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I am interested in adding a function specialisation(*) pass to LLVM. This frequently</div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
comes up as a reason for performance differences of generated code between</div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
GCC and LLVM. In GCC this <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">is implemented in [1] and gets enabled at</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">optimisation level -03 and up. There have been two previous attempts in adding</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">this to LLVM: a while back this was attempted in [2] and very recently in [3].</span></div>
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Both previous attempts were parked at approximately the same point: the</div>
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transformation was implemented but the cost-model to control compile-times</div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
and code-size was lacking. This is crucial as the goal would be to have</div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
function specialisation <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">enabled by default (at some opt level) and function </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">cloning has of course great potential to </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">increase
code-size and the</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">interprocedural analysis isn't very cheap. </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">Thus,
I </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">agree with previous comments</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">on both tickets that we probably need to </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">have
a solid story for this before it makes</span></div>
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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">sense to add this to the LLVM </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">code-base.</span></div>
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Given that GCC has this enabled by default we are in an <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">excellent position to</span></div>
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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">evaluate the compile-time/code-size overhead of function specialiation. For two</span></div>
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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">cases I have tried </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">investigating
this </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">overhead (and didn't </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">evaluate
performance of</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">the generated </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">code).
First, I took </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">SQLite's amalgamation </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">version,
i.e. 1 source file</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">that is </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">"220,000
lines long and </span><span class="p-rich_text_section" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; counter-reset: list-0 0 list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">over
7.5 megabytes in </span><span class="p-rich_text_section" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; counter-reset: list-0 0 list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">size"
[4</span><span class="p-rich_text_section" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; counter-reset: list-0 0 list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">]
as that seemed like a</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span class="p-rich_text_section" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; counter-reset: list-0 0 list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">good
stress test for an IPA </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">transformation pass to me. Comparing GCC 10.2.0</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">with
</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">-O3 and </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"-O3 </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">-fdisable-ipa-cp</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"
to</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);"> toggle this on and off, respectively, </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">showed a 0.3% - 1.5% </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">compile-time
difference on different systems and a </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">1.3% object file increase. </span><span class="p-rich_text_section" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; counter-reset: list-0 0 list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Second,
I timed compilation of </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">LLVM, representing a</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">very different codebase. For LLMV </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">compile
time differences were all within noise</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">levels with only a </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">tiny </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">code-size
increase. I haven't looked into details here, but I</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">guess that it is not </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background: var(--white);">doing </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">much,
which could be the benefit of a well-tuned </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="caret-color: rgb(29, 28, 29); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">cost-model, so is a good result.</span></div>
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Another reason why I am widening the audience with this email is that</div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
alternative approaches were floated. In [2] it was remarked that <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">"</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">we
could </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">propagate constant sets indicating the functions indirect call sites could possibly</span></div>
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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">target. Although we would probably want to limit the size of the sets to something</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">small, </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">the pass
could attach the sets via metadata to the calls so that this information</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">could be </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">consumed
by later passes. Such metadata could be used for indirect call</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">promotion, </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">intersecting
the function attributes of the possible targets</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">". </span></div>
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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">But I am reluctant to go for this let's say more experimental approach as the GCC</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt; font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">numbers </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">are very
encouraging. I.e., both compile-time and code-size seem very</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">reasonable and I don't have seen yet any reasons to abandon the approaches in</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: calibri, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">[2] and [3] which </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">are
very similar. So, the approach I would like to take is complement</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">[3] with an analysis </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">of
the added compile-time/code-size increase, and then propose a</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">cost-model </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">which
then hopefully gives results in the range of GCC; I think that is what</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">we </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">should
be aiming </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">at. But I am interested to hear if there are more/other opinions on</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background: var(--white);">this.</span></div>
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(*) Motivating examples for function specialisation in previous works were e.g.:</div>
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long plus(long x) {
<div> return x + 1;</div>
<div>}</div>
<div>long minus(long x) {</div>
<div> return x - 1;</div>
<div>}</div>
<div>long compute(long x, long (*binop)(long) ) {</div>
<div> return binop(x);</div>
<div>}</div>
<div>int foo(int x, int y) {</div>
<div> if (y)</div>
<div> return compute(x, plus);</div>
<div> else</div>
<div> return compute(x, minus);</div>
}<br>
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If we specialise compute which gets inlined in foo, we end up with just a return x + 1</div>
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and return x -1 in foo. Other motivating examples pass constants to functions, which</div>
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can then get propagated after function specialisation. </div>
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<span style="margin:0px;font-size:12pt;caret-color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">[1] <a href="https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/gcc/ipa-cp.c" style="margin:0px">https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/gcc/ipa-cp.c</a></span>
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[2] <a href="https://reviews.llvm.org/D36432" style="margin:0px">https://reviews.llvm.org/D36432</a></div>
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[3] <a href="https://reviews.llvm.org/D93838" style="margin:0px">https://reviews.llvm.org/D93838</a></div>
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[4] <a href="https://www.sqlite.org/amalgamation.html" style="margin:0px">https://www.sqlite.org/amalgamation.html</a></div>
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