<div dir="ltr"><div><div><div><div>Hi River,<br><br></div><div>Sorry for a late response -- busy with other things.<br><br></div><div>I believe this is a well prepared follow-up -- indeed, you covered a lot of contention points from the previous discussion. I know you'll be giving a talk on the upcoming DevMeeting -- looking forward visiting it! (BTW, the DevMeeting is an excellent opportunity to meet with people who asked questions / expressed criticism on your RFC and check that their concerns are fully covered.)<br><br></div><div>A few notes:<br></div><div>* One big change from the prior RFC is that you expressly elaborated on why both IR and MI outliners should co-exist. Given this comments on which of two is more maintainable are probably not relevant and just serve as a source of more (needless) contention.<br></div><div>* I would still love to see a single *specific* real-world (e.g. from the benchmarks) example of a case covered by MI but not IR outliner with an explanation of why IR outliner can't do it (why we can't estimate profitability on IR level). But this is really "nice to have", not "must have".<br></div><div>* IMHO, the obvious common part (analysis) that many people suggested to implement in a generic way to re-use between IR/MI outliners, can be done as a second step. We should really start by accepting IR outliner in its current form. But I had this opinion already, so better to check with others during DevMeeting. ;-)<br></div><div><br></div>Yours,<br></div>Andrey<br>===<br></div>Compiler Architect<br></div>NXP<br><br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Sep 6, 2017 at 1:16 AM, River Riddle via llvm-dev <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:llvm-dev@lists.llvm.org" target="_blank">llvm-dev@lists.llvm.org</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><span id="m_5064390927970258862gmail-docs-internal-guid-a13201fd-543a-33e0-60b3-3e86acafde79"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Hey Everybody,</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> A little while ago I posted an RFC(<a href="http://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/llvm-dev/2017-July/115666.html" target="_blank">http://lists.llvm.org/<wbr>pipermail/llvm-dev/2017-July/<wbr>115666.html</a>) with the proposition of adding a new outliner at the IR level. There was some confusion and many questions regarding the proposal which I’d like to address here:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Note about nomenclature:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">    Candidate: A repeated sequence of instructions within a module.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">    Occurrence: One instance of a candidate sequence.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- Accompanied Graph Data -- </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Graph data is referenced in the sections below, any reference to Graph[*Number*] is referencing the numbered graph in the following document:</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://goo.gl/QDiVHU" style="text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";background-color:transparent;text-decoration-line:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://goo.gl/QDiVHU</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">---- Performance ----</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">I have tested the IR outliner and current Machine outliner on a wide variety of benchmarks. The results include total % reduction of both geomean and total size. It also includes individual results for each test in each respective benchmark.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> The configurations tested are:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">·</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">       </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Early+Late IR outlining</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">·</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">       </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Late IR outlining</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">·</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">       </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Machine outlining</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">·</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">       </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Early+Late+Machine outlining</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">·</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">       </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Late+Machine outlining</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">NOTE: For fairness in comparisons with the Machine Outliner, all IR outliner runs also include (-mno-red-zone, outlining from linkonce_odr/weak_odr functions).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> The code size benchmarking results provided are:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">* LLVM Test Suite</span></p><ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:circle;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">X86_64, X86*, AArch64, Arm1176jzf-s*, Arm1176jzf-s-thumb*</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">* Spec 2006</span></p><ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:circle;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">X86_64, X86*, AArch64, Arm1176jzf-s*, Arm1176jzf-s-thumb*</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">* Clang</span></p><ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:circle;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">X86_64(Mac OS) </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">* llvm-tblgen</span></p><ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:circle;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">X86_64(Mac OS)      </span><span style="font-size:11pt;background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">     </span></span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">* CSiBE</span></p><ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><li dir="ltr" style="list-style-type:circle;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">AArch64</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">* The machine outliner currently only supports X86_64 and AArch64.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Full Code Size Results:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://goo.gl/ZBjHCG" style="text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";background-color:transparent;text-decoration-line:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://goo.gl/ZBjHCG</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">--- Algorithmic differences with the Machine Outliner ----</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">        </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">There was a lot of confusion on how exactly the algorithm I am proposing differs from what is available in the Machine Outliner. The similarities of the two outliners lie in the usage of a string matching algorithm and candidate pruning. The first step in the algorithm is to basically do the same common substring / pruning algorithm the post-RA MO uses but with a specially chosen congruence relation. I’d like to delve into the differences between the two:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Congruence Detection:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Machine Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">   The machine outliner has the advantage of having this problem already taken care of by the register allocator, it simply checks to see if the two machine instructions are identical.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">IR Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">   In the IR outliner we work on semantic equivalence, i.e. we care the operations being performed are equivalent and not the values. This creates a need to add verification that we do have exact equivalence when we need it, e.g. ShuffleVector’s shuffle mask, not taking the address of InlineASM, etc.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">A quick example of semantic equivalence:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">%1 = add i32 1, i32 2</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">%2 = add i32 2, i32 3</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">These two instructions are not identical because the values of the operands are not identical. They are, however, semantically equivalent because they both perform the add operation.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">This can be seen by simply removing the operand values used in the calculations:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">%1 = add i32 , i32</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">%2 = add i32 , i32</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Occurrence Verification:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Machine Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">   At the post RA level you don’t need to do any kind of special verification for candidate occurrences because you don’t have to deal with the concept of inputs.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">IR Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">  At the IR/preRA level we need to do complex verification to make sure that the occurrences within a candidate have the same internal inputs. If two occurrences have different internal inputs then we need some form of control flow to maintain correctness. By internal inputs I mean the operands of instructions that come from an instruction within the occurrence, e.g.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">%2 = …</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">// Start outlining occurrence.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">%3 = …</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">%4 = sub %3, %2 // The first operand is an internal input, the second is external.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">If there is any confusion about why we need control flow for internal inputs I am more than happy to provide examples and more detailed explanations.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Aside from internal inputs we also need to verify that the functions we are outlining from have compatible attributes.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Cost Modeling:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Machine Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">At the MIR level the cost information is extremely accurate. So cost modeling is composed of effectively counting the number of instructions and adding some frame/setup cost.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">IR Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">At the IR level we are working with estimates for the costs of certain instructions. We try to match the IR cost to the MIR cost as closely as possible and in practice we can get fairly close(Graph[1]).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">   Taking this a step further we need to estimate the cost/setup of having x amount of parameters and y outputs, as well as the register pressure from both the call and the potentially outlined function.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Parameterization Optimizations:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Machine Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The Machine outliner uses exact equivalence, which does not allow for any form of parameterization.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">IR Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">       </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Being at the IR level requires us to tackle parameterization, which then brings several optimizations to help lower the cost of parameterizing a sequence.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">* Constant Folding</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The IR outliner will identify constant inputs and fold them.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">* Congruent Input Condensing</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">      </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The outliner identifies the congruent sets of parameters for a function. Example:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">      </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">void fn(int, int); ->  void fn(int);</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">       </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">fn(1, 1);          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">      </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">->  fn(1);</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">fn(%1, %1);   </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">->  fn(%1);</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Parameters 1 and 2 were found to be the same for each callsite of the function, so we condensed the congruent parameters.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">* Input Partitioning</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The outliner partitions candidates that have a parameter that can be constant folded. Example:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">fn(1);</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">fn(1);</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">fn(%1);</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Occurrences 1 and 2 in the above candidate can have parameter 1 folded. We create a new candidate containing just occurrences 1 and 2 as it may be more profitable than the original candidate.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">* Constant int condensing</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">       </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The outliner identifies constant int parameters and checks to see if, for each occurrence, they are an equal distance from other constant int parameters. If so it removes all but one of the parameters and represents the others as an add from the base. Example:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">void fn(int a, int b);</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">fn(1, 2);</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">      </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">fn(3, 4);</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">In the above, parameters 1 and 2 are always a distance of 1 apart. We can redefine our function as:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">void fn(int a) {</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">       </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">  int b = a + 1;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">      </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">  …</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">}</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Register Usage:</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Machine Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The MO works post RA with exact equivalence, so the most it will compute is if it needs to save the link register on arm64.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">IR Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The IR outliner needs to compute register usage for the new outlined function as well as the usage after generating a function call with x parameters and y outputs at each program point z.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Outlining:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Machine Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">At the MIR level we clone the outlined instructions into a new function, create some prologue/epilogue for the function, and then generate a call.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-</span><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">        </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">IR Outliner</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">        </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">At the IR level we also have to handle the parameters/outputs of the candidate. Here we need to merge all of the metadata of outlined instructions/outlined functions. We also need to identify congruent sets of parameters between call sites and then folding the amount of parameters that are needed for the call.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Suffix Array vs Suffix Tree+LCP:</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">          </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="m_5064390927970258862gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">     </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The two structures should compute the same result, but there is a non obvious benefit that we get from the suffix array. With the suffix array approach we identify candidates that shares common occurrences albeit with a different length. This is very useful for complex verification/analysis, e.g. at the IR or pre RA level. This allows us to cache the work when we calculating inputs or verifying the internal inputs of occurrences. Although this won't be an issue if/when we switch to a common interface for candidate selection.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">---- A replacement for the Machine Outliner? Not exactly ----</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The IR outliner was never intended as a replacement for the machine outliner and the two can coexist. The outliners tend to catch very different cases: the machine outliner tends to favor very small candidate lengths. Using a build of llvm-tblgen, the machine outliner gets ~52% of its benefit from outlined functions of 2-3 instructions. The IR outliner tends to favor large candidate lengths(2-20+), often composed of function calls. 52% of the benefit for the IR outliner in the llvm-tblgen example is found in outlined functions with final lengths up to 17. Data for example runs of both can be found in the graph data file and is summarized in Graph[2].</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">  Included in the performance data are metrics showing the performance of using both the IR outliner and machine outliner. The data indicates that you can achieve up to, and exceed, 2% reduction of both geomean and total size by using both. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">---- Pros/Cons of IR----</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The current algorithm is implemented at the IR level, but there are trade offs to placing this transformation anywhere in the pipeline(IR/preRa/postRA).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- Less Precise Cost Modeling:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> Being at the IR level creates a need to estimate the size cost of any given instruction.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- How much does this imprecision affect the benefit estimation?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- Included in the data : Graph[1]: is the difference between our estimated function size and the actual size in the binary. It shows that we get very close and tend to be on the conservative side.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- Estimation causes the IR outliner to be conservative. Which means that we are losing out on potential benefit by overestimating cost.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- Higher Level of Abstraction:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- The outliners are essentially string matching algorithms. Being at a higher level of abstraction naturally gives more opportunities for equivalence. As an example, call instructions are handled naturally at the IR level.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- Will a preRA outliner be able to have the same relaxation in congruence matching? E.g will it be able to match tail and non tail function calls?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- Being at the IR level means that we lose out on some instruction lowering idioms, e.g. constant expressions, bitwise rotation([shl, lshr, or] -> [rot]), etc.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- This is evident in the results for test suite for aarch64, in which the machine outliner outperforms the IR outliner due in part to the large amount of global accesses in the tests.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- Maintainability:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- The IR level in general is much more maintainable.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- We don’t have to be as conservative about certain ABI characteristics. This allows for the IR outliner to work without the need for any extra work(special options) from the users. For example, the machine outliner requires ‘noredzone’ but the IR outliner does not. </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- Pipeline Flexibility:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- As shown in the performance data below, we can get up to 2x performance by working pre function simplification. Though working pre simplification means the outliner must gamble between the benefits of outlining vs simplification.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- Loss of control:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- The machine level can have more control over the outlining process. We could have optimized parameterization, alignment handling, etc.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">---- Adapting the algorithm to pre-RA IR ----</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The analysis portion of the IR outliner is already IR agnostic for the most part. It works on indices into the congruency vector for instructions and their inputs/outputs. This would mean that a preRA outliner would only have to define the MIR specific portions: Congruency detection, cost analysis, parameter/output optimizations, and the outlining of beneficial candidates.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- Implementation -- </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://github.com/River707/llvm/blob/outliner/lib/Transforms/IPO/CodeSizeOutliner.cpp" style="text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;text-decoration-line:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://github.com/River707/<wbr>llvm/blob/outliner/lib/<wbr>Transforms/IPO/<wbr>CodeSizeOutliner.cpp</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">All feedback/comments/discussion welcome and appreciated!</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Thanks,</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">  River Riddle</span></p><div><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><br></span></div></span></div>
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