short, A1>, std::vector<int, A2>>;
+    using P  = std::pair<int, int>;
+    P ar[]   = {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 4}, {1, 5}};
+    M m      = {std::sorted_equivalent, ar, ar + 4, {}, A1(5)}; // implicit ctor
+    assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 4}, {1, 5}}));
+    assert(m.keys().get_allocator() == A1(5));
+    assert(m.values().get_allocator() == A2(5));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.erasure/erase_if.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.erasure/erase_if.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..76d5cbd9090505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.erasure/erase_if.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template<class Key, class T, class Compare, class KeyContainer, class MappedContainer, class Predicate>
+//   typename flat_multimap<Key, T, Compare, KeyContainer, MappedContainer>::size_type
+//   erase_if(flat_multimap<Key, T, Compare, KeyContainer, MappedContainer>& c, Predicate pred);
+
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// Verify that `flat_multimap` (like `multimap`) does NOT support std::erase.
+//
+template <class S>
+concept HasStdErase = requires(S& s, typename S::value_type x) { std::erase(s, x); };
+static_assert(HasStdErase<std::vector<int>>);
+static_assert(!HasStdErase<std::flat_multimap<int, int>>);
+
+template <class M>
+M make(std::initializer_list<int> vals) {
+  M ret;
+  for (int v : vals) {
+    ret.emplace(static_cast<typename M::key_type>(v), static_cast<typename M::mapped_type>(v + 10));
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+template <class M, class Pred>
+void test0(
+    std::initializer_list<int> vals, Pred p, std::initializer_list<int> expected, std::size_t expected_erased_count) {
+  M s = make<M>(vals);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(typename M::size_type, decltype(std::erase_if(s, p)));
+  assert(expected_erased_count == std::erase_if(s, p));
+  assert(s == make<M>(expected));
+}
+
+template <class S>
+void test() {
+  // Test all the plausible signatures for this predicate.
+  auto is1   = [](typename S::const_reference v) { return v.first == 1; };
+  auto is2   = [](typename S::value_type v) { return v.first == 2; };
+  auto is3   = [](const typename S::value_type& v) { return v.first == 3; };
+  auto is4   = [](auto v) { return v.first == 4; };
+  auto True  = [](const auto&) { return true; };
+  auto False = [](auto&&) { return false; };
+
+  test0<S>({}, is1, {}, 0);
+
+  test0<S>({1}, is1, {}, 1);
+  test0<S>({1, 1}, is1, {}, 2);
+  test0<S>({1, 1}, is2, {1, 1}, 0);
+
+  test0<S>({1, 2}, is1, {2}, 1);
+  test0<S>({1, 2}, is2, {1}, 1);
+  test0<S>({1, 2, 2, 2}, is2, {1}, 3);
+  test0<S>({1, 2, 2, 2}, is3, {1, 2, 2, 2}, 0);
+
+  test0<S>({1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}, is1, {2, 2, 3, 3}, 2);
+  test0<S>({1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}, is2, {1, 1, 3, 3}, 2);
+  test0<S>({1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}, is3, {1, 1, 2, 2}, 2);
+  test0<S>({1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}, is4, {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}, 0);
+
+  test0<S>({1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3}, True, {}, 6);
+  test0<S>({1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3}, False, {1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3}, 0);
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::flat_multimap<int, char>>();
+  test<std::flat_multimap<int,
+                          char,
+                          std::less<int>,
+                          std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>,
+                          std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>>();
+  test<std::flat_multimap<int, char, std::greater<int>, std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>>>>();
+  test<std::flat_multimap<int, char, std::less<int>, std::deque<int, min_allocator<int>>>>();
+  test<std::flat_multimap<int, char, std::greater<int>, std::deque<int, test_allocator<int>>>>();
+  test<std::flat_multimap<long, int>>();
+  test<std::flat_multimap<double, int>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.erasure/erase_if_exceptions.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.erasure/erase_if_exceptions.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d691535c248a09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.erasure/erase_if_exceptions.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+// UNSUPPORTED: no-exceptions
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template<class Key, class T, class Compare, class KeyContainer, class MappedContainer, class Predicate>
+//   typename flat_multimap<Key, T, Compare, KeyContainer, MappedContainer>::size_type
+//   erase_if(flat_multimap<Key, T, Compare, KeyContainer, MappedContainer>& c, Predicate pred);
+// If any member function in [flat.set.defn] exits via an exception, the invariant is restored.
+// (This is not a member function, but let's respect the invariant anyway.)
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+struct Counter {
+  int c1, c2, throws;
+  void tick() {
+    c1 -= 1;
+    if (c1 == 0) {
+      c1 = c2;
+      throws += 1;
+      throw 42;
+    }
+  }
+};
+Counter g_counter = {0, 0, 0};
+
+struct ThrowingAssignment {
+  ThrowingAssignment(int i) : i_(i) {}
+  ThrowingAssignment(const ThrowingAssignment&) = default;
+  ThrowingAssignment& operator=(const ThrowingAssignment& rhs) {
+    g_counter.tick();
+    i_ = rhs.i_;
+    g_counter.tick();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  operator int() const { return i_; }
+  int i_;
+};
+
+struct ThrowingComparator {
+  bool operator()(const ThrowingAssignment& a, const ThrowingAssignment& b) const {
+    g_counter.tick();
+    return a.i_ < b.i_;
+  }
+};
+
+struct ErasurePredicate {
+  bool operator()(const auto& x) const { return (3 <= x.first && x.first <= 5); }
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  const std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {5, 5}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}};
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<ThrowingAssignment, int, ThrowingComparator>;
+    for (int first_throw = 1; first_throw < 99; ++first_throw) {
+      for (int second_throw = 1; second_throw < 99; ++second_throw) {
+        g_counter = {0, 0, 0};
+        M m       = M({1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8}, {1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8});
+        try {
+          g_counter = {first_throw, second_throw, 0};
+          auto n    = std::erase_if(m, ErasurePredicate());
+          assert(n == 3);
+          // If it didn't throw at all, we're done.
+          g_counter = {0, 0, 0};
+          assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}}));
+          first_throw = 99; // "done"
+          break;
+        } catch (int ex) {
+          assert(ex == 42);
+          check_invariant(m);
+          LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.empty() || std::equal(m.begin(), m.end(), expected, expected + 8));
+          if (g_counter.throws == 1) {
+            // We reached the first throw but not the second throw.
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, ThrowingAssignment, ThrowingComparator>;
+    for (int first_throw = 1; first_throw < 99; ++first_throw) {
+      for (int second_throw = 1; second_throw < 99; ++second_throw) {
+        g_counter = {0, 0, 0};
+        M m       = M({1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8}, {1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8});
+        try {
+          g_counter = {first_throw, second_throw, 0};
+          auto n    = std::erase_if(m, ErasurePredicate());
+          assert(n == 3);
+          // If it didn't throw at all, we're done.
+          g_counter = {0, 0, 0};
+          assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}}));
+          first_throw = 99; // "done"
+          break;
+        } catch (int ex) {
+          assert(ex == 42);
+          check_invariant(m);
+          LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.empty() || std::equal(m.begin(), m.end(), expected, expected + 8));
+          if (g_counter.throws == 1) {
+            // We reached the first throw but not the second throw.
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    using M =
+        std::flat_multimap<ThrowingAssignment, int, ThrowingComparator, std::deque<ThrowingAssignment>, std::deque<int>>;
+    for (int first_throw = 1; first_throw < 99; ++first_throw) {
+      for (int second_throw = 1; second_throw < 99; ++second_throw) {
+        g_counter                                = {0, 0, 0};
+        std::deque<ThrowingAssignment> container = {5, 6, 7, 8};
+        container.insert(container.begin(), {1, 2, 3, 3});
+        M m = M(std::move(container), {1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8});
+        try {
+          g_counter = {first_throw, second_throw, 0};
+          auto n    = std::erase_if(m, ErasurePredicate());
+          assert(n == 3);
+          // If it didn't throw at all, we're done.
+          g_counter = {0, 0, 0};
+          assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}}));
+          first_throw = 99; // "done"
+          break;
+        } catch (int ex) {
+          assert(ex == 42);
+          check_invariant(m);
+          LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.empty() || std::equal(m.begin(), m.end(), expected, expected + 8));
+          if (g_counter.throws == 1) {
+            // We reached the first throw but not the second throw.
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c1285955e5db6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+//       iterator begin()   noexcept;
+// const_iterator begin()   const noexcept
+//       iterator end()     noexcept;
+// const_iterator end()     const noexcept;
+//
+// const_iterator cbegin()  const noexcept;
+// const_iterator cend()    const noexcept;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  M m         = {{1, 'a'}, {1, 'z'}, {2, 'b'}, {3, 'a'}, {3, 'b'}, {3, 'c'}, {4, 'd'}};
+  const M& cm = m;
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.begin()), typename M::iterator);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.cbegin()), typename M::const_iterator);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(cm.begin()), typename M::const_iterator);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.end()), typename M::iterator);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.cend()), typename M::const_iterator);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(cm.end()), typename M::const_iterator);
+  static_assert(noexcept(m.begin()));
+  static_assert(noexcept(cm.begin()));
+  static_assert(noexcept(m.cbegin()));
+  static_assert(noexcept(m.end()));
+  static_assert(noexcept(cm.end()));
+  static_assert(noexcept(m.cend()));
+  assert(m.size() == 7);
+  assert(std::distance(m.begin(), m.end()) == 7);
+  assert(std::distance(cm.begin(), cm.end()) == 7);
+  assert(std::distance(m.cbegin(), m.cend()) == 7);
+  typename M::iterator i;                   // default-construct
+  i                            = m.begin(); // move-assignment
+  typename M::const_iterator k = i;         // converting constructor
+  assert(i == k);                           // comparison
+  assert(i->first == 1);                    // operator->
+  assert(i->second == 'a');                 // operator->
+  ++i;                                      // pre-increment
+  assert(i->first == 1);                    // operator->
+  assert(i->second == 'z');                 // operator->
+  i = i + 3;                                // operator+
+  assert((*i).first == 3);                  // operator*
+  assert((*i).second == 'b');               // operator*
+  i += 3;                                   // operator+=
+  assert(i == m.end());                     // operator==
+  --i;                                      // pre-decrement
+  assert(i->first == 4);                    // operator->
+  assert(i->second == 'd');                 // operator->
+  i = i - 2;                                // operator-
+  assert(i->first == 3);                    // operator->
+  assert(i->second == 'b');                 // operator->
+  i -= 2;                                   // operator-=
+  assert(i > m.begin());                    // operator>
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>();
+
+  {
+    // N3644 testing
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, char>;
+    C::iterator ii1{}, ii2{};
+    C::iterator ii4 = ii1;
+    C::const_iterator cii{};
+    assert(ii1 == ii2);
+    assert(ii1 == ii4);
+    assert(!(ii1 != ii2));
+
+    assert((ii1 == cii));
+    assert((cii == ii1));
+    assert(!(ii1 != cii));
+    assert(!(cii != ii1));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator_comparison.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator_comparison.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f1b2cad743e23f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator_comparison.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// flat_multimap iterators should be C++20 random access iterators
+
+#include <compare>
+#include <concepts>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using KI    = typename KeyContainer::iterator;
+  using I     = M::iterator;
+  using CI    = M::const_iterator;
+  using RI    = M::reverse_iterator;
+  using CRI   = M::const_reverse_iterator;
+
+  static_assert(std::equality_comparable<I>);
+  static_assert(std::equality_comparable<CI>);
+  static_assert(std::equality_comparable<RI>);
+  static_assert(std::equality_comparable<CRI>);
+
+  static_assert(std::totally_ordered<I>);
+  static_assert(std::totally_ordered<CI>);
+  static_assert(std::totally_ordered<RI>);
+  static_assert(std::totally_ordered<CRI>);
+
+  M m = {{1, 'a'}, {2, 'b'}, {2, 'e'}, {3, 'z'}, {3, 'y'}, {3, 'c'}, {4, 'd'}};
+
+  I i1 = m.begin();
+  I i2 = m.begin() + 1;
+
+  assert(i1 == i1);
+  assert(!(i1 != i1));
+  assert(i1 != i2);
+  assert(!(i1 == i2));
+  assert(i1 < i2);
+  assert(!(i1 < i1));
+  assert(i1 <= i1);
+  assert(i1 <= i2);
+  assert(!(i2 <= i1));
+  assert(i2 > i1);
+  assert(!(i2 > i2));
+  assert(i2 >= i1);
+  assert(i2 >= i2);
+  assert(!(i1 >= i2));
+
+  CI ci1 = m.cbegin();
+  CI ci2 = m.cbegin() + 1;
+  assert(ci1 == ci1);
+  assert(!(ci1 != ci1));
+  assert(ci1 != ci2);
+  assert(!(ci1 == ci2));
+  assert(ci1 < ci2);
+  assert(!(ci1 < ci1));
+  assert(ci1 <= ci1);
+  assert(ci1 <= ci2);
+  assert(!(ci2 <= ci1));
+  assert(ci2 > ci1);
+  assert(!(ci2 > ci2));
+  assert(ci2 >= ci1);
+  assert(ci2 >= ci2);
+  assert(!(ci1 >= ci2));
+
+  RI ri1 = m.rbegin();
+  RI ri2 = m.rbegin() + 1;
+  assert(ri1 == ri1);
+  assert(!(ri1 != ri1));
+  assert(ri1 != ri2);
+  assert(!(ri1 == ri2));
+  assert(ri1 < ri2);
+  assert(!(ri1 < ri1));
+  assert(ri1 <= ri1);
+  assert(ri1 <= ri2);
+  assert(!(ri2 <= ri1));
+  assert(ri2 > ri1);
+  assert(!(ri2 > ri2));
+  assert(ri2 >= ri1);
+  assert(ri2 >= ri2);
+  assert(!(ri1 >= ri2));
+
+  CRI cri1 = m.crbegin();
+  CRI cri2 = m.crbegin() + 1;
+  assert(cri1 == cri1);
+  assert(!(cri1 != cri1));
+  assert(cri1 != cri2);
+  assert(!(cri1 == cri2));
+  assert(cri1 < cri2);
+  assert(!(cri1 < cri1));
+  assert(cri1 <= cri1);
+  assert(cri1 <= cri2);
+  assert(!(cri2 <= cri1));
+  assert(cri2 > cri1);
+  assert(!(cri2 > cri2));
+  assert(cri2 >= cri1);
+  assert(cri2 >= cri2);
+  assert(!(cri1 >= cri2));
+
+  if constexpr (std::three_way_comparable<KI>) {
+    static_assert(std::three_way_comparable<I>); // ...of course the wrapped iterators still support <=>.
+    static_assert(std::three_way_comparable<CI>);
+    static_assert(std::three_way_comparable<RI>);
+    static_assert(std::three_way_comparable<CRI>);
+    static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(I() <=> I()), std::strong_ordering>);
+    static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(I() <=> CI()), std::strong_ordering>);
+    static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(CI() <=> CI()), std::strong_ordering>);
+    static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(RI() <=> RI()), std::strong_ordering>);
+    static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(RI() <=> CRI()), std::strong_ordering>);
+    static_assert(std::same_as<decltype(CRI() <=> CRI()), std::strong_ordering>);
+
+    assert(i1 <=> i1 == std::strong_ordering::equivalent);
+    assert(i1 <=> i2 == std::strong_ordering::less);
+    assert(i2 <=> i1 == std::strong_ordering::greater);
+
+    assert(ci1 <=> ci1 == std::strong_ordering::equivalent);
+    assert(ci1 <=> ci2 == std::strong_ordering::less);
+    assert(ci2 <=> ci1 == std::strong_ordering::greater);
+
+    assert(ri1 <=> ri1 == std::strong_ordering::equivalent);
+    assert(ri1 <=> ri2 == std::strong_ordering::less);
+    assert(ri2 <=> ri1 == std::strong_ordering::greater);
+
+    assert(cri1 <=> cri1 == std::strong_ordering::equivalent);
+    assert(cri1 <=> cri2 == std::strong_ordering::less);
+    assert(cri2 <=> cri1 == std::strong_ordering::greater);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator_concept_conformance.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator_concept_conformance.compile.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ce578e4def92b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/iterator_concept_conformance.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// iterator, const_iterator, reverse_iterator, const_reverse_iterator
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using C     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using I     = C::iterator;
+  using CI    = C::const_iterator;
+  using RI    = C::reverse_iterator;
+  using CRI   = C::const_reverse_iterator;
+  static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<I>);
+  static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<CI>);
+  static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<RI>);
+  static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<CRI>);
+  static_assert(!std::contiguous_iterator<I>);
+  static_assert(!std::contiguous_iterator<CI>);
+  static_assert(!std::contiguous_iterator<RI>);
+  static_assert(!std::contiguous_iterator<CRI>);
+  static_assert(!std::indirectly_writable<I, std::pair<int, char>>);
+  static_assert(!std::indirectly_writable<CI, std::pair<int, char>>);
+  static_assert(!std::indirectly_writable<RI, std::pair<int, char>>);
+  static_assert(!std::indirectly_writable<CRI, std::pair<int, char>>);
+  static_assert(std::sentinel_for<I, I>);
+  static_assert(std::sentinel_for<I, CI>);
+  static_assert(!std::sentinel_for<I, RI>);
+  static_assert(!std::sentinel_for<I, CRI>);
+  static_assert(std::sentinel_for<CI, I>);
+  static_assert(std::sentinel_for<CI, CI>);
+  static_assert(!std::sentinel_for<CI, RI>);
+  static_assert(!std::sentinel_for<CI, CRI>);
+  static_assert(!std::sentinel_for<RI, I>);
+  static_assert(!std::sentinel_for<RI, CI>);
+  static_assert(std::sentinel_for<RI, RI>);
+  static_assert(std::sentinel_for<RI, CRI>);
+  static_assert(!std::sentinel_for<CRI, I>);
+  static_assert(!std::sentinel_for<CRI, CI>);
+  static_assert(std::sentinel_for<CRI, RI>);
+  static_assert(std::sentinel_for<CRI, CRI>);
+  static_assert(std::indirectly_movable_storable<I, std::pair<int, char>*>);
+  static_assert(std::indirectly_movable_storable<CI, std::pair<int, char>*>);
+  static_assert(std::indirectly_movable_storable<RI, std::pair<int, char>*>);
+  static_assert(std::indirectly_movable_storable<CRI, std::pair<int, char>*>);
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_VERSION
+  static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename std::iterator_traits<I>::iterator_category, std::random_access_iterator_tag>);
+  static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename std::iterator_traits<CI>::iterator_category, std::random_access_iterator_tag>);
+  static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename std::iterator_traits<RI>::iterator_category, std::random_access_iterator_tag>);
+  static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename std::iterator_traits<CRI>::iterator_category, std::random_access_iterator_tag>);
+#endif
+}
+
+void test() {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>();
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/range_concept_conformance.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/range_concept_conformance.compile.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..979c0b090fd665
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/range_concept_conformance.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+#include <concepts>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <ranges>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  {
+    using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+    using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+    using C     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+    static_assert(std::same_as<std::ranges::iterator_t<C>, typename C::iterator>);
+    static_assert(std::ranges::random_access_range<C>);
+    static_assert(!std::ranges::contiguous_range<C>);
+    static_assert(std::ranges::common_range<C>);
+    static_assert(std::ranges::input_range<C>);
+    static_assert(!std::ranges::view<C>);
+    static_assert(std::ranges::sized_range<C>);
+    static_assert(!std::ranges::borrowed_range<C>);
+    static_assert(std::ranges::viewable_range<C>);
+
+    static_assert(std::same_as<std::ranges::iterator_t<const C>, typename C::const_iterator>);
+    static_assert(std::ranges::random_access_range<const C>);
+    static_assert(!std::ranges::contiguous_range<const C>);
+    static_assert(std::ranges::common_range<const C>);
+    static_assert(std::ranges::input_range<const C>);
+    static_assert(!std::ranges::view<const C>);
+    static_assert(std::ranges::sized_range<const C>);
+    static_assert(!std::ranges::borrowed_range<const C>);
+    static_assert(!std::ranges::viewable_range<const C>);
+  }
+}
+
+void test() {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>();
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/reverse_iterator.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/reverse_iterator.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..52e2f3e1114f6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.iterators/reverse_iterator.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+//       reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
+// const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
+//       reverse_iterator rend()   noexcept;
+// const_reverse_iterator rend()   const noexcept;
+//
+// const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
+// const_reverse_iterator crend()   const noexcept;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <iterator>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    using M     = std::flat_multimap<int, char, std::less<int>, std::deque<int>, std::deque<char>>;
+    M m         = {{1, 'a'}, {1, 'b'}, {2, 'c'}, {2, 'd'}, {3, 'e'}, {3, 'f'}, {4, 'g'}, {4, 'h'}};
+    const M& cm = m;
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.rbegin()), M::reverse_iterator);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.crbegin()), M::const_reverse_iterator);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(cm.rbegin()), M::const_reverse_iterator);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.rend()), M::reverse_iterator);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.crend()), M::const_reverse_iterator);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(cm.rend()), M::const_reverse_iterator);
+    static_assert(noexcept(m.rbegin()));
+    static_assert(noexcept(cm.rbegin()));
+    static_assert(noexcept(m.crbegin()));
+    static_assert(noexcept(m.rend()));
+    static_assert(noexcept(cm.rend()));
+    static_assert(noexcept(m.crend()));
+    assert(m.size() == 8);
+    assert(std::distance(m.rbegin(), m.rend()) == 8);
+    assert(std::distance(cm.rbegin(), cm.rend()) == 8);
+    assert(std::distance(m.crbegin(), m.crend()) == 8);
+    assert(std::distance(cm.crbegin(), cm.crend()) == 8);
+    M::reverse_iterator i; // default-construct
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i->first), const int&);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(i->second), char&);
+    i                           = m.rbegin(); // move-assignment
+    M::const_reverse_iterator k = i;          // converting constructor
+    assert(i == k);                           // comparison
+    for (int j = 8; j >= 1; --j, ++i) {       // pre-increment
+      assert(i->first == (j + 1) / 2);        // operator->
+      assert(i->second == 'a' + j - 1);
+    }
+    assert(i == m.rend());
+    for (int j = 1; j <= 8; ++j) {
+      --i; // pre-decrement
+      assert((*i).first == (j + 1) / 2);
+      assert((*i).second == 'a' + j - 1);
+    }
+    assert(i == m.rbegin());
+  }
+  {
+    // N3644 testing
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, char>;
+    C::reverse_iterator ii1{}, ii2{};
+    C::reverse_iterator ii4 = ii1;
+    C::const_reverse_iterator cii{};
+    assert(ii1 == ii2);
+    assert(ii1 == ii4);
+    assert(!(ii1 != ii2));
+
+    assert((ii1 == cii));
+    assert((cii == ii1));
+    assert(!(ii1 != cii));
+    assert(!(cii != ii1));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/clear.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/clear.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..5b0788b6826fd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/clear.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// void clear() noexcept;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// test noexcept
+
+template <class T>
+concept NoExceptClear = requires(T t) {
+  { t.clear() } noexcept;
+};
+
+static_assert(NoExceptClear<std::flat_multimap<int, int>>);
+#ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+static_assert(
+    NoExceptClear<std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, ThrowOnMoveContainer<int>, ThrowOnMoveContainer<int>>>);
+#endif
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  M m = {{5, 2}, {2, 1}, {2, 3}, {2, 1}, {5, 0}};
+  assert(m.size() == 5);
+  ASSERT_NOEXCEPT(m.clear());
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.clear()), void);
+  m.clear();
+  assert(m.size() == 0);
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/emplace.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/emplace.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9ef0c26e54ba34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/emplace.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template <class... Args>
+// iterator emplace(Args&&... args);
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../Emplaceable.h"
+#include "DefaultOnly.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// Constraints: is_constructible_v<pair<key_type, mapped_type>, Args...> is true.
+template <class M, class... Args>
+concept CanEmplace = requires(M m, Args&&... args) { m.emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...); };
+
+using Map = std::flat_multimap<Emplaceable, Emplaceable>;
+static_assert(CanEmplace<Map>);
+static_assert(CanEmplace<Map, Emplaceable, Emplaceable>);
+static_assert(CanEmplace<Map, std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<int, double>, std::tuple<int, double>>);
+static_assert(!CanEmplace<Map, Emplaceable>);
+static_assert(!CanEmplace<Map, int, double>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using R     = typename M::iterator;
+
+  {
+    // was empty
+    M m;
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace(typename M::value_type(2, 3.5));
+    assert(r == m.begin());
+    assert(m.size() == 1);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 3.5);
+  }
+  {
+    // key does not exist and inserted at the begin
+    M m                              = {{3, 4.0}, {3, 3.0}, {3, 1.0}, {7, 0.0}};
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace(typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin());
+    assert(m.size() == 5);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // key does not exist and inserted in the middle
+    M m                              = {{1, 4.0}, {1, 3.0}, {3, 1.0}, {4, 0.0}};
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace(typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.size() == 5);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // key does not exist and inserted at the end
+    M m                              = {{1, 4.0}, {1, 3.0}};
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace(typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.size() == 3);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // key already exists and original at the begin
+    M m                              = {{2, 4.0}, {2, 3.0}, {5, 1.0}, {6, 0.0}};
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace(typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.size() == 5);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // key already exists and original in the middle
+    M m                              = {{0, 4.0}, {2, 3.0}, {2, 1.0}, {4, 0.0}};
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace(typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 3);
+    assert(m.size() == 5);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // key already exists and original at the end
+    M m                              = {{0, 4.0}, {1, 3.0}, {2, 1.0}};
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace(typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 3);
+    assert(m.size() == 4);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test_emplaceable() {
+  using M = std::flat_multimap<int, Emplaceable, std::less<int>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using R = typename M::iterator;
+
+  M m;
+  std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r =
+      m.emplace(std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(2), std::forward_as_tuple());
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 1);
+  assert(m.begin()->first == 2);
+  assert(m.begin()->second == Emplaceable());
+  r = m.emplace(std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(1), std::forward_as_tuple(2, 3.5));
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 2);
+  assert(m.begin()->first == 1);
+  assert(m.begin()->second == Emplaceable(2, 3.5));
+  r = m.emplace(std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(1), std::forward_as_tuple(2, 3.5));
+  assert(r == m.begin() + 1);
+  assert(m.size() == 3);
+  assert(m.begin()->first == 1);
+  assert(m.begin()->second == Emplaceable(2, 3.5));
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  test_emplaceable<std::vector<int>, std::vector<Emplaceable>>();
+  test_emplaceable<std::deque<int>, std::vector<Emplaceable>>();
+  test_emplaceable<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<Emplaceable>>();
+  test_emplaceable<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<Emplaceable, min_allocator<Emplaceable>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto emplace_func = [](auto& m, auto key_arg, auto value_arg) {
+      m.emplace(std::piecewise_construct, std::tuple(key_arg), std::tuple(value_arg));
+    };
+    test_emplace_exception_guarantee(emplace_func);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/emplace_hint.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/emplace_hint.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..588d27ea54f4d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/emplace_hint.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template <class... Args>
+//   iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../../../Emplaceable.h"
+#include "DefaultOnly.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)
+// spec only specifies `emplace(Args&&...)` is_constructible_v<pair<key_type, mapped_type>, Args...> is true.
+// nothing mentioned for emplace_hint
+template <class M, class... Args>
+concept CanEmplaceHint =
+    requires(M m, typename M::const_iterator i, Args&&... args) { m.emplace_hint(i, std::forward<Args>(args)...); };
+
+using Map = std::flat_multimap<Emplaceable, Emplaceable>;
+static_assert(CanEmplaceHint<Map>);
+static_assert(CanEmplaceHint<Map, Emplaceable, Emplaceable>);
+static_assert(CanEmplaceHint<Map, std::piecewise_construct_t, std::tuple<int, double>, std::tuple<int, double>>);
+static_assert(!CanEmplaceHint<Map, Emplaceable>);
+static_assert(!CanEmplaceHint<Map, int, double>);
+#endif
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using R     = M::iterator;
+  {
+    // was empty
+    M m;
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(m.end(), typename M::value_type(2, 3.5));
+    assert(r == m.begin());
+    assert(m.size() == 1);
+    assert(m.begin()->first == 2);
+    assert(m.begin()->second == 3.5);
+  }
+  {
+    // hint correct and no duplicates
+    M m                              = {{0, 0.0}, {1, 1.0}, {3, 3.0}};
+    auto it                          = m.begin() + 2;
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(it, typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.size() == 4);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // hint correct and at the begin
+    M m                              = {{3, 3.0}, {4, 4.0}};
+    auto it                          = m.begin();
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(it, typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin());
+    assert(m.size() == 3);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // hint correct and at the end
+    M m                              = {{0, 0.0}, {1, 1.0}};
+    auto it                          = m.end();
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(it, typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.size() == 3);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // hint correct and at first duplicate
+    M m                              = {{0, 0.0}, {1, 1.0}, {2, 1.9}, {2, 2.1}, {3, 3.0}};
+    auto it                          = m.begin() + 2;
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(it, typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.size() == 6);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+    assert(std::next(r)->first == 2);
+    assert(std::next(r)->second == 1.9);
+  }
+  {
+    // hint correct and in-between duplicates
+    M m                              = {{0, 0.0}, {1, 1.0}, {2, 1.8}, {2, 1.9}, {2, 2.1}, {3, 3.0}};
+    auto it                          = m.begin() + 4;
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(it, typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 4);
+    assert(m.size() == 7);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+    assert(std::next(r)->first == 2);
+    assert(std::next(r)->second == 2.1);
+  }
+  {
+    // hint correct and after duplicates
+    M m                              = {{0, 0.0}, {1, 1.0}, {2, 1.8}, {2, 1.9}, {2, 2.1}, {3, 3.0}};
+    auto it                          = m.begin() + 5;
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(it, typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 5);
+    assert(m.size() == 7);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+    assert(std::next(r)->first == 3);
+    assert(std::next(r)->second == 3.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // hint incorrect and no duplicates
+    M m                              = {{0, 0.0}, {1, 1.0}, {3, 3.0}};
+    auto it                          = m.begin() + 1;
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(it, typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.size() == 4);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // hint incorrect and at the begin
+    M m                              = {{0, 0.0}, {1, 1.0}};
+    auto it                          = m.begin();
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(it, typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.size() == 3);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // hint incorrect and at the end
+    M m                              = {{3, 3.0}, {4, 4.0}};
+    auto it                          = m.end();
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(it, typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    assert(r == m.begin());
+    assert(m.size() == 3);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+  }
+  {
+    // hint incorrect and before the first duplicate
+    M m                              = {{0, 0.0}, {1, 1.0}, {2, 1.8}, {2, 1.9}, {2, 2.1}, {3, 3.0}};
+    auto it                          = m.begin();
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(it, typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    // the result is as left as possible
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.size() == 7);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+    assert(std::next(r)->first == 2);
+    assert(std::next(r)->second == 1.8);
+  }
+  {
+    // hint incorrect and after the last duplicate
+    M m                              = {{0, 0.0}, {1, 1.0}, {2, 1.8}, {2, 1.9}, {2, 2.1}, {3, 3.0}, {4, 4.0}};
+    auto it                          = m.begin() + 6;
+    std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.emplace_hint(it, typename M::value_type(2, 2.0));
+    // the result is as right as possible
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 5);
+    assert(m.size() == 8);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2.0);
+    assert(std::next(r)->first == 3);
+    assert(std::next(r)->second == 3.0);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test_emplaceable() {
+  using M = std::flat_multimap<int, Emplaceable, std::less<int>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using R = M::iterator;
+
+  M m;
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.emplace_hint(m.cbegin())), R);
+  R r = m.emplace_hint(m.end(), std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(2), std::forward_as_tuple());
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 1);
+  assert(r->first == 2);
+  assert(r->second == Emplaceable());
+  r = m.emplace_hint(m.end(), std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(1), std::forward_as_tuple(2, 3.5));
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 2);
+  assert(r->first == 1);
+  assert(r->second == Emplaceable(2, 3.5));
+  r = m.emplace_hint(m.end(), std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(1), std::forward_as_tuple(2, 3.6));
+  assert(r == m.begin() + 1);
+  assert(m.size() == 3);
+  assert(r->first == 1);
+  assert(r->second == Emplaceable(2, 3.6));
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  test_emplaceable<std::vector<int>, std::vector<Emplaceable>>();
+  test_emplaceable<std::deque<int>, std::vector<Emplaceable>>();
+  test_emplaceable<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<Emplaceable>>();
+  test_emplaceable<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<Emplaceable, min_allocator<Emplaceable>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto emplace_func = [](auto& m, auto key_arg, auto value_arg) {
+      m.emplace_hint(m.begin(), std::piecewise_construct, std::tuple(key_arg), std::tuple(value_arg));
+    };
+    test_emplace_exception_guarantee(emplace_func);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_iter.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_iter.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..78040be2e043d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_iter.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// iterator erase(iterator position);
+// iterator erase(const_iterator position);
+
+#include <compare>
+#include <concepts>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using P     = std::pair<Key, Value>;
+  using I     = M::iterator;
+
+  P ar[] = {
+      P(1, 1.5),
+      P(2, 2.5),
+      P(2, 2.6),
+      P(3, 3.5),
+      P(4, 4.5),
+      P(4, 4.5),
+      P(4, 4.7),
+      P(5, 5.5),
+      P(6, 6.5),
+      P(7, 7.5),
+      P(8, 8.5),
+  };
+  M m(ar, ar + sizeof(ar) / sizeof(ar[0]));
+  assert(m.size() == 11);
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i1 = m.erase(std::next(m.cbegin(), 2));
+  assert(m.size() == 10);
+  assert(i1 == std::next(m.begin(), 2));
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(
+      m,
+      std::vector<P>{
+          {1, 1.5}, {2, 2.5}, {3, 3.5}, {4, 4.5}, {4, 4.5}, {4, 4.7}, {5, 5.5}, {6, 6.5}, {7, 7.5}, {8, 8.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i2 = m.erase(std::next(m.begin(), 0));
+  assert(m.size() == 9);
+  assert(i2 == m.begin());
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(
+      m, std::vector<P>{{2, 2.5}, {3, 3.5}, {4, 4.5}, {4, 4.5}, {4, 4.7}, {5, 5.5}, {6, 6.5}, {7, 7.5}, {8, 8.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i3 = m.erase(std::next(m.cbegin(), 8));
+  assert(m.size() == 8);
+  assert(i3 == m.end());
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(
+      m, std::vector<P>{{2, 2.5}, {3, 3.5}, {4, 4.5}, {4, 4.5}, {4, 4.7}, {5, 5.5}, {6, 6.5}, {7, 7.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i4 = m.erase(std::next(m.begin(), 1));
+  assert(m.size() == 7);
+  assert(i4 == std::next(m.begin()));
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{2, 2.5}, {4, 4.5}, {4, 4.5}, {4, 4.7}, {5, 5.5}, {6, 6.5}, {7, 7.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i5 = m.erase(std::next(m.cbegin(), 2));
+  assert(m.size() == 6);
+  assert(i5 == std::next(m.begin(), 2));
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{2, 2.5}, {4, 4.5}, {4, 4.7}, {5, 5.5}, {6, 6.5}, {7, 7.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i6 = m.erase(std::next(m.begin(), 2));
+  assert(m.size() == 5);
+  assert(i6 == std::next(m.begin(), 2));
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{2, 2.5}, {4, 4.5}, {5, 5.5}, {6, 6.5}, {7, 7.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i7 = m.erase(std::next(m.cbegin(), 0));
+  assert(m.size() == 4);
+  assert(i7 == std::next(m.begin(), 0));
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{4, 4.5}, {5, 5.5}, {6, 6.5}, {7, 7.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i8 = m.erase(std::next(m.cbegin(), 2));
+  assert(m.size() == 3);
+  assert(i8 == std::next(m.begin(), 2));
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{4, 4.5}, {5, 5.5}, {7, 7.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i9 = m.erase(std::next(m.cbegin(), 2));
+  assert(m.size() == 2);
+  assert(i9 == std::next(m.begin(), 2));
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{4, 4.5}, {5, 5.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i10 = m.erase(m.cbegin());
+  assert(m.size() == 1);
+  assert(i10 == m.cbegin());
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{5, 5.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i11 = m.erase(m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 0);
+  assert(i11 == m.begin());
+  assert(i11 == m.end());
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto erase_function = [](auto& m, auto) { m.erase(m.begin() + 2); };
+    test_erase_exception_guarantee(erase_function);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_iter_iter.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_iter_iter.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..103f38c1c5d4a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_iter_iter.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
+
+#include <compare>
+#include <concepts>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using P     = std::pair<Key, Value>;
+  using I     = M::iterator;
+
+  P ar[] = {
+      P(1, 1.5),
+      P(2, 2.5),
+      P(2, 2.6),
+      P(3, 3.5),
+      P(3, 3.6),
+      P(3, 3.7),
+      P(4, 4.5),
+      P(5, 5.5),
+      P(6, 6.5),
+      P(7, 7.5),
+      P(8, 8.5),
+  };
+  M m(ar, ar + sizeof(ar) / sizeof(ar[0]));
+  assert(m.size() == 11);
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i1 = m.erase(m.cbegin(), m.cbegin());
+  assert(m.size() == 11);
+  assert(i1 == m.begin());
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(
+      m,
+      std::vector<P>{
+          {1, 1.5},
+          {2, 2.5},
+          {2, 2.6},
+          {3, 3.5},
+          {3, 3.6},
+          {3, 3.7},
+          {4, 4.5},
+          {5, 5.5},
+          {6, 6.5},
+          {7, 7.5},
+          {8, 8.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i2 = m.erase(m.cbegin(), std::next(m.cbegin(), 2));
+  assert(m.size() == 9);
+  assert(i2 == m.begin());
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(
+      m, std::vector<P>{{2, 2.6}, {3, 3.5}, {3, 3.6}, {3, 3.7}, {4, 4.5}, {5, 5.5}, {6, 6.5}, {7, 7.5}, {8, 8.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i3 = m.erase(std::next(m.cbegin(), 2), std::next(m.cbegin(), 6));
+  assert(m.size() == 5);
+  assert(i3 == std::next(m.begin(), 2));
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{2, 2.6}, {3, 3.5}, {6, 6.5}, {7, 7.5}, {8, 8.5}}));
+
+  std::same_as<I> decltype(auto) i4 = m.erase(m.cbegin(), m.cend());
+  assert(m.size() == 0);
+  assert(i4 == m.begin());
+  assert(i4 == m.end());
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto erase_function = [](auto& m, auto) { m.erase(m.begin(), m.begin() + 2); };
+    test_erase_exception_guarantee(erase_function);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_key.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_key.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7944996fba1a04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_key.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// size_type erase(const key_type& k);
+
+#include <compare>
+#include <concepts>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer, class Compare = std::less<>>
+void test() {
+  using M = std::flat_multimap<int, char, Compare, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  auto make = [](std::initializer_list<int> il) {
+    M m;
+    for (int i : il) {
+      m.emplace(i, i);
+    }
+    return m;
+  };
+  M m = make({1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9});
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.erase(9)), typename M::size_type);
+  auto n = m.erase(10);
+  assert(n == 0);
+  assert(m == make({1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9}));
+  n = m.erase(4);
+  assert(n == 1);
+  assert(m == make({1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9}));
+  n = m.erase(1);
+  assert(n == 2);
+  assert(m == make({2, 2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9}));
+  n = m.erase(8);
+  assert(n == 4);
+  assert(m == make({2, 2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 6, 7, 9}));
+  n = m.erase(3);
+  assert(n == 1);
+  assert(m == make({2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 6, 7, 9}));
+  n = m.erase(4);
+  assert(n == 0);
+  assert(m == make({2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 6, 7, 9}));
+  n = m.erase(6);
+  assert(n == 1);
+  assert(m == make({2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 7, 9}));
+  n = m.erase(7);
+  assert(n == 1);
+  assert(m == make({2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 9}));
+  n = m.erase(2);
+  assert(n == 3);
+  assert(m == make({5, 5, 9}));
+  n = m.erase(5);
+  assert(n == 2);
+  assert(m == make({9}));
+  n = m.erase(9);
+  assert(n == 1);
+  assert(m.empty());
+  n = m.erase(1);
+  assert(n == 0);
+  assert(m.empty());
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>, std::greater<>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto erase_function = [](auto& m, auto key_arg) {
+      using Map = std::decay_t<decltype(m)>;
+      using Key = typename Map::key_type;
+      const Key key{key_arg};
+      m.erase(key);
+    };
+    test_erase_exception_guarantee(erase_function);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_key_transparent.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_key_transparent.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..75a2d205b8f87c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/erase_key_transparent.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// size_type erase(K&& k);
+
+#include <compare>
+#include <concepts>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// Constraints: The qualified-id Compare::is_transparent is valid and denotes a type.
+template <class M>
+concept CanErase        = requires(M m, Transparent<int> k) { m.erase(k); };
+using TransparentMap    = std::flat_multimap<int, double, TransparentComparator>;
+using NonTransparentMap = std::flat_multimap<int, double, NonTransparentComparator>;
+static_assert(CanErase<TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanErase<const TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanErase<NonTransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanErase<const NonTransparentMap>);
+
+template <class Key, class It>
+struct HeterogeneousKey {
+  explicit HeterogeneousKey(Key key, It it) : key_(key), it_(it) {}
+  operator It() && { return it_; }
+  auto operator<=>(Key key) const { return key_ <=> key; }
+  friend bool operator<(const HeterogeneousKey&, const HeterogeneousKey&) {
+    assert(false);
+    return false;
+  }
+  Key key_;
+  It it_;
+};
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test_simple() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::ranges::less, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  M m = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 4}, {3, 5}, {4, 4}};
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.erase(9)), typename M::size_type);
+  auto n = m.erase(3); // erase(K&&) [with K=int]
+  assert(n == 3);
+  assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {4, 4}}));
+  typename M::key_type lvalue = 2;
+  n                           = m.erase(lvalue); // erase(K&&) [with K=int&]
+  assert(n == 2);
+  assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {4, 4}}));
+  const typename M::key_type const_lvalue = 1;
+  n                                       = m.erase(const_lvalue); // erase(const key_type&)
+  assert(n == 1);
+  assert((m == M{{4, 4}}));
+}
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test_transparent_comparator() {
+  using M = std::flat_multimap<std::string, int, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using P = std::pair<std::string, int>;
+  M m     = {
+      {"alpha", 1}, {"beta", 2}, {"epsilon", 3}, {"epsilon", 4}, {"eta", 4}, {"gamma", 5}, {"gamma", 6}, {"gamma", 7}};
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.erase(Transparent<std::string>{"abc"})), typename M::size_type);
+
+  auto n = m.erase(Transparent<std::string>{"epsilon"});
+  assert(n == 2);
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(
+      m, std::vector<P>{{"alpha", 1}, {"beta", 2}, {"eta", 4}, {"gamma", 5}, {"gamma", 6}, {"gamma", 7}}));
+
+  auto n2 = m.erase(Transparent<std::string>{"aaa"});
+  assert(n2 == 0);
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(
+      m, std::vector<P>{{"alpha", 1}, {"beta", 2}, {"eta", 4}, {"gamma", 5}, {"gamma", 6}, {"gamma", 7}}));
+
+  auto n3 = m.erase(Transparent<std::string>{"gamma"});
+  assert(n3 == 3);
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{"alpha", 1}, {"beta", 2}, {"eta", 4}}));
+
+  auto n4 = m.erase(Transparent<std::string>{"alpha"});
+  assert(n4 == 1);
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{"beta", 2}, {"eta", 4}}));
+
+  auto n5 = m.erase(Transparent<std::string>{"alpha"});
+  assert(n5 == 0);
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{"beta", 2}, {"eta", 4}}));
+
+  auto n6 = m.erase(Transparent<std::string>{"beta"});
+  assert(n6 == 1);
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{{"eta", 4}}));
+
+  auto n7 = m.erase(Transparent<std::string>{"eta"});
+  assert(n7 == 1);
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{}));
+
+  auto n8 = m.erase(Transparent<std::string>{"eta"});
+  assert(n8 == 0);
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, std::vector<P>{}));
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test_simple<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test_simple<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test_simple<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test_simple<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  test_transparent_comparator<std::vector<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test_transparent_comparator<std::deque<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test_transparent_comparator<MinSequenceContainer<std::string>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test_transparent_comparator<std::vector<std::string, min_allocator<std::string>>,
+                              std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+
+  {
+    // P2077's HeterogeneousKey example
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<>>;
+    M m     = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {6, 6}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}, {8, 8}};
+    auto h1 = HeterogeneousKey<int, M::iterator>(8, m.begin());
+    std::same_as<M::size_type> auto n = m.erase(h1); // lvalue is not convertible to It; erase(K&&) is the best match
+    assert(n == 2);
+    assert((m == M{{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {6, 6}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}}));
+    std::same_as<M::iterator> auto it = m.erase(std::move(h1)); // rvalue is convertible to It; erase(K&&) drops out
+    assert(it == m.begin());
+    assert((m == M{{2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {6, 6}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}}));
+  }
+  {
+    bool transparent_used = false;
+    TransparentComparator c(transparent_used);
+    std::flat_multimap<int, int, TransparentComparator> m(std::sorted_equivalent, {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}}, c);
+    assert(!transparent_used);
+    auto n = m.erase(Transparent<int>{3});
+    assert(n == 2);
+    assert(transparent_used);
+  }
+  {
+    auto erase_transparent = [](auto& m, auto key_arg) {
+      using Map = std::decay_t<decltype(m)>;
+      using Key = typename Map::key_type;
+      m.erase(Transparent<Key>{key_arg});
+    };
+    test_erase_exception_guarantee(erase_transparent);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/extract.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/extract.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f5ed4a9663a9da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/extract.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// containers extract() &&;
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <concepts>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class T>
+concept CanExtract = requires(T&& t) { std::forward<T>(t).extract(); };
+
+static_assert(CanExtract<std::flat_multimap<int, int>&&>);
+static_assert(!CanExtract<std::flat_multimap<int, int>&>);
+static_assert(!CanExtract<std::flat_multimap<int, int> const&>);
+static_assert(!CanExtract<std::flat_multimap<int, int> const&&>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  M m     = M({1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3}, {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9});
+
+  std::same_as<typename M::containers> auto containers = std::move(m).extract();
+
+  auto expected_keys   = {1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3};
+  auto expected_values = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(containers.keys, expected_keys));
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(containers.values, expected_values));
+  check_invariant(m);
+  LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.empty());
+  LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.keys().size() == 0);
+  LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.values().size() == 0);
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+  {
+    // extracted object maintains invariant if one of underlying container does not clear after move
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<>, std::vector<int>, CopyOnlyVector<int>>;
+    M m     = M({1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3}, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6});
+    std::same_as<M::containers> auto containers = std::move(m).extract();
+    assert(containers.keys.size() == 6);
+    assert(containers.values.size() == 6);
+    check_invariant(m);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.empty());
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.keys().size() == 0);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.values().size() == 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+#ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    using KeyContainer   = std::vector<int>;
+    using ValueContainer = ThrowOnMoveContainer<int>;
+    using M              = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::ranges::less, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+    M m;
+    m.emplace(1, 1);
+    m.emplace(1, 1);
+    try {
+      auto c = std::move(m).extract();
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (int) {
+      check_invariant(m);
+      // In libc++, we try to erase the key after value emplacement failure.
+      // and after erasure failure, we clear the flat_multimap
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.size() == 0);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_cv.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_cv.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3646595624c0b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_cv.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// iterator insert(const value_type& v);
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <deque>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <functional>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using R     = typename M::iterator;
+  using VT    = typename M::value_type;
+  M m;
+
+  const VT v1(2, 2.5);
+  std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.insert(v1);
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 1);
+  assert(r->first == 2);
+  assert(r->second == 2.5);
+
+  const VT v2(1, 1.5);
+  r = m.insert(v2);
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 2);
+  assert(r->first == 1);
+  assert(r->second == 1.5);
+
+  const VT v3(3, 3.5);
+  r = m.insert(v3);
+  assert(r == m.begin()+ 2);
+  assert(m.size() == 3);
+  assert(r->first == 3);
+  assert(r->second == 3.5);
+
+  const VT v4(3, 4.5);
+  r = m.insert(v4);
+  assert(r == m.begin()+ 3);
+  assert(m.size() == 4);
+  assert(r->first == 3);
+  assert(r->second == 4.5);
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto insert_func = [](auto& m, auto key_arg, auto value_arg) {
+      using FlatMap    = std::decay_t<decltype(m)>;
+      using value_type = typename FlatMap::value_type;
+      const value_type p(std::piecewise_construct, std::tuple(key_arg), std::tuple(value_arg));
+      m.insert(p);
+    };
+    test_emplace_exception_guarantee(insert_func);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_initializer_list.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_initializer_list.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..098b66cc49f188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_initializer_list.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// void insert(initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <functional>
+#include <deque>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using V     = std::pair<int, double>;
+
+  M m = {{1, 1}, {1, 1.5}, {1, 2}, {3, 1}, {3, 1.5}, {3, 2}};
+  m.insert({
+      {4, 1},
+      {4, 1.5},
+      {4, 2},
+      {1, 1},
+      {1, 1.5},
+      {1, 2},
+      {2, 1},
+      {2, 1.5},
+      {2, 2},
+  });
+  assert(m.size() == 15);
+  std::vector<V> expected = {
+      {1, 1},
+      {1, 1.5},
+      {1, 2},
+      {1, 1},
+      {1, 1.5},
+      {1, 2},
+      {2, 1},
+      {2, 1.5},
+      {2, 2},
+      {3, 1},
+      {3, 1.5},
+      {3, 2},
+      {4, 1},
+      {4, 1.5},
+      {4, 2},
+  };
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto insert_func = [](auto& m, const auto& newValues) {
+      using FlatMap                        = std::decay_t<decltype(m)>;
+      using value_type                     = typename FlatMap::value_type;
+      std::initializer_list<value_type> il = {{newValues[0].first, newValues[0].second}};
+      m.insert(il);
+    };
+    test_insert_range_exception_guarantee(insert_func);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_cv.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_cv.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9d645043a15cab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_cv.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type& v);
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <functional>
+#include <deque>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using R     = typename M::iterator;
+  using VT    = typename M::value_type;
+
+  M m;
+  const VT v1(2, 2.5);
+  std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.insert(m.end(), v1);
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 1);
+  assert(r->first == 2);
+  assert(r->second == 2.5);
+
+  const VT v2(1, 1.5);
+  r = m.insert(m.end(), v2);
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 2);
+  assert(r->first == 1);
+  assert(r->second == 1.5);
+
+  const VT v3(3, 3.5);
+  r = m.insert(m.end(), v3);
+  assert(r == std::ranges::prev(m.end()));
+  assert(m.size() == 3);
+  assert(r->first == 3);
+  assert(r->second == 3.5);
+
+  const VT v4(3, 4.5);
+  r = m.insert(m.end(), v4);
+  assert(r == std::ranges::prev(m.end()));
+  assert(m.size() == 4);
+  assert(r->first == 3);
+  assert(r->second == 4.5);
+
+  const VT v5(2, 5.5);
+  r = m.insert(m.end(), v5);
+  assert(r == m.begin() + 2);
+  assert(m.size() == 5);
+  assert(r->first == 2);
+  assert(r->second == 5.5);
+
+  const VT v6(2, 6.5);
+  r = m.insert(m.begin(), v6);
+  assert(r == m.begin() + 1);
+  assert(m.size() == 6);
+  assert(r->first == 2);
+  assert(r->second == 6.5);
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto insert_func = [](auto& m, auto key_arg, auto value_arg) {
+      using FlatMap    = std::decay_t<decltype(m)>;
+      using value_type = typename FlatMap::value_type;
+      const value_type p(std::piecewise_construct, std::tuple(key_arg), std::tuple(value_arg));
+      m.insert(m.begin(), p);
+    };
+    test_emplace_exception_guarantee(insert_func);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_iter.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_iter.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ae031bd010f76d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_iter.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template <class InputIterator>
+//   void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <functional>
+#include <deque>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "test_iterators.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// test constraint InputIterator
+template <class M, class... Args>
+concept CanInsert = requires(M m, Args&&... args) { m.insert(std::forward<Args>(args)...); };
+
+using Map  = std::flat_multimap<int, int>;
+using Pair = std::pair<int, int>;
+
+static_assert(CanInsert<Map, Pair*, Pair*>);
+static_assert(CanInsert<Map, cpp17_input_iterator<Pair*>, cpp17_input_iterator<Pair*>>);
+static_assert(!CanInsert<Map, int, int>);
+static_assert(!CanInsert<Map, cpp20_input_iterator<Pair*>, cpp20_input_iterator<Pair*>>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using P = std::pair<int, double>;
+  using M = std::flat_multimap<int, double, std::less<int>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  P ar1[] = {
+      P(2, 1),
+      P(2, 1.5),
+      P(2, 2),
+      P(1, 1),
+      P(1, 1.5),
+      P(1, 2),
+      P(3, 1),
+      P(3, 1.5),
+      P(3, 2),
+  };
+  P ar2[] = {
+      P(4, 1),
+      P(4, 1.5),
+      P(4, 2),
+      P(1, 1),
+      P(1, 1.5),
+      P(1, 2),
+      P(0, 1),
+      P(0, 1.5),
+      P(0, 2),
+  };
+
+  M m;
+  m.insert(cpp17_input_iterator<P*>(ar1), cpp17_input_iterator<P*>(ar1 + sizeof(ar1) / sizeof(ar1[0])));
+  assert(m.size() == 9);
+  std::vector<P> expected{{1, 1}, {1, 1.5}, {1, 2}, {2, 1}, {2, 1.5}, {2, 2}, {3, 1}, {3, 1.5}, {3, 2}};
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+
+  m.insert(cpp17_input_iterator<P*>(ar2), cpp17_input_iterator<P*>(ar2 + sizeof(ar2) / sizeof(ar2[0])));
+  assert(m.size() == 18);
+  std::vector<P> expected2{
+      {0, 1},
+      {0, 1.5},
+      {0, 2},
+      {1, 1},
+      {1, 1.5},
+      {1, 2},
+      {1, 1},
+      {1, 1.5},
+      {1, 2},
+      {2, 1},
+      {2, 1.5},
+      {2, 2},
+      {3, 1},
+      {3, 1.5},
+      {3, 2},
+      {4, 1},
+      {4, 1.5},
+      {4, 2}};
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected2));
+}
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto insert_func = [](auto& m, const auto& newValues) { m.insert(newValues.begin(), newValues.end()); };
+    test_insert_range_exception_guarantee(insert_func);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_rv.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_rv.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..61962f4873aee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_iter_rv.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type&&);
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+template <class Container, class Pair>
+void do_insert_iter_rv_test() {
+  using M = Container;
+  using P = Pair;
+  using R = typename M::iterator;
+  M m;
+  std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.insert(m.end(), P(2, 2));
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 1);
+  assert(r->first == 2);
+  assert(r->second == 2);
+
+  r = m.insert(m.end(), P(1, 1));
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 2);
+  assert(r->first == 1);
+  assert(r->second == 1);
+
+  r = m.insert(m.end(), P(3, 3));
+  assert(r == std::ranges::prev(m.end()));
+  assert(m.size() == 3);
+  assert(r->first == 3);
+  assert(r->second == 3);
+
+  r = m.insert(m.end(), P(3, 4));
+  assert(r == std::ranges::prev(m.end()));
+  assert(m.size() == 4);
+  assert(r->first == 3);
+  assert(r->second == 4);
+
+  r = m.insert(m.end(), P(2, 5));
+  assert(r == m.begin() + 2);
+  assert(m.size() == 5);
+  assert(r->first == 2);
+  assert(r->second == 5);
+
+  r = m.insert(m.begin(), P(2, 6));
+  assert(r == m.begin() + 1);
+  assert(m.size() == 6);
+  assert(r->first == 2);
+  assert(r->second == 6);
+}
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using P     = std::pair<Key, Value>;
+  using CP    = std::pair<const Key, Value>;
+
+  do_insert_iter_rv_test<M, P>();
+  do_insert_iter_rv_test<M, CP>();
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<MoveOnly>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::deque<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::deque<MoveOnly>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<MoveOnly>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<MoveOnly, min_allocator<MoveOnly>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto insert_func = [](auto& m, auto key_arg, auto value_arg) {
+      using FlatMap    = std::decay_t<decltype(m)>;
+      using value_type = typename FlatMap::value_type;
+      value_type p(std::piecewise_construct, std::tuple(key_arg), std::tuple(value_arg));
+      m.insert(m.begin(), std::move(p));
+    };
+    test_emplace_exception_guarantee(insert_func);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_range.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_range.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..97b8f17d1094f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_range.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+//   void insert_range(R&& rg);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <ranges>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "test_iterators.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// test constraint container-compatible-range
+template <class M, class R>
+concept CanInsertRange = requires(M m, R&& r) { m.insert_range(std::forward<R>(r)); };
+
+using Map = std::flat_multimap<int, double>;
+
+static_assert(CanInsertRange<Map, std::ranges::subrange<std::pair<int, double>*>>);
+static_assert(CanInsertRange<Map, std::ranges::subrange<std::pair<short, double>*>>);
+static_assert(!CanInsertRange<Map, std::ranges::subrange<int*>>);
+static_assert(!CanInsertRange<Map, std::ranges::subrange<double*>>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+
+  {
+    using P                 = std::pair<int, int>;
+    using M                 = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    using It                = forward_iterator<const P*>;
+    M m                     = {{10, 1}, {8, 2}, {5, 3}, {2, 4}, {1, 5}};
+    P ar[]                  = {{3, 1}, {1, 2}, {4, 3}, {1, 4}, {5, 5}, {9, 6}};
+    std::ranges::subrange r = {It(ar), It(ar + 6)};
+    static_assert(std::ranges::common_range<decltype(r)>);
+    m.insert_range(r);
+    std::vector<P> expected = {{1, 5}, {1, 2}, {1, 4}, {2, 4}, {3, 1}, {4, 3}, {5, 3}, {5, 5}, {8, 2}, {9, 6}, {10, 1}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+  {
+    using P                 = std::pair<int, int>;
+    using M                 = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::greater<>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    using It                = cpp20_input_iterator<const P*>;
+    M m                     = {{8, 1}, {5, 2}, {3, 3}, {2, 4}};
+    P ar[]                  = {{3, 1}, {1, 2}, {4, 3}, {1, 4}, {5, 5}, {9, 6}};
+    std::ranges::subrange r = {It(ar), sentinel_wrapper<It>(It(ar + 6))};
+    static_assert(!std::ranges::common_range<decltype(r)>);
+    m.insert_range(r);
+    std::vector<P> expected = {{9, 6}, {8, 1}, {5, 2}, {5, 5}, {4, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 1}, {2, 4}, {1, 2}, {1, 4}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+  {
+    // Items are forwarded correctly from the input range (P2767).
+    std::pair<MoveOnly, MoveOnly> a[] = {{3, 3}, {1, 1}, {4, 4}, {1, 1}, {5, 5}};
+    std::flat_multimap<MoveOnly, MoveOnly> m;
+    m.insert_range(a | std::views::as_rvalue);
+    std::pair<MoveOnly, MoveOnly> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+  {
+    // The element type of the range doesn't need to be std::pair (P2767).
+    std::pair<int, int> pa[] = {{3, 3}, {1, 1}, {4, 4}, {1, 1}, {5, 5}};
+    std::deque<std::reference_wrapper<std::pair<int, int>>> a(pa, pa + 5);
+    std::flat_multimap<int, int> m;
+    m.insert_range(a);
+    std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+  {
+    auto insert_func = [](auto& m, const auto& newValues) { m.insert_range(newValues); };
+    test_insert_range_exception_guarantee(insert_func);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_range_stability.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_range_stability.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b4c527aa57d22f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_range_stability.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R>
+//   void insert_range(R&& rg);
+//
+// libc++ uses stable_sort to ensure that flat_multimap's behavior matches multimap's,
+// in terms of which duplicate items are kept.
+// This tests a conforming extension.
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <random>
+#include <ranges>
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+struct Mod256 {
+  bool operator()(int x, int y) const { return (x % 256) < (y % 256); }
+};
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    std::mt19937 randomness;
+    std::pair<uint16_t, uint16_t> pairs[400];
+    for (int i = 0; i < 400; ++i) {
+      uint16_t r = randomness();
+      pairs[i]   = {r, r};
+    }
+
+    std::multimap<uint16_t, uint16_t, Mod256> m(pairs, pairs + 200);
+    std::flat_multimap<uint16_t, uint16_t, Mod256> fm(std::sorted_equivalent, m.begin(), m.end());
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(fm, m));
+
+    fm.insert_range(std::views::counted(pairs + 200, 200));
+    m.insert(pairs + 200, pairs + 400);
+    assert(fm.size() == m.size());
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(std::ranges::equal(fm, m));
+  }
+
+  {
+    std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> v{{1, 2}, {1, 3}};
+    std::flat_multimap<int, int> m;
+    m.insert_range(v);
+    assert(m.size() == 2);
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.begin()->second == 2);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_rv.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_rv.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..573150248ca485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_rv.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// iterator insert( value_type&& v);
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+
+template <class Container, class Pair>
+void do_insert_rv_test() {
+  using M = Container;
+  using P = Pair;
+  using R = typename M::iterator;
+  M m;
+  std::same_as<R> decltype(auto) r = m.insert(P(2, 2));
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 1);
+  assert(r->first == 2);
+  assert(r->second == 2);
+
+  r = m.insert(P(1, 1));
+  assert(r == m.begin());
+  assert(m.size() == 2);
+  assert(r->first == 1);
+  assert(r->second == 1);
+
+  r = m.insert(P(3, 3));
+  assert(r == std::ranges::prev(m.end()));
+  assert(m.size() == 3);
+  assert(r->first == 3);
+  assert(r->second == 3);
+
+  r = m.insert(P(3, 3));
+  assert(r == std::ranges::prev(m.end()));
+  assert(m.size() == 4);
+  assert(r->first == 3);
+  assert(r->second == 3);
+}
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  using P  = std::pair<Key, Value>;
+  using CP = std::pair<const Key, Value>;
+
+  do_insert_rv_test<M, P>();
+  do_insert_rv_test<M, CP>();
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<MoveOnly>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<MoveOnly>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<MoveOnly>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<MoveOnly, min_allocator<MoveOnly>>>();
+
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, MoveOnly>;
+    using R = M::iterator;
+    M m;
+    R r = m.insert({2, MoveOnly(2)});
+    assert(r == m.begin());
+    assert(m.size() == 1);
+    assert(r->first == 2);
+    assert(r->second == 2);
+
+    r = m.insert({1, MoveOnly(1)});
+    assert(r == m.begin());
+    assert(m.size() == 2);
+    assert(r->first == 1);
+    assert(r->second == 1);
+
+    r = m.insert({3, MoveOnly(3)});
+    assert(r == std::ranges::prev(m.end()));
+    assert(m.size() == 3);
+    assert(r->first == 3);
+    assert(r->second == 3);
+
+    r = m.insert({3, MoveOnly(3)});
+    assert(r == std::ranges::prev(m.end()));
+    assert(m.size() == 4);
+    assert(r->first == 3);
+    assert(r->second == 3);
+  }
+  {
+    auto insert_func = [](auto& m, auto key_arg, auto value_arg) {
+      using FlatMap    = std::decay_t<decltype(m)>;
+      using value_type = typename FlatMap::value_type;
+      value_type p(std::piecewise_construct, std::tuple(key_arg), std::tuple(value_arg));
+      m.insert(std::move(p));
+    };
+    test_emplace_exception_guarantee(insert_func);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_sorted_initializer_list.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_sorted_initializer_list.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..334dff0a0d2f6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_sorted_initializer_list.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// void insert(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<value_type> il);
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <functional>
+#include <deque>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  using V = std::pair<const Key, Value>;
+  M m     = {{1, 1}, {1, 1.5}, {1, 2}, {3, 1}, {3, 1.5}, {3, 2}};
+  m.insert(std::sorted_equivalent,
+           {
+               {0, 1},
+               {1, 2},
+               {1, 3},
+               {2, 1},
+               {2, 4},
+               {4, 1},
+           });
+  assert(m.size() == 12);
+  V expected[] = {{0, 1}, {1, 1}, {1, 1.5}, {1, 2}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 1}, {2, 4}, {3, 1}, {3, 1.5}, {3, 2}, {4, 1}};
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto insert_func = [](auto& m, const auto& newValues) {
+      using FlatMap                        = std::decay_t<decltype(m)>;
+      using value_type                     = typename FlatMap::value_type;
+      std::initializer_list<value_type> il = {{newValues[0].first, newValues[0].second}};
+      m.insert(std::sorted_equivalent, il);
+    };
+    test_insert_range_exception_guarantee(insert_func);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_sorted_iter_iter.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_sorted_iter_iter.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..37808470a2cf77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_sorted_iter_iter.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template <class InputIterator>
+//   void insert(sorted_equivalent_t, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <functional>
+#include <deque>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "test_iterators.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// test constraint InputIterator
+template <class M, class... Args>
+concept CanInsert = requires(M m, Args&&... args) { m.insert(std::forward<Args>(args)...); };
+
+using Map  = std::flat_multimap<int, int>;
+using Pair = std::pair<int, int>;
+
+static_assert(CanInsert<Map, std::sorted_equivalent_t, Pair*, Pair*>);
+static_assert(CanInsert<Map, std::sorted_equivalent_t, cpp17_input_iterator<Pair*>, cpp17_input_iterator<Pair*>>);
+static_assert(!CanInsert<Map, std::sorted_equivalent_t, int, int>);
+static_assert(!CanInsert<Map, std::sorted_equivalent_t, cpp20_input_iterator<Pair*>, cpp20_input_iterator<Pair*>>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using P     = std::pair<Key, Value>;
+
+  P ar1[] = {
+      P(1, 1),
+      P(1, 0),
+      P(2, 1),
+      P(2, 3),
+      P(3, 1),
+  };
+
+  P ar2[] = {
+      P(0, 1),
+      P(2, 2),
+      P(2, 5),
+      P(4, 1),
+      P(4, 4),
+  };
+
+  M m;
+  m.insert(std::sorted_equivalent,
+           cpp17_input_iterator<P*>(ar1),
+           cpp17_input_iterator<P*>(ar1 + sizeof(ar1) / sizeof(ar1[0])));
+  assert(m.size() == 5);
+  P expected[] = {{1, 1}, {1, 0}, {2, 1}, {2, 3}, {3, 1}};
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+
+  m.insert(std::sorted_equivalent,
+           cpp17_input_iterator<P*>(ar2),
+           cpp17_input_iterator<P*>(ar2 + sizeof(ar2) / sizeof(ar2[0])));
+  assert(m.size() == 10);
+  P expected2[] = {{0, 1}, {1, 1}, {1, 0}, {2, 1}, {2, 3}, {2, 2}, {2, 5}, {3, 1}, {4, 1}, {4, 4}};
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected2));
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  {
+    auto insert_func = [](auto& m, const auto& newValues) {
+      m.insert(std::sorted_equivalent, newValues.begin(), newValues.end());
+    };
+    test_insert_range_exception_guarantee(insert_func);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_transparent.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_transparent.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..33ca4d4e30469c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/insert_transparent.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template<class K> iterator insert(P&& x);
+// template<class K> iterator insert(const_iterator hint, P&& x);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <compare>
+#include <concepts>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "test_iterators.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// Constraints: is_constructible_v<pair<key_type, mapped_type>, P> is true.
+template <class M, class... Args>
+concept CanInsert = requires(M m, Args&&... args) { m.insert(std::forward<Args>(args)...); };
+
+using Map  = std::flat_multimap<int, double>;
+using Iter = Map::const_iterator;
+
+static_assert(CanInsert<Map, std::pair<short, double>&&>);
+static_assert(CanInsert<Map, Iter, std::pair<short, double>&&>);
+static_assert(CanInsert<Map, std::tuple<short, double>&&>);
+static_assert(CanInsert<Map, Iter, std::tuple<short, double>&&>);
+static_assert(!CanInsert<Map, int>);
+static_assert(!CanInsert<Map, Iter, int>);
+
+static int expensive_comparisons = 0;
+static int cheap_comparisons     = 0;
+
+struct CompareCounter {
+  int i_ = 0;
+  CompareCounter(int i) : i_(i) {}
+  friend auto operator<=>(const CompareCounter& x, const CompareCounter& y) {
+    expensive_comparisons += 1;
+    return x.i_ <=> y.i_;
+  }
+  bool operator==(const CompareCounter&) const = default;
+  friend auto operator<=>(const CompareCounter& x, int y) {
+    cheap_comparisons += 1;
+    return x.i_ <=> y;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  {
+    // insert(P&&)
+    //   Unlike flat_set, here we can't use key_compare to compare value_type versus P,
+    //   so we must eagerly convert to value_type.
+    M m                                                 = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 1}, {3, 4}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    expensive_comparisons                               = 0;
+    cheap_comparisons                                   = 0;
+    std::same_as<typename M::iterator> decltype(auto) r = m.insert(std::make_pair(3, 3)); // conversion happens first
+    assert(expensive_comparisons >= 2);
+    assert(cheap_comparisons == 0);
+    assert(r == m.begin() + 4);
+
+    std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 1}, {3, 4}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+  {
+    // insert(const_iterator, P&&)
+    M m                                        = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 1}, {3, 4}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    expensive_comparisons                      = 0;
+    cheap_comparisons                          = 0;
+    std::same_as<typename M::iterator> auto it = m.insert(m.begin(), std::make_pair(3, 3));
+    assert(expensive_comparisons >= 2);
+    assert(cheap_comparisons == 0);
+    assert(it == m.begin() + 2);
+    std::pair<int, int> expected[] = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 1}, {3, 4}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}};
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(m, expected));
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<CompareCounter>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<CompareCounter>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<CompareCounter>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<CompareCounter, min_allocator<CompareCounter>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  {
+    // no ambiguity between insert(pos, P&&) and insert(first, last)
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int>;
+    struct Evil {
+      operator M::value_type() const;
+      operator M::const_iterator() const;
+    };
+    std::flat_multimap<int, int> m;
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.insert(Evil())), M::iterator);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.insert(m.begin(), Evil())), M::iterator);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.insert(m.begin(), m.end())), void);
+  }
+  {
+    auto insert_func = [](auto& m, auto key_arg, auto value_arg) {
+      using FlatMap    = std::decay_t<decltype(m)>;
+      using tuple_type = std::tuple<typename FlatMap::key_type, typename FlatMap::mapped_type>;
+      tuple_type t(key_arg, value_arg);
+      m.insert(t);
+    };
+    test_emplace_exception_guarantee(insert_func);
+  }
+  {
+    auto insert_func_iter = [](auto& m, auto key_arg, auto value_arg) {
+      using FlatMap    = std::decay_t<decltype(m)>;
+      using tuple_type = std::tuple<typename FlatMap::key_type, typename FlatMap::mapped_type>;
+      tuple_type t(key_arg, value_arg);
+      m.insert(m.begin(), t);
+    };
+    test_emplace_exception_guarantee(insert_func_iter);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/replace.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/replace.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..86fbaff468ab6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/replace.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// void replace(key_container_type&& key_cont, mapped_container_type&& mapped_cont);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <deque>
+#include <concepts>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class T, class... Args>
+concept CanReplace = requires(T t, Args&&... args) { t.replace(std::forward<Args>(args)...); };
+
+using Map = std::flat_multimap<int, int>;
+static_assert(CanReplace<Map, std::vector<int>, std::vector<int>>);
+static_assert(!CanReplace<Map, const std::vector<int>&, std::vector<int>>);
+static_assert(!CanReplace<Map, std::vector<int>, const std::vector<int>&>);
+static_assert(!CanReplace<Map, const std::vector<int>&, const std::vector<int>&>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  M m                       = M({1, 1, 3}, {4, 5, 6});
+  KeyContainer new_keys     = {7, 7};
+  ValueContainer new_values = {9, 10};
+  auto expected_keys        = new_keys;
+  auto expected_values      = new_values;
+  m.replace(std::move(new_keys), std::move(new_values));
+  assert(m.size() == 2);
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), expected_keys));
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(m.values(), expected_values));
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  {
+#ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    using KeyContainer   = std::vector<int>;
+    using ValueContainer = ThrowOnMoveContainer<int>;
+    using M              = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::ranges::less, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+    M m;
+    m.emplace(1, 1);
+    m.emplace(2, 2);
+    try {
+      KeyContainer new_keys{3, 4};
+      ValueContainer new_values{5, 6};
+      m.replace(std::move(new_keys), std::move(new_values));
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (int) {
+      check_invariant(m);
+      // In libc++, we clear the map
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.size() == 0);
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_exception.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_exception.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a1252f301309ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_exception.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+// `check_assertion.h` requires Unix headers and regex support.
+// REQUIRES: has-unix-headers
+// UNSUPPORTED: no-localization
+// UNSUPPORTED: no-exceptions
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// void swap(flat_multimap& y) noexcept;
+// friend void swap(flat_multimap& x, flat_multimap& y) noexcept
+
+// Test that std::terminate is called if any exception is thrown during swap
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "check_assertion.h"
+
+template <class F>
+void test_swap_exception_guarantee([[maybe_unused]] F&& swap_function) {
+  {
+    // key swap throws
+    using KeyContainer   = ThrowOnMoveContainer<int>;
+    using ValueContainer = std::vector<int>;
+    using M              = std::flat_multimap<int, int, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+    M m1, m2;
+    m1.emplace(1, 1);
+    m1.emplace(1, 2);
+    m2.emplace(3, 3);
+    m2.emplace(3, 4);
+    // swap is noexcept
+    EXPECT_STD_TERMINATE([&] { swap_function(m1, m2); });
+  }
+
+  {
+    // value swap throws
+    using KeyContainer   = std::vector<int>;
+    using ValueContainer = ThrowOnMoveContainer<int>;
+    using M              = std::flat_multimap<int, int, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+    M m1, m2;
+    m1.emplace(1, 1);
+    m1.emplace(1, 2);
+    m2.emplace(3, 3);
+    m2.emplace(3, 4);
+
+    // swap is noexcept
+    EXPECT_STD_TERMINATE([&] { swap_function(m1, m2); });
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    auto swap_func = [](auto& m1, auto& m2) { swap(m1, m2); };
+    test_swap_exception_guarantee(swap_func);
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto swap_func = [](auto& m1, auto& m2) { m1.swap(m2); };
+    test_swap_exception_guarantee(swap_func);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_free.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_free.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f96155d714dc9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_free.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// friend void swap(flat_multimap& x, flat_multimap& y) noexcept
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+
+// test noexcept
+
+template <class T>
+concept NoExceptAdlSwap = requires(T t1, T t2) {
+  { swap(t1, t2) } noexcept;
+};
+
+static_assert(NoExceptAdlSwap<std::flat_multimap<int, int>>);
+
+#ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+static_assert(NoExceptAdlSwap<
+              std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, ThrowOnMoveContainer<int>, ThrowOnMoveContainer<int>>>);
+#endif
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using V     = std::pair<const Key, Value>;
+
+  {
+    M m1;
+    M m2;
+    M m1_save = m1;
+    M m2_save = m2;
+    swap(m1, m2);
+    assert(m1 == m2_save);
+    assert(m2 == m1_save);
+  }
+  {
+    V ar2[] = {V(5, 5), V(5, 6), V(5, 7), V(8, 8), V(9, 9), V(10, 10), V(10, 11), V(10, 12)};
+    M m1;
+    M m2(ar2, ar2 + sizeof(ar2) / sizeof(ar2[0]));
+    M m1_save = m1;
+    M m2_save = m2;
+    swap(m1, m2);
+    assert(m1 == m2_save);
+    assert(m2 == m1_save);
+  }
+  {
+    V ar1[] = {V(1, 1), V(1, 2), V(3, 3), V(4, 4)};
+    M m1(ar1, ar1 + sizeof(ar1) / sizeof(ar1[0]));
+    M m2;
+    M m1_save = m1;
+    M m2_save = m2;
+    swap(m1, m2);
+    assert(m1 == m2_save);
+    assert(m2 == m1_save);
+  }
+  {
+    V ar1[] = {V(1, 1), V(1, 2), V(3, 3), V(4, 4)};
+    V ar2[] = {V(5, 5), V(5, 6), V(5, 7), V(8, 8), V(9, 9), V(10, 10), V(10, 11), V(10, 12)};
+    M m1(ar1, ar1 + sizeof(ar1) / sizeof(ar1[0]));
+    M m2(ar2, ar2 + sizeof(ar2) / sizeof(ar2[0]));
+    M m1_save = m1;
+    M m2_save = m2;
+    swap(m1, m2);
+    assert(m1 == m2_save);
+    assert(m2 == m1_save);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_member.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_member.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ab7be3b8ac22e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.modifiers/swap_member.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// void swap(flat_multimap& y) noexcept;
+
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "MoveOnly.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+
+// test noexcept
+
+template <class T>
+concept NoExceptMemberSwap = requires(T t1, T t2) {
+  { t1.swap(t2) } noexcept;
+};
+
+static_assert(NoExceptMemberSwap<std::flat_multimap<int, int>>);
+#ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+static_assert(NoExceptMemberSwap<
+              std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, ThrowOnMoveContainer<int>, ThrowOnMoveContainer<int>>>);
+#endif
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  using V     = std::pair<const Key, Value>;
+  {
+    M m1;
+    M m2;
+    M m1_save = m1;
+    M m2_save = m2;
+    m1.swap(m2);
+    assert(m1 == m2_save);
+    assert(m2 == m1_save);
+  }
+  {
+    V ar2[] = {V(5, 5), V(5, 6), V(7, 7), V(8, 8), V(9, 9), V(10, 10), V(10, 11), V(12, 12)};
+    M m1;
+    M m2(ar2, ar2 + sizeof(ar2) / sizeof(ar2[0]));
+    M m1_save = m1;
+    M m2_save = m2;
+    m1.swap(m2);
+    assert(m1 == m2_save);
+    assert(m2 == m1_save);
+  }
+  {
+    V ar1[] = {V(1, 1), V(1, 2), V(3, 3), V(4, 4)};
+    M m1(ar1, ar1 + sizeof(ar1) / sizeof(ar1[0]));
+    M m2;
+    M m1_save = m1;
+    M m2_save = m2;
+    m1.swap(m2);
+    assert(m1 == m2_save);
+    assert(m2 == m1_save);
+  }
+  {
+    V ar1[] = {V(1, 1), V(1, 2), V(3, 3), V(4, 4)};
+    V ar2[] = {V(5, 5), V(5, 6), V(7, 7), V(8, 8), V(9, 9), V(10, 10), V(10, 11), V(12, 12)};
+    M m1(ar1, ar1 + sizeof(ar1) / sizeof(ar1[0]));
+    M m2(ar2, ar2 + sizeof(ar2) / sizeof(ar2[0]));
+    M m1_save = m1;
+    M m2_save = m2;
+    m1.swap(m2);
+    assert(m1 == m2_save);
+    assert(m2 == m1_save);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<double>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<double>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<double, min_allocator<double>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.observers/comp.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.observers/comp.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..47140132c6e476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.observers/comp.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// key_compare key_comp() const;
+// value_compare value_comp() const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  {
+    using M    = std::flat_multimap<int, char>;
+    using Comp = std::less<int>; // the default
+    M m        = {};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(M::key_compare, Comp);
+    static_assert(!std::is_same_v<M::value_compare, Comp>);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.key_comp()), Comp);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.value_comp()), M::value_compare);
+    Comp kc = m.key_comp();
+    assert(kc(1, 2));
+    assert(!kc(2, 1));
+    auto vc = m.value_comp();
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(vc(std::make_pair(1, 2), std::make_pair(1, 2))), bool);
+    assert(vc({1, '2'}, {2, '1'}));
+    assert(!vc({2, '1'}, {1, '2'}));
+  }
+  {
+    using Comp = std::function<bool(int, int)>;
+    using M    = std::flat_multimap<int, int, Comp>;
+    Comp comp  = std::greater<int>();
+    M m({}, comp);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(M::key_compare, Comp);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.key_comp()), Comp);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.value_comp()), M::value_compare);
+    Comp kc = m.key_comp();
+    assert(!kc(1, 2));
+    assert(kc(2, 1));
+    auto vc = m.value_comp();
+    auto a  = std::make_pair(1, 2);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(vc(a, a)), bool);
+    static_assert(!noexcept(vc(a, a)));
+    assert(!vc({1, 2}, {2, 1}));
+    assert(vc({2, 1}, {1, 2}));
+  }
+  {
+    using Comp = std::less<>;
+    using M    = std::flat_multimap<int, int, Comp>;
+    M m        = {};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(M::key_compare, Comp);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.key_comp()), Comp);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.value_comp()), M::value_compare);
+    Comp kc = m.key_comp();
+    assert(kc(1, 2));
+    assert(!kc(2, 1));
+    auto vc = m.value_comp();
+    auto a  = std::make_pair(1, 2);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(vc(a, a)), bool);
+    assert(vc({1, 2}, {2, 1}));
+    assert(!vc({2, 1}, {1, 2}));
+  }
+  {
+    using Comp = std::function<bool(const std::vector<int>&, const std::vector<int>&)>;
+    using M    = std::flat_multimap<std::vector<int>, int, Comp>;
+    Comp comp  = [i = 1](const auto& x, const auto& y) { return x[i] < y[i]; };
+    M m({}, comp);
+    auto vc = m.value_comp();
+    static_assert(sizeof(vc) >= sizeof(Comp));
+    comp = nullptr;
+    m    = M({}, nullptr);
+    assert(m.key_comp() == nullptr);
+    // At this point, m.key_comp() is disengaged.
+    // But the std::function captured by copy inside `vc` remains valid.
+    auto a = std::make_pair(std::vector<int>{2, 1, 4}, 42);
+    auto b = std::make_pair(std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3}, 42);
+    auto c = std::make_pair(std::vector<int>{0, 3, 2}, 42);
+    assert(vc(a, b));
+    assert(vc(b, c));
+    assert(!vc(b, a));
+    assert(!vc(c, b));
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.observers/keys_values.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.observers/keys_values.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c7c674c034bcaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.observers/keys_values.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// const key_container_type& keys() const noexcept
+// const mapped_container_type& values() const noexcept
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+#include <deque>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  const M m                                                 = {{4, 'a'}, {2, 'b'}, {2, 'e'}, {3, 'c'}};
+  std::same_as<const KeyContainer&> decltype(auto) keys     = m.keys();
+  std::same_as<const ValueContainer&> decltype(auto) values = m.values();
+
+  // noexcept
+  static_assert(noexcept(m.keys()));
+  static_assert(noexcept(m.values()));
+
+  auto expected_keys   = {2, 2, 3, 4};
+  auto expected_values = {'b', 'e', 'c', 'a'};
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(keys, expected_keys));
+  assert(std::ranges::equal(values, expected_values));
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/contains.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/contains.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b3ea0b65a3d935
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/contains.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// bool contains(const key_type& x) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    M m     = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {8, 1}, {8, 2}, {8, 8}};
+    assert(!m.contains(0));
+    assert(m.contains(1));
+    assert(m.contains(2));
+    assert(!m.contains(3));
+    assert(m.contains(4));
+    assert(m.contains(5));
+    assert(!m.contains(6));
+    assert(!m.contains(7));
+    assert(std::as_const(m).contains(8));
+    assert(!std::as_const(m).contains(9));
+    m.clear();
+    assert(!m.contains(1));
+  }
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::greater<int>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    M m     = {{1, 0}, {2, 0}, {4, 0}, {2, 1}, {5, 1}, {5, 2}, {5, 0}, {8, 0}};
+    assert(!m.contains(0));
+    assert(m.contains(1));
+    assert(m.contains(2));
+    assert(!m.contains(3));
+    assert(m.contains(4));
+    assert(m.contains(5));
+    assert(!m.contains(6));
+    assert(!m.contains(7));
+    assert(std::as_const(m).contains(8));
+    assert(!std::as_const(m).contains(9));
+    m.clear();
+    assert(!m.contains(1));
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/contains_transparent.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/contains_transparent.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8a66ec63768d7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/contains_transparent.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template<class K> bool contains(const K& x) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <deque>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// Constraints: The qualified-id Compare::is_transparent is valid and denotes a type.
+template <class M>
+concept CanContains     = requires(M m, Transparent<int> k) { m.contains(k); };
+using TransparentMap    = std::flat_multimap<int, double, TransparentComparator>;
+using NonTransparentMap = std::flat_multimap<int, double, NonTransparentComparator>;
+static_assert(CanContains<TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(CanContains<const TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanContains<NonTransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanContains<const NonTransparentMap>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  M m = {{"alpha", 1}, {"beta", 2}, {"beta", 0}, {"epsilon", 3}, {"eta", 4}, {"eta", 1}, {"gamma", 5}};
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.contains(Transparent<std::string>{"abc"})), bool);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).contains(Transparent<std::string>{"b"})), bool);
+  assert(m.contains(Transparent<std::string>{"alpha"}) == true);
+  assert(m.contains(Transparent<std::string>{"beta"}) == true);
+  assert(m.contains(Transparent<std::string>{"epsilon"}) == true);
+  assert(m.contains(Transparent<std::string>{"eta"}) == true);
+  assert(m.contains(Transparent<std::string>{"gamma"}) == true);
+  assert(m.contains(Transparent<std::string>{"al"}) == false);
+  assert(m.contains(Transparent<std::string>{""}) == false);
+  assert(m.contains(Transparent<std::string>{"g"}) == false);
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::deque<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<std::string>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<std::string, min_allocator<std::string>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+
+  {
+    bool transparent_used = false;
+    TransparentComparator c(transparent_used);
+    std::flat_multimap<int, int, TransparentComparator> m(std::sorted_equivalent, {{1, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}}, c);
+    assert(!transparent_used);
+    auto b = m.contains(Transparent<int>{3});
+    assert(b);
+    assert(transparent_used);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/count.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/count.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..59b88428cde3c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/count.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// size_type count(const key_type& x) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    M m     = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {4, 4}, {4, 1}, {4, 3}, {4, 4}, {5, 5}, {8, 8}};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.count(0)), size_t);
+    assert(m.count(0) == 0);
+    assert(m.count(1) == 1);
+    assert(m.count(2) == 2);
+    assert(m.count(3) == 0);
+    assert(m.count(4) == 4);
+    assert(m.count(5) == 1);
+    assert(m.count(6) == 0);
+    assert(m.count(7) == 0);
+    assert(std::as_const(m).count(8) == 1);
+    assert(std::as_const(m).count(9) == 0);
+  }
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::greater<int>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    M m     = {{1, 0}, {2, 0}, {4, 0}, {1, 0}, {1, 2}, {8, 1}, {5, 0}, {8, 0}};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.count(0)), size_t);
+    assert(m.count(0) == 0);
+    assert(m.count(1) == 3);
+    assert(m.count(2) == 1);
+    assert(m.count(3) == 0);
+    assert(m.count(4) == 1);
+    assert(m.count(5) == 1);
+    assert(m.count(6) == 0);
+    assert(m.count(7) == 0);
+    assert(std::as_const(m).count(8) == 2);
+    assert(std::as_const(m).count(9) == 0);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/count_transparent.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/count_transparent.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..41f71065b2f750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/count_transparent.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template<class K> size_type count(const K& x) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// Constraints: The qualified-id Compare::is_transparent is valid and denotes a type.
+template <class M>
+concept CanCount        = requires(M m, Transparent<int> k) { m.count(k); };
+using TransparentMap    = std::flat_multimap<int, double, TransparentComparator>;
+using NonTransparentMap = std::flat_multimap<int, double, NonTransparentComparator>;
+static_assert(CanCount<TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(CanCount<const TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanCount<NonTransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanCount<const NonTransparentMap>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  M m = {{"alpha", 1},
+         {"beta", 2},
+         {"beta", 2},
+         {"epsilon", 3},
+         {"eta", 4},
+         {"eta", 1},
+         {"eta", 5},
+         {"gamma", 6},
+         {"gamma", 5}};
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.count(Transparent<std::string>{"abc"})), typename M::size_type);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).count(Transparent<std::string>{"b"})), typename M::size_type);
+  assert(m.count(Transparent<std::string>{"alpha"}) == 1);
+  assert(m.count(Transparent<std::string>{"beta"}) == 2);
+  assert(m.count(Transparent<std::string>{"epsilon"}) == 1);
+  assert(m.count(Transparent<std::string>{"eta"}) == 3);
+  assert(m.count(Transparent<std::string>{"gamma"}) == 2);
+  assert(m.count(Transparent<std::string>{"al"}) == 0);
+  assert(m.count(Transparent<std::string>{""}) == 0);
+  assert(m.count(Transparent<std::string>{"g"}) == 0);
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::deque<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<std::string>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<std::string, min_allocator<std::string>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+
+  {
+    bool transparent_used = false;
+    TransparentComparator c(transparent_used);
+    std::flat_multimap<int, int, TransparentComparator> m(
+        std::sorted_equivalent, {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}}, c);
+    assert(!transparent_used);
+    auto n = m.count(Transparent<int>{3});
+    assert(n == 2);
+    assert(transparent_used);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/equal_range.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/equal_range.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ac369b77a7f3d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/equal_range.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const key_type& k);
+// pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  {
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    using R  = std::pair<typename M::iterator, typename M::iterator>;
+    using CR = std::pair<typename M::const_iterator, typename M::const_iterator>;
+    M m      = {{1, 'a'}, {1, 'a'}, {1, 'A'}, {2, 'b'}, {4, 'd'}, {5, 'E'}, {5, 'e'}, {8, 'h'}, {8, 'z'}};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.equal_range(0)), R);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).equal_range(0)), CR);
+    auto begin = m.begin();
+    assert(m.equal_range(0) == std::pair(begin, begin));
+    assert(m.equal_range(1) == std::pair(begin, begin + 3));
+    assert(m.equal_range(2) == std::pair(begin + 3, begin + 4));
+    assert(m.equal_range(3) == std::pair(begin + 4, begin + 4));
+    assert(m.equal_range(4) == std::pair(begin + 4, begin + 5));
+    assert(m.equal_range(5) == std::pair(begin + 5, begin + 7));
+    assert(m.equal_range(6) == std::pair(begin + 7, begin + 7));
+    assert(m.equal_range(7) == std::pair(begin + 7, begin + 7));
+    assert(std::as_const(m).equal_range(8) == std::pair(m.cbegin() + 7, m.cbegin() + 9));
+    assert(std::as_const(m).equal_range(9) == std::pair(m.cbegin() + 9, m.cbegin() + 9));
+  }
+
+  {
+    using M  = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::greater<int>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    using R  = std::pair<typename M::iterator, typename M::iterator>;
+    using CR = std::pair<typename M::const_iterator, typename M::const_iterator>;
+    M m      = {
+        {1, 'a'}, {2, 'b'}, {2, 'b'}, {2, 'c'}, {4, 'a'}, {4, 'b'}, {4, 'c'}, {4, 'd'}, {5, 'e'}, {8, 'a'}, {8, 'h'}};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.equal_range(0)), R);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).equal_range(0)), CR);
+    auto begin = m.begin();
+    assert(m.equal_range(0) == std::pair(begin + 11, begin + 11));
+    assert(m.equal_range(1) == std::pair(begin + 10, begin + 11));
+    assert(m.equal_range(2) == std::pair(begin + 7, begin + 10));
+    assert(m.equal_range(3) == std::pair(begin + 7, begin + 7));
+    assert(m.equal_range(4) == std::pair(begin + 3, begin + 7));
+    assert(m.equal_range(5) == std::pair(begin + 2, begin + 3));
+    assert(m.equal_range(6) == std::pair(begin + 2, begin + 2));
+    assert(m.equal_range(7) == std::pair(begin + 2, begin + 2));
+    assert(std::as_const(m).equal_range(8) == std::pair(m.cbegin(), m.cbegin() + 2));
+    assert(std::as_const(m).equal_range(9) == std::pair(m.cbegin(), m.cbegin()));
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/equal_range_transparent.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/equal_range_transparent.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3666492bb921fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/equal_range_transparent.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template<class K> pair<iterator,iterator>             equal_range(const K& x);
+// template<class K> pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const K& x) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// Constraints: The qualified-id Compare::is_transparent is valid and denotes a type.
+template <class M>
+concept CanEqualRange   = requires(M m, Transparent<int> k) { m.equal_range(k); };
+using TransparentMap    = std::flat_multimap<int, double, TransparentComparator>;
+using NonTransparentMap = std::flat_multimap<int, double, NonTransparentComparator>;
+static_assert(CanEqualRange<TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(CanEqualRange<const TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanEqualRange<NonTransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanEqualRange<const NonTransparentMap>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  using R        = std::pair<typename M::iterator, typename M::iterator>;
+  using CR       = std::pair<typename M::const_iterator, typename M::const_iterator>;
+  M m            = {{"alpha", 1},
+                    {"alpha", 1},
+                    {"alpha", 3},
+                    {"beta", 2},
+                    {"epsilon", 3},
+                    {"epsilon", 0},
+                    {"eta", 4},
+                    {"gamma", 5},
+                    {"gamma", 1}};
+  const auto& cm = m;
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.equal_range(Transparent<std::string>{"abc"})), R);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).equal_range(Transparent<std::string>{"b"})), CR);
+
+  auto test_found = [&](auto&& map, const auto& expected_key, std::initializer_list<Value> expected_values) {
+    auto [first, last] = map.equal_range(Transparent<std::string>{expected_key});
+    auto expected_range =
+        expected_values | std::views::transform([&](auto&& val) { return std::pair(expected_key, val); });
+    assert(std::ranges::equal(std::ranges::subrange(first, last), expected_range));
+  };
+
+  auto test_not_found = [&](auto&& map, const std::string& expected_key, long expected_offset) {
+    auto [first, last] = map.equal_range(Transparent<std::string>{expected_key});
+    assert(first == last);
+    assert(first - m.begin() == expected_offset);
+  };
+
+  test_found(m, "alpha", {1, 1, 3});
+  test_found(m, "beta", {2});
+  test_found(m, "epsilon", {3, 0});
+  test_found(m, "eta", {4});
+  test_found(m, "gamma", {5, 1});
+  test_found(cm, "alpha", {1, 1, 3});
+  test_found(cm, "beta", {2});
+  test_found(cm, "epsilon", {3, 0});
+  test_found(cm, "eta", {4});
+  test_found(cm, "gamma", {5, 1});
+
+  test_not_found(m, "charlie", 4);
+  test_not_found(m, "aaa", 0);
+  test_not_found(m, "zzz", 9);
+  test_not_found(cm, "charlie", 4);
+  test_not_found(cm, "aaa", 0);
+  test_not_found(cm, "zzz", 9);
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::deque<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<std::string>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<std::string, min_allocator<std::string>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+
+  {
+    bool transparent_used = false;
+    TransparentComparator c(transparent_used);
+    std::flat_multimap<int, int, TransparentComparator> m(std::sorted_equivalent, {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 1}, {3, 3}}, c);
+    assert(!transparent_used);
+    auto p = m.equal_range(Transparent<int>{3});
+    assert(p.first == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(p.second == m.end());
+    assert(transparent_used);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/find.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/find.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..74b7051eb0d7be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/find.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+//       iterator find(const key_type& k);
+// const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  M m = {{1, 'a'}, {1, 'a'}, {1, 'b'}, {2, 'c'}, {2, 'b'}, {4, 'a'}, {4, 'd'}, {5, 'e'}, {8, 'a'}, {8, 'h'}};
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.find(0)), typename M::iterator);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).find(0)), typename M::const_iterator);
+  assert(m.find(0) == m.end());
+  assert(m.find(1) == m.begin());
+  assert(m.find(2) == m.begin() + 3);
+  assert(m.find(3) == m.end());
+  assert(m.find(4) == m.begin() + 5);
+  assert(m.find(5) == m.begin() + 7);
+  assert(m.find(6) == m.end());
+  assert(m.find(7) == m.end());
+  assert(std::as_const(m).find(8) == m.begin() + 8);
+  assert(std::as_const(m).find(9) == m.end());
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/find_transparent.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/find_transparent.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7bbdcd38944706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/find_transparent.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template<class K> iterator       find(const K& x);
+// template<class K> const_iterator find(const K& x) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// Constraints: The qualified-id Compare::is_transparent is valid and denotes a type.
+template <class M>
+concept CanFind         = requires(M m, Transparent<int> k) { m.find(k); };
+using TransparentMap    = std::flat_multimap<int, double, TransparentComparator>;
+using NonTransparentMap = std::flat_multimap<int, double, NonTransparentComparator>;
+static_assert(CanFind<TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(CanFind<const TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanFind<NonTransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanFind<const NonTransparentMap>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  M m            = {{"alpha", 1},
+                    {"beta", 2},
+                    {"beta", 0},
+                    {"beta", 1},
+                    {"beta", 2},
+                    {"epsilon", 3},
+                    {"epsilon", 1},
+                    {"eta", 4},
+                    {"gamma", 6},
+                    {"gamma", 5}};
+  const auto& cm = m;
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.find(Transparent<std::string>{"abc"})), typename M::iterator);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).find(Transparent<std::string>{"b"})), typename M::const_iterator);
+
+  auto test_find = [&](auto&& map, const std::string& expected_key, long expected_offset) {
+    auto iter = map.find(Transparent<std::string>{expected_key});
+    assert(iter - map.begin() == expected_offset);
+  };
+
+  test_find(m, "alpha", 0);
+  test_find(m, "beta", 1);
+  test_find(m, "epsilon", 5);
+  test_find(m, "eta", 7);
+  test_find(m, "gamma", 8);
+  test_find(m, "charlie", 10);
+  test_find(m, "aaa", 10);
+  test_find(m, "zzz", 10);
+  test_find(cm, "alpha", 0);
+  test_find(cm, "beta", 1);
+  test_find(cm, "epsilon", 5);
+  test_find(cm, "eta", 7);
+  test_find(cm, "gamma", 8);
+  test_find(cm, "charlie", 10);
+  test_find(cm, "aaa", 10);
+  test_find(cm, "zzz", 10);
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::deque<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<std::string>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<std::string, min_allocator<std::string>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+
+  {
+    bool transparent_used = false;
+    TransparentComparator c(transparent_used);
+    std::flat_multimap<int, int, TransparentComparator> m(std::sorted_equivalent, {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3,3}, {3, 3}}, c);
+    assert(!transparent_used);
+    auto it = m.find(Transparent<int>{3});
+    assert(it != m.end());
+    assert(transparent_used);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/lower_bound.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/lower_bound.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..c3befdda7de6e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/lower_bound.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+//       iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k);
+// const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    M m     = {{1, 'a'}, {2, 'a'}, {2, 'c'}, {2, 'b'}, {4, 'd'}, {5, 'a'}, {5, 'e'}, {8, 'h'}, {8, 'a'}};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.lower_bound(0)), typename M::iterator);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).lower_bound(0)), typename M::const_iterator);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(0) == m.begin());
+    assert(m.lower_bound(1) == m.begin());
+    assert(m.lower_bound(2) == m.begin() + 1);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(3) == m.begin() + 4);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(4) == m.begin() + 4);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(5) == m.begin() + 5);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(6) == m.begin() + 7);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(7) == m.begin() + 7);
+    assert(std::as_const(m).lower_bound(8) == m.begin() + 7);
+    assert(std::as_const(m).lower_bound(9) == m.end());
+  }
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::greater<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    M m     = {{1, 'a'}, {1, 'b'}, {2, 'b'}, {4, 'd'}, {4, 'a'}, {4, 'e'}, {5, 'e'}, {8, 'a'}, {8, 'h'}};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.lower_bound(0)), typename M::iterator);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).lower_bound(0)), typename M::const_iterator);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(0) == m.end());
+    assert(m.lower_bound(1) == m.begin() + 7);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(2) == m.begin() + 6);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(3) == m.begin() + 6);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(4) == m.begin() + 3);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(5) == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(6) == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.lower_bound(7) == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(std::as_const(m).lower_bound(8) == m.begin());
+    assert(std::as_const(m).lower_bound(9) == m.begin());
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/lower_bound_transparent.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/lower_bound_transparent.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b757af132e677a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/lower_bound_transparent.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template<class K> iterator       lower_bound(const K& x);
+// template<class K> const_iterator lower_bound(const K& x) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// Constraints: The qualified-id Compare::is_transparent is valid and denotes a type.
+template <class M>
+concept CanLowerBound   = requires(M m, Transparent<int> k) { m.lower_bound(k); };
+using TransparentMap    = std::flat_multimap<int, double, TransparentComparator>;
+using NonTransparentMap = std::flat_multimap<int, double, NonTransparentComparator>;
+static_assert(CanLowerBound<TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(CanLowerBound<const TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanLowerBound<NonTransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanLowerBound<const NonTransparentMap>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  M m            = {{"alpha", 1},
+                    {"alpha", 2},
+                    {"alpha", 3},
+                    {"beta", 2},
+                    {"epsilon", 3},
+                    {"epsilon", 4},
+                    {"eta", 4},
+                    {"gamma", 5},
+                    {"gamma", 5},
+                    {"gamma", 5},
+                    {"gamma", 5}};
+  const auto& cm = m;
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.lower_bound(Transparent<std::string>{"abc"})), typename M::iterator);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).lower_bound(Transparent<std::string>{"b"})), typename M::const_iterator);
+
+  auto test_lower_bound = [&](auto&& map, const std::string& expected_key, long expected_offset) {
+    auto iter = map.lower_bound(Transparent<std::string>{expected_key});
+    assert(iter - map.begin() == expected_offset);
+  };
+
+  test_lower_bound(m, "abc", 0);
+  test_lower_bound(m, "alpha", 0);
+  test_lower_bound(m, "beta", 3);
+  test_lower_bound(m, "bets", 4);
+  test_lower_bound(m, "charlie", 4);
+  test_lower_bound(m, "echo", 4);
+  test_lower_bound(m, "epsilon", 4);
+  test_lower_bound(m, "eta", 6);
+  test_lower_bound(m, "gamma", 7);
+  test_lower_bound(m, "golf", 11);
+  test_lower_bound(m, "zzz", 11);
+
+  test_lower_bound(cm, "abc", 0);
+  test_lower_bound(cm, "alpha", 0);
+  test_lower_bound(cm, "beta", 3);
+  test_lower_bound(cm, "bets", 4);
+  test_lower_bound(cm, "charlie", 4);
+  test_lower_bound(cm, "echo", 4);
+  test_lower_bound(cm, "epsilon", 4);
+  test_lower_bound(cm, "eta", 6);
+  test_lower_bound(cm, "gamma", 7);
+  test_lower_bound(cm, "golf", 11);
+  test_lower_bound(cm, "zzz", 11);
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::deque<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<std::string>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<std::string, min_allocator<std::string>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+
+  {
+    bool transparent_used = false;
+    TransparentComparator c(transparent_used);
+    std::flat_multimap<int, int, TransparentComparator> m(std::sorted_equivalent, {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}}, c);
+    assert(!transparent_used);
+    auto it = m.lower_bound(Transparent<int>{3});
+    assert(it != m.end());
+    assert(transparent_used);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/upper_bound.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/upper_bound.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d73d030236e227
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/upper_bound.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+//       iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k);
+// const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& k) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::less<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    M m     = {
+        {1, 'a'}, {2, 'b'}, {4, 'd'}, {4, 'e'}, {4, 'a'}, {4, 'b'}, {5, 'e'}, {5, 'a'}, {8, 'a'}, {8, 'b'}, {8, 'h'}};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.upper_bound(0)), typename M::iterator);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).upper_bound(0)), typename M::const_iterator);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(0) == m.begin());
+    assert(m.upper_bound(1) == m.begin() + 1);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(2) == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(3) == m.begin() + 2);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(4) == m.begin() + 6);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(5) == m.begin() + 8);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(6) == m.begin() + 8);
+    assert(std::as_const(m).upper_bound(7) == m.begin() + 8);
+    assert(std::as_const(m).upper_bound(8) == m.end());
+    assert(std::as_const(m).upper_bound(9) == m.end());
+  }
+
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::greater<Key>, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+    M m     = {
+        {1, 'a'}, {2, 'b'}, {4, 'd'}, {4, 'e'}, {4, 'a'}, {4, 'b'}, {5, 'e'}, {5, 'a'}, {8, 'a'}, {8, 'b'}, {8, 'h'}};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.upper_bound(0)), typename M::iterator);
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).upper_bound(0)), typename M::const_iterator);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(0) == m.end());
+    assert(m.upper_bound(1) == m.end());
+    assert(m.upper_bound(2) == m.begin() + 10);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(3) == m.begin() + 9);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(4) == m.begin() + 9);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(5) == m.begin() + 5);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(6) == m.begin() + 3);
+    assert(m.upper_bound(7) == m.begin() + 3);
+    assert(std::as_const(m).upper_bound(8) == m.begin() + 3);
+    assert(std::as_const(m).upper_bound(9) == m.begin());
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::vector<char>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<char>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<char, min_allocator<char>>>();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/upper_bound_transparent.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/upper_bound_transparent.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..969489d0fe6190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/flat.multimap.operations/upper_bound_transparent.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// template<class K> iterator       upper_bound(const K& x);
+// template<class K> const_iterator upper_bound(const K& x) const;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "../helpers.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+// Constraints: The qualified-id Compare::is_transparent is valid and denotes a type.
+template <class M>
+concept CanUpperBound   = requires(M m, Transparent<int> k) { m.upper_bound(k); };
+using TransparentMap    = std::flat_multimap<int, double, TransparentComparator>;
+using NonTransparentMap = std::flat_multimap<int, double, NonTransparentComparator>;
+static_assert(CanUpperBound<TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(CanUpperBound<const TransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanUpperBound<NonTransparentMap>);
+static_assert(!CanUpperBound<const NonTransparentMap>);
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+  using M     = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+  M m            = {{"alpha", 1},
+                    {"alpha", 2},
+                    {"alpha", 3},
+                    {"beta", 2},
+                    {"epsilon", 3},
+                    {"epsilon", 4},
+                    {"eta", 4},
+                    {"gamma", 5},
+                    {"gamma", 5},
+                    {"gamma", 5},
+                    {"gamma", 5}};
+  const auto& cm = m;
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(m.lower_bound(Transparent<std::string>{"abc"})), typename M::iterator);
+  ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(std::as_const(m).lower_bound(Transparent<std::string>{"b"})), typename M::const_iterator);
+
+  auto test_upper_bound = [&](auto&& map, const std::string& expected_key, long expected_offset) {
+    auto iter = map.upper_bound(Transparent<std::string>{expected_key});
+    assert(iter - map.begin() == expected_offset);
+  };
+
+  test_upper_bound(m, "abc", 0);
+  test_upper_bound(m, "alpha", 3);
+  test_upper_bound(m, "beta", 4);
+  test_upper_bound(m, "bets", 4);
+  test_upper_bound(m, "charlie", 4);
+  test_upper_bound(m, "echo", 4);
+  test_upper_bound(m, "epsilon", 6);
+  test_upper_bound(m, "eta", 7);
+  test_upper_bound(m, "gamma", 11);
+  test_upper_bound(m, "golf", 11);
+  test_upper_bound(m, "zzz", 11);
+
+  test_upper_bound(cm, "abc", 0);
+  test_upper_bound(cm, "alpha", 3);
+  test_upper_bound(cm, "beta", 4);
+  test_upper_bound(cm, "bets", 4);
+  test_upper_bound(cm, "charlie", 4);
+  test_upper_bound(cm, "echo", 4);
+  test_upper_bound(cm, "epsilon", 6);
+  test_upper_bound(cm, "eta", 7);
+  test_upper_bound(cm, "gamma", 11);
+  test_upper_bound(cm, "golf", 11);
+  test_upper_bound(cm, "zzz", 11);
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::deque<std::string>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<std::string>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<std::string, min_allocator<std::string>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+  {
+    bool transparent_used = false;
+    TransparentComparator c(transparent_used);
+    std::flat_multimap<int, int, TransparentComparator> m(std::sorted_equivalent, {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}}, c);
+    assert(!transparent_used);
+    auto it = m.upper_bound(Transparent<int>{2});
+    assert(it == m.begin() + 3);
+    assert(transparent_used);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/helpers.h b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/helpers.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..252e2454d497ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/helpers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef SUPPORT_FLAT_MULTIMAP_HELPERS_H
+#define SUPPORT_FLAT_MULTIMAP_HELPERS_H
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <flat_map>
+
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+template <class... Args>
+void check_invariant(const std::flat_multimap<Args...>& m) {
+  assert(m.keys().size() == m.values().size());
+  const auto& keys = m.keys();
+  assert(std::is_sorted(keys.begin(), keys.end(), m.key_comp()));
+}
+
+struct StartsWith {
+  explicit StartsWith(char ch) : lower_(1, ch), upper_(1, ch + 1) {}
+  StartsWith(const StartsWith&)     = delete;
+  void operator=(const StartsWith&) = delete;
+  struct Less {
+    using is_transparent = void;
+    bool operator()(const std::string& a, const std::string& b) const { return a < b; }
+    bool operator()(const StartsWith& a, const std::string& b) const { return a.upper_ <= b; }
+    bool operator()(const std::string& a, const StartsWith& b) const { return a < b.lower_; }
+    bool operator()(const StartsWith&, const StartsWith&) const {
+      assert(false); // should not be called
+      return false;
+    }
+  };
+
+private:
+  std::string lower_;
+  std::string upper_;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct CopyOnlyVector : std::vector<T> {
+  using std::vector<T>::vector;
+
+  CopyOnlyVector(const CopyOnlyVector&) = default;
+  CopyOnlyVector(CopyOnlyVector&& other) : CopyOnlyVector(other) {}
+  CopyOnlyVector(CopyOnlyVector&& other, std::vector<T>::allocator_type alloc) : CopyOnlyVector(other, alloc) {}
+
+  CopyOnlyVector& operator=(const CopyOnlyVector&) = default;
+  CopyOnlyVector& operator=(CopyOnlyVector& other) { return this->operator=(other); }
+};
+
+template <class T, bool ConvertibleToT = false>
+struct Transparent {
+  T t;
+
+  operator T() const
+    requires ConvertibleToT
+  {
+    return t;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class T>
+using ConvertibleTransparent = Transparent<T, true>;
+
+template <class T>
+using NonConvertibleTransparent = Transparent<T, false>;
+
+struct TransparentComparator {
+  using is_transparent = void;
+
+  bool* transparent_used  = nullptr;
+  TransparentComparator() = default;
+  TransparentComparator(bool& used) : transparent_used(&used) {}
+
+  template <class T, bool Convertible>
+  bool operator()(const T& t, const Transparent<T, Convertible>& transparent) const {
+    if (transparent_used != nullptr) {
+      *transparent_used = true;
+    }
+    return t < transparent.t;
+  }
+
+  template <class T, bool Convertible>
+  bool operator()(const Transparent<T, Convertible>& transparent, const T& t) const {
+    if (transparent_used != nullptr) {
+      *transparent_used = true;
+    }
+    return transparent.t < t;
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  bool operator()(const T& t1, const T& t2) const {
+    return t1 < t2;
+  }
+};
+
+struct NonTransparentComparator {
+  template <class T, bool Convertible>
+  bool operator()(const T&, const Transparent<T, Convertible>&) const;
+
+  template <class T, bool Convertible>
+  bool operator()(const Transparent<T, Convertible>&, const T&) const;
+
+  template <class T>
+  bool operator()(const T&, const T&) const;
+};
+
+struct NoDefaultCtr {
+  NoDefaultCtr() = delete;
+};
+
+#ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+template <class T>
+struct EmplaceUnsafeContainer : std::vector<T> {
+  using std::vector<T>::vector;
+
+  template <class... Args>
+  auto emplace(Args&&... args) -> decltype(std::declval<std::vector<T>>().emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...)) {
+    if (this->size() > 1) {
+      auto it1 = this->begin();
+      auto it2 = it1 + 1;
+      // messing up the container
+      std::iter_swap(it1, it2);
+    }
+
+    throw 42;
+  }
+
+  template <class... Args>
+  auto insert(Args&&... args) -> decltype(std::declval<std::vector<T>>().insert(std::forward<Args>(args)...)) {
+    if (this->size() > 1) {
+      auto it1 = this->begin();
+      auto it2 = it1 + 1;
+      // messing up the container
+      std::iter_swap(it1, it2);
+    }
+
+    throw 42;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct ThrowOnEraseContainer : std::vector<T> {
+  using std::vector<T>::vector;
+
+  template <class... Args>
+  auto erase(Args&&... args) -> decltype(std::declval<std::vector<T>>().erase(std::forward<Args>(args)...)) {
+    throw 42;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct ThrowOnMoveContainer : std::vector<T> {
+  using std::vector<T>::vector;
+
+  ThrowOnMoveContainer(ThrowOnMoveContainer&&) { throw 42; }
+
+  ThrowOnMoveContainer& operator=(ThrowOnMoveContainer&&) { throw 42; }
+};
+
+#endif
+
+template <class F>
+void test_emplace_exception_guarantee([[maybe_unused]] F&& emplace_function) {
+#ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  using C = TransparentComparator;
+  {
+    // Throw on emplace the key, and underlying has strong exception guarantee
+    using KeyContainer = std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>>;
+    using M            = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, KeyContainer>;
+
+    LIBCPP_STATIC_ASSERT(std::__container_traits<KeyContainer>::__emplacement_has_strong_exception_safety_guarantee);
+
+    test_allocator_statistics stats;
+
+    KeyContainer a({1, 1, 2, 4}, test_allocator<int>{&stats});
+    std::vector<int> b                    = {5, 6, 7, 8};
+    [[maybe_unused]] auto expected_keys   = a;
+    [[maybe_unused]] auto expected_values = b;
+    M m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(a), std::move(b));
+
+    stats.throw_after = 1;
+    try {
+      emplace_function(m, 1, 1);
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
+      check_invariant(m);
+      // In libc++, the flat_multimap is unchanged
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.size() == 4);
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.keys() == expected_keys);
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.values() == expected_values);
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    // Throw on emplace the key, and underlying has no strong exception guarantee
+    using KeyContainer = EmplaceUnsafeContainer<int>;
+    using M            = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, KeyContainer>;
+
+    LIBCPP_STATIC_ASSERT(!std::__container_traits<KeyContainer>::__emplacement_has_strong_exception_safety_guarantee);
+    KeyContainer a     = {1, 2, 2, 4};
+    std::vector<int> b = {5, 6, 7, 8};
+    M m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(a), std::move(b));
+    try {
+      emplace_function(m, 1, 1);
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (int) {
+      check_invariant(m);
+      // In libc++, the flat_multimap is cleared
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.size() == 0);
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    // Throw on emplace the value, and underlying has strong exception guarantee
+    using ValueContainer = std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>>;
+    ;
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int>, ValueContainer>;
+
+    LIBCPP_STATIC_ASSERT(std::__container_traits<ValueContainer>::__emplacement_has_strong_exception_safety_guarantee);
+
+    std::vector<int> a = {1, 3, 3, 4};
+    test_allocator_statistics stats;
+    ValueContainer b({1, 2, 3, 4}, test_allocator<int>{&stats});
+
+    [[maybe_unused]] auto expected_keys   = a;
+    [[maybe_unused]] auto expected_values = b;
+    M m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(a), std::move(b));
+
+    stats.throw_after = 1;
+    try {
+      emplace_function(m, 3, 3);
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
+      check_invariant(m);
+      // In libc++, the emplaced key is erased and the flat_multimap is unchanged
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.size() == 4);
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.keys() == expected_keys);
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.values() == expected_values);
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    // Throw on emplace the value, and underlying has no strong exception guarantee
+    using ValueContainer = EmplaceUnsafeContainer<int>;
+    using M              = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, std::vector<int>, ValueContainer>;
+
+    LIBCPP_STATIC_ASSERT(!std::__container_traits<ValueContainer>::__emplacement_has_strong_exception_safety_guarantee);
+    std::vector<int> a = {1, 1, 1, 1};
+    ValueContainer b   = {1, 2, 3, 4};
+
+    M m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(a), std::move(b));
+
+    try {
+      emplace_function(m, 1, 5);
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (int) {
+      check_invariant(m);
+      // In libc++, the flat_multimap is cleared
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.size() == 0);
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    // Throw on emplace the value, then throw again on erasing the key
+    using KeyContainer   = ThrowOnEraseContainer<int>;
+    using ValueContainer = std::vector<int, test_allocator<int>>;
+    using M              = std::flat_multimap<int, int, C, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+    LIBCPP_STATIC_ASSERT(std::__container_traits<ValueContainer>::__emplacement_has_strong_exception_safety_guarantee);
+
+    KeyContainer a = {4, 4, 4, 4};
+    test_allocator_statistics stats;
+    ValueContainer b({1, 2, 3, 4}, test_allocator<int>{&stats});
+
+    M m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(a), std::move(b));
+    stats.throw_after = 1;
+    try {
+      emplace_function(m, 0, 0);
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
+      check_invariant(m);
+      // In libc++, we try to erase the key after value emplacement failure.
+      // and after erasure failure, we clear the flat_multimap
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.size() == 0);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class F>
+void test_insert_range_exception_guarantee([[maybe_unused]] F&& insert_function) {
+#ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  using KeyContainer   = EmplaceUnsafeContainer<int>;
+  using ValueContainer = std::vector<int>;
+  using M              = std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::ranges::less, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+  test_allocator_statistics stats;
+  KeyContainer a{1, 2, 3, 4};
+  ValueContainer b{1, 2, 3, 4};
+  M m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(a), std::move(b));
+
+  std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> newValues = {{0, 0}, {1, 1}, {5, 5}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 8}};
+  stats.throw_after                          = 1;
+  try {
+    insert_function(m, newValues);
+    assert(false);
+  } catch (int) {
+    check_invariant(m);
+    // In libc++, we clear if anything goes wrong when inserting a range
+    LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.size() == 0);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class F>
+void test_erase_exception_guarantee([[maybe_unused]] F&& erase_function) {
+#ifndef TEST_HAS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+  {
+    // key erase throws
+    using KeyContainer   = ThrowOnEraseContainer<int>;
+    using ValueContainer = std::vector<int>;
+    using M              = std::flat_multimap<int, int, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+    KeyContainer a{1, 3, 3, 4};
+    ValueContainer b{1, 3, 3, 4};
+    M m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(a), std::move(b));
+    try {
+      erase_function(m, 3);
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (int) {
+      check_invariant(m);
+      // In libc++, we clear if anything goes wrong when erasing
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.size() == 0);
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    // key erase throws
+    using KeyContainer   = std::vector<int>;
+    using ValueContainer = ThrowOnEraseContainer<int>;
+    using M              = std::flat_multimap<int, int, TransparentComparator, KeyContainer, ValueContainer>;
+
+    KeyContainer a{1, 3, 3, 4};
+    ValueContainer b{1, 3, 3, 4};
+    M m(std::sorted_equivalent, std::move(a), std::move(b));
+    try {
+      erase_function(m, 3);
+      assert(false);
+    } catch (int) {
+      check_invariant(m);
+      // In libc++, we clear if anything goes wrong when erasing
+      LIBCPP_ASSERT(m.size() == 0);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+}
+class Moveable {
+  int int_;
+  double double_;
+
+public:
+  Moveable() : int_(0), double_(0) {}
+  Moveable(int i, double d) : int_(i), double_(d) {}
+  Moveable(Moveable&& x) : int_(x.int_), double_(x.double_) {
+    x.int_    = -1;
+    x.double_ = -1;
+  }
+  Moveable& operator=(Moveable&& x) {
+    int_      = x.int_;
+    x.int_    = -1;
+    double_   = x.double_;
+    x.double_ = -1;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  Moveable(const Moveable&)            = delete;
+  Moveable& operator=(const Moveable&) = delete;
+  bool operator==(const Moveable& x) const { return int_ == x.int_ && double_ == x.double_; }
+  bool operator<(const Moveable& x) const { return int_ < x.int_ || (int_ == x.int_ && double_ < x.double_); }
+
+  int get() const { return int_; }
+  bool moved() const { return int_ == -1; }
+};
+
+#endif // SUPPORT_FLAT_MULTIMAP_HELPERS_H
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/incomplete_type.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/incomplete_type.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..50fe3d4e597333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/incomplete_type.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// Check that std::flat_multimap and its iterators can be instantiated with an incomplete
+// type.
+
+#include <flat_map>
+
+struct A {
+  using Map = std::flat_multimap<A, A>;
+  int data;
+  Map m;
+  Map::iterator it;
+  Map::const_iterator cit;
+};
+
+// Implement the operator< required in order to instantiate flat_multimap<A, X>
+bool operator<(A const& L, A const& R) { return L.data < R.data; }
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  A a;
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/op_compare.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/op_compare.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..680ff1a127ddaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/op_compare.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+// <flat_map>
+
+// class flat_multimap
+
+// friend bool operator==(const flat_multimap& x, const flat_multimap& y);
+// friend synth-three-way-result<value_type>
+//   operator<=>(const flat_multimap& x, const flat_multimap& y);
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <deque>
+#include <compare>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <limits>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "MinSequenceContainer.h"
+#include "test_macros.h"
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+#include "test_allocator.h"
+#include "test_comparisons.h"
+#include "test_container_comparisons.h"
+
+template <class KeyContainer, class ValueContainer>
+void test() {
+  using Key   = typename KeyContainer::value_type;
+  using Value = typename ValueContainer::value_type;
+
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value>;
+    C s1    = {{1, 1}};
+    C s2    = {{2, 0}}; // {{1,1}} versus {{2,0}}
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s1 <=> s2), std::strong_ordering);
+    AssertComparisonsReturnBool<C>();
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, false, true));
+    s2 = {{1, 1}}; // {{1,1}} versus {{1,1}}
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, true, false));
+    s2 = {{1, 1}, {2, 0}}; // {{1,1}} versus {{1,1},{2,0}}
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, false, true));
+    s1 = {{0, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}}; // {{0,0},{1,1},{2,2}} versus {{1,1},{2,0}}
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, false, true));
+    s2 = {{0, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 3}}; // {{0,0},{1,1},{2,2}} versus {{0,0},{1,1},{2,3}}
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, false, true));
+
+    s1 = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}};
+    s2 = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}};
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, true, false));
+
+    s2 = {{1, 1}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}};
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, false, true));
+
+    s2 = {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {2, 2}};
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, false, true));
+
+    s2 = {{0, 0}, {1, 1}, {1, 1}};
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, false, false));
+  }
+  {
+    // Comparisons use value_type's native operators, not the comparator
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<Key, Value, std::greater<Key>>;
+    C s1    = {{1, 1}};
+    C s2    = {{2, 0}}; // {{1,1}} versus {{2,0}}
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s1 <=> s2), std::strong_ordering);
+    AssertComparisonsReturnBool<C>();
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, false, true));
+    s2 = {{1, 1}}; // {{1,1}} versus {{1,1}}
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, true, false));
+    s2 = {{1, 1}, {2, 0}}; // {{1,1}} versus {{2,0},{1,1}}
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, false, true));
+    s1 = {{0, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 2}}; // {{2,2},{1,1},{0,0}} versus {2,0},{1,1}}
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, false, false));
+    s2 = {{0, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 3}}; // {{2,2},{1,1},{0,0}} versus {{2,3},{1,1},{0,0}}
+    assert(testComparisons(s1, s2, false, true));
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int, char**) {
+  test<std::vector<int>, std::vector<int>>();
+  test<std::deque<int>, std::deque<int>>();
+  test<MinSequenceContainer<int>, MinSequenceContainer<int>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+  test<std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>, std::vector<int, min_allocator<int>>>();
+
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<double, int>;
+    C s1    = {{1, 1}};
+    C s2    = C(std::sorted_equivalent, {{std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN(), 2}});
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s1 <=> s2), std::partial_ordering);
+    AssertComparisonsReturnBool<C>();
+    assert(testComparisonsComplete(s1, s2, false, false, false));
+  }
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, double>;
+    C s1    = {{1, 1}};
+    C s2    = C(std::sorted_equivalent, {{2, std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN()}});
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s1 <=> s2), std::partial_ordering);
+    AssertComparisonsReturnBool<C>();
+    assert(testComparisonsComplete(s1, s2, false, true, false));
+    s2 = C(std::sorted_equivalent, {{1, std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN()}});
+    assert(testComparisonsComplete(s1, s2, false, false, false));
+  }
+  {
+    // Comparisons use value_type's native operators, not the comparator
+    struct StrongComp {
+      bool operator()(double a, double b) const { return std::strong_order(a, b) < 0; }
+    };
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<double, double, StrongComp>;
+    C s1    = {{1, 1}};
+    C s2    = {{std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN(), std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN()}};
+    ASSERT_SAME_TYPE(decltype(s1 <=> s2), std::partial_ordering);
+    AssertComparisonsReturnBool<C>();
+    assert(testComparisonsComplete(s1, s2, false, false, false));
+    s1 = {{{1, 1}, {std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN(), 1}}};
+    s2 = {{{std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN(), 1}, {1, 1}}};
+    assert(std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(
+               s1.keys().begin(), s1.keys().end(), s2.keys().begin(), s2.keys().end(), std::strong_order) ==
+           std::strong_ordering::equal);
+    assert(s1 != s2);
+    assert((s1 <=> s2) == std::partial_ordering::unordered);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/types.compile.pass.cpp b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/types.compile.pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..490d51c2997931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcxx/test/std/containers/container.adaptors/flat.multimap/types.compile.pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// UNSUPPORTED: c++03, c++11, c++14, c++17, c++20
+
+//  using key_type               = Key;
+//  using mapped_type            = T;
+//  using value_type             = pair<key_type, mapped_type>;
+//  using key_compare            = Compare;
+//  using reference              = pair<const key_type&, mapped_type&>;
+//  using const_reference        = pair<const key_type&, const mapped_type&>;
+//  using size_type              = size_t;
+//  using difference_type        = ptrdiff_t;
+//  using iterator               = implementation-defined; // see [container.requirements]
+//  using const_iterator         = implementation-defined; // see [container.requirements]
+//  using reverse_iterator       = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+//  using const_reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
+//  using key_container_type     = KeyContainer;
+//  using mapped_container_type  = MappedContainer;
+
+//  class value_compare;
+
+//  struct containers {
+//    key_container_type keys;
+//    mapped_container_type values;
+//  };
+
+#include <concepts>
+#include <deque>
+#include <flat_map>
+#include <functional>
+#include <ranges>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include "min_allocator.h"
+
+void test() {
+  {
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<int, double>;
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::key_type, int>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::mapped_type, double>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::value_type, std::pair<int, double>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::key_compare, std::less<int>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::reference, std::pair<const int&, double&>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::const_reference, std::pair<const int&, const double&>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::size_type, size_t>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::difference_type, ptrdiff_t>);
+    static_assert(requires { typename M::iterator; });
+    static_assert(requires { typename M::const_iterator; });
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::reverse_iterator, std::reverse_iterator<typename M::iterator>>);
+    static_assert(
+        std::is_same_v<typename M::const_reverse_iterator, std::reverse_iterator<typename M::const_iterator>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::key_container_type, std::vector<int>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::mapped_container_type, std::vector<double>>);
+    static_assert(requires { typename M::value_compare; });
+    static_assert(requires { typename M::containers; });
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(M::containers::keys), std::vector<int>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(M::containers::values), std::vector<double>>);
+  }
+
+  {
+    struct A {};
+    struct Compare {
+      bool operator()(const std::string&, const std::string&) const;
+    };
+    using M = std::flat_multimap<std::string, A, Compare, std::deque<std::string>, std::deque<A>>;
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::key_type, std::string>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::mapped_type, A>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::value_type, std::pair<std::string, A>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::key_compare, Compare>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::reference, std::pair<const std::string&, A&>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::const_reference, std::pair<const std::string&, const A&>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::size_type, size_t>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::difference_type, ptrdiff_t>);
+    static_assert(requires { typename M::iterator; });
+    static_assert(requires { typename M::const_iterator; });
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::reverse_iterator, std::reverse_iterator<typename M::iterator>>);
+    static_assert(
+        std::is_same_v<typename M::const_reverse_iterator, std::reverse_iterator<typename M::const_iterator>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::key_container_type, std::deque<std::string>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename M::mapped_container_type, std::deque<A>>);
+    static_assert(requires { typename M::value_compare; });
+    static_assert(requires { typename M::containers; });
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(M::containers::keys), std::deque<std::string>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(M::containers::values), std::deque<A>>);
+  }
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<int, short>;
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::key_type, int>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::mapped_type, short>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::value_type, std::pair<int, short>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::key_compare, std::less<int>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_same_v<C::value_compare, std::less<int>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::reference, std::pair<const int&, short&>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::const_reference, std::pair<const int&, const short&>>);
+    static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<C::iterator>);
+    static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<C::const_iterator>);
+    static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<C::reverse_iterator>);
+    static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<C::const_reverse_iterator>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::reverse_iterator, std::reverse_iterator<C::iterator>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::const_reverse_iterator, std::reverse_iterator<C::const_iterator>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::size_type, std::size_t>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::difference_type, std::ptrdiff_t>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::key_container_type, std::vector<int>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::mapped_container_type, std::vector<short>>);
+  }
+  {
+    using C = std::flat_multimap<short, int, std::greater<long>, std::deque<short, min_allocator<short>>>;
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::key_type, short>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::mapped_type, int>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::value_type, std::pair<short, int>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::key_compare, std::greater<long>>);
+    static_assert(!std::is_same_v<C::value_compare, std::greater<long>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::reference, std::pair<const short&, int&>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::const_reference, std::pair<const short&, const int&>>);
+    static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<C::iterator>);
+    static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<C::const_iterator>);
+    static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<C::reverse_iterator>);
+    static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<C::const_reverse_iterator>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::reverse_iterator, std::reverse_iterator<C::iterator>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::const_reverse_iterator, std::reverse_iterator<C::const_iterator>>);
+    // size_type is invariably size_t
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::size_type, std::size_t>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::difference_type, std::ptrdiff_t>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::key_container_type, std::deque<short, min_allocator<short>>>);
+    static_assert(std::is_same_v<C::mapped_container_type, std::vector<int>>);
+  }
+}

>From 5dfffc2372a5084ef6db3f33eb8bb6e9a4b87013 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hui Xie <huixie at Huis-MacBook-Pro.local>
Date: Sat, 16 Nov 2024 14:20:25 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] fix byte include

---
 libcxx/include/__flat_map/flat_multimap.h | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/libcxx/include/__flat_map/flat_multimap.h b/libcxx/include/__flat_map/flat_multimap.h
index ac46a8597e3780..060abf5c429a63 100644
--- a/libcxx/include/__flat_map/flat_multimap.h
+++ b/libcxx/include/__flat_map/flat_multimap.h
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <__concepts/convertible_to.h>
 #include <__concepts/swappable.h>
 #include <__config>
+#include <__cstddef/byte.h>
 #include <__flat_map/sorted_equivalent.h>
 #include <__functional/invoke.h>
 #include <__functional/is_transparent.h>



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