[libc-commits] [libc] [libc] Use best-fit binary trie to make malloc logarithmic (PR #106259)

Daniel Thornburgh via libc-commits libc-commits at lists.llvm.org
Tue Oct 1 14:58:08 PDT 2024


https://github.com/mysterymath updated https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/106259

>From d6d5b6ab2d7a389d5c350b0814b08c79fe00c4bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Thornburgh <dthorn at google.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Aug 2024 15:18:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] [libc] Use best-fit binary trie to make malloc
 logarithmic

This reworks the free store implementation in libc's malloc to use a
dlmalloc-style binary trie of circularly linked FIFO free lists. This
data structure can be maintained in logarithmic time, but it still
permits a relatively small implementation compared to other
logarithmic-time ordered maps.

The implementation doesn't do the various bitwise tricks or
optimizations used in actual dlmalloc; it instead optimizes for
(relative) readability and minimum code size. Specific optimization can
be added as necessary given future profiling.
---
 libc/config/linux/x86_64/entrypoints.txt      |   1 +
 libc/src/__support/block.h                    |  20 +-
 libc/src/__support/freelist.h                 | 246 ++++++-----------
 libc/src/__support/freelist_heap.h            | 137 ++++------
 libc/src/__support/freestore.h                | 108 ++++++++
 libc/src/__support/freetrie.h                 | 253 ++++++++++++++++++
 libc/src/stdlib/freelist_malloc.cpp           |   4 +-
 libc/test/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt        |   3 +
 .../test/src/__support/freelist_heap_test.cpp |  20 +-
 .../src/__support/freelist_malloc_test.cpp    |   2 +-
 libc/test/src/__support/freelist_test.cpp     | 172 ++----------
 libc/test/src/__support/freestore_test.cpp    |  98 +++++++
 libc/test/src/__support/freetrie_test.cpp     | 124 +++++++++
 13 files changed, 780 insertions(+), 408 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 libc/src/__support/freestore.h
 create mode 100644 libc/src/__support/freetrie.h
 create mode 100644 libc/test/src/__support/freestore_test.cpp
 create mode 100644 libc/test/src/__support/freetrie_test.cpp

diff --git a/libc/config/linux/x86_64/entrypoints.txt b/libc/config/linux/x86_64/entrypoints.txt
index dd658af3bfb674..42d6c5d85a7997 100644
--- a/libc/config/linux/x86_64/entrypoints.txt
+++ b/libc/config/linux/x86_64/entrypoints.txt
@@ -202,6 +202,7 @@ set(TARGET_LIBC_ENTRYPOINTS
     libc.src.stdlib.aligned_alloc
     libc.src.stdlib.calloc
     libc.src.stdlib.free
+    libc.src.stdlib.freelist_malloc
     libc.src.stdlib.malloc
     libc.src.stdlib.realloc
 
diff --git a/libc/src/__support/block.h b/libc/src/__support/block.h
index 96021b99587c87..e1f6726b27f08e 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/block.h
+++ b/libc/src/__support/block.h
@@ -174,16 +174,32 @@ class Block {
     return inner_size - sizeof(prev_) + BLOCK_OVERHEAD;
   }
 
-  /// @returns The number of usable bytes inside the block.
+  /// @returns The number of usable bytes inside the block were it to be
+  /// allocated.
   size_t inner_size() const {
     if (!next())
       return 0;
     return inner_size(outer_size());
   }
 
+  /// @returns The number of usable bytes inside a block with the given outer
+  /// size were it to be allocated.
   static size_t inner_size(size_t outer_size) {
     // The usable region includes the prev_ field of the next block.
-    return outer_size - BLOCK_OVERHEAD + sizeof(prev_);
+    return inner_size_free(outer_size) + sizeof(prev_);
+  }
+
+  /// @returns The number of usable bytes inside the block if it remains free.
+  size_t inner_size_free() const {
+    if (!next())
+      return 0;
+    return inner_size_free(outer_size());
+  }
+
+  /// @returns The number of usable bytes inside a block with the given outer
+  /// size if it remains free.
+  static size_t inner_size_free(size_t outer_size) {
+    return outer_size - BLOCK_OVERHEAD;
   }
 
   /// @returns A pointer to the usable space inside this block.
diff --git a/libc/src/__support/freelist.h b/libc/src/__support/freelist.h
index a54cf953fe7ab6..0525f0f62b9229 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/freelist.h
+++ b/libc/src/__support/freelist.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//===-- Interface for freelist_malloc -------------------------------------===//
+//===-- Interface for freelist --------------------------------------------===//
 //
 // Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
 // See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
@@ -9,199 +9,107 @@
 #ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_FREELIST_H
 #define LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_FREELIST_H
 
-#include "src/__support/CPP/array.h"
-#include "src/__support/CPP/cstddef.h"
-#include "src/__support/CPP/new.h"
-#include "src/__support/CPP/span.h"
-#include "src/__support/fixedvector.h"
-#include "src/__support/macros/config.h"
+#include "block.h"
 
 namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
 
-using cpp::span;
-
-/// Basic [freelist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_list) implementation
-/// for an allocator. This implementation buckets by chunk size, with a list
-/// of user-provided buckets. Each bucket is a linked list of storage chunks.
-/// Because this freelist uses the added chunks themselves as list nodes, there
-/// is a lower bound of `sizeof(FreeList.FreeListNode)` bytes for chunks which
-/// can be added to this freelist. There is also an implicit bucket for
-/// "everything else", for chunks which do not fit into a bucket.
-///
-/// Each added chunk will be added to the smallest bucket under which it fits.
-/// If it does not fit into any user-provided bucket, it will be added to the
-/// default bucket.
-///
-/// As an example, assume that the `FreeList` is configured with buckets of
-/// sizes {64, 128, 256, and 512} bytes. The internal state may look like the
-/// following:
-///
-/// @code{.unparsed}
-/// bucket[0] (64B) --> chunk[12B] --> chunk[42B] --> chunk[64B] --> NULL
-/// bucket[1] (128B) --> chunk[65B] --> chunk[72B] --> NULL
-/// bucket[2] (256B) --> NULL
-/// bucket[3] (512B) --> chunk[312B] --> chunk[512B] --> chunk[416B] --> NULL
-/// bucket[4] (implicit) --> chunk[1024B] --> chunk[513B] --> NULL
-/// @endcode
+/// A circularly-linked FIFO list storing free Blocks. All Blocks on a list
+/// are the same size.
 ///
-/// Note that added chunks should be aligned to a 4-byte boundary.
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS = 6> class FreeList {
+/// Allocating free blocks in FIFO order maximizes the amount of time before a
+/// free block is reused. This in turn maximizes the number of opportunities for
+/// it to be coalesced with an adjacent block, which tends to reduce heap
+/// fragmentation.
+class FreeList {
 public:
-  // Remove copy/move ctors
-  FreeList(const FreeList &other) = delete;
-  FreeList(FreeList &&other) = delete;
-  FreeList &operator=(const FreeList &other) = delete;
-  FreeList &operator=(FreeList &&other) = delete;
-
-  /// Adds a chunk to this freelist.
-  bool add_chunk(cpp::span<cpp::byte> chunk);
-
-  /// Finds an eligible chunk for an allocation of size `size`.
-  ///
-  /// @note This returns the first allocation possible within a given bucket;
-  /// It does not currently optimize for finding the smallest chunk.
-  ///
-  /// @returns
-  /// * On success - A span representing the chunk.
-  /// * On failure (e.g. there were no chunks available for that allocation) -
-  ///   A span with a size of 0.
-  cpp::span<cpp::byte> find_chunk(size_t size) const;
-
-  template <typename Cond> cpp::span<cpp::byte> find_chunk_if(Cond op) const;
-
-  /// Removes a chunk from this freelist.
-  bool remove_chunk(cpp::span<cpp::byte> chunk);
-
-  /// For a given size, find which index into chunks_ the node should be written
-  /// to.
-  constexpr size_t find_chunk_ptr_for_size(size_t size, bool non_null) const;
-
-  struct FreeListNode {
-    FreeListNode *next;
-    size_t size;
-  };
-
-  constexpr void set_freelist_node(FreeListNode &node,
-                                   cpp::span<cpp::byte> chunk);
-
-  constexpr explicit FreeList(const cpp::array<size_t, NUM_BUCKETS> &sizes)
-      : chunks_(NUM_BUCKETS + 1, 0), sizes_(sizes.begin(), sizes.end()) {}
-
-private:
-  FixedVector<FreeList::FreeListNode *, NUM_BUCKETS + 1> chunks_;
-  FixedVector<size_t, NUM_BUCKETS> sizes_;
-};
-
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS>
-constexpr void FreeList<NUM_BUCKETS>::set_freelist_node(FreeListNode &node,
-                                                        span<cpp::byte> chunk) {
-  // Add it to the correct list.
-  size_t chunk_ptr = find_chunk_ptr_for_size(chunk.size(), false);
-  node.size = chunk.size();
-  node.next = chunks_[chunk_ptr];
-  chunks_[chunk_ptr] = &node;
-}
+  class Node {
+  public:
+    /// @returns The block containing this node.
+    Block<> *block() const {
+      return const_cast<Block<> *>(Block<>::from_usable_space(this));
+    }
 
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS>
-bool FreeList<NUM_BUCKETS>::add_chunk(span<cpp::byte> chunk) {
-  // Check that the size is enough to actually store what we need
-  if (chunk.size() < sizeof(FreeListNode))
-    return false;
+    /// @returns The inner size of blocks in the list containing this node.
+    size_t size() const { return block()->inner_size(); }
 
-  FreeListNode *node = ::new (chunk.data()) FreeListNode;
-  set_freelist_node(*node, chunk);
+  private:
+    // Circularly linked pointers to adjacent nodes.
+    Node *prev;
+    Node *next;
+    friend class FreeList;
+  };
 
-  return true;
-}
+  constexpr FreeList() : FreeList(nullptr) {}
+  constexpr FreeList(Node *begin) : begin_(begin) {}
 
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS>
-template <typename Cond>
-span<cpp::byte> FreeList<NUM_BUCKETS>::find_chunk_if(Cond op) const {
-  for (FreeListNode *node : chunks_) {
-    while (node != nullptr) {
-      span<cpp::byte> chunk(reinterpret_cast<cpp::byte *>(node), node->size);
-      if (op(chunk))
-        return chunk;
+  bool empty() const { return !begin_; }
 
-      node = node->next;
-    }
+  /// @returns The inner size of blocks in the list.
+  size_t size() const {
+    LIBC_ASSERT(begin_ && "empty lists have no size");
+    return begin_->size();
   }
 
-  return {};
-}
+  /// @returns The first node in the list.
+  Node *begin() { return begin_; }
 
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS>
-span<cpp::byte> FreeList<NUM_BUCKETS>::find_chunk(size_t size) const {
-  if (size == 0)
-    return span<cpp::byte>();
+  /// @returns The first block in the list.
+  Block<> *front() { return begin_->block(); }
 
-  size_t chunk_ptr = find_chunk_ptr_for_size(size, true);
+  /// Push a block to the back of the list.
+  /// The block must be large enough to contain a node.
+  void push(Block<> *block);
 
-  // Check that there's data. This catches the case where we run off the
-  // end of the array
-  if (chunks_[chunk_ptr] == nullptr)
-    return span<cpp::byte>();
+  /// Push an already-constructed node to the back of the list.
+  /// This allows pushing derived node types with additional data.
+  void push(Node *node);
 
-  // Now iterate up the buckets, walking each list to find a good candidate
-  for (size_t i = chunk_ptr; i < chunks_.size(); i++) {
-    FreeListNode *node = chunks_[static_cast<unsigned short>(i)];
+  /// Pop the first node from the list.
+  void pop();
 
-    while (node != nullptr) {
-      if (node->size >= size)
-        return span<cpp::byte>(reinterpret_cast<cpp::byte *>(node), node->size);
+  /// Remove an arbitrary node from the list.
+  void remove(Node *node);
 
-      node = node->next;
-    }
-  }
+private:
+  Node *begin_;
+};
 
-  // If we get here, we've checked every block in every bucket. There's
-  // nothing that can support this allocation.
-  return span<cpp::byte>();
+LIBC_INLINE void FreeList::push(Block<> *block) {
+  LIBC_ASSERT(!block->used() && "only free blocks can be placed on free lists");
+  LIBC_ASSERT(block->inner_size_free() >= sizeof(FreeList) &&
+              "block too small to accomodate free list node");
+  push(new (block->usable_space()) Node);
 }
 
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS>
-bool FreeList<NUM_BUCKETS>::remove_chunk(span<cpp::byte> chunk) {
-  size_t chunk_ptr = find_chunk_ptr_for_size(chunk.size(), true);
-
-  // Check head first.
-  if (chunks_[chunk_ptr] == nullptr)
-    return false;
-
-  FreeListNode *node = chunks_[chunk_ptr];
-  if (reinterpret_cast<cpp::byte *>(node) == chunk.data()) {
-    chunks_[chunk_ptr] = node->next;
-    return true;
+LIBC_INLINE void FreeList::push(Node *node) {
+  if (begin_) {
+    LIBC_ASSERT(Block<>::from_usable_space(node)->outer_size() ==
+                    begin_->block()->outer_size() &&
+                "freelist entries must have the same size");
+    // Since the list is circular, insert the node immediately before begin_.
+    node->prev = begin_->prev;
+    node->next = begin_;
+    begin_->prev->next = node;
+    begin_->prev = node;
+  } else {
+    begin_ = node->prev = node->next = node;
   }
-
-  // No? Walk the nodes.
-  node = chunks_[chunk_ptr];
-
-  while (node->next != nullptr) {
-    if (reinterpret_cast<cpp::byte *>(node->next) == chunk.data()) {
-      // Found it, remove this node out of the chain
-      node->next = node->next->next;
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    node = node->next;
-  }
-
-  return false;
 }
 
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS>
-constexpr size_t
-FreeList<NUM_BUCKETS>::find_chunk_ptr_for_size(size_t size,
-                                               bool non_null) const {
-  size_t chunk_ptr = 0;
-  for (chunk_ptr = 0u; chunk_ptr < sizes_.size(); chunk_ptr++) {
-    if (sizes_[chunk_ptr] >= size &&
-        (!non_null || chunks_[chunk_ptr] != nullptr)) {
-      break;
-    }
+LIBC_INLINE void FreeList::pop() { remove(begin_); }
+
+LIBC_INLINE void FreeList::remove(Node *node) {
+  LIBC_ASSERT(begin_ && "cannot remove from empty list");
+  if (node == node->next) {
+    LIBC_ASSERT(node == begin_ &&
+                "a self-referential node must be the only element");
+    begin_ = nullptr;
+  } else {
+    node->prev->next = node->next;
+    node->next->prev = node->prev;
+    if (begin_ == node)
+      begin_ = node->next;
   }
-
-  return chunk_ptr;
 }
 
 } // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
diff --git a/libc/src/__support/freelist_heap.h b/libc/src/__support/freelist_heap.h
index 6c860d039553ab..7636d431f6bc26 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/freelist_heap.h
+++ b/libc/src/__support/freelist_heap.h
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 
 #include "block.h"
-#include "freelist.h"
+#include "freestore.h"
 #include "src/__support/CPP/optional.h"
 #include "src/__support/CPP/span.h"
 #include "src/__support/libc_assert.h"
@@ -30,21 +30,14 @@ using cpp::span;
 
 inline constexpr bool IsPow2(size_t x) { return x && (x & (x - 1)) == 0; }
 
-static constexpr cpp::array<size_t, 6> DEFAULT_BUCKETS{16,  32,  64,
-                                                       128, 256, 512};
-
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS = DEFAULT_BUCKETS.size()> class FreeListHeap {
+class FreeListHeap {
 public:
   using BlockType = Block<>;
-  using FreeListType = FreeList<NUM_BUCKETS>;
-
-  static constexpr size_t MIN_ALIGNMENT =
-      cpp::max(BlockType::ALIGNMENT, alignof(max_align_t));
 
-  constexpr FreeListHeap() : begin_(&_end), end_(&__llvm_libc_heap_limit) {}
+  constexpr FreeListHeap() : begin(&_end), end(&__llvm_libc_heap_limit) {}
 
   constexpr FreeListHeap(span<cpp::byte> region)
-      : begin_(region.begin()), end_(region.end()) {}
+      : begin(region.begin()), end(region.end()) {}
 
   void *allocate(size_t size);
   void *aligned_allocate(size_t alignment, size_t size);
@@ -54,89 +47,75 @@ template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS = DEFAULT_BUCKETS.size()> class FreeListHeap {
   void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
   void *calloc(size_t num, size_t size);
 
-  cpp::span<cpp::byte> region() const { return {begin_, end_}; }
+  cpp::span<cpp::byte> region() const { return {begin, end}; }
 
 private:
   void init();
 
   void *allocate_impl(size_t alignment, size_t size);
 
-  span<cpp::byte> block_to_span(BlockType *block) {
+  span<cpp::byte> block_to_span(Block<> *block) {
     return span<cpp::byte>(block->usable_space(), block->inner_size());
   }
 
-  bool is_valid_ptr(void *ptr) { return ptr >= begin_ && ptr < end_; }
+  bool is_valid_ptr(void *ptr) { return ptr >= begin && ptr < end; }
 
-  bool is_initialized_ = false;
-  cpp::byte *begin_;
-  cpp::byte *end_;
-  FreeListType freelist_{DEFAULT_BUCKETS};
+  cpp::byte *begin;
+  cpp::byte *end;
+  bool is_initialized = false;
+  FreeStore free_store;
 };
 
-template <size_t BUFF_SIZE, size_t NUM_BUCKETS = DEFAULT_BUCKETS.size()>
-class FreeListHeapBuffer : public FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS> {
-  using parent = FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>;
-  using FreeListNode = typename parent::FreeListType::FreeListNode;
-
+template <size_t BUFF_SIZE> class FreeListHeapBuffer : public FreeListHeap {
 public:
-  constexpr FreeListHeapBuffer()
-      : FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>{buffer}, buffer{} {}
+  constexpr FreeListHeapBuffer() : FreeListHeap{buffer}, buffer{} {}
 
 private:
   cpp::byte buffer[BUFF_SIZE];
 };
 
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS> void FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>::init() {
-  LIBC_ASSERT(!is_initialized_ && "duplicate initialization");
-  auto result = BlockType::init(region());
-  BlockType *block = *result;
-  freelist_.add_chunk(block_to_span(block));
-  is_initialized_ = true;
+inline void FreeListHeap::init() {
+  LIBC_ASSERT(!is_initialized && "duplicate initialization");
+  auto result = Block<>::init(region());
+  Block<> *block = *result;
+  free_store.set_range({0, cpp::bit_ceil(block->inner_size())});
+  free_store.insert(block);
+  is_initialized = true;
 }
 
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS>
-void *FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>::allocate_impl(size_t alignment, size_t size) {
+inline void *FreeListHeap::allocate_impl(size_t alignment, size_t size) {
   if (size == 0)
     return nullptr;
 
-  if (!is_initialized_)
+  if (!is_initialized)
     init();
 
-  // Find a chunk in the freelist. Split it if needed, then return.
-  auto chunk =
-      freelist_.find_chunk_if([alignment, size](span<cpp::byte> chunk) {
-        BlockType *block = BlockType::from_usable_space(chunk.data());
-        return block->can_allocate(alignment, size);
-      });
+  size_t request_size =
+      alignment <= alignof(max_align_t) ? size : size + alignment - 1;
 
-  if (chunk.data() == nullptr)
+  Block<> *block = free_store.remove_best_fit(request_size);
+  if (!block)
     return nullptr;
-  freelist_.remove_chunk(chunk);
 
-  BlockType *chunk_block = BlockType::from_usable_space(chunk.data());
-  LIBC_ASSERT(!chunk_block->used());
+  LIBC_ASSERT(block->can_allocate(alignment, size) &&
+              "block should always be large enough to allocate at the correct "
+              "alignment");
 
-  // Split that chunk. If there's a leftover chunk, add it to the freelist
-  auto block_info = BlockType::allocate(chunk_block, alignment, size);
+  auto block_info = Block<>::allocate(block, alignment, size);
   if (block_info.next)
-    freelist_.add_chunk(block_to_span(block_info.next));
+    free_store.insert(block_info.next);
   if (block_info.prev)
-    freelist_.add_chunk(block_to_span(block_info.prev));
-  chunk_block = block_info.block;
-
-  chunk_block->mark_used();
+    free_store.insert(block_info.prev);
 
-  return chunk_block->usable_space();
+  block_info.block->mark_used();
+  return block_info.block->usable_space();
 }
 
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS>
-void *FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>::allocate(size_t size) {
-  return allocate_impl(MIN_ALIGNMENT, size);
+inline void *FreeListHeap::allocate(size_t size) {
+  return allocate_impl(alignof(max_align_t), size);
 }
 
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS>
-void *FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>::aligned_allocate(size_t alignment,
-                                                  size_t size) {
+inline void *FreeListHeap::aligned_allocate(size_t alignment, size_t size) {
   // The alignment must be an integral power of two.
   if (!IsPow2(alignment))
     return nullptr;
@@ -148,38 +127,37 @@ void *FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>::aligned_allocate(size_t alignment,
   return allocate_impl(alignment, size);
 }
 
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS> void FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>::free(void *ptr) {
+inline void FreeListHeap::free(void *ptr) {
   cpp::byte *bytes = static_cast<cpp::byte *>(ptr);
 
   LIBC_ASSERT(is_valid_ptr(bytes) && "Invalid pointer");
 
-  BlockType *chunk_block = BlockType::from_usable_space(bytes);
-  LIBC_ASSERT(chunk_block->next() && "sentinel last block cannot be freed");
-  LIBC_ASSERT(chunk_block->used() && "The block is not in-use");
-  chunk_block->mark_free();
+  Block<> *block = Block<>::from_usable_space(bytes);
+  LIBC_ASSERT(block->next() && "sentinel last block cannot be freed");
+  LIBC_ASSERT(block->used() && "double free");
+  block->mark_free();
 
   // Can we combine with the left or right blocks?
-  BlockType *prev_free = chunk_block->prev_free();
-  BlockType *next = chunk_block->next();
+  Block<> *prev_free = block->prev_free();
+  Block<> *next = block->next();
 
   if (prev_free != nullptr) {
-    // Remove from freelist and merge
-    freelist_.remove_chunk(block_to_span(prev_free));
-    chunk_block = prev_free;
-    chunk_block->merge_next();
+    // Remove from free store and merge.
+    free_store.remove(prev_free);
+    block = prev_free;
+    block->merge_next();
   }
   if (!next->used()) {
-    freelist_.remove_chunk(block_to_span(next));
-    chunk_block->merge_next();
+    free_store.remove(next);
+    block->merge_next();
   }
   // Add back to the freelist
-  freelist_.add_chunk(block_to_span(chunk_block));
+  free_store.insert(block);
 }
 
 // Follows constract of the C standard realloc() function
 // If ptr is free'd, will return nullptr.
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS>
-void *FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>::realloc(void *ptr, size_t size) {
+inline void *FreeListHeap::realloc(void *ptr, size_t size) {
   if (size == 0) {
     free(ptr);
     return nullptr;
@@ -194,10 +172,10 @@ void *FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>::realloc(void *ptr, size_t size) {
   if (!is_valid_ptr(bytes))
     return nullptr;
 
-  BlockType *chunk_block = BlockType::from_usable_space(bytes);
-  if (!chunk_block->used())
+  Block<> *block = Block<>::from_usable_space(bytes);
+  if (!block->used())
     return nullptr;
-  size_t old_size = chunk_block->inner_size();
+  size_t old_size = block->inner_size();
 
   // Do nothing and return ptr if the required memory size is smaller than
   // the current size.
@@ -214,15 +192,14 @@ void *FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>::realloc(void *ptr, size_t size) {
   return new_ptr;
 }
 
-template <size_t NUM_BUCKETS>
-void *FreeListHeap<NUM_BUCKETS>::calloc(size_t num, size_t size) {
+inline void *FreeListHeap::calloc(size_t num, size_t size) {
   void *ptr = allocate(num * size);
   if (ptr != nullptr)
     LIBC_NAMESPACE::inline_memset(ptr, 0, num * size);
   return ptr;
 }
 
-extern FreeListHeap<> *freelist_heap;
+extern FreeListHeap *freelist_heap;
 
 } // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
 
diff --git a/libc/src/__support/freestore.h b/libc/src/__support/freestore.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8163619ebd4e21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/src/__support/freestore.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+//===-- Interface for freestore ------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_FREESTORE_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_FREESTORE_H
+
+#include "freetrie.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+
+/// A best-fit store of variously-sized free blocks. Blocks can be inserted and
+/// removed in logarithmic time.
+class FreeStore {
+public:
+  /// Sets the range of possible block sizes. This can only be called when the
+  /// trie is empty.
+  void set_range(FreeTrie::SizeRange range) { large_trie.set_range(range); }
+
+  /// Insert a free block. If the block is too small to be tracked, nothing
+  /// happens.
+  void insert(Block<> *block);
+
+  /// Remove a free block. If the block is too small to be tracked, nothing
+  /// happens.
+  void remove(Block<> *block);
+
+  /// Remove a best-fit free block that can contain the given size when
+  /// allocated. Returns nullptr if there is no such block.
+  Block<> *remove_best_fit(size_t size);
+
+private:
+  static constexpr size_t ALIGNMENT = alignof(max_align_t);
+  static constexpr size_t MIN_OUTER_SIZE =
+      align_up(Block<>::BLOCK_OVERHEAD + sizeof(FreeList::Node), ALIGNMENT);
+  static constexpr size_t MIN_LARGE_OUTER_SIZE =
+      align_up(Block<>::BLOCK_OVERHEAD + sizeof(FreeTrie::Node), ALIGNMENT);
+  static constexpr size_t NUM_SMALL_SIZES =
+      (MIN_LARGE_OUTER_SIZE - MIN_OUTER_SIZE) / ALIGNMENT;
+
+  static bool too_small(Block<> *block) {
+    return block->outer_size() < MIN_OUTER_SIZE;
+  }
+  static bool is_small(Block<> *block) {
+    return block->outer_size() < MIN_LARGE_OUTER_SIZE;
+  }
+
+  FreeList &small_list(Block<> *block);
+  FreeList *find_best_small_fit(size_t size);
+
+  cpp::array<FreeList, NUM_SMALL_SIZES> small_lists;
+  FreeTrie large_trie;
+};
+
+LIBC_INLINE void FreeStore::insert(Block<> *block) {
+  if (too_small(block))
+    return;
+  if (is_small(block))
+    small_list(block).push(block);
+  else
+    large_trie.push(block);
+}
+
+LIBC_INLINE void FreeStore::remove(Block<> *block) {
+  if (too_small(block))
+    return;
+  if (is_small(block)) {
+    small_list(block).remove(
+        reinterpret_cast<FreeList::Node *>(block->usable_space()));
+  } else {
+    large_trie.remove(
+        reinterpret_cast<FreeTrie::Node *>(block->usable_space()));
+  }
+}
+
+LIBC_INLINE Block<> *FreeStore::remove_best_fit(size_t size) {
+  if (FreeList *list = find_best_small_fit(size)) {
+    Block<> *block = list->front();
+    list->pop();
+    return block;
+  }
+  if (FreeTrie::Node *best_fit = large_trie.find_best_fit(size)) {
+    Block<> *block = best_fit->block();
+    large_trie.remove(best_fit);
+    return block;
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+LIBC_INLINE FreeList &FreeStore::small_list(Block<> *block) {
+  LIBC_ASSERT(is_small(block) && "only legal for small blocks");
+  return small_lists[(block->outer_size() - MIN_OUTER_SIZE) / ALIGNMENT];
+}
+
+LIBC_INLINE FreeList *FreeStore::find_best_small_fit(size_t size) {
+  for (FreeList &list : small_lists)
+    if (!list.empty() && list.size() >= size)
+      return &list;
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
+
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_FREESTORE_H
diff --git a/libc/src/__support/freetrie.h b/libc/src/__support/freetrie.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..25b2a87533bb41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/src/__support/freetrie.h
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+//===-- Interface for freetrie
+//--------------------------------------------===//freetrie.h
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_FREETRIE_H
+#define LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_FREETRIE_H
+
+#include "freelist.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+
+/// A trie of free lists.
+
+class FreeTrie {
+public:
+  /// A trie node that is also a free list. The subtrie contains a continous
+  /// SizeRange of free lists. The lower and upper subtrie's contain the lower
+  /// and upper half of the subtries range. There is no direct relationship
+  /// between the size of this node's free list and the contents of the lower
+  /// and upper subtries.
+  class Node : public FreeList::Node {
+    /// Return an abitrary leaf in the subtrie.
+    Node &leaf();
+
+    /// The child subtrie covering the lower half of this subtrie's size range.
+    Node *lower;
+    /// The child subtrie covering the upper half of this subtrie's size range.
+    Node *upper;
+    /// The parent subtrie or nullptr if this is the root.
+    Node *parent;
+
+    friend class FreeTrie;
+  };
+
+  /// Power-of-two range of sizes covered by a subtrie.
+  struct SizeRange {
+    size_t min;
+    size_t width;
+
+    constexpr SizeRange(size_t min, size_t width) : min(min), width(width) {
+      LIBC_ASSERT(!(width & (width - 1)) && "width must be a power of two");
+    }
+
+    /// @returns The lower half of the size range.
+    SizeRange lower() const { return {min, width / 2}; }
+
+    /// @returns The lower half of the size range.
+    SizeRange upper() const { return {min + width / 2, width / 2}; }
+
+    /// @returns The largest size in this range.
+    size_t max() const { return min + (width - 1); }
+
+    /// @returns Whether the range contains the given size.
+    bool contains(size_t size) const {
+      return min <= size && size < min + width;
+    }
+  };
+
+  constexpr FreeTrie() : FreeTrie(SizeRange{0, 0}) {}
+  constexpr FreeTrie(SizeRange range) : range(range) {}
+
+  /// Sets the range of possible block sizes. This can only be called when the
+  /// trie is empty.
+  void set_range(FreeTrie::SizeRange range) {
+    LIBC_ASSERT(empty() && "cannot change the range of a preexisting trie");
+    this->range = range;
+  }
+
+  /// @returns Whether the trie contains any blocks.
+  bool empty() const { return !root; }
+
+  /// Push a block to the trie.
+  void push(Block<> *block);
+
+  /// Remove a node from this trie node's free list.
+  void remove(Node *node);
+
+  /// @returns A smallest node that can allocate the given size; otherwise
+  /// nullptr.
+  Node *find_best_fit(size_t size);
+
+private:
+  /// Replaces references to one node with another (or nullptr) in all adjacent
+  /// parent and child nodes.
+  void replace_node(Node *node, Node *new_node);
+
+  Node *root = nullptr;
+  SizeRange range;
+};
+
+LIBC_INLINE void FreeTrie::push(Block<> *block) {
+  LIBC_ASSERT(block->inner_size_free() >= sizeof(Node) &&
+              "block too small to accomodate free trie node");
+  size_t size = block->inner_size();
+  LIBC_ASSERT(range.contains(size) && "requested size out of trie range");
+
+  // Find the position in the tree to push to.
+  Node **cur = &root;
+  Node *parent = nullptr;
+  SizeRange cur_range = range;
+  while (*cur && (*cur)->size() != size) {
+    LIBC_ASSERT(cur_range.contains(size) && "requested size out of trie range");
+    parent = *cur;
+    if (size <= cur_range.lower().max()) {
+      cur = &(*cur)->lower;
+      cur_range = cur_range.lower();
+    } else {
+      cur = &(*cur)->upper;
+      cur_range = cur_range.upper();
+    }
+  }
+
+  Node *node = new (block->usable_space()) Node;
+  node->lower = node->upper = nullptr;
+  node->parent = parent;
+  FreeList list = *cur;
+  list.push(node);
+  *cur = static_cast<Node *>(list.begin());
+}
+
+LIBC_INLINE void FreeTrie::remove(Node *node) {
+  LIBC_ASSERT(!empty() && "cannot remove from empty trie");
+  FreeList list = node;
+  list.pop();
+  Node *new_node = static_cast<Node *>(list.begin());
+  if (!new_node) {
+    // The freelist is empty. Replace the subtrie root with an arbitrary leaf.
+    // This is legal because there is no relationship between the size of the
+    // root and its children.
+    Node *leaf = &node->leaf();
+    if (leaf == node) {
+      // If the root is a leaf, then removing it empties the subtrie.
+      replace_node(node, nullptr);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    replace_node(leaf, nullptr);
+    new_node = leaf;
+  }
+
+  // Copy the trie links to the new head.
+  new_node->lower = node->lower;
+  new_node->upper = node->upper;
+  new_node->parent = node->parent;
+  replace_node(node, new_node);
+  return;
+}
+
+LIBC_INLINE FreeTrie::Node *FreeTrie::find_best_fit(size_t size) {
+  if (empty() || range.max() < size)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  Node *cur = root;
+  SizeRange cur_range = range;
+  Node *best_fit = nullptr;
+  Node *deferred_upper_trie = nullptr;
+  FreeTrie::SizeRange deferred_upper_range{0, 0};
+
+  // Inductively assume all better fits than the current best are in the
+  // current subtrie.
+  while (true) {
+    LIBC_ASSERT(cur_range.contains(cur->size()) &&
+                "trie node size out of range");
+    LIBC_ASSERT(cur_range.max() >= size &&
+                "range could not fit requested size");
+
+    // If the current node is an exact fit, it is a best fit.
+    if (cur->size() == size)
+      return cur;
+
+    if (cur->size() > size && (!best_fit || cur->size() < best_fit->size())) {
+      // The current node is a better fit.
+      best_fit = cur;
+      LIBC_ASSERT(
+          !deferred_upper_trie ||
+          deferred_upper_range.min > cur->size() &&
+              "deferred upper subtrie should be outclassed by new best fit");
+      deferred_upper_trie = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // Determine which subtries might contain better fits.
+    bool lower_impossible = !cur->lower || cur_range.lower().max() < size;
+    bool upper_impossible =
+        !cur->upper || (best_fit && cur_range.upper().min >= best_fit->size());
+
+    if (lower_impossible && upper_impossible) {
+      if (!deferred_upper_trie)
+        return best_fit;
+      // Scan the deferred upper subtrie and consider whether any element within
+      // provides a better fit.
+      //
+      // This can only ever be reached once. In a deferred upper subtrie, every
+      // node fits, so the scan can always summarily ignore an upper suptrie
+      // rather than deferring it.
+      cur = deferred_upper_trie;
+      cur_range = deferred_upper_range;
+      deferred_upper_trie = nullptr;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (lower_impossible) {
+      cur = cur->upper;
+      cur_range = cur_range.upper();
+    } else if (upper_impossible) {
+      cur = cur->lower;
+      cur_range = cur_range.lower();
+    } else {
+      // Both subtries might contain a better fit. Any fit in the lower subtrie
+      // is better than the any fit in the upper subtrie, so scan the lower
+      // subtrie and return to the upper one if necessary.
+      LIBC_ASSERT(!deferred_upper_trie ||
+                  cur_range.upper().max() < deferred_upper_range.min &&
+                      "old deferred upper subtrie should be outclassed by new");
+      deferred_upper_trie = cur->upper;
+      deferred_upper_range = cur_range.upper();
+      cur = cur->lower;
+      cur_range = cur_range.lower();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+LIBC_INLINE void FreeTrie::replace_node(Node *node, Node *new_node) {
+  if (node->parent) {
+    Node *&parent_child =
+        node->parent->lower == node ? node->parent->lower : node->parent->upper;
+    LIBC_ASSERT(parent_child == node &&
+                "no reference to child node found in parent");
+    parent_child = new_node;
+  } else {
+    LIBC_ASSERT(root == node && "non-root node had no parent");
+    root = new_node;
+  }
+  if (node->lower)
+    node->lower->parent = new_node;
+  if (node->upper)
+    node->upper->parent = new_node;
+}
+
+LIBC_INLINE FreeTrie::Node &FreeTrie::Node::leaf() {
+  Node *cur = this;
+  while (cur->lower || cur->upper)
+    cur = cur->lower ? cur->lower : cur->upper;
+  return *cur;
+}
+
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
+
+#endif // LLVM_LIBC_SRC___SUPPORT_FREETRIE_H
diff --git a/libc/src/stdlib/freelist_malloc.cpp b/libc/src/stdlib/freelist_malloc.cpp
index 47240bc53aa37b..fe56fad769378a 100644
--- a/libc/src/stdlib/freelist_malloc.cpp
+++ b/libc/src/stdlib/freelist_malloc.cpp
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 
 namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
 
-static LIBC_CONSTINIT FreeListHeap<> freelist_heap_symbols;
-FreeListHeap<> *freelist_heap = &freelist_heap_symbols;
+static LIBC_CONSTINIT FreeListHeap freelist_heap_symbols;
+FreeListHeap *freelist_heap = &freelist_heap_symbols;
 
 LLVM_LIBC_FUNCTION(void *, malloc, (size_t size)) {
   return freelist_heap->allocate(size);
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt b/libc/test/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
index 7ad262d5f1f300..2d7441d354e2a7 100644
--- a/libc/test/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -21,9 +21,11 @@ if(NOT LIBC_TARGET_ARCHITECTURE_IS_NVPTX)
       libc-support-tests
     SRCS
       freelist_test.cpp
+      freetrie_test.cpp
     DEPENDS
       libc.src.__support.CPP.array
       libc.src.__support.CPP.span
+      libc.src.__support.block
       libc.src.__support.freelist
   )
 endif()
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ if(LLVM_LIBC_FULL_BUILD)
       fake_heap.s
       freelist_heap_test.cpp
       freelist_malloc_test.cpp
+      freestore_test.cpp
     DEPENDS
       libc.src.__support.CPP.span
       libc.src.__support.freelist_heap
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_heap_test.cpp b/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_heap_test.cpp
index 973900dfdf56ea..b486fa5ac1bc3a 100644
--- a/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_heap_test.cpp
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_heap_test.cpp
@@ -35,16 +35,16 @@ using LIBC_NAMESPACE::freelist_heap;
       freelist_heap =                                                          \
           new (&fake_global_buffer) FreeListHeapBuffer<BufferSize>;            \
     }                                                                          \
-    void RunTest(FreeListHeap<> &allocator, [[maybe_unused]] size_t N);        \
+    void RunTest(FreeListHeap &allocator, [[maybe_unused]] size_t N);          \
   };                                                                           \
   TEST_F(LlvmLibcFreeListHeapTest##TestCase, TestCase) {                       \
-    alignas(FreeListHeap<>::BlockType)                                         \
+    alignas(FreeListHeap::BlockType)                                           \
         cpp::byte buf[BufferSize] = {cpp::byte(0)};                            \
-    FreeListHeap<> allocator(buf);                                             \
+    FreeListHeap allocator(buf);                                               \
     RunTest(allocator, BufferSize);                                            \
     RunTest(*freelist_heap, freelist_heap->region().size());                   \
   }                                                                            \
-  void LlvmLibcFreeListHeapTest##TestCase::RunTest(FreeListHeap<> &allocator,  \
+  void LlvmLibcFreeListHeapTest##TestCase::RunTest(FreeListHeap &allocator,    \
                                                    size_t N)
 
 TEST_FOR_EACH_ALLOCATOR(CanAllocate, 2048) {
@@ -92,14 +92,14 @@ TEST_FOR_EACH_ALLOCATOR(ReturnsNullWhenAllocationTooLarge, 2048) {
 // is used for other test cases and we don't explicitly free them.
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeListHeap, ReturnsNullWhenFull) {
   constexpr size_t N = 2048;
-  alignas(FreeListHeap<>::BlockType) cpp::byte buf[N] = {cpp::byte(0)};
+  alignas(FreeListHeap::BlockType) cpp::byte buf[N] = {cpp::byte(0)};
 
-  FreeListHeap<> allocator(buf);
+  FreeListHeap allocator(buf);
 
   // Use aligned_allocate so we don't need to worry about ensuring the `buf`
   // being aligned to max_align_t.
   EXPECT_NE(allocator.aligned_allocate(
-                1, N - 2 * FreeListHeap<>::BlockType::BLOCK_OVERHEAD),
+                1, N - 2 * FreeListHeap::BlockType::BLOCK_OVERHEAD),
             static_cast<void *>(nullptr));
   EXPECT_EQ(allocator.allocate(1), static_cast<void *>(nullptr));
 }
@@ -246,12 +246,12 @@ TEST_FOR_EACH_ALLOCATOR(AlignedAlloc, 2048) {
 // underlying buffer is not aligned to the alignments we request.
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeListHeap, AlignedAllocOnlyBlockTypeAligned) {
   constexpr size_t BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
-  constexpr size_t BUFFER_ALIGNMENT = alignof(FreeListHeap<>::BlockType) * 2;
+  constexpr size_t BUFFER_ALIGNMENT = alignof(FreeListHeap::BlockType) * 2;
   alignas(BUFFER_ALIGNMENT) cpp::byte buf[BUFFER_SIZE] = {cpp::byte(0)};
 
   // Ensure the underlying buffer is at most aligned to the block type.
-  FreeListHeap<> allocator(
-      span<cpp::byte>(buf).subspan(alignof(FreeListHeap<>::BlockType)));
+  FreeListHeap allocator(
+      span<cpp::byte>(buf).subspan(alignof(FreeListHeap::BlockType)));
 
   constexpr size_t ALIGNMENTS[] = {1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256};
   constexpr size_t SIZE_SCALES[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_malloc_test.cpp b/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_malloc_test.cpp
index 9cbdec89f6576e..5372ec6fe253c0 100644
--- a/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_malloc_test.cpp
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_malloc_test.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ TEST(LlvmLibcFreeListMalloc, Malloc) {
   constexpr size_t kCallocNum = 4;
   constexpr size_t kCallocSize = 64;
 
-  typedef FreeListHeap<>::BlockType Block;
+  typedef FreeListHeap::BlockType Block;
 
   void *ptr1 = LIBC_NAMESPACE::malloc(kAllocSize);
   auto *block = Block::from_usable_space(ptr1);
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_test.cpp b/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_test.cpp
index cae0ed470315c1..4b1ef079d0e8de 100644
--- a/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_test.cpp
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_test.cpp
@@ -8,159 +8,43 @@
 
 #include <stddef.h>
 
-#include "src/__support/CPP/array.h"
-#include "src/__support/CPP/span.h"
 #include "src/__support/freelist.h"
 #include "test/UnitTest/Test.h"
 
-using LIBC_NAMESPACE::FreeList;
-using LIBC_NAMESPACE::cpp::array;
-using LIBC_NAMESPACE::cpp::byte;
-using LIBC_NAMESPACE::cpp::span;
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
 
-static constexpr size_t SIZE = 8;
-static constexpr array<size_t, SIZE> example_sizes = {64,   128,  256,  512,
-                                                      1024, 2048, 4096, 8192};
+TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, FreeList) {
+  cpp::byte mem1[1024];
+  optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem1);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *block1 = *maybeBlock;
 
-TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, EmptyListHasNoMembers) {
-  FreeList<SIZE> list(example_sizes);
+  cpp::byte mem2[1024];
+  maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem2);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *block2 = *maybeBlock;
 
-  auto item = list.find_chunk(4);
-  EXPECT_EQ(item.size(), static_cast<size_t>(0));
-  item = list.find_chunk(128);
-  EXPECT_EQ(item.size(), static_cast<size_t>(0));
-}
-
-TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, CanRetrieveAddedMember) {
-  FreeList<SIZE> list(example_sizes);
-  constexpr size_t N = 512;
-
-  byte data[N] = {byte(0)};
-
-  bool ok = list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data, N));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(ok);
-
-  auto item = list.find_chunk(N);
-  EXPECT_EQ(item.size(), N);
-  EXPECT_EQ(item.data(), data);
-}
-
-TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, CanRetrieveAddedMemberForSmallerSize) {
-  FreeList<SIZE> list(example_sizes);
-  constexpr size_t N = 512;
-
-  byte data[N] = {byte(0)};
-
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data, N)));
-  auto item = list.find_chunk(N / 2);
-  EXPECT_EQ(item.size(), N);
-  EXPECT_EQ(item.data(), data);
-}
-
-TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, CanRemoveItem) {
-  FreeList<SIZE> list(example_sizes);
-  constexpr size_t N = 512;
-
-  byte data[N] = {byte(0)};
-
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data, N)));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(list.remove_chunk(span<byte>(data, N)));
-
-  auto item = list.find_chunk(N);
-  EXPECT_EQ(item.size(), static_cast<size_t>(0));
-}
-
-TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, FindReturnsSmallestChunk) {
-  FreeList<SIZE> list(example_sizes);
-  constexpr size_t kN1 = 512;
-  constexpr size_t kN2 = 1024;
-
-  byte data1[kN1] = {byte(0)};
-  byte data2[kN2] = {byte(0)};
-
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data1, kN1)));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data2, kN2)));
+  FreeList list;
+  list.push(block1);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(list.empty());
+  EXPECT_EQ(list.front(), block1);
 
-  auto chunk = list.find_chunk(kN1 / 2);
-  EXPECT_EQ(chunk.size(), kN1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(chunk.data(), data1);
+  list.push(block2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(list.front(), block1);
 
-  chunk = list.find_chunk(kN1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(chunk.size(), kN1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(chunk.data(), data1);
+  list.pop();
+  ASSERT_FALSE(list.empty());
+  EXPECT_EQ(list.front(), block2);
 
-  chunk = list.find_chunk(kN1 + 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(chunk.size(), kN2);
-  EXPECT_EQ(chunk.data(), data2);
-}
-
-TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, FindReturnsCorrectChunkInSameBucket) {
-  // If we have two values in the same bucket, ensure that the allocation will
-  // pick an appropriately sized one.
-  FreeList<SIZE> list(example_sizes);
-  constexpr size_t kN1 = 512;
-  constexpr size_t kN2 = 257;
-
-  byte data1[kN1] = {byte(0)};
-  byte data2[kN2] = {byte(0)};
-
-  // List should now be 257 -> 512 -> NULL
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data1, kN1)));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data2, kN2)));
-
-  auto chunk = list.find_chunk(kN2 + 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(chunk.size(), kN1);
-}
-
-TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, FindCanMoveUpThroughBuckets) {
-  // Ensure that finding a chunk will move up through buckets if no appropriate
-  // chunks were found in a given bucket
-  FreeList<SIZE> list(example_sizes);
-  constexpr size_t kN1 = 257;
-  constexpr size_t kN2 = 513;
-
-  byte data1[kN1] = {byte(0)};
-  byte data2[kN2] = {byte(0)};
-
-  // List should now be:
-  // bkt[3] (257 bytes up to 512 bytes) -> 257 -> NULL
-  // bkt[4] (513 bytes up to 1024 bytes) -> 513 -> NULL
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data1, kN1)));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data2, kN2)));
+  list.pop();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(list.empty());
 
-  // Request a 300 byte chunk. This should return the 513 byte one
-  auto chunk = list.find_chunk(kN1 + 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(chunk.size(), kN2);
+  list.push(block1);
+  list.push(block2);
+  list.remove(reinterpret_cast<FreeList::Node *>(block2->usable_space()));
+  EXPECT_EQ(list.front(), block1);
+  list.pop();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(list.empty());
 }
 
-TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, RemoveUnknownChunkReturnsNotFound) {
-  FreeList<SIZE> list(example_sizes);
-  constexpr size_t N = 512;
-
-  byte data[N] = {byte(0)};
-  byte data2[N] = {byte(0)};
-
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data, N)));
-  EXPECT_FALSE(list.remove_chunk(span<byte>(data2, N)));
-}
-
-TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, CanStoreMultipleChunksPerBucket) {
-  FreeList<SIZE> list(example_sizes);
-  constexpr size_t N = 512;
-
-  byte data1[N] = {byte(0)};
-  byte data2[N] = {byte(0)};
-
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data1, N)));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.add_chunk(span<byte>(data2, N)));
-
-  auto chunk1 = list.find_chunk(N);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.remove_chunk(chunk1));
-  auto chunk2 = list.find_chunk(N);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(list.remove_chunk(chunk2));
-
-  // Ordering of the chunks doesn't matter
-  EXPECT_TRUE(chunk1.data() != chunk2.data());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(chunk1.data() == data1 || chunk1.data() == data2);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(chunk2.data() == data1 || chunk2.data() == data2);
-}
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/freestore_test.cpp b/libc/test/src/__support/freestore_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..85e8ed0a89b9e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/freestore_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//===-- Unittests for a freestore -------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include "src/__support/freestore.h"
+#include "test/UnitTest/Test.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+
+// Inserting or removing blocks too small to be tracked does nothing.
+TEST(LlvmLibcFreeStore, TooSmall) {
+  cpp::byte mem[1024];
+  optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *too_small = *maybeBlock;
+  maybeBlock = too_small->split(sizeof(Block<>::offset_type));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *remainder = *maybeBlock;
+
+  FreeStore store;
+  store.set_range({0, 4096});
+  store.insert(too_small);
+  store.insert(remainder);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(store.remove_best_fit(too_small->inner_size()), remainder);
+  store.remove(too_small);
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcFreeStore, RemoveBestFit) {
+  cpp::byte mem[1024];
+  optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+
+  Block<> *smallest = *maybeBlock;
+  maybeBlock = smallest->split(sizeof(FreeList) + sizeof(Block<>::offset_type));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *largest_small = *maybeBlock;
+  maybeBlock =
+      largest_small->split(sizeof(FreeTrie::Node) +
+                           sizeof(Block<>::offset_type) - alignof(max_align_t));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  ASSERT_GT(largest_small->inner_size(), smallest->inner_size());
+
+  Block<> *remainder = *maybeBlock;
+
+  FreeStore store;
+  store.set_range({0, 4096});
+  store.insert(smallest);
+  store.insert(largest_small);
+  store.insert(remainder);
+
+  // Find exact match for smallest.
+  ASSERT_EQ(store.remove_best_fit(smallest->inner_size()), smallest);
+  store.insert(smallest);
+
+  // Find exact match for largest.
+  ASSERT_EQ(store.remove_best_fit(largest_small->inner_size()), largest_small);
+  store.insert(largest_small);
+
+  // Search smallest for best fit.
+  ASSERT_EQ(store.remove_best_fit(smallest->inner_size() + 1), largest_small);
+  store.insert(largest_small);
+
+  // Continue search for best fit to large blocks.
+  EXPECT_EQ(store.remove_best_fit(largest_small->inner_size() + 1), remainder);
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcFreeStore, Remove) {
+  cpp::byte mem[1024];
+  optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+
+  Block<> *small = *maybeBlock;
+  maybeBlock = small->split(sizeof(FreeList) + sizeof(Block<>::offset_type));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+
+  Block<> *remainder = *maybeBlock;
+
+  FreeStore store;
+  store.set_range({0, 4096});
+  store.insert(small);
+  store.insert(remainder);
+
+  store.remove(remainder);
+  ASSERT_EQ(store.remove_best_fit(remainder->inner_size()),
+            static_cast<Block<> *>(nullptr));
+  store.remove(small);
+  ASSERT_EQ(store.remove_best_fit(small->inner_size()),
+            static_cast<Block<> *>(nullptr));
+}
+
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/freetrie_test.cpp b/libc/test/src/__support/freetrie_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d2077268779aa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/freetrie_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+//===-- Unittests for a freetrie --------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include "src/__support/freetrie.h"
+#include "test/UnitTest/Test.h"
+
+namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitRoot) {
+  FreeTrie trie({0, 4096});
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(123), static_cast<FreeTrie::Node *>(nullptr));
+
+  cpp::byte mem[1024];
+  optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *block = *maybeBlock;
+  trie.push(block);
+
+  FreeTrie::Node *root = trie.find_best_fit(0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(root->block(), block);
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(block->inner_size() - 1), root);
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(block->inner_size()), root);
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(block->inner_size() + 1),
+            static_cast<FreeTrie::Node *>(nullptr));
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(4095), static_cast<FreeTrie::Node *>(nullptr));
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitLower) {
+  cpp::byte mem[4096];
+  optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *lower = *maybeBlock;
+  maybeBlock = lower->split(512);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *root = *maybeBlock;
+
+  FreeTrie trie({0, 4096});
+  trie.push(root);
+  trie.push(lower);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(0)->block(), lower);
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitUpper) {
+  cpp::byte mem[4096];
+  optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *root = *maybeBlock;
+  maybeBlock = root->split(512);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *upper = *maybeBlock;
+
+  FreeTrie trie({0, 4096});
+  trie.push(root);
+  trie.push(upper);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(root->inner_size() + 1)->block(), upper);
+  // The upper subtrie should be skipped if it could not contain a better fit.
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(root->inner_size() - 1)->block(), root);
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitLowerAndUpper) {
+  cpp::byte mem[4096];
+  optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *root = *maybeBlock;
+  maybeBlock = root->split(1024);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *lower = *maybeBlock;
+  maybeBlock = lower->split(128);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *upper = *maybeBlock;
+
+  FreeTrie trie({0, 4096});
+  trie.push(root);
+  trie.push(lower);
+  trie.push(upper);
+
+  // The lower subtrie is examined first.
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(0)->block(), lower);
+  // The upper subtrie is examined if there are no fits found in the upper
+  // subtrie.
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(2048)->block(), upper);
+}
+
+TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, Remove) {
+  cpp::byte mem[4096];
+  optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *small1 = *maybeBlock;
+  maybeBlock = small1->split(512);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  Block<> *small2 = *maybeBlock;
+  maybeBlock = small2->split(512);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
+  ASSERT_EQ(small1->inner_size(), small2->inner_size());
+  Block<> *large = *maybeBlock;
+
+  // Removing the root empties the trie.
+  FreeTrie trie({0, 4096});
+  trie.push(large);
+  FreeTrie::Node *large_node = trie.find_best_fit(0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(large_node->block(), large);
+  trie.remove(large_node);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(trie.empty());
+
+  // Removing the head of a trie list preserves the trie structure.
+  trie.push(small1);
+  trie.push(small2);
+  trie.push(large);
+  trie.remove(trie.find_best_fit(small1->inner_size()));
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(large->inner_size())->block(), large);
+  trie.remove(trie.find_best_fit(small1->inner_size()));
+  EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(large->inner_size())->block(), large);
+}
+
+} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL

>From 775b2db09026876d504b07758f822c8e522e56d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Thornburgh <dthorn at google.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Oct 2024 14:26:38 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] Address michaelrj-google review comments

---
 libc/src/__support/freelist_heap.h            | 17 +++++-----
 libc/src/__support/freetrie.h                 |  3 +-
 .../test/src/__support/freelist_heap_test.cpp | 34 +++++++++----------
 libc/test/src/__support/freelist_test.cpp     | 11 +++---
 libc/test/src/__support/freestore_test.cpp    | 15 ++++----
 libc/test/src/__support/freetrie_test.cpp     | 17 +++++-----
 6 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libc/src/__support/freelist_heap.h b/libc/src/__support/freelist_heap.h
index 7636d431f6bc26..8df7e71660af62 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/freelist_heap.h
+++ b/libc/src/__support/freelist_heap.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ extern "C" cpp::byte __llvm_libc_heap_limit;
 using cpp::optional;
 using cpp::span;
 
-inline constexpr bool IsPow2(size_t x) { return x && (x & (x - 1)) == 0; }
+LIBC_INLINE constexpr bool IsPow2(size_t x) { return x && (x & (x - 1)) == 0; }
 
 class FreeListHeap {
 public:
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ template <size_t BUFF_SIZE> class FreeListHeapBuffer : public FreeListHeap {
   cpp::byte buffer[BUFF_SIZE];
 };
 
-inline void FreeListHeap::init() {
+LIBC_INLINE void FreeListHeap::init() {
   LIBC_ASSERT(!is_initialized && "duplicate initialization");
   auto result = Block<>::init(region());
   Block<> *block = *result;
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ inline void FreeListHeap::init() {
   is_initialized = true;
 }
 
-inline void *FreeListHeap::allocate_impl(size_t alignment, size_t size) {
+LIBC_INLINE void *FreeListHeap::allocate_impl(size_t alignment, size_t size) {
   if (size == 0)
     return nullptr;
 
@@ -111,11 +111,12 @@ inline void *FreeListHeap::allocate_impl(size_t alignment, size_t size) {
   return block_info.block->usable_space();
 }
 
-inline void *FreeListHeap::allocate(size_t size) {
+LIBC_INLINE void *FreeListHeap::allocate(size_t size) {
   return allocate_impl(alignof(max_align_t), size);
 }
 
-inline void *FreeListHeap::aligned_allocate(size_t alignment, size_t size) {
+LIBC_INLINE void *FreeListHeap::aligned_allocate(size_t alignment,
+                                                 size_t size) {
   // The alignment must be an integral power of two.
   if (!IsPow2(alignment))
     return nullptr;
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ inline void *FreeListHeap::aligned_allocate(size_t alignment, size_t size) {
   return allocate_impl(alignment, size);
 }
 
-inline void FreeListHeap::free(void *ptr) {
+LIBC_INLINE void FreeListHeap::free(void *ptr) {
   cpp::byte *bytes = static_cast<cpp::byte *>(ptr);
 
   LIBC_ASSERT(is_valid_ptr(bytes) && "Invalid pointer");
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ inline void FreeListHeap::free(void *ptr) {
 
 // Follows constract of the C standard realloc() function
 // If ptr is free'd, will return nullptr.
-inline void *FreeListHeap::realloc(void *ptr, size_t size) {
+LIBC_INLINE void *FreeListHeap::realloc(void *ptr, size_t size) {
   if (size == 0) {
     free(ptr);
     return nullptr;
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ inline void *FreeListHeap::realloc(void *ptr, size_t size) {
   return new_ptr;
 }
 
-inline void *FreeListHeap::calloc(size_t num, size_t size) {
+LIBC_INLINE void *FreeListHeap::calloc(size_t num, size_t size) {
   void *ptr = allocate(num * size);
   if (ptr != nullptr)
     LIBC_NAMESPACE::inline_memset(ptr, 0, num * size);
diff --git a/libc/src/__support/freetrie.h b/libc/src/__support/freetrie.h
index 25b2a87533bb41..58a0a7c5d6a432 100644
--- a/libc/src/__support/freetrie.h
+++ b/libc/src/__support/freetrie.h
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-//===-- Interface for freetrie
-//--------------------------------------------===//freetrie.h
+//===-- Interface for freetrie --------------------------------------------===//
 //
 // Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
 // See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_heap_test.cpp b/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_heap_test.cpp
index b486fa5ac1bc3a..cc94b6d7eeba35 100644
--- a/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_heap_test.cpp
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_heap_test.cpp
@@ -13,9 +13,11 @@
 #include "src/string/memcpy.h"
 #include "test/UnitTest/Test.h"
 
-namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
-
 using LIBC_NAMESPACE::freelist_heap;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::FreeListHeap;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::FreeListHeapBuffer;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::cpp::byte;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::cpp::span;
 
 // Similar to `LlvmLibcBlockTest` in block_test.cpp, we'd like to run the same
 // tests independently for different parameters. In this case, we'd like to test
@@ -28,7 +30,8 @@ using LIBC_NAMESPACE::freelist_heap;
 // made in tests leak and aren't free'd. This is fine for the purposes of this
 // test file.
 #define TEST_FOR_EACH_ALLOCATOR(TestCase, BufferSize)                          \
-  class LlvmLibcFreeListHeapTest##TestCase : public testing::Test {            \
+  class LlvmLibcFreeListHeapTest##TestCase                                     \
+      : public LIBC_NAMESPACE::testing::Test {                                 \
   public:                                                                      \
     FreeListHeapBuffer<BufferSize> fake_global_buffer;                         \
     void SetUp() override {                                                    \
@@ -38,8 +41,7 @@ using LIBC_NAMESPACE::freelist_heap;
     void RunTest(FreeListHeap &allocator, [[maybe_unused]] size_t N);          \
   };                                                                           \
   TEST_F(LlvmLibcFreeListHeapTest##TestCase, TestCase) {                       \
-    alignas(FreeListHeap::BlockType)                                           \
-        cpp::byte buf[BufferSize] = {cpp::byte(0)};                            \
+    alignas(FreeListHeap::BlockType) byte buf[BufferSize] = {byte(0)};         \
     FreeListHeap allocator(buf);                                               \
     RunTest(allocator, BufferSize);                                            \
     RunTest(*freelist_heap, freelist_heap->region().size());                   \
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ TEST_FOR_EACH_ALLOCATOR(ReturnsNullWhenAllocationTooLarge, 2048) {
 // is used for other test cases and we don't explicitly free them.
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeListHeap, ReturnsNullWhenFull) {
   constexpr size_t N = 2048;
-  alignas(FreeListHeap::BlockType) cpp::byte buf[N] = {cpp::byte(0)};
+  alignas(FreeListHeap::BlockType) byte buf[N] = {byte(0)};
 
   FreeListHeap allocator(buf);
 
@@ -134,9 +136,9 @@ TEST_FOR_EACH_ALLOCATOR(ReallocHasSameContent, 2048) {
   constexpr size_t ALLOC_SIZE = sizeof(int);
   constexpr size_t kNewAllocSize = sizeof(int) * 2;
   // Data inside the allocated block.
-  cpp::byte data1[ALLOC_SIZE];
+  byte data1[ALLOC_SIZE];
   // Data inside the reallocated block.
-  cpp::byte data2[ALLOC_SIZE];
+  byte data2[ALLOC_SIZE];
 
   int *ptr1 = reinterpret_cast<int *>(allocator.allocate(ALLOC_SIZE));
   *ptr1 = 42;
@@ -188,10 +190,9 @@ TEST_FOR_EACH_ALLOCATOR(CanCalloc, 2048) {
   constexpr size_t ALLOC_SIZE = 128;
   constexpr size_t NUM = 4;
   constexpr int size = NUM * ALLOC_SIZE;
-  constexpr cpp::byte zero{0};
+  constexpr byte zero{0};
 
-  cpp::byte *ptr1 =
-      reinterpret_cast<cpp::byte *>(allocator.calloc(NUM, ALLOC_SIZE));
+  byte *ptr1 = reinterpret_cast<byte *>(allocator.calloc(NUM, ALLOC_SIZE));
 
   // calloc'd content is zero.
   for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
@@ -203,10 +204,9 @@ TEST_FOR_EACH_ALLOCATOR(CanCallocWeirdSize, 2048) {
   constexpr size_t ALLOC_SIZE = 143;
   constexpr size_t NUM = 3;
   constexpr int size = NUM * ALLOC_SIZE;
-  constexpr cpp::byte zero{0};
+  constexpr byte zero{0};
 
-  cpp::byte *ptr1 =
-      reinterpret_cast<cpp::byte *>(allocator.calloc(NUM, ALLOC_SIZE));
+  byte *ptr1 = reinterpret_cast<byte *>(allocator.calloc(NUM, ALLOC_SIZE));
 
   // calloc'd content is zero.
   for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
@@ -247,11 +247,11 @@ TEST_FOR_EACH_ALLOCATOR(AlignedAlloc, 2048) {
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeListHeap, AlignedAllocOnlyBlockTypeAligned) {
   constexpr size_t BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
   constexpr size_t BUFFER_ALIGNMENT = alignof(FreeListHeap::BlockType) * 2;
-  alignas(BUFFER_ALIGNMENT) cpp::byte buf[BUFFER_SIZE] = {cpp::byte(0)};
+  alignas(BUFFER_ALIGNMENT) byte buf[BUFFER_SIZE] = {byte(0)};
 
   // Ensure the underlying buffer is at most aligned to the block type.
   FreeListHeap allocator(
-      span<cpp::byte>(buf).subspan(alignof(FreeListHeap::BlockType)));
+      span<byte>(buf).subspan(alignof(FreeListHeap::BlockType)));
 
   constexpr size_t ALIGNMENTS[] = {1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256};
   constexpr size_t SIZE_SCALES[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
@@ -289,5 +289,3 @@ TEST_FOR_EACH_ALLOCATOR(InvalidAlignedAllocAlignment, 2048) {
   ptr = allocator.aligned_allocate(0, 8);
   EXPECT_EQ(ptr, static_cast<void *>(nullptr));
 }
-
-} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_test.cpp b/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_test.cpp
index 4b1ef079d0e8de..f8bde941df0982 100644
--- a/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_test.cpp
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/freelist_test.cpp
@@ -11,15 +11,18 @@
 #include "src/__support/freelist.h"
 #include "test/UnitTest/Test.h"
 
-namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::Block;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::FreeList;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::cpp::byte;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::cpp::optional;
 
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, FreeList) {
-  cpp::byte mem1[1024];
+  byte mem1[1024];
   optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem1);
   ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
   Block<> *block1 = *maybeBlock;
 
-  cpp::byte mem2[1024];
+  byte mem2[1024];
   maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem2);
   ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
   Block<> *block2 = *maybeBlock;
@@ -46,5 +49,3 @@ TEST(LlvmLibcFreeList, FreeList) {
   list.pop();
   ASSERT_TRUE(list.empty());
 }
-
-} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/freestore_test.cpp b/libc/test/src/__support/freestore_test.cpp
index 85e8ed0a89b9e5..2ccdd7bb53979a 100644
--- a/libc/test/src/__support/freestore_test.cpp
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/freestore_test.cpp
@@ -11,11 +11,16 @@
 #include "src/__support/freestore.h"
 #include "test/UnitTest/Test.h"
 
-namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::Block;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::FreeList;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::FreeStore;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::FreeTrie;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::cpp::byte;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::cpp::optional;
 
 // Inserting or removing blocks too small to be tracked does nothing.
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeStore, TooSmall) {
-  cpp::byte mem[1024];
+  byte mem[1024];
   optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
   ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
   Block<> *too_small = *maybeBlock;
@@ -33,7 +38,7 @@ TEST(LlvmLibcFreeStore, TooSmall) {
 }
 
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeStore, RemoveBestFit) {
-  cpp::byte mem[1024];
+  byte mem[1024];
   optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
   ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
 
@@ -72,7 +77,7 @@ TEST(LlvmLibcFreeStore, RemoveBestFit) {
 }
 
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeStore, Remove) {
-  cpp::byte mem[1024];
+  byte mem[1024];
   optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
   ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
 
@@ -94,5 +99,3 @@ TEST(LlvmLibcFreeStore, Remove) {
   ASSERT_EQ(store.remove_best_fit(small->inner_size()),
             static_cast<Block<> *>(nullptr));
 }
-
-} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL
diff --git a/libc/test/src/__support/freetrie_test.cpp b/libc/test/src/__support/freetrie_test.cpp
index d2077268779aa9..1e3caceb7293bb 100644
--- a/libc/test/src/__support/freetrie_test.cpp
+++ b/libc/test/src/__support/freetrie_test.cpp
@@ -11,13 +11,16 @@
 #include "src/__support/freetrie.h"
 #include "test/UnitTest/Test.h"
 
-namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL {
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::Block;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::FreeTrie;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::cpp::byte;
+using LIBC_NAMESPACE::cpp::optional;
 
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitRoot) {
   FreeTrie trie({0, 4096});
   EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(123), static_cast<FreeTrie::Node *>(nullptr));
 
-  cpp::byte mem[1024];
+  byte mem[1024];
   optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
   ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
   Block<> *block = *maybeBlock;
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitRoot) {
 }
 
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitLower) {
-  cpp::byte mem[4096];
+  byte mem[4096];
   optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
   ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
   Block<> *lower = *maybeBlock;
@@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitLower) {
 }
 
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitUpper) {
-  cpp::byte mem[4096];
+  byte mem[4096];
   optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
   ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
   Block<> *root = *maybeBlock;
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitUpper) {
 }
 
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitLowerAndUpper) {
-  cpp::byte mem[4096];
+  byte mem[4096];
   optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
   ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
   Block<> *root = *maybeBlock;
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, FindBestFitLowerAndUpper) {
 }
 
 TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, Remove) {
-  cpp::byte mem[4096];
+  byte mem[4096];
   optional<Block<> *> maybeBlock = Block<>::init(mem);
   ASSERT_TRUE(maybeBlock.has_value());
   Block<> *small1 = *maybeBlock;
@@ -120,5 +123,3 @@ TEST(LlvmLibcFreeTrie, Remove) {
   trie.remove(trie.find_best_fit(small1->inner_size()));
   EXPECT_EQ(trie.find_best_fit(large->inner_size())->block(), large);
 }
-
-} // namespace LIBC_NAMESPACE_DECL



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