r295494 - Revert "Retry: [ubsan] Reduce null checking of C++ object pointers (PR27581)"
Vedant Kumar via cfe-commits
cfe-commits at lists.llvm.org
Fri Feb 17 12:59:40 PST 2017
Author: vedantk
Date: Fri Feb 17 14:59:40 2017
New Revision: 295494
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?rev=295494&view=rev
Log:
Revert "Retry: [ubsan] Reduce null checking of C++ object pointers (PR27581)"
This reverts commit r295401. It breaks the ubsan self-host. It inserts
object size checks once per C++ method which fire when the structure is
empty.
Removed:
cfe/trunk/test/CodeGenCXX/ubsan-suppress-null-checks.cpp
Modified:
cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CGExpr.cpp
cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CGExprCXX.cpp
cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenFunction.cpp
cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenFunction.h
cfe/trunk/test/CodeGen/catch-undef-behavior.c
cfe/trunk/test/CodeGen/sanitize-recover.c
Modified: cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CGExpr.cpp
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CGExpr.cpp?rev=295494&r1=295493&r2=295494&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CGExpr.cpp (original)
+++ cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CGExpr.cpp Fri Feb 17 14:59:40 2017
@@ -947,45 +947,15 @@ LValue CodeGenFunction::EmitUnsupportedL
E->getType());
}
-bool CodeGenFunction::CanElideObjectPointerNullCheck(const Expr *Obj) {
- if (isa<DeclRefExpr>(Obj))
- return true;
-
- const Expr *Base = Obj;
- while (!isa<CXXThisExpr>(Base)) {
- // The result of a dynamic_cast can be null.
- if (isa<CXXDynamicCastExpr>(Base))
- return false;
-
- if (const auto *CE = dyn_cast<CastExpr>(Base)) {
- Base = CE->getSubExpr();
- } else if (const auto *PE = dyn_cast<ParenExpr>(Base)) {
- Base = PE->getSubExpr();
- } else if (const auto *UO = dyn_cast<UnaryOperator>(Base)) {
- if (UO->getOpcode() == UO_Extension)
- Base = UO->getSubExpr();
- else
- return false;
- } else {
- return false;
- }
- }
- return true;
-}
-
LValue CodeGenFunction::EmitCheckedLValue(const Expr *E, TypeCheckKind TCK) {
LValue LV;
if (SanOpts.has(SanitizerKind::ArrayBounds) && isa<ArraySubscriptExpr>(E))
LV = EmitArraySubscriptExpr(cast<ArraySubscriptExpr>(E), /*Accessed*/true);
else
LV = EmitLValue(E);
- if (!isa<DeclRefExpr>(E) && !LV.isBitField() && LV.isSimple()) {
- bool SkipNullCheck = false;
- if (const auto *ME = dyn_cast<MemberExpr>(E))
- SkipNullCheck = CanElideObjectPointerNullCheck(ME->getBase());
+ if (!isa<DeclRefExpr>(E) && !LV.isBitField() && LV.isSimple())
EmitTypeCheck(TCK, E->getExprLoc(), LV.getPointer(),
- E->getType(), LV.getAlignment(), SkipNullCheck);
- }
+ E->getType(), LV.getAlignment());
return LV;
}
@@ -3365,9 +3335,7 @@ LValue CodeGenFunction::EmitMemberExpr(c
AlignmentSource AlignSource;
Address Addr = EmitPointerWithAlignment(BaseExpr, &AlignSource);
QualType PtrTy = BaseExpr->getType()->getPointeeType();
- bool SkipNullCheck = CanElideObjectPointerNullCheck(BaseExpr);
- EmitTypeCheck(TCK_MemberAccess, E->getExprLoc(), Addr.getPointer(), PtrTy,
- /*Alignment=*/CharUnits::Zero(), SkipNullCheck);
+ EmitTypeCheck(TCK_MemberAccess, E->getExprLoc(), Addr.getPointer(), PtrTy);
BaseLV = MakeAddrLValue(Addr, PtrTy, AlignSource);
} else
BaseLV = EmitCheckedLValue(BaseExpr, TCK_MemberAccess);
Modified: cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CGExprCXX.cpp
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CGExprCXX.cpp?rev=295494&r1=295493&r2=295494&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CGExprCXX.cpp (original)
+++ cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CGExprCXX.cpp Fri Feb 17 14:59:40 2017
@@ -290,15 +290,10 @@ RValue CodeGenFunction::EmitCXXMemberOrO
if (CE)
CallLoc = CE->getExprLoc();
- bool SkipNullCheck = false;
- if (const auto *CMCE = dyn_cast<CXXMemberCallExpr>(CE))
- SkipNullCheck =
- CanElideObjectPointerNullCheck(CMCE->getImplicitObjectArgument());
- EmitTypeCheck(
- isa<CXXConstructorDecl>(CalleeDecl) ? CodeGenFunction::TCK_ConstructorCall
- : CodeGenFunction::TCK_MemberCall,
- CallLoc, This.getPointer(), C.getRecordType(CalleeDecl->getParent()),
- /*Alignment=*/CharUnits::Zero(), SkipNullCheck);
+ EmitTypeCheck(isa<CXXConstructorDecl>(CalleeDecl)
+ ? CodeGenFunction::TCK_ConstructorCall
+ : CodeGenFunction::TCK_MemberCall,
+ CallLoc, This.getPointer(), C.getRecordType(CalleeDecl->getParent()));
// FIXME: Uses of 'MD' past this point need to be audited. We may need to use
// 'CalleeDecl' instead.
Modified: cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenFunction.cpp
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenFunction.cpp?rev=295494&r1=295493&r2=295494&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenFunction.cpp (original)
+++ cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenFunction.cpp Fri Feb 17 14:59:40 2017
@@ -948,11 +948,6 @@ void CodeGenFunction::StartFunction(Glob
// fast register allocator would be happier...
CXXThisValue = CXXABIThisValue;
}
-
- // Sanitize the 'this' pointer once per function, if it's available.
- if (CXXThisValue)
- EmitTypeCheck(TCK_MemberAccess, Loc, CXXThisValue,
- MD->getThisType(getContext()));
}
// If any of the arguments have a variably modified type, make sure to
Modified: cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenFunction.h
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenFunction.h?rev=295494&r1=295493&r2=295494&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenFunction.h (original)
+++ cfe/trunk/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenFunction.h Fri Feb 17 14:59:40 2017
@@ -2030,9 +2030,6 @@ public:
llvm::BlockAddress *GetAddrOfLabel(const LabelDecl *L);
llvm::BasicBlock *GetIndirectGotoBlock();
- /// Check if the null check for \p ObjectPointer can be skipped.
- static bool CanElideObjectPointerNullCheck(const Expr *ObjectPointer);
-
/// EmitNullInitialization - Generate code to set a value of the given type to
/// null, If the type contains data member pointers, they will be initialized
/// to -1 in accordance with the Itanium C++ ABI.
Modified: cfe/trunk/test/CodeGen/catch-undef-behavior.c
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/cfe/trunk/test/CodeGen/catch-undef-behavior.c?rev=295494&r1=295493&r2=295494&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- cfe/trunk/test/CodeGen/catch-undef-behavior.c (original)
+++ cfe/trunk/test/CodeGen/catch-undef-behavior.c Fri Feb 17 14:59:40 2017
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
// RUN: %clang_cc1 -fsanitize=alignment,null,object-size,shift-base,shift-exponent,return,signed-integer-overflow,vla-bound,float-cast-overflow,integer-divide-by-zero,bool,returns-nonnull-attribute,nonnull-attribute -fsanitize-recover=alignment,null,object-size,shift-base,shift-exponent,signed-integer-overflow,vla-bound,float-cast-overflow,integer-divide-by-zero,bool,returns-nonnull-attribute,nonnull-attribute -emit-llvm %s -o - -triple x86_64-linux-gnu | opt -instnamer -S | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=CHECK-COMMON --check-prefix=CHECK-UBSAN
// RUN: %clang_cc1 -fsanitize-trap=alignment,null,object-size,shift-base,shift-exponent,return,signed-integer-overflow,vla-bound,float-cast-overflow,integer-divide-by-zero,bool,returns-nonnull-attribute,nonnull-attribute -fsanitize-recover=alignment,null,object-size,shift-base,shift-exponent,signed-integer-overflow,vla-bound,float-cast-overflow,integer-divide-by-zero,bool,returns-nonnull-attribute,nonnull-attribute -fsanitize=alignment,null,object-size,shift-base,shift-exponent,return,signed-integer-overflow,vla-bound,float-cast-overflow,integer-divide-by-zero,bool,returns-nonnull-attribute,nonnull-attribute -fsanitize-recover=alignment,null,object-size,shift-base,shift-exponent,signed-integer-overflow,vla-bound,float-cast-overflow,integer-divide-by-zero,bool,returns-nonnull-attribute,nonnull-attribute -emit-llvm %s -o - -triple x86_64-linux-gnu | opt -instnamer -S | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=CHECK-COMMON --check-prefix=CHECK-TRAP
+// RUN: %clang_cc1 -fsanitize=null -fsanitize-recover=null -emit-llvm %s -o - -triple x86_64-linux-gnu | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=CHECK-NULL
// RUN: %clang_cc1 -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow -emit-llvm %s -o - -triple x86_64-linux-gnu | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=CHECK-OVERFLOW
// CHECK-UBSAN: @[[INT:.*]] = private unnamed_addr constant { i16, i16, [6 x i8] } { i16 0, i16 11, [6 x i8] c"'int'\00" }
@@ -29,20 +30,25 @@
// CHECK-UBSAN: @[[LINE_1500:.*]] = {{.*}}, i32 1500, i32 10 {{.*}} @[[FP16]], {{.*}} }
// CHECK-UBSAN: @[[LINE_1600:.*]] = {{.*}}, i32 1600, i32 10 {{.*}} @{{.*}} }
+// CHECK-NULL: @[[LINE_100:.*]] = private unnamed_addr global {{.*}}, i32 100, i32 5 {{.*}}
+
// PR6805
// CHECK-COMMON-LABEL: @foo
+// CHECK-NULL-LABEL: @foo
void foo() {
union { int i; } u;
+ // CHECK-COMMON: %[[CHECK0:.*]] = icmp ne {{.*}}* %[[PTR:.*]], null
- // CHECK-COMMON: %[[I8PTR:.*]] = bitcast i32* %[[PTR:.*]] to i8*
+ // CHECK-COMMON: %[[I8PTR:.*]] = bitcast i32* %[[PTR]] to i8*
// CHECK-COMMON-NEXT: %[[SIZE:.*]] = call i64 @llvm.objectsize.i64.p0i8(i8* %[[I8PTR]], i1 false)
- // CHECK-COMMON-NEXT: %[[CHECK0:.*]] = icmp uge i64 %[[SIZE]], 4
+ // CHECK-COMMON-NEXT: %[[CHECK1:.*]] = icmp uge i64 %[[SIZE]], 4
// CHECK-COMMON: %[[PTRTOINT:.*]] = ptrtoint {{.*}}* %[[PTR]] to i64
// CHECK-COMMON-NEXT: %[[MISALIGN:.*]] = and i64 %[[PTRTOINT]], 3
- // CHECK-COMMON-NEXT: %[[CHECK1:.*]] = icmp eq i64 %[[MISALIGN]], 0
+ // CHECK-COMMON-NEXT: %[[CHECK2:.*]] = icmp eq i64 %[[MISALIGN]], 0
- // CHECK-COMMON: %[[OK:.*]] = and i1 %[[CHECK0]], %[[CHECK1]]
+ // CHECK-COMMON: %[[CHECK01:.*]] = and i1 %[[CHECK0]], %[[CHECK1]]
+ // CHECK-COMMON-NEXT: %[[OK:.*]] = and i1 %[[CHECK01]], %[[CHECK2]]
// CHECK-UBSAN: br i1 %[[OK]], {{.*}} !prof ![[WEIGHT_MD:.*]], !nosanitize
// CHECK-TRAP: br i1 %[[OK]], {{.*}}
@@ -52,6 +58,11 @@ void foo() {
// CHECK-TRAP: call void @llvm.trap() [[NR_NUW:#[0-9]+]]
// CHECK-TRAP-NEXT: unreachable
+
+ // With -fsanitize=null, only perform the null check.
+ // CHECK-NULL: %[[NULL:.*]] = icmp ne {{.*}}, null
+ // CHECK-NULL: br i1 %[[NULL]]
+ // CHECK-NULL: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch_v1(i8* bitcast ({{.*}} @[[LINE_100]] to i8*), i64 %{{.*}})
#line 100
u.i=1;
}
Modified: cfe/trunk/test/CodeGen/sanitize-recover.c
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/cfe/trunk/test/CodeGen/sanitize-recover.c?rev=295494&r1=295493&r2=295494&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- cfe/trunk/test/CodeGen/sanitize-recover.c (original)
+++ cfe/trunk/test/CodeGen/sanitize-recover.c Fri Feb 17 14:59:40 2017
@@ -19,17 +19,20 @@ void test() {
void foo() {
union { int i; } u;
u.i=1;
+ // PARTIAL: %[[CHECK0:.*]] = icmp ne {{.*}}* %[[PTR:.*]], null
+
// PARTIAL: %[[SIZE:.*]] = call i64 @llvm.objectsize.i64.p0i8(i8* {{.*}}, i1 false)
- // PARTIAL-NEXT: %[[CHECK0:.*]] = icmp uge i64 %[[SIZE]], 4
+ // PARTIAL-NEXT: %[[CHECK1:.*]] = icmp uge i64 %[[SIZE]], 4
// PARTIAL: %[[MISALIGN:.*]] = and i64 {{.*}}, 3
- // PARTIAL-NEXT: %[[CHECK1:.*]] = icmp eq i64 %[[MISALIGN]], 0
+ // PARTIAL-NEXT: %[[CHECK2:.*]] = icmp eq i64 %[[MISALIGN]], 0
- // PARTIAL: %[[CHECK01:.*]] = and i1 %[[CHECK1]], %[[CHECK0]]
+ // PARTIAL: %[[CHECK02:.*]] = and i1 %[[CHECK0]], %[[CHECK2]]
+ // PARTIAL-NEXT: %[[CHECK012:.*]] = and i1 %[[CHECK02]], %[[CHECK1]]
- // PARTIAL: br i1 %[[CHECK01]], {{.*}} !nosanitize
- // PARTIAL: br i1 %[[CHECK1]], {{.*}} !nosanitize
+ // PARTIAL: br i1 %[[CHECK012]], {{.*}} !prof ![[WEIGHT_MD:.*]], !nosanitize
+ // PARTIAL: br i1 %[[CHECK02]], {{.*}}
// PARTIAL: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch_v1_abort(
// PARTIAL-NEXT: unreachable
// PARTIAL: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch_v1(
Removed: cfe/trunk/test/CodeGenCXX/ubsan-suppress-null-checks.cpp
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/cfe/trunk/test/CodeGenCXX/ubsan-suppress-null-checks.cpp?rev=295493&view=auto
==============================================================================
--- cfe/trunk/test/CodeGenCXX/ubsan-suppress-null-checks.cpp (original)
+++ cfe/trunk/test/CodeGenCXX/ubsan-suppress-null-checks.cpp (removed)
@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-// RUN: %clang_cc1 -std=c++11 -triple x86_64-apple-darwin10 -emit-llvm -o - %s -fsanitize=null | FileCheck %s
-// RUN: %clang_cc1 -std=c++11 -triple x86_64-apple-darwin10 -emit-llvm -o - %s -fsanitize=null -DCHECK_LAMBDA | FileCheck %s --check-prefix=LAMBDA
-
-struct A {
- int foo;
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr void @_ZN1A10do_nothingEv
- void do_nothing() {
- // CHECK: icmp ne %struct.A* %[[THIS1:[a-z0-9]+]], null, !nosanitize
- // CHECK: ptrtoint %struct.A* %[[THIS1]] to i64, !nosanitize
- // CHECK-NEXT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- // CHECK-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- // CHECK: ret void
- }
-
-#ifdef CHECK_LAMBDA
- // LAMBDA-LABEL: define linkonce_odr void @_ZN1A22do_nothing_with_lambdaEv
- void do_nothing_with_lambda() {
- // LAMBDA: icmp ne %struct.A* %[[THIS2:[a-z0-9]+]], null, !nosanitize
- // LAMBDA: ptrtoint %struct.A* %[[THIS2]] to i64, !nosanitize
- // LAMBDA-NEXT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
-
- auto f = [&] {
- foo = 0;
- };
- f();
-
- // LAMBDA: ret void
- }
-
-// Check the IR for the lambda:
-//
-// LAMBDA-LABEL: define linkonce_odr void @_ZZN1A22do_nothing_with_lambdaEvENKUlvE_clEv
-// LAMBDA: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
-// LAMBDA-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
-// LAMBDA: ret void
-#endif
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr i32 @_ZN1A11load_memberEv
- int load_member() {
- // CHECK: icmp ne %struct.A* %[[THIS3:[a-z0-9]+]], null, !nosanitize
- // CHECK: ptrtoint %struct.A* %[[THIS3]] to i64, !nosanitize
- // CHECK-NEXT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- // CHECK-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- return foo;
- // CHECK: ret i32
- }
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr i32 @_ZN1A11call_methodEv
- int call_method() {
- // CHECK: icmp ne %struct.A* %[[THIS4:[a-z0-9]+]], null, !nosanitize
- // CHECK: ptrtoint %struct.A* %[[THIS4]] to i64, !nosanitize
- // CHECK-NEXT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- // CHECK-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- return load_member();
- // CHECK: ret i32
- }
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr void @_ZN1A15assign_member_1Ev
- void assign_member_1() {
- // CHECK: icmp ne %struct.A* %[[THIS5:[a-z0-9]+]], null, !nosanitize
- // CHECK: ptrtoint %struct.A* %[[THIS5]] to i64, !nosanitize
- // CHECK-NEXT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- // CHECK-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- foo = 0;
- // CHECK: ret void
- }
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr void @_ZN1A15assign_member_2Ev
- void assign_member_2() {
- // CHECK: icmp ne %struct.A* %[[THIS6:[a-z0-9]+]], null, !nosanitize
- // CHECK: ptrtoint %struct.A* %[[THIS6]] to i64, !nosanitize
- // CHECK-NEXT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- // CHECK-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- (__extension__ (this))->foo = 0;
- // CHECK: ret void
- }
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr void @_ZNK1A15assign_member_3Ev
- void assign_member_3() const {
- // CHECK: icmp ne %struct.A* %[[THIS7:[a-z0-9]+]], null, !nosanitize
- // CHECK: ptrtoint %struct.A* %[[THIS7]] to i64, !nosanitize
- // CHECK-NEXT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- // CHECK-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- const_cast<A *>(this)->foo = 0;
- // CHECK: ret void
- }
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr i32 @_ZN1A22call_through_referenceERS_
- static int call_through_reference(A &a) {
- // CHECK-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- return a.load_member();
- // CHECK: ret i32
- }
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr i32 @_ZN1A20call_through_pointerEPS_
- static int call_through_pointer(A *a) {
- // CHECK: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- return a->load_member();
- // CHECK: ret i32
- }
-};
-
-struct B {
- operator A*() const { return nullptr; }
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr i32 @_ZN1B11load_memberEv
- static int load_member() {
- // Null-check &b before converting it to an A*.
- // CHECK: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- //
- // Null-check the result of the conversion before using it.
- // CHECK: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- //
- // CHECK-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- B b;
- return static_cast<A *>(b)->load_member();
- // CHECK: ret i32
- }
-};
-
-struct Base {
- int foo;
-
- virtual int load_member_1() = 0;
-};
-
-struct Derived : public Base {
- int bar;
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr i32 @_ZN7Derived13load_member_2Ev
- int load_member_2() {
- // CHECK: icmp ne %struct.Derived* %[[THIS8:[a-z0-9]+]], null, !nosanitize
- // CHECK: ptrtoint %struct.Derived* %[[THIS8]] to i64, !nosanitize
- // CHECK-NEXT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- //
- // Null-check the result of the cast before using it.
- // CHECK: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- //
- // CHECK-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- return dynamic_cast<Base *>(this)->load_member_1();
- // CHECK: ret i32
- }
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr i32 @_ZN7Derived13load_member_3Ev
- int load_member_3() {
- // CHECK: icmp ne %struct.Derived* %[[THIS9:[a-z0-9]+]], null, !nosanitize
- // CHECK: ptrtoint %struct.Derived* %[[THIS9]] to i64, !nosanitize
- // CHECK-NEXT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- // CHECK-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- return reinterpret_cast<Derived *>(static_cast<Base *>(this))->foo;
- // CHECK: ret i32
- }
-
- // CHECK-LABEL: define linkonce_odr i32 @_ZN7Derived13load_member_1Ev
- int load_member_1() override {
- // CHECK: icmp ne %struct.Derived* %[[THIS10:[a-z0-9]+]], null, !nosanitize
- // CHECK: ptrtoint %struct.Derived* %[[THIS10]] to i64, !nosanitize
- // CHECK-NEXT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- // CHECK-NOT: call void @__ubsan_handle_type_mismatch
- return foo + bar;
- // CHECK: ret i32
- }
-};
-
-void force_irgen() {
- A *a;
- a->do_nothing();
-#ifdef CHECK_LAMBDA
- a->do_nothing_with_lambda();
-#endif
- a->load_member();
- a->call_method();
- a->assign_member_1();
- a->assign_member_2();
- a->assign_member_3();
- A::call_through_reference(*a);
- A::call_through_pointer(a);
-
- B::load_member();
-
- Base *b = new Derived;
- b->load_member_1();
-
- Derived *d;
- d->load_member_2();
- d->load_member_3();
-}
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