[libc-commits] [libc] [libc][tsearch] use weak AVL tree for tsearch implementation (PR #172411)

Schrodinger ZHU Yifan via libc-commits libc-commits at lists.llvm.org
Mon Dec 15 20:05:52 PST 2025


https://github.com/SchrodingerZhu created https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/172411

- **[libc][tsearch] scaffold WAVL header**
- **stage**
- **stage**
- **stage the work**
- **stage the work**


>From 1588de4b6f0da428155f4175f23043c292fb6575 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Schrodinger ZHU Yifan <i at zhuyi.fan>
Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2025 03:09:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1/5] [libc][tsearch] scaffold WAVL header

---
 libc/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt |  9 +++++++++
 libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h     | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h

diff --git a/libc/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt b/libc/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
index c7f127d6934a0..99a1641d629f3 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/libc/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -391,6 +391,15 @@ add_header_library(
     libc.src.__support.macros.attributes
 )
 
+add_header_library(
+  weak_avl
+  HDRS
+    weak_avl.h
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.CPP.new
+    libc.src.__support.macros.config
+)
+
 add_subdirectory(FPUtil)
 add_subdirectory(OSUtil)
 add_subdirectory(StringUtil)
diff --git a/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h b/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..817146e8b9ab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//===-- Implementation header for weak AVL tree -----------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_WEAK_AVL_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_WEAK_AVL_H
+
+#include "src/__support/CPP/new.h"
+#include "src/__support/macros/config.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
+
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_WEAK_AVL_H

>From c58c5373397e2c3353e934edbe8a51d0ee5c80be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Schrodinger ZHU Yifan <i at zhuyi.fan>
Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2025 16:42:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2/5] stage

---
 libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h | 97 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+)

diff --git a/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h b/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
index 817146e8b9ab9..552f6bf4e47be 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
+++ b/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
@@ -5,15 +5,112 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Weak AVL tree implementation based on the algorithm described in:
+// 1. https://maskray.me/blog/2025-12-14-weak-avl-tree
+// 2. https://reviews.freebsd.org/D25480
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 #ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_WEAK_AVL_H
 #define LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_WEAK_AVL_H
 
+#include "hdr/stdint_proxy.h"
+#include "src/__support/CPP/bit.h"
 #include "src/__support/CPP/new.h"
+#include "src/__support/CPP/utility/move.h"
+#include "src/__support/macros/attributes.h"
 #include "src/__support/macros/config.h"
 
 namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
 
+namespace wavl {
+struct WeakAVLDefaultCompare {
+  template <typename T>
+  LIBC_INLINE bool operator()(const T &a, const T &b) const {
+    return a < b;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Compare = WeakAVLDefaultCompare>
+class WeakAVLNode {
+  // Data
+  T data;
+
+  // Packs the parent pointer with 2 flag bits in the low bits. Bit 0 indicates
+  // whether the left child has rank difference 2; bit 1 indicates whether the
+  // right child has rank difference 2. A cleared bit means rank difference 1.
+  uintptr_t parent_and_flags;
+
+  // Children pointers
+  WeakAVLNode *children[2];
+
+  // Constants
+  static LIBC_INLINE_VAR constexpr uintptr_t FLAGS_MASK = 0b11;
+  static LIBC_INLINE_VAR constexpr uintptr_t LEFT_FLAG_BIT = 0b01;
+  static LIBC_INLINE_VAR constexpr uintptr_t RIGHT_FLAG_BIT = 0b10;
+  static_assert(alignof(WeakAVLNode) >= 4,
+                "WeakAVLNode alignment must be at least 4 to store flags.");
+
+  // Auxiliary methods for accessing fields
+  LIBC_INLINE WeakAVLNode *parent() const {
+    return cpp::bit_cast<WeakAVLNode *>(parent_and_flags & ~FLAGS_MASK);
+  }
+  LIBC_INLINE uintptr_t flags() const { return parent_and_flags & FLAGS_MASK; }
+  LIBC_INLINE void set_parent(WeakAVLNode *p) {
+    parent_and_flags = cpp::bit_cast<uintptr_t>(p) | flags();
+  }
+  LIBC_INLINE bool has_rank_diff_2(bool is_right) const {
+    return flags() & (is_right ? RIGHT_FLAG_BIT : LEFT_FLAG_BIT);
+  }
+  LIBC_INLINE void toggle_rank_diff_2(bool is_right) {
+    parent_and_flags ^= (is_right ? RIGHT_FLAG_BIT : LEFT_FLAG_BIT);
+  }
+  LIBC_INLINE void clear_flags() { parent_and_flags &= ~FLAGS_MASK; }
+  LIBC_INLINE bool operator<(const WeakAVLNode &other) const {
+    return Compare{}(data, other.data);
+  }
+
+  LIBC_INLINE WeakAVLNode(T data)
+      : data(cpp::move(data)), parent_and_flags(0), children{nullptr, nullptr} {
+  }
+
+public:
+  LIBC_INLINE static WeakAVLNode *create(T value) {
+    AllocChecker ac;
+    WeakAVLNode *res = ::new (ac) WeakAVLNode(value);
+    if (ac)
+      return res;
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  LIBC_INLINE static void destroy(WeakAVLNode *node) {
+    if (!node)
+      return;
+    destroy(node->children[0]);
+    destroy(node->children[1]);
+    ::delete node;
+  }
+  LIBC_INLINE static WeakAVLNode *rotate(WeakAVLNode *&root, WeakAVLNode *node,
+                                         bool is_right) {
+    WeakAVLNode *pivot = node->children[is_right];
+    // Handover pivot's child
+    WeakAVLNode *grandchild = pivot->children[!is_right];
+    node->children[is_right] = grandchild;
+    if (grandchild)
+      grandchild->set_parent(node);
+    pivot->set_parent(node->parent());
+    // Pivot becomes the new root of the subtree
+    if (!node->parent())
+      root = pivot;
+    else {
+      bool node_is_right = node->parent()->children[1] == node;
+      node->parent()->children[node_is_right] = pivot;
+    }
+    pivot->children[!is_right] = node;
+    node->set_parent(pivot);
+    return pivot;
+  }
+};
+} // namespace wavl
+
 } // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
 
 #endif // LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_WEAK_AVL_H

>From 1b6a1d6f689144c41d915dbd8ec874f4adc9300c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Schrodinger ZHU Yifan <i at zhuyi.fan>
Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2025 17:01:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3/5] stage

---
 libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h b/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
index 552f6bf4e47be..965dc69e4c530 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
+++ b/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
@@ -108,6 +108,9 @@ class WeakAVLNode {
     node->set_parent(pivot);
     return pivot;
   }
+  LIBC_INLINE static void insert(WeakAVLNode*& root, WeakAVLNode* node) {
+    
+  }
 };
 } // namespace wavl
 

>From e3b68949d5dfbf18b3097cbe78421f16b73e23eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Schrodinger ZHU Yifan <i at zhuyi.fan>
Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2025 22:52:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 4/5] stage the work

---
 libc/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt         |   5 +
 libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h             | 172 +++++++++++++++++++---
 libc/test/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt    |  10 ++
 libc/test/src/__support/weak_avl_test.cpp | 128 ++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 296 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 libc/test/src/__support/weak_avl_test.cpp

diff --git a/libc/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt b/libc/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
index 99a1641d629f3..bde12abaa291e 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/libc/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -396,7 +396,12 @@ add_header_library(
   HDRS
     weak_avl.h
   DEPENDS
+    libc.hdr.stdint_proxy
+    libc.src.__support.CPP.bit
     libc.src.__support.CPP.new
+    libc.src.__support.CPP.utility
+    libc.src.__support.libc_assert
+    libc.src.__support.macros.attributes
     libc.src.__support.macros.config
 )
 
diff --git a/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h b/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
index 965dc69e4c530..aa38199cc1bfa 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
+++ b/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
@@ -17,27 +17,20 @@
 #include "src/__support/CPP/bit.h"
 #include "src/__support/CPP/new.h"
 #include "src/__support/CPP/utility/move.h"
+#include "src/__support/libc_assert.h"
 #include "src/__support/macros/attributes.h"
 #include "src/__support/macros/config.h"
 
 namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
 
-namespace wavl {
-struct WeakAVLDefaultCompare {
-  template <typename T>
-  LIBC_INLINE bool operator()(const T &a, const T &b) const {
-    return a < b;
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename Compare = WeakAVLDefaultCompare>
-class WeakAVLNode {
+template <typename T> class WeakAVLNode {
   // Data
   T data;
 
   // Packs the parent pointer with 2 flag bits in the low bits. Bit 0 indicates
   // whether the left child has rank difference 2; bit 1 indicates whether the
   // right child has rank difference 2. A cleared bit means rank difference 1.
+  // All rank differences are 1 or 2, and every leaf has rank 0.
   uintptr_t parent_and_flags;
 
   // Children pointers
@@ -47,8 +40,6 @@ class WeakAVLNode {
   static LIBC_INLINE_VAR constexpr uintptr_t FLAGS_MASK = 0b11;
   static LIBC_INLINE_VAR constexpr uintptr_t LEFT_FLAG_BIT = 0b01;
   static LIBC_INLINE_VAR constexpr uintptr_t RIGHT_FLAG_BIT = 0b10;
-  static_assert(alignof(WeakAVLNode) >= 4,
-                "WeakAVLNode alignment must be at least 4 to store flags.");
 
   // Auxiliary methods for accessing fields
   LIBC_INLINE WeakAVLNode *parent() const {
@@ -65,15 +56,13 @@ class WeakAVLNode {
     parent_and_flags ^= (is_right ? RIGHT_FLAG_BIT : LEFT_FLAG_BIT);
   }
   LIBC_INLINE void clear_flags() { parent_and_flags &= ~FLAGS_MASK; }
-  LIBC_INLINE bool operator<(const WeakAVLNode &other) const {
-    return Compare{}(data, other.data);
+  LIBC_INLINE void set_flags(uintptr_t flags) {
+    parent_and_flags |= (FLAGS_MASK & flags);
   }
-
   LIBC_INLINE WeakAVLNode(T data)
       : data(cpp::move(data)), parent_and_flags(0), children{nullptr, nullptr} {
   }
 
-public:
   LIBC_INLINE static WeakAVLNode *create(T value) {
     AllocChecker ac;
     WeakAVLNode *res = ::new (ac) WeakAVLNode(value);
@@ -81,6 +70,16 @@ class WeakAVLNode {
       return res;
     return nullptr;
   }
+
+public:
+  LIBC_INLINE const WeakAVLNode *get_left() const { return children[0]; }
+  LIBC_INLINE const WeakAVLNode *get_right() const { return children[1]; }
+  LIBC_INLINE const T &get_data() const { return data; }
+  LIBC_INLINE bool is_rank_diff_2(bool is_right) const {
+    return has_rank_diff_2(is_right);
+  }
+
+  // Destroy the subtree rooted at node
   LIBC_INLINE static void destroy(WeakAVLNode *node) {
     if (!node)
       return;
@@ -88,6 +87,16 @@ class WeakAVLNode {
     destroy(node->children[1]);
     ::delete node;
   }
+  // Rotate the subtree rooted at node in the given direction.
+  //
+  // Illustration for is_right = true (Left Rotation):
+  //
+  //          (Node)                       (Pivot)
+  //          /    \                       /     \
+  //         A   (Pivot)       =>       (Node)    C
+  //             /     \                /    \
+  //            B       C              A      B
+  //
   LIBC_INLINE static WeakAVLNode *rotate(WeakAVLNode *&root, WeakAVLNode *node,
                                          bool is_right) {
     WeakAVLNode *pivot = node->children[is_right];
@@ -108,11 +117,136 @@ class WeakAVLNode {
     node->set_parent(pivot);
     return pivot;
   }
-  LIBC_INLINE static void insert(WeakAVLNode*& root, WeakAVLNode* node) {
-    
+  // Insert data into the subtree rooted at root.
+  // Returns the node if insertion is successful or the node exists in
+  // the tree.
+  // Returns nullptr if memory allocation fails.
+  // `Compare` returns integer values for ternary comparison.
+  template <typename Compare>
+  LIBC_INLINE static WeakAVLNode *find_or_insert(WeakAVLNode *&root, T data,
+                                                 Compare &&comp) {
+    WeakAVLNode *parent = nullptr, *cursor = root;
+    bool is_right = false;
+    while (cursor != nullptr) {
+      parent = cursor;
+      int comp_result = comp(parent->data, data);
+      if (comp_result == 0)
+        return parent; // Node already exists
+      is_right = comp_result < 0;
+      cursor = cursor->children[is_right];
+    }
+    WeakAVLNode *allocated = create(cpp::move(data));
+    if (!allocated)
+      return nullptr;
+    WeakAVLNode *node = allocated;
+    node->set_parent(parent);
+
+    // Case 0: inserting into an empty tree
+    if (!parent) {
+      root = node; // Tree was empty
+      return node;
+    }
+
+    parent->children[is_right] = node;
+    // Rebalance process
+    while (parent) {
+      // Case 1: parent does not need to be promoted as node is lowering
+      // than the parent by 2 ranks.
+      //      (P)                       (P)
+      //     /  \                      /  \
+      //    2    1           =>       1    1
+      //   /      \                  /      \
+      // (N)       (*)             (N)       (*)
+      if (parent->has_rank_diff_2(is_right)) {
+        parent->toggle_rank_diff_2(is_right);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      bool sibling_has_rank_diff_2 = parent->has_rank_diff_2(!is_right);
+      // Case 2: node's sibling has rank-difference 1.
+      // Promoting parent will fix the conflict of the trinodes but we may need
+      // to continue on parent.
+      //
+      //         (GP)                       (GP)
+      //          |         Promote          |   x - 1
+      //          | x        ----->         (P)
+      //      0   |         /           1  /   \
+      // (N) --- (P)    ----             (N)    \ 2
+      //            \  1                         \
+      //             (S)                          (S)
+      if (!sibling_has_rank_diff_2) {
+        parent->toggle_rank_diff_2(!is_right);
+        node = parent;
+        parent = node->parent();
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      LIBC_ASSERT((node->flags() != 0b11) &&
+                  "there should be no 2-2 nodes in a weak AVL tree");
+
+      LIBC_ASSERT((node == allocated || node->flags() != 0) &&
+                  "Internal node must have a child with rank-difference 2, "
+                  "otherwise it should have already been handled.");
+
+      bool node_is_right = (node == parent->children[1]);
+      // Case 3: node's sibling has rank-difference 2. And node has a 1-node
+      // along the same direction. We can do a single rotation to fix the
+      // trinode.
+      //                   (GP)                            (GP)
+      //               0    |   X      Rotate               |
+      //         (N) ----- (P)           =>                (N)
+      //     1  /   \  2      \  2                      1  /  \ 1
+      //      (C1)   \         \                        (C1)   (P)
+      //             (C2)       (S)                         1 /  \ 1
+      //                                                    (C2)  (S)
+      if (node->has_rank_diff_2(!node_is_right)) {
+        WeakAVLNode *new_subroot = rotate(root, parent, node_is_right);
+        new_subroot->clear_flags();
+        parent->clear_flags();
+        break;
+      }
+      // Case 4: node's sibling has rank-difference 2. And node has a 1-node
+      // along the opposite direction. We need a double rotation to fix the
+      // trinode.
+      //                   (GP)                            (GP)
+      //               0    |   X      Zig-Zag              |      X
+      //         (N) ----- (P)           =>                (C1)
+      //     2  /   \  1      \  2                      1  /  \ 1
+      //       /    (C1)       \                        (N)    (P)
+      //     (C2) L /  \ R      (S)                  1 / \ L R / \ 1
+      //          (A)  (B)                           (C2) (A)(B) (S)
+      // (mirrored)
+      //         (GP)                                      (GP)
+      //        X | 0                Zig-Zag                |      X
+      //         (P) ----- (N)           =>                (C1)
+      //    2  /         1 / \ 2                        1  /  \ 1
+      //      /         (C1)  \                         (P)    (N)
+      //    (S)       L /  \ R (C2)                   1 / \ L R / \ 1
+      //              (A)  (B)                        (S)(A)  (B)(C2)
+      WeakAVLNode *subroot1 =
+          rotate(root, node, !node_is_right); // First rotation
+      [[maybe_unused]] WeakAVLNode *subroot2 =
+          rotate(root, parent, node_is_right); // Second rotation
+      LIBC_ASSERT(subroot1 == subroot2 &&
+                  "Subroots after double rotation should be the same");
+      uintptr_t flags = subroot1->flags();
+      node->clear_flags();
+      parent->clear_flags();
+      subroot1->clear_flags();
+      // Select destinations
+      WeakAVLNode *dst_left = node_is_right ? parent : node;
+      WeakAVLNode *dst_right = node_is_right ? node : parent;
+      // Masked toggles
+      if (flags & LEFT_FLAG_BIT)
+        dst_left->toggle_rank_diff_2(true);
+
+      if (flags & RIGHT_FLAG_BIT)
+        dst_right->toggle_rank_diff_2(false);
+      break;
+    }
+    return allocated;
   }
 };
-} // namespace wavl
 
 } // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
 
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt b/libc/test/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
index 138866b4cc869..97ee42347c9f3 100644
--- a/libc/test/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -280,6 +280,16 @@ add_libc_test(
     libc.src.__support.CPP.bit
 )
 
+add_libc_test(
+  weak_avl_test
+  SUITE
+    libc-support-tests
+  SRCS
+    weak_avl_test.cpp
+  DEPENDS
+    libc.src.__support.weak_avl
+)
+
 add_subdirectory(CPP)
 add_subdirectory(File)
 add_subdirectory(RPC)
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/weak_avl_test.cpp b/libc/test/src/__support/weak_avl_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..daddc047ab9f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/weak_avl_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+//===-- Unittests for WeakAVL ---------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "src/__support/weak_avl.h"
+#include "test/UnitTest/Test.h"
+
+using Node = LIBC_NAMESPACE::WeakAVLNode<int>;
+
+namespace {
+
+// Validate weak-AVL rank-difference invariant:
+// no node may have rank-difference 2 on both sides.
+bool validate(const Node *node) {
+  if (!node)
+    return true;
+  bool left_2 = node->is_rank_diff_2(false);
+  bool right_2 = node->is_rank_diff_2(true);
+  return (!left_2 || !right_2) && validate(node->get_left()) &&
+         validate(node->get_right());
+}
+
+// Insert according to pattern `next(i)`
+using NextFn = int (*)(int);
+
+static Node *build_tree(NextFn next, int N, int (*compare)(int, int)) {
+  Node *root = nullptr;
+  for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
+    Node::find_or_insert(root, next(i), compare);
+  return root;
+}
+
+// Insertion patterns
+
+static int seq(int i) { return i; }
+
+static int rev(int i) {
+  constexpr int N = 1000;
+  return N - 1 - i;
+}
+
+// Coprime stride permutation: i -> (i * X) % N
+static int stride(int i) {
+  constexpr int N = 1000;
+  constexpr int X = 7919; // gcd(X, N) = 1
+  return (i * X) % N;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcWeakAVLTest, SimpleInsertion) {
+  Node *root = nullptr;
+  auto compare = [](int a, int b) { return a - b; };
+
+  Node *node10 = Node::find_or_insert(root, 10, compare);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(node10 != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(root, node10);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(validate(root));
+
+  Node *node5 = Node::find_or_insert(root, 5, compare);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(node5 != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(validate(root));
+
+  Node *node15 = Node::find_or_insert(root, 15, compare);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(node15 != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(validate(root));
+
+  Node *node10_again = Node::find_or_insert(root, 10, compare);
+  ASSERT_EQ(node10, node10_again);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(validate(root));
+
+  Node::destroy(root);
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcWeakAVLTest, SequentialInsertion) {
+  auto compare = [](int a, int b) { return a - b; };
+  constexpr int N = 1000;
+
+  Node *root = build_tree(seq, N, compare);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(validate(root));
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+    Node *node = Node::find_or_insert(root, i, compare);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(node != nullptr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(node->get_data(), i);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(validate(root));
+  Node::destroy(root);
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcWeakAVLTest, ReversedInsertion) {
+  auto compare = [](int a, int b) { return a - b; };
+  constexpr int N = 1000;
+
+  Node *root = build_tree(rev, N, compare);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(validate(root));
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+    Node *node = Node::find_or_insert(root, i, compare);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(node != nullptr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(node->get_data(), i);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(validate(root));
+  Node::destroy(root);
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcWeakAVLTest, StridedInsertion) {
+  auto compare = [](int a, int b) { return a - b; };
+  constexpr int N = 1000;
+
+  Node *root = build_tree(stride, N, compare);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(validate(root));
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+    Node *node = Node::find_or_insert(root, i, compare);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(node != nullptr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(node->get_data(), i);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(validate(root));
+  Node::destroy(root);
+}

>From 5640d0fb67d07611a2ef98eb3413c794e9b6a35a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Schrodinger ZHU Yifan <i at zhuyi.fan>
Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2025 23:04:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 5/5] stage the work

---
 libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h | 15 +++++++--------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h b/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
index aa38199cc1bfa..492e8df0e32d9 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
+++ b/libc/src/__support/weak_avl.h
@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@ template <typename T> class WeakAVLNode {
     parent->children[is_right] = node;
     // Rebalance process
     while (parent) {
+      is_right = (parent->children[1] == node);
       // Case 1: parent does not need to be promoted as node is lowering
       // than the parent by 2 ranks.
       //      (P)                       (P)
@@ -188,7 +189,6 @@ template <typename T> class WeakAVLNode {
                   "Internal node must have a child with rank-difference 2, "
                   "otherwise it should have already been handled.");
 
-      bool node_is_right = (node == parent->children[1]);
       // Case 3: node's sibling has rank-difference 2. And node has a 1-node
       // along the same direction. We can do a single rotation to fix the
       // trinode.
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ template <typename T> class WeakAVLNode {
       //      (C1)   \         \                        (C1)   (P)
       //             (C2)       (S)                         1 /  \ 1
       //                                                    (C2)  (S)
-      if (node->has_rank_diff_2(!node_is_right)) {
-        WeakAVLNode *new_subroot = rotate(root, parent, node_is_right);
+      if (node->has_rank_diff_2(!is_right)) {
+        WeakAVLNode *new_subroot = rotate(root, parent, is_right);
         new_subroot->clear_flags();
         parent->clear_flags();
         break;
@@ -223,10 +223,9 @@ template <typename T> class WeakAVLNode {
       //      /         (C1)  \                         (P)    (N)
       //    (S)       L /  \ R (C2)                   1 / \ L R / \ 1
       //              (A)  (B)                        (S)(A)  (B)(C2)
-      WeakAVLNode *subroot1 =
-          rotate(root, node, !node_is_right); // First rotation
+      WeakAVLNode *subroot1 = rotate(root, node, !is_right); // First rotation
       [[maybe_unused]] WeakAVLNode *subroot2 =
-          rotate(root, parent, node_is_right); // Second rotation
+          rotate(root, parent, is_right); // Second rotation
       LIBC_ASSERT(subroot1 == subroot2 &&
                   "Subroots after double rotation should be the same");
       uintptr_t flags = subroot1->flags();
@@ -234,8 +233,8 @@ template <typename T> class WeakAVLNode {
       parent->clear_flags();
       subroot1->clear_flags();
       // Select destinations
-      WeakAVLNode *dst_left = node_is_right ? parent : node;
-      WeakAVLNode *dst_right = node_is_right ? node : parent;
+      WeakAVLNode *dst_left = is_right ? parent : node;
+      WeakAVLNode *dst_right = is_right ? node : parent;
       // Masked toggles
       if (flags & LEFT_FLAG_BIT)
         dst_left->toggle_rank_diff_2(true);



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