[flang-commits] [flang] Parallel runtime library design doc (PRIF) (PR #76088)

[Jeff Hammond via flang-commits]

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+# Parallel Runtime Interface for Fortran (PRIF) Specification, Revision 0.3
+
+Dan Bonachea  
+Katherine Rasmussen  
+Brad Richardson  
+Damian Rouson  
+Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA  
+<fortran at lbl.gov>  
+
+# Abstract
+
+This document specifies an interface to support the parallel features of
+Fortran, named the Parallel Runtime Interface for Fortran (PRIF). PRIF is a
+proposed solution in which the runtime library is responsible for coarray
+allocation, deallocation and accesses, image synchronization, atomic operations,
+events, and teams. In this interface, the compiler is responsible for
+transforming the invocation of Fortran-level parallel features into procedure
+calls to the necessary PRIF procedures. The interface is designed for
+portability across shared- and distributed-memory machines, different operating
+systems, and multiple architectures. Implementations of this interface are
+intended as an augmentation for the compiler's own runtime library. With an
+implementation-agnostic interface, alternative parallel runtime libraries may be
+developed that support the same interface. One benefit of this approach is the
+ability to vary the communication substrate. A central aim of this document is
+to define a parallel runtime interface in standard Fortran syntax, which enables
+us to leverage Fortran to succinctly express various properties of the procedure
+interfaces, including argument attributes.
+
+> **WORK IN PROGRESS** This document is still a draft and may continue to evolve.    
+> Feedback and questions should be directed to: <fortran at lbl.gov>
+
+\newpage
+# Change Log
+
+## Revision 0.1
+
+* Identify parallel features
+* Sketch out high-level design
+* Decide on compiler vs PRIF responsibilities
+
+## Revision 0.2 (Dec. 2023)
+
+* Change name to PRIF
+* Fill out interfaces to all PRIF provided procedures
+* Write descriptions, discussions and overviews of various features, arguments, etc.
+
+## Revision 0.3 (May 2024)
+
+* `prif_(de)allocate` are renamed to `prif_(de)allocate_coarray`
+* `prif_(de)allocate_non_symmetric` are renamed to `prif_(de)allocate`
+* `prif_local_data_size` renamed to `prif_size_bytes` and
+  add a client note about the procedure
+* Update interface to `prif_base_pointer` by replacing three arguments, `coindices`,
+  `team`, and `team_number`, with one argument `image_num`. Update the semantics
+  of `prif_base_pointer`, as it is no longer responsible for resolving the coindices and
+  team information into a number that represents the image on the initial team before
+  returning the address. That is now expected to occur before the `prif_base_pointer`
+  call and passed into the `image_num` argument.
+* Add target attribute on `coarray_handles` argument to `prif_deallocate_coarray`
+* Add pointer attribute on `handle` argument to `coarray_cleanup` callback for `prif_allocate_coarray`
+* Add target attribute on `value` argument to `prif_put` and `prif_get`
+* Add new PRIF-specific constant `PRIF_STAT_OUT_OF_MEMORY`
+* Clarify that remote pointers passed to various procedures must reference storage
+  allocated using `prif_allocate_coarray` or `prif_allocate`
+* Clarify description of the `allocated_memory` argument for
+  the procedures `prif_allocate_coarray` and `prif_allocate`
+* Clarify descriptions of `event_var_ptr`, `lock_var_ptr`, and `notify_ptr`
+* Clarify descriptions for `prif_stop`, `prif_put`, `prif_get`,
+  intrinsic derived types, sections about `MOVE_ALLOC` and coarray accesses
+* Replace the phrase "local completion" with the phrase "source completion",
+  and add the new phrase to the glossary
+* Clarify that `prif_stop` should be used to initiate normal termination
+* Describe the `operation` argument to `prif_co_reduce`
+* Rename and clarify the cobounds arguments to `prif_alias_create`
+* Clarify the descriptions of `source_image`/`result_image` arguments to collective calls
+* Clarify completion semantics for atomic operations
+* Rename `coindices` argument names to `cosubscripts` to more closely correspond with
+  the terms used in the Fortran standard
+* Rename `local_buffer` and `local_buffer_stride` arg names
+  to `current_image_buffer` and `current_image_buffer_stride`
+* Update `coindexed-object` references to _coindexed-named-object_ to match
+  the term change in the most recent Fortran 2023 standard
+* Convert several explanatory sections to "Notes"
+* Add implementation note about the PRIF API being defined in Fortran
+* Add section "How to read the PRIF specification"
+* Add section "Glossary"
+* Improve description of the `final_func` arg to `prif_allocate_coarray`
+  and move some of previous description to a client note.
+
+\newpage
+# Problem Description
+
+In order to be fully Fortran 2023 compliant, a Fortran compiler needs support for
+what is commonly referred to as Coarray Fortran, which includes features
+related to parallelism. These features include the following statements,
+subroutines, functions, types, and kind type parameters:
+
+* **Statements:**
+  - _Synchronization:_ `SYNC ALL`, `SYNC IMAGES`, `SYNC MEMORY`, `SYNC TEAM`
+  - _Events:_ `EVENT POST`, `EVENT WAIT`
+  - _Notify:_ `NOTIFY WAIT`
+  - _Error termination:_ `ERROR STOP`
+  - _Locks:_ `LOCK`, `UNLOCK`
+  - _Failed images:_ `FAIL IMAGE`
+  - _Teams:_ `FORM TEAM`, `CHANGE TEAM`
+  - _Critical sections:_ `CRITICAL`, `END CRITICAL`
+* **Intrinsic functions:** `NUM_IMAGES`, `THIS_IMAGE`, `LCOBOUND`, `UCOBOUND`,
+  `TEAM_NUMBER`, `GET_TEAM`, `FAILED_IMAGES`, `STOPPED_IMAGES`, `IMAGE_STATUS`,
+  `COSHAPE`, `IMAGE_INDEX`
+* **Intrinsic subroutines:**
+  - _Collective subroutines:_ `CO_SUM`, `CO_MAX`, `CO_MIN`, `CO_REDUCE`, `CO_BROADCAST`
+  - _Atomic subroutines:_ `ATOMIC_ADD`, `ATOMIC_AND`, `ATOMIC_CAS`,
+    `ATOMIC_DEFINE`, `ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD`, `ATOMIC_FETCH_AND`, `ATOMIC_FETCH_OR`,
+    `ATOMIC_FETCH_XOR`, `ATOMIC_OR`, `ATOMIC_REF`, `ATOMIC_XOR`
+  - _Other subroutines:_ `EVENT_QUERY`
+* **Types, kind type parameters, and values:**
+  - _Intrinsic derived types:_ `EVENT_TYPE`, `TEAM_TYPE`, `LOCK_TYPE`, `NOTIFY_TYPE`
+  - _Atomic kind type parameters:_ `ATOMIC_INT_KIND` AND `ATOMIC_LOGICAL_KIND`
+  - _Values:_ `STAT_FAILED_IMAGE`, `STAT_LOCKED`, `STAT_LOCKED_OTHER_IMAGE`,
+    `STAT_STOPPED_IMAGE`, `STAT_UNLOCKED`, `STAT_UNLOCKED_FAILED_IMAGE`
+
+In addition to supporting syntax related to the above features,
+compilers will also need to be able to handle new execution concepts such as
+image control. The image control concept affects the behaviors of some
+statements that were introduced in Fortran expressly for supporting parallel
+programming, but image control also affects the behavior of some statements
+that pre-existed parallelism in standard Fortran:
+
+* **Image control statements:**
+  - _Pre-existing statements_: `ALLOCATE`, `DEALLOCATE`, `STOP`, `END`,
+    a `CALL` to `MOVE_ALLOC` with coarray arguments
+  - _New statements:_ `SYNC ALL`, `SYNC IMAGES`, `SYNC MEMORY`, `SYNC TEAM`,
+    `CHANGE TEAM`, `END TEAM`, `CRITICAL`, `END CRITICAL`, `EVENT POST`,
+    `EVENT WAIT`, `FORM TEAM`, `LOCK`, `UNLOCK`, `NOTIFY WAIT`
+
+One consequence of the statements being categorized as image control statements
+will be the need to restrict code movement by optimizing compilers.
+
+# Proposed Solution
+
+This specification proposes an interface to support the above features,
+named Parallel Runtime Interface for Fortran (PRIF). By defining an
+implementation-agnostic interface, we envision facilitating the development of
+alternative parallel runtime libraries that support the same interface. One
+benefit of this approach is the ability to vary the communication substrate.
+A central aim of this document is to specify a parallel runtime interface in
+standard Fortran syntax, which enables us to leverage Fortran to succinctly
+express various properties of the procedure interfaces, including argument
+attributes. See [Rouson and Bonachea (2022)] for additional details.
+
+## Parallel Runtime Interface for Fortran (PRIF)
+
+The Parallel Runtime Interface for Fortran is a proposed interface in which the
+PRIF implementation is responsible for coarray allocation, deallocation and
+accesses, image synchronization, atomic operations, events, and teams. In this
+interface, the compiler is responsible for transforming the invocation of
+Fortran-level parallel features to add procedure calls to the necessary PRIF
+procedures. Below you can find a table showing the delegation of tasks
+between the compiler and the PRIF implementation. The interface is designed for
+portability across shared- and distributed-memory machines, different operating
+systems, and multiple architectures. 
+
+Implementations of PRIF are intended as an
+augmentation for the compiler's own runtime library. While the interface can
+support multiple implementations, we envision needing to build the PRIF implementation
+as part of installing the compiler. The procedures and types provided
+for direct invocation as part of the PRIF implementation shall be defined in a
+Fortran module with the name `prif`.
+
+## Delegation of tasks between the Fortran compiler and the PRIF implementation
+
+The following table outlines which tasks will be the responsibility of the
+Fortran compiler and which tasks will be the responsibility of the PRIF
+implementation. A 'X' in the "Fortran compiler" column indicates that the compiler has
+the primary responsibility for that task, while a 'X' in the "PRIF implementation"
+column indicates that the compiler will invoke the PRIF implementation to perform
+the task and the PRIF implementation has primary responsibility for the task's
+implementation. See the [Procedure descriptions](#prif-procedures)
+for the list of PRIF implementation procedures that the compiler will invoke.
+
+|                                                      Tasks                                                                       |  Fortran compiler  | PRIF implementation |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|---------------------|
+| Establish and initialize static coarrays prior to `main`                                                                         |         X          |                     |
+| Track corank of coarrays                                                                                                         |         X          |                     |
+| Track local coarrays for implicit deallocation when exiting a scope                                                              |         X          |                     |
+| Initialize a coarray with `SOURCE=` as part of `ALLOCATE`                                                                        |         X          |                     |
+| Provide `prif_critical_type` coarrays for `CRITICAL`                                                                             |         X          |                     |
+| Provide final subroutine for all derived types that are finalizable or that have allocatable components that appear in a coarray |         X          |                     |
+| Track variable allocation status, including resulting from use of `MOVE_ALLOC`                                                   |         X          |                     |
+|                                                                                                                                  |                    |                     |
+| Intrinsics related to parallelism, eg. `NUM_IMAGES`, `COSHAPE`, `IMAGE_INDEX`                                                    |                    |          X          |
+| Allocate and deallocate a coarray                                                                                                |                    |          X          |
+| Reference a _coindexed-named-object_                                                                                             |                    |          X          |
+| Team statements/constructs: `FORM TEAM`, `CHANGE TEAM`, `END TEAM`                                                                |                    |          X          |
+| Team stack abstraction                                                                                                           |                    |          X          |
+| Track coarrays for implicit deallocation at `END TEAM`                                                                           |                    |          X          |
+| Atomic subroutines, e.g. `ATOMIC_FETCH_ADD`                                                                                      |                    |          X          |
+| Collective subroutines, e.g. `CO_BROADCAST`, `CO_SUM`                                                                            |                    |          X          |
+| Synchronization statements, e.g. `SYNC ALL`, `SYNC TEAM`                                                                         |                    |          X          |
+| Events: `EVENT POST`, `EVENT WAIT`                                                                                               |                    |          X          |
+| Locks: `LOCK`, `UNLOCK`                                                                                                          |                    |          X          |
+| `CRITICAL` construct                                                                                                             |                    |          X          |
+| `NOTIFY WAIT` statement                                                                                                          |                    |          X          |
+
+| **NOTE**: Caffeine - LBNL's Implementation of the Parallel Runtime Interface for Fortran |
+| ---------------- |
+| Implementations for much of the Parallel Runtime Interface for Fortran exist in [Caffeine], a parallel runtime library supporting coarray Fortran compilers. Caffeine will continue to be developed in order to fully implement PRIF. Caffeine targets the [GASNet-EX] exascale networking middleware, however PRIF is deliberately agnostic to details of the communication substrate. As such it should be possible to develop PRIF implementations targeting other substrates including the Message Passing Interface ([MPI]). |
+
+## How to read the PRIF specification
+
+The following types and procedures align with corresponding types and procedures
+from the Fortran standard. In many cases, the correspondence is clear from the identifiers.
+For example, the PRIF procedure `prif_num_images` corresponds to the intrinsic function
+`NUM_IMAGES` that is defined in the Fortran standard. In other cases, the correspondence
+may be less clear and is stated explicitly.
+
+In order to avoid redundancy, some details are not included below as the corresponding
+descriptions in the Fortran standard contain the detailed descriptions of what is
+required by the language. For example, this document references the term _coindexed-named-object_
+multiple times, but does not define it since it is part of the language and the Fortran
+standard defines it. As such, in order to fully understand the PRIF specification, it is
+critical to read and reference the Fortran standard alongside it. Additionally, the
+descriptions in the PRIF specification use similar language to the language used in the
+Fortran standard, such as terms like ‘shall’.” Where PRIF uses terms not defined in
+the standard, their definitions may be found in the [`Glossary`](#glossary).
+
+# PRIF Types and Constants
+
+## Fortran Intrinsic Derived Types
+
+These types will be defined by the PRIF implementation. The
+compiler will use these PRIF-provided implementation definitions for the corresponding
+types in the compiler's implementation of the `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV` module. This
+enables the internal structure of each given type to be tailored as needed for
+a given PRIF implementation.
+
+### `prif_team_type`
+
+* implementation for `TEAM_TYPE` from `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV`
+
+### `prif_event_type`
+
+* implementation for `EVENT_TYPE` from `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV`
+
+### `prif_lock_type`
+
+* implementation for `LOCK_TYPE` from `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV`
+
+### `prif_notify_type`
+
+* implementation for `NOTIFY_TYPE` from `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV`
+
+## Constants in `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV`
+
+These values will be defined in the PRIF implementation and it is proposed that the
+compiler will use a rename to use the PRIF implementation definitions for these
+values in the compiler's implementation of the `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV` module.
+
+### `PRIF_ATOMIC_INT_KIND`
+
+This shall be set to an implementation-defined value from the compiler-provided `INTEGER_KINDS`
+array.
+
+### `PRIF_ATOMIC_LOGICAL_KIND`
+
+This shall be set to an implementation-defined value from the compiler-provided `LOGICAL_KINDS`
+array.
+
+### `PRIF_CURRENT_TEAM`
+
+This shall be a value of type `integer(c_int)` that is defined by the
+implementation. It shall be distinct from the values `PRIF_INITIAL_TEAM` and
+`PRIF_PARENT_TEAM`
+
+### `PRIF_INITIAL_TEAM`
+
+This shall be a value of type `integer(c_int)` that is defined by the
+implementation. It shall be distinct from the values `PRIF_CURRENT_TEAM` and
+`PRIF_PARENT_TEAM`
+
+### `PRIF_PARENT_TEAM`
+
+This shall be a value of type `integer(c_int)` that is defined by the
+implementation. It shall be distinct from the values `PRIF_CURRENT_TEAM` and
+`PRIF_INITIAL_TEAM`
+
+### `PRIF_STAT_FAILED_IMAGE`
+
+This shall be a value of type `integer(c_int)` that is defined by the
+implementation to be negative if the implementation cannot detect failed images
+and positive otherwise. It shall be distinct from all other stat constants
+defined by this specification.
+
+### `PRIF_STAT_LOCKED`
+
+This shall be a value of type `integer(c_int)` that is defined by the
+implementation. It shall be distinct from all other stat constants
+defined by this specification.
+
+### `PRIF_STAT_LOCKED_OTHER_IMAGE`
+
+This shall be a value of type `integer(c_int)` that is defined by the
+implementation. It shall be distinct from all other stat constants
+defined by this specification.
+
+### `PRIF_STAT_STOPPED_IMAGE`
+
+This shall be a positive value of type `integer(c_int)` that is defined by the
+implementation. It shall be distinct from all other stat constants
+defined by this specification.
+
+### `PRIF_STAT_UNLOCKED`
+
+This shall be a value of type `integer(c_int)` that is defined by the
+implementation. It shall be distinct from all other stat constants
+defined by this specification.
+
+### `PRIF_STAT_UNLOCKED_FAILED_IMAGE`
+
+This shall be a value of type `integer(c_int)` that is defined by the
+implementation. It shall be distinct from all other stat constants
+defined by this specification.
+
+## PRIF-Specific Constants
+
+This constant is not defined by the Fortran standard.
+
+### `PRIF_STAT_OUT_OF_MEMORY`
+
+This shall be a value of type `integer(c_int)` that is defined by the
+implementation. It shall be distinct from  all other stat constants
+defined by this specification. It shall indicate a low-memory condition
+and may be returned by `prif_allocate_coarray` or `prif_allocate`.
+
+## PRIF-Specific Types
+
+These derived types are defined by the PRIF implementation and the contents are
+opaque to the compiler. They don't correspond directly to types mandated
+by the Fortran specification, but rather are helper types used in PRIF to 
+provide the parallel Fortran features.
+
+### `prif_coarray_handle`
+
+* a derived type provided by the PRIF implementation whose contents are opaque to the
+  compiler. It represents a reference to a coarray descriptor and is passed 
+  back and forth across PRIF for coarray operations. 
+* Each coarray descriptor maintains some "context data" on a per-image basis, which the compiler may
+  use to support proper implementation of coarray arguments, especially with
+  respect to `MOVE_ALLOC` operations on allocatable coarrays.
+  This is accessed/set with the procedures `prif_get_context_handle` and
+  `prif_set_context_handle`. PRIF does not interpret the contents of this context data in
+  any way, and it is only accessible on the current image. The context data is
+  a property of the allocated coarray object, and is thus shared between all
+  handles and aliases that refer to the same coarray allocation (i.e. those
+  created from a call to `prif_alias_create`).
+
+### `prif_critical_type`
+
+* a derived type provided by the PRIF implementation that is opaque to the
+  compiler and is used for implementing `critical` blocks
+
+# PRIF Procedures
+
+**The PRIF API provides implementations of parallel Fortran features, as specified
+in Fortran 2023. For any given `prif_*` procedure that corresponds to a Fortran
+procedure or statement of similar name, the constraints and semantics associated
+with each argument to the `prif_*` procedure match those of the analogous
+argument to the parallel Fortran feature, except where this document explicitly
+specifies otherwise. For any given `prif_*` procedure that corresponds to a Fortran
+procedure or statement of similar name, the constraints and semantics match those
+of the analogous parallel Fortran feature. In particular, any required synchronization
+is performed by the PRIF implementation unless otherwise specified.**
+
+| **IMPLEMENTATION NOTE**: |
+| ---------------- |
+| The PRIF API is defined as a set of Fortran language procedures and supporting types, and as such an implementation of PRIF cannot be expressed solely in C/C++. However C/C++ can be used to implement portions of the PRIF procedures via calls to BIND(C) procedures. |
+
+Where possible, optional arguments are used for optional parts or different
+forms of statements or procedures. In some cases the different forms or presence
+of certain options change the return type or rank, and in those cases a generic
+interface with different specific procedures is used.
+
+## Common Arguments
+
+There are multiple Common Arguments sections throughout the specification that
+outline details of the arguments that are common for the following sections
+of procedure interfaces.
+
+### Integer and Pointer Arguments
+
+There are several categories of arguments where the PRIF implementation will need
+pointers and/or integers. These fall broadly into the following categories.
+
+1. `integer(c_intptr_t)`: Anything containing a pointer representation where
+   the compiler might be expected to perform pointer arithmetic
+2. `type(c_ptr)` and `type(c_funptr)`: Anything containing a pointer to an
+   object/function where the compiler is expected only to pass it (back) to the
+   PRIF implementation
+3. `integer(c_size_t)`: Anything containing an object size, in units of bytes
+   or elements, i.e. shape, element_size, etc.
+4. `integer(c_ptrdiff_t)`: strides between elements for non-contiguous coarray
+   accesses
+5. `integer(c_int)`: Integer arguments corresponding to image index and
+  stat arguments. It is expected that the most common integer arguments
+  appearing in Fortran code will be of default integer kind, it is expected that
+  this will correspond with that kind, and there is no reason to expect these
+  arguments to have values that would not be representable in this kind.
+6. `integer(c_intmax_t)`: Bounds, cobounds, indices, cosubscripts, and any other
+  argument to an intrinsic procedure that accepts or returns an arbitrary
+  integer.
+
+The compiler is responsible for generating values and temporary variables as
+necessary to pass arguments of the correct type/size, and perform conversions
+when needed.
+
+### Common Arguments
+
+* **`team`**
+  * a value of type `prif_team_type` that identifies a team that the
+    current image is a member of
+  * shall not be present with `team_number` except in a call to `prif_form_team`
+* **`team_number`**
+  * a value of type `integer(c_intmax_t)` that identifies a sibling team or,
+    in a call to `prif_form_team`, which team to join
+  * shall not be present with `team` except in a call to `prif_form_team`
+* **`image_num`**
+  * an argument identifying the image to be communicated with
+  * is permitted to identify the current image
+  * the image index is always relative to the initial team, unless otherwise specified
+
+### `stat` and `errmsg` Arguments
+
+* **`stat`** : This argument is `intent(out)` and represents the presence and
+  type of any error that occurs. A value of zero indicates no error occurred.
+  It is of type `integer(c_int)`, to minimize the frequency that integer
+  conversions will be needed. If a different kind of integer is used as the
+  argument, it is the compiler's responsibility to use an intermediate variable
+  as the argument to the PRIF implementation procedure and provide conversion to the
+  actual argument.
+* **`errmsg` or `errmsg_alloc`** : There are two optional `intent(out)` arguments for this,
+  one which is allocatable and one which is not. It is the compiler's
+  responsibility to ensure the appropriate optional argument is passed,
+  and at most one shall be provided in any given call.
+  If no error occurs, the definition status of the actual argument is unchanged.
+
+## Program Startup and Shutdown
+
+For a program that uses parallel Fortran features, the compiler shall insert
+calls to `prif_init` and `prif_stop`. These procedures will initialize and
+terminate the parallel runtime. `prif_init` shall be called prior
+to any other calls to the PRIF implementation. `prif_stop` shall be called
+to initiate normal termination if the program reaches normal termination
+at the end of the main program.
+
+### `prif_init`
+
+**Description**: This procedure will initialize the parallel environment.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_init(stat)
+  integer(c_int), intent(out) :: stat
+end subroutine
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**:
+
+* **`stat`**: a non-zero value indicates an error occurred during
+  initialization.
+
+### `prif_stop`
+
+**Description**: This procedure synchronizes all executing images, cleans up
+  the parallel runtime environment, and terminates the program.
+  Calls to this procedure do not return. This procedure supports both normal
+  termination at the end of a program, as well as any `STOP` statements from
+  the user source code.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_stop(quiet, stop_code_int, stop_code_char)
+  logical(c_bool), intent(in) :: quiet
+  integer(c_int), intent(in), optional :: stop_code_int
+  character(len=*), intent(in), optional :: stop_code_char
+end subroutine
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**: At most one of the arguments
+  `stop_code_int` or `stop_code_char` shall be supplied.
+
+* **`quiet`**: if this argument has the value `.true.`, no output of
+  signaling exceptions or stop code will be produced. If a `STOP` statement
+  does not contain this optional part, the compiler should
+  provide the value `.false.`.
+* **`stop_code_int`**: is used as the process exit code if it is provided.
+  Otherwise, the process exit code is `0`.
+* **`stop_code_char`**: is written to the unit identified by the named
+  constant `OUTPUT_UNIT` from the intrinsic module `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV` if
+  provided.
+
+### `prif_error_stop`
+
+**Description**: This procedure terminates all executing images.
+  Calls to this procedure do not return.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_error_stop(quiet, stop_code_int, stop_code_char)
+  logical(c_bool), intent(in) :: quiet
+  integer(c_int), intent(in), optional :: stop_code_int
+  character(len=*), intent(in), optional :: stop_code_char
+end subroutine
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**: At most one of the arguments
+  `stop_code_int` or `stop_code_char` shall be supplied.
+
+* **`quiet`**: if this argument has the value `.true.`, no output of
+  signaling exceptions or stop code will be produced. If an `ERROR STOP`
+  statement does not contain this optional part, the compiler should
+  provide the value `.false.`.
+* **`stop_code_int`**: is used as the process exit code if it is provided.
+  Otherwise, the process exit code is a non-zero value.
+* **`stop_code_char`**: is written to the unit identified by the named
+  constant `ERROR_UNIT` from the intrinsic module `ISO_FORTRAN_ENV` if
+  provided.
+
+### `prif_fail_image`
+
+**Description**: causes the executing image to cease participating in
+  program execution without initiating termination.
+  Calls to this procedure do not return.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_fail_image()
+end subroutine
+```
+
+## Image Queries
+
+### `prif_num_images`
+
+**Description**: Query the number of images in the specified or current team.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_num_images(team, team_number, image_count)
+  type(prif_team_type), intent(in), optional :: team
+  integer(c_intmax_t), intent(in), optional :: team_number
+  integer(c_int), intent(out) :: image_count
+end subroutine
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**:
+
+* **`team` and `team_number`**: optional arguments that specify a team. They
+  shall not both be present in the same call.
+
+### `prif_this_image`
+
+**Description**: Determine the image index or cosubscripts with respect to a
+  given coarray of the current image in a given team or the current team.
+    
+```
+interface prif_this_image
+  subroutine prif_this_image_no_coarray(team, image_index)
+    type(prif_team_type), intent(in), optional :: team
+    integer(c_int), intent(out) :: image_index
+  end subroutine
+
+  subroutine prif_this_image_with_coarray( &
+      coarray_handle, team, cosubscripts)
+    type(prif_coarray_handle), intent(in) :: coarray_handle
+    type(prif_team_type), intent(in), optional :: team
+    integer(c_intmax_t), intent(out) :: cosubscripts(:)
+  end subroutine
+
+  subroutine prif_this_image_with_dim( &
+      coarray_handle, dim, team, cosubscript)
+    type(prif_coarray_handle), intent(in) :: coarray_handle
+    integer(c_int), intent(in) :: dim
+    type(prif_team_type), intent(in), optional :: team
+    integer(c_intmax_t), intent(out) :: cosubscript
+  end subroutine
+end interface
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**:
+
+* **`coarray_handle`**: is described in the Common Arguments section under [`Storage Management`](#storage-management)
+* **`cosubscripts`**: the cosubscripts that would identify the current image
+  in the specified team when used as cosubscripts for the specified coarray
+* **`dim`**: identify which of the elements from `cosubscripts` should be
+  returned as the `cosubscript` value
+* **`cosubscript`**: the element identified by `dim` of the array
+  `cosubscripts` that would have been returned without the `dim` argument
+  present
+
+### `prif_failed_images`
+
+**Description**: Determine the image indices of any images known to have failed.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_failed_images(team, failed_images)
+  type(prif_team_type), intent(in), optional :: team
+  integer(c_int), allocatable, intent(out) :: failed_images(:)
+end subroutine
+```
+
+### `prif_stopped_images`
+
+**Description**: Determine the image indices of any images known to have initiated
+  normal termination.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_stopped_images(team, stopped_images)
+  type(prif_team_type), intent(in), optional :: team
+  integer(c_int), allocatable, intent(out) :: stopped_images(:)
+end subroutine
+```
+
+### `prif_image_status`
+
+**Description**: Determine the image execution state of an image
+    
+```
+impure elemental subroutine prif_image_status(image, team, image_status)
+  integer(c_int), intent(in) :: image
+  type(prif_team_type), intent(in), optional :: team
+  integer(c_int), intent(out) :: image_status
+end subroutine
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**:
+
+* **`image`**: the image index of the image in the given or current team for
+  which to return the execution status
+* **`team`**: if provided, the team from which to identify the image
+* **`image_status`**: defined to the value `PRIF_STAT_FAILED_IMAGE` if the identified
+    image has failed, `PRIF_STAT_STOPPED_IMAGE` if the identified image has initiated
+    normal termination, otherwise zero.
+
+## Storage Management
+
+### Common Arguments
+
+* **`coarray_handle`**
+  * Argument for many of the coarray access procedures
+  * scalar of type [`prif_coarray_handle`](#prif_coarray_handle)
+  * is a handle for the descriptor of an established coarray
+* **`cosubscripts`**
+  * Argument for many of the coarray access procedures
+  * 1d assumed-shape array of type `integer(c_intmax_t)`
+  * correspond to the cosubscripts appearing in a _coindexed-named-object_ reference
+* **`value`** or `current_image_buffer`
+  * Argument for `put` and `get` operations
+  * assumed-rank array of `type(*)` or `type(c_ptr)`
+  * It is the value to be sent in a `put` operation, and is assigned the value
+    retrieved in the case of a `get` operation
+* **`image_num`**
+  * an argument identifying the image to be communicated with
+  * is permitted to identify the current image
+  * the image index is always relative to the initial team, unless otherwise specified
+
+### `prif_allocate_coarray`
+
+**Description**: This procedure allocates memory for a coarray. 
+  This call is collective over the current team.  Calls to
+  `prif_allocate_coarray` will be inserted by the compiler when there is an explicit
+  coarray allocation or at the beginning of a program to allocate space for
+  statically declared coarrays in the source code. The PRIF implementation will
+  store the coshape information in order to internally track it during the
+  lifetime of the coarray.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_allocate_coarray( &
+    lcobounds, ucobounds, lbounds, ubounds, element_length, &
+    final_func, coarray_handle, allocated_memory, &
+    stat, errmsg, errmsg_alloc)
+  integer(kind=c_intmax_t), intent(in) :: lcobounds(:), ucobounds(:)
+  integer(kind=c_intmax_t), intent(in) :: lbounds(:), ubounds(:)
+  integer(kind=c_size_t), intent(in) :: element_length
+  type(c_funptr), intent(in) :: final_func
+  type(prif_coarray_handle), intent(out) :: coarray_handle
+  type(c_ptr), intent(out) :: allocated_memory
+  integer(c_int), intent(out), optional :: stat
+  character(len=*), intent(inout), optional :: errmsg
+  character(len=:), intent(inout), allocatable, optional :: errmsg_alloc
+end subroutine
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**:
+
+* **`lcobounds` and `ucobounds`**: Shall be the lower and upper bounds of the
+  codimensions of the coarray being allocated. Shall be 1d arrays with the
+  same dimensions as each other. The cobounds shall be sufficient to have a
+  unique index for every image in the current team.
+  I.e. `product(ucobounds - lcobounds + 1) >= num_images()`.
+* **`lbounds` and `ubounds`**: Shall be the the lower and upper bounds of the
+  current image's portion of the array. Shall be 1d arrays with the same dimensions as
+  each other.
+* **`element_length`**: size of a single element of the array in bytes
+* **`final_func`**: Shall be the C address of a procedure that is interoperable, or
+  `C_NULL_FUNPTR`. If not null, this procedure will be invoked by the PRIF implementation
+  once by each image at deallocation of this coarray, before the storage is released.
+  The procedure's interface shall be equivalent to the following Fortran interface
+  ```
+  subroutine coarray_cleanup(handle, stat, errmsg) bind(C)
+    type(prif_coarray_handle), pointer, intent(in) :: handle
+    integer(c_int), intent(out) :: stat
+    character(len=:), intent(out), allocatable :: errmsg
+  end subroutine
+  ```
+  or to the following equivalent C prototype
+  ```
+  void coarray_cleanup( 
+      CFI_cdesc_t* handle, int* stat, CFI_cdesc_t* errmsg)
+  ```
+* **`coarray_handle`**: Represents the distributed object of the coarray on
+  the corresponding team. The handle is created by the PRIF implementation and the
+  compiler uses it for subsequent _coindexed-named-object_ references of the
+  associated coarray and for deallocation of the associated coarray.
+* **`allocated_memory`**: A pointer to the block of allocated but uninitialized memory
+  that provides the storage for the current image's coarray. The compiler is responsible
+  for associating the Fortran-level coarray object with this storage, and initializing
+  the storage if necessary. The returned pointer value may differ across images in the team.
+  `prif_base_pointer` should be used to locate corresponding coarrays on
+  other images.
+
+| **CLIENT NOTE**: |
+| ---------------- |
+| `final_func` is used by the compiler to support various clean-up operations at coarray deallocation, whether it happens explicitly (i.e. via `prif_deallocate_coarray`) or implicitly (e.g. via `prif_end_team`). First, `final_func` may be used to support the user-defined final subroutine for derived types. Second, it may be necessary for the compiler to generate such a subroutine to clean up allocatable components, typically with calls to `prif_deallocate`. Third, it may also be necessary to modify the allocation status of an allocatable coarray variable, especially in the case that it was allocated through a dummy argument.
+The coarray handle can be interrogated by the procedure callback using PRIF queries to determine the memory address and size of the data in order to orchestrate calling any necessary final subroutines or deallocation of any allocatable components, or the context data to orchestrate modifying the allocation status of a local variable portion of the coarray. The `pointer` attribute for the `handle` argument is to permit `prif_coarray_handle` definitions which are not C interoperable. |
+
+### `prif_allocate`
+
+**Description**: This procedure is used to non-collectively allocate remotely accessible storage, 
+  such as needed for an allocatable component of a coarray.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_allocate( &
+    size_in_bytes, allocated_memory, stat, errmsg, errmsg_alloc)
+  integer(kind=c_size_t) :: size_in_bytes
+  type(c_ptr), intent(out) :: allocated_memory
+  integer(c_int), intent(out), optional :: stat
+  character(len=*), intent(inout), optional :: errmsg
+  character(len=:), intent(inout), allocatable, optional :: errmsg_alloc
+end subroutine
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**:
+
+* **`size_in_bytes`**: The size, in bytes, of the object to be allocated.
+* **`allocated_memory`**: A pointer to the block of allocated but uninitialized memory 
+  that provides the requested storage. The compiler is responsible for associating the Fortran
+  object with this storage, and initializing the storage if necessary.
+
+### `prif_deallocate_coarray`
+
+**Description**: This procedure releases memory previously allocated for all
+  of the coarrays associated with the handles in `coarray_handles`. This means
+  that any local objects associated with this memory become invalid. The
+  compiler will insert calls to this procedure when exiting a local scope where
+  implicit deallocation of a coarray is mandated by the standard and when a
+  coarray is explicitly deallocated through a `DEALLOCATE` statement.
+  This call is collective over the current team, and the provided list of handles
+  must denote corresponding coarrays (in the same order on every image) that
+  were allocated by the current team using `prif_allocate_coarray` and not yet deallocated.
+  The implementation starts with a synchronization over the current team, and then the final subroutine
+  for each coarray (if any) will be called. A synchronization will also occur
+  before control is returned from this procedure, after all deallocation has been
+  completed.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_deallocate_coarray( &
+    coarray_handles, stat, errmsg, errmsg_alloc)
+  type(prif_coarray_handle), target, intent(in) :: coarray_handles(:)
+  integer(c_int), intent(out), optional :: stat
+  character(len=*), intent(inout), optional :: errmsg
+  character(len=:), intent(inout), allocatable, optional :: errmsg_alloc
+end subroutine
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**:
+
+* **`coarray_handles`**: Is an array of all of the handles for the coarrays
+  that shall be deallocated. Note that the target attribute is not required
+  for the actual argument to this procedure. It is only to allow the
+  implementation to call the `final_func` procedures with each handle.
+
+### `prif_deallocate`
+
+**Description**: This non-collective procedure releases memory previously allocated by a call
+  to `prif_allocate`.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_deallocate( &
+    mem, stat, errmsg, errmsg_alloc)
+  type(c_ptr), intent(in) :: mem
+  integer(c_int), intent(out), optional :: stat
+  character(len=*), intent(inout), optional :: errmsg
+  character(len=:), intent(inout), allocatable, optional :: errmsg_alloc
+end subroutine
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**:
+
+* **`mem`**: Pointer to the block of memory to be released.
+
+| **CLIENT NOTE**: |
+| ---------------- |
+| Calls to `prif_allocate_coarray` and `prif_deallocate_coarray` are collective operations, while calls to `prif_allocate` and `prif_deallocate` are not. Note that a call to `MOVE_ALLOC` with coarray arguments is also a collective operation, as described in the section below. |
+
+| **CLIENT NOTE**: |
+| ---------------- |
+| The compiler is responsible to generate code that collectively runs `prif_allocate_coarray` once for each static coarray and initializes them where applicable.|
+
+### `prif_alias_create`
+
+**Description**: Create a new coarray handle for an existing coarray, such as part of `CHANGE TEAM`
+  after [`prif_change_team`](#prif_change_team), or to pass to a coarray dummy
+  argument (especially in the case that the cobounds are different)
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_alias_create( &
+    source_handle, alias_lcobounds, alias_ucobounds, alias_handle)
+  type(prif_coarray_handle), intent(in) :: source_handle
+  integer(c_intmax_t), intent(in) :: alias_lcobounds(:)
+  integer(c_intmax_t), intent(in) :: alias_ucobounds(:)
+  type(prif_coarray_handle), intent(out) :: alias_handle
+end subroutine
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**:
+
+* **`source_handle`**: a handle (which may itself be an alias) to the existing
+  coarray for which an alias is to be created
+* **`alias_lcobounds` and `alias_ucobounds`**: the cobounds to be used for
+  the new alias. Both arguments must have the same size, but it need not
+  match the corank associated with `source_handle`
+* **`alias_handle`**: a new alias to the existing coarray
+
+### `prif_alias_destroy`
+
+**Description**: Delete an alias to a coarray. Does not deallocate the original coarray.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_alias_destroy(alias_handle)
+  type(prif_coarray_handle), intent(in) :: alias_handle
+end subroutine
+```
+**Further argument descriptions**:
+
+* **`alias_handle`**: the alias to be destroyed
+
+### `MOVE_ALLOC`
+
+This is not provided by PRIF because it depends on unspecified details
+of the compiler's `allocatable` attribute. It is the compiler's responsibility
+to implement `MOVE_ALLOC` using PRIF-provided operations. For example, according
+to the Fortran standard, `MOVE_ALLOC` with coarray arguments is an image control statement that
+requires synchronization, so the compiler should likely insert call(s) to
+`prif_sync_all` as part of the implementation.
+
+| **CLIENT NOTE**: |
+| ---------------- |
+| It is envisioned that the use of `prif_set_context_data` and `prif_get_context_data` will allow for an efficient implementation of `MOVE_ALLOC` that maintains tracking of allocation status |
+
+## Coarray Queries
+
+### `prif_set_context_data`
+
+**Description**: This procedure stores a `c_ptr` associated with a coarray
+  for future retrieval. A typical usage would be to store a reference
+  to the actual variable whose allocation status must be changed in the case
+  that the coarray is deallocated.
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_set_context_data(coarray_handle, context_data)
+  type(prif_coarray_handle), intent(in) :: coarray_handle
+  type(c_ptr), intent(in) :: context_data
+end subroutine
+```
+
+### `prif_get_context_data`
+
+**Description**: This procedure returns the `c_ptr` provided in the most
+  recent call to [`prif_set_context_data`](#prif_set_context_data) with the
+  same coarray (possibly via an alias coarray handle).
+    
+```
+subroutine prif_get_context_data(coarray_handle, context_data)
+  type(prif_coarray_handle), intent(in) :: coarray_handle
+  type(c_ptr), intent(out) :: context_data
+end subroutine
+```
+
+### `prif_base_pointer`
+
----------------
jeffhammond wrote:

>PRIF is carefully written to avoid assuming anything about the compiler’s representation of POINTER or ALLOCATABLE components, which is part of why prif_get_raw allows the caller to fetch an arbitrary contiguous block of memory from the target’s shared heap. 

I don't understand this assertion.  `prif_base_pointer` returns an `c_intptr_t`, which is not sufficient to access remote memory on systems that require memory registration.  If you want a portable implementation, you need an opaque handle that can include the memory registration key.

> After retrieving the bytes corresponding to the first pointer component, the caller would interpret those bytes in a compiler-specific manner to determine the next raw pointer in the chain of indirection, and pass it in another call to a “raw” style interface.

As noted above, this is not a portable assumption.  Your design effectively assumes GASNet.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/76088